The general biographical dictionary : containing an historical and critical account of the lives and writings of the most eminent persons in every nation ; particularly the British and Irish ; from the earliest accounts to the present time ..

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■J ia>, ■ e . ns~

. t

THE GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

A NEW EDITION.

sat

VOL. XX.

r

\

InnteJ by Nichols, Son, and Bentuey,
lied Ldon Passagi*, Fleet Street, Loiuloii.

THE GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY:

CONTAINING
AN HISTORICAL AND dUnCAL ACCOUNT

OF THE

LIVES AND WRITINGS

OP THS

MOST EMINENT PERSONS

IN EVERY NATION;

PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH}
VrOM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.

A NEW EDITION,

REVISED AND ENLARGED BY

ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.

VOL, XX,

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR J. NICHOLS AND SON; F. C. AND J. RITINOTON ; T. PAYNE |
OTSIDGB AND SON; G. AND W. NICOL ; G. WILKIS ; J. WALKER; R. LEA;
W. LOWNDES ; WHITE, COCHRANE, AND CO. ; T. EGERTON ; LACKINGTON,
ALLEN, AND CO.; J. CARPENTER; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND
BROWN; CADBLL AND DA VIES; CLAW; J. BOOKER; J. CUTIIELL ; CLARKE
AND SONS; J. AND A. ARCH; J.HARRIS; BLACK, PARRY, AND CO. ; J. BOOTH;
J. MAWMAN; GALE, CURTIS, AND FENNBR; R. H. EVANS} J. HATCHARD;
J. MURRAY; R. BALDWIN; CRADOCK AND JOY; B. BENTLEY ; J. FAULDER j
OGLE AND CO.; W. GINGER^ J. DFJGHTON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE | CONSTABLE
AND CO. EIMNBURGH; AND WILSON AND SON, YORK.

IS15.

/

,.'./< ■

A KEW AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONART.

XjANGUET (Hubert), a native of France, and minister
of state to Augustas elector of Saxony, was born at Vi-
teaux io 1518 ; and, having passed through his studies at
home, went to Italy in 1347, to complete his knowledge
in the civil law, of which he commenced doctor at Padua.
Thence going to Bologna, he met with one of Mekncthon's
works, which raised in hi [uainted with

that eminent reformer; B' : a tour into

Germany, on purpose to vi 'g in Saxony,

where he arrived in 1 54^, tmbraced the

protestant religion. Fron: ommenced a

strict friendabip between tion, so that

they became inseparable , Melancthon>

finding Languet well acquainted with the political interest
of princes, and with the history of illustrious men, was
wonderfully delighted with his conversation, and his ex-
tensive fund of information, in all which he Was not only
minutely correct as to facts, but intelligent and judicious
in his remarks and conjectures.

This connexion with Melanctbon did not, however, ex-
tinguish the incliuation which Languet bad to travel. la
1551, betook up a resolution to visit some part of Europe
every year, for which he set apart the autumn season, re-
turning to pass the winter at Wittenberg. In the course
of these travels, he. made the tour of Rome in 1555, and
thatpf Livonia and Laponia in 1558. During this last tour,
he became known to Gustavus king of .Sweden, who con-
ceived a great affection for him, and engaged him to go
into France, in order to bring him thence some of the best
scholars and artists: for which purpose his oaajeaty gava:^

Vol. XX. B

2 L A N G U E T.

him a letter of credit, dated Sept 1, 1557. Two years
after, Languet attended Adolphus count of Nassau and
prince of Orange, into Italy; and at his return passed
through Paris, to visit the celebrated Turnebus ; but it was
a great deductt()n from the pheasnre of this interview, thi^t
he heard at this time of the death of his friend Melancthon.

In 1565, Augustus elector of Saxony invited him to his^
cou¥\ ^d apppkited him envdy to that of France the same
year, after which he sent him as his deputy to the diet of
the empire, which was called by the emperor Maxiiiiilian
in 1568, at Augsburg. Thence .the same master dispatched
him to Heidelberg, to negotiate some business with the
elector palatine ; and from Heidelberg he went to Cologfne,
where he acquired the esteem and confidence of Charlotte
Ae Bourbon, princess of Orange. The elector of Saxony
feeiit him also to th6 diet of Spires ; and in 1570 to Stetin,
in quality of plenipotentiary, for mediating a peace be-
tween the Swedes and the Muscovites, who had chosen
this elector for their mediator. This prince the same year
sent Languet a second time into France, to Charles. IX.
and the queen-mother Catharine of Medicis, in the exe-
cution of which commission he made a remarkably bold
speech to the French monarch, in the name of the pro*
testant princes in Germany. He was at Paris upon the
memorable bloody feast of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, when
he saved the life of Andrew Wechelius, the famous printer,
in whose bouse he lodged ; and he was also very instru^-
mental in procuring the escape of Philip de Momay count
de Plessis ; but, trusting too much to the respect due to
his character of envoy, was obliged for his own safety to
the gopd offices of John de Morvillier, who had been
keeper of the seals. Upon his recal from Paris, he re-
ceived orders to go to Vienna, where he was in 1574 ; and
ia 15^75 he was appointed one the principal arbitrators
for determinipg of the disputes, which had lasted for tiiirty
years, betiveen the houses of Longueville and Badenj^ con«>
cpning the succession of Rt)thelin*

At length, in the controversy which arose in Saxony
between the Lutherans and Zuinglians, respecting the
tacharist, Languet was suspected to favour the latter^^ and
in consequence wai$ obliged to beg leave of the elector,
being then one of his chief ministers, to retire ; which was
granted, with a liberty to go where be pleased. He chose
Prague for 4he place „ of hia residence, where he wa» in

L A N G U E T. t

1577 ; and in this situaftion applied himself to John Ca»i«'

mir, cpant Paiatkie, and attended hinfr to- Ghent, in* Flan«

ders) the inhabitants of i^hich city had chosen the count'

jbr their govei^ior. On his quitting' the gorernmenty Lafn«

guet accepted an invitation from WiHtaaa' prince of Omnge»

sad reosained with him until the bad state of hi9 heakh^

obliged him to go in 1 579 to the wells of Baden ; and theirtf

he became acquainted with Thuamas, who was niuth strnek^

with his con«reiMtion) probity, and judginent, net only iii'

the sciences, but in public aliairB. Tbuantts i^ls uir thcrti

Languet was so well acquainted with the afiairs of Oer*

Btany, that he could' instruct the' Germans themselves im

the affairs of their own country. After Thuanus had left

■ that place, they appear to haire corresponded, andTh^anui

sjpeaks of sdme meuibin( then in his possession, which Lau-

.guetgent tb him, coiitaining an account of the presenll

state of GernAany, of the right of the diets> of the niimbe^

of the eircles, i^ud of the order or rtmk of the difielrent

councils of that country.

Languet returned' to Antwerp in 1580'; and in ISB\ the''
prince of Orange sent him to France to negoclate a recon<-
45ilUtioA between Charlotte of Bourbon, his consort; andt
htft b«x>tber Louis, duke of Montpensier ; which he ef-
ibeted. He died at Antwerp^ Sept. 20^ 1561', and waa
interred with great funeral solemnity, theprin<$e of Orange
going at the bead of the train. During bii^ illness he wa^
fmtwl by madam Dii Piessis, who, though' sick hefself^
attended him to his last moment. His dying words weie^
that ** the only thing which grieved' him was, that he bad
not been able to see mens. Du Plessia ag^in before ba^
died, to whom he would have lefl: bis veryheatt, bad it
been in his po^er : that'he badn^ished to live to see the
worid reformed^ but^ since it'became daily worse, he haedno
longer any business in it : that the princes of 'these timed were?
strange men : that virtue had much to suffer^} and little to
get : that' he pitied mens. Du Piessis very much, to whose
share 8 great part of the misfbrturies of the time wootd'fid}^
and' who would see^ many unhlippy dayd ; but that he must
take courage^ for God would assist him. For the rest, he
begged one thing of him in his last farewell, • namely, that
he would mention something of their friendship in the first
book heshohld publish.*' This request was performed by
Du Piessis, soon after, in a short preface to his treatise
*' Of the Truth of the Christian religion j*' where he nsakea

12

4 LANGUET.

the following eloge of this friend in a few eomprehen^ve
words : ^^ Is fuit qualis muUi videri.vQlunt: is vixit qual|ter
optioii mori cupiunt.** *

Of this eminent statesman we have some works not
wholly unknown in this country. The first mentioned is a
history in Latin of the siege of Gotha, which Schardius
has inserted in his History of Germany during the reign of
Ferdinand L but without mentioiung Languet^s name. 2.
<' Epistolfls ad principem suum Augustum Saxoni^ duceit),^*
Halle, 1699, 4t6. 3. ^* £pistolae Politicae et hIstoricsB ad Phi-
lippum Sydnaeum/' 12mo. Of this collection of letters to
Qur sir Philip Sydney, the late lord Hailes published a correct
edition in 1775, 8vo. They are 97 in number, dated from
1573 to 1580,. and are remarkable for purity of language
and excellenjL^e of sentiment. 4. '^ Epistolse ad Joachim
Camerarium, &c.^' and other learned men, 12mo. Carp-
zovius published a new edition of these at Leipsic, with
additions. 5. ^' Hist, descriptio susceptss a Caesarea ma-
jestate executionis Augusto SaxoniaB duce contra S. Ro-.
mani imperii rebeUes,"v&c. 1563, 4to. 6. ** Vindiciae contra
TyrannoS) sive de principis in popuium, populique in prin-
cipem legitima potestate,*' 1579, 12mo. This bears the
name of Stephanus Junius Brutus, and the place Edin-
burgh, but the place was Basil, and it never was doubted
that Languet was the author of this spirited^attack on ty-
ranny. It was often reprinted and translated into French.
There are are a few other tracts attributed to Languet,
but upon more questionable authority.^

LANGUET (John Baptist Joseph), great grand ne-
phew of the preceding, doctor of the Sorbonne, the ce-
lebrated yicar of St.^ Sulpice, at Paris, and a man of
extraordinary benevolence, - was born at Dijon, June 6,
1675. His father was Denis Languet, procurator-general
of that city. After having made some progress in his
studies at JQijpn, he continued them at Paris, and resided
in the seminary of St. Sulpice. He was received in the
ISofbonne, Dec. 31,, 1698, and^ took his degree with ap-
plause. He was ordained priest at Vienna, in Dauphiny ;
aftei" which he returned to Paris, and took the degree of
doctor Jan. 15, 1703. He attached himself from that
time to the community of St. Sulpice ; and la Chetardie,
who was vicar there, chose him for his curate. Langtiet

1 GeD, Pi<^— NiceroDy vol. f It— Moreri.<*Saxii Onomast.

L A N G U E T. ^•

continued in that office neur ten years, and sold bis patri-*
ikiony to relieve the poor. Daring this period, St. Valier,
bishop of Quebec, being prisoner in England, requested
of the king that Languet might be his assistant in North
America. Languet was about to accept of the place^
prompted to it by his ;ceal for the conversion^ of infidels ;
but his patrons and friends advised him to decline the
voyage, as hir constitution was by no means strong. He
succeeded la Chetardie, as vicar of St. Sulpice, in June
1714.

His parish-church being out of repair, and scarce fit to
hold 1200 or 1500 persons out of a parish which contained
125,000 inhabitants, he conceived a design to build a
church iQ some degree proportionable to them ; and un-
dertook this great work without any greater fund to begin
with than the sum of one hundred crowns, which had been
left him for this design by a pious and benevolent lady*
He laid out this money in stores, which he caused to be
carried through all the streets, to shew his design to the
public. He soon obtained considerable donations from all
parts ; and die duke of Orleans, regent of the kingdom^
granted him a lottery. That prince likewise laid the first
6t6ne of the porch in 1718 ; and Languet spared neither
labour nor expence during his life, to make the church
one of the finest in the kingdom, both for architecture and
ornaments. It was consecrated in 1745, with so much
splendour, that Frederic XL of Prussia wrote the vicar a
congratulatory letter, in which he not only praises the
building, but even the piety of the founder, a quality
which Frederic knew how to notice when it served to
point a compliment.

Another work, which does no less honour to Languet,

is the house de Venfans J^sus. The nature of this estah*

lishmenty as originally constituted, will best evince his

piety and talents. It consisted of two parts ; the first com-

• posed of tbtrty'i-five poor ladies, descended from families

illustrious from 1535 to the present time; the second, of

/ more than four hundred poor women and children of town

and. country* Those young ladies whose ancestors had

been in the king's service, were preferred to all others,

and an education given them suited to the dignity of their

birth. They were employed, by turns, in inspecting the

bake-house, the poultry-yard, the dairies, the laundries,

the^ gardensi the lahojeatoryi the linen- warehottses, the

6 LANGUET.

spinning-roomSj Itad oduer places bek>nging <to the bouse*
By these means th^y became good housewives^ und able
to relieve their poor relations in the country; and it was
alsp part of the duty to succour by a thousaitid ViUtle kind
offices^ the poor wocaeu and girls who worked there, and
tp acquire those habits of condescension aiid bei^voleuee
which are of gre&t service to society.

Languet used besides to grant great sums of money to
9.uch ladies as were examples of oeconomy, virtue^ and
piety, in those religious houses which he superintendecL
The poor women and children who formed the second part,
were provided with food every day, and work u the spin*
Ifing-wheel. They made a great quantity of linen and
cotton. Different rooms were assigned to them, and they
fvere arranged under different classes. In each rOom were
iwo ladies of the society of St. Thomas, of Vili^e Neqve^
pf .which Languet was superior* general. These ladies
pera placed there to oversee the work, and to give such
instructions as they thought proper* The women ajnd the
girls who found employment in this house, had in a former
period of their . lites been licentious and dissolute, but
ivere generally reformed by the example of virtue before
ihieir eyes, and by the salutary advice given to tbem^ and
had the amount of their work paid them i|i money when
they left the house. By these means they became indus-
frious and exemplary, and were restored to the community.
There were in the house de Venfms Jems, iii 1741, more
than 1400 women and girls of this sort ; and the vicar of
St. Sulpice employed all the means in his power to make
their situation agreeable. Although the land to the house
measured only 17 arpens (about 100 perches square, each
^perch 18 feet), it had a large dairy^ which gave milk to
2000 children belonging to the parish, a meiiagery, poultry
erf all sorts, a bake-house, spiuning-rooms, a ?ery neat
axid well cultivated garden, aud a magnificent laboratory,
where all sorts of medicines were made. The order and
peconomy observed in this house in the education, instruo*
tioii, and employment of so many people, were so admi*
rable, and ^ve so great an idea of the vicar of 8t. Sul-
pice, that cardinal Fleury proposed to ipake him superin-
Irendant^generai of all the hospitals iq the kingdom ; but
Xai^et used to answer him with f smile, ^* i have always
tud, my lord, that it was the bounty of ycmr highness Idd
me to the hospital^'' ^he ^i^eoee of tius esldbUahiiieiit

L A N Q U E T. 1

%as immease. ' He spent bis revenue on it ; an iDberitance
which came to him by the death of the baron of Montigni,
his brother, and the estate of the abb£ de Bamay, granted
him by the king.

Languet was not less to be esteemed for bis beneficence
and his zeal in aiding the poor of every sort Never piaii
took more pains than he did in procuring donations and
legacies, which he distributed fvitb admirable prudence
and discretion. He inquired with care if the legacies whic^
were left him were to the disadvantage of the poor relat
tions of the testator ; if he foand that to be the case, he
restored to them not only the legacy, but gave them, wheo
wanting, a large sum of his own. Madame de Camois, as
illustrious for the benevolence of her disposition as for hef
rank in life, having left him by her last will a legacy of
more than 600,000 hvres, he only took 30,000 livre9 for
the poor, and returned the remaining sum to her relations.
Jt is said frotn good authority, that he disbursed near a
million of livres in charities ev^y year. He always chose
noble families reduced to poverty, before all odiers ; and
there were ^me families . of distinction in his pari^» to
each of whom be dialaribuled 30,000 livres pet aanum.
Alwiiys willing to serve mankuid, Ik^ gave liberally, and
often before^: any application was made to him. Whea
there was a general dearth in 1 72S, be sold, in order to
relieve the poor, his .h^sebald goods^ his pictures, and
some scarce and curious pieces q[ furniture, which he had
procured with difficulty. From that time he had taljr
three pieces of pktie« no tapestiy, and but a mean serge
bed, which madaaoe de Camois had lent him, having be^
fore sold all the presents she had made him at different
periods. His charity, was 9ot confined to his own paiish.
At the time that the plague raged at Marseillels, he aenft
large 8iums into Provenoe to assist tlie distressed. He itif-
tereited himself with great zeal in the promotion of arts
,and conimerqe, and in whatever concerned the glory of
tfa^ natiop, In timesi of public calamity^ lis conflagrations,
Sec. his prudence, and assiduity have been much admired.
H^. understood well the diifereat dispositions of men. ' He
knesir ho^ to employ every one aocording ito his talent or
{Capacity. In the most intricate and perplexed aflhini he
decided with a sagacity and judgment that surprieed every
.one, Languet refused the bishopric of Couserans and
that of J^xctiers, and several others which were offered

ii LANG U E T.

t

him by Lotils XIV. and Louis XV. under the ministry of
the dule of Orleans and cardinal Fleury. He resigned his
vicarage to Mons. TAbb^ du Lau, in 1748, but continued
to preach every Sunday, according to his custom, in his
own parish church*; and continued also to support the house
de Venfans JBsus till his death, which happened Oct. 1 \ ,
1750i in his seventy-fifth year, at the abbey de Bernay,!
to which place he went to make some charitable establish-^
ments. His piety and continued application to work^ of
beneficence did not hinder hito from being lively and
chearfui ; i^nd he delighted hi^ friends, by the agreeable
repartees and sensible remarks he made in conversation J
' LANGUET (John Joseph), brother of the preceding,
' a doctor of the Sorbpnne, and bishop of Soisson, to which
see he was promoted in 1715, and afterwards • archbishop
of 8ens, was distinguished for his polemical wriftings, and
published numerous pieces in defence of the bull Unige^
nitus, in which he vva^ much assKted by M. Tournely,
professor at the $>brbonne; and this celebrated doctor
dying 1729, the appellants then said that Pere de Tour-
tiemine directed bis pen. M. Langoet was appointed
; ^rchbishop of Sens, 17^1. He was v^ zealous against
^the miracles attributed by the appellants to M. Paris,
and against the famous convulsions. He died May 3;
1753, at Sens, in the midst of his curates, whom he thell
kept in retirement. M. Lianguet was a member of the
French academy, superior of the royal society of Navarre^
apd counsellor of state. His works are, three " Adyerr
tisements^' to the appellants ; several '^ Pastoral Letters,
Instructipns, Mandates, Letters,'- to different persons, and
other writings in favour of the bull Unigenttus, and against
•the Aoti^Constitutionarians, the miracles ascribed to M.
Paris, and the convulsions, which were impostures then
obtruded on the credulity of the French,, but which he
•proved to have neither certainty nor evi^nce. All the
above have been translated into Latin, and:printed at Sens,
1753, 2 vols. foL; but this edition of M. Languet's <^ Po-
lemical Works,^' was suppressed by a decree of. council.
He published also a translation of the Psalms, 12oio; a
refutation of I>om. Claudius de Vert^s treatise, ff On the
Chorch Ceremonies,^' 12mo. Several books of devptioa ;
^Ad *^ The Life of Iflsxy Alacoque, -/ .wMch laade miiid^

1 Mafcri««*Dkt QkUT^Poa^ev't Anniul Register fw 1763*

LANG U E T. *

tioise, add b by no means worthy of this celebrated arch-
•bishop, on account of its romantic and fabulous style, the
inaccurate eitpressions, indecencies, dangerous princtplesi
and scandalous maxiois which it contains. Languet is es*
teemed by the catholics as among the divines who wrote
best against the Aoti-oonstitutionarians, and is only charge«t
able with not having always distinguished between dogmas
and opinions, and with not unfrequently adva.ncing as ar*
ticles of faith, sentiments which are opposed by orthodox
and very learned divines.^

LANIERE (Nicholas], an artist of various talents in
tbe seventeenth century, was born in Italy, and appears
to have come oyer to England in the time of James i. He
had a great share in the purchases of pictures made for
the royal collection. He drew for Charles I. a picture of
Mary, Christ, and Joseph ; his own portrait done by him*
self with a pallet and pencils in his hand, and musical
Dotes on a scrip of paper, is in the music*sch<>ol at Oxford,
He also employed himself in etching, but his fame waa
most considerable as a musician. It is mentioned in the
folio edition of Ben Jonsoh's works, printed 1640, that in
1617, his whole masque, which was performed at the
house of lord Hay, for the entertainment of the French
ambassador, was set to music after the Italian manner^
^sHlo recUativa^ by Nic. Laniere, who was not only ordered
to set the music,, but to paint tbe scenes. This short
piece being' wholly in rhyme^ though without variation in
the measure, to distinguish airs frpm recitation, as ^ was
all in musical declamation, may be safely pronounced the
first attempt at an opera in the Italian 'manner, after the
invention of recitative. In the same year, the masque
called ^< The Vision of Delight,^' was presented at court
during Christmas by tbe same author ; and in it, says Or.
' Burney, we have all the characteristics of a genuine opera,
or musical drama of modern times complete : splendid
scenes and machinery ; poetry ; musical recitation ; air ;
chorus ; jlvA dancing. Though the music of this masque
it not to be found, yet of Laniere^s *> Musica narmtiva*'
we have several examples, printed by Playford in the col*
-lections of the time ; particularly the '^ Ayres and Dia-
legUjes^" 1653, and the second part of the *^ Musical
(Companion/' which appeared in 1667; and in which his.

to L A N tE RrEi

nvusic to tbe dialogues b lafiaitely superiol-.id the t€it;
tb^re is melody, ueaaiirey and mewing io it. His reci^
tative'is more like that of hk countrymen at pfescDt, (baa
any contemporary £nglishn»afi^8. However, tbese dia*-
logiies were oomposed; before tbe laws and phraseology of
recitative were sealed, even in Italy. His cantata of
*^ Hero and Leander" was uriuch celebrated during these
tknes, and the recitative regarded as a model of true Italian
■msical declamation. Laniere died at tbe age of seventy^-
eight, and was buried in St. Martinis ia tbe Fields, Nov.
4, 1646.*

JLANINI (Bernahpi^o), an bistarical painter, was a
Bfelive of Yerceili, a pupil of Gaudeneio Ferrari, and imit
tated the style of that master in bis first works to a degree
of iiiosion. As he advanced in practice he cast a holder
eye on nature, and by equal vigour of conception and
execution, proved to the ficst artists of Milan,- that, like
^ Ferrari, iie was born for grand subjects ; such is tbat of
fi« CJatarba, near S. Celso : tbe face and attitude of tbe
keroine anticipate tbe graces of Guido ; the colour of tbe
v^ole appreachea the tones of Titian, tbe glory of tbe
angds rivals Gioidensio ; a Jess neglected style of drapery
iroidd have left Uttle to wish for. Ainong his copious
wodct ac Milan^ and in its districts, tbe^ dome of Novara
daims distinguisfaed notice. There be {minted those
Sybils^ and that semUance of an Etenial Faitber, so much
adnired by Lomazzo; and near them certain subjects
frcMiktbe Ihb of Mary, which even now, in a ruined state
ofcoloar, enchant by spirit and evidence of design. His
Tiersatiie' talent indniged sometioies in imitafcioiia of Lie*-
murdo da Vinci; and at tbe-Basalica of St Arabrogto, the
figure of Christ between two Angels, in forn>, expression^
and effect, folly proves with what felicity he penetrated
the principles of that genius.

He bad two brothers unknown beyond Vercelti.; Gau<-
BEKZio, of whom some sainted subject is said to exist in
the sacristy of the Bamabites; and GiROL^UiiO LANiNi, of
whom Lanai mentions a Christ taken from the Cross, in
aome pnvate oollection. They approach Bersardino^ in
tfaehr stjie of faces, and tbe former ^ren in strength of co-
lour ; but they renain far behind him in design. This
artist died abdut 157 &.* ,J

1 Walpole'8 ADecdotes.— *])r. Siome^ la^Bees's Cyclopaedia.
* PilkiDgton, last edit, by Fuselj. • ' * " '

L A N S B E R G. II

LANSBERG (Philip), a mathema^ian, vm born in
Zealand, mi 1561, and was a pfeacber at Antwerp, in
1586, and afterwards for sereral years; Vossius mentions
that he was minister at Goese in Zealand, twenty-ntHa
years ; and betng then discharged of his functions, on ae«»
count of his old age, lie retired to Middleburgb, where
he died in 1632. His works were principally the following:
h ^^Sia Books of sacred Chikxiology,'* printed in 1626.
2. ** Essays on the Restitution of Astronomy,'^ printed ai
Middleburgh, 16^9. 3. ^< Four Books of Geometrical
Triangles," printed in 1631. 4. " Of Measuring the
Heavens/* in three books, in the same year. 5. ^^ Aa
Acoount of the diurnal and annual Motion of the Earth
and of the true Sitnation of the visible celestial Bodies.''
In this work be declares himself openly for Copernicus*s
System, and even pretends to improve it He composed
this work in Dutch, and it was translated into Latin by
Martinus Horteosius, and printed at Middleburgb, 16$^
Fromond, a doctor of Louvaio, wrote an answer to it, and
endeavoured to prove the earth stood still ; and Us soa
publisbed an answer not only to Fromond, but to Moriti^
regiiis professor at Paris, and to Peter Bartholin us, wfaiclt
is entitled ** A Defence of the Account,*' &c. This ooca^
sioned a contraversy, but of no long duration.*

LANZI (Lewis), an able Italian antiquary, was bon
June 13, 1732, at Mohtte-del-Celmo^ near Macerata, and
was educated in the schools of the Jesuits, wfaera he was
distinguished for the rapid progren he made in theology^
philosophy, rhetoric, and poetry. After being admitted
into the order of the Jesuits, he taught rhetoric in various
academies in I^ly with great success. When the ^rder of
the Jesuits was suppressed, he was appointed sub«director
of the gallery of Florence, by Peter Leopold, grand doka
of Tuscany; and that noble collection was considerably
improved and enriched by his care. His first work was a
*^ Guide*' to this gallery, which he printed in 1782, and
whieh IjiftAk in mai^r and style is far superior to perform<«>
9iaceB of that kind* In 1789 he publisbed his ** Essay on
tiu Tuscan Language,** 3 vols. 8vo, which gave him a re^
putation over all Europe, and was followed by h» dabo-^
rate '^ History of Painting in Italy ^*' the best edition, of
irinck is that printed at Bassano^ in 1809, 6 vols. 8vo.

Oi«t,«^iii«ri.«»M«rtm'» Biog. ffiaiow#ks.

ta L A N Z I. ' !

BKs next publication, much admired by foreign antiquarife^ji
was his '^ Dissertations on the Vases commonly called
Etroscan.^' In 1 808 appeared his translation of ^' Hesiod/*
4to, of which a very high character has been given. He'
died March 3*1, 1810^ at Florence, a period so recent as
to prevent our discovering any more particular memoirs of
him than the above.^

. LANZONI (Joseph), a physician, was born at Ferrara,
October 26th, 1663, and after a careful education under the
bestmasters, distinguished himself particularly in theschools
of philosopbyand of medicine, and graduated in both these
sciences in. 1683. In the following. year he was appointed
ordinary professor, and displayed talents which did honour
to the university of Ferrara, during the long period in
which be filled that office. He- died in February, 1730.

Lanzoni acquired a high reputation by the success of
bis practice, and obtained the confidence and esteem of
many illustrious personages. His attachment to study in*
creased with his years ; and every moment in which he was
not employed in the duties of his profession, was devoted
to- literature, philosophy, or antiquarian researcht His
character as a physician and philosopher, indeed, ranked
so high, that if any question upon these subjects was agi-
tated in Italy, the decision was commonly referred to him.
He was distinguished likewise by his genius in Latin and
Italian poetry ; and he was the restorer and secretary of
tb^ academy of Ferrara, and a member of many of the
learned societies of his time- He left a considerable
number of works, a collection of. which was printed at
Lausanne, in 1738, in 3 vols- ^to, with an account of
his life, under the title of <^ Josephi Lanzoni, Philor
sopbiaQ et Medicinse Doctoris, in Patria Universitate Lec^*
toris primarii, &c. Opera omnia Medico-pbysica et Pbi->
lologica."*

LAPIDE, (Cornelius a). See PIERRE.

LARCHER (P£T£R Henry), an eminent French scholar
and translator, was born at Dijon, Oct. 12, 1726, of an-
cestors who were mostly lawyers, connected with some of
the first names in the parliament of Burgundy, and related
to the family of Bossuet. His father was a counsellor ia
the office of finance, >vho died while his son was an infant,
leaving him to the care of his mother. It was her intention

} Diet. Hiifcf Sopplcpient ^ Moreri.«?-Reet'8 Cyclop«dia| ffop Eloy.

larcher: 13

to brriig him up with a view to the magistracy, but yotin^
Larcher wais too much ^enamoured of poKte literature to
accede to tins plaa. Having therefore finished his studies
among the Jesuits at Pont-a«M6us8on, he 'went to Paris
and entered himselfof the college of Laon, wb<ere he knew
^e:shonId be at liberty to pursue his own method of study.
]^e wastheii about eightelen yeai» of age.' His modier albwed
him oiily 500 livres a year, yet with that scanty allowance
be contrived to b^uy books, and when it was increased to
TOO, he fancied himself independent. He gave an early
proof of his love and care for valuable books, when at the
ix>yal college. While studying Greek under John Cap'?
peronnier, he became, quite indignant at having, every day
placed in his hands, at the risk of spoiling it, a fine copy^
of Duker's Thucydides, on large paper. He had, indeed,
from his infanqy, the genuine spirit of a coUector^ which
became an uuconquerable passion in his more mature years.
A few months before his death he ifefused to purchase the
new editions of Photius atid Zoiiaras, because he was too
old, as be said, to make use of tbegn,. but at the same time
he could not resist giving an enormous price for what
seemed of less utility, the princepr.ediiio of Pliny the na-
turalist, it is probable that during his first years at Paris/
he had made a considerable collection of. bdoks, for, when
at that time he intended, unknown. to his family, to visijt
England for the purpose of 'forming an acquaintance with
the literati there, and of learning Englishi to which he w^s
remarkably partial, he sold bis books to defray the^xpence
of his journey. In this elopcTnentf -{qv such it was, he was
assisted by father Patouiltet, who undertook to receive and
forward bis letters to his mother, which he was to date'firom
Paris, and make her and his friends believe that he was
still at the college of Labn. ,

It does not appear that Larcher published any thing be^
fore his translation of the ^^ Electra'* of Euripides, which
appeared in 1750; for the " Calendrier perpetuel" of 1747^:
although' attributed to him, was certainly not bis. The
'^ Electra,'' as v/ell as many other of his publications, ap*
peared without his name, which, indeed, he. appended
only to his " Memoire sur Venu$," his " Xenbphon,'V
f* Herodotus,*' knd " Diisertations academiques.'^ The:
V Electra" had not much success, and was never reprinted,*
iipless by a bookseller, who blunderingly inserted it* among
a.collectioii . of a«rft>i^ plays. v . *

14 L A R C H £ B.

In list LtfchtriB supposed to have contributed to «
lifeeratyjouraai called ^^Lettrea d'une Society ;" and after-*
wards, in the '^ Melange litteraire,*' he published a transia*
tioD ot Pope^s essay on Pastoral Poetry. He was also a
. eontributor to other literary journals, but his biographer
has not been able to specify his articles with certainty^
unless those in the '^ Collection Academique*' for 1755,
where his articles are marked widi an A« and in which he
trandated the Philosophical Transactions of London. He
translated also the *^ Martinus Scriblerus** from Pope^s
works, and Swift's ironical piece on the abolition of Chris*
tiani^. Having while in England become acqoainted with
Mr John Pringle, he. published a translation of his work
^ On the Diseases of the Army,*' of which an enlarged
edition appeared in 1771.

In 1757 he revised the text of Hudibras, which accom-
panies the French translation, and wrote some notes to it.
But these performances did not divert him from his Greek
studies, and his translation of <* Chereas and Calliroe,'*
which appeared in 1758, was considered in France as Mi
production of one who would prove an honour to the class
of Greek scholars in France. This was reprinted in the
*^ Bibliotheque des Romans Grecs," for which also Larcber
wrote '^ Critical Remarks on the £thiopics of Heliodoms,*'
but for some reason these never appeared in that work*
In 1767 the quarrel took place between him and Voltaire.
Larcber, although intimate with some of those writers who
called themselves philosophers, and even favourable to
some of their theories, was shocked at the impiety of Vol«'
taire^s extremes -, and when the ^' Philosophy of History'*
appeared, was induced by some ecclesiastics to undertake
a refutation, which was published under the title of ** Sup-
plement a la Philosophie de PHistoire,'' a work which Vol-
taire himself allowed to be full of erudition. He could not,
however, conceal his chagrin, and endeavoured to answer'
Larcher in his *^ Defense de mon oncle,'' in vriiich he'
treats his antagonist ' with unpardonable contempt and
abuse. Larcher rejoined in '^ Reponse i la Defense dCT
mon oncle." Both these pampbleu added much to hitf
reputation ; and although Voltaire, whose resentmenti were
implacable, continued to tr^t Larcher ifith abuse in kii^
writings, the latter made, no reply, content with the ap-
plause of the really leurned, particularly Brunck and Laf
Harpe^ which last^ although at that time the wargiestof

£. A R C H E B. IS

Voksdre's adtmrers, disapproved of bis ttesCaient of 'siich a
man as Lurcher ;*and in tlii* opiutoit he was jomed erca
hj D'Aleo^bert. ^

Hift reputation is a translator firom the Giisek being now
acknowledged, some bookaellers in Parts* who vmre in po»*
session of a manuscript translation of Herodetns left by
the abb^ Belianger wi<lK>ttt revision, applied to Laroher na
prepare it for the press; and be, dnnkiog be bad oobjr to
eorrect it few dips of the pea, or at most «d' add a few
notes, readtiy undertook the task, but before he |iad pm<»
eeeded fisr, the many imperfections, and the style of Bel*
laoger, appeared to be such, that be coneetved it would
be easier to make aa entire new translation. He did uot^
however, consider this as a trifling undertaking, bufe pre*
pared himself by profound consideration of the text of his
author, which he collated with the MS copies in the
royal library, 'and read with equal care every contempa^
fary writer from whom he might derive information to il*
lustrate Herodotus. While engaged in these studies. Paw
poblidied his <^ Recherohes philosophiquessac les Egyptiens
et les Cbinois^'^ and Larcher borrowed a iitde time to pub*
Itsh an acute review of that author^s p^radoKes in the
^' Journal des Savana^'for 1774. The ye»r following, while
inteirupted by sickness from his inquiries into Herodotus,
he published his very learned << Memoire sur Venus,'* to
which the academy of insortptions awarded their prize.
During another interruption of the Herodotus, incident to
itself, be wrote and published his translation of Xenophon^
which added much to the reputation he had already ac*
quired, and-«|though his style is not very happily adapted
to transfuse the spirit of Xenophon, yet it produced the
fallowing high compliment fpom Wyttenbach (Bibl. Critica)
'^ Larcberus is est quern non dubitemus omnium, qui nos*
tra sBtat^ veteres soriptores in linguas vertunt recentiores,
antiquitfttis linguseque GrteciB scientissimum vocare." Lar*
cber'& critical remarks in this translation are very \taluable,
particulady bis observations on the pronunciation of the
Qreek« The rqiutation of his ^ Memoire sur Venus," and
his '*:XenophOn,'' procured him to be elected into the
Academy of inscriptions, on Misy 10^ 1778. To the me^
Inoirs of this tfocfiety he contributed many essays on classic
cal antiqiiities, wh^ch are inserted in vols. 43, 45, 46, 47^
and 48 ; and these probably, which he thought a duty to
the ae$iMemy> interrupted hi& labours on Herodotus, nor

M L A R C H E.Ri

did it issue frmn the press until 17j86. The stjlef of tbi^
translation is liable to some objections^ 4)ut in other re-«
spects, his profound and learned researches into points of
geography tad chcondogj^ and the general merit and im*-
portance of his comments^ gratified the expectaticAis of
every scholar in Europe. It was Iraoslated into Latin by
Borhecky into German by Degan,/ and his notes have ap-«
peared in all the principal languages of Europe. We may
here conclude this part of our subject by noticing bis new
and very much improved edition: of *} Herodotus," pub*
lisbed in 1802, 9 vols. Svo. The particulars wjaticb dis«
tinguish this edition are, a correctipnof those passages^
in which he was not satisfied with having expressed the
exact sense ;. a greater degree of precision and more coni->
pres^ton ctf style; a reformation of such notes as wanted
exactness; with the addition of several that were judged
necessary to illustrate various points of antiquity, and ren-
der: the historian better understood. We have already
fainted that Larcher was at one time not unfriendly to the
infidel principles of some of the French 'encyclopedists*
It is with the greater pleasure that we can now add" what
he say:s on this subject in his apology for further alterations. .
<' At length/' he says, << being intimately convinced of all
the truths taught by the Christian religion, I have re-*
treA'cbed. or. reformed aU the notes that could offend it.
From some of them conclusions have been drawn which I
disapprove, and which were far from my thoughts ; others
of them contain things, which I must, to discharge my
conscience, confess friedy, that more mature examination
and deeper researches have demonstrated to have been
built on slight or absolutely false foundations. The truth
cannot but be a gainer by this avowal : to it alone have I
consecrated all my studies : I have been anxious to return
to it from the moment I was persuaded I could seize it with
advantage. May this homage, which I render it in all the
sincerity of my heart, be the means of procuring me abso-
lution for all the errors I have hazarded or sought to pro-
pagate."— In. this vast accumulation of ancient learning,
the jBnglish reader will find many severe strictures on
Bruce, which. he. may not think compatible with the ge-
neral opinion now entertained both in France and England
on the merits of that traveller.

During the revolutionary storm Larcher lived in privacy,
employed on his studies^ and. especially bd the second

edkktt of Us << Herodoto^'* Md was bdt ihllt disturbed.
He was indeed carried before the reTolnlionary cdminittee^
and his papers very much perplexed those gentleflaen, who
knew little of Gr^ek or Latin. For one nigiit a sentinel
waa placed at his door, who was set. asleep by a bottle of
viae, and next morning Larch^r gave him a ssaall assign
natt and he came back no more. When the republican
government became a little more quiet, and affected to
encourage men of letters, Larcher received, by a decree^
the sum of ^000 litres. He wasafterwards^ ndtwithstand^
ing his opiniops were not the fashion of the day, elected
into the Institute ; and when it was divided into four classes*
and by that change he became again, in some degree, a
member of the Academy of inscriptions, he published: four
dtss^tations of the critical kind ia their, memoirs. TJie
last honour paid to him was by appointing him professor of
Greek in the imperial university, as it was then called ; but
he was now too fsr advanced for active services, and died
after a short illness, in his eighty^sixth year, Dec. aS,
1812, regretted as one pf the most eminent acholars and
amiable men of his time. His fine library was sold by
auction in Nov. 1814.^

LAilDN£R (Natbani£L), a very learned dissentbg cler-
gyman, was bom at Hawkburst, in Kent, June 6, 1684.
He was educated for some time at a 'dissenter's academy
in I^ondon, . by the Rev. Dr. Oldfidd, whence he went to
Utrecht, and studied under Gnetius and Burman, and
made all the improvement which might be expected under
such masters. From Utrecht Mr. Lardner went to Leyden,
whence, after a short stay, he came to England, and em«
ployed himself in diiigent preparation for the sacred pro*
fession. He did tmt, however, preach bis first sermon till
be was twenty^five. years of age. In 1713 he was invited
to reside in the house ^ lady Treby, widow c^ the lord
chief justice of common pleas, as domestic ebaplain to the
lady^ and tutor Xo her youngest son. • He accompanied his
pupil to France, the N^stheriaods, and United Pro^ocea^
and continued in the family till the death of lady Treby.
It ceBecis : no honour upon. the dissenters that sneh mwam
shouM be. so long n^lected; but^ in 1728, he was ea«
gaged with other mkusters to carry on m^m^oHi qf lectures

at the Old. Jewry* The gentlemen who cpodocted these

■ • . . ■ , ■« • •. ,

iUte ptt^xed tp the caUlof ue of bis )ibnTj,pt9hMfhj oM of tht jpl Burt'i.
VQL.XX. C

i& X A R D N E BL

lectures preak^bed a course of sermonst oil the. evidences o^
natural and revealed religion. The proof of the credibiHtjr
of the gospel history was assigned to Mr Lardner, attd be-
delilrered three sermons on. this subject, which probably,
laid the foundation of his great work, as from this period
he was diligently engaged in writing the first. part of the
Credibility. In 1727 he published, in two volumes octavo^
Che first part of ^' The Credibility of the Gospel History ;
or the facts occasionally mentioned in the New Testament,
confirmed by passages of ancient authors who were con-
temporary, with our Saviour, or his apostles, or lived near
their time. It is unnecessary to say how well these vo<«
lumes were received by the learned world, without any
distinction of sect or party. Notwithstanding, however,
his great merit, Mr. lAirdner was forty* five years of age
before he obtained a settlement among the dissenters ) biit^
in 1729, be was invited by the congregation of Crutched-'
friurs to be assistant to their, minister. At this period thm-
enthusiasmof Mr. Woolston introduced an important con«i
troversy. In various absurd publications he treated the
miracles of our Saviour with extreme licentiousness. The89
Mr. Lardner confuted with the happiest success, in a woite
which he at this time published, and which was entitled
<^ A Vindication of three of our Saviour-s Miracles*'^ About
the same time also he found leisure to write othef occaaional
pieces, the principal of whioh was his ^^ Letter on the Logos;'^
In 1 73^5 appeared the first volume of the second :part of tho
'^ Credibility of the Gospel-histoiy,"' which, besides being
universally well received at bome^ was so much approved
abroad, that it was translated by two learned foreigners f
by Mn Cornelius Westerbaeu into. Law Dutch, and by Mr^
J. Christopher Wolff into Latin. The second volume of
the second part of this work appeared in 17S5 ; and the
farther Mn Lardner proceeded in his design, the more he
advanced in esteem and reputation among learned men of
all denominations* In 17S7 hie published his '* CouusoU
of Prudence'' for the use of young people,, on account of
which he received a complimentary letter from Dr. Seeker^,
liisbop of Oxford. The third and fourth volumes of the
second part of the ^< Credibility," no less curious than the
preceding^ were publsshed in 173d and 1740. T^e fifth
volume in l!7434 To be circumstantial in tbe>accottnto£
all the writings which this eminent man produced would
greatly exceed our limits. Tbey were all (considered as '6i

L A R D NrE R* \9^

distinguished usefulness and merit We may in par^cular
notice the " Supplement to the Credibility," which has^
a place in the collection of treatises published by Dr. Wnt-
son, bishop of Llandaff. Notwithstanding Dr. Lardner's
life and pen were so long and so usefully devoted to the
public, he never received any adequate recom pence. The
college of Aberdeen conferred on him the degree of doc\
tor of divinity, and the diploma had the unanimous signa-
ture of the professors* But his salary as a preacher ws^s
inconsiderable, and his works often published to his loss^
instead of gain. Dr. LaHner lived to a very advanced age^
and, with the exception of his liearing, retained the use of.
bis faculties to the last, in a remarkably perfect degree^
In 1768 he fell into a gradual decline, which carried him.
off in a few weeks, at Hawkburst, his native place, at the,
a^e of eighty-five. He had, previously to his last illness,.
'*parted with the copy-right of his great work for the mi-»
terable sum of 160/. but he hoped if the booksellers had
the whole interest of his labours, they would then do their,
utmost to promote the sale of a work that could not fail to
be useful in promoting the interests of his fellow creatures^
by promulgating the great truths of Christianity. After
the death of Dr. Lardner^ some of his posthumous pieces
made their appearance; of these the first consist of eight,
sermons^ add brief memoirs of the author. In 1776 was
published a short letter which the doctor had written in
1762, ".Upon the Personality of the Spirit.*' It was |5art
of bis design, with regard to " The Credibility of the Gos«
pel History," to give an account of the. heretics of the first
two centuries In 1780 Mr. Hogg, of E^xeter, published
another of Dr. Lardner's pieces, upon which he had be-
stowed much labour, though it was not left in a perfect
•late; this was *^ The History of the Heretics of the first
two centuries after Christ, containing an account of their
time, opinions, and testimonies to the books of the New
Testament; to which are prefixed general observations
concerning Heretics.'* The last of Dr. Lardner's pieces
was given to the world by the late Rev. Mr. Wiche, thea
of Maidstone, in Kent, and is entitled ^' Two schemes of a
Trinity considered, and the Diviue Unity asserted ;" it
consists of. four discourses ; the first represents the com*,
monly received, opinion of the Trinity; the second de*
scribes the Arian scheme ; the third treats of the Nazarene
doctriT^ ; and the fourth explaiSs the text according to

C 2 ■

80 L A R D N E R.

•

that doctrine. This work may perhaps be regarded as
iiupplemei^tary tb a piece which he wrote in early life, and
which he published in 1759, without his name, entitled '^A
Letter written in the year 1730, concerning the question.
Whether the Logos supplied the place of the Human Soul
in the person of Jesus Christ f * in this piece his aim was to
prove that Jesus Christ was, in the proper and natural
meaning of the word, a man, appointed, anointed, beloved^
honoured, and exalted by God, above all other beings.
Dr. Lardner, it is generally known, had adopted the So*
cinian tenets.

For the many testimonies given of Dr. Lardner^s cha-
racter, the reader must be referred to the very elaborate
and carious life written by Dr. Kippis, and prefixed to a
icomplete edition of his works, published in 1788, in eleven
very large volumes, by the late J, Johnson. This edition,
on which uncommon carie was bestowed, has of late become
very scarce and dear, and another has just been under*
taken, to'be printed in a 4to size. ^

LARREY (Isaac de), a French historian, was born Sep-
tember 7, 1638, at Montivilliers, of noble parents, who
were Protestants. After having practised as an attorney
some time in his native country, be went to Holland, was
appointed historiographer to the States General, and set-
tled afterwards at Berlin, where he had a pension from the
elector of Brandenburg. He died March 17,1719, aged
eighty. £[is principal works are, the '^ History of Augus-
tus," 1690, 12mo; "The History oi Eleanor, queen of
France, and afterwards of England,'* 1691, 8vo; *VA His*
tory of England," 1697 to 1713, 4 vols. fol. the most va-
lued of all Larrey's works on account of the portraits, bul
its reputation has sutik in other respects since the publica«
tion of the history written by Rapin. He wrote also the
history, or rather romance of " the Seven Sages," the mos|
complete edition of which is that of the Hague, 1721, 2
vols. 8 vo ; and " The History of Frx^nc^, under Louis XIV."
5 vols. 4to, and 9 vols. l2mo, a work not in much estimar
tion, but it was not entirely his. The third volume 4co wa,s
the production of la Martiniere. *

LARROQUE (Matthew de), in Latin Larroquanus^
whom Bayle styles one of the most illustrious ministers tb(»

I Life by Kippis, as above.

% Kiceroo, vol. L aud X. — Bibl. 6erniiinique> rpU I.-*Morert«^*Iltfft. Hiil^

L A R R OQ U £. 81

reformed ever had in France, was bom at Letrac, a small
city of Guienne, near Agen, in 1619. He. was hardly past
his youth when he lost bis father and Diotber, who werc^
persons of rank and character. This misfortune was soon
followed by the loss of his whole patrimony, although by
What means is not known ; but the effect was to animate
him more strongly to his studies, and to add to polite li-
terature, which he had already' learned, the knowledge of
philosophy, and above all, that of divinity. He made a
considerable progress in these sciences, and was admitted
a minister with great applause. Two years after he had
been admitted in his office he was obliged to go to Paris to
answer the cavils of those who intended to ruin his churo)^
in which, although he was not successful, he met with
such circumstances as proved favourable to him. lie
preached sometimes at Charenton, and was so well liked
1>y the duchess de la Tremouille, that she appointed him
minister of the church of Vitre, in Britany, and gave him
afterwards a great many proofs of her esteenp; nor was b^
less respected by the prince and princess of Tarente, and
the duchess of Weimar. He served that church aboojt
twenty*seveh years, and studied the ancient fathers with
the utmost application. He gave very soon public proofr
of the progress he had made in that study, for tb« answer
he published to the motives which an opponent had aliedged
for his conversion to popery, abounded with passages
quoted from the. fathers, and the works which be published
afterwards raised his reputation greatly. There was an
intimate friendship between him and Messieurs I>aill£, fu^
ther and son, which was kept up by a constant literary oor*
respondence ; and the joujrney be took to Paris procured
him the acquaintance of several illustrious men of letters.
The church of Charenton wished to have iuvited him in
1669, but his enemies had so pr^ossessed the cotirt .against
bim, that his majesty sent. a prohibition to that church not
to think of calling bim, notwithstanding the deputy general
of the reformed bad offered to answer for Mona. de Lar«
roquets good behaviour. He was afterwards chosen to fa|e
both miuister and professor of divinity at Saumur. The
former be accepted^ but refused the professorship of d^«
vinity, as it might interfere with the study of church his-
tory, to which he was very partial; The intendant of the
province, however, forbad him to go to Saumur; and aU
though the. church complained of this unjust prohibition,

i

I

2r2 LA R R O QUE.

And petitioned vfery zealously for tbe necessary pertnission^
which she obtained, Larroque did not think it proper to
enter upon an employment against the will of the intend-
ant. He continued therefore still at Vitr^, where he did
. not suffer his pen to be idle. Three pf the most consi-
derable churches of the kingdom chose him at once, the
church of Montauban, that of fiourdeaux, and that of Roan.
He accepted the invitation of Roan, and there died, Jan.
31, 1684, having gained the reputation not only of a
learned man, biit also pf an honqst man^ and a faithful
pastor.

His principal works; are, a " Histpire de PEucharistie,"
Elzevir, 1669, 4to, and 1671, 8vo; An answer to M. Bos-
•uet's treatise "De la Conimunion sous les deux espec^esj"
** An Answer to the motives of the minister Martinis Con-
version •/' ^ An Answer to the office of the Holy Sacra-
ment of Port Royal ;*' two Latin dissertations, " Ue Pho-
tino et Liberio ;'* " Considerations servant de reponse k ce
que M. David a ecrit contre la dissertation de Photin," 4to ;
** Observations," in Latin, in support of Daill^^s opinion,
that the epistles of St. Ignatius are spurious, against Pear-
son and Bev^ridore ; " Conformity des Esflises reforra^es de
France avec les anciens;" ** (Donsiderations sur la nature
de PEglise, etsur quelques-tines de ses propri^t^,^' 12mo;
a treatise in French on the Regal and Sacred Observations,
in Latin, witli " A Dissertation on the Thundering Legion."
These two last works were published by his son.*

LARROQUE (Daniel de), son of the preceding, was
borri at Vitr^. He retired 1681, to London, on the revo-
cation of the edict of Nautes, and afterwards to Ct)pen-
hagen, where his father's friends promised him a settlfe-
ment, but finding them unsuccessful, he went into Holland,
where he reniained till 1690, and th^n going into France,
^abjured the protestant religion, and turned Roman catholic.
Hie usually resided at Paris, but having written the preface
-to a satirical piece, in which great liberties were taken with
Louis XIV. on account of the famine in 1693, be was ar-
rested and sent to the Ch&telet, and then removed t6 tt^e
castle of Saumur, where he reniained five years; At the
end of thatjtime, however, be regained his Kberry by the
abbess of Fontevraud's solicitations, and got a place in M.
de Torcy's office, minister and secretary of state. When

L A Jl R O Q U E. . «S

the regency CDauaeDcedy Larroque was appointed tecre*
tary to the interior council, and on the suppression of that
council, bad a pension of 4000 livres till bis death, Sep*
tember 5, 1731, when b^ was about seventy. He leftie^
veral worlLs^ but inuob inferior to bis fatber^s : tbe princi*

£al are, '^ La Vie de rimppsteur Mahomet,*' 12ino, trans-
ited froQ^ tbe English of Dr. Prideaox ; ** Les v6ritables
Motifs de la Conversion de M» (le Boutbiiier de ^Ranci)
TAbbiS de 1^ Trappe,'*. wi^b some reflections on bis life and
writings, 1^85,. l^mo, a satirical work. *^ Nouvelles Ac^
cusatioiis centre Varillas, ou R6marques critiques centre
une Partie de son Histoire de TH^resie,** 8vo; <*LaVie
de Francois £udes de Mezerai,'' 12fno, a satirical romance s
a traoslatiqu of Ecbard's Rqn^an History, revised and pub«
lisbed by the abbe Desfc^n^aines. Larroque also assisted,
during some n^onths^ in tbe ^^ Nouvelles de la Republique
des Lettre^,'' while Bi^yle was ill. The *^ Advice to the "
Refugees'' is a^Uo attributed to him, which was believed to
, bs^ve been written by Bayle, besause tbe latter would never
betray Larroque, who, it is supposed, was the real author
. of it, chusing rather to suffer the persecution which this
: publication raised against him, than prove false to bis friend,*
. who hs^d enjoined him secrecy. '
LASCA. SeeGRAZZINL

I^ASCARIS (CpNSTANTiNE), a learned Greek, descend-
. ed from tbe imperial family of that name, was born at Con-
stantinople, but became a refugee when it was taken by
; tbe Turks in 14jf4, and went to Italy, where he was most
. amics^ly received, by duke Francis Sfora^a of AJilan, jivbo
. placed bis own daiighter, a child of ten years of age, under
, the care of Laacaris for instrqctiop in Uie Greek language,
and it is said to have been for her iise be composed bis
Greek grammar* From Mils^n be went to Rome, about
1463, or perhaps later, add fropi thence, 9^t the invitation
.of king Ferdinan.d, to Naples, where he openied a public
school for Greek find rhetoric. leaving spent some years
in. this employment, be was desirous of repose, and em-
. barked with tbe intentioi) of settling at a town of Greece ;
bi|t having touched at Measina, be was urged by such ad-
vantageous offers to make it his residence, that he com-
plied, and passed there tbe remainder of bis days* Here
)ie received the honour of citizenship, which be merited

1 lloreri.^Dict. Hist. d< L'Advoc^t,

1>y His virttic^ as wdl fis htis teaming, and by llie tnHuie t)f
scholars which his reputation drew thither. He lived. tcy a
* veiT'advanced age, and fs supposed to have died about the
' efind of the fifteenth century. He bequeathed his library
to'the city of Messina. His Greek graminar was printed
^^ Milan in f416\ reprinted in 1480, and was, aecorditig
to Zen6^ ^* prima Grs^oo-Latina prseiorum foetura," the first
Greek and Latin book that issued from the Italian press.
A' better edition of it was given in 1495, by Aldus, from a
copy corrected by the author, and with which the printer
wa& furnished by Ben^bo and Gabrielli. This was the firttt
essay of the Aldine press. Bembo and Gabrielli had been
the scholars of Lasoaris, although in his old age, as they did
not set out for Messina until 1493. A copy of this Greek
. grammar of the first edition is now of immense value*
Erasmus considered it as the best Greek grammar then
extant, excepting that- of Theodore Gaza. Lascaris was
author likewise of two tracts on the Sicilian and Calabrian
Greek writers, and some other pieces, which remain in
manuscript.^

LASCARIS (JoHK, or John Andrew), called Rhyndti-
cenus, as Constantine. was called Byzantinus, was a learnt'
Greek of the same family with the preceding,- who came
either from Greece or Sicily to Italy, en the ruin of his
country. He was indebted to cardinal 6essarion for his
^ucation at Padua, where he obtained a high reputatidn
for his knowledge in the learned langnages, and received
the patronage of Lorenzo de Medici, who sent him into
Greece with recommendatory letters to the sultan BajaMt,
in order tp collectandent manuscripts t fomhis purpose he
took two journeys, in the latter of which he appears to
have been vety successful. After the expulsion of the
Medici family from Florence, in 1494, he was carried to
'France by Charles Vltl. after which he was patronized by
Louis XI L Wibb sent him, in 1503, as his ambassador to
Venice, in which office he remaiined till 150B. He joined
the pursuit of literature with hii public employment, and
held a Correspondence with many learned men. After the
ierminati6n bf bis etilbassy, he remained some years at
Venice, as an instructoir in the Greek language. On the
election of pope Leo X. to the popedom in 1513, he set

1 Hodius de Oraecis iilastribat.->Saxii ODpoiMticoo.— Bibliotbeea Spea-
Sfsrianfty vol. II!.«-BrttDei'ft MAnael du Libraire.

L A 8 C A RI S. S5

Mt J* B«iM^ wher^fat hb ittiligiltoot Loo fbonded m
coUegft for noble Gredmn youifaii at Roifte, at tlie bead of
irfaicb fa^ placed the ambor. of, ibe pl^af aodlikedrife
leade bim so|ieriDteDdaot M the Greek preta; faitdbjlities
aa a tenrector and ectttoi!^ kad beeo idr^^dy sofiicientiy
fiiin^ed bv bis magnificeiit editiao of ibe Greek *' Abtbo*
h^gie," pnoted in capital letters at Florence in 1414^ aiid
b^ dmt of ** Calltmacbus/' printed in the same forai. Mail*
tasre thinks be was also editor of foiir of the tragedies of
^SEaripides/' of the *^ Gnonw Moilasticboi,*' and the
^^Argonaotios** of Apdlonius Rbodius. He now printed
the G#eiek << Scholia'' on Homer, in 1517; and. in 1518
tto.^'.Soholia" ot> Sophocles. Having in this last-raen-
tioned year -qaitted Home for Fiance, whither hb was in-
v^bsd i^ Francis I. be was employed by that monarch
ia forming the royal library. He was also sent as bis
aad»ftasador to. Venice,, with a view of procuring Greek
yoaths for the purpose of founding a college at Paris simi-
lar to that of Rome. After the accbmpiisbment -of dtber
jimpoitaot . missions, be died at Rome in 1535, at anad«
vattoed: age. He translated into the Latin language, a
wndi^ extracted from Polybius, on the military constitutions
of >jtbe Romans; and composed epigrams in Greek and
Latin ; this- rare volame is entitled '* Lascaris Rhydacehi
ep^jraaofflsata, Gr. Lat edente Jac. Tossano,"' printed at
Paris, 1527,. 8vo. There is anotber Paris edition of 1544,
4tou: :JMr. Dibdin has given an aimple and interesting ac-
eoont of bis.^Antbologia*' from lord Spencer's splendid
veUom copy*^

LASENA, or LASCENA (P£T£R), a learned ItaHan,
was.boni at '.Naples, Sept. 25, 1590. In compliance with
bis.fatb^r^ be first cQltivateU and practised the law ; but
afterwards followed 'the bent of liis inclination to polite
literature; applying himself diiigeiitly to acquire the
Greek language, in which his education bad been defec-
txve. He also. learnt French and Spanish. From Naples
be removed .to Rome ; whene be> was no sooner settled,
tbali'he obtained the protection of cardinal Francis JBar* .
berini, besides >other prelates ; he also procnred the friend-
shift of Lucas Hblstenius, Leo Allatids, and other persons
of rank in . the republic of letters. He made use of the

^ Hodius de Graci« illustribus.-*-Oresswell's Poliiiao.^-Rotcoe's Leo. — BibU
Spenceriaoa, toI. II. ,

9^ : i. A S^.N A..

rrepose he enjoyed ill this sitaation .to put the Iifist faandtd
. some works whicbibe bad began at Naples; but bis conti-»
MMisfti intense application, 'And (iao~great abstinence (for he
; made' but one^oieal in t^entyt^four bour^), threw him ioto
a fever, of^which : be died; Sept ^0^ 1636: At bis dea^fa^
• he^iefc to cardinsil Barberinii two Latin discourses, which
lie bad4pfronoanced before the Greek academy of tb^ monks
-of £t..Ba8il,"^''De Lingua Heilenistica,'' in which he dis-
itfuss^d, with great learning, a point upon that isubject^
' which then divided tbe literary world. He atiso left to car-
dinal Bracucaccio his book entitled *' Dell" antioo Giniiasio

< Napolitanc^" which was afterwards published in 16S8,'4to.

- It contains a description of the sports, shows, spectacles,
' and combats, which were formerly exhibited to the pec^le
. of. Naples: .He was tbe author likewise of ^f Nepenth<i^

< Homeric seu deabolendo luctu,?' Lugd. 1624, 8vo; and
; *^ Cleombrotus^ sive de iis aui in aquis pereont," Roma^

- 163^7, 8vo.»

LASCOv. SeeALASCO.

LASSALA (Manuel), a Spanish Ex-jeaoit, was born

jatValentiain 1729/ and died in 1 7 98v at Bologna, to which
be had retired on the expulsion of his order. Our autho*
rity gives little of his personal history. . He owed his cele-
brity to bis knowledge of the ancient languages,: and of
. poetry and history, which be taught > in. tbe univ^ersity of
Valentia. His works are in Spanish, Italian, and Latin ;
in the Spanish. be wrote, 1. ^* An essay on general History,

1 ancient and modem,** Valentia, 1755, SLvols. 4to^ ftaid to
be the best abridgment of the kind which 'the Spaniards

, have'; at the end he gives the lives of the Spanish poets ,
2* ^^ Account of the Castillian poets,*', ibid. 175.7, 4ta He
wrote also tragedies; 1. ^^ Joseph,** acted and printed at
Valentia :in 1762. 2. *^ Don Sancho Abarva,** ibid. 1765,

' in Italian, and such pure and elegant Italian as; to astonish
the critics of Jcaly. He wrote three tragedies; 1. >^ Ipbi*

, genia in Aulis.** 2. >' Ormisinda.** 3. ^^ Lucia Miranda.^*

. In Latin, he exhibited his talents for poetvy, and is bighlj
eommendeii for the classical purity of style of his .^< Rhe-

• nus,** Bologna, 1781 ; the subject, tbe inundations of the
Rhine : and his " De serificio clvium Bologniensium libel-
lus singularis,** ib. 1782, composed in.honour of afdte giveii
by tbe merchants of Italy. He also made a good tran^U*?

«

1 Niceron^ vol. XV.— ^Sai^ Ooooiatiieou.

'

L A 8 S d N E. - 2f

tlon fcom the Arri)ic into Hebrew of *^ Loknaan^s FaMes,^
Bologna, 1781, 4to.'

LASSONE (Joseph Maria Francis de), an emmenfc
French physician, was born at Carpentras, oh the Sd-of
July, 1717. He was removed for education to Paris, but
in bis early years be waa less remarkable for his perseTe-
rtfitce in study, tliah for a propensity which be shewed for
the gmy pleasures of youth ; yet even then he raised the
hopes of his friends by some ii>genious performances, which
merited acadeihic honours. At length he applied iimh se-
Yiousness to study, and devoted himself wholly to the puif*
suits of anatomy, in which he made such rapid progress,
that, at thie age of twenty* five, he was received into the
academyof sciences as asaociate^anatomtst: An extraor-

' dinary event, however, p%it a period to his anatomical pur-
suits, lo selecting among some dead bodies a proper sub-

/ jeetfor dissection, he fancied he perceived in one of them
some very doubtful signs of death, and endeavoured to
re-animate it} his efforts were for a long time vain ; but
bis %st persoa^on induced him to persist, and be ultirtiately

: cucceeded in brtogitig his patient to Kfe, wlio proved t6 be
a poor peasant. This (Mr^umstance impressed so deep a
sense of horror on the mind of the anatontist, - that be de-
ciified ttiese pursnits'iit future. "Natural history succeeded
the study of anatomy, and mineralogy becoming a favourite
object of his pursuit, he pnblisbed bia observatiotis on the

. crystallized free-stones of Foiuakibleau ; but - chemistry
finally became the beloved occnpation of M. de Laasone.
•His oamerous memoirs, which were read bejfbre the royal
^academy of sciences, presented a valuable train of new
observations, useful both to the progress of that study, 'and
to the 'art of compounding remedies ; and in every part of

■ these he evinced the sagacity of an attentive observer^ and
of an ingenious experimentalists' After having practised
medicine for a long time in the hospitals and cloisters, he
was setit for to court ; and held the office of first physician
at Versailles. • He lived in friendship- with Fontenelle,
Wihslow, D'Alembert, BufTon, and other scientific . cha-
racters; an^d the affability of his manners, and his ardent
zeal for the advancement of knowledge, among the young
•scholars, whose industry he encouraged, and whose fepu*
|ation'waa become one of his most satiafactoiy enjoymeotSji

• » fiiot^ IinftrSuppleiiMtitv'

, I

U L A S S O N E.

gained him general respect. When from a natural ielu
cacy of constitution, M* de Lassone began to experience
the inconireniencea of a preoiature old age, he became
forrowful and fond of solitude ; yet, reconciled to his situa^
tioD, he calmly observed his death approaching, and ex^

Eired on Dec» 8, 1788. Lassone, at the time of his deaths
eld the appointment of first physician to Louis XVI. and
bis queen ; be was counsellor of state, doctor*regent of
the faculty of medicine at Paris, and pensionary «-veteraii
of the 9.cademy of sciences, menober of the academy of
medicine at Madridf and honorary associate of the coilegf
of medicine at Nancy .^

LASSUS (Ob]lanou8), or, as he is called by the Jta<^
Jians, Orlando di Lasso^ an eminent musician, was a na^
live of Moos, in Haioault, bora in 1520, and not only
apent many years of bis life in Italy, but had his musical
^idu^ation there, having been carried thither surreptitiously,
when a child, on account of bis fine voice. The historian
Thuanus, who has given Orlando a place among the illus*-
trious men of bis time, tells us that it was a common prac>-
iice for young tingen to be forced away from their parent^
and detained in the service of princes ; and that. Orlando
.was carried to Milan, Naples^ and Sicily, by Ferdinand
Oonaaffo. Afterwards, when h^ was grown up, and had
probably lost his voice* he went to Rome, where be taught
music during two years; at the expiration of which, be
travelled through different parts of Italy and France witb
Julius Cttsar Brimcatius, and at length, returning to Flan^
d^rs, resided many years at Antwerp, til}^ being inyite(|,
by tbe duke of Bavaria, to Munich, he settled at. that court,
and. married* He had afterwards an invitation, acqon^f-
pariiefl with . the promise of great emoluments, frooi
Charles IX. Mng of France, to take upon him the oflSce
of master and director of bis bi^nd ; an honour which be
ficc/epted, but was stopped on the road to Paris by tb^
.newa of that n^onarcb's death. After this event he returned
tQ Municbf whither be was recalled by William*, jthe son
.J9i,ndi succe^or of bis ptitrpn Albert, to the same oflSce wbicii
^e bad be)d uader bijB father. Orlando con^niied at tb^
i(H>wrt till his death, in 1593, at upwards of seventy years
of age. His reputation was so great, that it was said of
him ; ^^ Hie ille Orlandus Lassus, qui recreat orbem.*'

I Hnteli!Mmi!9 Me^csl Biogfmpli7.-*-Itees't Cydop^dia.

L A S S U S. t9

As he lited to a considerable age, and never seems to
have checked the fertility of bis genias by indolence, his
compositions exceed, in number, even those of Palestrina.
There is a complete catalogue of them in Draadius^
amounting to upwards of fifty different works, consisting
of masses, magrnificats, piassiones, motets, and psalms :
mtli Latin, Italian, German, and French songs, printed in
Italy, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. He ez-
icelled in modulation, of which he gave many new speci-
mens, and was a great master of harmony.*

LATCH (John), an English lawyer, was a native of
Somersetshire, and educated at Oxford, in St* John^s coI«
lege, as Wood was informed, where, he adds, he made
considerable proficiency in< literature. Afterwards he re-
lAoved'to the Middle Temple, but being of a delicate
habit, does not appear to have practised as a barrister,
^ome years before bis death, he had embraced the Roman
catholie religion^ influenced by the artifices of a priest or
ilesait who prevailed on him to leave bis estate to the so-
ciety of Jesuits. He died at Hayes in Middlesex, in Au-
gust i655. He was the reporter of certain ** Cases in the
first three- years of K. Car. L'* which were published in
French, by Edivard Walpole, 1662, folio.*

LATIMER (Hugh), bishop of Worcester, one of the
6rst reformers of the church of England, was descended
of honest parents at Tburcaston in Leicestershire ; where
his father, though he had no land of his own, rented a
small farm, and by frugality aud industry, brought up a
family pf sis: daughters besides this son. In one of his
court sermons, in Edward's time, Latimer, inveighing
against the nobility and gentry, and speaking of the mo-
deration of landlords a few years before, and the plenty in
which their tenants lived, tells his audience, in his familiar
way, that, ^* upon a farm of four pounds a year, at the
utmost, his father tilled as much groutid as kept half a
dozen men; that he had it stocked with a hundred sheep
and thirty cows ; that he found the king a man and horse,
himself remembering to have buckled on his father's har-
ness when he went to Blackheath ; that he gave his
daughters five pounds apiece at marriage; that he lived
hospitably among his neighbours, and was not backward in

' y Bantey'i Hitt. of Music* sod in'Re<«i*t Cvclopadia.
s atb. Ox, vol. ll.-*BridfBiAn*s JLe;gal hkuUogt tipby.

30 LATIMER.

his alms to the poor.*' He was born in tbe farm-house
about 1470; and, being put to a grammar-school) he took;
learning so well, that it was determined to breed him to«
the church. With this view, be was sent to Cambridge^
Fuller and others say to Christ's college^ which must be a
tradition, as the records of that college do not reach his
time. At the usual time, be took the degrees in arts^
and, entering into priest's orders, behaved with remarka-
able zeal and warmth in defence of popery, the established,
religion. He read the schoolmen and the Scriptures with
equal reverence, and held Thomas a Becket and the apos-
tles in ^qual honour. He was consequently, a zealous op^-
ponent of the opinions which had lately discovered them**
selves in England; heard the teachers of them with high
indignation, and inveighed publicly and privately against
the reformers. If any read lectures in tbe schools, Latimer
tvas sure to be there to drive out the scholars, and could
not endure Stafford, the divinity-lecturer, who, howeveri
is said to have been partly an instrument of his conversion.
When Latimer commenced bachelor of divinity^ he gave
an open testimony of his dislike to their proceedings in an
oration against Melancthon, whom he treated most severely
for bis impious, as he called them, innovations in religion.'
HiszeaLwas so much taken notice of in the university,
that he was elected cross-bearer in ail public processions;-
an employment which he accepted with reverence, and;
discharged with solemnity.

Among those in Cambridge who favoured the reforma-
tion, the most considerable was Thomas Bilney, a clergy-
man of a most holy life, who began to see popery in a very
disagreeable light, and made no. scruple to own it. Bilney
was an intimate, and conceived a very favourable opinion,
of Latimer ; and, as opportunities offered, used to suggest
to him many things about corruptions in religion, till he
gradually divested him of his prejudices, brought him to.
think with moderation, and even to distrust what he had
so earnestly embraced. Latimer no sooner ceased from
being a ;zealous papist, than he became (such was bis con-,
stitutional warmth) a zealous protestant ; active in support-
ing the reformed doctrine, and assiduous to make converts
both in town and university. He preached in public, ex-
horted in private, and everywhere pressed the necessity
of a holy life, in opposition to ritual observances; A be-
haviour of this kind Was immediately taken notice of^ X^m^

L A T I ME «• SI

bridge, no leM thm theretft of tli6 kingdom, was entirely
popi^^ and everf new opinion was watched with jealousy^
Ltftimer soon perceived how obnoxious be had made bim^
self; and the first remarkable opposition he met witli from
the popish party, was occasioned by a course «f sermons
be preached, during the Christmas holidays, before .{be
university) in which he spoke his sentiments with great
freedom upon, many opinions and usages maintained and
practised in the Romish church, and particularly insisted
upon the great abuse of locking up ^he Scriptures in an
unknown tongue. ' Few of the tenets of popery were then
questioned in England, but such as tended td a relaxatioa
6^ moi'ais $ transubstantiation, and other points rather spe-*
cnlative, still held their dominion ; Latimer therefore
chiefiy dwelt upon those of immoral tendency. He shewed
what tree religion was, that it was seated in the heart ;
and that, in comparison with it, external appointmentg
were of no value. Having a remarkable address in adapt-
ing him^If to the capacities of the people, and being con-
sidered as a preacher of eminence, the orthodox . clergy
thought it high time to oppose him openly. This task was
undertaken by Dr. Buckingham, prior of the Black-friars^
who appeared in the pulpit a few Sundays after ; and, with
great pomp and prolixity, shewed the dangerous tendency
of Latimeir's opinions; particularly inveighing against hit
heretical notions of having the Scriptdres in English, lay-
ing open the bad effects of such an innovation. ** If that
heresy,'* said he, '* prevail, we should soon see an end of
every thing useful among us. The ploughman, reading
that if he put his hand to the plough, and should happen
to look back, he was unfit for the kingdom of heaven,
would' soon lay aside his labour ; the baker likewise read-
ing, that a little leaven will corrupt his lump, would give
us a very insipid bread } the simple man also finding him-4
self commanded to pluck out his eyes, in a few years we
should have the nation full of blind beggars.*' Latimeis
could not help listening with a secret pleasure to this in-
genioas reasoning; perhaps- he had acted as prudently, if
he had considered the prior's arguments as unanswerable ;
Uttt, he could not resist the vivacity of his temper, which
strongly inclined him to expose this solemn trifler. . The
whole university met together on Sunday, when it waa
known Mr. Latimer would preach. That vein of plea-^
tantry ittd humour which ^raa through all. bis words and

ss LATIMtBR.

mclions^ would here, it wa$ im^iiiedy lliite iU fbU flcopf }
atidy IQ say ihe tradi, tbe proacb^r wajs not a little condcioiif
of his. oiTQ superiority: to c^omplete tbe scene^ just hef<Mre
tbe sermon began, prior Buckingham himself entered the
church with bis cowl about bis 8houlder8> und seated binl^
self, with an air of importance^ before tbe pu)pit» Lati*
mer,» with great gravity, recapitulated the learned docior*^
arguments, placed them in the strongest light, and then
rallied them with such a flow of wit, and at the same time
with so much good humour, that, without tbe fippearance
of ill-nature, he made his adversary in the highest degree
Hdiculous. Jle then, with great address, appealed to the
people; descanted upon the low esteem in which tbeii
guides had always held their understandings; expressed
the utmost offence at their being treated with such.eoil^
tempt^ and wished his honest countrymen might only have
the. use of the Scripture till they shewed themselves sUch
absurd interpreters. He concluded his discourse with a
few observations upon scripture metaphors. A figurative
manner of speech, he said, was common in all langui^es :
representations of this kind were in daily use, and generally
understood. Thus, for instance, continued he (address^*
ing himself to that part of the audience where the prior
was seated) ,^ when we see a fox painted preaching is^
friar^s hood, liobpdy imagines that a fox is meant, bat
that craft and hypocrisy are described, which are sooften
found disguised in that garb. But it is probable that h^*
timer thought this levity unbecoming ; for when one Vene^
tus, a foreigner, not long after, attacked him again upon
tbe same subject, and in a manner tbe most scurrilous and
provoking, we find htm using a graver strain. .Whether
he ridiculed, bowevef( or reasoned, with so much of the
spirit of true oratory^ considering the times, were bis ha<»
rangues animated, that they seldqm failed of their intended
effect ; his raillefy shut up the prior within his monastery ;
and his arguments drove Venetus from tbe university.

These advantages increased . tbe credit of the protestant
party in Obmbridge, ef which Bilney and Latimer were
the leaders ; and great was the alarm of the popish clergy,
of whfch some were the heads of colleges, and senior part
9f the university. JTrequent convocations were held, tutors
were admonished to have 'a strict eye over their pupils, and
academical censures of all kinds were inflicted. But aca*
demical censures were found insufficienit. Latiaaei (?oitti«

LATTIMEK. S%

fiUed to preacbi and heresj to spfead. The heads of the
popish party applied to the bishop of Ely^ Dr. West, as
their diocesan ; but that prelate was oot a man for their
purpose ; he was a papist indeed, but moderate. He, how«
erer, came to Cambridge, examined the state of religion,
and, at their intreaty, preached against the heretics ; but
he would do nothing farther ; only indeed he silenced Mr.
Latimer, wbith, as he had preached himself, was an in-
stance of his prudence. But this gave no check to the
reformers ; for there happened at this time to be a pn>«
testant prior in Cambridge, Dr. Barnes, of the Austin-^
friars, .who, having a monastery exempt from episcopal
jurisdiction, and being a great admirer of Latimer, boldly
licensed him to preach there. Hither his party followed
him ; and, the late opposition having greatly excited the
curiosity of the people, the friars* chapel was soon inca-
pajble of containing the crowds that attended. Among
others, it is remarkable, that the bishop of Ely was often one
of his hearers, and bad the ingenuousness to declare, that
Latimer was one of the best preachers he had ever heard.
The credit to his cause which Latimer had thus gained in
the pulpit, he maintained by the piety of his life. Bilney
and he did not satisfy themselves with acting unexception-
ably, but were daily giving instances of goodness, which
malic^ could not scandalize, nor envy misrepresent They
were always together concerting their schemes. The place
where they used to walk, was long afterwards known by
the na.me of the Heretics* Hill. - Cambridge at that time
was full of their good actions ; their charities to the poor,
and friendly visits to the sick and unhappy, were then
common topics. But these served only to increase the
heat of persecution from their adversaries. Impotent
themselves, and finding their diocesan either unable or
unwilling to work their purposes, they determined upon
an appeal to the higher powers ; and heavy complaints werd
carried to court of tfjie increase of heresy, not without for-
mal deposttious agaih^t the principal abettors of it

Th^ principal persons at this time concerned in eccle«
siasttodi a^airs were cardinal Wolsey, Warham archbishop
of Gailterbury, and Tunstal bishop of London ; and as
Henry VIH. was now in the expectation of having the bu-
siness of -his divorce ended in a regular way at Rome, he
was careful to observe all forms of civility with the pope.
Hie cardinal therefore etected a court, consisting of biAcips^

Vol. XX. D

3* L A-T I ME R.

divines, and canonists, to put the laws in exeOution agdnst-
heresy : of this court Tunstal was made president ; and -
Bilney, Latimer, and one or two tx^oxe, were called before
him. Bilney was considered as the heresiarch, and against
him chiefly the rigour of the court was levelled ; and they
succeeded so far that he was prevailed upon to recant :
accordingly he bore his faggot, and was dismissed. As
for Latimer, and the rest, they bad easier terms : Tunstal
omitted no opportunities of shewing mercy ; and the here-
tics, upon their dismission, returned to Cambridge, where
they were received with open arms by their friends. Amidst
this mutual joy, Bilney alone seemed unaffected ; he
.shunned the sight of his acquaintance, and received their
congratulations with confusion and blushes. In short, he
was struck with remorse for what he had done, grew me-
lancholy, and, after leading an ascetic life for three years,
resolved to expiate his abjuration by death. In this reso-
lution he went to Norfolk, the place of his nativity ; and,,
preaching publicly against popery, he was apprehended
by order of the bishop of Norwich, and, after lying a while
^ in the county gaol, was executed in that city.

His sufferings, far from shocking the reformation at
Cambridge, inspired the leaders of it with new courage.
Latimer began now to exert himself more than he had yet
done ; and succeeded to that credit with his party, which.
Bilney had so long supported. Among other instances of.
his zeal and resolution in this cause, he gave one very re-
markable : he had the courage to write to the king against
a proclamation then just published, forbidding the use of
the Bible in English, and other bpokson religious subjects.
He bad preached before his majesty once or twice at
Windsor^ and had been noticed by him in a more affable
manner than that monarch usually- indulged towards his
subjects. But, whatever hopes of preferment his sove-
reign's favour tnight have raised in him, he chose to put.
all to the hazard rather than omit what he thought his duty. ,
He was generally considered as one of the most eminent,
who favoured protestantism, and therefore thought it be*
^ame him to be one of the most forward in opposing
popery. His letter is the picture of an honest and sincer^.
heart : it was chiefly intended to point .out to the king the
bad intention of the bishops in procuring the proclamation^,
and concludes in these terms : ^^ Accept, gracious, sove-.
reign, without displeasure, what I have written ^ I thoughtj>

LA T I M E IL 35

it nay duty to mention these things to yonr inajesty* No
personal quarrel^ as God shall judge me, have I wiih.any
man ; I wanted only to induce your majesty to consider
well what kind of persons you have about you, and the ends
for virbich they counsel. Indeed, great prince, many of
them, or they are* much slandered, have very private ends.
God grant your majesty may see through all the designs
of evil men, and be in all things equal to the high office
with which you are intrusted. Wherefore, gracious king^
remember yourself, have pity upon your own soul, and
think that the day is at hand, when you shall give account
of your office, and of the blood that hath been shed by
your sword : in the which day, that your grace nfay stand
stedfasdy, and not be ashamed, but be clear and ready in
your reckoning, and have your pardon sealed with the
blood of our Saviour Christ, which alone serveth at that
day, is my daily prayer to him who suffered death for our
sins. The spirit of God preserve you!"

Though the influence of the popish party then prevailed
so far that this letter producied no effect, yet the king, no
way displeased, received it, not only with temper, but
with condescension, graciously thanking him for his well*
intended advice. The king, capricious and tyrannical as
be was, shewed, in many instances, that he loved sincerity
and openness ; and Latimer's plain and simple manner had
before made a favourable impression -upon him, which this
letter contributed not a little to strengthen ; and the part
be acted in promoting the establishment of the king's su«
premacy, in 1535, riveted him in the royal favour, -Dr.
Butts, the king's physician, being sent to Cambridge on that
occasion, began immediately to pay his court to the pro-
testant party, from whom the king expected most unani«
mity in bis favour. Amongthe first, Jiemade his applica*
tion to Latimer, as a person most likely to serve him;
begging that he would collect the opinions of his friends in
the case, and do his utmost to bring over those of most
eminence, who were still inclined to the papacy. Latimer^-
being a thorough friend to the cause he was to solicit, un-
dertook it with his usual zeal,' and discharged himself s6
much to the satisfaction of the doctor, that, when that
gentleman returned to court, he took Latimer alotfg with
him, with a design, no doubt, to procure him. some favouf
suitfi(ble to bis merit.

. D 2

3« LATIMER.

About this time a person was rising into power, who be^
came his chief friend and patron : The lord Cromwell, who,
bein^ a friend to the Reformation, encouraged of course
8u<^h churchmen as inclined towards it. Among these was
Latinier, for whom his patron soon obtained West Kington,
a benefice in Wiltshire, whither he resolved, as soon a&
possible, to repair, and keep a constant residence. His friend
Dr. Butts, surprized at this resolution, did what he could /
to dissuade him from ft : *^ You are deserting,*' said he^ ,
^^ the fairest opportunities of making your fortune : the prime
minister intends this only as an earnest of his future fa*
vours, and will certainly in time do great things for you :
but it is the manner of courts to consider them as provided
for, who seem to be satisfied ; and, take my word for it, an
absent claimant stands but a poor chance among rivals who
have the advantage of being present." Thus the old
courtier advised. But these arguo^ents had no weight. He
was heartily tired of the court, where he saw much debau-
chery and irreligion, without being able to oppose them ;
and, leaving the palace therefore, entered immediately
upon the duties of his parish. Nor was he satisfied within
those limits; he extended his labours throughout the
county, where he observed the pastoral care most ne-
glected, having for that purpose obtained a general licence
from the university of Cambridge. As his manner of
preaching was very popular in those times, the pulpits every
vrfiere were gladly opened for him ; and at Bristol, where
he often preached, he was countenanced by the magis-.
trates. But this reputation was too much for the popish
clergy to suffer, and their opposition first broke out at
Bristol. The mayor had appointed him to preach there on
" Easter^day. Public tiotice had been given, and all people
were pleased; when, suddenly, came an order from the
bishop, prohibiting any one to preach there without his
licence. The clergy of the place waited upon .Latimer, in-
formed him of the bishop's order; and, knowing he had na
such licence, were extremely sorry that they were thus
deprived of the pleasure of hearing him. Latimer received
their compliment with a smile ; for he had been apprized
of the affair, and knew that these very persons had written
to the bishop against him. Their opposition became after-
wards more public and avowed ; the pulpits were used to
spread iuvectives against him; and such liberties were

LATIMER. 37

taken with his character, that he thought it necessary to
justify himself. Accordingly, he called upon his malignevs
to accuse him publicly before the mayor of Bristol ; and,
with all mea of candour, he was justified ; for, when the
parties were convened, and the accusers produced, no-
thing appeared against him; but the whole accusatiosn
was left to rest upon the uncertain evidence of hearsay
information.

His enemies, however, were not thus silenced. The party
against him became daily stronger, and more inflamed. It
consisted in general of the country priests in those parts,
headed by some divines of more eminence. These persons,
after mature deliberation, drew up articles against him, ex«
tracted chiefly from his sermons ; in which he was charged
with speaking lightly of the worship of saints ; with saying
there was no material fire in hell ; and that he would rather
be in purgatory than in Lollard's tower. This charge being
laid before Stokesley bishop of London, that prelate cited
Latimer to appear before him ; and, when he appealed to
his own ordinary, a citation was obtained out of the arch-
bishop's court, where Stokesley and other bishops weife
commissioned to examine him. An archiepiscopal citation
brought him at once to a compliance. His friends would
have had him fly for it ; but their persuasions were in vain.
He set out for London in the depth of winter, and under
a severe fit of the stone and cholic ; but he was more dis*
tressed at the thoughts of leaving his parish exposed to
the popish clergy, who would not fail to undo in his ab-
sence what he bad hitherto done. On his arrival at Lon-
don, be found a court of bishops and canonists ready to
receive him ; where, instead of being examined, as he ex-
pected, about his sermons, a paper was put into his hands,
which he was ordered to subscribe, declaring his belief in
the eflScacy of masses for the souls in purgatory, of prayers
to the dead saints, of pilgrimages to their sepulchres and
reliques, the pope's power to forgive sins, the doctriue of
merit, the seven sacraments, and the worship of images ;
and, when he refused to sign it, the archbishop with a
frown begged he would consider what he did. ^< We intend
not," says he, ^^ Mr. Latimer, to be hard upon you ; we
dismiss you for the present ; take a copy of the articles,
examine them carefully ; and God grant that, at our next
meeting, we may find each other ifi a better temper S'*
At the nextaAd several succeeding meetings the same scene

58 LATIMER.

was acted over again. He continued inflexible, and they
conjtinued to distress him. Three times every week they
regularly sent for him, with a view either to draw some-
thing from him by captious questions, ^or to teaze him at
length into compliance. Of one of these examinations he
gives the following account: ^^I was brought out,'' says
he, ^*.to be examined in the same chamber as before.; but
at this time it was somewhat altered : for, whereas befor^e
there was a fire in the chimney, now the fire was taken
away, and an arras hanged over the chimney, and the table
stood near the chimney's end. . There was, among these
bishops that examined me, one with whom I have been
very familiar, and whom I took for my great friend, an
aged man ; and he sat next the table-end. Then, among
other questions, he put forth one, a very subtle and crafty
one; and when I. should make answer, ' I pray you, Mr.
Latimer,' said he, < speak out, I am very thick of hearing,
and there be many that sit far off.' I marvelled at this,
that I was bidden to speak out, and began to misdeem,
and gave an ear to the chimney ; and there I heard a pen
plainly scratching behind the clotli. They had appointed
one there to write all my answers, that I should not start
from them.. God was my good Lord, and gave m^ an-
swers ; I could never else have escaped them." At length
he was tired out with such usage ; and when he was next
summoned, instead of going himself, he . sent a letter tp
the archbishop, in which, with great freedom, he tells him,
that *^ the treatment he had of late met with, had fretted
him into such a disorder as rendered him unfit to attend
that day ; that, in the mean time, he could not help taking
this opportunity to expostulate with his grace for detaining
him so long from the discharge of his duty ; that it seemed
to him most unaccountable, that they, who never preached
themselves, should hinder others ; that, as for their exar
mination of him, he really could not imagine what they
aimed at; they pretended one thing in the .beginning,
and another in the progress; that, if his sermqns were
what gave offence, which he persuaded himself were neither
contrary to the truth, nor to any canon of the church, he
was ready to answer whatever might be thought exception-
able in them ; that be wished a little more regard might
be had to the judgment of the people ; and that a distinc-
tion might be made between the ordinances of God and

jmu > lUat U some abases m reUgion did prevail^ -s^. was

LATIMER. S9

then commoiily supposed, be thought preaching was the
be&t means to discountenance them ; that be wished all
pastors might be obliged to perform their duty : but that^
however, liberty might be given to those who were willing;
that, as for the articles proposed to him, he begged to be
excused from subscribing tbem ; while he lived, he never
would abet superstition : and that, lastly, he hoped the
^archbishop would excuse what he had written ; he knew
his duty to his superiors, and would practise it : but, in
that case> he thought a stronger obligation laid upon
him."

What particular effect this letter produced, we are not
informed. The bishops, however, continued their prose*
cution,.till their schemes were frustrated by an unexpected
hand ; for the king^ being informed, most probably by
lord Cromwell's means, of Le^timer's ill-usage, interposed
^n his behalf, and rescued him out of their hands. A figure
of so much simplicity, and such an apostolic appearance as
his at court, did not fail to strike Anne Boleyn, who men-
tioned him to her friends, as a person, in her opinion,
well qualified to forward the Reformation, the principled
^f which she had imbibed from her youth. Cromwell
rai3ed our preacher still higher in her esteem; and they
both joined in an earnest recommendation of him for a
bishopric to the king, who did not want much solicitation
in bis favour. It happened, that the sees of Worcester
and Salisbury weise at that time vacant, by the deprivation*
of Ghinuccii and Campegio, two Italian bishops, who fell
under the king's displeasure, upon his rupture with Rome«
The former of these, was offered to Latimer; and, as this
promotion came unexpectedly to him, he looked upon it
as the work of Providence, and accepted it without much
persuasion. Indeed, he bad met with such usage already,
as a private clergyman, and saw before him so hazardous a
*|>rospect in his old station, that he thought it necessary,
both for bis own safety, and fpr the sake of being of more
service to the world, to shroud himself under a little more
temporal power. All historians mention him as a person re*
markably zealous in the discharge of bis new office; and
tell us, that, in overlooking the clergy of his diocese,
he was uncommonly active, warm, and resolute, and pre-
sided in bis ecclesiastical court in the same, spirit In;
visiting he was frequent and. observant: in ordaining strict
wd wary : la preaching indefatigable : in reproving and

40 LATIMER.

exhortifig severe and persuasive. Thus far he could act
with authority ; but in other things he found himself under
difficulties. The popish ceremonies gave him great offence;
yet he neither durst, in times so dangerous and unsettled^
lay them entirely aside ; nor, on the other hand, was he
willing entirely to retain them. In this dilemma his address
was admirable : he inquired into their origin ; and when be
found any of them derived from a good meaning, heincul*
cat^d their original, though itself a ccnrruption, in the room
of a more corrupt practice. Thus he put the people in
mind, when holy bread and water were distributed, that
these elements, which had long been thought endowed with
• kind of magical influence, were nothing more'than appeii-*
dages to the two sacraments of the Lord's*supper and bap-
tism : the'former, he said, reminded us of Cbrist^s death ;
and the latter was only a simple representation of being pu«
rified from sin. By thus reducing popery to its principl^s^
he improved, in some measure, a bad stock, by lopping
from it a few fruitless excrescences.
. While his endeavours to reform were thus confined te
his diocese, he wfs called upon to exert them in a more
public manner, by a summons to parliament and convocn^
tion in 1536. This session was thought a crisis by the
Protestant party, at the head of which stood the lord
Cromwell, whose favour with the king was now in its me-
ridian. Next to him in power was Cranmer archbishop
of Canterbury, after whom the bishop of Worcester was
the most considerable man of the party ; to whom were
added the bishops of Ely, Rochester, Hereford, Salisbury,
and St. David's. On the other hand, the popish party was
headed by Lee archbishop of York, Gardiner, Stokesle}!^
smd Tunsta), bishops of Winchester, London, and Dur-
ham. The convocation was opened as usual by a sermon^
or rather an oration, spoken, at the appointment of Cran-
mer, by the bishop of Worcester, .whose eloquence was at
this time everywhere famous. Many warm debates passed
in this assembly ; the result of which was, that four sacra-
ments out of the seven were concluded to be insignificant :
but, as the bishop of Worcester made no figure in them,
for debating was not his talent, it is beside our purpose to
enter into a detail of what was done in it. Many altera-
tions were made in favour of the reformation ; and, a few
months after, the Bible was translated into English, and
recommended to general perusal in October 1537^

JL A T I M E R. 41

In tbe mean time the bishop of Worcester, highly satis-
fied with the prospect of tbe times, repaired to his diocese,
having made a longer stay in London than was absolutely
necessary. He had no tpileuts for state affairs, and there*
fore mtddled not with them. It is upon that account that
bishop Burnet speaks very slightingly of his public charac-
ter at this time, but it is certain that Latimer never desired
to appear in any public character at all. His whole am-
bition was to discharge the pastoral functions of a bishop,
neither aiming to display the abilities of a statesman, nor
those of a courtier. ^How very unqualified he was to sup-
port the latter of. the3e characters, will sufficiently appear
ifom tbe following story. It was the custom in those days
for the bishops to make presents to the king on New-year^ s-
day, and many of them would present very liberally, pro-
portioning their gifts to. their expectations. Among the
rest, the bishop of Worcester, being at this time in town,
waited upon the king with his o£Fering; but instead of a
purse of gold, which was the common oblation, he pre-
sented a New Testament, with a leaf doubled down, in a
very conspicuous manner, to this passage, ^^ Whoremon-
gers and adulterers God will judge."

Henry VIII. made so little use of his judgment, that his
whole reign was one continued rotation of violent passions,
which rendered him a mere machine in the hands of his
ministers ; and he among them who could make the most
artful address to the passion of the day, carried his point.
Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, was just returned from
Germany, having successfully negotiated some commis-
sions which the king had. gready at heart ; and, in 1539,
a parliament was called, to confirm the seizure and sur-
jrendry of the monasteries, when that subtle minister took
his opportunity, and succeeded in prevailing upon his ma-
jesty, to do something towards restoring the old religion,
^. being most advantageous for bis views in the present
situation of Europe. In this state of affairs, Latimer re-
ceived his summons to parliament, and, soon after his ar-
rival in town, -he was accused of preaching a seditious
sermon. The sermon was preached at court, and the
preacher, according tq, his custom, had been unquestion-
ably severe enough against whatever he observed amiss.
The king had called together several bishops, with a view
to consult, them upoa some points of religion. When they
bad all given their opinions, and ^ere about to be dis-

42

LATIMER.

missed, tlie bishop of Winchester (for it was most pfobdbly
be) kneeled down and accused the bishop of Worcester as
above-mentioned. The bishop being called upon by the
king with some sternness, to vindicate himself, was so far
from denying or even palliating what he said, that be
boldly justified it; and turning to the king, with that
noble unconcern which a goc(d conscience inspires, made
this auswer : " I never thought myself worthy, nor I never
suedto be a preacher before your grace ; but I was called to
it, and would be willing, if you mislike it, to give place
to my betters ; for I grant there may he a. great many more
worthy of , the room than I am. Andt if it be your gtace-s
pleasure to allow them for preacher^, I could be content to
bear their books after them. But if your grace allow me
for a preacher, I would desire you to give me leave to dis«-
charge my conscience, and to frame my doctrine according
to my audience. I had been a very dok indeed, to have
preached so at the. borders of your realm, as I preach be-
fore your grace." This answer baffled his accuser's malice^
the severity of the king's conscience changed into a gra-
cious smile, and the bishop was dismissed with that oblig-
ing freedom which this monarch never used but to those
whom he esteemed. In this parliament passed the famous
act, as it was called, of the six articles^, which was no
sooner published than it gave an universal alarm to all the
favourers of the reformation ; and, as the bishop of Worv
cester could not give his vote for the act, he thought it
wrong to hold any office. He therefore resigned bis bi-
shopric f, and retired into the country ; where be resided
during the heat of that persecution which followed upoa
this act, and thought of nothing for the remainder of his
days but a sequestered life. . He knew the storta which was
up could not soon be appeased, and he had no inclination
to trust himself in it. But, . in the midst of his security,
an unhappy accident carried him again into the tepipestu^

* These articles were, 1. In the sa-.
crament of the altar, after the coDse>
cration there remains no substance of
bread and wine, but the natural bod^r
and blood of Christ. 2. Vows of chas-
tity oogiit to be observed. S. The use
of private masses ought to be continued*
4. Cprnmunion in both kinds is not ne-
cessary. 5. Priests must not marry.
6. Aurienlar -'confession is to be re-
tained in the church.

f it is related of him, that when he
came from the parliament-bouse to his
lodgings, be threw off his robes ; aocf,
leaping up, declared t6 those aboul;
him, that he found himself iigtiter than
ever be found himself before. Thfe
itory is not unlikely, a^itismnchia
charactec: a vein of pleasantry and
good humour accompanying the most
serious actions of^his liie. >

LATIMER. «

ous weather that was abroad : he received a bruise by the
fall of a tree, and the contusion was so dangerous, that he
was obliged to seek out for better assistance than the coun-^
try afforded. With this view he repaired to London,
where he had the misfortune to see the fall of his patron,
the lord Cromwell ; a loss of which he was soon made sen-
sible. Gardiner's emissaries quickly found him out ; and
something, - that somebody had somewhere heard him say
against the six articles, being alleged against him, he was
sent to the Tower, where, without any judicial examina*'
tion, he suffered, through one pretence or another, a
cruel imprisonment for the remaining six years of king
Henry's reign.

Immediately upon the accession of Edward VI. he and
all others who were imprisoned in the same cause, were
set at liberty ; and Latimer, whose old friends were now
in power, was received by them with every mark of affec^
tion. He* would have found no difficulty in dispossessing
Heath, in every respect an insignificant man, who had
succeeded to his bishopric : but be had other sentiments,
and would neither make suit himself, nor suffer his friends
to make any, for his restoration. However, this was done
by the parliament, who, after settling the national con'-
cems, sent up an address to the protector to restore him':
and the protector was very well inclined, and proposed
the resumption to Latimer as a point which he had very
much at heart ; but Latimer persevered in the negative,
alleging his great age, and the claim he had from thence
to a private life. Having thus rid himself of all incum-
brance,' he accepted an invitation from Cranmer, and took
up his residence at Lambeth, where he led a very retired
life, being chiefly employed in hearing the complaints and
redressing the injuries, of the poor people. And, indeed-,
his character for services of this kind was so universally
known, that strangers from every part of England would
resort to him, so that he had as crowded a levee as a mi-
nister of state. In these employments he spent more thaii
two years, interfering as little as possible in any public
transaction ; only he assisted the archbishop in composing
the homilies, which were set forth by authority in the first
year of king Edward ; be was also appointed to preach the
Lent sermons before his majesty, which office he performed
during the first three years of his reign ^. As to his ser-

* We are informed by Dr. Heylin, that the pulpif was remoTed out of the
that such crowds went to hear Latimer, Royal chapel into the Privy .garden.

44 LATIMER.

inons, which are still extant^ they are, indeed, far enougk
from being exact pieces of composition : yet, his simpli*
city and familiarity, his humour and gibing drollery, were
well adapted to the times ; and his oratory, according to
the mode of eloquence at that day, was exceedingly popu-
lar. His action and manner of preaching too were very
affecting, for he spoke immediately from his heart His
abilities, however, as an orator, made only the inferior
part of bis character as a preacher. What particularly re-
commends him is, that noble and apostolic zeal which b«
exerts in the cause of truth.

But in the discharge of this duty a slander passed upom
him, which, being recorded by a low historian of thojie
days, has found its way into ours. It is even recorded as
credible, hy Milton, who sufFerefd his zeal against episco-
pacy, in more instances than this, to bias his veracity, or
at best to impose upon his understanding. It is said that
after the lord high admiral's attainder and execution, which
happened about this time, he publicly defended his death
in a sermon before the king ; that he aspersed his charac-
ter ; and that he did it merely to pay a servile complimeat
to the protector. The first part of this charge is true ; but
the second and third are false. As to his aspersing the ad«
miraPs character; his character was so bad, there was no
room for aspersion ; his treasonable practices too were no-
torious, and though the proceeding against him by a bill
in parliament, according to the custom of these times, may
be deemed inequitable, yet he paid no more than a due
forfeit to the laws of his country. However, his death oc<*
casioned great clamour, and was made usi^ of by the lords
of the opposition (for he left a very dissatisfied party be-
hind him), as an handle to raise a popular odium against
the protector, for whom Latimer had always a high esteem*
He was mortified therefore to see so invidious and base an
opposition thwarting the schemes of so public-spirited a
man ; and endeavoured to lessen the odium, by shewing
the admiraPs character in its true light, from some anec-
dotes not commonly known. This notice of lord Seymour,
which was in Latimer's fourth sermon before king Edward,
is to be found only in the earlier editions.

Upon the revolution which happened at court after the
death of the d uke of Somerset, Latimer seems to have retired
into the country, and made use of the king's licence as a
general preacher in those parts where be thought his labours

LATIMER. 45

•

might be most serviceable. He ttras thus employed daring
the remainder of that reign, and continued in the same course,
for a short time, in the beginning of the next ; but, as soon as
the introduction of popery was resolved on, the first step to-
wards it was the prohibition of all preaching throughout the
kingdom, and a licensing only of such as were known to be
popishly inclined : accordingly, a strict inquiry was made
after the more forward and popular preachers ; and many
of them were taken into custody. The bishop of Win-
chester, who was now prime minister, having proscribed
Latimer from the first, sent a message to cite him before
the council. He had notice of this design some hours be-
fore the messenger^s arrival, but made no use of the intel-
ligence. The messenger found him equipped for his jour-
ney; at which expressing surprize, Latimer told him that
he was as ready to attend him to London, thus called upon to
answer for bis faith, as he ever was to take any journey in
his life ; and that he doubted not but God, who had en-
abled him to stand before two princes, would enable him to
stand before a third. The messenger, then acquainting
hiqi that he had no orders to seize his person, delivered a
letter, and departed. Latimer, however, opening the letter,
and finding it contain a citation from the council, resolved
to obey it He set out therefore immediately ; and, as he
passed throueh Smithfield, where heretics were usually
burnt, he said cheerfully, '^ This place hath long groaned
for me." The next morning he waited upon the council,
who, having loaded him with many severe reproaches, sent
him to the Tower. This was his second visit to thisprison,^
but now he met with harsher treatment, and had more fre«
quent occasion to exercise his resignation, which virtue no
man possessed in a larger measure ; nor did the usual cheer-
fulness of his disposition forsake him. A servant leaving
his apartment one day, Latimer called after him, and bid
him tell his master, that unless he took better care of him,
he would certainly escape him. Upon this message the
lieutenant, with some discomposure of countenance, came
tb Latimer^ and desired an explanation. " Why, you ex-
pect, I suppose, sir,** replied Latimer, " that I should be
burnt ; but If you do not allow me a little fire this frosty
weather, I can tell you, I shall first be starved.** Cran-
mer and Ridley were also prisoners in the same cause with
Latimer; and when it was resolved to have a public dis-
putation at Oxford, between the knost eminent of the popish

4fr LATIMER.

and protestant divines, these three were appointed to tb^
nage the dispute on the part of the protestants. Accord-
ingly they were taken out of the Tower, and sent toOxford,
where they were closely confined in the cominon prison^
and might easily imagine how free the disputation was
likely to be, when they found themselves denied the use
even of books, aiid pen and ink.

Fox has preserved a conference, afterwards put inta
writing, which was held at this time between Ridley and
Latimer, and which sets our author^s temper in a strong
light. The two bishops are represented sitting in tbei-r
prison, ruminating upon the solemn preparations thei>
making for their trial, of which, probably, they were now '
first informed. " The time,'* said Ridley, *' is now come ;
we are now called upon, either to deny our faith, or to
suffer death in its defence. You, Mr. Latimer, are an old
soldier of Christ, and have frequently withstood the fear of
death; whereas I am raw in the service, and unexpe*
rienced.'' With this preface he introduces a request that
Latimer, whom he calls ^^ his father,^' would hear him
propose such arguments as he thinks it most likely his ad-
vjersaries would urge against him, and assist him in pro-
viding proper answers to them. To this Latimer, id his
usual strain of good humour, replied that ^' he fancied the
good bishop was treating him as he remembered Mr. BiK
ney used formerly to do ; who, when he wanted to teach
him, would always do it under colour of l^eing taught him-
sielf. But in the present case,^' said he, ^^ my lord, I am
determined to give them very little trouble: I shall just
offer them a plain account of my faith, and shall say very
little more; for I know any thing more will be to no
purpose : they talk of a free disputation, but I am well
assured their grand argument will be, as it once was their
forefathers, * We have a law, and by our law ye ought to
die.' Bishop Ridley having afterwards desired his prayers,;
that he mi^ht trust wholly upon God : " Of my prayers,'*
replied the old bishop, ^^ you may be well, assured ; nor
do I doubt but I shall have yours in return, and indeed
prayer and patience should be our great resources. . Fo^i
inyself, had I the learning of St. Paul, I should think it:
ill laid out upon an elaborate defence ; yet our case, my/
lord, admits of comfort. Our enemies can do no more<
than Cod permits; and God is faithful, who, will not suf-^
i^r us, to be tempted aboye our 8trei>gth. Be at a points

L- A T I M E R. • «

wkh them ; gtond totbat, and let them say and do what
they please. . To use many words would be vain ; yet it is
requisite to give a. reasonable account of your faith, if they
will quietly hear you. For other things, in a wicked judg-
ment-hall, a man may keep silence after the example of
Christ/' &c. Agreeably to this fortitude, Latimer con-
ducted himself throughout the dispute, answering their
questions as far as civility required; and in these answers
it is observable he managed the argument much better thaa.
either Ridley or Cranmer ; who, when they were pressed
in defence of trapaubstantiation, with some passages from
the fathers, instead of disavowing an insufficient authority,
weakly defended a good cause by evasions and distinctions,
after the manner of schoolmen. Whereas, when the same '
proofs were multiplied upon Latimer, he told them plainly
that ^' such proofs had no weight with him ; that the fa-
thers, no doubt, were often deceived ; and that he never
depended upon them but when they depended upon Scrip-
ture.'* " Then you are not of St. Chrysostom's faith,"
replied they, " nor of St. Austin's ?" " I have told you,'*
says Latimer, .'< I am not, ex<:ept they bring Scripture
for what they say." The dispute being ended, sentence
lyas passed upon him ; and he and Ridley were burnt at
Oxford, on Oct. 16, 1555. When they were brought to'
the fire, on a spot of ground on the north side of Baliol-
coUege, and, after a suitable sermon, were told by an
offiper that they might now make ready for the stake, they
supported each other's constancy by mutual exhortations.
Latimer, when tied to the stake, called to his companion,
M Be of good cheer, brother; we shall this day kindle such
a torch in England, as I trust in God shall never be ex-
tinguished."— The executioners had been so merciful (for
that clemency may more naturally be ascribed to them than
tp the religious, zealots) as to tie bags of. gunpowder about
these prelates, in. order to put a speedy period to their*.
tortures. The explosion killed L&timer imniediately ; but
Ridley continued alive during some time, in the midst of'
the flames. — 'Such was the life of Hugh Latimer, one ofr
the* leaders of that glorious army of martyrs, .who intro-/
du^ecl the reformation in England, He was. not esteemed.
a*^very learned man, for he cultivated only useful learning;
and that, he thought, lay in a very narrow compass' Hb^
n'iBVer 6nga^ed in worldly affairs, thinking that a clergy-..
man ought to employ himself in his professibivouly 9 and

4» L A T I M E R.

bis talents, temper, and disposition, were adAiirat)!^
adapted to render the most important services to the re-'
formation*

Latimer^s " Sermons" appear to have been printed se-'
parately at first ; but a collection was published in 1549,'
8vo, and a larger afterwards in 4to, has often been re-
printed. They contain in a quaint and familiar style,
more ample materials for a hiistpry of the manners and
morals of the time, than any volume we are acquainted
with of that period ; and the number of anecdotes he
brought forward to illustrate his subjects, must have con-
tributed greatly to his popularity.*

LATIMER (William), one of the revivers of classical^
learning in England, was educated at Oxford, and became
fellow of All-Souls* college, in 1489. Afterwards travelling
into Italy, which was then the resort of those who wished'
to extend their studies, he remained for some time at'
Padua, where he improved himself very much, especially
in the Greek language. On his return to England,' he
was incorporated M. A. ^t Oxford, Nov. 18, 1513. Soon
afterwards he became tutor to Reginald Pole, afterwards
tbe celebrated cardinal, by whose interest, it is thought,
be obtained the rectories of Saintbury and Weston-under-
Edge, in Gloucestershire, and a prebend of Salisbury*
He had also the honour of being one of those who taught
Erasmus Greek at Oxford, and assisted him in the second
edition of his New Testament. He died very old, about
Sept. 1545 ; and was buried in the chancel of his church
at Saintbury. He was reckoned one of the greatest men
of his age, and with Colet, Lily, and Grocyn, contributed
much to establish a taste for the Greek language. Eras-
mus styles him an excellent divine, conspicuous for in*
tegrity and modesty ;. and Leland celebrates his eloquence,
judgment, piety, and generosity. Of his writings there is
nothing extant, but a few letters to Erasmus.'

LATINI (Brunetto), an eminent grammarian of Flo-
rence, in the thirteenth century, was of a noble family in
that city, and during the party contests between the
Guelphs and Ghibelins, took part with the fofmer. ^h^v
tbe Ghibelins hsld obtained assistance from Mainfroy, king

t Life by Oilpio, and by Fox, in Wordsworth's EccU Biography, to which
refer on aceount of tbe ▼aluable notes.— -Baroet's Hist, of the Reformation.—
Ct>llier*s Ob. Hist.

* Ath. Ox. T<d. I.— Jaiiin's Erasmas.—Kaight's dittoy

I

L A *r I ^ 1. 4^

i>f Sitil?, th^ Godphs seht Brtknetto to obtain similar aid
fi-oni Alphonso king of CaBtiik; but oti his return, hearing
that the Ghibelihs had defeated hi^ t)arly and eot posses-
idnn of Florence, be fled to Fraricfe, Wb^re lie resi()ed
i^erai years. At length he was enabled to retuHi to his
own cotifitry, ih whith he ^d appoihted to sottie honour*
able offices. He died in 1294. The historian Villahi at-
tHbiltes td hicti the m^rit of h&vin^ fiHt introduced it de-
^e of i^eBneinent atnong his ceuhti-jmen, ind of having
reforttied their language, and the genei-al cohduct of public
affijiirs. The v^otk which ha^ contributed most to his ce-
lebrity, was oHe which he ehtltled " Tresbr,'* and wrote
HihtKi in Prance, and irt the Ff-eficb lahguage, which be
iHys he chose because it ^as the (host agreeable language
and the tnon common in £uh)))e. This work is a kind of
abridgtkiebt of the fiible, o^ Piiny thb naturalist, So(inu^»
and other writers who have treated on different sciences^
and may be called an Encyclopsdia of the knowledge of
his time. It was translated into Italian about the same
piVib^, AtiA tbiJ} tran^laiibn 6»ly Was pnhtedi bui there
ikie.about 4 dot^n tfani^ct^ipis 6f the original iii the royal
llbraiT at Pdrt^, and ihefe Is a tft6 Ms. of il iii the Vatir
tkti, m>tlnd ih (:riA[^siDii Velvet, ^\th ttianuscript notes, hjf
PitM^h. Af^er his retufn td Floteilice, Latini wrote his
*^ TesDtetto,** o¥ little treasure, which, however, is no^
ai stime have reported, an abridgn&eht of the " Tresor,*'
but a colle^tton bf liioral precepts ih verse, ke also
tfanslated ifito the Italian language part of Cicero ** de In-
Ventiboe.^' fiis gi-eatedt honour seems to have been that
hef was. the tbtoir of Dante, not however in poetry, for bis
*^Tes6retto** affords no ground to consider hitn as a master
X>f that art.'

LATlNtJS (LatiKiUs), one of the most learned critics
of the sixteenth century, was born about 15 13, at Yiterbo.
Hid acquired an extensive knowledge of the belles lettres
atid (Sciences, and was chosen witb the other learned meo|
in 157 J, to correct Gratian*s " Decretal," in which great
W6tk he took much pains. H^ died January 21, 1593, ai
Rotoe. Latinus left Aotes on Tertulliah, and a very learneci
bonk, entitled *^ iBibliotbeca sacra el profand, sive Observa*
fl6n^,e6rrfct;tioneii,conjectur8eetvai'iaBLectiones,"16'f^,/ol/

1 Tirabotcbi -'^Crescerebtoi.^-Oinsu^i Hist. Lit X>*itaiie.
^ Saxii OnoioatU— Diet. Hist.

YoL. XX. £

50 L A T O M E.

. LATOME, or LATOMUS (James), a learned scholastk?
divine of the sixteenth century, a native of Gambron, in
Hainault, doctor of Louvain, and canon of St. Peter'^s in .
the same city, wrote against Luther, and was esteemed by
his party one of the best controversialists of his time. He
died 1544. All his works were collected and published,
1550, fol. by his nephew, James Latomus, who died 1596.
They are io Latin, and consist of " Treatises on the
Church," the " Pope's Primacy," aud ^ Auricular Con-
fession ;" a ** Defence of the Articles of Louvain ;" a tract
** On the study of Divinity, and of the three Languages,"
in which he defends scholastic divinity. ^ Erasmus having
refuted this work, Latomus answered him by an Apology.
He wrote Latin with facility, but without elegance, and
neither understood Greek nor Hebrew. Luther's confu-

% ...

tation of Latomus's defence of the articles of Louvain is
accounted one of the ablest productions of that eminent
reformer.'

L'ATTAIGNANT.— See ATTAIGNANT.

LAtJD (William), archbishop of Canterbury, was son
of William Laud, a clothier of Reading;, in Berkshire, by
Lucy his wife, widow of John Robinson, of the same place,
and sister to sir William Webbe, afterwards lord-mayor of
London, in 1591. His father died in 1594, leaving his
son, after his mother's decease, the house which he inha-
bited in Broad-street, and two others in Swallowfield ;
1200/. in money, and the stock in trade. The widow wfis
to have the interest of half the estate during her life. She
died in 1600. These circumstances, although in them-
selves of little importance, it is necessary to mention as a
contradiction to the assertion of Prynne, that he was of
poor and ' obscure parents, which was repeated by lord
Say, in the house of peers. He was born at Reading,
Oct. 7, 1573, and educated at the free-school there, tUl
July 1589 ; when, removing to St. John's college, in Ox-
ford, he became a scholar of the house in 1590, and fellow
in 1593. He took the degree of A. B. in 1594, and that
of master in 1598. He was this year chosen grammar-
lecturer; and being ordained priest in 1601, read, th^
following year, a divinity-lecture in his college, which
w^s then supported by Mrs. Maye. Tn some of these^
chapel exercises he maintained against the puritans, the

* Dupin.— Moreri.

LAUD. 51

perpetual visibility of the church of Rome till the refortna*
tion ; by which he incurred the displeasure of Dr. Abbot,
then vice-chancellor of the university, who maintained that
the visibility of the church of Christ might be deduced
through other channels to the time of that reformation.
In 1603, Xaud was one of the proctors; and the same
year became chaplain to Charles Blount, earl of Devon-
shire, whom he in<ionsiderateIy married, Dec. 26, 1605, to^
. Penelope, then wife of Robert lord Rich; an affair that
exposed him afterwards to much censure^ and created him
great uneasiness; in reality, it made so deep an impres*
sion upon him, that he ever after kept that day as a day of
fasring and humiliation*.

He proceeded B. D. July 6, 1604. In his exercise for
this degree, be maintained these two points : the neces-
sity of baptism ; and that there could be no true church
without diocesan bishops. These were levelled also against
the puritans, and he was rallied by the dtvinityrprofessor.
He ]ikewi£»e gave farther offence to the Calvinists, by a
sermon preached before the university in 160j6; and -we
are loki it was made heresy for any to be seen in his com-
pany, and a misprision of heresy to give him a civil salu-
tation ; his learning, parts, and principles, however, pro-
cured him some friends. His first preferment was the vi-'
carage of Stanford, in Northamptonshire, in 1607; and
in 1608 he obtained the advowson of North Kilwortb, in
Leicestershire. He was no sooner invested in these livings,
but he put the parsonage- houses in good repair, and gav^
twelve poor people a constant allowance out of them,
which was bis constant practice in all his subsequent pre-
ferments. This same year be commenced D. D. and was
made chaplain to Neile, bishop of Rochester ; and preached'
his first sermon before king James, at I'beobalds, Sept.
17, 1609. In order to be near his ]>atron, be Exchanged
North Kilwortb for the rectory of West Tilbury, in Essex,
into which he was inducted in 1609.. The following year,
the bishop gave him the living of Cuckstone, in Kent, on
which he resigned his fellowship, left Oxford, and settled'
at Cuckstone ; but the unhealthiness of that place having-^
thrown him into an ague, he exchanged it 800i> after for-
Norton, a benefice of less value^ but in a better air. >.

* She was divorced by the eeclesi' in the opinion, that in case of a dr-
astical jtidge for adultery ; and Laod vorce, both the innocent and guilly
Viftliied to the instances of his patron may lawful) v ra-marry.

E 2

M L A U D.

In Dec. 1610, Dr. Backeridge, president of St. J^obn%
being promoted to the see of Rochester, Abbot^ jnewijr
nade archbishop of Canterbury, who had distiked Laud^s
principles at Osford, complained of him to the lord-chafi'-
cdllor Kliesoiepe, chancellor of the university; AHedgtng
that be was cordially addicted to popery. The comptaifii
was supposed io be made, in order to prevent his see-
needing Bockeridge in the presidentship of his college ;
and the lord-chancellor carrying it to the king, ail his
Cftedit, Interest, and advancement, would probably have
been destroyed thereby, had not his firm friend bishop
Neile contradicted the reports to his discredit. He was
therefore elected president May 10, 1611, though then
sick in London, and unable either to widke interest in per-
son or by writing to bis friends; and the king not only
confinsed his election, after a hearing of three hoors at
Tichbourn^ but as a farther token of his favour, made him
-one of bis, chaplains^ upon the recommendation of bishop
Neile. Laud having thus attained a footing at court, flat-
tered himself with hopes of great and immediate prefer-
ment ; but abp. Abbot always opposing applications in hit
behnJf, after three years fruitless waiting, he was upon
the point of leaving the oonrt, and retiring wholly to bis
cMeffif when his friend and patron Neile, newly trans-
lilted . to Lincoln, prevailed with him to stay one year
longer, smd in the mean time gav« hwn the prebend of Bng-
deOy in the church of Lincoln, in l€t4 ; and the arcbdea*
eoory of Huntingdon the foUowing year.

Upon the lord*cbancellor Ellesmere's decline, in 1616^
Laud's interest began te rise at court, so that, in Noveiti-
ber that year, the king gave him the deanery of Giouces*
ter ; and as a farther instance of his being in favoui*, be
was selected to attend the king in his journey to Scotland,
in 1617. Some royal directions were by his procurement
sent to Oxford, for ibe better government of the univer*
sity, before he set out on that journey, tlie design of
which was to bring the church of Scotland to an uniformity
with that of England; a fovourite scheme of Laud and
other divines : but the Scotch were resolute in their ad--
.faeience to the presbyterian form of church government,
and the only fruit of this expensive journey wes, that the-
king found bis commands nugatory, and his authority cpQ-
Hmned.

LAUD. 15

Laud, faow€?«', sdems to hsre tdvancedl in fiuronr mih
his RH^ieaty^ for on Ihs relwrA fron Soodftnd^ Asg. 2> ^6t79
be «vas inducted to the reotorjr of Ibstock, in Letceiea^-
Akei and Ja»» 22, 1620-i» installed inio a |ireb€Qd of
WosMniaster. Aboot the saaiof time, there was a gewend
•9pectaiio» at court,, that the deanery of that ofavrcb wMld
have been conferrod upon him; but Dr. WiWaoM,^ liion
dean^ vratMiagtoJceei^itin coaiinendiMa wkh thebiriiopric
of L^coliR^ to which he was promoted,, procured tbafc Liiud
^houM be pvoovoted to the bishopric of St. Daf id^s. The
day before bis conseeration, da resKg^aed the presidentship
of St^ Johii'a, in obedience to* the cotiege- statute ; baa was
pefUMkted^ to k^tp hh pcebeod of Weitmiml«r in com*
mendam^ tbKwigb the lordi-keeper Wiilianna'a interest,
vrho, abcMt a year after, gave him a Iinriug of about 1202.
a year, >q« the dioee^ of Sl David's, to help his revenue ;
and 10 jaeuary 1620^ the king! gave hitti also the rectory
of Creeke^ iti Northamptanahire. The preacheni of those
tiiae^ ietrodueing m their sermona discusitfons on. the doc-
trines of predestination: and election, and even the noyal
prero^aUrVey; the king publisbedv August lr622, directions
cwcerning preachers and preaching, in H^iich L<iud was
said to baiie a baud, and whicfa^ being aitned at the pu^-
vitaas and lecturers,, occasioned great clamour .among
theniy and' was one of the first causes of Laud^s unpopu^
Jarity. . Tliis year also, our prelate held* his famous coti«-
iereuoe with Fisher the Jesuit, before the marquia of
Backinghao) and bis mother^ in order to confirm them
•both in the protestantr netigion,. in> wiiioh. they were then
fvavering, - Tber conference wiaa printed in 1624, and pro^
d^ed an intiaiafte acqiuaititanoe bemveen' htm and the mar*
qfrn^ w^o^d sfieoial iavouritat he became at tlus time, and
to whom be \sf charged with making himself too; subsev-
vient ; the proof of which is said to be, that Buckingham
left- him his agent at court, when be went with the prince
to Madrid, and frequently cornesponded witbhim.
' About Oct* 1623, the lord-keeper Wiliiams^s jealousy
of Laud, as a rival in the duke of Buckingham's favour^
and other misunderstandinga or misrepresentationaon both
rides,- occasioned such animosity between these two pre*
Ifttes^as yvaa attended with the worst consequences' Arch^
bkhop Abbot also, resolving to depress Laud aslpngas be
could^ left him out of the high commission, of which: he co^i-
plained to the duLo of Buckingham, Nov. 1624, and then*

54

L A U D.

was put into the commission. Yet he was tiot so attached
.to Buckingham, as not to oppose the design, formed by
that nobleman, of appropriating the endowment of the
Charter-house to the maintenance of an army, under pre^
tenc^ of its being for the king's advantage and the ease of
the subject. In December this year, he presented to the
duke a tract, drawn up at his request, under ten heads,
concerning doctrinal puritanism. He corresponded also
with him, during bis absence in France, respecting Charles
the First^s marriage with the princess Henrietta-Maria ;
and that prince, soon after his accession to the throne,
wanting to regulate the number of his chaplains, and to
know the principles and qualifications of the most eminent
divines in his kingdom, our bishop was ordered to draw a
list of them, which he distinguished by the letter O for
orthodox, and P for puritans. At Charles's coronation,
Feb. 2, 1625-6, he officiated as dean of Westminster, in
the room of Williams, then in disgrace; and has been
charged, althodgh unjustly, with altering the coronation-
oath^. In 1626 he was translated from St. David's to .
Bath and Wells ; and in 1 628 to London. The king having
appointed him dean of his chapel •roj'al, in 1626, and
taken him into the privy-council in 1627, he was likewise
in the commission for exercising archiepiscopal jurisdiction
iluring Abbot's sequestration. In the third parliament of
king Charles, which met March 17, 1627, he was voted
a. favourer of the Arminians, and one justly suspected to
be unsound in his, opinions that way ; accordingly, his
name was inserted as such in the Commons' remonstrance ;
and, because he was thought to be the writer of the king's
speeches, and of the duke of Buckingham's answer to his
impeachment, &c. these suspicions so exposed him to po-
pular rage, that his life was threatened f. About the same

* The alteration was said to be
Ihia : in that part whera the king swears
<^ to maintain the laws/' be added
*' so far forth as it i-tands with the pre-
rogative ;" or, as it appears in Whar-
ton's preface, " saving tbe king's pre-
rogative KoyaU'' litis accusation was
renewed by lord chief baron Atkyns,
in his speech to the lord mayor^ Oct.
1693, with a bint that archbishop San-
crofl had struck out much more from
tbe coronation-oath of James II. Laud
▼indicated himself at bis trial, by hav-
ing the bpokfl of tiie coronation of king

James I. and king Charles compared,
which were found to agree.

f A paper was found in the dean's
yard of St. PauPs to this effect: " Laud,
look to thyself; be assured thy life is
sought. As thou art the fountain of
all wickedness, repent thee of thy mon-
strous sins before tbou be taken out of
the world, &c. And aftsnre thyself
neither God nor tbe world c^a endure
such a vile counsellor, or such A whim-
perer j" or to this effect. Laud's
Diary, p..4*»

LAUD. ' 55

feime> he was put into an ungracious office ; namely, in a
commissipn for raising money by impositions, which the
Cooimons called excises ; but it seems never to have been
executed.

Amidst all these employments, bis care was often exerted
* towards the place of his education, the university of Ox-
ford. In order to rectify the factious and tumultuary man-
uer of electing pr6ctors, he fixed them to the several col-
leges by rotation, and caused to be put into order the jar-
ring and imperfect statutes of that university, which had
lain. confused some hundreds of years. In April 1630 he
was elected their chancellor ; and he made it his business,
the; rest of his life, to adorn the university with buildings,
and to enrich it with books and MSS. In the first design
he began with his own college, St. John's, * where he built
the inner quadrangle (except part of the south side of it,
which was the old library) in a solid and elegant manner :
the first stone of this design was laid in 1631. He also
erected that elegant pile of building at the west-end of the
divinity-school, known by the name of the convocation-
bouse below, and Selden's library above * ; and gave
the university, at several times, 1300 MSS. in Hebrew,
Syriac, Chaldee, Egyptian, Ethiopian, Armenian, Arabic,
Persian, Turkish, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Greek, La-
tin, Italian^ French, Saxon, English, and Irish ; an inva-
luable collection, procured at a prodigious expence.

A^ter the duke of Buckingham's murder, Laird became
chief /avourite to Charles I. which augmented indeed his
ppvver and interest, but at the same time increased that
envy and jealousy, already too strong, which at length
proved fatal to him. Upon the decline of archbishop Ab-
bot's health and favour at cotilrt, Laud*s concurrence in the
very severe prosecutions carried on in the high-commission
and star-chamber courts, against preachers and writers,
did him great prejudice with most people. Among these,
however, it has been remarked that bis prosecution of the
king^s printers, for leaving out the word ** not,'' in the
seventh commandment, could be liable to no just ob-
jection. On May 13, 163 3, he left London to attend

* Ue ha<] also projected to clear the vocations an-l con^rei^ations, the law«r

^rcat$tquarebelwe«D St. Mary's church for a walk or place of coiirerence, ^e.

ami the suhools, where now sUnds the But, the owners of ihe hauses not j^eios

RadclifTe-iibrary.- His desifu was i<v witling to part with iheniy the design

raise a fair and spacious room upon was fru:>traievi* HcyliUj p. 379,
pillars, ibc upper part to %erre for coa-

'ss,- I< A U p,

t^ kiag^ y^o waj^s ^ho^sfi t^ a^t Qi^t l^p Uii Q0MiHKli<|9 isr
^:9il^ud2 and w^a sworti ft privy-comi^^if^r of .^b»k kiag^
doxD^ June 15, s^n4 ou ttie 26th^ om^. faAek to FuUimii.
During his stay in Scotland he formed a resololion oh
b^iqg^og that church tq a cpnformly vi.tb ibe cboroh.of
£%^9d ; hijk% the king c^minitt^ the ftz^mog of a Ufliurgji.
tQ s^syel^t nuii^ber of ScQ,ttisb bii^ops, wdbo, infterlaDg. se^.
veral variations fy^m tiie EngUsb litwrgy, "w^ra Qf>posed
s.tre»uouts\y biut unsuccessfully, by' L«uii. Having endo^
voured to. su^ppl^^t Abbplij ^^ wlp^oqi,^' ast £tiiU«B obsei^vMi
i% ^M ^huifch history, S^ b^ cokM uol be catt tented t^i
sij^c^/^ upcvii h.i>» de^ij^b \u Auj^t Ibis year, ine wa»
^PPK^^P^^^ ^is syc^esfliQ^. 'tk^ v^ry^ moxoing, August 4,
tbere canae oD^e to him at Qvei^nwic^ wilb a serious offer
(^nd ap avQ^^d abiUty to ps^r^Qirm. \i)i ^i a eardkial'ii hat ;
wh^ich ol^r Wi^ rep/^aited o^ %bf^ 1%^; but his answer bath
tinges w^, ^^ tb«at ^OQ^e^^rbs^t dwelt withiu him whieh would
i^o.t suffer thfLt ti^l R9m^ were q^h^r. thao it is." On Sept.
14 be w.as elected cba^oeUoii^ of t^b^ uc^YeriMty of Dublin. :
One of bis^ &^st acts^^ a^ft^r bis adyancement ta the apchx*
bisljiopric, was ^n injunotion, October 1$, pujrsuant to the
.kiug^s letter, that no. pJ^rgymant dikOii^M b^ ordaiued priest
witbput a title. A^t ^be s.aa9.e ti.9).ecaiii:e!ovit the king^&der
citation about lavi^f^l s^r^Si Qf)> SjUiAdays, wbkh L^ud was
cbagrged . with having reviv^ a[\d oalairged ; andibkat, with
the. vexatious pecsetcutioii^ of sj^/ch ciejpgym^a as refused' so
read it in their churches, brought a great odjuut) ispoa him.
It wa3 in. vaip that 1^ plew^ed precedents in foreign
cljiurches; and perhaps 19^ a^ of thift unhappy iieign gave a
n^ore violent sbock to the iQyab^ of tha peof)le, which
Laud, unfortunately, seldpra^ ooosMHed. Soon aitec he y e^
fa^tbf r interfered with pppuUv pcejttdioea. Dtturing a me^
t];opoliticaI visitation, by his ^i<^v«!geoeral, a^iong other
regulations, th^, cburcbrviraffdens io eviory parish were, en-
joined to ijemove the compauniourtaJlile from thei^iddie ta
the ea^t end of the chancel, {Jtar-wise^ the ground ben>g
raised for tha.t purpose, apd, to fence it in. with diecent raib,
to avoid profaneness ; and the ref usu^ra were prosecuted in
the high-con^miasion or star-chambei; courts. In this visi*
tation, the Dutch and Walloon congregations were sum-
moned to appear; and such as were bocn in England en-
joined to repair to the seveir^l parisbncburicbea ^ere« they
inhabited, to hear divine service and sermons, and perform
all duties and payments required on that behalf; and. thos>e*

1. A U D. 5»

I

tflbMiy nakiistarsand Qlbex% tibat vert ftKeiM born, to lut
llio isUi^isb Uturgy ^ansh^od inio FrcuMeb or Dutch ; but
mmf of tbese^ ratbor ihai^ eomply^ choae to leave tbe king-
4a«»; V^ cbe great detriment of oar maDufeetures.

In 1 6^4 our avcbbisbep did the pocw IrUb clergy a very
io^fMirtJim aenriee^ by obfcaiiiing for Ibein, from the king, a
{iaojk of aU the impropriatioiis then remaining ka tbe crown.
Ke alao iai^oved and settled tbe voveimea ef tbe London
clergy in a better manner than befo«e« On Feb. 5, 1634-.5,
be was put into tbe gr^t ceoinaittee of trade, and tbe
kifig'a refvei>ue, and apipointed one of tbe eommisstonerB of
tbe tdieasury, March tbe 4tb, 'upoA the deatb of Weston
earii of Portland. Besadea ihift, he was, two day» after,
called into tbe foreign coataittee^ and had likewise the
aide diapoMd of whatsoever concerned the cbui ob ; but be
Ml into warm disputes with the lord Cottington, cbancellev
ef tbe exchequer, who took all opportunities of imposing
upon bkn ^. Aft^r having continued for a year commis*
i^oiier ol* tbo ireaaury, and acc^inted himself with tbe
ajTstecies of it^ be procused the brd-treasurer^s staff for
fi^. WiUiam Jijucotii, wbe ba«l thretugh bis interest been
sofloesaiveiy advianced to tbe presidentship of St. John's
cellegey. deanery of Woreeatec, elerbship of bis majesty's
oioset, and bissbepsie o£ L<»ndon, as already noticed in our
life of J4ixon. For some years Laud had set his heart
upm getting tbe English liturgy introdoced into Sco«iaml ;
and some of the Scottish bishops bad, uiMier his directiOR,
prepared both that book and a collection of canons for
public service; Um capons were published in 1635, but
tbe liturgy came not in use till 1 637. On the day it was*
fiat read «t St Giles's churchy in Edinburgh, it occasioned
Inmost violent tumult among tbe. people, eivcouraged by
the nobility, who were losers by the restitution df episco-
pacy, aiul by tbe ministers, who lost tbeir clerical goverif^
ment. Laud, having been tbe greaib promoter of that
aftiiv, was reviled for it iii tbe most abusive manner, and
bodi h#^anrd the book were changed, with downright popery.
Tbe estremely severe prosecution carried on about the*
aame^timeio the star-cbamben, chiiefly through his insti-

< . *

'in AS) CqUuigtoiK v;V> ^^ i^VOft Bf tfal oC Ridiraoiut.park, aud which tliey/

ct»urt>er ttult perhaps any tinap hjis both agreed to dissutidQ his Majesty

]irurfi|OCH}> fcHud'B'Open hoaffty twis from ait+MjK-mp, may he, seen in Cla-

•P. ePM| • pf « y/ ^ . biio. Am iaat^iMe qC tfiut^u i^s ii6»h .^^ th<) R^beU>op».
tbis^ wiib. i^gaitl U> the-ik«treDclosioj(^

5$ LAUD.

gation, against Prynne, Bastwick, and Burton, did bitrr
also infinite prejudice, and exposed him to numberless
libels and reflections; though he endeavoured to vindicate
his conduct in a speech delivered at their censure, June
14, 1637, which was published by the king's command.
Aijother rigorous prosecution, carried on with his concur-
rence, in the star-chamber, was against bishop Williams,
an account of which may be seen in bis article, as also of
Lambert Osbaldiston, master of Westminster school.

In order to prevent the printing and publishing of what
he thought improper books, a decree was passed in the
star-chamber, July 11, 1637, to regulate the trade of print-*
^^^^9 '^y wbich it was enjoined that the masters-printers^
should be reduced to a certain number, and that none of-
them should print any books till they were licensed either
by the archbishop, or the bishop of London, or some of
their chaplains, or by the chancellors or vice-chaneellors
of the two universities. Accused as he frequently wa&, of
popery, he fell under the queen's displeasure this year,:
by speaking, with his usual warmth, to the king at the
council-table against the increase of papists, their frequent
resort to Somerset house, and their insufferable mitde-
uieanors in perverting his majesty's subjects to popery,-
On Jan. 3i, 1(538-9, he wrote a circular letter to his suf-
fragan bishops, exhorting theoi and their clergy to contri-*
bote liberally towards raising the army against the Scots;
For this he was called an incendiary: but he declares, on. .
the contrary, that he laboured for peace so long, till b^
i^ceived a great check ; and that, at court his counsels
alone prevailed for peace, and forbearance. In 1639 he -
employed one Mr. Petley to translate the liturgy into*
Greek; and, at his recommendation, Ur. Joseph :Hail,^
bishop of Exeter, composed his learned treatise of <* Epis-
copacy by Divi{)e Right asserted." On Dec. 9, the same
year, he was one of the three privy-counseilors who ad^-
vised the king to call a parliament in case of the Scot-
tish rebellion; at which time a resolution, was adopted
to assist the king in extraordinary ways, if the parliament _
should prove peevish and refuse supplies. A new parlia-^«
ment being summoned, met April 13, 1649, and the con«
vocation the day following; but the Copiinons beginning '
with complaints against tlie archbishop, and insisting upon
a redress of grievances before they granted any supply,
the parliament was unhappily dissolved^ May 5. The con-

LAUD.

59

vcX^aiion, however, vcontinued sitting; and certain canons
were made in it, which gave great offence. On Laud many
laid the blame and odium of the parliament's dissolution ;
and that noted enthusiast, John Lilburne, caused a paper
to be posted, May 3, upon the Old Exchange, animating
the apprentices to 6ack his house at Lambeth the Monday
fallowing. On tha< day above 5000 of them assembled in
a riotous and tumultuous manrrer ; but the archbishop, re-
ceiving previous notice, secured the palace as well as he
cotfid, and retired to his chamber at Whitehall, where he
remained some days; and one "of the ringleaders was
hanged, drawn, and quartered, on the 21st. In August
following, a libel was found in Covent-garden, exciting
the apprentices and soldiers to fall upon him in the king's
absence, upon his second expedition into Scotland. The
parliament that met Nov. 3, i 640, not being better disposed
towards him, but, for the most part, bent upon his ruin,
several angry speeches were made against him in the House
of commons.

It can be no wonder that his rain should appear certain,
considering bis many and powerful eneanies ; almost the
whole body of the puritans ; many of the English nobility'
and others; and the bulk of the Scotch nation. The pu-'
ritans considered him as the sole author of the innovations
and of the persecutions against them ; the nobility could
not brook his warm and imperious manner, and his grasp-
ing at the office of prime- minister; and the Scots were
excited to rebellion, by the restoring of episcopal govern-
ment^ and the introduction of the English service-book
among them. In this state of general discontent, he was
not only examined, Dec. 4, on the earl of Strafford's case,
but) when the Commons came to debate upon the late
canons and convocation, he was represented as the author
of them*; and a committee was appointed to inquire into.

^ Upon the attack made upon him
for these canons, he wrote the fol lov-
ing letter to Selden, an active man in
the Commons agrainst him : '* To my
much honored friend Mr. Selden these,
Sal. in Chriftto. Worthy sir, I under- '
stand ttvit tlie byainets about the late
ranoni will be handled againe in your-
Hoiue tonaorrowe. I shall never aske
any unworthie thinge of you ; but give
me leave M aaye as fbilowes : If wee
have erred in an ye point of legalityc
uoknoirne unto us, wee shall be bar*

tilye sorrye for it, and hope that erroc
shall not be made a cry me. We heare
that ship-monye is layd aside, .as a
thinge that will dye of itself; and I
am gfad it will have «oe quiett a death.
Maye not these nnfortuf^ate canons be
•uflTered to dye as quyetlye, without
btetiii^hinge the church, wbicb bath so
m^iiye enemies hioth at home and
abroad? and if thiss may be, 1 heare
promise you, I will presenllye humblye
teseeche his majesty e for a licence 'tu
review the canons and abrogat them^

M

L A tl D.

aUbisacUofl% aloid prepare a charge agarnst iiinv on the
letb. The samemoriung^ ia tke House of Lords, he was
Qaoobed as an ineeikdiavy, m an accosatiott from the Scottish
coriMnissioQer^ ; and, two days .after, an impeachinent of
hi^b- treason was carried up t» tike Ipovds by Dentil Hoire9>
desiring be qnight be forthwith secpesteted from parlia-
Qient, aad committed, axd the Comrooivi would, in a con*
veoient time, resoirt to them witb particular articles. ^Sooii
after, the Scotch eommtssionera presented also to the up«
per House the charge against him, tending to prove htm
an incendiary, and he was immediately committed to the
custody of the black rod. After ten weeks, sir Henry
Vane, junior, brought up^ Feb. 2:6, foarteen articles against
bim, whiiQb they desired time to proite in particular, anJ,
in the n»ean tioie, that he be Icept safe. Accordingly, the
black rod conveyed him to the Tower, March 1, 1640i-]!,
amidst the insults and reproaches of the mob.

Hia enemies, of which the number was great, began
then to give full vent to their passions and prejudices, and
ta endeavour to ruin, bis reputation. In March and April,
the House of Commons ordered him, jointly wid) ail those'
that had parsed seatence in the Star-eliamber against Bar-'
tan, Bastwick, and Prynne^ tx> make satisfaction and repsr-
cation for the damages thi»y had sustained by their sentence^
and imprifionnpent ; ancl be was fined 20,000/. for bis act-
ing in the late con voeation. He was also condemned by*
the House of Londs. to pay 50O&. to sir Robert Howard for
faise imprisonment. This pecson was living ia open adul-
tery with lady f unbeck ; and both were imprisoned by an
Qrdec of the bigU. commissioa court, at the king's particiiiar
CQjlUQandk Qn* June 25,. L64-1, be resigned his* ehaiioeMor-'
ship of the university of 0<s3fend>; and, in- October, t<he»
House of Lords seqnMbered bis j^ri^ction, putting it ivivo-

•isaringe mreself that all my brethren
will joyne with me to pr^senre the pub-
irck peace, ralHer ihan that act of onrs
should be thoivgbt-a publick grievance.
And upon niye crcditt with yoU| I had
moved* for ih:*s licence at the verye
lirst sftun^v uf thiss parliament, but
tHat both rny.eHf if and others diii feare
the Ht>a8e of'CoiDYnous would lake of-
f&ncv at it (as tin y did at ihe last) and
sa^^le, wee did' ii on purpcse to pre*
vent Utpm. I understand yuu meane
taipeak of'ihi<s. business in the House
tomorrow^ and that b«tb wade me

Wright tlie«e lynes to you, to lett yon
know our meaninge and desypes. Afid
1 shall take it for a great kindness to
me, and a great service to the ciiiuroba
if by your means the Hou^ wiU> be
satisfied with tiiisy, which is hearo
offered, of abrogatifige the canons.
Ta God's blensed protection I jts^fo
yjoUj.and rest ,

Your loving poore frei^d* .
iyimbeth, Nov. '^V, 1640. Vf^CSifT*
" I mean to move the king tliias
daye for a KceAse "at i» within ino»>
tioned/' ♦

fOt^.^ 4yi, ^i*t'-

LAUD. tl

the hamAg of his infmor oftceni ; and enjcniied, dmt h«
ehauld give no benefice widiout fiist having the House's
Approbation of the person nominated by him. On Jan* 20,
1644-2, they ordered his armoury at Lambeth-palace, which
had cost him above SOO/. and whiefa tbey represented aa
sufficient for 2000 men, to be taken away by the sheriffs
of London. Before the end of the year, all the rents and
profits of the archbishopric were sequestered by the lords
for the nseof the oomcnonvrealtli ; and bis hoase was plun*
dered of what money it aflbrded by two members of the
Hottse of Commons ; and sncb was their wanton sei^eriiyi
than when he petitioned the parliament afterwards for a
maintenance) he could not obtain any, nor even the leain
part of abore two hundred pounds worth of his own wood
and coal at Lambeth, for his necessary use in the Tower*
On April 25, t64S, a motion was made in the House ef
Commons, at the instance of Hugh Peters and olbers of
that stamp,, to send or transport him to New England ; but
that motion was rejected. On May 9> his goods and books
in Lambeth-house were seized, and the goods sold for
scarce the third part of their value,, and all this before be
had. been brought to any trial, the issise of which alone
eould justify such proce^edings. Seven days after, there
came ont an ordinance of parliament^ enjoining him to
give no benefice without leave and order of both Houses*
On May 31, W. Prynne, by a warrant from the clost
eommittee, came ami searched his room, while.be was in
bed, and even rifled his pockets ; tidcing away his diary,
private devotions, and twenty-one bundiet of piipers, which
he had prepaned for his own defence. Prynne promised e
^hful restitution ol' th«m within three or four days ; hnt
he never returned quite three buiSlles of the papen. in
the mean time, the archbishop not complying exactly with
she ordinance above-mentioned, all the temporalities of
his archbishopric were sequestered to the pariiametit Jtrne
10, and he was suspentled from his. office and benefice,
and from all jurisdiction whatsoever.

On Oct. 24, an order was brought to the archbishop,
ivom the Lords, with ten additional articles of impeachment
from the Commons, adding to the charge of treason ** other
high crimes and misdemeanours/* He petitioned for his
papers, but the committee oil sequestrations would nos
grant them, nor permit any copies but at Iris own ex^eoce;
and as to any allowance fof the charges of his trials it waa

6a L A 0 D.

iasuUingly said by Mr.Glyn, "that h« might plead ia/arfHa
pauperis?^ At length Mr. Deil, his secretary, was ap-
pointed bis solicitor, and Mr. Heme, of Lincoln's-inn, bis
counsel; and two .ihore servants were sent to bim, for bis
assistance. After nearly three years* imprisonmejit, on
Nov. 13 the archbishop was brought to the bar of the
House of Lords, and put in his answer in writing, in this
form, ^' all advantages of law against this impeachmeDC
saved and reserved to this defendant, he pleads, not guilty,
to all and every part of the impeachment, in manner and
form as it is changed in the articles ;*' and to this answer
be then .set bis band. He then petitioned that bis counsel
might be heard, and might advise him, both with regard
to law and fact; which was. allowed in things not charged
as treason. On Jan. 8, there was an order for the arch-
bishop^s appearance ; but, at his request, it was postponed
to the 16th ; when the committee began vi^itb the foriper
general articles, to which the archbishop had put in no
answer, nor even joined issue : therefore he was peremp-
torily commanded to put in his answer both to the original
and additional articles, in writing ; which he did, plead-
ing, in general, not guilty. . . '

On Tuesday, March 12, 1643-4, the trial was opened in
form^ tbe original and additional articles of impeachment
were read, and, after that, the arcbbishop^s answer, plea;
and demurrer to tbem. He requested that the charge and
evidence to all the articles might be given together ; and
the articles of misdemeanour separated from those of trea-
son ; to which the celebrated lawyer, Maynard, answereid,
that, in the earl of Strafford*s trial, he was put to answer
every day tbe particular evidence given that day ; thac they
were now only to try matters of fact, hot of law, and that
all the articles collectively, not any one separately, made
up ;the charge of treason. Serjeant Wilde then made a
long speech, upon the charge of high treason, insisting
chiefly upon the archbishop^s attachment to popery, and
his intention to introduce.it into England ; concluding with
these words, that *' Naaman was a great man, but he was
a leper," and that the archbishop^s leprosy had so infected-
all, *^ as there remained no other cure but the sword of
justice/' The archbishop replied to the several charges,
and mentioned various persons whom he had brought hack
from the Romish religion, particularly sir William Webbe^
his . l^insmaii^ and two of . his daughters; his sofi ht^ took.

LAUD. 68

ftQta . bim ; aod, his father being utterly decayed, bred
him at bis own cbarge, and educated him in the prbtestant
religion. The trial lasted above twenty days, and on Sept.
2f 1644, the archbishop made a recapitulation of the whole
cause ; but, as soon as he came into the House, he saw
every lord present with a new thin book in folio, in a blue
cover; which was his " Diary," which Prynne, as already
mentioned, had robbed him of, and printed with notes of
bis own, to. disgrace the archbishop. On Sept. 11, Mr.
Brown delivered, in the House of Lords, a summary of
the whole charge, with a few observations on the arch-
bisbop^s answer. The queries of his counsel on the law of
treason was referred to a committee ; which ordered his
counsel to be heard on Oct. J I, when Mr. Heme delivered
bis argument with great firmness an^ resolution. The lord
chancellor Finch told archbishop Sancroft that the argu-
riieot was sir Matthew Hale*s, afterwards lord chief justice ;
and that being then a young lawyer, he, Mr. Finch, stood
behind Mr. Heme, at the bar of the house, and took notes
of it^ which he intended. to publish in his reports. With
this argument, the substance of which may be seen in our
authorities, the trial ended for that day ; but, after this, a
petition was sent about LondQn, '^ for bringing delinquents
to justice ;"' and many of the preachers exhorted the people
to sign it ; so that with a multitude of hands, it was deli-<
vered to the House of Commons, on Oct. 8. The arch*
bishop was summoned on Nov. 2, to the House of Coni-
mons, to hear the whole charges, and to make his defence,
which he did at large, Nov. U. On the following Wed-
nesday Mr. Brown replied; and after the afchbishop was
dismissed, the House called for the ordinance, and without
hearing bis counsel, voted him guilty of high treason.
After vj^rious delays, the Lords had a conference with the
Commons, on Dec. 24, in which they declared, *^ that they
had diligently weighed ail things charged' against the arch*
bishop, but could not, by any one of them,, or all, find
bim guilty of treason." The judges had unanimously made
the same declaration. At the second conference, on Jan*
2, 1644*5, the reasons of the Commons for the attainder
of the. archbishop were coipmunicated to the Lords, who
in a very thin bouse, passed the ordinance that he should
suffer death by bangingy^ which was fixed for Friday the
loth. He pleaded the king^s pardon, under the great seaH
which was over-ruled, and rejected, without being read,

«« L A U D.

md the onlj fafonr granted^ and lisat ci^tet ^Uf Md #]|li
reiucuficei was, tbiit bis sentence riunild be eblidged to
beheading.

The arcbbisfaop coatioaed 4 jouriMil of dll tb^ ttrctmft'
stances of bis trial aod impiisoinneiit to Jftitttary 9 ; but oh
bearing that tke bill of aitaindttr bsd passed ifaie Lord^ bd
broke off bis bistoty, and prepared biodscif f<^ dtoth. He
received the notice with gn^at oditiposttfev and paAMd tbe
tidne between bis sentence and esteetMion^ in prityet Md
devout exercises. He slept soundly the night before bis
death, till tlie time came whet) his servants were appbiflted
to attend his rising ; then, he applied bimsetf td hia pri^ik,le
prayers^ and so continved until sir John PenAingtoA,
lieutenant of the Tower, came to cottdWct bite tH tbe
scafibid, which be ascended with a cheerfel eouAt^ftniMy
and was beheaded Jan. 10^ I644-S| libout 12 o'eto^k it^
noon. His body was buried in the cbureb of AlUhaltowSy
Barking; but was removed to St. JobA^s c^teg^ ii^ lM%^
where it was placed in a vank in the cbap^l.

By bis will, dated Jan. 13, 1643, be bequeiaibed the
bulk of bis property to chariubie of libertal p^^^^es : to fit.
John's college, all his chapel plate andfufhiriufe^ wb&t bocfks
tfaey bad fK)t in their library, and 5002. lo pnrcbftse hindi,
the rent to be divided between every scholar and fellow 6t)
Ost i 7, every y^&r. We have already oientioned that be
blsik the inner qoadrangle of 8u John's ; be also bbtaikied
froA king CbBrle^ the vicarage ef 8t Leareinie fMf this
college!, with other valuable preferiMnts. He foDhded
an Arable lecture which began to be read Aug. 10, 16$^,
by the celebrated Pocoeke, whose saccessors ka>^ b^M
aU schoiani of eminence^ Drs. Hyde, Walli^, tinht, and
the late Dr. Joseph White. To the bishopric ef Oxford,
Laud added Ae impropriation of the vicarage of Cudde^-^.
deti« In his native town of Reading be founded an eicef-
lent school.

His diaracter has been variously represented, ahd ihde6d
enters mare or tesa into every controversy reitpecting the
ttnbappy reign in which be flourished. He was a man df
strict integrity, sincere^ and zealous ; but, in matiy re-
spects, was indiscreet and obstinate, eagerly pursuing
matters that were either inconsiderable or mischievous. The
rigorous prosecutions in the Star-chamber and High-com* ^
mission courts were generally imputed to him: and he
formed the aury project of uniting the t&ree kingdoms in an

I

t

• L A U D. 65

Udifbrmiiy of reHgioa; and the passing of some cerenfionies
in this last afiair brought upon him* the odious imputation
of popery, and of being popishly affected, without .any
good grounds. He was more given to interfere in matters
qf state than bis predecessors ; and this at a time when a
jealousy; of the power of the clergy was increasing. Hav-
ing naturally a great warmth of temper, ji^'hich betrayed
itself in harsh language, he was ill fitted to contend with
the party now so powerful that it may even be doubted
whether a conciliating temper would have had much ef-
fect in preventing their purposes against the church and
state. Mr. Gilpin's comparison between him and his great
predecessor Cranmer appears to us worthy of consideration.
"Both," says> that elegant writer, " were good nien, both
were equally zealous for religion, and both were engaged
in the work of reformation. I mean not to enter into the
affair of introducing episcopacy in Scotland ; nor to throw
any favourable light on the ecclesiastical views of those
times. I am at present only considering the measures
which the two archbishops took in forwarding their respec-
tive plans. While .Cranmer pursued his with that caution
and temper, which we have just been examining; Laud^
in.the violence of his integrity (for he was certainly a
well-meaning man), making allowances neither for men nor
opinions, was determined to carry all before him. The
consequence was, that he did nothing which he attempted;
while Cranmer did every thing. And it is probable that if
Henry had chosen such an instrument as Laud, he wpuld
have miscarried in his point: while Charles with such a
primate as Cranmer, would either have been successful in
his schemes, or at least have avoided the fatal consequences
that ensued.'^ But, whatever Laud's faults, it cannot be
denied that he was condemned tq death by an ordinance of
parliament, in defiance of the statute of treasons, of the law
of thQ land, and by a stretch of prerogative greater th^n
any one of the sovereign whom that parliagoent opposed^

The few productions we have of archbishop Laud show
that his time was more occupied in act.ive life, than ^ in
studious retirement, and demonstrate but little of that
learning which was very justly attributed to him. These
are, L *^ Seven Sermons preached and printed on several
Occasions," reprinted in 1651, 8vo. j2../* Short Annota-
tions upon the Life and Death of the'nijcilfe august King
James,'* drawn up at the desire of George duke of Bucks.

Vol. XX. F

66 L A U D.^

3. ^^ Aaswer to the Remonstrance made by the Hous«
of Commons in 1628," 4. " His Diary by Wharton in
1694 ; with six other pieces, and several letters, especially
one to sir Kenelm Digby, on his embracing Popery."
$. '^ The second volume of the Remains of Archbishop
Laud, written by himself," &c. 1700, fol. 6. " Officium
Quotidianum ; or, a Manual of private Devotions," 1650,
8vo. 7. " A Summary of Devotions," 1667^ 12mp. There
are about 18 letters of his to Gerard John Vossius, printed
by Colomesius in his edition of " Vossii Epistol." Lond.
1690, fol. Some other letters of his are published at the
end of Usher's liife by Dr. Parr, 1686, fol. And a few
more by Dr. Twells, in his " Life of Dr. Pocock," pre-
fixed to that author's theological works, 1645, in 2 vols,
folio."

LAUDER (William), a native of Scotland, the author
of a remarkable forgery, was, educated at the university of
Edinburgh, where he finished his studies with great repu-
tation, and acquired a considerable knowledge of the
Latin tongue. He afterwards taught with success the
Latin tongue to some students who were recommended to
him by the professors. In 1734, Mr. professor Watt fall-
ing ill of that sickness of which he died, Lauder taught for
him the Latin class, ip the college of Edinburgh, and
tried, without success, to be appointed professor in bis
room. He failed also in his application for the office of
libirarianT^ In Feb. 1739, he stood candidate, with eight
others, for the place of one of the masters of the high .
school ; but, though the palm of literature was assigned by
the judges to Lauder, the patrons of the school preferred
one of his opponents. In the same year he published at
Edinburgh an edition of ^* Johnston's Psalms,*' or rather a
collection of Sacred Latin poetry, in 2 vols, but his hopes
of profit from this were disappointed. In 1742, although
he was recommended by Mr. Patrick Cuming and Mn
Colin Mactaurin, professors of church history and mathe-
matics, to the mastership of the grammar-school at Dun-
dee, then vacant, we find him, the same year, in London,
contriving to ruin the reputation of Milton ; an attempt
which ended in the destruction of his own. His reason for
the attack has been referred to the virulence of violent

1 Wbarton's Troubles and Trial of Land, — Pf ynoe's end Heylin's Li?es.-^
Life in Coates's Hist, of Reading. — Biog. Brit. Itc. &c. .

LAUDER. 67

party-spirit, which triumphed over every principle of
honour and honesty. He began first to retail part of t|ts
design in "The Gentleman's Magazine," in 1747; and,
finding that his forgeries were not detected, was encou-
raged in 1751 to collect them, with additions, into a vo-»
lume, entitled " An Essay on Milton's Use and Imitation
of the Moderns in his Paradise Lost,*' 8vo. The fidelity
of his quotations had been doubted by several people ; and
the falsehood of them was soon after demonstrated by Dr.
Douglas, late bishop of Salisbury, in a pamphlet, entitled
"Milton vindicated from the Charge of Plagiarism brought
agaipst him by Lauder, and Lauder himself convicted of
forgeries and gross impositions on the public. In a letter
humbly addressed to the right honourable the earl of Bath,"
175 1, 8vo. The appearance of this detection overwhelmed
Lauder with confusion. He subscribed a confession, dic-
tated by Dr. Johnson, on whom he had imposed, in which
he ingenuously acknowledged his offence, which he pro-
fessed to have been occasioned by the injury he bad re-
ceived iTrom the disappointment of his expectations of profit
from the publication of " Johnston's Psalms." This mis-
fortune he ascribed to a couplet in Mr. Pope's Dupciad,
book iv. ver. iii. and thence originated his rancour against
Milton. He afterwards imputed his conduct to other mo-
tives, abused the few friends who continued to countenance
him ; and, finding that his own character was not to be
retrieved, quitted the kingdom, and went to Barbadoes,
where he was for some time master of the free-school in
Bridgetown, but was discharged for misconduct, and passed
the remainder of his life in universal contempt ^^ He ^
died," says Mr. Nichols, "some time about the year 1771,
as my friend Mr. Reed was informed by the gentleman
who read the funeral-service over him." It may be added,
that notwithstanding Lauder's pretended regret for his at-
tack on Milton, he returned to the charge in 1751', and
published a pamphlet entitled " The Grand Impostor de-
tected, or Milton convicted of forgery against Charles I.'*
which was reviewed in the Gent. Mag. of that year, pro-
bably by Johnson. '

LAUNAY (Francis de), an abte Frenqh lawyer, waa
born August 6, 1612, at Angers. He was received ad vo-

1 Nichols's Bowyer. — Cbalnaers's Life of Ruddiman, p. 146.— > Hawkins and
Bosweirs Lires of Johnson.— Qeat Mng ; see Index.

F 2

ea L A U N A Y.

cajke at Paris 1638, became eminent afterwards at the bar,
and was the first professor of French law at the college of
Gambray, that chair being newly founded 1680. He died
July 9, 1693, aged 81. His works are, "Commentaries
on Anthony LoisePs Instituts Coutumiers,'' 1688, 8vo;
" Trait6 du Droit de Chasse,'* 1681, 12rao ; " R6marques
sur I'Institution du Droit Romain, et du Droit Frangois,'*
1686, 4to, and other valuable works.'

LAUNAY (Peter de), a learned and judicious pro-
testant writer, was born 1573, at Blois, descended from
one of the most respectable families in that city. At the
age of forty, he resigned a post in the exchequer, the
title of king's secretary, and all prospects of advancement,
that he might devote himself entirely to the sacred writings i
and from that time till he was eighty-nine, rose constantly
at four in the morning, to read and meditate on Scripture.
The French protestants placed an extraordinary cpnfidenc6
ki him. He was deputed to all the synods of his province,
and to almost every national synod held in his time, and
died in 1662, greatly lamented. His works are, " Para-
phrases^' on all St. PauPs Epistles, on Daniel, Ecclesiastes,
the Proverbs, and Revelations ; and ^' Remarks on the
Bible, or an Explanation of the difficult words, phrases,
and metaphors, in the Holy Scriptures," Geneva, 1667,
4to. These two works are much valued. He wrote abo
a treatise " De la Sdinte C^ne," and another, " Sur le
Millenarisme."^

LAUNOI (John de),. or Launoius, a very learned man
and voluminous writer, was born about 1601, and took a
doctor of divinity's degree in 1636. He made a journey
to Rome, for the sake of enlarging his ideas and know-
ledge ; and there procured the esteem and friendship of
Leo AUatius and Holsten. Upon his return to Paris, he
shut himself up, entering upon an extensive course of
reading, and making collections upon all. subjects. He
held at his house every Monday a meeting where the
learned conversed on many topics, but particularly on the
discipline of the church, and the*rights of the Grallican
church ; and they cordially agreed in condemning such
legends as the apostolate of St. Dionysius the Areopagit«
into France, the voyage of Lazarus and Mary Magdalen
into Provence, and a multitude of other traditions. Lau-

1 Moreri. — Niceron, vol. XV. — Diet. Hift. •
t Diet. Hist •

L A U N O I. 69

noi was such an enemy to legendary saints, that Voltaire
xecords a curate of St. Eustachius, as saying, ** I always
make the most profound obeisance to Mr. Launoi, for fear
he should take from me my St. Eustachius.'* He died at
cardinal d'Estr^es's hotel, March 10, 1678, aged 75, and
was buried at the convent of the Minimes de la Place
Roiale, to whom he left two hundred crowns ip gold, all
the ritnals which he had collected, and half his books ; be-
queathing the remainder to the seminary at Laon. Few
men were so industrious and so disinterested, as M. de
Launoi, who persisted in refusing all the benefices which
were offered him, and lived in a pla\n, frugal manner,
contented with his books and his private fortune, though
the latter was but moderate. He was an enemy to vice
and ambition, charitable, benevolent, a kind friend, ever
consistent in his cpnduct, and submitted to be excluded
from the faculty of theology at Paris, rather than sign the
censure of M. Arnauld, though he differed in opinion from ,
that celebrated doctor on the subject of Grace.

His works were collected by the abbe Granet, and pub-
lished in 1731, 10 vols, folio; his '* Letters'* had been
printed before at Cambridge, 1689, fol. The principal of
the other works contained in this edition are, the famous
treatise ** De variSl Aristotelis fortune," and ^^ Hist, du Col-
lege de Navarre/' containing some curious and interesting
particulars and inquiries on several points of history and
ecclesiastical discipline. All M. de Launoy^s works discover
great reading, and extensive knowledge of ecclesiastical
affairs. He forcibly defends the liberties of the Gallican
church, and shews much penetration and skill in criti*
cism. His style is neither Howery nor polished, nor is hib
reasoning always just : but he fully compensates for these
defects by the variety tif his subjects, and the depth of his
learning. ^

LAURA. See PETRARCH.

LAURIERE (EusEBius Jam£S de), a celebrated^ lawyer^
and learned advocate of the parliament of Paris, was born
July .31, 1659, and was the son of James de Lauriere, a
surgeon. He attended but little to the bar, his life being
almost wholly spent in study, in the course of which he ex*
plored, with indefatigable pains, every part of the French
hkff, both ancient atld modern, formed friendships with

1 KieeroD, roh XXXII.-^Gcn. Diet.— Saxii Oiiomafiticon.

70 L A U R I E R E.

men of learning, and was esteemed by all the most able
magistrates. He died at Paris, January 9, 172S, aged 69,
•leaving many valuable works, some of whi6h be wrote ifi
conjunction with Claude Berroyer, another eminent advo*
cate of Paris. The principal are> 1. " De Torigine d« Droit
d'Amortissemeot," 1692, 12mo; 2. " Texte des Cos-
tumes dela Pr6v6t6 et Vicomt^ de Paris, avec des Notes,"
12mo ;• 3. " Bibliotheque des Coutumes," 4to ; 4*. M.
LoisePs ^^ Instituts Coutumiers," with notes, Paris, ]710,
.2 vols.* 12mo, a very valuable edition ; 5. " Trait6 deK In-
stitutions at des Substitutions contractuelles,'* 2 vols. 12mo.
6. The first and second volumes of the collection of ^^ Of-
dinances'' of the French kings, which valuable and very
interesting work has been continued by M. Secdusse, a
member of the academy of inscriptions and belles- 1 iutres,
xind M. de Villeraut, to 1) vols. fol. ; 7*^' Le Glossaire
du Droit Fran9ois," 1704, 4to, &c.*

LAVATER (John Caspar), the celebrated physiogno-
mist, was born at Zurich, Nov. 15, 1741. He was fi'om
his earliest years of a gentle, timid disposition, but rest-
less in the pursuit of knowledge. At school he was per-
petually varying his studies by attempting mechanical 6pe-
rations, and often showed indications of genius and inveif-
tion in his amusements. When he reached the upper'
classes of school, his diligence in study was encouraged by
the advice of Bodmer and Breitenger, and quickened by a
wish to emulate some school-fellows of superior talent.
His turn of thinking was original, liberal, and manly. As
be grew up he wrote some essays on subjects of morals and
religion, which gained him the hearts of his countrymen.
Having gone through the usual course of reading and in-
struction for the ecclesiastical profession, he was admitted
into orders in May 1761, and two years afterwards be tra-
velled with the brothers Hess, two amiable friends, of whom
death deprived him, and, with Henry Fuseli, our cele-
brated painter. They went over Prussia, under the tuition
of professor Sulzer, and Lavater made a considerable stay
with Spalding, then curate of Barth in Pomeranian Prus-
sia, and afterwards counsellor of the grand consistory. On
his return to Zurich he became a very eloquent and much
admired preacher, and proved himself the father of his flock
by the most benevolent attention- to their w^uts bodily and

» Cbaufepie^-^Niccron, toI. XXXVII.— Diet, U\$U

L A V A T E R. 71

menUiL After having been for some years deacon of the
Orphans' churchy he was in 1774 appointed first pastor. la
1778 the parishioners of the church of St. Peter, the only
persons in the canton of Zurich who have a right to chuse
their own minister, made choice of Lavater as deacon;
and, in 1786, as first pastor. Here he remained, intent on
the duties of his office, and on his physiognomical studies
t^ntil Zurich was stormed in 1797. On this occasion he was
wounded by a Swiss soldier, on whom he had conferred
important benefits ; from the effects of this he never reco-
yeredy although he lived in full possession of hi^ faculties
till Jan. 2, 1801, when he expired in the sixtieth year of
'his age« Hi$ principal works are, 1. *^ Swiss Songs," which
be composed at the desire of the Helvetic society, smd
which were sung in that society, and in other cantons. 2.
Three collections of ^^ Spiritual Songs, or Hymns," an4
two volumes of *' Odes," in blank verse. 3. '< Jesus Mes-
siah, or the Evangelists and Acts of the Apostles,'' 4 vols, a
poetical history of our Saviour, ornamented with 72 en*
gravings from his designs, executed by Chodoweiki, Lips,
. &c« 4. ^* A Look into Eternity," which being severely
criticised by Gothe, Lavater, who loved truth in every
shape, instead of being offended at the liberties he took,
sought out the author, and became his friend and corre-
spondent. 5. ^^ The secret Journal of a Self-Observer,"
which was published here in 1795. In this Lavater un-
veUs his secret conduct^ and displays the motions of his
heart*. It may justly be said that every good heart is
generally in unison with him, but it is impossible not to
differ from many of his opinions, and not to perceive in
them an uncommon degree of extravfigance and enthu-
siasm* We learn from his J.ournal, however, and indeed
from all, his works, that a warm desire to promote the ho-
nour of God^ and the good of his fellow creatures, was the
principaK feature in his character,, and the leading motive
of all be did. Next to these were an indefatigable placa-
bility, and an inexhaustible love for his enemies.

But his physiognomical work is that which procured him
most reputation in Europe. Accident is s^id to have led
him to the study of physiognomy ; standing one day at a
window with Dr. Zimmerman, he was led to make such

* Many of hii opmions and singu- " Aphorisms,*' a translation of which
Unties are alio perceivahte in bis was published by Mr. Fuseli in 178S.

72^ L A V A T E R.

remarks on the singular countenance of a soldier that wa^
passing by, as induced Zimmerman to urge him to pursue
and methodize his ideas. He accordingly considered the
subject more seriously, and acquired not only a fondness
for it, but a steady conviction of the reality of the physio*
gnomical science, and of the vast importance of the disco-
veries he had made in it. In 1776, he published the first
fruits of his labours in a quarto volume, entitled ^^ Frag-
ments,*' in which he took a wide range of inquiry, and
carried his ideas of physiognomy beyond the observation
of those parts of the countenance which' exhibit to a com-
mon eye the impressions of mental qualities and affections^
and maintained, as a leading position, '^ that the powers
and faculties of the mind have representative signs in the
solid parts of the countenance.'* Two more volumes ap-
peared in succession, which presented a most extraordinary
assemblage of curious observations, subtle and refined rea-
soning, delicate feeling, and philanthropical and pious
sentiment, together with a large admixture of paradox,
mysticism, whim, and extravagance. The whole is illus-
trated with a great number of engravings ; many of which
are highly finished and singularly expressive. The work
was soon translated into the French and English languages,
and for a time became the favourite topic of literary dis-
cussion, but has now ceased to maintain much interest.
Lavater, we are told, was not only an enthusiast in thii
art, but was'so far carried away by his imagination, as to
believe in the continuation of miracles, and the power of
casting out spirits to these days ; opinions which he did not
scruple to make public, and maintain with all boldness.'

LAVINGTON (Georgje), an English prelate, andvery
eminent scholar, was descended from a family long settled
in Wiltshire, and was born at the parsonage- bouse of Mil-
denhall, in the above county, and baptised Jan. 18, l€&3,
his grandfather. Constable^ being then rector of that pa-
rish. Joseph, father to bishop Lavington, is supposed to
have exchanged his original benetice of Broad Hinton, in
'Wiltshire, for Newton Longville, in Bucks, a living and
a manor belonging to New college, in Oxford. Trans-
planted thither, and introduced to the acquaintance of
several members Of that society, he >¥as encouraged to

Melster's Portraits 4es komibes illustrcs de 1& Suisse .-^Reei'i Cycloptciii^
-ii Onomasticon: ' ' ' ' " '

L A V I N G T O N. 74

educate the elde^ of his numerous children, George, th6
sabject of this article, at Wykeham*s foundation, neai*
Winchester, from whence he succeeded to a* fellowship of
New college, early in the reign of queen Anne. George,
while yet a schoolboy, had produced a Greek translation
of Virgil's eclogues, in the style and dialect of Theocritus,'
which is still preserved at Winchester in manuseript. At
the university he was distinguished by his wit and learning,
and equally so by a marked attachment to the protestant
succession, at a period when a zeal of that kind could pro-
mise him neither preferment nor popularity. But if some
of bis contemporaries thought his ardour in a good cause
excessive, still their affection and esteem for him remained
undiminished by any difference of political sentiment. In
1717, he was presented by his college to their rectory of
Hayford Warren, in the diocese of Oxford. Before this
his talents and principles bad recommended him to the
notice of many eminent persons in church and state.
Among others Talbot, then bishop of Oxford, intended
him for the benefice of Hook Norton, to which his suc-
cessor, bishop Potter, collated him. Earl Goningsby not
only appointed him his own domestic chaplain, but intro-
duced him in the same capacity to the court of king George
I. In this reign he was preferred to a stall in the cathe-
dral church of Worcester, which he always esteemed as
one of the happiest events of his life, since it laid the
foundation of that close intimacy which ever after subsisted
between him and the learned Dr. Francis Hare, the dean'.
No sooner was Dr. Hare removed to St. Paul's, than he
exerted all his influence to draw his friend to the capital
after him ; and his endeavours were so successful that Dr.
LaVington was appointed in 1732, to be a canon residen-
tiary of that Church, and in consequence of this station*,
obtained' successively the rectories of St. Mary Aldefmary,
and St. Michael Bassishaw. In both parishes he was es^
teemed a minister attentive to his duty, and an instructive
and awakening preacher. He would probably never have
thought of any other advancement, if the death of Dr. Stil-
lingBeet, dean of Worcester, in 1746, had not recalled to
his memory the pleasing ideas of many years spent in that
city, in the prime of life. His friends, however, had
higher views for bim ; and, therefore, on the death of
bishop Ciagget, lord chancellor Hardwick, and the duke
of Newcastle, recommefKled him to the king, to fill the

74

JL A V I N G T O N*

vacancy, Without his solicitation or knowledge. From Um
time he resided at Exeter among his clergy, a faithful and
vigilant pastor, and died universally lamented, Sept. 13,
1762; crowning a life that bad been devoted to God's
honour and service, by a pious act of resignation to his
will ; for the last words pronounced by bis faulteriog tongue,
were Ao&iTd0 0ta) — << Glory to God." He married Francis
Maria, daughter of Lave, of Corf MuUion, Dorset, who
bad taken refuge in this kingdom from the popish perse*
cution in France. She survived the bishop little more
than one year, after an union of forty years. Their only
daughter is the wife of the rev. N. Nutcombe, of Nutcombi»,
in Devonshire, and chancellor of the cathedral at Exeter.

' Bishop Lavington published only a few occasional sermons,
except his ^^ Enthusiasm, of the Methodists and Papists
compared,^' three parts^;. which involved him in a tern*
porary controvery with Messrs. Whitfield and Wesley.^

LAVOISIER (AKTHOiiy Lawrence), a distinguished
chemicai philosopher, was born at Paris, on the Iftth of
August, 1743. His father, a inan of opulence, sparing no
expence on his education, he displayed very early proofs
of the extent and success of his studies, especially in the
circle of the physical science^. In 1764, when the French
government proposed a prize question, relative to the best
method of lighting the streets of a large city, Lavoisier

' presented a dissertation on the subject, which was highl}'
approved, printed at the .expence of the academy <^
sciences, and obtained for him the prei^nt of a gold medal
from the king, which was delivered to him by the presi«
dent of the academy, at a public sitting, in April 1766.
Two years afterwards, he was admitted a member of that
learned body, of which he. was constantly one of the mosr
active and useful associates. About the saqae time, he
was occupied in experimental researches on a variety of
subjects ; such as the analysis of the gypsum found in the

• « The bishop of Exeter's book
against the Methodists is, I tbiok, on
the whole, composed well enough
(though it be a bad copy of Still ing-
fleet's famous book of the ** Fanaticism
of the Church of Rome)" to do the exe-
cution he intended. In pushing the
Methodists, to make them Uke every
thing that is bad, he compares their
laiiaticisBi to the ancient mysteries;

but, as the mysteries, if they had ever
been good, were not, in the bishop's
opinion, bad enough for this purpose,
he therefore endeavours to show against
me, that they were abominations even
from the beginning. As this contra**
diets all antiquity so evidenUy, I
thought it would be ridiculous in me
to take any notice of him.*'— WarbUF-
ton't Letters to Hurd, p, 86, 4to edit.

^ Foiwhele's Hist, of Deronaliirei yol. I, p. 31^.

L* A r O I S I E R. 75

neighbourhood of Paris; the crystallization of salt; the
properties of water ; and in exploring the phenomena of
thunder, and of the aurora borealis : and he distinguished
himself by several dissertations on these and other topics,
practical and speculative, which appeared in different pe*
nodical works. In the Memoirs of the Academy for 1770
were published bis observations on the nature of water,
and on the experiments which had been supposed to prove
the possibility of its conversion into earth. He proved, by
a careful repetition of these experiments, that the earthy
deposit, left after repeated distillations of water, proceeded
solely from an abrasion of the vessels employed. Lavoisier
performed several journeys into various parts of France, in
company with M. Guettard ; in the course of which he
coUected a store of materials for a lithological and minera-
logical history of that kingdom, which he ingeniously ar-
ranged in the form of a chart. These materials were the
basis of a great work on the revolutions of the globe, and
ion the formation of the strata of the earth : two interesting
sketches of which were printed in the Memoirs of the Aca-
demy for 1772 and 1787.

- • Between these two periods, Lavoisier, struck with the
-discoveries that had been made by Dr. Black, and pursued
by Dr. Priestley, respecting the properties of certain
aeriform substances, gases, or factitious airb, entered into
the same field of research, and published the result of his
experiments in 1774, in his ** Opuscules Chymiques,*'
which contained not only a clear and elegant view of all
-that had hitherto been done, in regard to gaseous or aeri-
form fluids, but also several original experiments, re-
markable for their ingenuity and accuracy.

The existence of a gaseous body, in a fixed or solid
Btate, in the mild alkalies and alkaline earths, which, when
expelled from these substances, assumed an atrial form,
and left them in a caustic state, as well as its production
during the combustion of fuel, had been demonstrated by
Dr. Black; and Bergman bad shown that this air possessed
acid properties. Dr. Priestley had also submitted it to
various experiments in 1767, but the honour of ascertain-
ing the real constituent parts of this acid gas, or fixable
air, was reserved for Lavoisier. He now turned his ex-
perimental researches to the subject of the calcination of
metak. It had already been shewn by ftey and Homberg^
that metals acquire an augmentation of weight during piil*

76 LAVOISIER-

cination ; but they differed io the causes of this augmen-
tation. Lavoisier, who published the result of bis expe*
riments on the subject in 1.774, demonstrated that a given
quantity of air was requisite for the calcination of a giveti
quantity of tin ; that a part of the air is absorbed during
this process, by which not only the bulk, but the weight
of the air is diminished ; that the weight of the tin is
increased during the same process ; and lastly, that the
weight acquired by the tin is exactly equal to that which
is lost by the air.

Thus, by a few simple, accurate, and well- chosen ex-
periments, Lavoisier had apparently arrived at the legi-
timate inference, that during the process of the formation
of acids, whether with carbonaceous matter, sulphur, or
phosphorus, and also during that of the calcination of me«*
tals, an absorption and fixation of air take place ; and thus
he gained a glimpse of principles, in the view of which his
singular sagacity in devising experiments, and his accu-
racy in executing them, would in all probability have alone
conducted him to those brilliant results to which Dr.
Priestley so materially contributed. The synthetic proofs
only of this union of air with the base had b^en as yet as*
certained ; but Dr. Priestley first furnished the analytic
proof, by dissevering the combination ; a discovery which
at once advanced the nascent theory of Lavoisier, and, in
his hands, became the source of more than one important
conclusion. In August 1774, Dr. Priestley discovered that
by heating certain metallic calces, especially the calcined
mercury (the precipitate per se, as it was then called) a
quantity of air was separated, while the mercury resumed
its metallic form ; and this air, which he found was much
purer than that of the atmosphere, he called, from the
theory of the time, depldogisticated air. Having communis
cated this discovery to Lavoisier, the latter published a
memoir in 1775, in which he shewed, in conformity with
the experiments of Dr. Priestley, that the mercurial pre*
cipitate per se^ by being heated in a retort, gives out a
highly respirable air (called since oxygen)^ and is itself re-
duced to the metallic state ; that combustible bodies burn
in this air with increased brilliancy ; and that the same*
mercurial calx, if heated with charcoal, gives out not the
pure air, but fixed air ; whence be concluded that fixed*, air
is composed of charcoail and the pure air. It has, therefore^
since been called carbonic acid.

L-A V O I S I E R. 77

A 9ec0nd very important consequence of Dr. Priestley's
diflcovery of the pure or vital air, was the analysis of tb9
ftir of the atmosphere, which was accomplished by Lavoisier
in the following manner. He included some mercury in a
elose vessel^ together with a known quantity of atmospheric
air, and kept it for some days in a boiling state ; by de-
grees a small quantity of the red calx was formed upon the
surface of the metal ; and when this ceased to be produced
the contents of (he vessel were examined. The air was
found to be diminished both in bulk and weight, and to
have been rendered altogether incapable of supporting
combustion or animal life ; part of the mercury was found
converted into the red calx, or precipitate per se ; and»
which was extremely satisfactory, the united weight of the
mercury and the precipitate exceeded the weight of the
original mercury, by precisely the same amount as the air
had lost. To complete the demonstration, the precipitate
was then heated, according to Dr* Priestley's first expe-
riment, and decomposed into fluid mercury and an air
which bad all the properties of vital air ; and this air, wbea
-iriijced with the unrespirable residue of the original air of
thereceiver, composed an elastic fluid ppssessing the same
properties as atmospherical ain The vital air was after-
wards made the subject of various experiments in respect
to the calcination of metals, to the combustion and conver-
sion of sulphur and phosphorus into acids, 4^c. in which
processes it was found to be the chief agent. Hence it
was named by Lavoisier c^rj/^^n (or generator of acids), and
the unrespirable residue of the atmosphere was called a%ot
j^u e. incapable of supporting /i/i;).

The new theory thus acquired farther support and con«*
sistency ; oxygen appeared to be one of the most active
and important agents of chemistry and of nature ; combus-
tion, acidification, and calcination (or, as it was now called,
o^t/daiioriy the calces being also termed oxyds, i. e. some-
thuig approaching to, or. resembling acids), were proved
to be processes strikingly analogous to each other ; all ac-
cording in these points, that they produced a decomposi-
tion of the atmospheric air, and a fixation of the oxygenous
{portion in the substance acidified or calcined;

Time alone seemed now requisite j:o establish these doc-
trines, by exemplifying them in other departments of che-
mical research^ In } 777 six memoirs were communicated
to the Academy of sciences by Lavoisier, jn whick his

W LAVOISIER.

former experiments w^re confirmed, and new advanced
were made to a considerable extent* Our countrvymen^
Black and Crawford, in their researches respecting latent
heat, and the different capacities of bodies under different
circumstances, had laid a solid foundation, on which the
dbctrines of combustion, resulting from the foregoing ex-
periments, might be perfected, and the cause of the light
and heat connected with it might be explained. The first
nyentioned philosopher. Dr. Black, had shewn, that a solid,
when it is made to assume a liquid form, and a liquid,
when it assumes the form of vapour, absorbs or combines
with, and renders latent, a large portion of heat, which is
again parted with, becomes free and cognizable by the
sense of feeling, arid by the thermometer, when the va*
pour is again condensed into a liquid, and the liquid be-
comes solid. In like manner, it was now said by Lavoisier,
during the process of combustion, the oxygen, which was
previously in a gaseous state, is suddenly combined with'
the substance burnt into a liquid or solid. Hence all the
latent ^eat, which was essential to its gaseous state, being
instantaneously liberated in large quantity, produces fiame,
which is nothing more than very condensed free heat.
About the same time, the analogy of the operation and
necessity of oxygen in the function of respiration, with the
preceding hypothesis of combustion, was pointed out by
Lavoisier. In the process of respiration,, it was found thatj
although atmospheric air is inhaled, carbonic acid and azot
are expired. This animal operation, said Lavoisier, is a
species of slow combustion : the oxygen of the air unites
with the superfluous carbon of the venous blood, and pro- >
duces carbonic acid, while the latent or combined caloric
(the matter of heat) is set free, and thus supplies the ani«
mal heat Ingenious and beaqtjkful, however, as this ex*
tension of the analogy appeared, the subject of animal,
temperature is still under many obscurities and difficulties.
The phenomena of chemistry, however, were now ex-
plicable upon principles more simple, consistent, and sa-
tisfactory than by the aid of any former theory ; and the
Lavoisierian doctrines were everywhere gaining ground.
But there yet remained a formidable objection to them,
which was derived from a circumstance attending the so-
lution of metals in acids ; to wit, the production of a con«< '
siderable quantity of inflammable air. If sulphuric acid
(formerly called vitriolic acid, or oil of vitriol) consists onlj

L A V O I &I E R. 79

of nalpbur and oxygen^ it was said, how does it happen^
that wheu these two substances, with a little water, comef
in contadt, they should produce a large quantity of inflam-
mable air during their re-action ? This objection was un-
answerable, and appeared to be fatal to the whole theory :
but it was most opportunely converted into an argument
in its favour, by the grefit discovery of the decompositioa
of water, made by Mr. Cavendish ; who resolved that ele-
ment, as it was formerly esteemed, into oxygen and inflam-
Inable air. The latter has since, therefore,, been called
hydrogen^ or generator of water. This experiment was
repeated with full success by Lavoisier and his associates in
1783 ; and the discovery was farther established by a sue*- *
cessful experiment of the same chemists, carried on upon
a. grand scale, in which, by combining the oxygen with
hydrogen, they produced water, and thus adding synthesis
to analysis, brought the fact to demonstration.

This new view of chemical phenomena, together with
the immense accession of new compounds and substances,
which the labours of modern experimentalists had brought
to light, appeared to demand a correspondent alteration in
the nomenclature. Accordingly, a committee of some of
the ablest of the French chemists, of whom Lavoisier was
the most conspicuous, undertook the arduous task, and
produced a regular system of nomenclature, derived from
the Greek language, which, although far from being fault*
less^ and notwithstanding much opposition with which it
was at first treated, has become the universal language of
chemical science, and has been adopted even in pharmacy
and medicine. His work, entitled ^^ Elemens de Chymie,'*
which was published in 1789, was a model of scientific
composition.

We have hitherto Viewed M. Lavoisier principally as a
chemical philosopher, in which character he has founded
his great claims to the respect and admiration of posterity.
But the other arts and sciences are indebted to him for
considerable services which he rendered thein, both in a
public and private capacity. In France, more than in any
other country, men of science have been consulted in mat-
ters of public concern; and the reputation of Lavoisier
caused him to be applied to, in 1776, to superintenjd tlie
manufiu:ture of gunpowder, by the minister Turgot. By
the applics^tion of his chemical knowledge to this manufac-

so LAVOISIER,

tttre, he was enabled to increase the explosive forc^ df the
powder by one- fourth ; and ^while he. suppressed the trou-
blesome regulations for the collection of its materials from
private houses, previously. adopted, he quintupled the pro-
duce. The academy of sciences. received many services
ffom his hands. In addition to the communication of forty
papers, relative to many of the most important subjects of
philosophical chemistry, which were printed in the twenty
volumes of Memoirs, from 1772 to 1793, he most actively
promoted all its' useful plans and researches, being a mem««
ber of its board of consultation, and, when appointed to
the office of treasurer, he introduced order into its ac-
counts, and economy into its expenditure. When the new
system of measures was proposed, he contributed some
new and accurate experiments on the expansion of metals.
The national convention consulted him with advantage coi^«
kerning the best method of manufacturing assignats, find
of securing them against forgery. Agriculture early en-
gaged his attention, and he allotted a considerable tract of
land on his estate in the Vendome, for the purpose of ex«
perimental farmings The committee of the constituent
assembly of 1791, appointed to form an improved system
of taxation, claimed the assistance of his extensive know-
ledge ; and he drew up, for their information, an extract
of a large work on the different productions of the country
and their. consumption, for which he had been long col-
lecting materials. This was printed by order of the assem-
bly, under the title of ^^Richesses Territoriales de la
France," and was esteemed the most valuable memoir on
the subject. In the same year, he was appointed one of
the commissioners of the national treasury ; and he intro-
duced into that department such order and regularity, that
the proportion between the income and the expenditure,
in all the branches of government, could be seen at a single
view every evening. This spirit of systematic and lucid
arrangement was, indeed, the quality by which he was
peculiarly distinguished, and its happy influence appeared
in every subject which occupied his attention.

The private life of this distinguished person was equally
estimable with his public and philosophical character. Ha
was extremely liberal in his patronage of the arts, and en-
couraged young men of talents in the pursuit of science*
His house became a vast laboratory, where philosophical
experiments were incessantly carrying on, and where he

L A y O I S I E & 81

bdld cOnvevsaBibnes twice a w6ek, to which be invited every
literary character that was most celebrated in geometrical,
physicali and chemical studies; in these instructive dis*
cussions, the opinions of the most eminent literati in Eu^
rope were canvassed ; passages the most striking and novels
out of foreign writers, were recited and animadverted on ;
and* theories were compared with experiments. Hera
learned men of all nations found easy admission ; Priestley,
Fontana, Blagden, Ingenhousz, Landriani, Jacquin, Watt,
Bolton, and other illustrious physiologists and chemists of
England, Geprmany, and Italy, found themselves mixed
in the same company with Laplace, Lagrange, Borda,
Cousin, Meunier, Vandermonde, Mouge, Guyton, and
Bertbollet In his manners M. Lavoisier was mild; afiable,
and obliging ; a faithful friead and husband, a kind rela«
tioD, and charitable to the poor upon his estates; in a
word equally claiming esteem for his moral qualities, as for
those of his understanding. «

The time was arrived, however, when distinction event
by his talents and worth was so hx from securing publio
respect, amid the tumults of tbe revolution, that it became
aiource of danger, and, when joined with wealth, was
almost certainly fatal. All those especially who had held
any situation under the old administration, particularly in
the financial departments, were sacrificed, during the mur-
derous reigu of Robespierre, to tbe popular odium. La-
voisier was seized and thrown into prison, upon some
charges fabricated, against himself and twenty-seven other
farmers-genaral. During his confinement he foresaw that
be should be stripped of all his property ; but consoled
himself with the expectation that he would be able to main-
tain himself by the practice of pharmacy. But a more se<*
vere fate awaited him : be was capitally condemned, and
dr^ged to th^ guillotine on the 8th of May, 1794. ^

llie name of Lavoisier will always be ranked among the
most illustrious chemists of the present age, when it is con-
sidered what an extensive and beneficial influence his 1^-*
hours have had <^^t the whole science. It has been said,
iadaefl, that if be be estimated on the score oi his actual
discoveries, not only Scbeele and Priestley, and Caven-
^sb, but many moie, will stand before him. But he pos^
sessed in a high degree that rare talent of discernment, hy
which he detected analogies, which others overlooked,
even in their own discoveries, and a sagacity in devising

Vol. XX. G

S2 LAVOISIER.

and an accuracy in completing his experiments, for th6
purpose of elucidating every suggestion which he thus ac^
quired, such as few philosophers have possessed No on^
who did so much, probably ever made so few unsuccessfol
or random experiments. It was the singular perspicuity^
'siioplicityy and order ta which he reduced the phenomena
of chemistry, that claimed for his theory the general re-
ception which it met with, and occasioned the abandon-
ment of those doctrines which prejudice and habit con-
spired to support. Subsequent discoveries, however, and
more especially those numerous facts which the genius of
sir Humphrey Davy has lately brought to light, through
the medium of that most. powerful agent of decomposition,
galvanism, have rendered several modifications of the La-
voisierian theory necessary, and bid fair to produce a more
general revolution in the language and doctrines of che-
mistry.

M. Lavoisier married, in 177 1, the daughter of a farmer-
general, a lady of pleasing manners and considerable ta-
lents, who partook of her husband's ^eal for philosophical
inquiry, and cultivated chemistry with much success. She
engraved with her own band the copper*plates for his liet
work. Mad. Lavoisier aft^erwards gave her hand to anolber
. emment philosopher, count Rumford, who, in ISK, left
her a widow a second time.' \

LAW (Edmund), bishop of Carlisle, was bom in the
parish of Carl mel in Lancashire, in 1703» His father, wha
was a clergyman, held a small chapel in that neighbour-
hood, but the family bad been situated at Askham, in the
county pi Westmoreland. He w.as educated for some time
at Cartmel school, afterwards at the fr^ grammar-school
at Kendal; from which. he went, very well instructed im
the learning of grammar-schools, to St. John^s college,
Cambridge. He took his bachelgr^s degree in 1723, and
soon after was elected fellow of ChristVcollege. in. that
uuiversity, where he. took bis. mastetr'-s degree in 172^.
During his residence here, he became knowa to.the pi>b-
]}c by a. translation of archbishop King's (see William.
Kino) " Essay* upon the jOngbx . of Evil,!' >with > cpptokia
notes;. in which many metaphysical subjects, curibuff and
interesting in tbeii*.owQ natkire, anre /treated of with tgreait

', • . • ;' , ' ■ ' . * ; . ■ ; ^

» CJogc by Lalapde 1r the Mag. Epcyclopedi^uc— but cbiefly in th^ wgrds »f .
Ue account given in Rees's Cyclopedia^ .' ' ' '* '*

1

L A Wi ^ |»

ingetiuity, learning, and novelty. To this work was pre*
fixed, under the name of a <* Preliminary Dissertation^'* a
very valuable piece written by Mr. Gay of Sidney-college.
Oor bishop always spoke of this gentleman in terors of the
greatest respect. ^' In the Bible, and in the writings of
• Locke, no man,'' he used to say, *' was so well versed."

Mr. Law also, whilst at Cbrist's^coU^e, undertook and
went through a very laborious part, in preparing for the
press, an edition of <^ Stephens's Thesaurus." His ac-*
<|paiutance, during his first residence in the university^
was principally with Dr. Waterland, the learned master pf
Magdalen-4College ; Dr. Jortin, a name known to every
scholar ; and Dr. Taylor, the editor of Demosthenes.

In 1737 he was presented by the university to the living
of Grayatock, in the county of Cumberland, a rectory of
about 300/. a year. The advowson of this benefice be-
^longed to the family of Howards of Graystock, but devolved
to the university for this turn, by virtue of an act of par-
liament, which transfers to these two bodies the nomina-
tton to such benefices as appertain, at the time of the va«
'cancy, to the patronage of a Roman catholic. The .right^
however, of the university was contested, and it was not
until after a lawsuit of two years continuance, that Mr.
Law was settled in his living. Soon after this he married
Mary, the daughter of John Christian, esq. of Unerigg, in
the county of Cumbedand ; a lady, whose character is re-
membered with tenderness and esteem by all who kneyf
her. In J 74^ he was promoted by sir George Fleming,
bishop of Carlisle, to the archdeaconry of that diocese;
and in 1746 went from Graystock to settle at Salkeld, a
pleasant village upon the banks of the river Eden, the rec-'
tory of which is annexed to the archdeaconry ; but he was
not one of those who lose and forget themselves in the
country. During his residence at Salkeld, he published
*-* Considerations on the Theory of Religion ;" to which
were subjoined, ^ Reflections on the Life and Character
of Christ ;" and an appendix concerning the use of the
words soul and spirit in the Holy Scripture, and the stato
of the dead there described.

Dr. Keene held at this time with the bishopric of Ches-
ter, the masten^ip of Peter-house, in Cambridge. De-
siring to leave the university, he procured Dr. iJaw to be
elected to succeed him in that station. This took place
ia 1756^ in which yean Dr. Law resigned his archdeaconry

a 2

t* LAW.

in favour of Mr. Eyre, a brolber^ki4atr of Br. Keene.
Twro years before this (the list of graduates says 1743) he
bad proceeded to his degree of D. D., in his public exer-»
cise for which, he defended the doctrioe of what is usually
called the ** sleep of the saul/' a tenet to which we shall
hate occasion to revert hereafter. About 1760 he was
Appointed head librarian of the university; a situation
which, as it procured an easy and quiek access to books^
was peculiarly agreeable to his taste and habits. Sem^
time after this he was appointed casuistical professor* In
1762 he suffered an irreparable loss by the death of his
wife; a loss in itse^lf every way afflicting, and rendered
more so by the situation of his fiamily, which then con-^
sisted of eleven children, many of thera very young.
Some years afterwards be Yeceived several preferments,
which were rather honourable expressions of regard from
kls friends, than of much advantage to his fortune. By
Efr. Cprnwallis, then bishop of Lich&eld, afterwards arch-*
bi^op of Canterbury, who had been his pupil at Christ-*^
college, he was appointed to the archdeaconry of Staffwd-^
shire, and to a prebend in the church of Mchfield. By-
bis old acquaintance Dr. Green, bishop of Lincoln, he^
was made a prebendary of that church. But ki 1767, by
^e intervention of the duke of Newcastle, to whose in*
terest, in the memorable contest for the high stewardship
of the university, he had adhered in opposition to some^
temptations, he obtained a stall in the cbui^h of Durham.
The year after this, the duke of Grafton, who had a short
time before been elected chancellor of the university^ re-
f^ommended the master of Peterhouse to his majesty for
the bishopric of Carlisle. This recommendation was made,
i>ot only without solicitation on his part, or that <^ bis friends,
but without his knowledge, until tlie duke's intention in
his favour was signified to him by the archbishop. .
, In or about 1777, our bishop gave' to the puhKc a hand*
some edition, in 3. vols. 4to, of the works of Mr. Lookey
with a life of the author, and a preface. Mr* Locke's-
writings and character he held in the highest esteem, and
seems to have drawn from them many of bis own principles v
he was a disciple of that school. About the same time
he published a tract which engaged some attention in the
controversy concerning subscription ; and he published
new editions of his two principal works, widi considerable
Editions, and some alterations. > Besides the works aU

LAW. 85

ready mehtioned, be published, in 1734 of* 173f^ a very
ingenious " Inquiry into the Ideas of Space, Time,** &c.
in which he combtits ihe opinions of Dr. Clarke and bil
adberients on these subjects.

Dr. Law held the see of Catlrsle almost mneteen years;
during which time he twice only omitted spending the
summer months in bis diocese at the bishop's residence at
Rosef Castle ; ft situation with which he was much pleased,
not only on- account of the natural beauty of the place, but
because it restored him to the country, in which he bad
spent the best part of his life. In 1787 he paid this visit
in a state 6f great weakness ,and exhaustion ; and died at
Rose about a month after his arrival there, on Aug. 14|
and id the eighty-fourth year of his age.

The life of Dr. Law was a life of incessant reading and
thought, almost entirely directed to metaphysical and re*
ligious inquiries ; but the tenet by which bis name and
writings are principally distingnished, .is, <^ that Jesu9
Christ, at his setond coming, will, by an act of his power^
restore to life and consciousness the dead of the human
species ; Who by their own nature, and without this inter-
position, would r^maii) in the state of insensibility to
which the death brought upon mankind by the sin of Adam
bad reduced them." He interpreted literally that saying
of St. Paul, I Cor. xv. 21. " As by man came death, by
man eame also the resurrection of the dead." This opi-
nion. Dr. Paley says, had no other effect upon his own
mind, than to increase his reverence for Christianity, and
for its divine founder. He retained it, as he did his other
speculative opinions, without laying, as many are wont tcj
do, an extravagant stress upon their importance, and with-
out pretending to more certamty than the subject allowed
of. No man formed his own conclusions with more free-
dom, or treated those of others -with greater candour and
equity. He never quarrelled with any person for differing
from him, or considered that difference as a sufficient;
reason for questioning any man's sincerity, or judging
flaeanly of his understanding. He was zealously attached
to religiotrs libert}^ because he thought that it leads to
truth ; yet from his heart he loved peace. But he did
ncft perceive any repugnancy in these two things. Therc^
was nothing in his elevation to his bishopric which he
spoke of with more pleasure, than its being a proof tliat
decent freedom of inquiry was not discouraged.

86 LAW.

He was a man of great softness of aiani>ers» and of th«
mildest and most tranquil disposition. His voice was never
raised above its ordinary pitch. His countenance seemed
never to have been ruffled ; it preserved the same kind
and composed aspect, truly indicating the calmness and
benignity of bis temper. He bad an utter.disUke of large
and mixed companies. Next to bis books^ his chief satis-
faction was in the serious conversation of a literary com*
panion, or in the conipauy of a few friends. In this sort
of society he would open his mind with great unreserved*
ness, and with a peculiar turn and sprigbtliness of expres-*
sion. His person was low, but well formed ; his complexion
fair and delicate. Except occasional interruptions by .the
gouty he had for the greatest part of his life enjoyed good
health ; and when not confined by that distemper, was full
of motion and activity. About nine years before hi» deaths
he was greatly enfeebled by a severe attack of the gout,
and in a short time after that/ lost the use of one of his
legs. Notwithstanding his fondness for exercise, he re*»
signed himself to this change, not only without complaint,
but without any sensible diminution of his cheerfulness
and good humour. His fault was the general fault of re«
tired and studious characters, too great a degree of inac^
tion and facility in his public station. The modesty, ox
rather basfafulness of his nature, together with an extreme
unwillingness to give pain, rendered him sometimes less
firm and efficient in the administration of authority than
was requisite. But it is the condition of human nature.
There is an opposition between some' virtues, which sel-
dom permits them to subsist together in perfection. Bishop.
Law was interred in the cathedral of Carlisle, in which a
bandsome monument is erected to his memory. Of his
fiamily, his second son, John, bishop of Elphin, died ig^
1810 ; and his fourth son, Edward, is now lord EUenbo*
rougb, chief-justice of the king*s-bench.V

LAW (John), usually known by the name of the pro«.
jector, was born at Edinburgh, in April 1671 ; and on the
death of his father, who was a goldsmith or banker, in-*
berited a considerable estate, called Lauristoo. He ia
said to have made some progress in polite literature, but
bis more favourite study was that of financial matters^

I Life by Dr. Paley. written for Hutchinson's Hist, of Durham, and which
we have not altered* although we are not of opinion that Dr. Law's tenets were
ftU of the mere speculative and harmless kiud.^

LAW. 87

banks, taxeSi &c* ; and he was at the same time a man of
pleasure, and distinguished by the appellation of Beau
Law. Having visited Lo.ndon'^in 1694, his wit and accom-
plishm^fits procured bim admission into the first circles^
and be beeame noted for his gallant attentions to the ladies.
One of his intrigues having involved him in a quarrel with
a Mr. Wilson, a duel took place, and Mr. Law killed his
antagonist. He was then apprehended, and committed to
the kingVbencb prison, from which he made bts escape,
and is supposed to have retired to the continent^. In 1700,
however, he returned to Edinburgh, as be appears in that
year to have written bis ** Proposals and reasons for con<^
stituting a Cpuncil of Trade," which, although it met with
DO encouragement from the supreme judicature of the
kingdom, procured bim the patronage of -fio^me noblemen,
under which he was induced in 1705, to publish another
plan.for removing the difficulties the kingdom was then
exposed to by the great scarcity of money, and the insoU
vency of the bank. The object of bis plan was to issue
notes, which were to be lent on landed property, upon
the principle, that being so secured, they would be equal
in value to gold and silver money of the same denomina-
tion^ and even preferred to those o^etals, as. not being
liable to fall in value like tl^em. . This plausible scheme
being also rejected as an improper expedient, Mr. Law
now abandoned his native country, and went to Holland,
on purpose to improve himself in that great school of
banking and finance. ' He aftewards resided at Brussels,
where his profound skill in calculation is said to have con-
tributed to his extraordinary success at play.

On bis arrival at Paris, bis miud was occupied with
higher objects, and be now presented to the comptroller-
general of the finances under Louis XIV. a plan which was
approved by that minister, but is said to have been rejec-
ted by the king because-^^ he would have nothing to do with
a heroic.'* ^ After, however, a short residence in Sardinia,
where he in vain wanted to persuade Victor Amadeus to
adopt one of bis plans for aggrandizing his. territories, he
returned to Paris on the death of Louis XIV. and was

* A reward of 50/. was offered in in his face, bi^' high nose, speech

the I«oodon Gazette of Jan. 3—7, brci^d and loud." Nichols's Leioes-

1694-5, in which he is described as tershire, vol. III. in which are sqiq^

;|ged twenty-six, *^ a black lean tnkn, curious particulars of Mr. Law.
flibottt six feet high, large pock-holes

«* LA W.

more f avoarably received. He gained the ednfidence of
the regent to such a degree, that he not only admitted
him to all his convivial parties, bat nominated him one of
bis counsellors of state. France was at this time btirtbened
with an immense debt, which Law proposed to liqilidate^
by establishing a bank for issuing notes secured on landed
property, and on all the royal, revenues, unalleiiably en*
gaged for that purpose. This scheme was apjMroved of,
, but the conjuncture being thought unfavourable, be could
Only obtain letters patent, dated May 30, 17i6, for es«
tal}lishing a private bank at Paris, along with his brother
and some other associates. This scheme promised suc-
cess, and the bank had acquired great credit, when it was
dissolved id December 1718, by an arbitrary arret of the
regent, who, observing the great advantages arising from
it, and perceiving also that the people were growing fond
of paper money, resolved to take it into the hands of go*
• vernment.

Mn Law, however, was named director- general of this
royal bank, and branches of it were established at Lyons,
Rocbelle, Tours, Orleans, and Amiens. In 1720, he he*
gan to develope his grand project, so well known to all
Europe, under the name of the Missisippi scheme. This
scheme was no less than the vesting the whole privileges^
effects, and possessions of all the foreign trading compa-
nies, the great farms, the profits of the mint, the general
receipt of the king's revenue, and the management and
property of the bank, in one great company, who thus
naving in their hands all the trade, taxes, and royal re«
venues, might be enabled to multiply the notes of the
bank to any extent they pleased, doubling or even trebling
at will the circulating cash of the kingdom ; and by the
greatness of their funds, possessed of a power to carry, tb^
foreign trade, and the culture of the colonies, to a height
altogether impracticable by any other means. This mon-
strous and impracticable monopoly was approved of by the
regent, who issued letters patent for erecting the *^ Com-^
pany of the West,'' to which he granted at the same time,
the whole province of Louisiana, or the country on the
river Missisippi, from which the scheme took its name.
That part of America having been represented as a region
abounding in gold and silver^ anjd po$ses8ing a ^rtile and
lu^Lurious soil, the actions or shares were bought up with

\

LAW. aft

«

greftt avidity ; and »uch vvas the rage for specuhtion, that
the unimproved parts of the colony were actually sold for
10,000 hvres the square league.

The " Company of the West," of which Law was of
coiorse dh^ector-general, in pursuance of his scheme, un*
dertook the Isrm of tobacco at an advanced rent of upwards
of two miUions of livres; they soon after engrossed the
charter and effects of the Senegal company, and in May
1719, actually procured the grant of an exclusive trade to
the East Indies, China, and the South*seas, with all the
possessions and e|Feets of the China and India companies,
which were now dissolved on the condition of liquidating
their debts. The price oi actions soon rose from 550 to 1006
livres each. On July 25th, the mint was made over to
this company, which now assumed the natne of ^' The
Gompaoy of the Indies" for a consideration of fifty mil-
lions of livres, and on Aug. 27, following, they also obtained
a lease of the farms, for which they agreed to pay thre6
mtUiofls and a half of livres advanced rent. Having
thus concentered within themselves, not only the whole
foreign trade and possessions of France, but the collection
and management of the royal revenues, they promised an
annuaLdividend of 200 livres per share, in consequence
of which the price of actiens rose to 5000 livres, and
,a rage for the purchase of their stock seems to have infa«
tuat^d all ranks in the kingdom. The whole nation,
clergy, laity, peers, and plebeians, statesmen, and princ'es,
nay even ladies, who had, or could procure money for
that purpose, turned stock-jobbers, outbidding each other
widi such avidity, that in November 1719, after some
.flttctoations, the price of actions tost to above 10,000
livres, more than sixty times the sum they originally
sold fon

Our projector had now arrived at an unexampled pitch
of power and wealth; he possessed the ear of the duke of
Orleans ; he was almost adored by the people, and was
constantly surrounded by princes, dukes, and prelates,
who courted his friendship, and even seemed ambitious of
his patronage* Such was the immensity ot his property,
that be bought no less than fourteen estates with titles an*
nexed to them, among which was the marquisate of Rosny«
that bad belonged to the great duke 6f Sully, the minister
and friend of Henry IV. About this period too, a free

90 LAW.

I

pardon^ for the murder of Mr. Wilson was conveyed la
him from England, while Edinburgh, proud of having
produced so great a man, transmitted the freedom of the
city in a gold box.

The only obstacle to his advancement to the highest
offices in the state being soon after removed by his abju*
ration of the protestant religion, he was declared comp*
troller-general of the finances on Jan « 18, 1720* But
after having raised himself to such an envied situation, he
at length fell a sacrifice to the intrigues of the other mi-
nisters, who, playing upon the fears of the regent, induced
him to issue an arret on May 21, 1720, which, contrary
to sound policy, and even to the most solemn stipulations,
reduced the value of the company's bank notes one half^
and fixed their actions or shares at 5000 livres. By this
fatal step, which seems to have been taken in opposition
to the opinion and advice of the comptroller*general, the
whole paper fabrick was destroyed, and this immense spe-
culation turned out to be a mere bubble. The conster*
nation of the populace was soon converted into rage; troops
were obliged to be stationed in all parts of the capital to
prevent ipischief ; and such was the depreciation of this
boasted paper money, that 100 livres were given for a
single louis-d'or. Law with some difficulty made his
escape to Brussels, and of all his wealth and property, re-
tained only the salary of his office, through the friendship
of the duke of Orleans.

After waiting for some time, in expectation of being re-
called to France, he travelled through part of Europe, and
at length, in consequence of an invitation from the British
ministry, arrived in England in Oct. 1721, was presented
to the king, George I. and afterwards hired a house in
Conduit-street, Hanover-square, where he was daily vi-
sited by people of the first quality and distinction. In
1722 he repaired once more to the continent, and con-
cluded the chequered course of his life at Venice, in March
1729, in the fifty-eighth year of his age. He was at this
time in a state little removed from indigence. Various
opinions have been entertained respecting the merit of his

* It 18 said in the work quoted in what improbable ; but we ought p^r-

the preceding: note, that he found haps, to recollect that. there was a

means to pacifjibe surviving relations time, a short one, indeed, when Mrw

of Mr. WiUon, 9}^ the payment of not Law Could comDund greater aujiis.
less than I00,000f. This appears some*

LAW. 91

project, but it seems generally agreed that if it had not
been violently interrupted by the rec^ent's arret, it was too
insecure in its principles to have been permanent. His
family estate of Lauriston is still in the possession of his
descendants, one of whom, the eldest son of John Law de
Lauriston, governor of Pondicherry, was one of the offi-
cers wbo perished in the unfortunate voyage of De la Pe-
Touse, and was succeeded as the head of the family, by
general Lauriston, known in this country as the bearer of
the ratification of the preliiioinaries of the short-lived peace
between Great Britain and France in 1802.^

LAW (William), the author of many pious works of
great popularity, was bom at King^s-cliffe, in Northamp-
tonshire, in 1686^ and was the second son of Thomas Law,
a grocer. It is supposed that he received his early edu*
cation at Oakham or Uppingham, in Rutlandshire, whence
on June 7, 1705, he entered of Emmanuel college, Cam-
bridge. In 1708 he commenced B. A. ; in 1711, was
elected fellow of bis college; and in 1712 took his degree
of M. A. Soon after the accession of his majesty George L
being called upon to take the oaths prescribed by act of
parliament, and to sign the declaration, he refused, and
in consequence vacated his fellowship in 1716. He was
after this considered as a nonjuror. It appears that he had
for some time officiated as a curate in London, but had
no ecclesiastical preferment. Soon after his resignation of
bis fellowship he went to reside at Putney, as tutor to Ed-
ward Gibbon, father to the eminent historian. When at
home, notwithstanding his refusing the oaths, he continued
to frequent his parish-church, and join in communion with
his fellow parishioners. In 1727 he founded an alms-house
at ClifFe, for the reception and tnaintenance of two old
women, either unmarried and helpless, pr widows ; and a
school for the instruction and clothing of fourteen girls.
It is thought that the money thus applied was the gift of
an unknown benefactor, and given to him in the following
manner. While he was standing at the door o^ a shop in
London, a person unknown to him asked whether his name
was William Law, and whether he was of King's-cliffe ;
and after having received a satisfactory answer, delivered
SI sealed paper, directed to the Rev. Wiliiaoi Law, which'

1 Hiit» of Ihe Parish of Cramond, 1794, 4to.— Private Life of Loais XV*
translated by Justaroond. — Voltaire's Siecle de liOuis XV.— ^Dict* Hist^««
Ktchols's Leicestertlure, vol. IIL

9» LA W.

contained a bank note for 1000/. But as there is no proof
that this w^s given to him in trust for the purpose, he is
fully entitled to the merit of having employed it in the ser->
vice of the poor ; and such beneficence was perfectly con-
sistent with his general character.

At what time Mr. Law quitted Mr. Gibbon^s house at
Putney, his biographer has not discovered, but it appears
that some time before 1740, he was instrumental in bring-*
ing about ah intimacy between Mrs. Hester Gibbon, his
pupiPs sister, and Mrs. Elizabeth Hutcheson, widow of
Archibald Hutcheson, esq. of the Middle Temple. Mr«
Hutcheson, when near his decease, recommended to his
wife a retired life, and told her he knew no person whose
society would be so likely to prove profitable and agree-^
able to her as that of Mr. Law, of whose writings he highly
approved. Mrs. Hutcheson, whose maiden name was Law-»
rence, had been the wife of <iolonel Robert Steward ; andf
when she went to reside in Northamptonshire, was in pos-»
session of a/large income, from the produce of an estate
which was in her own power, and of a life interest in pro-'
perty settled on her in marriage, or devised to her by Mr«
Hutcheson. These two ladies, Mrs. Hutcheson and Mrs.
H. Gibbon, appear to have been of congenial sentiments,
and now formed a plan of living together in the conntiy,
fbr from that circle of society generally called the world ;
and of taking Mr. Law as their chaplain, instructor, and
almoner. With this view they took a house at Tbrapston,
in Northamptonshire; but that situation not proving agree-'
able to themj the two ladies enabled Mr. Law, about I740,
to prepare a roomy house near the church at King's-clifitey
and in that part of the town called **The Hail-yardi-*
This house was then possessed by Mr. Law, and was the
only property devised to him by his father. Here the
whole income of these two ladies, after deducting the fru*'
gal expences of their household, was expended in acts- of
charity to the poor and the sick, and in donations of greater
amount to distressed persons of a somewhat higher class.-
Afld after twenty years residence^ Mr. Law died in this
bouse April 9, 1761. ^

By some persons now or lately living at Cliffe, wbor
knew Mn Law, it is reported that he was by nature of an^
active and cheerful disposition, very warm-hearted, unaf*
fected, and affable, but not to appearance so remarkable
for' meekness ^^ as. some others of the mo3t revered mem*.

LAW. M

lien of ibe Christian church , are reported to hare been,^
He was in stature rather oyer than under the middle size ;
not corpulent, but stout made, with broad shoulders ; his
visage was round, his eyes grey, his features welUpropor«»
tioned, and not large, his complexion ruddy, and his coun*
penance open and agreeable. He was naturally more in-
clioed to be merry than sad. In his habits he was very re-
gular and temperate; he rose early, breakfas^d in his
bed-room on one cup of ohocolate ; joined Us family in
prayer at nine o'clock, and again, soon i^ter noon, at dinner*
When the daily provision for the poor was not made punc«
tually at the usual hour, he expressed bis displeasure
sharply, but seldom on any oAer occasion. He did not
join Mrs, Gibbon and Mrs. Hutcheson at the tea-table, but
sometimes ate a few raisins standing while they sat. At ai|
early supper, after an hour's walk in his field, or elsewhere,
be ate something, and drank one or two glasses of wine ;
then joined in prajNir with the ladies and their servants,
attended to the reading of some portion of scripture, and
at nine o'clock retired.

We know not where a n^re just character pf this singu-
lar man can be found than in the *^ Miscellaneous Works'^
of Gibbon, the historian, who has for once praised a
qhurchman and a man of piety, not only without irony^
. bnt with affection. '^ In our family," says Gibbon, ^' he
left the reputation of a worthy and pious man, who be-
lieved all that he professed, and practised all that he en-
joined. The character of a nonjuror, which he maintained
to the last, is a sufficient evidence of his principles in
church and state ; and the sacicifice of interest* to conscience
will be always respectable. His theological writings, which
our domestic connection has tempted me to peruse, pre-
serve an imperfect sort of life, and I can pronounce with
more confidence and knowledge on the merits of the att«
thor. His last compositions are darkly tinctured by the
incomprehensible visions of Jacob Behmen ; and his dis-
course on the absolute unlawfulness of stage-entertain-p^
ments is sometimes quoted for a ridiculous intemperance
of sentiment and language. — But these sallie; of religious
phrensy roust not extinguish the praise which is due to
Mr. William Law as a wit and a scholar. His argument
on topics of less absurdity is specious and acute, his
ipanoer is lively^ his style forcible and clear; and, had
not his vigorous mind been clouded by enthusiasm, he

M

LAW.

ttighc be ranked with the most^ agreeable and ingenloiM
writers of the times. While the Bsingorian controrersj
was a fashionable tbemey he entered the lists on the stA*^
jeck of Christ's kingdom^ and the 9»otfaority of the priest-
hood ; against the ' Pkin account of the sacrament of th^
Lord's Supper' he resomed the combat witb bishop Hoadly^
the object of Whig idolatry and Tory abhorrence ; and at
every weapon of attack and defence, the nonjuror, on the
ground which is common to both, approves himself at least
^ual to the prelate. On the appeaurance of the < Fable of
the Bees/ he drew his pen against the licentious doctrine
that private vices are public benefits^ and morsdity as-well
as religion must joih in his applause. Mr. Law's master-
work, the ' Serious Call,' is still read as a popular and.
powerful book of devotion. His precepts are rigid, but
they are founded on the gospel ; his satire is shaq), but it
is 'drawn from the knowledge of human life ; and many of
his portraits are not unworthy of tbefWB of La Bruyere *»
If he finds a spark of piety in bis reader's mind, he wiil
soon kindle it to a flame ; and a philosopher must allow-
that he exposes, with equal severity and truth, the strange
contradiction between the faith and practice of the Chris-
tian world."

As a theologian, Law held certain tenets peculiar to
himself which, either from being misunderstood, or mis*
represented, subjected him at different times, to two veiy
opposite imputations, that of being a Socinian and that of
being a Methodist. What, however, was really erroneous
in his opinions has been ably pointed out by bisbop Horne
in a small tract, printed with his life, entitled " Cautions
to the readers of Mr. Law.'' It was in his latter days that
Mr. Law became most confused in his ideas, from having
bewildered his imagination . with the reveries of Jacob
Bebmeu, for whose sake be learned German that he might
fead his works, and whom he pronounces *^ the strongest,
the plainest, the most open, intelligiHef awakening, con-
vincing writer, that ever was." Although it is as a devon
tional writer that he is now best known^ and there, can be.no

* The late writer of Mr. Law's Life
is of opinion that Mr. Gibbon was
wrong in sopposing that *' Miranda,"
ID the '* S«inons C^allt" ivas intended
for his aunt, she being very young at
lier father's hoosa when the work was
wrttteo^ Of his power of drawing cha-

racters, Dr. WartoD speaks as highly
as Mr. Gibbon. ** There are some fe-
male characters sketched, with ex«|iii«
site delicacy and deep knowledge. o£
nature, in a book where one would not
expect to And them, in L&lr's ** Chris-
tian Perfection."

LAW, 95

doubt that his *< Serioijs eall^'' and << Christian pa-fec-
tioQ*^ have been singularly useful, it is as a controversial
writer, that he ought to be more highly praised. His let-
ters to bishop Hoadly are among the finest specimens of
controversial writing in our language, with respect to styles
wit, and argument.

Mr. Law's works amount to nine vols. Svo, and consist oF,
1. " A Serioi;<i Call to a devout aud holy life.'* 2. " A
practical Tr^tise on Christian Perfection." 3. ** Three
Letters to the Bishop of Bangor.'* 4. ^^ Remarks upon a
late Book, entitled, The Fable of the liees ; or private
vices public benefits." 5. '^ The absolute Unlawfulness
of Stage Entertainments fully demonstrated." 6. *^ The
Case of Reason, or Natural Religion,, fairly and fully
stated." 7* ^^ An earnest and serious answer to Dr«
Trapp's Discourse of the folly, sin, and danger, of being
righteous over much." 8. ** The -Grounds and Reasons of
Christian Regen«)ei|»op." 9. <^A Demonstration of the
gross and fundamental errors of a late book, cs^Ued, A plain
, account of the nature and end of the Sacrament of the Lord's
Supper." 10. << An Appeal to all that doubt or disbelieve
the Truths of the Gospel." 11. « The Spirit of Prayer;
or, the Soul rising out of the vanity of Time into riches of
Eternity* In two Parts." 12. " The Spirit of Love, ia
two Parts." 13. " The Way to Divine Knowledge; being
several Dialogues between Humanus, Academious, Rusti-
cus, and Tbeophilus." 14. '^ A shor,t but sufficient Con-
futation of the rev. Dn Warburton's projected Defence (as
he calls it) of Christianity, in his Divine Legation of Moji^s.
In a Letter to the right rev. the Lord Bishop of London.'*.
15. *^ Of Justification by Faith and Works; a Dialogue
between a Methodist and a Churchman," .8vo. 16. <^ A
Collection of Letters on the most interesting and impor-
tant subjects, ai^d on, several occasions." 17. '< An burna-
ble, earneat, and affectionate Address to the Clefgy."^

LA WES (H£NRY), an English musician, was the son of
Thomas Lawes, a vicar- choral of the church of Salisbury,

♦ ** When at Oxford," says Dr. I fouDd Law quite an over-match for

Jofansoo, '* I took up ' Law's Serious me ; and this was the first occasion of

Call to a Hoiy Life,' expecting to find my thinking in earnest of religion;

it a dull book (as such books generally after I became capable qf rational in*

mn), and perhaps to laugh at it. But quiry."

* ^ Short Account of the Life and Writings of Mr. Law, by Richard Tighe,
1813, Sto. — ^QiblK>n*8 Miscellaneous Works, vol. L pp. 14, 142. — Jones's IM
aif Bishop Home, pp. 73, a98««-.0€|it. Mag. vol. LX^.*-NichoU's Bowvec

§S L A W E S.

and born there about 1 60D, He was a dfsciple of Cope-
lario. In t625, he became a gentleman of the chapel
royal; and was afterwards appointed one of the private
music to Charles [. In 1653, were published his ^^ Ayreff'
and Dialogues," &c. fplio, with a preface by himself, and
commendatory verses by the poet Waller^ Edward and
John Phillips, nephews of Milton, and others. In the pre-
fitce, speaking of the Italmns, he acknowledges them iti
general to be the greatest mastars of music ; yet contends^
that this nation has produced as able musicians as any ia
Europe, He censures the fondness of his age for songs ia
a language whi^ the hearers do not understand ; and, to
ridicule it, mentions a song of his own composition, printed
at the end of the book, which is nothing but an iade¥, gcms-
taining the itiitial words of some old Itidian songs or ma-
drigals : and this index, which read together made a strange
inedley of nonsense, he says, he set' to a varied air, and
gave out that it came from Italy, by whioh it passed for au
Italian song. In the title*page of this book is a very fine
engraving of the author's head by Faithorne.

Twenty years before, in 1633, Lawes had been chosen
to assist in composing the airs, lessons, and songs of a
saasque, presented at Whitehall on Candlemas-night, be-
fore the king and queen, by the gentlemen of the four inns
of court, under the direction of Noy the attorney* general,
Hyde afterwards earl of Clarendon, Seldert^ Whitelock,
and others. Whitelock has given an account of it in bis
<^ Memorials,** &c. Lawes also composed tunes to Mr.
George Sandys's ^' Paraphrase op the Psalms," published
in 163S ; and Milton^s '' Comus" was originally set by him,
and published in 1637, with a dedication to lord Brady,
son and heir of the earl of Bridgewater. It was repre-
sented in^ 1634, at Ludlow*castle, Lawes himself perform-
ing in it the character of the attendant spirit. The music to.
'* Comus** was never printed ; and there is nothing in any
of the printed copies of the poem, or in the many accounts
of Milton, to ascertain the form in which it was composed.

I^wes taught music to the family of the earl of Bridge-
water : be was intimate v^itb Milton, as may be conjectured
from that sonnet of the latter, ^^ Harry, whose tuneful and
welUmeasured song." — Peck ^ays, that Milton wrote bis
masque of '^ Comus" at the request of Lawes, who engaged
to set it to music. Most of the songs of Waller are $et by
Lawes; and Waller has acknovfrtedged his obligation to

L A W E S.- 97

fcim for one in particular, which he had set in 1635, in ^
poem/ wherein be celebrates bis skill as a musician. Fen-
ton, in a note on this poem, says, that the best poets of
that age were ambitious of having their verses set by this
Incomparable artist ; who introduced a softer mixture of
Italian airs than before had been practised in our nation.
Dr. ^urney entertains another kind of suspicion. " Whe-
ther,'' says this historian, ^' Milton chose Lawes, or Lawes
Milton for a colleague in Comus, it equally manifests the
high rank in which he stood with the greatest poets of his
time. It would be illiberal to cherish such an idea ; but
it (f(?^5 sometimes seem as if the twin-sisters. Poetry and
Music, were mutually jealous of each other's glory : 'the
less interesting my sister's offspring may be,' says Poetry,
' the more admiration will my own obtain.' Upon asking
some years ago, why a certain great prince continued to
bonour with such peculiar marks of favour, an old per-
former on the ilute, when he had so many musicians of
superior abilities about him ? We were answered, * be-
cause he plays worse than himself.' And whp knows whe-
ther Milton and Waller were not secretly influenced by
tome iuch consideration ? and were not more pleased with
Lawes for not. pretending to embellish or enforce the sen-
timents of their songs, but setting them to sounds lesji
captivating than the sense."

He continued in the service of Charles I. no longer tha»a
till the breaking out of the civil wars ; yet retained his
place in the royal chapel, and composed the anthem for
the coronation of Charles II. He died Oct. 21, 1662, and
was buried in Westminster-abbey. ** If," says Hawkins,
^we were to judge of the merit of Lawes as a musician
from the numerous testimonies of authors in bis favour, we
should rank him among the first that this country has pro?-
duced ; but, setting these aside, his title to fame will ap-
pear to be but ill-grouhded. Notwithstanding he was a
servant of the church, he contributed nothing to the in-
creasJe of its stores: his talent lay chiefly in the composi-
tion of songs for a single voice, and in these the great and
almost only excellence is the exact correspondence be-
tweetl the accent of the music and the quantities of the
verse ; and, if the poems of Milton and Waller in his eom^
mendation be attended to, it will be found that bis care in
this particular is his chief praise.'* *

^ Ha«kms*f and Barney's Hist, of Masic.--Wartoo's MUIoIb, p. 345 ct if (jq.

Vol. XX. H

9S L A W E S.

r •

LA WES (William), brother to the preceding, waf
placed early in life under Coperario, for bis ndusical edu«
cation, at the expence of the earl of Hertford. His first
preTeraient was in the choir of Chichester, but be was
soon called to London, where, in 1 602, he was sworn a
gentleman of the chapel royal ; whicb place, however, be
resigned in 1611, and became one of the private, or cfaani-
ber- musicians, to Charles, then prince and afterwards king.
Fuller says, '^ he was respected and beloved of all such
persons as cast any looks towards virtue and honour :'^ and
he seems well entitled to this praise. He manifested bis
gratitude and loyalty to his royal master by taking up arms
in bis cause against the parliament. And though^ ta
exempt him from danger, lord Gerrard, the king's gene*
ral, made him a commissary in the royal army, yet the
activity of his spirit disdaining this intended security, at
the Kiege of Chester, 1 64 jf, he lost bis life by an accidental
shot. The king is said, by Fuller, to' have been so affecti^d
at his loss, that though he was alrescly in mourning for bis
kinsman lord Bernard Stuart, killed at tbe same siege^ his
majesty put ^* on particular lAourning for his deari^rvant
William Lawes, whom be commonly called the fatbet* 6S
music.** ' ' '

His chief compositions were fantastas for vioh^ and songS:
and symphonies for masques ; but his /brother Henry, m
the prefoce to the ** Choice Psalmes** for three voieei,
which they published jointly, boasts that ** he composM
mpre than thirty several sorts of music for voices and iii-
struoients, and that there was not any instrument in use' in
his titne but he composed for it as aptly as if be had ottfy
studied that." In Dr. Aldrich^s collection, Christ churchy
Oxon, there is a work of his called Mr. William lilwes^
Great Consort, ^< wherein are six setts of musicke, sik
books," His " Royal Cbiisort" for two treble viols> twi^
viol da gambas, and a thorough-bas^, wbicb was al^ay^
mentioned with reverence by his admirers in the s^ven;*
teenth century, is, says Dr. Bumey, one of the mostidjrj^
aukward, and unmeaning compositions we ever remenibe^
to have had the trouble of scoring. It must, boweve% ba^
been produced early in his life, as there are no bjit^j-an^
the passages are chiefly such as were used in queen EHs^a^
beth's time. In the music>school at Oxford are tylahfg^
manuscpipt volumes of his works in scoi^e, for.o\arioii»^ifl^
struments; one of which includes his original compositions

/ '

L A W E S. 99

ibr masques, performed before the king, and at the inns
of court.

Hb anthem for four voices, in Dr. Boyce's second vo«
lume, is the best and most solid composition of this author ;
though it is thin and confused in many places, with little
melody. He must have been considerably older than his
brother Henry, though they frequently composed in con-
junction ; but we are unable to clear up this point of pri*
mogeniture. Several of the songs of William Lawes occur
in the collections of the time, particularly in John Play-
£prd's Musical Companion^ part the second, eonsisting of
dialogues, glees, baJlads, and airs, the words of which are
in general coarse and licentious. The dialogue part, which
be furnished ta this book, is a species of recitative, wholly
'irithput accompaniment: and the duet at last, which is
palled a chorus, is insipid in melody, and ordinary in coun-
feerpoiptt His boasted cdnons, published by his brother
Henry at the end. of their psalms, as proofs of his great
abilities in harmony, when scored, appear so far from
finished composition^, that there is not. one of them totally
£ree firom pbjjsctioos, or that bears the stamp of a great
master.'

;LAWJI^NGE.(THMIAI^, an eminent .physician, the son
,pf captaiu Thomas Lawrence of the royal navy,' and grand*
son of Dr. Thomas Lawrence^ first physicism 'to queen
lAmie^was bom May 25, 1711, in the parish of St/ Mar-
garet, Westminster. His mc^er was Elizabeth, daughter
of Jlr^, Gabriel Soulden, merchant of Kinsale in Ireland,
and widow ai colonel Piers. His father's residence being
jwfc. Southampton, he was placed under the care of the rev.
iMe. Ktngsman, master of the free^school at that place, but /
bad previously received some education at Dublin, where
Jbis fytber was in 1715. . In 1727 he was entered as a com*
jnoner of Trinity college, Oxford, under the tuition of the
rev^ George Huddesibrd, afterwards president of that col-
lege ; and^here he pursued his studies until some time in
1734^ He then removed to London, and took a lodging
inutile oity for the convenience of attendhig St. Thomas's
liiospital, ami became a pupil of Dn Mcholls, who was a^
that time reading anatomical lectures, with uncommon
iQdebrily* Mr. Lawrence made a suitable progress under
so aUe aa imftru^tor, and at those lectures formed many of

4-

•

1 .

^Bumey in R««s*f CycIopaedia.^Hawkint.

B 2

100 LAWRENCE.

the friendships which he most valued during the remainder
of his life; among others he became here first acquainted
with Dr. Bathur9t9 who introduced him to the friendship of
DfT. Johnson.

. I0 1 740 he took his degree of M. D. at Oxford, and was^
uppn the resignation of Dr. Nicholls, chosen anatomical
Cfader in that univei'sityy where he read lectures forsom6
y^rs^ as he did also in London/ having quitted his lodg-
i#?gs in the city for a house in Lincoln's-inn-fields, which
had heen before occupied by Dr. NichoUs^ and was vacated
hy him upon, his naarriage with the daughter of Dr. Mead*.
On May 25, 1744^ Dr. Lawrence was married toFrano^ft,
daughter of Dr. Chauncy, a.physi<nan at Derby, and todk
9i bouse in Es$ex-«treet, in the Strand, where he oontimied
to read hi^ anatomical lectures till 1750, after which h^
laid tiiem aside. He jiow. devoted biniselftxai his >practic€^
which became very coosrderaMe^^ adrd -which he obtain^
•olejy by the reputation of his skill and integrity, fDir hk
Uboured under the. disadvantage of .frequent fits of dea^
neas, and knew no art of success but that of deserving i€»
In the same year ((744),^. he was. chos^a fellow of the royil
college of physicians in London, where he read bim^
cessively all the lectures instituted in that society ^tk-
great repiutation, both for his professional knowledge, and
for the purity and elegance of his Latin.; nor did he con«»
fine himself to the oral instnuction of his contemporartei^
for in i 7 5Q be published a. medioal disputation ^'De^Hyw
^rope,'* and ki 1759, " De iNatura Mus^uldrum preieC'-*
tion^ tres ;*' fmd when tbel College .publtihed 'the works aoif
Br. Harvey in 1766, Dr<r Lawrence wrote the life which is
prefixed to that edition, for which he had a oompUmeot oC
LOO guineas. In 1759 he wats.cfadssn elect, and- itrl96^
pdresident of the college, to which of&tt he was re-^IecteJL
for the seven succeeding y^ars. j » .

. About 1773, Dr. Lawrence^s health began to dedrne,
and be first perceived symptoms of that disorder on tlM.
breast which is called: angina pectoris^ and which oonumied.
to afflict him i;o the^end of Us life*-. Yet be remitted litde
of his attention, either to study ior biisin«»$ ; he s^llidl con^
linued bis custom of rising eariy^« that he migbt secDnto
leisure for study ; and hss old friend and instructor, Dt.
Kicfaolb,. dy'ingr in the beginning of .1 778, ^h8|Df»d a tfi»
bute of friendship and gratitude to hisinempry by writing
an account of his life, in Latin, Whicbwas pirinted for pri«

I

I

LAWRENCE, idl

Vate disfribution- in 1780^ 4to. Tlie^ death of his friwd
was soeii followed by a nearer loss, in Jan. 17^0, that of
his wife, with whom he had lived with great happiness for
above thirty*five years ; and from this time his health and
spirits declining more rapidly, his family prevailed. on hiti
to retire from business and London > he aocordingly re-^
moved with his femily to- Canterbury, in 1782, and died
there June 6, 1783. •

By bis wife he had six sons and three daughters, llie
death of one of his «ons in India, in 1783^ gave occasion
to a very elegant Latin ode by Dr. Johnson. Another of
his sons was the late sir Soulden Lawrence, one of the
judges of the king's bench ; sind Elizabeth, widow of George
Gipps^ esq. M.P. for Canterbury^ is now, we believe, the
only survivor of Dr. Lawrence's family. *

LAZIUS (Wolfgang), physician and historian to the
emperor Ferdinand I. was born *at Vienna in 1 504, -and
there taught the belles lettres and physic for some years
with great reputation.- He died in 1555. His numerous
works shew him to have been indefatigable in l>is re-*
searches, but not so judicious in digesting his materials*
The principal arei» 1. ** Commentariorum ReipubUc« Ro-
manes in exteris Prbvinciis hello acqoisitis constitiitae,"
Libri XII. 1598, fol. 2..^f De Gentium migrationibus,*'
1572, fol. in whi^h he examines particularly the migrations;
of the northern people, which weakened and divided the
Roman empire;- 3. " Geographia PannonJse," in Ortelius,'*
4v *< De rebus Viennensibu?," 1546. 5. " In Genealogiam
Austriacam Commentarii,-' 1504, fol. &c. The greatest
part of this author-s works were eollected and printed at
Francfort, 1698, 2 vols, fol.*

LEAKE (Richard), master-gunner of England, was born
at Harwich, in 1629, and beiiHg bred to the siea- service,
distinguished himself by his skill and bravery in many
actions. At the restoration he was made master-gunner
of the Pxii^icess, a frigate of fifty guns; and in the first
Dutch war exhibited his skill and bravery jn two very
extraordinai'y actions, in one against fifteen sail of Duich
men of war, and another in 1667, against two Danish ships
in the Baltic, in which, the principal officers being killed,

* Gent. Mag. Tol. LVII. — Cenaura Literaria, toI. I.—Hawkins and Boswell's
Lives of JohosoB.

« Niceron, vol. X^XL — Moreri.— Bullart's Academic des Sctanccs.—Saxii
OBomast. * '

lot LEAKE.

«

the coinmand devolved od bim, though only master-gun- .
Sier. In 16159 be was promoted to be gunner of the Royal
Prince, a first-rate man of war. In 1673 be was engaged
with his two sous Henry and John, against Van Trump,
His ship was the Royal Prince, a first-rate man of war, all
the masts of which were shot away, four hundred of her
tnen killed or disabled, and most of her upper tier of gunf(
dismounted. Whilst she was thus a wreck, a large Dutch
ship of war came down upon her, with two fire-ships, mean^i-
ing to burn or carry her off. Captain, afterwards sir George
Rooke, thinking -her condition hopeless, ordered the mea
to save tbeir lives, and strike the colours. Mr. Leake,
hearing this, ordered tb^ lieutenant off the quarter«decky
and took the command upon himself, saying, '^ the Royal
Prince shall never be given up while I am alive to defeod
her.*' The chief-gunner's gallantry communicated it;seli^
to all around ; the crew returned with spirit to tbeir guns^.
and, under the direction of Mr. Leake and his two sons,,
compelled the Dutchman to sheer off, and sunk both the
fireships. Leake afterwards brought the Royal Prince safe,
to Chatham ; but the joy of his victory was damped by the,
loss of his son Henry, who was killed by bis side. He wi^
afterwards made master-gunner of England, and store*
keeper of the ordnance at Woolwich. He bad a particular
genius for every thing which related to the, management of
artillery, and was the first whp contrived to fire on f, mortar
by the blast of a piece, which has been used ^vet sincev
He was also very skilful in the Tsomposition of fire-works,
which he often and successfully exhibited for the amuse*
men't of the king, and his brother, the duke of York. He
died in 1686, leaving a son, who is the s.ubject of our next
article. '

LEAKE (Sir John), a brave and successful Engliisb adt-
miral, son of the preceding, was born in 1656, at Rotber-
hithe, in Surrey, His father instructed him both in ma-
thematics and gunnery, with a view to the navy, and en-
tered hina early into that service as a midshipman ; in which
station he distinguished himself, under his father, at the
above-mentioned engagement between sir Edward Spragg;e
and Van Trump, in 1673, being then no more thao seved-
teen years old. Upon the conclusion of that war soon
after, he engaged in the merchants' service, and had the

^ Bioff. Brit.

LEAKE. IDS

* command of a ship two or three voyages ap the Mediter-
ranean ; but his inclination lying to the navy, he did not
long remain unemployed iu it. He had indeed refused a
lieutenant's commission ; but this was done with a view to
the place of master-gunner, which was then of much
greater esteem than it is at present. When his father was
advanced, not long after, to thotcommand of a yacht, he
gladly accepted the offer of succeeding him in the post of
gunner to the Neptune, a second-rate man of war. This
Hiippened about 1675; and, the times being peaceable*,
he remained in this post without any promotion till 1688.
James II. having then resolved to fit out a strong fleet, to
prevent the invasion from Holland, Leake had the com-
mand of the Firedra^e fireship, and distinguished himself
by several important services ; particularly, by the relief
of Londonderry in Ireland, which was chiefly effected by
his means. He was in the Firedrake in the fleet under
lord Dartmouth, when the prince of Orange landed ; after
which he joined the rest of the protestant officers in an
address to the prince. The importance of rescuing Lon*
donderry from the hands of king James raised him in the
navy ; and, after some removes, he had the command
given him of 'the Eagle, a third-rate of 70 guns. In 1692,
ihe distinguished figure he made in the famous battle off
X^a Hogue procured him the particular friendship of Mr.
(afterwards admiral) Churchill, brother to the duke of
Marlborough ; and he continued to behave on all occasions
with great reputation till the end of the war ; when, upon
concluding the peace of Ryswick, his ship was paid off,
Dec. 5, 1697. In 1696, on the death of his father, his
friends had procured for him his father's places of master-
gunner in England, and store-keeper of Woolwich, but
these he declined, being ambitious of a commissioner's
place in the navy ; and perhaps be might have obtained it,
I had not admiral Churchill prevailed with him not to think

of quitting the sea, and procured him a commission f6r a
third-rate of 70 guns in May 1699. Afterwards, upon the
prospect of a new war, he was removed to the Britannia,
the finest first-rate in the navy, of which he was appointed,
Jan. 1401, first captain of three under the eairl of Pem-^
broke, newly made lord high admiral of England. This
was the highest station he could have as ^a captain, and
higher than any private captain ever obtained either before
or since. Bu^ upon the earl's removal, to make way for

104 LEAKE.

prince George of Denmark, Boon after queen Anne's aor
cession to the throne, Leakeys commission under him bc^
coming void, May 27, 1702, he accepted of the Associa-
tion, a second-rate, till an opportunity ofiered for his far-^
ther promotion. Accordingly, upon the declaration ofwa^
against France^ be received a commission, June the 24thr
that year, from prince George, appointing him commandeK*^
in chief of the ships designed against Newfoundland. He
arrived there with his squadron in August, and, destroying>
the French trade and settlements, restored the English to.
the possession of the whole island. This gave him an op-
portunity of enriching himself by the sale of the capturesy .
at the same time that it gained hioi the favour of the nation,
by doing it a signal service, without any great danger of
not succeeding ; for, in ,truth, all the real fame he ac-
quired on this occasion arose from his extraordinary dis-
patch and diligence in the execution.

Upon his return home, he was appointed rear-admiral pf
the filue, and vice-admiral of the same squadron ; bu^ de-
clined the honour of knighthood, which, however, be ac-
cepted the following year, when he was engaged with a4^
miral Rooke in taking Gibraltar. Soon after this, be p^rr
ticulariy distinguished himself in the general eiigagenie^t
off Malaga ; and, being l^ft with a winter-guard at Lisboa.
for those parts, he relieved Gibraltar in 1705, which the
French had besieged by sea, and the Spaniards by land,.
and reduced to the last extren^ity. ' He arrived Oct* 29,
and so opportunely for the besieged, that two days would^
in all probability, have, decided their fate; but this Wft9
pXevented by sir John's ^seasonable arrival. In F^b. 1705^
he received a commission, appointing .hinoi vice-^admiral.of
the white, and, in March, relieved Gibraltar a secpnct time<^
On March 6 be set sail for that place ; and, pn the lOtbtj
attacked five ships of the French fleet coming <]tiat, of tbei
^^y» of whom two were taken, two more r.un ashore,! amii
were destroyed; and baron Pointi died soon after of the
wounds he received in the battle. The rest of the French,
fleet, having intelligence of sir John's coming, had left
the Bay the day before his arrival there. He had no sooner
anchored, but he received the letter inserted below from,
the prince of Hesse * : his highness, also presented bii^

^ " Sir, I expected with great im- and good success at this your second
patience this good opportunity to ex- appearing off this place, wbtch I hopw
prefs my hearty joy for your great hath been the first stroke towards o«r

LEAKE. las:

with a gold cup on the oeca«ioiD« This blow styucfc apaiiici-
along the whole coast, Of which, sir John received thd
following a^counti in a letter Irom Mr. Hill, envoy to the
court of.Savpy: •*! can tell you/* nays, be^ '^yoar lata
fiuccess against Mn Pointi put ^1 the French coast into a.
great cans^teroation^ as if yon we^e come, to ^cour. the. whole.
Mediterrc^nean. AU the riiips of war. that were in the road
of Toulon were hauled into the harbour ; and notbingdorit'
look ottt for some day».V In short, the. effect at Gibraltar
was, that the enemy, in a few days, entirely raised the si^ge|.
and marched off, leaving only a detachment at ^ome)distani:e[>
to observe the garrison ^ so that this iosportant place was
se<?ured from any farther attempts of the enemy. Tbera
are but few instances in which the sea< and land.officerai
agreed so well together in an expedition^ and sacrificed all
private .views and passions to a disinterested regard for the
public good. . . ,

The same year, 1705, sir John was engaged in the joh.
duction of Barcelona ; . after which, being iieCt at the head
of a squadron in the Mediterranean, be. conaert^d an. ex*
pedition to surprize the Spanish galleons.io i the bay- oC^
Cadiz; but this proved unsuccessfnl, hyxbe management;
of the confederates. In 1 706, he relieved Barcelona, re-*/
dueed to the last extremity, and thereby, occasioned the*
siege to be raised by king Philip. This was so great a^
deliverance of bis competitor, king Charles, afterwards
emperor of Germany, that he annually commemorated it^i
by a public thanksgiving on the 26th of May^ as long aa
he lived. The.raising of the siege was attended with a total
eclipse of the sun, which did not a little. increase the enei*
my?s consternation, as if the heavens ooncorred to defeat
the designs of the French, whose monarch had assumed*
the son for his device ; in allusion to which, . the reverse of
the medal. struck by queen. Anne on this occasion, repre-
sented the sun in eclipse over the cit^ and harbour of Bar-^
c^oiia. .Presently after this success at Barcelona, sir John
rediaced the city of Carthagena, whence, proceeding to
those of Alicant and Joyce, they both submitted to him ;

relief; . the cneiny, since fire dayf, consequences of it: and I in particular

baring began to withdraw their heavy cannot express my hearty thanks aad

caomMi, b^ng the effects- on(y to be obligations I lie under. I ami ^itb

ascribed, to your eondnet and care* great -aincerity and respect, Ue*
'TfSonly to you the public owes, and Ocorge, Prince of Hesse»''

will owe, so tMMf irttLt and happy

106 LEAK E.

ftnd he concluded the campaign of that year with the re<^
duction of the city and island of Majorca. Upon his re*
tarn home, prince George of Denmark presented him witH
ik dtamond-ring of four hundred pounds value ; and be had
the honour of receiving a gratuity of a thousand pounds
from the queen^ as a reward for his services. Upon the
unfortunate death of sir Cloudesly Shovel, 1707, he was
advanced to be admiral of the whiCCi and commander in
chief of her majesty^s fleet. In this command he returned
to the Mediterranean, an^, surprizing a convoy of the
enemy^s corn, sent it to Barcelona, and saved that city
atid the confederate army from the danger of famine, in
1708. Soon after this, convoying the new queen of Spaiii'
to her consort, king Charles, he was presented by her
majesty wiUi a diamond«ring of three hundred pounds va^
lue. From this service he proceeded to the island of Sar- •
dinia, which being presently reduced by him to the obe^-
dience of king Charles, that of Minorca was soon after sur^
rendered to the fleet and land-forces.

Having brought the campaign to so happy a conclusion^
be returned home ; where, during his absence, he had been
appointed one of the council to the lord-high-admiral, and <
was likewise elected member of parliament both' for Har-
wich and Rochester, for the latter of which he made his
choice. In December the same year, he was made a ser
cond time admiral of the fleet. In May 1709, he was con-
stituted rear-admiral of Great-Britain, and appointed onei
of the lords of the admiralty in December. Upon thct
change of the ministry in 1710*, lord Orfbrd resigning the
place of first commissioner of the admiralty, sir John
Leake was appointed to succeed him ; but be declined that
post, as too hazardous, on account of the divisions at that
juncture. In 1710, he was chosen a second time member
of parliament for Rochester, and made admiral of the fleet
the third timeinM711, and again in 17.12, when he con-
ducted the English forces to take possession of Dunkirk;
Before the expiration of the year, the commission of ad*
miral of the fleet was given to him a fifth time. He was
also chosen for Rochester a third time. Upon her majesty^s
decease, Aug. 1, 1714, his post of rear-admiral was de-
termined ; and he was superseded as admiral of the fleet
by Matthew Aylmer, esq. Nov. 5. In the universal change
that was made in every public department, upon the acces-
sion of George I. admiral Leake could not expect to be

L E A X E. 107

excited. Al^ ^8 lie lived privately ; mnd, bailding a
little box at Gteenwich, spent part of his time there, re«
Ueating aometimes to a coantry-boqie he had at Bedding*
6m in Surrey. When a yoaog man, be bad married a
daughter of captain Richard Hill of Yarmouth ; by whom
he had oue son, an only child, whose miscdnduct had giren
him a great deal of uneasiness. In Aug. 1719, he was
seized with an apoplectic disorder ; but it went off witbout
any visible ill consequence. Upen the death of his son, which
happened in March following, after a lingering incurable
^isoi'cler, he discovered more than ordinary alffliction ; nor
was he himself ever well after ; for he died in his house at
Greenwich, Aug. 1, 1720, in his sixty-fifth year. By bis
win, he devised his estate to trustees for the use of his son
during life : and upon his death without issue, to captain
Martin, .who married his wife's sister, and his heirs.'

LEAKE (Stephen Martin}, a herald and antiquary,
son of captain Stephen Martin, mentioned in the preceding
article,' was born April 5, 1702. He was educated at the
school of Mr. Michael Maittaire, and was admitted of the
Middle- temple. In 1724 he was appointed a deputy-*
fieuteuant of the Tower-hamlets ; in which station be after*
wands distinguished himself by his exertions during the
rebellion in 1745. On the revival of the order of the Bath
in 1725, he was one of the esquires of the earl of Sussex,
deputy earl-marshal. He was elected F. A. S. March 2,
1726- ?• In the same year he was created Lancaster be-
laid, in the room of Mr. Hesketh ; in 1729 constituted
Norroy; in. 1741 Clarenceux ; and by patent dated De«
cember 19, 1754, appointed garter. In all his situations
ip, the college Mr. Leake was a constant advocate for the
];ights and privileges of the oflSce. He obtained, after
iiniuch solicitation, a letter in 173 1, from the duke of Nor-
folk to the earl of Sussex, bis deputy earl-marsbal, re-
questing him to sign a warrant for Mr. Leakeys obtaining
a commission of visitation, which letter, however, was not
attended with success. In the same year he promoted a
prosecution against one Shiets, a painter, who pretended
ig) keep an office of arms in Dean's-court. The court of
chivalry was opened with great solemnity in the painted-
qbamber, on March 3, 1731-2, in relation to which be bad
taken a principal part. In 1733, he appointed Francis Bas-

. * Biog. Brir.

log LEA K.E.

siai:H>9 of Chester, hnitputy^ as Norroj; iior. Chester ttoni
North Wales; and abont tbe^^me time asserted biarightyo
as Norroy, to grant arois ia Noirtb Wales, which right watf
clainaed by Mr. .LongTille^t who had been > constituted
Gioucester King nt Arms partium Wallia^ annexed to tba^
of Bath King at Arms^ at the revival of that order. He
dreyif up a petition in January 1737-8, .which was presented
tp the king in council, for a new charter, virith the sold
power, of painting arms, &€. which petition was referred
to the attorney and solicitor genenal; but .they makings
their report favourable to the painters, it did not succeeds
He printed, in 1744, '^ Reasons for granting Commissionff
to the Provincial Kings at Arms for visiting their Pro^
vinces." Dr. Cromwell Mortimer, having, in 1747, pro^
posed to establish a registry for . dissenters io the college
of arms, be had many meetings with the heads of. the seve-
ral denominations, and alsp of the Jews, and drew up ar«
tides of agreement,: which, were approved by all parties it
proposals were printed and dispersed, a jseal made to affiis
to certificates, and the registry was opened on Febroary
SO, 1747-^; hut it did not succeed, .oiwing to a misun«<
derstanding between the ministers and the deputies of the
congregations. A bill. having been brought in by Mr/
Potter, in the session of parliament. in the year 176S, foi^
taking the number of the people,, with their marriages and
births, he solicited a claim in favour of the college: but
the hill did not pass. In 1165^6, he made an abstract of
the register-books belonging to. th£ order of the gaster^^
Mrhich being translated iotx> Latin, was deposited in the re^ -
gister^s oCBce of the order.

In 1726, he published his '^NummiBritan. Historia, or
Historical Account of English .Money.'' A new editiooyf
with large additions, was printed in 1.745, dedicatedto the
duke of Suffolk. It is much to Mr. Leake's honour, that
he ws^s j^he first writer upon the English coinage. Froa|^
a^ectionate gratitude to admiral sir John Leake, and at the
particular desire .o£ hip father,- he h&d written a history of
the life of that ^dmisal, prepared from a great collection* ^
of b^oks aqd papers relating to the subject which were ia
his possession* Thiikhe published in 1750, in large octavo^
Fifty copies only were printed, to be given tothisrfriends^:
this book is therefore very scarce and difficult to be ob«^
tained. Bowyer, in 1766, printed for him fifty copies of
the Statutes of the Order of St. George, to enable him to

X S A K E. 109

capply" each kiyight at liis tnstallatiofi with one, as he was
required td do offietally.! Eir^r attentive to proniote scifence^
lie'wasxofistantiy adding to the ki^owledge of armS| de-
tileatis, iiotiorS) preo^deiK:^,: the history of the college, and
oftfae several pierAOtis who bad been officers of arms, and
itvtrj cfther subject in any manner connected with his of-
Ace. He also wrote* several original essays on some of
tho^'flubj^fotf. " These mtilti&hous collections are con-
tained in a pward' of -il Ay volmnesj all ih his own hand*
Hrritffig; #hich*MS., mth many others, he bequeathed to
Ilia son, John*Mf(rtiii Leake, esq. He married Ann,
^ungest daughter, and' at lei^gth sole-heiress of Fletcher
liPervali, esq. of Downton, in the parish and county of
fttfdnor, by Ann- bis wife, daughter of Samuel Hoole of
iix>ndon, %y vi^om he had nine children, six sons and thre6
daughters; all of' whom surviyed him. He died at his
aeat'. at Mile^nd at Middlesex, March 24, 1773, in the
Mi^eiftieth year of his age, and was bnried in the chancel
of' Thorpe S€»ken church in Essex, of which parish he was
Ibng impropriator, and owner of the seat of Thorpe -hall,
and the aitate belonging to it, inheriting them from his
father.*

LEAKE (John), an English physician and writer, waa
lihe 'sdn of a dergyman who was curate of Ainstable in
(Cttmberland. He was educated partly at Croglin, and
}f^Vf M Ae grammar*school at Bishop Auckland. He
th6Vi went to London, intending to engage in the military
)irofefsnon : but 6nding some promises, with which he had
been flattered, were not likely soon to be realized, h6
turned his attention to medicine. After attending the hos*
flitals, amd being admitted a member of the corporation of
tforgeons, an opportunity presented itself of improving
Utnsetf in foreign schools ; he embarked for Lisbon, and
€fterwaHs Tisited Italy. On his return, he established
him^lf as a surgeon and accoucheur in the neighbourhood
rf Piceadilly ; and about that time published " A Disserta-
tion oil the Properties and Effica^ of the Lisbon Diet-
driifk,^* whidh he professed to adnii'nister with success in
^any des|>erate cases of scrophuia, scurvy, &c. Where
4e~«bta(ii1ied bis doctor^s diplonia is not known ; but he be-
«ittitie ere long a licentiate of the College of Physicians,
and removed to Craven- street, where he began fo lecture

1 Nobie'f Hist of the Colkge of Amw.

no L E A K i.

on the obstetric art, and invited tbe fitculty to attend. In
1765 he purchased a piece of ground on a building lease,
and afterwards published the plan for the institution of tbe
Westminster Lying-in- Hospital : and as soon as the build*
ing was raised, be voluntarily, and without any considera*
tion, assigned over to the governors all his fight in the
premises, in favour of the hospital. He enjoyed a con*
siderable share of reputation and practice aji an accoucheur,
and as a lecturer; and was esteemed a polite and accoQi*
plished man. He added nothing, however, in the way of
improvement, to his profession, and his writings are> not
characterized by any e^itraordinary acuteness, or depthjii
research ; but are plain, correct, and practical. He vvas .
attacked, in the summer of 1792, with a disorder of . the
chest, with which he had been previously affected, and was
found dead in his bed on the 8th of August of that yeu".
He published, in 1773, a volume of ^^ Practical Observa*
tioDs on Child-bed Fever;'* and, in 1774, "A Lectnro
introductory to the Theory and Practice of Midwifery, in-
cluding tfie history, nature, and tendency of that scienccv *
&c. This was afterwards considerably altered and ehn
larged, and published in two volumes, under the title of
'^ Medical Instructions towards the prevention and cuie df
various ' Diseases incident to Women,** &c. The woi:k
passed through seven or eight editions, and was translated
into the French and German lauiguages. In th^ beginning
of 1792, a short time before his death, he published ^^^ A
practical Essay on the Diseases of the Viscera, patticu^arlgr
those of the Stomach and Bowels."^

LEAPOR (Mary), a young lady of considerable poeti*
cal talent, was born Feb. 26, 1722. Her father at thW
time was gardener to judge Blencowe, at Mars^n St
Lawrence, in Northamptonshire. She was brought, up
under the care of a pious and sensible mother, who died |k
few years before her. The little education which she re*
ceived, consisted wholly in being taught to read and wntCf
and it is said that she was for some time cook-ipaid in a
gentleman's family : with all these disadvantages, how^vef,
she began at a very early age to compose verses, at 6rsl
with tbe approbation of her parents, who afterwards, wa?^
gining an attention to poetry would be prejudicial to hei^

^ Hutchinson's Bio|;. Medlctt.-^Hutdunson's History of CumberIaikl.-<-<^fn!t»
Jllag. LXII.

L E A P O R. HI

ttndeavoure4 by .efery possible means to discouotenaooe

such pursuits. These, however, were ioeffectual^ aodshe

was at last left to follow her inclination. She died the

\12th of November, 1746, at Brackley ; and after her

death two volumes of her Poems, were printed in Svo, in

^'1748 and 1751, by subscription, the proposals for which

^ were drawn up by Mr. Garrick. Mr. Hawkins Browne was

editor of the second volume. Our late amiable poet and

crFtic, Cowper, had. a high opinion of Mrs*. Leapor'«

r poetry. '

: LEAVER. See LEVER.

' / LEBEUF (John), a French historian and antiquary, was
^ born «t Auxerre in 1687, and became a member of the
' academy of belles lettres and inscriptions of Paris in 1750.
;He died in 1760, aged 73. Among his productions are,
[I. '' R^cueil de divers Merits servant sL P^claircissement de
rhistoire de France," 1738, 2 vols. l2mo. 2. ^< Disser-
bitions sur rhistoire ecc](£siastiqiie et civile de Paris;" to
^ which are added several matters that elucidate. the history
^of France; 3 vols. rimo. 3. *^ Trait^ historique et pra*
tiqiie sur le chant eccl^siastique," '1741, 8vo. This, was
.dedicated to Vintimille, archbishop of Paris, who had em-
.^ployed him in composing a chant for his new breviary and
missal. 4. *^ M6moires sur PHistoire d' Auxerre,'* 1743,
2 vols. 4to. 5. ** Histoire de la yille et ,de tout le diocese
de Paris," 15 vols. 12100. 6. Several dissertations dis-
persed in the journals, and in the memoirs of the academy
^pf which he was member* The learned are indebted to
ibim likewise for the discovery of a number of original

EieceS| which he found in various libraries, where they
ad long remained unknown. He was a man of extensive
'learning and laborious research ; and undertook several
Journeys through the different provinces of France for the
purpose of investigating the remains of antiquity. In such
matters he was an enthusiast, and so engaged iu them, as jlp
know very little of the world, being co^itent with the very
small competency on which he lived.'

LE BLANC (John BeknaAd le), historiographer of

;t>uiIdings;of the academy della Crusca^ and of that of the

'Arcacies at Rome, was boru at Dijan, in 1707, of poor

parents, but he went early to Paris, where his talents prp«-

I Bior. Di^iA.^-'Hayley'ft.Xife of Cowper, Vol. IIU p. SSS.—Gent Mas* ^o\,
IjV, « Moreri.— JKct. Hist.

Hi L E B L A N C.

cured him friends and patrons. . He then cade to London^
and met with the same aidvanta^e. In 1746 Maupertutt
offered hitn, on the part of the king of Prussia, a' place
>suua4>Ie to a mdn of letters, at the c6urt of Berlin ; but
he preferred mediocrity at home to flattering hopes held
out to him from abroad. He died in 1781. His tragedy
of ^* Abensaide," the subject of which is very interesting,
was well received at first, notwithstanding the harshness of
the versification ; but it did not support this success when
revived on the stage in 1743. What most brought the
ahh6 Le Blanc into repute was the collection of his letters
oil the English, 1758, 3 vols. 12ino, in which are many
jtidicious refleciions ; but he is heavy, formal, frniti\il in
vulgar notions^ and trivial in his erudition, and the praises
he bestows on the great men, or the literati^ to whom he
addresseil his letters, are deficient in ease and delicacy.
'The letters of abb6 Le Blanc cannot bear a comparison with
the " London" of Grosley, who iis a far more^ ilgreeaUe
•writer, if not a more accui'ate observer. *

LE BLOND. S^eRLOND.

LE BRIXA. SeeANTONIUS NEBRISSENSIS.

LE CAT. See CAT.

LECCHI (John Anthony), a learned Italian mathe*
matician, was born at Milan, Nov. 17, 1702; He wks
'^ducM^ed atmong the Jesuitii, and entered into their order ih
-1718. He afterwards taught the belles-lettres at VercisIU
fiitid Pavia, and was appointed rhetoric-professor in the unU
vieMty of Brera, in Milan. In 1733 the senate of Milan
appointed him professor of mathematics at Pavia, and af-
terwards rembved him to the same office at Milan, the du-
ties of which he executed with reputation for twenty years.
In 1759 his fanie procured him an invitation to Vienna
from the empress Maria Teresa, who honoured him with
ber esteem, and appointed him mathematician to the court,
with a pension of 500 florins. What rendered him mb^t
celebrated, was the skill he displayed' as superintendant
and chief director of the processes for measuring the bed
of the Retio and other less considerable rivers belonging
to Bologna, Ferrara, and Ravenna. On this he was em-
ployed for six years, under Clement XIII. ; and Clement
XIV. ordered that these experiments should be continued
upon Leccbi's. plans. He died August .24^^ 1776, |kge,d

» Diet HUt.

■ «

t £ C C H I. 113

B^^nty* three, years; Fabroni, who has given an excellent
pfrsonal character of Lecchi, and celebrates his skill ia
hydraulics^ has, contrary to bis usual practice^ mentioned
his works only in a general way ; and for the following list
we have therefore been obliged to have recourse to a less
accurate authority: 1. '' Theoria lucis," Milan, 1739.
2, '^. Arithmetica universalis Isaac! Newton, sive de com*
positsone, et resolutione arithmetica perpetuis commentariis
ilhistrata et aucta," Milan, 1752, S vols. 8vo. . 3. '< Ele^
n^nta geometric theoricee et practicae," ibid. 1753, 2 vols.
8vo. 4.. '^ Elementa Trigonometric,'' &c. ibid. 1756. 5.
^M>e sectionibus conicis," ibid. 1758. 6. <^ Idrostatica
esaminata,'' &c.'ibid. 1765-, 4to. 7. '' Relazione della
visita alle terre dannegiate dalle acque di Bologna, Fer«
ram, e Ravenna," &c. Rome^ 1767, 4to. 8. *^ Memorie
idroatatico*st6ricbe delle operazioni esequite nella inal-
veazione del Reno di fiologna, e degli altri minori torrent!
per la linea di primaro almare dalF anno 1765 al 1772,'*
JVfodena, 1775, 2 vols. 4to. 9. << Trattato de' canali na«
vigabili," Milan, 1776, 4to.*

LE CENE (Charles), a learned protestant divine, was
bora about the end of 4646, at Caen, in Normandy, where
be waa first educated. He afterwards went through a
course of theological studies at Sedan. Returning thence
ID 1^69, he was very honourably received by the learned
of his native country, which he again left, in order to at-*
tend the lectures of the divinity-professors at Geneva.
Bere he remained until Nov. 1670, and after a re^idence
of some time at Saumur, came back in March. 1672 to
Caen, with the warmest recommendation^ from the various
professors under whom he had studied. He then became
pastor at Honfleur, where he married a lady of fortune,
^hich joined to his own, enabled him to prosecute his
studies without anxiety. It appears to be about this time
that be conceived the design of translating the Bible into.
French, on which he was more or less engaged for a great
mjany years. He continued his functions, however, as a
minister, until the revpcation of the edict of Nantes, iiv
1685, which annihilated the protestant churches in Franpe,

Oh this^vent be came over, accompanied by many of
bis brethren, to England, and was so fortunate as to brings
with him the greater part qf his valuable library, «Qd pro*

» FabroDi Vit« lUloru», ^l- XVIIJ.— Pi«t, Hist,

Vol. XX. I

114 t E C EN E.

perty enough to enable him to rdteTe many of bis suffering
companions. He might probably have received some
church-preferment in this country, had he not objected to
re-ordination. He died at London, in 1703. He wrote
some controversial pieces, but the chief object of his la«
bours was to make a good translation of the Bible, which
was published by his son 'at Amsterdam, in 2 vols. fol. It
eontains some valuable preliminary dissertations. He had
in 1696 announced his intention in a volume entitled
^> Projet d'une nouvelle version Frangois de la Biblet'^ from
which a high opinion was formed of his undertaking. This
projet was published in English, under the title of ^ An
Essay for a new translation of the Bible,*' and so well re*
eeived, that a second edition appeared in 1717. Th«
translation itself, however, although ably executed, did
not answer the expectation of the public, which was prin«
cipally owing to the author's introducing certain whims
and fancies of his own^ and taking unnecessary liberties
with the text.^

LEDERLIN (John Henry), an eminent Hebrew and
Greek scholar and critic, was the son of a poor mechanic at
Strasburgh, where he was born July 18, 1672. His parents
w^re so unable to give him education, that he must have
been obliged to work at his father's trade, had he not
found an early patron in Froereisen, a learned townsman,
who placed him at ten years old in the public school, at
his own expence* Lederlin's extraordinary proficiency
rewarded this generous friend, whom, however, he had
the misfortune to lose by death in 1690. This would have
been irreparable, if his talents had not already recom-
mended him to other patrons, and his school educatioQ
being finished, he was enabled to pursue his studies at the
university with great reputation. He received his master's
degree in 1692, and at the persuasion of Boeder the me^*
dical professor, Obrecht, and others, he opened a school
for the Hebrew atid Greek, of which languages, he was in
1703, corfstituted professor, and was for many years one
of the greatest ornaments of the university of Strasburgh.
He died Sept 3, 1737, leaving various monuments of
learning and critical skill. Among those, we- may enu-
merate, 1. his edition of Julius Pollux's *< Onomasticon,'^
170$, 2 vols. fol. 2. His «' Homer's Iliad," Amst. 1707,

1 Diet. Hist. iaCtiMi—Wwks of tba Leaned for l^^-ll.

L £ D E R L I N. 115

i Vols. 12mo, Gr. 8c Lat. Lederlin edited only a part of
dira edition, which on his death, Mr. Dibdin says, was
completed by Bergler. But in this case there must have
been an edition posterior to 1737, when Lederlin died.
3. ^< Vigerus de praecipuis Graecss dictionis idiotismb/*
Strasburgh, 1709, 8vo. 4. '* Brissonii de regio Persa-
mm principatn,'* ibid. I WO. 5. " iBliani vans historicB,'*
ibid. 1713, 8vo, which Harles says is superior to Schefier*8
edition, but must yield to that of Perizonius. He pub-
lished also some critical dissertations on parts of the Greek
Testament, on which he was accustomed to lecture.^

LE DRAN (Henry Francis), an eminent French sur-
geon, was born at Paris in 1685, and received his educa«
tion under his father, Henry Le Dran, who had acquired
considerable reputation as an operator, particularly in can-
cers of the breast. Under his auspices our young surgeon
ttimed bis thoughts principally to the operation of litho-
tomy, which he performed in the lateral method, as prac-
tised by Cheselden, and was enabled to make some valuable
improvements in the art. These he communicated to the
public in his '^ Paralele des differentes manieres de tirer la
Pierre hors de la Vessie,** printed in 1730, 8vo, to which
he added a supplement in 1756, containing the result of
his later practice. The work was well received, has been
frequently reprinted, and translated into most of the mo-
dern languages. He published also, 2. ^^ Observations de
CSfairurgte, auxquelles on a joint plusieurs reflections en fa-
vettr des Etudiens,'' Paris, 1731, 2 vols. 12mo. 3. " Traitfi
on reflections tiroes de la pratique sur les playes d^ Armes a
feu,'* Paris, 1737, 12mo. 4. " Trait6 des Operations de
Chirurgie," Paris, 1743, 12mo. To the translation of this
work into English, by Gataker, Cheselden made some va-»
hiiable additions. 5. ** Consultations sur la plupart des
Maladies qui sont du report dela Chirurgie," 1765, 8vo;
a work well calculated for the instruction of students in
surgery. The author also sent several ■ observations of
considerable merit to the academy of surgeons, which are
published in their memoirs. He died, at a very advanced
age, in' 1770.*

LE0YARD (John), a native of America, of a very
enterprizing turn, was born at Groton in Connecticut.

> Harltfi de Vitis Pbilologoram. — Saxii Onoiiiast.*»Dibdia'i ClaHic9,
* Diet. HisW— Bailor Bibl. Aoat^Rees'i Cyclopwdia.

12

lia L E D Y A R D.

Having lost his father in his infancy, he was taken n'nief
the care of a relatioti, who sent him to a grammar-school,,
and he studied for some tkiie at Dartmouth college, in
New Hampshire. Here it appears to have been his in-
tention to apply to theological studies, but the friend who
sent him to college being dead, he was obliged to quit ir^
and by means of a canoe of his own construction, he found
bis way to Hartford, and thence to New York, where he
went on board ship as a common sailor, and in this capacity
drrived^at London in 1771. When at college, there were
several young Indians there for their education, with whomL
be used to associate, and learned their manners ; and hear*
ing of capt. Cook's intentions to sail on his third voyage^
Ledyard engaged himself with him in the situation of a
corporal of marines ; and on his return from that memora'
ble voyage, during which his curiosity was rather excited
than gratified, feeling an anxious desire of penetrating
from the north-western coast of America, which Cook had
partly explored, to the eastern coast, with which he him-
self was perfectly familiar, he determined to traverse the
vast continent from the Pacific to the Atlantic ocean. His
first plan for the purpose was that of embarking in a vessel,
which was then preparing to sail, on a voyage of commer-
cial adventure, to Nootka sound, on the western coast of
America ; and with this vi^w he expended in 'sea-store»
the greatest part of the money with which he had been
supplied by the liberality of sir Joseph Banks, who has
eminently distinguished himself in this way on other occa-
sions for the promotion of every kind of useful science.
But this scheme was frustrated by the rapacity of a custom-
house officer ; and therefore Mr. Ledyard determined to
travel over land to Kamtschatka, from whence the passage
is extremely short to the opposite coast of America. Ac-
cordingly, with, no more than ten guineas in his purse,
which was all that he had left, he crossed the British chan-
nel to Ostend, towards the close of 1786, and by the way
of Denmark and the Sound, proceeded to the capital of
Sweden. As it was winter, he attempted to traverse the
gulf of Bothnia on the ice, in order to reach Kamtschatka
by the shortest course ; but finding, when he came to the
middle of the sea, that the water was not frozen, he re-
turned ' to Stockholm, and taking his course northward,
walked to the Arctic circle, and passing round the head of
the gulf} descended on its eastern side to Petersburg^

L E D Y A R D. 117

where he arrived in the beginning of March 1787. Here
he was noticed a^ a' person of an extraordinary character ;
aiid though he had neither stockings nor shoes, nor means
to provide himself with any, he received and accepted an
invitation to dine with the Portuguese ambassador. From
him he obtained twenty guineas for a bill, which he took
the liberty, without being previously authorized, to draw
on sir Joseph Banks, concluding, from his well-known dis-
position, that he would not be unwilling to pay it. By the
interest of the ambassador, as we may conceive to have
been probably the ca^e, be obtained permission to acconri-
pany a detachment of stores, which the empress had or-
dered to be sent to Yakutz, for the use of Mr. Billings, an
Englishman, at that time in her service. Thus accommo-
dated, he left Petersburg on the 2 1st of May, and tra-
velling eastward through Siberia, reached Irkutsk in Au-
gust; and from thence he proceeded to Yakutz, where he
was kindly received by Mr. Billings, whom he recollected
on board captain Cook's ship, in the situation of the astro-
nomer's servant, but who was now entrusted by the empress
in accomplishing her schemes of discovery. He returned-
to Irkutsk, uiiere he spent part of the winter ; and in the
spring proceeded to Oczakow, on the coast of the Kamt-
schatkan sea, intending, in the spring, to have passed over
to that peninsula, and to have embarked on the eastern
side in one of the Russian vessels that trade to the western
shores of America ; but, finding that the navigation was
completely obstructed, he returned to Yakutz, in order
to wait for the teripination of the winter. But lyhilst he
WAS amusing himself with these prospects, an express ar«
rived) in January 1788, from the empress, and he was
seized, for reasons that have not been explained, by twa
Russian soldiers, who conveyed him in a sledge through
the deserts of Northern Tartary to Moscow, without his
clothes, money, and papers. From Moscow he was re-
moved to the city of Moialoff, in White Russia, and from
thence to the town of Tolochin, on the frontiers of the
Polish dominions. As his conductors parted with him, they
informed him, th^t if he returned to Russia he would be
banged, but that if he chose to go back to England, they
wished him a pleasant journey. Distressed by poverty,
covered with rags, infested with the usual accompani-
ments of such clothing, harassed with continual hardships^
^^Jiftast^d by ^ease, without friendsA without creditj

IIS

L E D Y A R D.

UnknowDi and reduced to the most wretched state, he found
bis way to Konigsberg. In this hour of deep distress, be
resolved once more to have recourse to his former bene«
fector, and fortunately found a person who was willing to
take his draft for five guineas on the. president of the royal
society. With this assistance he arrived in England, and
immediately waited on sir Joseph Banks. Sir Joseph*
knowing his disposition, and conceiving, as we may well
iipagine, that he would be gratified by the information^
told him, that he could recommend. him, as he believed, to
atn adventure almost as perilous as that from which be bad
just returned ; and then communicated to him the wishes
q{ the Association for discovering the Inland Countries of
Africa, Mr. Ledyard replied, that be had always deter*
mined to traverse the continent of Africa, as soon as hQ
bad explored the interior of North America, and with a
letter of introduction by sir Joseph Banks, be waited on
Henry Beaufoy, esq. an active member of the fore-menr
tioned association. Mr. Beaufoy spread before him a map
of Africa^ and tracing a line from Cairo to Sennar, and
from thence westward in the latitude and supposed direct
tion of the Niger, informed him that this was the route by
which be was anxious that Africa might, if possible, be
explored. Mr. Ledyard expressed great pleasure in the
hope of being employed in this adventure; Being askecil
when he would set out ? ^^ To-morrow morning^* was his
answer. The committee of the iM>ciety assigned to him,
ait his own desire, as an enterprise of obvious peril and of
difficult success, the task of traversing from east to west,
in the latitude attributed to the Niger, the widest part of
the continent of Africa. On the 30th of June .17.88, Mr«
Ledyard left London ; and after a journey of tbirty*six
days, seven of which were consumecf at Paris, and two at
]yiarseilles, he arrived in the city of Alexandria. On the
14th of August, at midnight, he left Alexandria, .and sail-
ing up the Nile, arrived at Cairo on the 19th. From Cairo
be communicated to the committee of the society all the
information which he was able to collect during his stay
there ; and they were thus sufficiently apprised of tbo
ardent spirit of inquiry, the unwearied attiention, the per**
severing research, and the laborious, indefatigable* apxiomi
:ceal, with which be pursued the object of his mission. Tb9
next dispatch which they were led to expect, was to b9
date4 (^t Senqar ; the teroifl of bis passage bad b§e9 vst^

L E D Y A R D. ii»

ded^ and the day of his departure was appointed,
committee^ however, after haying expected with impa*
tieuce the description of his jonrney^ received with great
concern and grievous disappointment, by letters froor
Egypt, the melanx^holy tidings of his death. By a bilious
complaint, occasioned probably by vexatious delay at
Cairo, and by too free an use of the acid of vitriol and
tartar emetic, the termination of his life was hastened. He
was decently interred in the neighbourhood of such of the
English as had ended their days in the capital of Egypt.

Mr. Ledyard, as to his person, scarcely exceeded the
ttiiddle size, but he manifested very remarkable activity
and strength : and as to his manners, though they were
unpolished, they were neither uncivil nor unpleasing,
** Little attentive to difference of rank,^' says his bio»
grapher, ** he seemed to consider all men as his equals^
and as such he respected them. His genius, though uri^
cultivated and irregular, was original and comprehensive^
Ardent in his wishes, yet calm in his deliberations ; daring,
in his purposes, but guarded in his measures; impatient of
controul, yet capable of strong endurance; adventurous
beyond the conception of ordinary men, yet wary and cou'*
siderate, and attentive to all precautions, he appeared to
be formed by mature for achievements of hardihood and
peril.'' »

LEE (Edward), archbishop of York, was born in 1482^
and was the son of Richard Lee, of Lee Magna in Ken^
esq. and grandson of sir Richard Lee, knt. twice lord*
mayor of London. He was partly educated in both uni-
versities, being admitted of Magdalen college, Oxford^
about 1499^ where he took his degrees in arts, and then
rettioved to Cambridge, and completed his studies. He
was accounted a man of great learning and talents, which
recommended him to the court of Henry VIH. in which,
among others, he acquired the esteem of sir Thomas More*
The king likewise conceived so high an opinion of his po«»
litical abilities, that he sent him on several embassies to the
continent. In 1^29 he was made chancellor of Sarum, and
in 1531 was incorporated in the degree of D. D. at Oxford,
which he bad previously taken at some foreign uuiversi^r*
The same year he was consecrated archbishop of Yoik, but

i ^ Prooee&gt of Oie Atiomitiov for prpmotmr «h« diioorwy sf Um mikkt
parUofikfrica, 1790.

120 LEE.

enj6yed this high station a very short time, djing at York^
Sept. 13, 1544. He was buried in the cathedral. He lived
to witness the dawn of the reformation, but adhered to the
popish system in all its plenitude, except, says his popish
biographer, that he ^^ was carried away with the stream as
to the article of the king^s supremacy.'' He was a zealous
opponent of Luther, and had a controversy with Erasmus,
respecting his annotations on the New Testament. This
somewhat displeased sir Thomas More, who was greatly
attached to Erasmus, but it did not lessen his friendship
for Lee. Wood says, " he was a very great divine, and
very well seen in all kinds of learning, famous as well for
his wisdom as virtue, and holiness of life; a continual
preacher of the gospel, a man very liberal to the poor, and
exceedingly beloved by all sorts of men." His works
were, 1. " Comment, in universum Pentateuchum," MS,
2. *^ Apologia contra quorundam calumnias," Lovan, 1520,
4to. 3* ^Mndex annotationum prioris libri," ibid. 1520,

4. ^^Epistola nuncupatoriaad Desid. Erasmum," ibid. 1520,

5. ^' Annot. lib. duo in annotationes Novi Test. ErasmL'*

6. ^' Epistola apologetica, qua respondet D. Erasmi epis-<
tolis." , 7. ^* Epistolss sexcents." 8. ^^ Epicedia clarorum
Tirorum." The two last articles are in MS. or partially
printed. Some of his MSS. arc; in the Harleian,. ^nd some
in the Cotton liWary." *

LEE (Nathaniel), an English dramatic poet, was the
son of Dh Richard Lee, who had the, living of Hatfield, in
Hertfordshire, where he died in 1684. He was bred at
Westminster-school under Dr. Busby, whence he removed
to Trinity- college, in Cambridge, and became scholar upon
that foundation in 1668. He proceeded B. A. the samQ
year; but, not succeeding to a fellowship, quitted the
university, and came to London, where be made an un-
successful attempt to become an actor in 1672. The part
lie performed was Duncan in sir William Davenant^s altera-
tion of Macbeth. Gibber says that Lee /^ was so pathetic
a reader of his own scenes, that I have been informed by
an actor who was present, that while Lee was reading to
major Mohun at a rehearsal, Mohun^ in the warcath of bis
admiration, threw down his part, and said. Unless I were
able to play it as wall as you read it, to what purpose

1 Atk Ox. Yol. I. new odit— Dodd's Ch. Hist.-.Mpre's life of lirT. Uf^A^
. D. 69.— Sti7pe'9 Life ofCranmeo f* % m^> V* . '

L E E. 121

sbould I undertake it! And yet (continues the laureat)
this yery author, whose elocution raised such admiration
in so capital an actor, when he attempted to be an actor
himself, soon quitted the stage in an honest despair of ever
making any profitable figure there." Failing, therefore, ia-
tfais design, he had recourse to his pen for support ; and
composed a tragedy, called *^ Nero Emperor of Rome,'*
in 1675; which being well Veceiyed, he produced nine
plays, besides two in conjunction with Dryden, between
that period and 1684, when his habits of dissipation, aided
probably by a hereditary taint, brought on insanity, and
in November he was taken into Bedlam, where he con-
tinued four years under care of the physicians. In April
1688, he was discharged, being so much recovered as to
be able to return to bis occupation of writing for the stage ;
and he produced two plays afterwards, ^^ The Princess of
Cleve," in 1689, and " The Massacre of Paris,*' in 1690,
but, notwithstanding the profits arising from these per-
formances, he was this year reduced to so low an ebb, that
|L weekly stipend of ten shillings from the theatre royal was
bis chief dependence. Nor was he so free -from his
phrenzy as not to suffer some temporary relapses; and
perhaps his untimely end might be occasioned by one. He
died in 1691 or 1692^ in consequence of a drunken froUc^^
by night, in the street; and was interred in the parish of
Clement Danes, near Temple- Bar. He is the author of
eleven plays, all acted with applause, and printed as soon
as finished, with dedications of most of them to the earls of
Porset, Mulgrave, Pembroke, the duchesses of Ports-
mouth and Richmond, as his patrons. Addison declares,
that among our modern English poets there was none better
turned for tragedy than Lee, if, instead of favouring bis
impetuosity of genrius, he had restrained and kept it within
proper bounds. His thoughts are wonderfully suited to
tragedy, but frequently lost in such -a cloud of words, that
it is hard to see the beauty of them. There is infinite
jSre in bis works, but so involved in smoke, that it does
not appear in half its lustre. He frequently succeeds in ^
the passionate parts of the tragedy, but more particularly
where he slackens his efforts, and eases the style of- those
epithets and metaphors with which he so much abounds.
His ^< Riviil Queens** and ^< Theodosius** stilLkeep pos^^
session of the stage. None ever felt the passion of love
pore truly ; nor could any one describe it with more ten**

122 LEE.

derness ; and. for this reason he has been compared to Qrid
among the ancients, and to Otway among the moderns.
Dryden * prefixed a copy of commendatory verses to the
^< Rival Queens ;'^ and Lee joined with that laureat in
writing the tragedies of '^The duke of Guise*' and *^Q£di*
pub." Notwithstanding Lee^s imprudence and eccen*
tricities, no man could be more respected by his contem*
poraries. In Spen 00*^^8 *^ Anecdotes*' we are told that Vii-
Iters, duke of Buckingham, brought him up to town, where
he never did any thing for hioi ; and this is said to have
contributed to bring on insanity. ^

LEE (Samuel), an English nonconformist divine, was
the son of an eminent citizen of London, from whom he
inherited some property, and was born in 1625. ' He was
educated under Dr. Gale at St. Paul's scliool, and after-
wards entered a commoner of Magdalen->hail about the
year 1647. The following year be was created M. A.
by the parliamentary visitors, and was made fellow of
Wadbani college. In the latter end of 1650 he was elected
by his society one of the proctors, although he was not
of sufficient standing as master; but this the visitors, with
^hpm he appears to have been a favourite, dispensed with.
About that time he became a frequent preacher in or near
Oxford, and was preferred by Cromwell to the living of St;
Botolph's, Bishopsgate-street, but ejected by the rump par«*
liament. Afterwards he was icbosen lecturer of Great St«
Helen's church in Bisbopsgate-street According tO'Wood,
he was iK)t in possession of either of these preferments at
the restoration, but Calamy says he was ejected from St.
Botolph's. His friend Dr. Wiikins, of Wadham college^
afterwards bishop of Chester, urged him much to conform,
bat he was inflexible. He then lived for some time on an
estate he had near Bisseter in Oxfordshire, and preached
o<;casionally. About 1678 he removed to Newingtoii
Green near London, where he was for many years minis-
ter of a congregation of independents. In 1686, being
dissatisfied with the times, be went over to New England^
and became pastor of a church at Bristol. The revohiUon
in 1688 affording brighter prospects, he determined to
revisit his own country, but in his passage home, with hit
femily, the ship was captured by a French privateer, and
carried into St. Malo, where be died a few weeks after, in

iCibber'6 Livefl.«-]{ioy. Pram.— Censun Ut vol. I.wSpea«e'9.Amo49li(»fi M4

LEE. \2i

Kov. 1691. His dMUb is said to have been hastened bj
bis losses in this capture, and especially by bis being kept
in oonfioemeBt while his wife and children were permitted
to go to England. He was at one time a great dabbler in
astrology, but, disapproving of this study aftej^wards, he b
said to have burnt many books and manuscripts which he
bad collected on that subject. It was probably when ad^
dieted to astrology, that he informed his wife of his having
seen a sUmt, which, according to all the rules of astrology,
predicted that . he should be taken captive. Mr. Lee*a
other studies were more creditable. He' was a very eou'^
siderable scholar ; understood the learned languages well,
and spoke Latin fluently and eloquently. He was also a
good antiquary. He wrote *^ Chronicoo Caatrense," a
chronology of all the rulers and governors of Cheshire and
Chester, which is added to King's << Vale Royal.'* Wood
suspects that he was of the family of Lee in Cbethice. Hia
other works are : 1. ^^ Orbis Miraculum ; or the Temple of
Solomon portrayed by Scripture light,'' Lond. 1659, folio*

2. << Contemplations on Mortality, &c." ibid. 166$, Svo»

3. ^< Dissertation" on the probable conversion and restora-
tion of the Jews, prints with Giles Fletcher's << Israel
Redux." 4. «< The Joy of Faith," 1689, 8vo. He pub-*
lisbed also various sermons preached on public occasions^
or prescribed subjects; and had a considerable hand in
Helvicus's <<Theatrum Historicum," the edition of 1662.^

LEECHMAN (Wu^liam), a learned Scotch divine, was
bom at Dolphinston, in Lanerkshire, in 1706. He re-
eeived his academical education at the university of Edin«
burgh, where he ^tinguished himself by his great pro««
ficiency in different branches of learning. He began hia
theological studies in 1724, and in 1727 he undertook the
education of a young gentleman at Caldwell, in Renfrew^
ahire, where he resided in the summer months, but during
the remainder of the year he lived at Glasgow, and was
honoured with the friendship of professors Hutcheson and
Duolop. About the beginning of 1731 he was licensed as
a preacher, but it 'was not till 17S6 that he was ordained
minister of Beith, on which charg^ he continued seven
years^ In 1 740 he was elected moderator of a meeting of
^e synod at Irvine, and opened the assembly at Glasgoir

* Ath. Ox. Tol. lL-«C«aaiB^.^DiGL Hist. Suppl«a<Bifci^»NeaI'a Hiatary of
New Englaiid.

124 L E E C H M A N.

on the 7th of April 1741, with a sermon to the clergy "On
the temper, character, and duty, of a minister of the gos<*
pel," which has passed through many editions, and is still
in high reputation. In 1743 he published a much longer
discourse on " The nature, reasonableness, and advan-
tages of Prayer ; with an attempt to answer the objections
against it." This, likewise, added much to his reputation,
and has been frequently reprinted. He was shortly after
elected to the professorship of theology at the university of
Glasgow ; an honour which he obtained only by the cast-*
kig vote of the president, owing to some suspicions enter-
tained of the orthodoxy of his sentiments, founded on his
sermon on prayer, in which he was thought to have laid
too little stress on the atonement and intercession of Chri t.-
A prosecution for heresy was the consequence, which was
ultimately decided in bis favour by the synod, the members
of which almost unanimously determined, that there was
no reason to charge him with any unsoundness in the pas«
sages of the sermon complained against. After this the
prejudices against him appear to have subsided, and his
character becaine very generally and highly respected,
even by some who had thought it their duty to promote the
prosecution. Soon after he had been established in the
professorship, he took the degree of doctor in divinity ; and
continued in the .theological chair seventeen years, vindi-
cating and establishing the grand truths of natural and re-
vealed religion, in answer to the principal objectiops made
to them by Mr. Hume, lord Bolingbroke, and other scep-
tical writers. He had, in his lectures, a remarkable talent
of selecting what was most important and striking on every
subject that he handled : his arguments were solid, found-
ed on indisputable facts ; and they were urged with a de-^,
gree of warmth which carried his auditors along with him t
for they were addressed equally to the judgment and the
heart. Dr. Leechman^s fame extended far and wide, the
divinity-ball at Glasgow 'was crowded, in his time, with a
greater number of scholars than any other in Scotland :
and his numerous scholars, however they might differ in
their sentiments on speculative theology and church go-
vernment, were all cordially united in their affection and
veneration. for their master. In 1761, Dr. Leechman was
raised to the office of principal of the university of Glas-
gow by a presentation from the king. He had previously
to this been in a very bad stat^ of health; and this cbangQ

L E E C H M A N. 125

in his avocations was probably the means of prolonging his
life ; yet, though released from the more fatiguing* part of
his duties, be gave a lecture, for some time, once a week,
to the students in divinity, and weekly lectures to the
whole university. Dr. Leechman^s faculties remained in
full vigour amidst the increasing infirmities of old age, and
his taste for knowledge continued as acute as ever. Ii^
September and October 1785, he experienced two violent
paralytic strokes, from which he partially recovered ; but
a third attack carried him ofiPon the 3d of December, 1785,
when he was almost eighty years of age. Dr. Leechman
committed nothing to the press, except nine sermons,
which went through several editions during his life-time.
These were republished, with others, forming together two
volumes, in 1789. To the first of these volumes is pre-
fixed an account of the author, by Dr. Wodrow, from which
the preceding particulars are taken.^
^ LEGER (Anthony), a learned Protestant divine, was
born in 1594, at Ville Seiche, in the valley of St. Martin
in Piedmont. Going to Constantinople as chaplain to the
ambassador from the States-general, he formed a friend-'
ship in that city with the famous Cyrillus Locar, and ob«
tained from him a confession of the faith of the Greek and
Eastern churches. On his return to the Vallies he. was ap-
pointed minister there ; but being condemned to death by
the duke of Savoy, took refuge in Geneva^ where he was
made professor of divinity, and died in 1661. He left an
edition of the New Testament in the original Greek, and
vulgar Greek, 2 volsi 4to. His son, Anthony L£6ERy
born 1652, at Geneva, was a celebrated preacher, and
five volumes of his sermons have been published since his
death, which happened at Geneva, in 1719.'

LEGER (John), a learned protestant divine, born in 1615,'
at Ville-Seiche, in the valley of St. Martin, in Piedmont,
was nephew of Anthony Leger the elder. He was> mi-
nister of several churches, particularly that at St. Jean,
and escaped from the massacre of the Waldenses in 165J».
Having been deputed to several protestant powers in 1661,
the court of Turin ordered bis Jiiouse at St. Jean to be
tAzed.to the ground, and declared him guilty of high trea-
son. He became pastor afterwards of the Walloon church
at Leyden, in which city he Was living in 1665, and there

^ Lift as nbove, > Moreri.— Pict. Hist.

12& L £6 G E. :

publisbjed his ^ Hist, des Eglises Evangeliqu^s det Vall^as^
de Pi^mont^" foL The year of bis death is unknQimJ

LEGGE (Georgb), baron of Dartmouth, an eminent;
naval commander, was the eldest son of colonel Williaai'
I'^gg^y groom of the bed-chamber to king Charles I. and
brought up under the bi'aTe admiral sir Edward Spragge.
He entered the navy at seventeen years of age, and, before
be was twenty, bis gallant behaviour recommended him so
effectually to king Charles IL that in 1667, he promoted
bim to the command of the Pembroke. In 1671, be wa^
appointed captain of ikbe Fairfax, and the next year xe-
moved to the Royal Catharine, in which $hip he obtained
high reputation, by beating off the Dutch after tbey had
boarded her, though the ship seemed on the point of sink*
ing ; and then finding the means of stopping her leaks, he
carried her safe into port. In 1673, he was made goveraoi^
of Porbmouth, m'aster of the horse, and gentleman to the
duke of York. Several other posts were successively
conferred upon bim, and in December 1682, he was created
baron of Dartmouth. The port, of Tangier having been at-<
tended with great expence to keep the fortifications in re^'
pair, and to maintain in it a numerous garrison to protect
it from the Moors, who watched every opportunity of seizing
it, the king determined to demolish the fortifications, and
bring the garrison to England ; but the difficulty was to
perform it without the Moors having any suspicion of the
design. Lord Dartmouth was appointed to manage thii
difficult affair, and, for that purpose, was, in 1683, made*
governor of Tangier, general of his majesty's forces * in
Africa, and admiral of the fleet. At his arrival he prepared
every thing necessary for putting bis design in execution,
blew up all the fortifications, and returned to England with
the garrison ; soon after which, the king made him a pre**
sent of ten thousand pounds. When James II. ascended
the throne, his lordship was created master of the boiwe,
general of the ordnance, constable of the tower of London,
, Gi^tain of an independent company of foot, and one of the
privy -council. That monarch placed the highest confidence
in his friendship; and, on his being thoroughly convinced
that the prince of Orange intended to land in England, he
i^pliointed him commander of the fleet ; and, bad be not
been prevented by the wind and other accidents from com-*^

r Morcri.— Diet. Hilt.

L E G G E- 12T

iog up with the prince of Orange, a bloadj engagem^^t
would doubtless have endued.

. After the prince landed, lord Dartttouth returned to
Spithead, in November, with forty-three ships of war, the
rest of the fleet being put into other ports. Yet, notwith*
standing be brought the fleet safe home, and bad acted
by order of king James when in power, h^ was deprived
of all -his employments at the revolution ; and in 1691
committed prisoner to the Tower of London, where, after
three months imprisonment, he died suddenly of an apo-
plexy, Oct. 25 of that year, in the forty-fourth year of hifl
age^ When he was dead, lord Lucas, who was constable
of the Tower, made some difficulty of permitting his body
to be removed without order ; On which, application being
made to king William, he was pleased to direct that the
same respect should be paid at his funeral, that would
have been due to him if he had died possessed of all his^
employments in that place ; and accordingly, the Tower-^
gUns were fired when he was carried out to be interred
near his fitther, in the vault of the church in the Minories,
where a monument of white marble is erectled to bis me*-
mory.^

LEGLEUS, GiLftERTUS. See GILBERTUS Anglicu^.

LEIBNITZ (Godfrey William de), a very eminent
mathematician and philosopher, was born at Leipsic, July
4,1646. His father, Frederic Leibnitz, was professor of
moral philosophy, and secretary to that university ; but
did, not survive the birth of his s^on above six years. Hisi
mother put him under messieurs Homschucius and Bachu-
chius, to teach him Greek and* Latin ; and he made so
quick a progress as to surpass the expectations of his
master; and not content with their tasks', when at home,
wh(N«e there was a well-chosen library left by his father,
he read with attention the ancient authors, and 'especially
Livy. The poets also had a share in his studies, particu-
larly Virgil, many of whose verses he could repeat in his
old age, with fluency and accuracy. He had himself also
a trient for versifying, and is said to have composed in one
day's time, a poem of three hundred lines, without an
elision. This early and' assiduous attention to classical
learning laid the foundation of that correct and elegant
taste which appears in all his writings. At the age of

^ CoHio9'f Peereg«, by Sir £. Brydgtt.

12S L fe t B N t t Z.

fifteen, he blscame a student in the university of Leipskfy
and to polite literature joining philosophy and the mathe-^
matics, he studied the former, under' James Thomasius,
mnd the latter under John Kuhnius, at Leipsic. He after^
w.ards went to Jena, where he heard the lectures of pro-
fessor Bohnius . upon polite learning and history, and
those of Falcknerjus in the law. At his return to Leipsic,:
in 1663, he maintained, under Thomasius, a thesis, *M3e
Principiis Individuationis." In 1664, he was admitted
M.A. ; and observing how useful philosophy might be in
illustrating the law, he iuaintained several philosophical
questions taken put of the ^* Corpus Juris." At the same
time he applied himself particularly to the study of the
Greek philosophers, and engaged in the task of reconciling
Plato with Aristotle ; as he afterwards attempted a like
reconciliation between Aristotle and Des Cartes. He. was
so intent on these studies, that he spent whole days in me«
dilating upon them, in a forest near Leipsic.

His views being at this time chiefly fixed upon the law,
he commenced bachelor in that faculty in 1665, and the
year after supplicated for his doctor's degree ; but was
denied, as not being of sufficient standing, that is, not^
quite twenty ; but the real cause of the demur was his
rejecting the principles of Aristotle and the schoolmen,
against the received doctrine of that time. Resenting the
affront, he went to Altorf, where he maintained a thesis,
^^ De Casibus perplexis," with so much reputation, that
he not only obtained his doctor's degree, but bad an offer
of being made professor of law extraordinary. This, how-
ever, was declined; and he went from Altorf to Nurem-
berg, to visit the learned in that university. He had
beard of some literati there who were engaged in the pur-<
suit of the philosopher's ston^; and his curiosity was raised
to be initiated into their mysteries. For this purpose he
drew up a letter full of abstruse terms, extracted out of
books of chemistry; and, unintelligible as it was to him-
self, addressed it to th<s director of that society, desiring,
to be admitted a member. They were satisfied of bis me-
rit, from the proofs given in his letter ; and not only ad-
mitted him into their laboratory, but even requested hiio>
to accept the secretaryship, with a stipend. His office-
was, to register their processes and experiments, and to*
extract from the books of the best chemists such things as
might be of use to thetn in their pursuits.

LEIBNITZ^. 129

About this tittie, baron Boinebourg, first miDister of the
elector of MeiUz, passing through Nuremberg, met Leib-
liitz at a common entertainment ; and conceived so great
lan opinion of his parts and learning from his conversation,
that he advised him to apply himself wholly to law and his-
^^y 9 giving him at the same time the strongest assurances,
that be would engage the elector, John Philip of Schon-
bom, to send for him to bis court. Leibnitz accepted' the
Icindness^ promising to do his utmost to render himself
worthy of such a patronage ; and, to be more within' the
reach of its happy effects, he repaired to Francfart upon
the Maine, in the neighbourhood of Mentz. In 1668,
John Casimir, king of Poland, resignhig his crown, the
^rlector pafatine, among others, became a competitor for
that dignity; and, while baron Boinebourg went into Po-
land to manage the etector^s interests, Leibnitz wrote a
treatise to shew that the Polonnois could not make choice
i^ a better person for their king. With this piece the
elector palatine was extremely pleased, and invited our
author to his court. But baron Boinebourg, resolving to
provJd!e for him at the court of Mentz, would not suffer him
CO accept this tast offer from the palatine ; and immediately
obtained for him the post of counsellor of tbe chamber of
review to tbe elector of Mentz. Baron Boinebourg had
some connexions at the French court ; and as his son, who
was at Paris, was not of years to be trusted with the ma*
nagement of bis affairs, he begged Mr. Leibnitz to under*
take that charge*

Leibnitz, charmed with this opportunity of shewing his
gratitude to so zealous a patron, set out for Paris in 1672.
He also proposed several other advantages to himself in this
tour, and his views were not disappointed. He saw all the
literati in that metropolis, made an acquaintance with tbe
greatest part of them, and, besides, applied himself with
vigour to the mathematics, in which stiJNjly he had not yet
made any considerable progress. He tells us himself, that
he owed his advancement in it principally to the works of
Pascal, Gregory, St. Vincent, and above all, to the ex«
cellent treatise of Huygens '^ De Horplogio oiscillatorioJ*
In this course, having observed the imperfection of Pascal's
arithmetical machine, which, however, Pascal did not live
to finish, he invented a new one, as he called it ; the use
of which be explained to Mr. Colbert, who was extremely
pleased with it ; and, the invention being approved like-

Vol. XX. K

130 L E I B N IT Z.

wise by the Academy of sciences, he was offered a ieat
there as pensionary member. With such encouragement
he might have settled very advantageously at Paris if he
would have turned Roman catholic ; but he chose to ad-
here to the Lutheran religion, in which he was born. In
1673, he lost his patron, M. de Boinebourg; and, being
at liberty by his death, took a tour to England, where he*
became acquainted with Oldenburg, the secretary, and
John Collins, fellow of the royal society, from whom he
received some hints of the invention of the method of
fluxions, which had been discovered in 1664 or. 1665, by
Mr. (afterwards) sir Isaac Newton *.

While be was in England he received an account of the.
death of the elector of Mentz, by which he lost his pen-
sion. He then returned to France, whence he wrote to the
duke of Brunswick Lunenburg, to inform him of his cir*
cumstances. That prince sent him a very gracious answer^
assuring him of his &vour, and, for the present, appointed
him counsellor of hfs court, with a salary ; but gave himt.
leave to st^y at Paris, in order to complete his arithmetical
machine, which, however, was not completed until after
bis death. In 1674 he went again to England, whence he
passed, through Holland, to Hanover, and from his first

* Tlie right to this invention is so and sometimes the Infinitesimal me-
interesting to oar cooatrf , that we tbod, in the ** Acta Eruditorum Lipsise,
must not omit this occasion of assert- for the yearl684." And, asi he still per*
lag it. The state of the dispute between fisted in bis claim to the invention, sir
the competitors^ Leibnitz and Newton, Isaac, at the request of George 1. gave
is as follows : Newton discovered it in his majesty an account of the whole
1663 and .1666, and communicated it affiiir, and sent Leibnitz a defiance ia
to Dr. Barrow in 1669. Leibnitz said express terms/ to prove his assertion,
he bad some glimpses of it in 1672, This was amwered by Leibnitz, in a
before he had seen any hint of New- letter wbi(;b he sent by Mr. Kemobd,
ton's prior discovery, which was com- at Paris, to be communicated to air
municated by Mr. Collins to several Isaac, after he had shewn it in France:
foreigners in 1673; in the beginning of declaring that he took this niethod in
which year Leibnitz was in England, order to have indifferent and intelligent
and eemmenced an acquaintance with witnesses. That method being dis-
Collins^ but at that time only claimed liked by sir Isaac, who thought that
the invention -of another differential London, as well a« Paris, might fur-
method, properly so called, which in- nish such witnesses, Ibe resolved to
deed was Newton's invention; men- carry the dispute no farther; and,
tioning no other till June 1677 : and when Leibnitz's letter came frolii,
this was a year after a letter of New- France, he refuted it, by remarks which
ton's, containing a sufficient descrip- he communicated only to some of his
tion of the nature of the method, had friends ; but, as soon as he heard of
been sent to Paris, to be communi- Leibiiita's death, which happened six
cated to him. However, nothing of it months after, he published Leibnitz^s
was printed by snr Isaac ; which being letter, with his own remarks, by way
observed by the other, he first printed of supplement to Ralpbson^s "History
it, under the name of the Differential, of Fluxions."

LEIBNITZ. 131

Arrival there made it his business to enrich the library of
that prince with the best books of all kinds. That duke
dying in 1679, his successor, Ernest Augustus, then bishop
of Osnabrug, aftervvards George I. extended the same pa-
tronage to Leibnitz, and directed him to write the history
of the house of Brunswick. Leibnitz undertook the task ;
and, travelling through Germany and Italy to collect ma*
terials, returned to Hanover in 1690, with an ample store.
While he was in Italy he met with a singular instance of
bigotry, which, but for his happy presence of mind, might
have proved fatal. Passing in a small bark from Venice
to'Mesola, a storm arose, during which the pilot, imagin-
ing' he was not understood by a German, whom being ^
heretic he looked on as the cause of the tempest, proposed
to'strip him of his cloaths and money, and throw him over-
board. Leibnitz hearing this, without discovering the least
emotion, pulled out a set of beads, and turned them over
mtb a.seeming devotion. The artifice succeeded ; one of
the sailors observing to the pilot, that, since the man was
no heretic, it would be of no use to drown him. In 1700
he was admitted a member of the royal academy of sciences
at Paris. The same year the elector of Brandenburg, af-
terwards king of Prussia, founded an academy at Berlin,
by the advice, of Leibnitz, who was appointed perpetual
president of it ; and, though his other affairs did not per-
mit him ta reside constantly upon the spot) yet he made
ample ainends by the treasures with which he enriched
their memoirs, in several dissertations upon geometry, po*
lite learning, natural philosophy, and physic. He also
projected to establish at Dresden another academy like
that at Berlin. He communicated his design to the king
of Poland in 1703, who was inclined to promote it ; but the
troubles which arose shortly after in that kingdom, hin-
dered it from being carried into execution.

Besides these projects to promote learning, there is
another still behind of a more extensive view, both in its
nature and use; he sec himself to invent a language: so
e^y and so perspicuous, as to become the common lan-
guage of all nations of the world. This is what is called
" The Universal Language," and the design occupied the
thoughts of our philosopher, a long time.. The thing had
been attempted before by d'Algarme, and Dr. WiTkins,
bishop of Chester ; but Leibnitz did not approve of their
lA^tbod^ and therefore attempted a new one. His pre-

K 2

m LEIBNITZ. .

d^ce$9Qrs in bU opinion h^d not reached the point ; tb^jr
might indeed enable nations who did not understand eacb
Other, to correspond easily together ; but they had not at-
tained the true real characters, which would be the best
iQ^truments of the human mind, and extremely assist both
the reason and memory. These characters, he thought,
ought to resemble as much as possible those of algebra,
which are simple and expressive, and never superfluous
^nd equivocal, but whose varieties are grounded on , rea->
son. In order to hasten the execution of this vast project,
he employed a young person to put into a regular oirdqr the
definitions of all things whatsoever ; but, though he la-
boured in it from 1703, yet his life did not prove sufficient
to Complete it*. In the mean time, his name became Ca-
mous over Europe; and his merit was rewarded by^other
princes, besides the elector of Hanover. In 1711, he was
made aulic counsellor to the emperor; and the czar of
Moscovy appointed him privy-counsellor of justice, with
a pension of a thousand ducats f. Leibnitz undertook at
the same time to establish an academy of sciences at Vi-
enna ; but that project miscarried ; a disappointment which
som^ have ascribed to the plague. However that be, it is
certain he only had the honour of attempting it, and the
emperor rewarded him for it with a pension of 2000
florins, promising him to double the sum, if he would
come and reside at Vienna, which his death prevented.
In the mean time, the History of Brunswick being inter-
rupted by other works which he wrote occasionally, he
found at his return to Hanover, in 1714, that the elector
bad appointed Mr. Eckard for his colleague in that history.
The elector was then raised to the throne of Great Britain ;
and soon after his arrival, the electoral princess, then
prineess of Wales, and after<irards queen Cau'oline, en«
gaged Leibnitz in a dispute with Dr. Samuel Clarke upon
the subject of free*will, the reality of space, and other
philosophical subjects. This controversy was carried on
by letters which passed through her royal highnesses hands,
and ended only with the death of Leibnitz, Nov. 14, 1716,
occasioned by the gout and stone, at the age of seventy.

• He speaks ia some places of an ** Recueil de Literature," printed at

alphabet of human thoughts, which Amsterdam, in 1140, which also sayv

he was contriving, which, it is rery that Leibnits refused the place of

probable, b»4 «ome relation to his keeper of the Vatican library, ofTered

yniTerttal language. him by cardinal Casanata» while he

f The particulars we bare in the was at Rome.

LEIBNITZ. 133

Leibnite wa« in person of n middle stature, Und of a thin
habit/ He had a studious air, and a sweet aspect, though
short-sighted. He was indefatigably 'industrious, atid sO
continued to the end of his life. He ate find drank little.
Hunger alone marked the time of his itieals,- and his diet
was plain and strong. He loted tratelling, and different
climiites never affected his health. In ordet to impress
lipon his memory what he bad a mind to remember, he
wrote it down, and never read it afterwards. His temper
«^as naturally choleric, but on most occasions he had the
art to restrain it. As he bad thd honour of passing for
bne of the greatest men Jn Europe, he. was sufficrentljr
iensible of it He was sblicitous in procuring the favotrr
6f princes, which he turned to his own advantage, as well
as to the semce of learning. He was affable and polite ih
conver^tion^ and averse to disputes. He was thought to
ieve money, and is said to have left sixty thoussind crowns,
'yet nd mbre tbiln fifteen or twenty thousand out at interest;
the risst being found in crown-()iece^ and 6ther specie,
ifoarded in corn-sacks. He always professed himself a Lu-
tbeMin, but never joined in public wor^i^; and in bis
last sickness, being desired by his coachman; who was his
fiivourite servant, to send for a minister, hie would not
hear of it, saying be had no occasibn for one. He was
never married, atifd never attempted it but once, when he
ivais about fifty years old; and the lady destring time to
consider of it, gave him an opportunity of doing the same ;
which produced this conclusion, ** that marriage was a
good thing, but a wise man ought to consider of it all his
life." Mr. Loefler, son of his sister, was his sole heir,
whose Mfe died suddenly with joy at the sight of so much
AHoBey left them by their uncle. It is said he had a na-
total son in his youth, who afterwards Kved with him, was
serviteable to hrm in many ways, and had a considerable
share \h his confidence. He went by the name of William
Dioninger, and extremely resembled his father.

The following particulars i^Jating to M. Leibnitz are
^exf ract^d from the works of the abb^ Conti, as given in
the Gazette Litteraire for 1765 :

" This great nlan,'* says the abb^, " owed his death to
a medicine given him by a jestrit at Vienna, which he
tobk ffom ft diisire to obtain a too speedy cure for the
gout This removed the disorder suddenly from his foot
to bis atomach, and killed hhn. At the time of his ddatb,

134 LEIBNITZ.

he was sitting on the side of his bed, with an ink-stand ^nd
Barclay's Argenis beside him. They say that he was con-
tinually reading this book, the style of which pleased him
exceedingly ; and that it was from this taste he intended
to form his history.

^^ He left behind him twelve or thirteen thousand crowns
in specie, and a bag full of gold medals. Among his
papers was found a manuscript on the Cartesian method,
which has not yet appeared ; a political tract of Bud^, the
letters of pope Sylvester II. and Spinoza's letters..; His
awn manuscripts were in great disorder. There . were
found many papers filled with his thoughts, and with bon
mots either his own, or collected by hiip. Leibnitz had
passed part of his life with almost all the sovereigns of
Europe, -and expressed himself with much spirit and ele-
gance. He left behind him poems, epigrams, and love-*
letters. He was connected with the learned c^f ail coun-
tries ; and carefully preserved all the letters he wrote and
received. M. Eckard says, there were found in his letters
the history of the inventions, discoveries, and literary
disputes during the space of forty years. He applied ^him-
self to. every thing ; having left behind him a book of ety-
mologies in the German language, and he laboured at an
universal language to the time of his death. He loved
chemistry ; and to acquire the secrets of that art, he con-
trived a language chiefly composed of foreign words, which
procured him the acquaintance of several chemists.

" He read all books without exception ; the more odd
and whimsical the title was, the more curious he was to
examine the contents. He found a romance written in
German by Mr. Eckard: thi^ romance contained the his-
tory of a father, who having consulted an astrologer about
the future destiny of his son, learnt that to preserve him
from death, there was no other method than to make him
pass for the son of a hangman. Leibnitz found this ro-
mance so excellent that he read it through at one sitting.

" The first time he visited Hanover, he never went out
of his study. He never spoke of the sacred Scriptures
without reverence ; they are full, he would say, of lessons
useful to mankind. . He was unwilling to engage in religi-
ous disputes, but when his own principles were attacked,
he defended himself with much warmth. He was fond ,of
the Estern manners, bad a great esteem for the Arabic
and Chinese languages, and recommended the study of

! >

LEIBNITZ. 135

them. He formed a project for making a voyage to China,
and the Czar promised to fit him out ; but on reflexion, he
found himself too far advanced in life to undertake it. He
collected many Chinese books in which were contained the
antiquities of that empire." '

Leibnitz was author of a great multitude of writings;
several of which were published separately, and many
others in the memoirs of different academies. He invented
a binary arkhmetic, and many other ingenious matters.
His claim to the invention of Fluxiiiiis, we have already
noticed. Hanschius collected, with great care, every thing
that Leibnitz had^ said, in different passages of his works,
upon the principles of philosophy ; and formed of them a
complete system, under the title of " G. G. Leibnitaii
Principia Philosophic more geometrico demonstrata,*' &ۥ
1728,^ 4to. There came out a collection of our author's
letters in 1734 and 1735, entitled, " Epistolse ad di versos
theologici, juridici, tnedici, philosophic!, mathematici, his-
torici, & philologici argument! e MSS. auctores: cum an-
fiotationibus suis primum divulgavit Christian Cortholtus,"
^nd another collection of his letters was published in 1805
at Hanover, by M. Feder, under the title of " Commercii
epistolici Leibnitziani^ typis nondun) vulgati selecta speci-
roina," 8vo. Of his collected works, the best edition, dis-
tributed into classes by M. Dutens, v^as published at Ge-
neva in six large volumes 4to, in 1768, entitled, ^^ Gothos-
fredi Guillelmi Leibnitzii Opera omnia," &c.

As Leibnitz was long the successful teacher of a new
system of philosophy, it may be now necessary to give
some account of it, which was formed partly in emenda*
tion of the Cartesian, and partly in opposition to the New*
tonian philosophy. In this philosophy, the author retained
the Cartesian subtile matter, with the vortices and univer-
sal planum ; and he represented the universe as a machine
that should proceed for ever, by the laws of mechanism, in
the most perfect state, by an absolute inviolable necessity.
After Newton's philosophy was published, in 1687, Leib-
nitz printed an essay on the celestial motions in the Act
Erud. 1689, where he admits the circulation of the ether
with Des Cartes, and of gravity with Newton; thoqgh he
has not reconciled these principles, nor shewn how gravity
arose from the impulse of this ether, nor how to account
for the planetary revolutions in their respective orbits. His
system is also defective, as it does not reconc^ile the cirgu-

1S6 LEIBNITZ.

Utioa of tl^ eth^ with the free motions of the cotnet» i»
mil directions, or with the obliquity of the planes of the
planetary orbits ; nor does it resolve other objections to
which the hypothesis of the vortices and plenum is liable.

Soon after the period just mentioned, the dispute coqa^
menoed concerning the invention of the method of fluxions,
which led Mr. Leibnitz to take a very decided part in op'f
position to the philosophy of Newton. From the goodness
and wisdom of the Deity, and his principle of a sufficient
teasofij he concluded, that the universe was a perfect work,
or the best that could possibly have been made ; and thai
Other things, which are evil or incommodious, were per-r
mitted as necessary consequences of what was best : thai
the material system, considered as a perfect machine, can
never fall into disorder, or require to be set right ; and to
suppose that God interposes in it, is to lessen the skill of
the author^ and the perfection of his work. He expressly
charges an impious tendency on the philosophy of Newton,
because he asserts, that the fabric of the universe and
course of nature could not continue for ever in its present
stat^ but in process of time would require to be re-esta«
blished or renewed by the hand of its first framer. Tim
perfection of the universe, in consequence of which it is
capable of continuing for ever by mechanical laws in its
present state, led Mr. Leibnitz to distinguish between the
quantity of motion and the force of bodies ; and, whilst he
owns in opposition to Des Cartes, that the former varies,
to maintain^ that the quantity of force is for ever the same
in the universe ; and to measure the forces of bodies by the
squares of their velocities.

Mr. Leibnitz proposes two principles as the foundation
of all our knowledge ; the first, that it is impossible Ibf a
thing to be, and not to be, at the same time, which, he says
is the foundation of speculative truth ; and secondly, thai
nothing is without a student reason why it should be so,
rather than otherwise ; and by this principle he says we
make a- transit^n from abstracted truths to natural philo*
sophy. Hence he coacludea that the mind is naturally
determined, in its volitions and elections, by the greatest
apparent good, and that it is impossible to make a choice
between things perfectly like, which he calls indiscemi-'
Ues; from whence he infers, that two things perfectly like
could not have been produced even by the Deity himself :
and one reason why he rejects a vacuum, is because the

LEIBNITZ. 1$»

ppcM 9f it must be sitpposed perfectly like to eftcfa other.
For the 8ame reason too, he rcjecu atoms, and all 'timilar
parts of matter, to each of which, though divisible ad tnfi*'
mium, he asoribes a monad, or active kind of principle^
endued with perception and appetite. The essence of sub*
stance be places in action or activity, or, as he expresses
it, in something that is between acting and the faculty of
acting. He affirms that absolute rest is impossible, and
holds that motion, or a sort of nisvis, is essential to all ma*
terial substances. Each monad he describes as represent*
I9tive of the whole universe from its point of sight; and
yet he tells us, in one of his letters, that matter is not a
substance, but a substantiaium, or phenomena Hen/andf^
From this metaphysical theory, Which must be confessed
too hypothetical to afford satisfaction,. Leibnitz deduced
luany dogmas respecting the divine nature and operations^
the nature of human actions, good and evil, natural and
moral, and other subjects which he treats with great sub-
tlety, and in a connected train of reasoning.

The translator of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History ob*-
serves, that the progress of Arminianism haa declined in
Germany and several parts of Switzerland, in conseqiaence
of the influence of the Letbnitzian and Woliian philosophy.
Leibnitz and Wolf, by attacking that liberty of indif*
ference, which is supposed to imply the power of acting
noft only without, but against motives, struck, he says, at
the very foundation of the Arminian system. He adds,
that the greatest possible perfection of the universe, con«
sidered as the ultimate end of creating goodness, removes
from the doctrine of predestination those arbitrary proce-^
dures and narrow views, with which the Calvinists are sup*
posed to have loaded it, and gives it a new, a more pleas*-
ing, and a more philosophical aspect. As the Leibnitzians
laid down this great end as the supreme object of God's
iinivefsal dominion, and the scope to which all his dispen-
sations are directed^ so they concluded, that, if this end
was pvoposed, it must be accomplished. Hence the doc-
trine of necessiQr, to fulfil the purposes of a predestination
founded in wisdom and goodness; a necessity, physical
and mechanieal, in the motions of material and inanimate
things ) bat a necessity, moral and spiritual, in the volun-
tary determinations of intelligent beings, in consequence
of pvepollent moti?ves, which produce their effects with
eenaioty, though, these effects be contingent, and by ho

138 L E I B N I T. Z.

means the offspring of aii absolute and essentially imn>uta<*
bie fatality. These principles, says the same writer, are
evidently applicable to> the main doctrines of Calvinism ;
by them predestination is confirmed, though modified with
respect to its reasons and its end ; by them irresistible grace .
(irresistible in a moral sense) is maintained upon the hypo*
thesis of propellent motives^ and a moral necessity; the
perseverance of the saintsMs also explicable upon the same
system, by a series of moral causes producing a series of
moral ef&cts. But Maclaine adds, that ihe Leibnitzian
system has scarcely been embraced by any of the English
Calvinists, because, as he supposes, they adhere firmly to
their theology, and blend no philosophical principles with
their system.

. Gibbon has drawn the character of Leibnitz with great
force and precision, as a man whose genius and studies
have ranked his name with the first philosophic names of
bis age and country ; but be thinks bis reputation, per-
haps, would have been more pure and permanent, if he
bad not ambitiously grasped the whole circle of human
science. As a theologian, says Gibbon (who is not, per->
•haps, the most impartial judge of this subject), be succes-
sively contended with the sceptics, who believe too little,
■and with the papists; who believe too. much ; and With the
heretics, wlio believe otherwise than is inculcated by the
Lutheran confession, of Augsburgb. Yet the pbilosc^ber
betrayed his love of union and toleration.; bis faith in re-
velation was accused, while he proved the Trinity by the*
•principles of logic ; and in the defence of the attributes
and providence of the Deity, he was suspected of a secret
correspondence with his adversary. Bay le. The metaphy-
sician expatiated in the fields of air; his pre-established
.harmony of the soul and body might have provoked the
jealousy of Plato; and his optimism, the best of all possi^
ble worlds, seems an idea too vast for a mortal mind. He
was a physician, in the large and genuine sense of the
word ; like his brethren, he amused him with creating a
globe ; and his Protogaa^ or primitive earth, has not been
useless to the last hypothesis of Buffon, which prefers the
agency of.fire to that of water. ^' I am not worthy,^' adds
Gibbon, ^^ to . praise the mathematician ; but his name is
mingled in all the problems and discoveries of 'the times ;
the masters of the art were his rivals or disciples ; and if
he borrowed from sir Isaac Newton> the sublime method of

LEIBNITZ. 139

iloxioDs, Leibnitz was at least the Prometheus who impart-«
ed to mankind the sacred fire which he had stolen from the
gods. His curiosity extended to every branch of che-»
mistr)', mechanics^ and the arts ; and the thirst of know*
ledge was always accompanied with the spirit of improve*
ment. The vigour of his youth had been exercised in the
schools of jurisprudence ; and while he taught, he aspired
to reform the laws of nature and nations, of Rome and
Germany. The annals of Brunswick, and of the empire,
t)f the ancient and modern world, were presented to the
mind of the historian ; and he could turn from the solution
of a problem, to the dusty parchments and barbarous style
of the records of the middle age. His genius was mare
nobly directed to investigate the origin of languages and
nations ; nor could he assume the character of a gram-
marian, without forming the project of an universal idiom
and alphabet. These various studies were often interrupted
by the occasional politics of the times ; and his pen was
always ready in the cause of the princes and patrons to
whose service he was attached ; many hours were consumed
in a learned correspondence with all Europe ; and the phi*
losopher amused bis leisure in the composition of French
and Latin poetry. Such an example may display the ex^
teat and powers of the human understanding, but even his
powers were dissipated by the multiplicity of his pursuits.
He attempted more than he could finish ; he designed more
than he could execute : his imagination was too easily sa-
tisfied with a bold and rapid glance on the subject, which
he was impatient to leave ; and Leibnitz may be compared
to those heroes, whose empire has been lost in the ambi^
tion of universal conquest."*

LEIGH (Charles), a naturalist and physician of the
seventeenth century, was born at Grange, in Lancashire.
He entered in 1679, of Brazen-nose college, Oxford, and
took a bachelor's degree in arts, whence he removed to
Cambridge, and proceeding in the faculty of medicine,
afterwards practised in London with considerable reputa-
tion. He was admitted a member of the royal society in
May 1685. He left the following works: "The Natural
History of the Counties of Lancashire, Cheshire, and Der-
byshire, &c." London, 1700, folio, with plates. Into this

^ G«n. Diet. — Eloge by Fonteoelle.— Brucker.<! — Hutton't Dictionary.— Gib.
boa's MifceUaneous Works. — Diet. Hist.-«SaYii Onomast.

I

I

HO t-JE I G a

is incorporated the best part of the following pubUcatioUt :
'' Piitbtsiologia Lancastriensis, cum teiitamine. pbilosQ-
pbico de Mineralibus Aquis in eodem comitatu observatis/*
London, 1694, 8vo. <^ Exercitationes quinqoe de Aquis
Mineralibus, Thermis calidis, Morbis acutis, Morbis inter^
mittentibus, Hydrope," ibid. 1697. " History of Virginia/*
drawn up from observations made during a residence ia
that country, London, 1705, 12dio, Of bis ^^ Na,tural Hisr
tory of Lancashire,*' bishop Nicolson speaks with gjreat^
and, as Mr. Gough thinks, deserved contempt. The cpii^
described in this book were left to Mr. Prescot of Catb^rinQ*
hall, Cambridge. The time of his death is not mentioned
in any of the accounts we have seen of bim.^

LEIGH (Edward), a learned theological writer of thip
seventeenth century, the son of Henry Leigh^ esq. wa^
born at Shawell in Leicestershire^ March 24, 1602*3. H^
bad his grammatical learning under a Mr. Lee of WaJ^
shall in Staffordshire j and when removed to Oxfordj beh
came a conmjoner of Magdalen-ball, in 1616, under Mt^.
William Pemble, a very celebrated tutor of that society.
After completing his degrees in arts in 1623^ be removed
lo the Middle Temple for the study of the law^ During
the violence of the plague in 1625, he took thctt opportu^
nity to visit France ; and on his return to the Temple^
added to his law studies those of divinity and history^ in
both which he attained a great stock of knowledge. He
was in fact a sort of lay divine, and superior to many of the
profession. About 1636, we find him representing tb0
borough of Stafford in parliament, when some of tbe memr^
bers of tiiat, which was called tbe Long pafliameii.t« .hs^d
withdrawn to the king at Oxford. Mr. Leigh's sentiment
inclining, him to refmainand to support the measures of the
party in opposition to the c()urt^ he was afterwards ap:^
pointed to a seat in the assembly of divines^ and pertainly
sat with no little propriety in one respect, being as ably
skilled in matters of divinity and ecclesiastical history ^a
most of them. He was also a colonel of a regiment ip the
parliamentary service, and custos rotulorum for the county
of Stafford. He was not, however, prepared to approve of
all the proceedings of the parliament and army ; ami bett-
ing, in Dec. 1648, voted that his majesty's concessions were
satisfactory, he and some others, who held the same opi-

1 Aitu Ox. vol. If (-tonsil's Topogr»phy.<i«-PatteDey'8 3ketcfaes of Botany.

LEIGH. 141

(tfkxby were turned out of parliament. Fron that time he
tppears to have retired from public life, and to have eaw
played his time in study. He died June 2, 1671, at Rus*
baU Hall in Staffordshire, and way buried in the chancel of
that church. His works, which afford abundant proofs of
his learning and industry, are, 1 . ** Select and choice Ob-
servations concerning the first twelve Cesars," Oson. 1631,
8vo. Additions were made to this work both by himself and
his son Henry, who published an enlarged edition in 1657,
8vo, with the title of ^* Anaieota Caesarum Romanorum.**
Two other editions, with farther improvements and plates
of coins, &c. appeared in 1664 and 1670) 8vo. 2. ^^ Trea*
tise of Divine promises," Lond. 163^3, often reprinted, and
waathe model of Clarke*^ '* Scripture Promises,'' and other
collections of the same kind. 3. *^ Critica Sacra, or the
Hebrew words of the Old, and of the Greek of the New
Testament," Lond. 16^9, and 1646, 4to, afterwards en^
larged with a supplement, to 2 vols, folio. This was one
bf the books on which the late learned Mr. Bowyer bestow-
ed great pains, and had filled it with critical notes. 4.
'* A Treatise of Divinity," ibid. 1648, 1651, 8vo. 5. "The
Saint^s encouragement in evil times ; or observations con-
Qeruing the martyrs in general," ibid. 1648, 8vo. 6. " An«
notations on all the New Testament," ibid. 1650, folio.
7« **. A philological Commentary ; or, an illustration of
the most obvious and usefol words in the Law, &c." ibid.
1652, &c. 8. " A System or Body of Divinity," 1654,
Md 1669, folio. 9. " Treatise of Religion and Learning,"
ibid. 1656, folio, which not succeeding, was republished
in 1663^ with only the new title of "Fcelix consortium, or
a fit conjuncture of Religion and Learning." 10. '< Choice
French Proverbs," ibid. 1657, 1664, 8vo. 11. " AnnoU-
tions on the five poetical books of the Old Testament, viz.
Job, Psalms, P<roverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Canticles," ibid.
}$57^ folio. 12; ^< Second considerations of the high court
of Chancery," 1658, 4to. 13. *< England described," 1659,
8vo^ mostly.firom Camden. 14. " Choice observations on
ail (be kings of England, from the Saxons to the death of
Cbarle$^L" 166i, avo. 15. '< Three Diatribes, or Dis*
courses, of travel, moneys and measuring;, &c." 1671, 8vo;
in another edition it is calied the '^ Gentleman's Guide."
1:6. ^^ Two Ser^npns," on the magistrate's authority, by
Christ. Cartwright, B. D. To these sir Edward prefixed a
preface in vindication of his own character for appearing

142 LEIGH.

in the assembly of dirines. — ^This gentleman la by some
writers called Sir Edward Leigh, but not ^o by Wood, nor
can we find any information respecting his being knighted.
In all his works^ tbat we have seen, be is styled Edward
Leigh, Esq.^

LEIGHTON (Alexander), a Scotch divine, was born
at Edinburgh, in 1568, and educated in the university of
that city, under the direction of the pious and learned
Mr. Rollock. In 1603 he took the degree of M. A. and
was appointed professor of moral philosophy in his own
college, a place which he enjoyed till the laureation of his
class, in 1613. At tbat time he came to London, and
procured a lectureship, which he enjoyed till 1629, when
he wrote two books, the one entitled " Zion's Plea," and
the other, " The Looking-glass of the Holy War." In
the former of these books, he spoke not only with free-
dom, but with rudeness and indecency against bishops,
calling them ^'men of blood," and saying tbat we do not read
of a greater persecution and higher indignities done towards
God'si people in any nation than in this, since the death of
queen Elizabeth. He called the prelacy of the church
anti-cbristian^ and declaimed vehemently against the ca-
nons and ceremonies. He styled the queen a daughter of
Heth, and concluded with expressiag bis pity that so in*
genuous and tractable a king should be so monstrously
abused by the bishops, to the undoing of himself and his
subjects. This brought him under the vengeance of the
star-chamber, and a more cruel sentence, was jprobably
never pronounced or executed. After receiving sentence,
he made his escape, but was soon re-taken and brought
back to London. Historians have recorded the manner of
his shocking punishment in these words t ^^ He was se-
verely whipped before he was'f^ut in the pillory. 2. Being
set in the pillory, he had one of his ears cut off. 3. One .
side of his nose slit. 4. Branded on the cheek with a red
hot iron with the letters 8S (a sower of sedition). On
that day seven*night, his sores upon his back, ear,v nose,'
and face, being not yet cured, he was whipped again at
the pillory in Cheapside, and had the renuunder of his sen-
tence executed upon bim^ by cutting off the other ear,
slitting the other side of his nose, and branding the other
cheek." This happened in 1630. Granger has recovered

I Ath. Ox. vol. II.— Faller's Worlbies.-^Nicfaolt'i Bowyer.

L E I G H T O N. 145

SI memoir of hitn by which it appears that he practisedias
a physiciati in the reign of James I. and that he was inter-
dicted the practice of physic by the college of physicians,
as .a disqualified person. He alledged in bar to this pro-^ '-
hibition, that he had taken his doctor's de;L;ree at Leyden,.
under professor Heurnius. It was then objected to him|.
that he had taken priest's orders, and being asked why he
did not adhere to the profession to which he had been or*
dained, he excepted against the ceremonies, but owned
himself to be a clergyman. Still persisting to practise in
London, or within seven miles of that city, he was cen*
sured " tanqiuim infamis^^^ he having before been sentenced
in tbe star-chamber to lose his ears. But in this accouftc
there is some inaccuracy. He did not lose his ears until
1630, and then underwent his long imprisonment*.
. Be this as it may, after eleven years imprisonment in
the Fleet, be was set at liberty by the parliament, 1640,
and appointed keeper of Lambeth-palace, which at that
time was made use of as a state-prison. There be re-
mained till 1644, when he died rather insane of mind from
the hardships he had suffered. He has no works extant,
except those already mentioned. He was the father of
archbishop Leighton, the subject of the next article.'

LEIGHTON (Robert), some time bishop of Dunblane,
and afterwards archbishop of Glasgow, squ to the pre-
ceding, was born at London in 1613, but educated at the
university of Edinburgh, where his talents were not mor^e
conspicuous than his piety and humble temper. He after-i
wards spent some time in France, particularly at Dowaj,
where some of his relations lived. Our accpunts, however,
of his early years, are very imperfect. All we know with
certainty of the period before us is, that when he bad
reached his thirtieth year, in 1643, he was settled in Scot-
land, according to the presbyterian form,^ as minister of .
tfa^ parish of Newbottle, near Edinburgh. Here^ be

^ It tras when Dr. Leighton received popularity. The sentence itself, bow.

sentence that archbishop Laud, then ever, could not fail to make a deep

in tourt, ie said to hare takes off his impression on the minds of a people

cap, and returned thanks to God. already taught to be dissatisfied with

This story bas'been repeated in all the the government, and to thirst for that

histories of the tiiiie, and whether vengeance which fell upon Strafford,

true or not, must have, if only a cur- Laud, and lastly on the king himself,
rent report^ added heavily to his un-

1 Brook's Lives of the Puritans.— Kushworth and Nalson's Collections.—
Granger.

144 L K I G ft T ON.

. iPtmained severali years, and vmn most a«idiioua in Ag^
cbargiQg the varibus duties of his office. He did not^ bow««
(^er, conceive it to be any part of that office to add to
the distractions of that uivbappy period, by naking the
pulpit the vehicle of political opinions. Hia object wae
to exhort his parishioners to live in charity, and not t«i
double tbeinselves with religious and political disputes^
But such was not the common practice ; and it being the
custom of the presbytery to inquire of the several brethven^
, twice a year, '< whether they had preached to the tifoes ?*'*
'' For God's sake/' answefed Leigbton, *^ when all titf
brethren preach to the times, sumr one poor priest to
preach about eternity." Such moderation could not hAl
to give offence ; and finding his labours of no service, be
retired to a life of privacy. His miud was not, however,-
indi&iient to what was passing in the political worM, and
he was one of those who dreaded the downfall of the mo^
narcfay, and the subsequent evils of a republican tyranny,
and having probably declared his sentiments on these sub-
jects, he was solicited by bis friends, and particularly by-
his brother, sir Elisba L^gblon, to change his connexions.
For this he was denounced by the presbyterians as an apos-
tate, and welcomed by the episcopalians as a conirert; lit
lus first outset, however, it is denied that he was a thorough
presbyteriaa^ or in bis second, entirely an episcopalian ;
and it is certain that his becoming the latter could not be:
imputed to motives of ambition or interest, for episcopacy
was at this time the profession of the minority, atid ex-*'
tremely unpopular. His design, however, of retirifn^ to-
a life of privacy, was prevented l^ a circumstance w^^ich
proved the high opinion entertained of his int^rity, learn^^
iAg, and piety. The office of principal in the university*
of Edinburgh becoming vacant soon after Leighton's re^*
signation of bis ministerial charge, the- magistrates^ wha*
bad the gift of presentation, unanimously chose him to*
fill the chair, and pressed^ his acceptance of it by urging
that he might thereby be of great service to the churcl\,
without taking any part in public measures. Such a mo-
tive to a man of his moderation, was irresistible; and ac*
cordingly he accepted the offer, and executed the dutiea
of his office for ten years with great reputation. It waa
the custom then for the principal to lecture to the students
of theology in the Latin tongue ; and Leighton^s lectures
delivered at this period, which are extant both in Latia

L £ I G H T O N. 14<

Aod Englisli, ate ymty slrflting proofs of the abffity tnd M«
«iduity with wUeb he dhcharged this paact of his doty.

After the death of the king,/ Dr. LeightOB sometimes
-niited London during the vacations^ but was disgusted
with the pfToceedings there, and particntavly conceived a
dislike to the eondoct of the independents as well as to
their form' of charch'^governnent. He made several ex-
cursions, likewise, to FJandciv, that he might observe the
actoal state of the Romish church on the spot, and carried
on a correspondence with some of his rebMions at Doway,
who were in popish ard&rs} bat with the exeeption of
some Jansemsts, of whom be . entenained a favourable
opinion, hifr genial avevsioii to popish divines and po-
pery appeara to have been increased by his experience
I abroad.

When Cfaavlea II. after the reatomtion decemined to
ttfablish episeopaey in Svotlaiid, Dr. Leighton was per*
siiaded to accept a bishopric. This his presbyterian
biographers seem to consider as a part of his conduct
wUph is4iot to be lecoaiciled with bis gjieneral character
for wiadoiii and caution. They deduce, bowevier, from
. dieXMlowittg circumstances, that he did not enter cordially
into the plan, and waa even somewhat averse to it. ^^ He
chose tb«r most obsenre and least lucrative see^ tfaatof
Donfaj^flfie ; he diaapprofed of the feasting at the time> of
coDsiter^ion, and plainly testified against it ; be objected
iw the title of Lord; be refused to accompany the other
Scotch bishops in their pMipoiis entry into Edinburgh.
He hastened to Dunblane; did not accept of the invitation
to pa|f]^a■lent, and almost the only time he took hfs seat
there wasfor the purpose of urging lenity toward the pres*^
foyterians; be dc^sted all violent measures; persecuted
no oian^ upbraided no man; t)ad tittle correspondence
smfa his brethren, and incurved l^ir ^eep resentm^ent by
. bis resorts and strictness ; acknowiedged that Providence
frowned both on the scheme and the instruments ;. aiid
confined himself to his diocese**'

All this ttigbt be true, and yet not interfere with the
conclusion, that Br: l^ighton saijir nothing in the charac-'
ter and office of a bishop which coold hinder the success
of the gospel; on the contrary, bishop as he was, for
which these bic«raphers cannot forgive, him,- he exhibited
such an exaropkB of ptons diligence as could not be est-
4Eeeded hf tiM divines of any church ; and although during

VeL. XX. L

Ue L E I G H T O N.

. his holdiog this see, tbe presbyterisn^ were persecuted
with the greatest severity, in other dioceses, not one indt*-
vidual wasfliolested in Dunblane on account of hisreligiouis
principles. But as he had no power beyond his own bound-
aries, and could not approve the conduct of Sharp and others
of his brethren, he certainly became in time dissatisfied
with his situation, and it is possible he might be^so with
himself for accepting it. In an address to his clergy, in
1665, not four years after his settlement at Dunblane, he
intimated to them that it was his intention to resign, as-
signing as a reason, that be was weary of contentions*

Before taking this step, however, he had the courage to
try the effect of a fair representation of the state of matters
to the king, and notwithstanding his natural diffidence^
went to London, and being graciously received by Cbaries,
detailed to him the violent and cruel proceedings in Scot-
land ; protested against any concurrence in such raeasurefr;
declared that being a bishop he was in some degree ac-
cessary to tbe rigorous deeds of others in supporting epis-
copacy, and requested permission to resign his bishopric.
The king heard him with at^tention, and with apparent sor-* .
row for the state of Scotland ; assured him that lenieftt
measures should be adopted, but positively refused to : ac-
cept his resignation. Leigbton appears to have credited
his majesty^s professions, and returned home in hopes that
the violence of peraecution was over ; but, finding himself
disappointed, be made a second attempt in 1667, and waa
more urgent with tbe king than before, although still with-
out effect.

It may seem strange that Leigbton, who was so disgusted
with tbe proceedings of bis brethren as now to think it a
misfortune tp belong to tbe order, and who had so earnestly
tendered his resignation, should at no great distance of
time (in 1670) be persuaded to remove from his sequestered
diocese of Dunblane, to the more important' province of
Glasgow. This, however, may be accounted for (o bis
honour, and not to the discredit of the court which urged
him to accept tbe archbishopric. Tbe motive of the king
and bis ministers was, that Leigbton was tbe only man
qualified to allay the discontents which prevailed in. the
west of Scotland; and Leigbton now thought be might
have an opportunity to bring forward a scheme of accom-
modation between tbe Episcopalians and Presbyterians,
which had been for years the object of his study^ and the

t E I G H T O N. 147

iriib of his bean. The king bad examined this scbeme/
and promised his aid. It had all the features of mode-
ration ; and if moderation had been the characteristic of
either party, might have been successful. Leighton wished
that each party, for the sake of peace, should abate some*
what of its opinions, as to the mode of church-government:
and worship ; that the power of the bishops should be re-
duced considerably, and that few of the ceremonies of
public worship should be retained; that the bishop should
ooiy be perpetual moderator, or president in clerical as-
semblies; and should have no negative voice; and that
every question should be determined by the majority of
presbyters. Both parties, however, were too much exas*
peiated, and too jealous of each other to yield a single
poiot, and the scheme came to nothing, for which various
reasons may be seen in the history of the times. The
only circumstance not so well accounted for, is that
Cbarleip II. and his ministers should still persist in retaining
a man in the high office of bishop, whose plans they dis-
liked, atid who formed a striking contrast to his brethVen
whom they supported;

Disappeinted in his scheme of comprehension, arch-
bishop Leighton endeavoured to execute his office with his
usual care, doing all in his power to reform the clergy, to
promote piety among the people, to suppress violence, and
to soothe the minds of the presbyterians. For this last
purpose be held conferences with them at Glasgow, Paisley,
and Sdinburgh, on their principles, and on his scheme of
accommodation, but without effect. The parties could not
be brought to mutual indulgence, and far less to religious
coacord. Finding his new situation therefore more and
more disagreeable, he again determined to resign his dig-
nity, and went to London for that purpose in the summer
of- 1-678. The' king, although he still refused to accept his
i«signation, gave a written engagement to allow him to
retire, after the trial of another year ; and that time being
expiced^ and all hope of uniting the different parties having
Yaiiisbed, his resignation was accepted.- He now retired
to Broadfaurst, in Sussex, where his sister resided, the wi-
do<^ of Edward Lightmaker, esq. and here he lived in
great, privacy, dividing his time between study, devotion,
and acts of benevolence, with occasional preaching. In
1679 ht very unexpectedly received a letter, written iti
the king's own hand, requesting him to go to Scotland and

L 2

148 I. E I (J H T O N-

«

pi^oiApjte co^potd ainong tbi^ toqiK^nding paitieis, but it does
opt ^pp^iir il^t b<e eaqipUed with his nuijesty's pie&sune.
It is cert^aip that h^ nev^sr agaij) visited Scotland, nor inter-^*
ipeddled with ecple^iasiticai it09if«, but remained quietly in
bi3 retirement jijiiuil near his death. This event, however,
did not ta{^e pia^e at Broadhiir^t. /Although be had ei!i«<
joyed this retirement aluiost wkbout interruption fer tea
years, be w/a^ unexpectedly brought to London to see ht» '
friends. Thef reason of this vi$tt is not very clearly ex*.
plained, nor is it of great i&iportanee, but it appean that
be bad been accqstomed to express a wish that be xnigbt
die frppa home, and at an iiio ; and tbiB wish was gratified,
fpr be died at the Bell-ion, in Warwick^lane, far apart
from bis rieUtions, whose concern, bethought, might dti->
compose his noind. He was confined to his room about a
week, and to bis bed only three days. Bishop Burnet, and
Qtber friends, attended him constantly during tUs iilnt^s,
and witnessed his tranquil departure* He expired Feb. 1^
16S4, in the seventy-fif^t year of bia age. By his «xpresa
'(^sire, bi9 remains were conveyed to Broadhnr^, and in-
terred in the church ; and a monument of plain marble^
inscribed with his name, office, and age, was erected at
tbi? ^jcpence of his sifter.

Archbishop Leighton is celebrated by all wbo have wiit-
ten his lifci or incidentally noticed him, as a striking ex«»
ampl^ of unfeigned piety, extensive learning, and nn-*
bounded liberality. Every period of his life was marked
with sqbstantial, prudent, unostentatious charity ; and tfaafc
hp might be enabled to employ bis H'ealtb in this way^
be practised the arts of frugality in' his own concerns. He
enjpyed some property from bis father, but his income as
bishop of Dunblane was only 200/., and as archbishop o€
Glasgow about 400/. ; yet, besides his gifts of charity du*
ring his life, he founded an exhibition in the collie of
Edinburgh at the expence of 150/. ami three more in the
cpllege of Glasgow, at the expence of 400/. ; and gave
3po/. fpr the maintenance of four panpers in St. Nichdaa^a
hospits^l. He also bequeathed at last the whole of his
remaining property to charitable purposes. His Kfatarjr
>pd MSS. he left to the see of Dunblalie. His love for
retifement we have often mentioned ; ■ be carried it perhaps
to an excess, and it certainly unfitted him fi>r the o^orft.
s^ptive dutie9 of bis high station. Although a pvelaiie^, lie
i)$ver seemed to have coixaidered hia\seif as wotq than %

L B I O B T O N; 149

par^b pritst) and hi^ diocese k Ivrge pwrith. He wfta^ riot
Bnade for the times in.vrbicb be lived, ik a public cbardCter.
They were too yi^lent for bu gentle spirit, and impressed /
bim leith a melancholy that cbec)ied the natural cheerf\il-
sess of bis temper and conversation. As a prea^ber^ be
was admired beyond all bis contemporaries, ai^ bis wotin
have niot yet lost their popalarity« Sofne of them, ts his
*^ Commentary on St. Peter," hdive been dfien reprifritedi
but.tbe most complete edition, inetuding many pieces ne«
yer before poblisbed, is that which appeared in t80S, fiy 6
vols. Svo, with a life of the aothor by the Rev. G. Jtt^
ment. Of this last we have availed ourselves in the pire^
ceding s&etcb, but most refer io it for a nfore Mkpte acf^
count of tbe character and actions of thi& revere^^ preialtd/^ '
LE1.AND, ov LAYLONDE (John), sin emiiMent En^Ks^
aDtiqfli^yi was born in Loiulon, in the legfAfiing of tbe
sixtetntb cenCury^ bot in what parish at year is Mk:ertain'.
He #aa bred^at Su Paofs^efaoo^, tfnder the famous WvlKam
Lilly, Having lost both bis parerMs in his infancy, he
fotacid a foster^'faiber in one Mr; Tbomas Myles^^ who botb
nKMntained ]^\tn at school,^ and sent hiM tAenee to Chriye' J
college, hir Cambridge^ Of this sd^eiety, it is saiid, be be«
came fellow ; yet, it isi certarin' (tait be afterwards renfioved
to Oxford, and spent ^erevai yeafs^^ in Allf Souls Cottege^
wbece be pmiebiMed hiiTRiUdiie^ wiub great as^idiril^)^,' not
cmiy, in tbe- Greek and Latm se^goes^ bait in ibel^Mt>H
4oid Welcfa^ tile adcievvt la:ngnage9i of hM country. fo#
^MTtber impvofttment be travelled to Paris, wh^re- be bad
the coaviers^tion and instfiM^tioii pf Budseus, Pab^, I'aiulil^
wlgmUitta^ BueliiuS) and Francis Syt>vttti» ; by whose assibt4
toce be m>t oo^ perfected himself in die Latin and* Gr^B
toogues^ but learned French, Italian, ai|d Spanish. H^
also. improved his iiatun^l diposition to poe^.- On. bis
return brnme heeolered intio holy ordiers^ ai^d beingiesteemed
aik accomplished scholar, king Heevy Vl'tl. ma^de hitts enW
of bia ehafJatos, gave him tbe rectory of Popeb^ig, Po^
peiung, or . Pepling^ in^ the marches: it Calsws, appointed
bim? his: liihndry-keeper, and by a commission dated 1 $^%
digoified^ hiin witb the tithe of his' antiquary. By thist com^
mssaioa his mi^esty laid hia commands on' bint' to miAe
seatcb after ^ EngUaldi^s antic^ies,' and pemise ti})^ lifolE^^
xiea o£ all cathedrals^ abbiesi priories, eollc^ge», &ic. at)dF

1 I4fe,.w mbore,— Buf net'i Oi«o Tlaw^;— taiuf »a Hi^t; of SJciiUaiidi Ac.

» 4

150 . L E L A N D.

places where recordsi writings, and secrets of antiqnity
.w^re reposited.^' For this purpose he had an honourable
;5tipend allotted him> and obtained, in 1536, a dispensa-
Uon for non-residence upon his living at Popeling. Being
•now at full liberty, he spent above six years in travelling
About Eogl^jid and Wales, and collecting materials for the
liistory and antiquities of the nation. He entered opoci
bis journey with the greatest eagerness; and, in the exe*
eutioo of his design was so inquisitive, that, not content
with what the libraries of the respective houses afibrded^
nor with what was recorded in the windows and other mo*
numents belonging to cathedrals and monasteries, &c. he
wandered from place to place where he thought there were
any footsteps of Roman, Saxon, or Danish buildings, and
took particular notice of all the tumuli, coin$> inscriptions,
&c. In short, he travelled every where, both by the sea-
cQasts and the midland parts, sparing neither 'paind nor
qost ; insomuch that there was scarcely either cape or bay,
haven, creek, or pier, river, or confluence of rivers,
breaches, washes, lakes, meres, fenny waters, mountains,
yalleys, moors, heaths, forests, chaces, woods, cities, bo<>
roughs, castles, principal manor- places, monasteries, and
colleges, which he bad not seen, and noted, as he says, a
whole world of things very memorable.
. Leland not only sought out and rescued antique monu-
inents of literature from the destructive hands of time, by
a faithful copy and register of them, but likewise saved
many from being despoiled by the hands of men. In those
days the English were very indifferent and negligent in this
particular : they took little heed and less care about these
precious monuments of learning; which, being perceived
by foreigners, especially in Germany, young students were
frequently sent thence, who cut them out of the bocdcs in
the libraries ; and, then, returning home, published them
at the press of Frobenius, and other printers. This pil«
ferage^ together with the havock made of them at the ais«>
solution of the monasteries,^ was observed by our antiquary
with great regret ; and he wrote a letter to Cromwell, then
secretary of state, begging his assistance to bring to light
many ancient authors buried in dust, and sending them ta
the king^s library. His majesty was truly sensible of the
indefatigable industry and labour of his antiquary, and^on
bis return from his travels in 1 542, presented him to the
rich rectory of Hasely, in Oxfordshire, and the year foU

L £ L A N D. 151

lowing gave kim, by the name of John Leland, scholar,
and king's chaplain, a canonry of King^s college, now
Christ Church, in Oxford ; and, about the same time, the
prebend of East and West Knowle, in the church of
Sarum. In } 545 he lost the canonry pf Christ Church,
upon the surrendry of that college to the king, and had
no pension allowed him in the lieu of it, as other canons
had, yet as he is said to have been '* otherwise provided
for,'' it was probably at this time that the prebend of East
and West Knowle was given him. In 1545, havino; digested
into four books that part of his collections which contains
an account of the illustrious writers in the realm, with their
lives and monuments of literature, he presented it to his
mayesty, under th^ title of ** A Newe Year's Gifte ;" with
a scheme of what he intended to do farther *, For that
purpose he retired to a house of his own, in the parish of
St Michael le Querne, London ; where he spent near six
years in digesting and bringing into form and order, the
immense collections he had with so great assiduity amassed
together. It appears by a letter of his published by
Hearne, that he was desirous af procuring an able assistant,
but we are not informed whether he succeeded. I^ is cer-
tain that some assistance was necessary ; for though he ivas
a person of a clear judgment, and of great insight, to dis-
cern the difference ** between substantial and superstitious
learning," notwithstanding these and other natural endow-
ments of his mind, it is no wonder this double labour, this
augsean task, to realize these undigested heaps, should
overpower the strength of his constitution, and the spirits
submit to what nature could no longer support. This was
the fate of Leiaud ; and by this unfortunate event an end
vras put to his labours, ^<^a fatal stop tp the satisfaction he
vyas anxious to give to his king and country."
. King Henry died Jan. 28, 1547, and probably the great
concerns of state had for some time slackened the attention
of the court to his labours. Bay)e suggests that the court
did not pay Iceland his stipend, ^nd gives this as a plausible
reason for bis misfprtune ; but as we are told by his con-
temporary, bisi^op Bale, who had a better opportunity to
»

* This, was, to give a map of Eng- books as there are shires in E^ogland

Und on a siver plate ; a description of and Walev^ viz. fifty ; a sarvey of the

the same within twelvemonths; where- British isles, id six boohs ; and, finally,

in would' be restored the ancient naipes nn account of the nobility of En^l;|nd,

of places in Britain ; with the antiqui- in three books,
ties or civil bistocy of it ; in as ipAnjr

IM L E L A N D.

know Ills history^ tfaoit be was « man entiirelf abslratsted front
the world, peeuoiary considerations eoald scarce b^ thd
object of his T4dwt. Hovire^er^ to wbat^fer ^{^ritiiar^ ut se-
condary cause his disorder thay be assigned^ he fdl into a
deep melancholy^ and, in a short time after^ was totally
(deprived of his ^enfi^*

His distemper being made known to Edward YL his oa^
jesty^ by leuei's patents^ daited March 5, iSSO, granted
the eu^ody of him, by the name cf John Laylond^ juhior^
of St. Michael's parish in le Querae, eterk, to his brother
John Layiond/ senior ; and, for his tnaintenanbe, to receive
the pmfitft of Hasely, Popeling, and bis Salisbury prebea4
srbove-m^ntioned. In this distraction be contiasea, with^
out ever teco^^ering bis senses/ two yeaard, when the A^q»^
der put a period to his life, April 13, 15S2. He was in*
terred in the church of St, Michael le Qiieme, wbidi stood
at tbe weyt tsAd of Cheapside, between tbe conduit there
and Patemoster-row ; but, being burnt in the great fire of
1666, the site of it was laid out to enlarge tbe street.

This events as his illuesi; before had, was ddemed a na-
tional misfortuUle, g^ready lamented by conteeiporaries^
and by succeeding ages. On his demise^ Lefhnid^s papers
wete soagbt after by persons of the fim rank and learning
in the kingdom. Kiug Edward, aware of their value, eoih^
mitted tbm to'tbe custody of sir John Cheke, his tiit^^
who probably Wotild hkre made simie importahtusejE^f them
bad be hot beeU bihdei^d by tbe^oonfu^ipns which feiUowed
the de&th 4jf bis sovereign. Sir John,, being then sfeliged
to go abroaH^ leftfoiir folio^ volumes of Leland's coUec^i^s
to Humphrey Purefoy, iesq. and these descended to Butlioii^
^author of the History of Leicestershire, who obtained
possession also of eight othfer volumes ef Lels^d^s MS6«-
called his ^Mtinerary,^ all which he deposifleil, in l^S^^i
in the Bodleian library. The only other portion of Le«
land's MSS. is in the Cdttoman collection. Of all tbese^
Holin^hed, Drayton, Camden, Dugdale, Stohve, Lam^^
bard, Battdy, Wood, &b. &c. have made muibb «se in.
their historical researches; but ^e oatonottoo deejply !«•*
gret that the author did not live to -execute his own plams^
His collections were in truth but labares incepHy begun, not
completed. In that light be mentions them himself in an
address to archbishop Cranmer, intreating the favour of
that prelate's protection of his indigested papers. Yet in
this imperfect state they have been JiM»tLy deeioed&natiaiud

L E L A N D. 153

tressdre, b«re alws^s been consulted by our best antt-
qasrie», aiid their autbortty is eked as equal, if not su^
perior to any, iii points tifaat concern antiquiiies* Dr. Tan^
ner bad once fdrmed a plan for ppblisbing Leland's papers^
but i^airioQs afocatious pr^ented him : at length Heame
undertook the task, and produced those two invaluable
coUectiont, the '* Itinerary/' and ^ Collectanea,'' both too
w<eU known to require a more tbihdte description. To
these may be added a work not so well edited, *^ Coni<-
tnentarit de sCriptortbus Bntannlcis," Oxon. 1709, 2 vols.
^o. (See Anthony Hall.) Soiiie unpublished MSS« still
remain, and it appears that Leland had prepared a large
work entitled ** De Antiquitate Britannica, sive^ Historia
Civilts.'* It altfo appears that he had made large collect*
tioiis towards the antiquities df London, but these have .
k^ng been lost to the public, as well as bis quadrate table
on silver, mentioned in the {ireceding note, and the ** De^
scription of England,** which he said would be publkbed
in twelve months. *

LELAND (John), an eminent writer in defence of
Cht^sUantty, ' was bt)rn at Wigan^ in Lancashire, Oct. 18^,
1081. Boon after, his father, who had lived in good re«
ptite for many years, being involved in pecunislry diffi^t^
eulties^ ^ave up bis effects tdhis creditors, and removed to
Dublin. Finding here an opportunity for settling in busi^
ness^ he sent over for his wife and family of three sons,
and was enabled to support them in a decent manner.
Miny thefitlbje^^t of this memoir, was his second son, and
vdieii in his aixtfa yeilr, whi<!fh was before they left Eng^
hfnA, as our aecoont states, he met with a singular misforf
iiine. He Wtts seized with the small pox, which proved of so
sralignantsl bind that hts life was despaired of ; and when^
eontrary to all expectation, he recovered, be was found
t6 be deprived of his understanding and' memory^ which
last retairiied no traces ofwhat he had been taught* In this
atate he remained a yeary when his facnities returned ; but
intving^tiil mo remembranee df the past^ he began ane^
to learn his letters, aiiditi this his second edueation, made
so quid! a pro^r^ss, and gate such prodfe of sliperior me*
Itldry «nd understandifvg, that hi^psirents r^Ol^d to br^ed
Itkn iip to one of th^ learned professioiiai In this, fi^om

4ejrf9rd| )»ef€r of U^e ^sbviole^o library.

154 ^ L E L A N D.

their situation in Hie, they probably had not much cfaoiee^
from 'the great expenses necessary to law or physic ; and
tbis| with their religious, principles^ induced them to de«-
.eide in favour pf divinity. He was therefore educated for
the. ministry among the dissenters ; and having first ex«
hibited his talents to advantage in a congregation of dis-r
centers in New-row, Dublin, was, in a few n^onths^ in-
cited to become joint-pastor wi|;h the Rev. Mr. Weld, to
which office he was ordained in 1716. As he entered upon
this station from the best and purest motives, he discharged
the duties of it with the utmost fidelity ; and, by indefa-^
tigable application to his studies, he made at the same
time such improvements in every branch of useful know-
ledge, that be soon acquired a distinguished reputation in
the learned world. In 1730 Tindal published his << Chris-
tianity as old as the Creation,'* and although several excel-
lent answers appeared to that impious work, Mn L^land
was of opinion that much refnain^d to be said, in order to
expose its fallacious reasonings and inconsistencies* Acr
cordingly he first appeared as an author in 1733, by pub-
lishing <^ An Answer to a late book entitled ' Christianity
as old as the Creation, &c.^'* in 2 vols. In 1737 he em^
barked in a controversy with another of the same clasa of ,
writers, Dr. Morgan, by publishing " The Divine Autho-^
rity of the Old and New Testament asserted s^ainst the
unjust aspersions and false reasonings of a Book eptitled
^ The Moral Philosopher.' " . The learning and abilities
displayed by Mr. Leiand in these publications,, and the.
service which he rendered by them to the Christian cause^
procured him many marks of respect and esteem from per*^
sons of the highest rank in the established church, as. well
as from the most eminent of his disfepting brethren ; and
from the university of Aberdeen he received, in the most
honourable manner, the degree of D. D. In 1742 Dr.
Leiand published an answer to a pamphlet entitled ^* Chris-i
tianity not founded on Argument;'* and in 1753 he dis-
tinguished himself still further as an advocate in behalf of
Christianity, by* publishing ** Reflections on the late Iptd
Bolingbroke's Letters on the study and use of History ;
especially so far as they relate to Christianity and th<^ Holy
Scriptures.'* It i9 said to have been with sQnit*^ reluctance
that be was persuaded to exert himself upon this occasion ;
for although, as he himself observes^ no man needs mak^
an apology for using his best endeavours in defence of.

L £ L A N D. ISB

Cbristianity when it is openly attacked, yet he was appre,^
hensive that his engaging again in this cause, after having
done so on some former occasions, might have an appear-
ance of too much forwardness. But these apprehension^
gave way to the judgment and advice of his friend, the late
Dr. Thomas Wilson, rector of St Stephen*s, Waibrook; and
in complying with his recommendation, he performed an
acceptable service to the Christian world, and added not a
little to the reputation he had already acquired.

Dn Leland being now justly considered a master in this
branch of controversy, at the desire of some valuable friends
he sent to the press, in 1754, '^ A View of the principal
Deistical Writers that have appeared in England, in the
last and present century, with observations upon them,
&c. In several letters to a friend.*' This friend was Dr.
Wilson, to whom the letters were sent by the author, in
the form in which they appear. When the work was ready
for the press, the copy was so little esteemed that no book-
seller would give more than 50/. for it; on which Dr. Wil-
son generously printed a numerous edition at his own
risque, and the subsequent editions sold with great rapidity
and profit The design of this work was to give some idea
of the productions of the deistical writers, and of the seve-
ral schemes which they have advanced, as far as the cause
of revealed religion is concerned. He afterwards published
a supplement relating to the works of Mr. Hume and lord
Bolingbroke, and this was followed by a third volume, com-
prehending the author's additions and illustrations, with a
new edition of ^* Reflections upon lord Bolingbr6ke*s Let-
ters,** &c. Tlie uriiole of this work is now comprised in
two volumes; it secured the author general public appro-
bation, and encouraged him to continue his exertions to a
very advanced age. Accordingly, when he was upwards
of seventy years old, he published, in 2 vols. 4to, '* The
advantage and necessity of the Christian Revelation, shewn
from the state of religion in the ancient heathen world,
especially with respect to the knowledge and worship of
liie one true God ; a rule of moral duty, and a state of
fiiture rewards and punishments," &c- This work was af-
terwards reprinted in two volumes, 3vo. Dr. Lelatid died-
in bis seventy -fifth year, on the l^th of January 1766'; he
was distinguished by considerable. abilities, and very exten-
sive learning; he had a memory so tenacious^ that he was
often called <' the walking library.** After his d ea th a collec-

156 L E L A N D.

I

\

tion of bis sermons wim pdblisrbe<i in four volumes oetsivo^
with a. preface cootaining some account of tb4^ life, ebtfrtfd-^
ter, and writings of the aathory by the Rev. Dr. Isaac
Weld, who preacbkl bis funeral frermon at the meeting iff
Eustace-streetf Dublin, of which Dr. Leiand had for man]^
years been the^ pattot; The extensire circulation of iofidel
writings about twenty years ago^ induced the Rev. Dr.
W. L. Brown, principal of Marithal college, Aberd^enf, to
superintend a new edition of the *^ View of the Deis^ical
writer^/' 1798^ 2 rols. 8vo, to which he added an excel-
lent ** View of the Present Times, with regard to religion
and morals, and other inaportstnt subjects.*^'

LELAND (Thomas), a learned ditine and translatof^
the sqn of a citizen of Dub Ho, was bom in that city in 1722,
iTbe first rudiments of classical education he received at
the school kept by the celebrated Dr. I^eridan, whose ta«
lents and success in forming excellent sthoiart, were thenf
well f(nown« In 17:57 he entered a pensioner in Trinity
college; and in 1741 was elected a scholar; commCDced
bachelor of arts in 174*2, and was a candidate for a fellow-
ship in 1 745, in which he failed at this time, bot succeeded
the following year by the unanimous voice of the electors.
On being tbi^s placed in a state of independence, he did
not resign himself to ease aiid indolence, but was conspif-
euous for the same ardent We of knowledge which apU
peared in the comme^ement of his studies, and was pre-
dominant throughout bis whole life. In 174S he entered
into hply orders, and from 'a deep sense of the importance
of Us profession, drew up a dtsconrse '^ On the hh^ps.and
impediniQnts to the acqcHaition of knowledge iu religians
and moral subjects,'' which was mucbadBiired at that time,
butino Qopy is nctwto be foMd. In 1754, in conjunction
with Dr^ iohfi Stokes^ he published, at the desire of the'
uniyersitjFf an edition of the ** Orations of Demosthenes,'^
with a Latin version and notesy which we do not find men-
tioned by any of ovr dassica) bibiiogiraphers^ excejpic Har-
wood, who say» it is im a vols. ISoio; Iw 1756 Dry Lel^nd
published the first vohtne of his English '* Translation of
Demostbenes/' 4to, with' notes criticid a^d hiistorical ; the
second volusae of which sq^peared in i761, and the third in
1770. This rsAsad his repnfefttion i«ry high as a ciassittaA

1 tCeTd't preTace, ms above, snd funeral sermoD.-^Life,i 19 Biitish Biognu

ftfSfftiyi vdKjt.

L E L A M D. 157

* •

bcbolar and critic, and public expectation was farther gra«
tified in 1758 by his <f History of the Life and lUign of
PfaUip king of Macedon, the fother of Alexander/* 2 vol§.
4to. His attention to the orations of Demosthenes and
^Eschines, and to Grecian politics, eminently qualified
him for treating the life of Philip with copiousness and ac«
curacy. After this he proceeded with translations of JEn*
chines, and the other orations of Demosthenes. In 1762,
he is supposed to have written, although he never formallj
avowed it, the ingenious historical romance of *iLong«*
sword, earl of Salisbury/*

In 1763, he was appointed by the board of senior fellows
of Trinity college, professor of oratory. His course of ^
study, and the labour he had bestowed on his translations^
bad furnished him with a perspicuous and energetic style>
which he displayed both in the profes8or*s chair and in the
pulpit, being the most admired preacher of bis time in
Dublin ; nor was he less esteemed for bis talents as a con-
troversial writer, of which . he now afforded a specimen.
Bishop Warburton having noticed in his ** Doctrine of
Grace,*' the argumtnt used by infidel writers against the
divine inspiration of the New Testament, from its want of
purity, elegance, &c. opposed this opinion by some of hie
own which appeared equally untenable; namely,' 1. That
the evangelists and apostles, writing in a language, the
knowledge of which had been miraculously inftised, coutd
he masters of the words only, and not of the idioms ; and
therefore must write barbarously. 2. That eloquence was
not any real quality; but something merely fantastical
' and arbitrary, an accidental abuse of human speech. S.
That it had no end but to deceive by the appearance of
vehement inward persuasion, and to pervert the judgment
by inflaming the passions ; and that being a deviation from
the principles of logic and metaphysics, it was frequently^
vicious. Dr. Lelaod quickly perceived the danger of thesei
positions, and in 1764 published *' A Dissertation on the
priocipl«i of human Eloquence ; vrith particular regard to
the s^ie and composition of the New Testament ; in which
the observations on this subject by the lord bishop of Glo««
cester, in hit discourse on the Doctrine of Grace, are dis*
tiactly considered ; being the substance of several lectures
read in the oratory school of Trinity college, DuUin,'* 4to.
la thia be refuted Warburton's positions in a candid and
liberal aMUMier, but was attempted tQ be answered by Dn

15» L ELAN D.

Hurd (without bis name), in a manner grossly illiberal
and unmanly^ from wbicb Dr. Hurd could derive no bthef
advantage than that of flattering Warburton ; and (tdui
the manner in which he notices his controversial tracts
(See HuRDy vol. XVIII. p. 342) in the latter part of his
life, it would appear that be was himself of this opinion*
Bn Leiand published a reply to Dr.. Hurd, in which, by
jBtill preserving the dignity of the literary character, be
gained, in manners as well as argument, a complete vic«*
tory over his antagonist.

In 1765, through the suggestion of Dr. Leiand, the uni-
versity of Dublin bestowed on Dr. Johnson their highest
honour, by creating him doctor of laws, a favour which he*
ficknowledged in a letter to Dr. Leiand, which may be
seen in the last edition of BoswelFs Life. In 1768, Dr.
Leiand was appointed chaplain to lord Townsend^ lord lieu*-
tenant of Ireland ; and his friends entertained hopes that
his merits would have raised him to the episcopal bench ;
but he obtained only in that year the prebend of Rath"-
michael, in the cathedral church of St. Patrick^ Dublin,
united with the vicarage of Bray, both of small value, but
tenable with his fellowship. In 1773, appeared his ^^ His*
tory of Ireland, from the invasion of Henry II. with a pre*
liminary ^discourse, on the ancient state of that kingdom,'^
3 vols. 4to. The merit of this work has been disputed by
critics. , It may be pronounced, however, an el^ant sketch
of Insjx history, and calculated for common use ; but he
appears to have taken no pains to consult original materials^
and therefore has brought very little accession to our know*
ledge.of Irish affairs. . ,

Dr. Leland's other publications in his life- time were
only a few occasional sermons, of greater merit as to man*
ner and matter than the three volumes of sermons printed
after bis death, which have the disadvantage of not being
prepared for the press. 'He died in 1785. His fame rests
on his '^ Life of Philip," his "Demosthepes,'' and his ^'Dis*
aertation upon Eloquence.*' The ^^ Life of Philip," says
an eminent living scholar, '< contains many curious re*
searches into the principles of government established
among the leading states of Greece; many sagacious re--
marks on their intestine discords ; many exact descriptions
of ^heir most celebrated charaoters; together with an ex*
tensive and correct view of those subtle intrigues, and those
ambitious projects, by which Philip, at a favourable crisis^.

L E L A N D. 159

• t • T

gradually obtained an unexampled and fatal mastery over
the Grecian republics. In the translation of ** Demo^*
thenes/* Leiand unites the man of taste and the man of
learning ; and shews himself to have possessed, not only
a competent knowledge of the Greek language, but that
clearness in bis own conceptions, and that animation in
hb feelings, which enabled him to catch the real meaning,
imd to preserve the genuine spirit of the most perfect
orator that Athens ever produced. Through the ** Disser-
tation upon Eloquence,^' and the *^ Defence" of it, we see
great accuracy of erudition ; great perspicuity and strength
of style; and above all, a stoutness of judgment, which,
in traversing tbe^open and spacious walks of literature, dis-
dained to be led captive." '

Le LONG. See LONG.

LELY (Sir Peter), a most capital painter of the reign
of Charles IL was bom at Soest, in Westphalia, in 1617.
His family name waa Vander Vaas ; but from the circum-
stance bf his father, who was a captain of foot, being born
in a perfumer's shop, whose sign was a lily, and receiving
the appeliatk)h of captain Du Lys, or Leiy, our artist ob-
tained it as a proper name. He was first instructed in the
art by Peter Grebber, at Haerlem ; and having acquired a
very considerable degree of skill in execution, he came
to England in 1641, and commenced portrait-painter.
After the restoration he was appointed state-painter to
Charles II. and continued to hold that office with great re-
putation till his death, which happened in 1680. He was
seized by an apoplexy while painting a portrait of the
duchess of Somerset, and died instantly, at the age of
•ixty- three.

Though Leiy's talents, as an artist, do tiot entitle him
to bold a rank equal to that filled by his great predecessor,
Vandyke, yet they justly claim very great respect and ad-
miration. He fell short of Vandyke in two very essential
parts of portraiture, viz. taste and expression. It is ia
parts only that he wrought with taste : in the ringlets of the
hair, for instance ; seldom in the actions of his figures,
and scarcely ever in the tout- ensemble of his pictures. As
to the expression of his portraits, it is almost entirely

1 Lif« prefixed to his « Sermons."— Enrop. Ma^^. for August J799,r— Nichols't
Bow jer.— Warburton's Letters to Hurd. — BosweU's Life of J^hnsoo*

160 L E L y.

d^crib^d, 9,t leas^ in those of his fipinales, by what tb(? poet
h^ said, th^t he

ie , OQ animated canvas stde

The sleepjr eye that sppke the n^elting soul,"

The consequence vis, that individual expression, the vety
(essence of poruait^painting, is lost sight of ; and a certain
air of general resemblance is seen in them ail. Yet Leiy'a
pictures, by the mastery of his execution, and hjs skill q£
imitation, where he pleased to employ it, will ever com-
•jnand admiration. He possessed the art of flattery more
than most aitists ; and no doubt by that secured the appn>-
liation of his contemporaries, and consequently great prac-
tice. He acquired a very considerable fortune, of which
he employed a large portion to furnish himself with a col«
lection of pictures and drawings. These, at kis death,
were sold by auction, and were sp numerous, that forty
days were consumedin the sale ; and the product amounted
to 26,000/. ; besides which, he left an estate he had pur-
chased, of 900/. per annum. Among )m niore celebrated
pictures in this country, are the series of beauties at Wind-
sor ; a remarkable picture of Charles L and heads of the
duke of York, and lady Elizabeth, at Sion-bouse ; ^veial
portraits in the gallery at Altliorp ; the duke of Devon*-
shire's, lord Pcmifiret's, &c. ^

LEMERY (Nicolas), a celebrated chemist, was born
Nor. 17, 1645, at Rouen in Normandy, of which pariia«
ment his father was a proctor, and of the reformed reli-
gion. Having received a suitable edpcajtion at the place of
his birth, he was pi|t apprentice to an apothecary, who was
a relation ; but, finding in a short ^me that his master
knew little of chemistry, he left him in 1666, and went to
improve himself in that art at P9m, where he applied to
jMr. Giazer, then demonstrator of chemistry in the royoi
gardens ; but as Mr. Giazer was one pf those professors
who ^are full of obscure ideas, and was also fiar from being
communicative, Lemery stayed with him only two months,,
and thea proceeded to travel through France in quest of some
better masters. In this resolution he wen>t to Montpeiier,.
where he continued three years with Mr. Vernaut, an apothe-
cary, whogavehinsi an oppartunijty of performing several che^
mical operations, and of reading lectures also to some of
his scholars. By these means he made such advances iv^

* Walpole'f Anecdotei.— Dechamps and D'Argenville. — Piikington.

L E M E R Y. l^i

ifiiemistfy, that in a Iittl« time he drew alf (he ptott^soti
of physic^ as well as other curious persons at Monfpeliet^
to bear him ; having alwtiyd some new discoveries, whrch
raised bis reputation so high, that he practised physic iii
(hat nmversity without a doctor's degree.
' . In 1672, baring made the tour of France, be returki^d
to Paris, where be commenced an acquaintance with Mf.
Martyn, aipothecary to monsieur the prince ; and mak-
ing use of the laboratory which this apothecary had in the
hotel de Cond^, he performed several courses of chemistry^
Wiiich brought him into the knowledge and esteem of the
prince. At length he provided himself with a laboratory
of bid own, and might have been <nade a doctor of ph'ysic^
but hi^ attachment to chemistry induced him to rietd^ain an
apothecary, and his lectures were frequented by scr great
a number of scholars, that he bad scarce room t6 penbrrii
his' operations. Chemistry was then coming iritd great
irogue in that metropolis ; and Lemery contributed greatly
10 its advancement, by treating it in a simple aiid perspi-
cuous mi^nner, divesting it of the jargon of mysticism i^
which it bad been hitherto obscured, and, by the dexterity
tt his experiments, exhibiting the facts which it discloses
to the comprehension of every understanding. !By these
means be established such a character for superior che-
mical skill, as enabled him to make a fortune by the sale of
his preparations, which were in great request both in Paris
und the provinces. One article in particular was the source
of great profit, namely,, the oxyd,or, as it was then called,
(he magistery of bismuth, and known as a cosmetic by the
name of Spanish white, which no other persoq in Paris
knew how to prepare. In 1675 he published his <^ Cours
de Chymie,*'' which was received with general approbation
imd applause, and passed through numerous editions : in-
deed seldom has a work on a subject of science been so po-
pular. It sold, says Pont^nelle, like a novel or a satire; new
editions followed year after year ; and it was translated into
l.atin, and into various modern languages. Its chief value
Consisted in the clearness and accuracy with which the pro-
cesses and operations were detailed : the science was not
yet sufficiently advanced for a rational theory of them.
Indexed he seems to have worked rather with the view of
directing apothecaries how to multiply their preparations,
than' aS a pbilqsophical chemist ; and his materials are not
arranged in the most favourable manner for the instruction
Vol. XX. M

162 L E M E R Y.

of beginners in the science. Nor did he divulge tbe wfaok^
of bis pharmaceutical knowledge in this treatise ; be kep^
the preparation of several of bis chemical remedies -secrety
in order to obtain tbe greater profit by their sale*

In 1681 bis tranquillity began to be disturbed on account
of bis religion ; and he received orders to quit his employ.
At this time the elector of Brandenburgh, by Mr. Span**
heim, bis envoy in France, made him a proposal to go to
Berlin, with a promise of founding a professorship in .cher
mistry' for him there; but tbe trouble of transporting his.
family to such a distance, added to the hopes of some ex-
ception that would be obtained in his favour, hindered bim
from accepting that offer, and he was indulged to read
some courses after the time limited ,by the order was ex«
pired ; but at length, this not being suffered, he came to
England m 1683, where Charles II. gave him great encou-
jagement. Yet, as .the face of the public affairs here ap-* '
peared not more promising of quiet than in France, be re-
solved, to return thither, though without being ^ble to
determine what course he should then take.

In this dilemma, imagining that tbe title of doctor of .
physic might procure bim some tranquillity, be took that
degree at Caen about the end of tbe year; and, repair-
ing to Paris, had a great deal of business for a while,
Wt the edict of Nantz being revoked in 1685, he was for-
bid to practise his profession, as well as other protest^nts^.
He read, however, two courses of chemistry afterwards, .
under some powerful protections; and having no longer
.courage to support his religious principles, entered into
the Romish church, in the beginning of 1686. This change .
procured him a full right to practise phy^c, and haying
obtained xhe kind's letters for holding his course of che-
tnisiry, and for the sale of his medicines, although not uo«f :
an pipbtUecary, what with his pupils, his patients, and tbe v
sale j6f his pbemical secrets, he made considerable gaios^

UpoQ the revival of the, royal academy of sciences, in-
1699,1)0 was made associate chemist, and at the end of
the y£8r became a pensionary. In 1707 be began to feel :.
the infirmities of age,, and had a slight attack of apoplexy, :
which not being so severe as to hinder bim from going .
abroad, be attended tbe academy for a considerable time,
bttt.utjie.ngth being confined to bis house, he resigned his
pensionary'^ place. Another stroke of apoplexy in 1715,
after seven days, put a period to his life June 19^ >t the

age of seventy* Hh priocipal works are, 1. The '* Couds
de Chymie^' before meotioned. 2. f^ An universal Pbar->.
maeopceia.'' 3. << Diet. Uoirersel des Drogues sifuples,'*
a very useful work. 4. " A Treatise of Antituony ; con-
taiuing the chemical analysis of that n)ineral/' which inn
voiced him in a controversy with an anonymous critic, ia
which he was not very successful. ^

LEMERY (Louis), son of the preceding, w^a bom- at
Paris in January 1677, and was intended for the profession
of the* law; but^ he had imbibed from the pifirsuits of his
father so great a taste fon those sciences, that he entered
the faculty of medicine of his native city, and received the
d^ree of doctor in 1698. Two years afterwards he wa9
admitted into the academy of sciences, and in 1708 he
delivered lectures on chemistry in the royal garden. In
171.0 be was appointed physician to the Hotel-Dieu, a post
which he occupied during the remainder of his life. In
J17 12 be obtained the rank of associate in the academy, and
succeeded his father as pensionary in 1715. He purchased
the oj£ce of king's physician in 1722 ; and in that capacity
he accompanied the infanta of Spain on her return from
France, whither she had gone with the view of being mar-
ried to Xouis XV. Soon after his return to Paris he was
honoured by the queen of Spain with the title of her con-
sulting physician. In 1731 he was appointed professor of
chemistry in the royal garden, in the place of Gboffroy.
At'a subsequent period he became particularly attached to
the establishment of the duchess of Brunswick, whom he
frequently visited in the palace of Luxembourg ; and he
Jikewise obtained the patronage of the princess of Contt,
in whose hotel he regularly passed a part of every day, and
there composed several of the chemical papers which he
read before the academy of sciences. These papers treat '
of the subjects of iron, of nitre, and some other salts, of
vegetable and animal analyses, of the origin and formatioa
of monsters, &c. He died on June 9, 1743, and the loss
of him was much regretted ; for to the mild and polished
manners of the gentleman, he united great sincerity and
constancy in his attachments, and sentiments of liberality
jand generosity in all bis proceedings.

In addition to the papers published in the Memoirs of
the academy^ he left the following works : I. '* Trait6 des

^ ^kms, Tols, JhT. and X.— Morcri..— llMi't Cycloptiduu

M 2

ie4 LtU fe Ry. "

*HtMns,*» Pafisj iVC^^ #Hkh wis frequency i*|>ife£ed,
and greatly augmented by Bfuhierj Jnf theeditibti of lr755,
2 tols; l^mo. 2. " DMseftatibn sur te Noutritiirt dCi Os,** '
Parity ' 1704, 12tno: He Kkev^ise publtshed thre^ letters
Cti the generatidn of trorms in^ the buthiltv body, in oppo-
sition to this trtfatr^ of Anrdrj) \tith iVtiom a nharp contro-
versy was carried on upon this topic. *

LE MOINE. 9ee MOINE.

JLEMONNIER. See MONNIEtt.

LEM'OS (Thomas dk), a cetebrated Spanish Dominican/
^sis born abont 155€^, of &n illuilHou^ fnnily at Rivadavia,
in Gallicia. He defended s6 forcibly the doctrine of thd
Thorn ists, on grace, in opposition to the opit^torts of Mb-
lina, that he was sent with Alvarez, by the general chap-
ter of his order, held at Naples, 1600, to support this doc-
trine against the Jesuits at Rome, and excited the famous'
disputes held in the congregations de AuxiKit, assembled
in that city under pope Clement VIII. and Paul V. iti
<^hich he had the principal part. This made him so cete-
brated, that the king of Spain offered him a bishopric ; but
he refnsed it^ being contented With a p<inidbn^ and dl^ ai
Rottie, August 23, 162&, aged eighty-four, in the conf ebt
de la Minervfe. He tost his sight three yeart before.
' Many of his writings on the subject 6f gi-ace rettiairt, com-
posed' during th6 congregation de Auxiiiis j artJ li very
minute journal of What passed there, printed at Rh^ms,
tinder the nate6 of Louvaiu, 1702, fol. He also coibpited
a large work, (etititlted ," Panofpfia Gratias,** ^ vols, fbl,
printed at Beziers-, tmder the naitie of Lerge, lelQ.'*

LENT ANT (James), a learned Ertnch writfer Itf tfttt
^iglitteehth century, was bohl at Ba«dch6?, iti Beausse,
April 1 ?, 1 6 6 1 ; He was son of Piul Litifarjt, totri?ster at
ChatiHoti^ who died at MaAotfrg, ifi Jime 1686. He Sttidted
divrrt?tjr at Satinrtir, wh^« he Ibdged at thetiouse Of 'Jibed
Cappel, profe^or of Hebrew, by ^hottt he was alwayi
highly esteemed ; and afterwards went to ©feneva, to con-
tinue hife studies there. Leading Genevk toward^ the fend
of 1683, be went to Heidelberg, where he Wte drdafned
in Atign^t, 1684. He discharged the duties of his fhnetioil
there witU great. i;eptitation as eliapl^m of tb'i^ ^tecttes^
dow^^ of Palatine, and {iaStor in* otdlnai^y te the IfreAch
chnrdi. The-deiScent of the EIrettch itltd th^ Pklatfnate,

• JStore^l-^i^eiH CycTo|>tedla. « Morer}.— Diet fiist.

L E N F A N T. «f

boi^reTiec^ obliged bim io dep^( fjxupi Heiilelbei;g in 168$.
Two letters wbicb be bad written f gainst ^ha ^^^uits, anfl
wbich are in3erted at tbe (end of ^is " Presfirvi^uf," ren-
det^ed 1% soinewbat hazardous to copiinue .at i^^ mercjr of
a sQ(;i{ety whQse pQwer w^ then io its p^pitfide* ^e Jl^ft
the Palatinate, therefore, in Octpbpr 1.683* with the conr
tent f){ his church and superior^, and arrived. at Berliri ip.
Kovember following. Tbongb the Fc^ch cbiirch of Ber?-
lin bad alre^y a sufficient nuniber of minist^r% the ^lectof
Frederic, afterivards king of Prussia, appointed IVIr. I^enr
jfai^t 9ue of tbei% w1;i,q began bis functions on Easter-d^ay,
March the ^]l«ty lj689, and continued t^m t^irtjr-fiinp ,
yf^^xs and j(6ur ^Qnt|)«y and during thi^ time j^dded greatly
to bis^ reputation by \f}f writings. His merit wa# so fvlly
ackqoY^dedgf^d, as to be rewarded with eve^y mark of d^*
tu^ction suitable to hi^ profession. He w^ prefchiepr.tQ t^e
qt^een of ,Prns^^. CharlpjbtaT Sophia, who wu» eminent for
Aex^ senjse a^d exten^nre knowledge, and after her death he
became chaplain to the king of Prussia. lie w^s cou^-
l^ellor.of the siuperior copsistory, and member of th^ French
cQjancil, ^hiph w^i;e form^ to direct the general fi,ffairs of
that nation. Iq 1710 he yviis c^osep a member of the so<-
piety for propagating ^e gospel established in England j
^\kd A{arch the Sd, 1724» was elept^d member of the ^^^'
de^y of sciences at B/^rlin. in 1707 he took a journey to
Qolland and Enghmd, where he bad the h^nonr to preach
before queen Anne ; and if he bad thougJit proper to leave
)}i,s chnrcb at Berlin, for which he bad a great respect, he
^migbt haye had a settlemeijLt at JUmdon, ^witih the rank of
(ch^lainto her majesty. In 1712, he went to Helmstad;
10 1715 to Leipsic; and ^ 172^$^ tp 3re$Ja,w, to searcii
foff rare books an,d mj^ru^s^ipts i)€;cf»i^i»aqr ^ot the biscocie^
vfhif^ be w^ writing.. Jp tpp^ pjicnrh^f^^ he was ho-
j^r^d. iji^jith several Valiffjbk materials frpni the elec tress
pj^.Br,u9^wic-Ljjin^ufj|^ pr^icess Pala^ne; the prinee^
pf >Valp^, aftertfardr Cf^o|ine qneeii of ^reat J^riit^in-;
the coi^nt ie Fleming; 4dw^ Pagn^s^au, obaoQellorof
|';t^^c/9 i ffjfA a gref^t, nnqaber of Iw^nH men, boih FOr
t/^i)^ iaitd p^p^„aipQng4J}e l^ter of wbpm tyas the Abb^

^%W-r u^^ i?4io); pf;c^i^. i^^et^er b§ ftcat.fqrmed ihe 4er
j^^ '^ ,tbe " BvbJiio^^que ,f^eri|ianinsLefeV wi^eh ^ begpn
^p.l^^O ; qr. whetl>er jf. w^» fuggfasfted ^o him hy one of *he
abci^^y of learn^ed nien, which to^k th^ ,name, of Anopyr
mpus ; but tiiey ordvaarily inet at hi^ 'hou^e, find tiei wa^ 9^

166

L E N F A N 1*.

freqaent-cbtitribiitor to that journal. When the king of
■"Poland was at Beilin, in the end of May and beginning 6f
Jutie 1728; 'Mr. Lenfant, we are told, dreatnt that he was
ordered to preach. He excused himself that he was not
prepared ; and not knowing what subject he should pitch
tip6n, was directed to preach upon these words, Isaiah
xxxviii 1. " Set thine house in order, for thou shalt die,
and not live." He related this dream to some of his
fViends, and although not a credulous man, it is thought
to have made some impression 'on' him, for he applied with
additional vigour to finish h\i *^ History of the War of the
Hdishes and 'the Council of Basil.^' On Sunday July the
25th following, he had preached in his turn at hiis church ;
biSit on Thursday, July the 29'th, he had a slight attadk
of the palsy, which was followed by one more violent, of
which be died on the 7th of the next month, in. his sixty-
eigfith year. He was interred at Berlin, at the foot of the pul-
pit of the French church, where he ordinarily preached since
1715, 'When his Prussian majesty appointed particular mi-
Disters to every church,* which before were served by the
same ministers in their turnd. His stature was a little be-
low the common height. His eye wks very lively and pe-
netrating. He did not talk much, but always well. When-
lever any dispute arose in conversation^ he spoke Without
any heat; a proper and delicate irony was the only weapon
be made use of on such occasions. * He loved company,
and passed but few days without seeing some of his frienck.
He was a sincere friend, and remarkable for a disinterested
and generous disposition. In preaching, his voice was
good ; his pronunciation distinct and varied ; his style
clear, grave, atid elegant without affectation ; and he en-
tered into the true sense of a text with great force. His
-publications were numerous in divinity, ecclesiastical his-
tory, ctiticism, and polite literature. Those which itfe
held inf the highest estimation, are his Histories of the
Councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basils each in 2" vols.
4to. These ai^e written with great ability and impartiality,
and they abound with interesting facts and curious re-
searches. Lenfant, in Conjunction virith M. Beausclbre,
published ** The New Testament', translated from the ori-
ginal Greek into Fl^nchi^* in 2 vols. 4to, with notes, and
a general preface, or introduction to the reading of the
Holy Scriptures,. useful for students in divinity. 'He Ms
known also by his " De iuquirenda Veritate/* which is a

L E N F A N T. 167

Craiislation of Malebrancbe's " Search after Truth ;"
** ThiB History of Pope Joan ;" " Poggiana ; or, the life,
character/ opinions, &€. of Poggio the Florentine, with
the History of the Republic of Florence,'* and the above-'
fiieniioned " History of the Wars of the Hussites," Utrecht,
J 731, 2 vols, in 4to, dedicated by his widow to the prince
Toyal of Prussia. This was the last work in which our
author was engaged. He had revised the copy of the first
volume, and was reading over that of the second, when he
was seized with the apoplexy.. But for this it appears to'
have been his intention to continue his History to about
1^60.. To this History is added monsieur Beausobre^s
** Dissertation upon the Adamites of Bohemia."" '

LENG (John), a learned English prelate, was born at
Norwich in 1665, and educated at St. Paul's school, Lon-
don, whence be removed to Catherine-hall, Cambridge;
and took his degrees of A. B. in 1686, A.M. 1690, and
B. D. 1698.' He was, in 1708, presented to the rectory of
Beddington in Surrey, by sir Nicholas Carew, bart. who
-bad been his pupil ; and he was appointed chaplain to king
George I. who also promoted him to the see of Norwich
in 1723. He died Oct. 26, 1727, of the small-pox, which
be caught at the coronation of George II. He lies buriefl
in the church of St. Margaret, Westminster, where is a
monument to bis memory. Richardson, in his continuation
of Godwin, calls him a man of the first-rate genius and
abilities. In 1695, he published two of the comedies of
Aristophanes, the " Plutus'* and " Nubes," Gr. & Lat.
.8vo, with notes; and in 1719 preached the sermbns at
Boyle^s lecture, which are printed, as are a set of his ser*
inoRs preached at Tunbridge, and a few others upon occa-
liional subjects. He was editor also of one of the most
magnificent and correct editions of '^Terence," that printed
at Cambridge in 1701, 4to. For this he consulted thirteen
manuscripts, and many ancient editions, and enriched the

, work with critical notes, and a dissertation '^ De ration'e
«t licentia metri Terentiani." It was reprinted at Cam-
bridge, in octavo, 1701 and 1723, Which last Dr. Harwood
thinks the best editon. Dr. Leng coinrect^d and revisecl
the sixth edition of sir Roger L'Estrange^s traiislation of

; Cicero de Officiis, an employment which we are surprized
he should have undertaken, who could with more ease and

. elegance have given a new one.*

' ^ Bibl. Gemuuuque, vol. XVL «od XXI.-^Niceron, vols. IX. and X««-*GeQ*
Diet* I Nichols^! Bowyer.^Lysuns's £iirirons.

170 L E N G L E TV

having dined with his sister, be fell asleep, while reading a
new book which had been sent him, and fell into the fire.
The neighbours went to his assistance, but too Itite, his head
being almost entirely burnt. He had attained the * age of
eighty-two. The abb€ Lenglet^s works are numerous ; their
subjects extremely various, and many of them very extrava-*
gant. Those which are most likely to live are his, •' M^-?-
thode pour 6tudier THistoire, avec un Catalogue des prin-»
cipaux Historiens,** 12 vols. ; " M^thode pour 6tudier la
G^ographie," . with maps ; **^ Histoire de la Philosophic
Hermetique," and " Tablettes Chronologiques de THis*
toire Universelle,*' 1744, two vols. An enlarged edition
of this work was published in 1777. His " Chronological
Tables" were published in English, in Svo. It is a work of
great accuracy, and of some whim, for he lays down ^
calculation according to which a reader may go uirough an
entire coarse of universal history, sacred and profane^ in
the space of ten years and six months at the rate of six
hours per day, *

LENNARD (Sampson), an English writer, was related
to Sampsoii Lennard, who married Margaret baronet
Dacre, and of whom honourable mention is made in Cam-
den\s Britannia. In early Ufe he followed the profession of
arms, and was attached to sir Philip Sidney, with whom
he fought at the battle of Zutphen. He was afterwards
distinguished as a man of letters, and published various
translations from, the Latin and French, particularly Pe^
rin's " History of the Waldenses;'* Du Plessis Momay^s
" History of Papacie ;'* and Cbarron ** On Wisdom."- Uf
was of some note as a topographer, and of considerable
eminence as a herald, having been, in the latter part df
his life, a member of the college of arms. Some of his
heraldical compilations, which are justly esteemed, (see
** Catalogue of the Harleian MSS.") are among the manc»-
scripts in the British Museum. He died in August 1689,
and was buried at St. Bennetts, Paul's Wharf. Mr! Gran-
ger received this brief memoir of Lennard, from Thomas
the late lord Dacre.*

LENNOX (Charlotte), a lady long distinguished for
her genius and literary merit, and highly respected by
Johnson and Richardson, was born in 17^0. Her father,
colonel James Ramsay, was a field-officer, and lieutenant*

. ^ Moreri.— Diet. Hiat.-^NicerQi), toU XVII* ia art. Dofresnojs
• Granger,— Noble's College of Ar'ins,

LENNOX,

171

governor of New- York, who sent her over, at the age of
fifteen, to England, to an opulent aunt, but whom, on her
arrtvai, she found incurably insane. The father died soon
after, leaving his widow (who died at New York in Aug',
1765), and thij daughter, without any provision. Who
Mr. Lennox was, or when she married, we have not been
able to learn, and, indeed, very little is known of her
early history t>y her few surviving friends, who became ac-
quainted with her only in her latter days. We are told,
riiat fi*om the death of her father she supported herself
by her literary talents, which she always employed use*
fully. *

She published, in 1751, "The Memoirs of Harriot
fittiart,'' andj in 1752, <* The Female Quixote.** In the
latter of these novels, the character of Arabella is the
counter-part of Don Quixote; and the work was veiy
favourably received. Dr. Johnson wrote the dedication to
the earl of Middlesex. In the following year she published
" Shakespeare illustrated," in 2 vols. 12rao, to which she
afterwards added a third. This work consists of the novels
and histories on which the plays of Shakspeare are founded^
collected and translated ft'om the original authors : to which
are added critical notes, censuring the liberties which
Shakspeare has generally taken with the stories on which
his plays are founded. In 1756, Mrs. Lennox published,
^' The. Memoirs of the Couiitess of Berci, taken from the
French," 2 vols. 12mo; and, ** Sully's Memoirs/' trans-
llited, 3 vols. 4to ; which have since been frequently re-
printed in 8vo, and are executed with no small ability*
In 1757, she translated ^^ The Memoirs of Madame Main-
tenon." In 1758, she produced ** Philander, a Dramatic
Pastoral," and ^* Henrietta," a novel of considerable merit,
2 vols. 12mo; and, in 1760, with the assistance of the
earl of Cork and Orrery, and Dr. Johnson, she publish-
ed a translation of " Father Brumoy*s Greek Theatre,*' 3
vols. 4to ; the merit of which varies materially in different
fmrts Y>f the work. In 1760-1, she published a kind of
Magazine, under the name of the ** Ladies Museum/*
which' extended to two volumes, octavo, and seems to have
been rather an undertaking of necessity than choice. Two
years after, she published *^ Sophia, a Novel," 2 vols.
]2mo, which is inferior to her. earlier performances; and,
after an interval of seven years, she brought out, at Co^
vent-garden theatre, "The Sisters, a Comedy," taken

17^ L E N N O 3f .

from her navjel of Henrietta, which w^s concLemned on th^
fir»t night of its appearance. In 1773, she furnished Druryi-
jlane theatre with a cooiecly, entitled, ^^ Old City Maix*
i^eri.'' Her last perfornaance, not inferior to any of bp[r
former in that species of composition, was ^* Eophemia, a
Kovel, 17yo," 4 vols. 12mo. lo 1775, we find Dr. John-
^n assisting her in drawing up proposals for an edition gf
her work9> in 3 voU. 4to ; but it doefs Aoi appear to hav^
b«en published. Dr. Johnson had such an opinion of Mr^
^iinox that, on one occasion, not Ipng before hb death,
})^ went so far as to pronounce her superior to Mrs. Car^
ter, miss Hannah Moore, and miss Burney. Sir Jobi^
Hawkins has given a ludicrous a^Goni^t of the 4octorU ce-
lebration of the bi^th of Mrs. Lennox's lir^ lite|rary chiM^
** The Life of Harriot Stjuart.'' This, however, was cer*
iaij^y not her first pcoductipn^ for in 174,7, she published
*^ Poems on several occasions/* printed for S^un. PatersoiK
(She was then Miss liarosay.

It is to be regretted, that the latter days of this ingeoiowr
lady were clouded by penury and sickness; calamities whie)^
were in a considerable degree alleviated by the kindness of
^me friends, who revered alike her literary and her mora)
fcbarajct^r. Among thesfs it would be unjust not to mentioQ
^fae naootes of the rifht bon. Cneorge Rose, and ttie rev. W.
Beloe. 3ut the most effectual aid s«he received was frogs
The Literary Fund society, in consequence of which her
pnly «on was, a few years since, enabled to fit himself ou^
for an employm.ent in the Anglo* Anjteriean States ; and from
the same source the means of decient subsistence were, for
the kist twelvenionth of her life^ afforded to the mother, i^h^
died Jan. 4, 1804.^

LEO L (St.) ^urnfu;n(&d THE GREAT, axloctor of the churcfai,
and ode of the niosjt en^inent popes who have filled the Ro-
laan^see, was born iin Tuscany, or rather at Roi^e. flemad^
Ibimself very useful ;,o the cbuurch under pope St. Cel^s^it^i^
and Sixtus IIL and was concerned iu all importaiit .affipirii
fvhiie kmi a cleacpn. The Roman pl^rgy recalled hi^ froi^
Gaul, wbiiherfae was gocve ILo reconcile Al^biiiu^ and jEetiujs^*
gf^raU of the army, and raised hi^ to the papal ^:^r SepiU
jl>440. He^i>^eaii>e4^tbe Mj^nichQanai ip^iCQuncll h^d ji^
S^oqae in tbe j^ar 444, ^^4 *c<^£^lete}y e^tirp^at^d the rer
p^ips ^ .^h^ F^^^au biei^y in My : ** Let ji^ose P^b^gi-
-..■•• . .

1 Kicl^d^'8'$owye)r. — Boswell's and HawKios's Ufe of Johnson.— -•Biographka 1

LEO. 17$

itw/' ^A he, ** who return to the church, declare by a csleat
and public profession, that they condemn the authors of their
htteajf that they detest that part of their doctrine whi<!:h
the universal church has beheld with horror, and that they
receive all such decrees of the councils as have been passed
for eiterminating the Pelagian heresy, and are confirmed
by the authority of the apostolical see, acknowledging by
k clear and full declaration, signed by their hand, that tbt^y
admit these decrees, and approve them in every thing.**
Leo ilso condetnned the Priscillianists, and annulled all
the proceedings in the council of Ephesus, which Wa4
called " the band of Ephestan robbers," in the year 44f .
He presided by his legates at the general council of Cbal-
eedon, in the year 451, but opposed the canon made ther^
ih favonr of the church of Constantinople,, which gave it
the second rank, to the prejudice of that at Alexandriil.
The letter which Leo had written to Fiavianus on the niy^-
tery of the Incarnation, was received with acclamations in
this council, and the errors of Eutyches and Dioscorus
condemned. The following year he went to mteet Attila;
king of the Huns, who was advancing to Rome, and ad-
dressed him with so much eloquence that he was prevailed
tep6n to returt) home. Genseric having taken Rome, iti
t^ year 455, Leo obtained from that barbarous prince, that
his soldiers should liot set fire to the city, ana saved the
three gtand chutches (which Const^ntine had enricbed with
fiiagnificettt gifts) flroui being plundered. He was a strict
ebseryer of ecctesiastic^l discipline. He died November 3^
in the year 461, at Rome. Never has the Romish church
appeaiied with more true grandeur, or less pomp, than iu
this pontiff's time ; no pope was ever more honoured, es-
teem^, and respected ; no pope ever displayed more hu«
iliiiity, wisdom, mildness, and charity. Leo left ninety -six
• Settnotts," on the principal festivals throughout the year,
Md one hundred and forty-one Letter^, which may bd
Ibtfnd in tfce library of the fathers. The best edition ot
his w^o^ks is that by Pei'e Queshel, Lyons, 1700, fol. They
f Iiav% wen printed at Rome, by father Cacciaci, 3 vols.
fbl. >nd at-Venice, by Messns. Ballarimi, ^ vols, fol.; but
Atts^ editions have not souk the credit of QuesnePs. P.
Maifnbourg has vnritten a history of his pontificate, 4to, or

LEO'X. Was a pontiff whose history is so connected with
^t ^ literature and the reformation, that more notice

t Cave, ToK I.— Milner's Church Hist. toI. II. p. 539.— Diet. Hist.

174 L E O.

' of him becomes necessary than we usually allot to tub;
brethren^ although scarce any abridgment of his life will
be thought satisfactory, after the very luminous and in-^
teresting work of Mr. Roscoe. Leo was born at Florence
in December 1475, the second son of Lorenzo de Medici,
the Magnificent, and was christened John. Being ori-
ginally destined by his father for the church, he was pro-
moted before he knew what it meant, received the tonsure
at the age of seven years, two rich abbacies, and before
be ceased to be a boy, received other preferments t6 the
number of twenty-nine, and thus early imbibed a taste for:
aggrandizement which never left him. Upon the acces-
sion of Innocent VIIL to the pontificate, John, then thirf
teen years of age only, was nominated to the dignity of
cardinal; Having now secured his promotion, his fadier
began to think of his education, and when he was nomi-
nated to the cardinalate, it wsis made a condition that he
should spend three years at the university of Pisa, in pro^
fessional studies, before he was invested formally with the
purple. In 1492 this solemn act took place, and heim-..
mediately went to reside at Rome as one of the sacrfd
college. His father soon after died, and was succeeded
in his honours in the Florentine republic by his eldest s<^
'Peter. The young cardinal's opposition to the election of
pope Alexander VI. rendered it expedient for him to with-
draw to Florence, and at the invasion of Italy by Cbarlesr
VIII. he and the whole family were, obliged to take refuge
in Bologna. About 1500 he again fixed his residence at
Home, where he resided during the remainder of Alexan-
der's pontificate, and likewise in the early part of that p£
Julius n. cultivating polite literature, and the pleasures o£
elegant society, and indulging his taste for the fine arts^
for music, and the chase, to which latter amusement he
was much addicted. In 1 505 he began to take an .active
part in public affairs, and was appointed by Julius to the
government of Perugia. By his firm adherence to the
interest of the pope, the cardinal acquired the most un-
limited confidence of his holiness, and was entrusted with
the supreme direction of the papal army in the Holj
League against the French in 1511, with the title of le-
gate of Bologna. At the bloody battle of Ravenna, in
1512, be was made prisoner, and was conveyed to Milang
but afterwards effected his escape. About this time be
contributed to the restoration of his family at Floren^, by
overthrowing the popular constitution of that republic>

LEO. 17«

And there he remained ontil the death of Julius IL in 1513^
when he was elected pope in his stead, in the thirty-eighth
^ear of his age. * He assumed the name of Leo X. and
ascended the throne with greater manifestations of good-
will, both from Italians and foreigners, than most of his
predecessors had enjoyed. One of his first acts was to in-
terpose in favour of some conspirators against the house of
M'edic], at Florence, and he treated with great kindness
the family of Sodorini, which bad long been at the head
of the opposite party in that republic* He exhibited bis
taste for literature by the appointment of two of the most
elegant scholars of the age, Bembo and Sadoleti, to the
€>ffice of papal secretaries. With regard to foreign politics,
h^ pursued the system of his predecessor, in attempting
to^ free Italy from the dominion of foreign powers : and
in order to counteract the antipapal council of Pisa, which
wa's assembled at Lyons, he renewed the meetings of
the council of Lateran, which Julius II. had begun, and
he had the good fortune to terminate a division which
threatened a schism in the church. Lewis XII. who had
incurred ecclesiastical censtlre, made a formal submission,
and received absolution. Having secured external tran-
quillity, Leo did not delay to consult the interests of litera-
ture by an ample patronage of learned studies. He re-
stored to its former splenoour the Roman gymnasium or
university, which he effected by new grants of its revenues
and privileges, and by filling its professorships with eminent
men invited from all quarters. The study of the Greek
language was a very particular object of his encourage-
ment. Under the direction of Lascaris a college of noble
Grecian youths was founded at Rome for the purpose of
editing Greek authors ; and a Greek press was established
in that city. Public notice was circulated throughout Eu-
rope, that all persons who possessed MSS. of ancient au-
thors wb'uld be liberally rewarded on bringing or sending
theea'to the pope. Leo founded the first professorship in
Italy bf the Syriac andChaldaic languages in the university
of Bdlo^na. With regard to the politics of the times, the
pope had two leading objects in view, viz. the maintenance
of that balance of power which might protect Italy from
thi6" over-bearing influence of any foreign potentate ; and
the aggrandizement of thie house of Medici. When Fran-
cis I. ^cceeded to the throne of France, it was soon ap-
parent that there would necessarily be a new war in the
ntNTth of' Italy, Leo attempted to remain neuter, which

176 LEO.

beingr found to be impracticacbley he joined ttre empetof,
the Swisd, and othef sovereigns agaiiAst the French Uti^
and rbe state of Venice. The rapid successes of the French
artns s6on brought him to hesitate, and after the Swisi
army had been defeated, the pope thought it expedient to
abandon his allied, and form ail unioit with the king ot
France, These two sovereigns^ in the close of 1 5 1 5^ had
an interview at Bologna, when the famous Pragmatic
Sanction was abolished, and a concordat established in its
stead. The death of Leo's brother left his nephew Ld«
rensio the principal object of that passion for aggrandizing
his family, which this pontiff fell full as strongly as aiw
one of his predecessors, and to gratify which he scrupled
no acts of injustice and tyranny. In 1516 he issued a knd-
tiitory against the duke of Urbino, and upon his non»ap-
peairance, an excommunication, and then seized his whole
territory, with which, together with the ducal title, he
irivested his nephew. In the same year a general pacifica*
tion took place, though all the efforts of the pope were
tnad^ to prevent it. In 1517 the expelled duke of Urbinp
collepted an army, and, by rapid movements, completely
regained his capital and dominions. Leo, excessive! j.char-
grined at this event, would gladly have engaged a crusade
of all Christian princes against nim. By an application^
which nothing could justify, of the treasures of the church*
he raised a considerable army, under the command of his
Nephew, and compelled the duke to resign his dominion^
Upon what were callea honourable terms. The" violation of
the safe conduct, granted by Lorenzo to the duke's secre-
tary, who was seized at Roitte, and put to torture, in order
to oblige him to reveal his master's secrets, imprints on the
memOty of Leo X. an indelible staiti. In the same year
his life was endangered by a conspiracy fortned against
him, in which the chief actor was cardinal Petrucci. The

filan failed, and the cardinal, being, decoyed to Rome^
roiA whence he had escaped, was put to death ; and hia
agents, as many as were discovered, were executed with
horrid tortures. The conduct of Leo on this occasion was
little honourable to his fortitude or clemency, and it waA
believed that several persons suffered as guilty who were
wholijr innocent of the crimes laid to their charge. To
secure himself for the future, the pope, by a great stretch
of his high authority, Created in one day thirty-one new
Cardinals, many of them his relations and friends, who had
not even risen in the church t^ thei dignity of the episcopal

/

L K 0. 177

office ; but many persons also, who, from their taletitt and
▼iittiiEWy were well worthy of bis choice. He bestow^
upon them rich benefices and preferments, as well in the
remote parts of Christendom^ as in Italy, and thus formed
a numerous and splendid court attached to his person, and
adding to the p6mp and grandeur of the capital. During
the pontificate of Leo X. the reformation under Luther
took its rise, humanly speaking, from the following circuni-
stances. The unbounded profusion of this pope had red*
dered it necessary to devise^ means for replenishing his ei^
faausted treasury ; and one of those which occurred was the
sale of indulgences, which were sold in Germany with

:SUch ridiculous parade of their efficacy, as to rouse the

' spirit of Luther, who warmly protested against this abuse
in his discourses, and in a letter addressed to the elector
of Mentz. He likewise published a set of propositions, in
which he called in question the authority of the pope to
remit sins, and made some very severe strictures on this
method of raising money. His remonstrances produced
considerable effect, and several of his cloth undertook to
refute him. Leo probably regarded theological quarrels
with contempt, and from his pontifical tl rone looked down

. upon the efforts of a German doctor with scorn ; even
when his interference was deemed necessary, he was in-
clined to lenient measures. At length, at the express de-
sire of the emperor Maximilian, be summoned Luther to
appear before the court of Rome. Permission was, how-«

. ever, granted for the cardinal of Gseta to hear his defence at
.Augsburg. Nothing satisfactory was determined, and the
pope, in 1518, published a bull, asserting his authority to
grant indulgences, which would avail both the living, and
the dead in purgatory. Upon this, the reformer appealed
to a general council, and thus open war was declared, in
which the abettors of Luther appeared with a strength
litUe calculated upon by the court of Rome. The senti-
ments of the Christian world were not at all favourable to
that court. ^'The scandal,^* says the biographer, ^< in-
curred by the infamy of Alexander VI., and the violence

^of Julius Jl.f was not much alleviated in the reign of a
pontiff who was characterized by an inordinate love of
pomp and pleasure, and wliose classical taste even caused
him to be regarded by many as more' of a heiathen than a
Christian. ^^
The warlike disposition of Selim, the reigning Turkish
Vol. XX. N

»T8 LEO.

enaperof, excited great alarms in Europe, and giave ocea«
sion to Leo to attempt a revival of the aocient crusades, by
means of an alliance between all Christian princes ; he pro-
bably hoped, by this show of zeal for the Christian cause,
^ that he should recover some of his lost credit as head of
the church. He had, likewise, another object iii view,
viz. tha^t of recruiting his finances, by the contributions
. which his emissaries levied upon the devotees in different
.countries. By the death of Maximilian in 1519, a compe-
. tition for the imperial crown between Charles V. and Fran^
. cis I* took place. Leo was decidedly against the claims of
both the rival candidates, and attempted to raise a com-
petitor in one of the German princes, but he was unable
to resist the fortune of Charles. At this period he incurt^d
a very severe domestic misfortune in the death of his ne-
phew Lorenzo, who left an infant daughter, afterwards the
celebrated Catherine de Medicis^ the queen and regent of
France. The death of Lorenzo led to the immediate an-
nexation of the duchy of Urbino, with its dependencies,
to the Roman see, and to the appointment of Julius, Leo^s
cousin, to the supreme direction of the state.of Floretice.
The issue of his contest with Luther will occur hereafter
in our account of that reformer. It may here, however,
be noticed that Leo conferred on Henry V HL of finglaiid,
the title ot " Defender of the Faith,'* for his appearance pn
the side of the church as a controversial writer. The tran-
quir state of Italy, at this period, allowed the pope to
indulge his taste for magnificence in shows and spectacles.
. His private hours were chiefly devoted to indolence, or to
amusements, frequently of a kind little suited to the dig-*
nity of his high station. He was not, however, so much
absorbed in them as to neglect the aggrandizement of bis
family and see. Several cities and districts in the vicinity
of the papal territories, and to which the church had
claims, had been seized by powerful citizens, or military
. adventurers ; some of these the pope summoned to his
court to answer for their conduct ; which not being abl« to
do, be caused them to be put to death. Having next set
his heart an the possession of the territory of Ferrara, he
had recourse to treachery, and is thought to have even
meditated the assassination of the duke,^ but his plot being
discovered by the treachery of dne whom he had bribed,
- he was disappointed in his plans. Another of bis designs
was thei expiilsion of the French from Italy, and be bad

LEO. 17»

inflid^ some progress in this when he was seized with an
iUness which put an end to his life in a few days. He died
Dec. ly 1521, in the forty-sixth year of his aige.

From the preceding circumstances, gleaned fromMr.Ros*-
coe*s elaborate account of Leo, a judgment may be formed
of his character, in which, although some things may have
been exaggerated by the enemies of the Romish cburcbji
enough remains uncontested to prove that he had many of
the worst vices, and, when it became necessary to his ag<^
grandizement, practised the worst crimes of his prede-,
cessors. His biographer, by embodying the history of li-
terature and the arts in the life of Leo, one of the most
pleasing and truly valuable parts of the work, has, we
think, failed, in attributing much of their advancement to
Leo. And indeed it has been too much a fashion to speak
of the ** age of Leo" as of a glorious period which his
patronage created. Too much stress, perhaps, is fre-
quently laid on patronage ; and we ought to hesitate in
declaring bow much it has produced, when we consider
how m.uch in all ages has been produced without it. But
Leo^s patronage was not general, for it excluded Ariosto
and Erasmus, two of the greatest men of the age ; nor was
it judicious in selection, for he bestowed it on such worth-
less characters as Aretin and Niso, not to speak of a num-
ber of less known characters, whose merit rises no higher
tiian that of being able to write amorous Italiaa sonnets,
and panegyrical Latin verses. With respect to the arts, it
has been justly remarked, that when he ascended the throne
they were at their meridian. He found greater talents thaa
be employed, and greater works commenced than he com-
pleted. Leonard Da Vinci, Michael Angelo, and Raf-
faello, performed their greatest works before the accession
of Leo X.; Bramante, the architect of St. Peter's, died in
the second year of his pontificate ; and Da Vinci and Mi-
chael Angelo shared none of his favours. It is fi^om his
attachment to RafFaello that he derives his strongest claims
8^ a patron of art ; yet a part of his conduct to this grea.t
artist makes us question whether Leo had a refined taster
Haflaello made thirteen cartoons of religious subjects to
complete the decoration of the hall of Constantine, and
had sent them into Flanders, to be returned in worsted
bopies, without any care to preserve the originals, nor any
itiquiry made Concerning them after the subjects were ma-
nufactured into tapestry. By accident| seten of the&e are

■ \ N 2 '

180

L E O.

yet to be s^eh in this country, and. may enable us to est^
.mate the taste of the pontiff who could so easily forget
them. Yet Leo must not be deprived of the merit that
justly belongs to him. He drew together the learned men,
of his time, and formed eminent schools, and he did much
in promoting the art of printing, then of incalculable im-
portance to literature. In these respects, and upon ac-
count of the share he had in precipitating the reformation^
his short pontificate of eight years and eight mpnths must
be allowed to form one of the most interesting periods iu
papal history, and worthy of the illustration it has received.^

LEO VL emperor of the East, surnamed The Wise, and
the Philosopher, succeeded his father Basilius the Mace-
donian, March 1, 886. He drove Photius from the see of
Constantinople, fought with success against the Hunga-
rians and Bulgarians, and died June 11^ 911, leaving one
son, Constantine Porphyrogeneta. This emperor was sur«
named The Philosopher, from his attachment to learnings
and not from his manners, which were very irregular. He
was fond of writing sermons, and there are several of his
composing in the library of the fathers. The following works
are also attributed to him ; a treatise on Tactics, a useful
work for those who would acquire a knowledge of the lower
empire ; it was printed in German by Bourscheid, at Vi*
enna, and in French by M. de Maiseroi, 1770, 2 vols, 8vo ;
•* Novellae Constitutiones," in which several of the novels
introduced by Justinian are abolished;' ^.^ Opus Basilicon,*'
where all the laws contained in Justinian's works are ne^
jnodelled. This system of law was adopted by the Greeks
afterwards. In Constantine Manasses, printed at the Louvre^
may be found *' Leonis sapientis oracula." '

LEO (John), a skilful geographer, born at Grenada,
retired into Africa when his natiy^ place was taken in 1492,
whence he had the surname of Africanus. After having
travelled a considerable time in Europe, Asia, and Afric;^
he was taken- at sea by some pirates, and abjured the Ma-
hometan religion under pope Leo X. He died about 1526.
He wrote a " Description of Africa,'* in Arabic, which he
afterwards translated into Italian. Marmot has translated
ttiis.work, almost entirely, without mentioning it. There
is a Latin translation by John Florian, not very accurate,

^ 1 Roeeocfs life.—- Abridgement in Bees't Qfclopsdia.*— Duppa'i Life of Mh

chael Angelo, p. 60 et seqq.
• Diet, Hist— Universal Hist.

LEO.- isi

and a French one by John TemporaV Lyons, 1556, folJ
John Leo also left the <' Lives of the Arabian Philoso*
phers/* which was printed by Hettinger in Latin, at Zurich,
J 664, and is in torn. 13 of the Bibliotheca of Fabricius,
from a copy which Cavalcanti sent from Florence. '

LEO D'ORVIETTO, or LEO URBEVETANUS, a
native of that city, is satid by some to have been a Francis<»
can, and by others a Dominican. He left a " Chronicle^*
of the popes, which ends in 1314, and one of the <* Em-*
perors," ending 1308, published by father Lamy, at Flo-*
rence, 1737, 2 vols. 8vo. Hiese chronicles are useful for
the history of those times, to those who can distinguish the
fabulous parts. '

LEO of MODENA, whose proper name was R. Jehu«
dab Arie, was bom at Modena about 1574 % was for a con-
siderable time chief of the synagogue, and esteemed a
good poet both in Hebrew and Italian. He was author of
a valuable vjrork oji the ceremonies and customs of the
Jews, which is held in estimation by the learned of all
nations. It is entitled '^ Istoria de Riti Hebra'ici vita et
Osservanze de gti HebreK di questi Tempi ;" the best edition
of which is that of Venice, 1638. It was translated into the
French language in 1674, by Richard Simon, with supple*
ments relating to the sects of the Karaites and Samaritans.
{le intended to faa<re given an Italian translation of the Old
Testament, but the inquisition laid its commands on him
jto desist.. His Hebrew and Italian dictionary, entitled
f ' The Mouth of the Lion,'' was published at Venice in
1612, and was afterwards reprinted in fin enlarged form at
Padua, \xt 164'0. Leo died at Venice in 1654.'

L^O DE St. JOHN, a French monk, was bom at Rennes
in the year 1600. Before be entered into tlje religious pro*
fesston his name was John Mace. He was nominated to
^11 the honourable and confidential posts of bis order, an4
for his eloquence had the honour of preaching before
JLouisTCIII. and Louis XI V^ His early patrontijwere popes
Xeo XI. and Alexander VIII. ; and in France .cardinal
Richelieu was his friend. He died in 1671, leaving behind
Jbim numerous works, the principal of which are, *^ Stu*
dium Sapientise Universalis," 3 vols. fol. ; A <V History of
ihe Carmelites ;" ^^ Lives of different Romish Saints;"' and

"- I Moreri.— Diet Hwt Saxii Onomast. » Moreri,— Diet. Hiat.

. « Mar(!xi.--Di£t. But.

"f

4

182 LEONARD.

^* Joum^ of Wbtt took place during the last Sickness, and
at the Death of cardinal llichelieu/' '

LEONARD of Pisa, an Italian mathematician, whofldu-
rished at the commencement of the thirteenth century, wa&
the first person who brought into Europe the knowledge of
the Arabic cyphers and algebra^ He travelled into the
East for instruction, and being at Bugia, a town in Africa,
was taught the Arabic method of keeping accounts, and
finding it more convenient and preferable to the European
method, he drew up a treatise for the purpose of intro-
ducing it. into Italy, where it was cultivated with success',
and became speedily known to all mathematicians. From
Italy the knowledge of the Arabic cyphers and algebra was
afterwards communicated to the other countries of Europe.
He was author of a treatise on surveying, preserved in the
Magliabecchi library at Florence. * .

LEONARDO (Leo), principal organist of the chapel
royal at Naples, was not only admired and respected by
his contemporaries, but his memory still continues to be '
held in reverence by every professor that is acquainted
with his works. He was born in 1689. The first opera of
ia» composition is thought to be " Sofonisba," which was
performed in Naples in 1718, and the last, " Siface," in
Bologna, 1737. Between these he produced three operas
for Venice, and four for Rome. Leo likewise set the
•* Olimpiade*' of Metastasio. " Dirti ben mio vovice" was
in extreme high favour, as set by Leo, about the middle
of the last century, in England, where it was sure to be
heard at every musical performance, both public and pri-
vate. Leo likewise set Metastasio*s oratorio of *^ Sl Elen»
ftl Calvario,'* in which there are some very fine airs. His
celebrated *• Miserere," in eight real parts, though imper-
fectly performed in London at the Pantheon, for Ansani*s
benefit, 1781, convinced real judges that it was of the
highest class of choral compositions.

The puiity of his harmony, and elegant simplicity of bis
melody, are no less remarkable in such of these dramas as
Dr. Burney examined, than the judicious arrangement of
the parts. But the masses and motets, which are carefully
preserved by the curious, and still performed in the
churches at Naples, have all the choral learning of the
sixteenth century. There are likewise extant, trios, for
two violins and a base, superior in correctness of counter*

I Diet Hist, • JDlct. HUt.— Thomton's Hi»tory of the Itoyal Socief j.

t E O N A R D O. »8^3

point and elegance of design to any similar prodactions of
the $ame period. This complete musician is equally cele-
brated as an instructor and composer ; and the '^ Solfeggi/*
i^hicb he composed for the use of the vocal students, in the
conservatorio over Which he presided at Naples, are still
eagerly sought aiul studied, not only in Italy, butin every
part of Europe, where singing is regularly taught, Thia
great musician died about 1742^ His death was unhappily
precipitated by an accident which at first was thought
trivial; fgr, having a tumour, commonly called a bur, on
bis right cheek, which growing, in process of time, to a
considerable magnitude, he was advised to have it taken
pff ; but whett^er from the unskvlfulness of the operator, or
a bad habit of body, a mortification ensiied, which cost him
bis life. '

LEONICENUS (Nicholas), an eminent Italian phy-»
$ician, was born in one of the Venetian states in 1428. He
was professor of medicine at Ferrara during upwards of
sixty years, a«d was the first person who un(Jertook ta
translate the works of Galen into Latin. His attachment
to literary pursuits alienated him from practice ; and in
(excuse he used to say, '' I do more service to the public
than if I visited the sick, by instructing those who are
to cure them*'' Extending his attention also to the belles
lettres, he wrote some poetry, and translated into Italian
the history of Dion Cassius, and the dialogues of Lucian»
Until the age of thirty, Leonicenus was tormented- with
.frequent attacks of epilepsy, vrhicji reduced him at times
. to melancholy and despair. This disease, however, after-
wards left him, and, by means of great regularity and tem«
perance, he attained the age of ninety-six years, and died
in 1524, possessed of all his faculties. To one who in-
quired, with astonishment, by what secret he had preserved
this entire possession of his faculties, together with an erect
body and vigorous health, at so great an age, he replied,
. that it was the effect of innocence of manners, tranquillity
of mind, and frugality in diet The duke and senate of
Ferrara erected a monument to his memory. He left se*
. yeral works, most jof which have been several^ times re-
. printed, but are not now in request, except perhaps his
exaniination of the errors of Pliny, &c. ** Plinii et aliorum
. plurimum auctorum qui de simplicibus medicaminiljus

V.

I Bumey^i Hist, of Music/ vol. IV. — and the same In Reei*s Cyclopedia.

184 L E O N I C E N U S.

•eripseniot, errores notati/' Budei 1 532, folio, which iit-
Toked him ia a controversy, sustained with his usual
tranquillity ; and his ^* Liber de Epidemia quam Itali mor-
Ibum Gallicuni vocant/' Venice, 1497, 4to, a book of great
rarity. He was the first in Italy who treated of this' dis-
order. There is an edition of fill his works, printed at
Bale, 1533, foU
LEONICO. SeeTOMEO.
LEONTIUS PILATUS. See PILATUS.
LEOWITZ (Cyprian), a celebrated astronomer in the
sixteenth century, was born in Bohemia, and was ap{>ointed
mathematician to Otho Henry, elector palatine. He ac-
quired a high reputation by his astronomical productions,
of which the principal were, '' Ephemerides ab anno 1556
ad ann.. 1606;" *^ Expedita Ratio constituendi Thematis
coelestis ;" >' Loca stellarum fixarum ab anno Dom. 1549
usque in ann. 2029 ;'* and <* De Eclipsibus Liber.'* Ty-
cho Brahe paid him a visit in 1569, when they had several
conversatipns on their favourite subjects. Notwithstanding
thegreat learning of Leowitz, he was weak enough to be-
come the dupe of judicial astrology. He died in Swabia
1574. He had predicted that the world would come to an
end in 1584; and of this prophecy many priests and
preachers took .advantage as the important period ap-
proached, and enriched themselves at the expence of the
fears of their people.*
LE POIS. See POIS.
LEQUIEN. SeeQUIEN.

LERMONT (Thomas), a poet of Scotland, who flou-
rished in the thirteenth century, is familiarly known by
the name of Thomas the Rhymer. The history of his life
is involved in much obscurity. What has been unravelled
nuiy be seen in our authority. He was a prophet as well
as a poet. His merit in the former character may be dis-
puted, but of his poetical talents, Mr. Walter Scott has
enabled the public to judge, by giving an^ excellent edition
pf his metrical romance of '^ Sir Tristrem,^' published in
1804, and very ably illustrated with notes, &c. by Mr.
Scott, who has in this work shown that the most arduous
labours of the antiquary are not incompatible with the
genius and spirit of the poet.^

• ^

1 Gen. Diet.— Moreri^vReef's Cyclopsdia. — Sazii OoomasU
9 Moreri,— *Geii. DicU ' Mr, Soott'f edUioiu

LE SB ON AX. 185

. LKROY. See ROY.

LESBONAX, a native of Mitylenei who (loumlied in
the grst century of the Christian sera, was a disciple of
Timo^crates, afterwards became a teacher of philosophy
in his native city, and obtained a great number of scho-
lars. He was author of many books of philosophy, and
Photius says he had read sixteen orations written by
him. Two of these were first published by Aldus, in
bis edition of the ancient orators, in 1513 ; afterwards
by Henry Stephens, with the orations of ^schines, Lysias,
and others 2 and in 1619, by Gruter. Lesbonax is said
to have been the author of a treatise *^ De Figuris
Grammaticis/' printed with Ammonius, Leyden, 1739,
4to. He left a son named Potamon, an eminent rhe-
torician at Rome, in the reign of the. emperor Tiberius.
So sensible were the magistrates of Mitylene of his
merits^ and of the utility of his labours, that they caused
a medal to be struck in his honour: one of which was
discovered in the south of France about 1740,' and an
engraving of it, with a learned dissertation, . published in
the year 1744, by M. Cary, of the Academy of Marseilles,
but there seems some reason to think that Lesbonax the
philosopher, and Lesbonax the grammarian, were different
persons.'

LESCAILLE (James), a celebrated Dutch printer, was
born in 1610 of an illustrious family at Geneva, which re-
moved to Holland, where his press became famous for the
Dumber of beautiful and accurate editions which issued
from it. He was also esteemed an excellent poet ; and his
daughter, Catherine Lescaille, who died June 8, 17)1, was
so much admired for her poetical talents, as to be called
the Dutch Sappho, and the tenth Muse. A collection of
her Poems was printed in 17^8, with the following trage-
dies: Genscric, Wenceslaus, Herod and Mariamne, Her-
cules *and Deianira, Nicomedes, Ariadne, Cassandra, &c.
which, although they are not written according to the or-
dinary rules of the drama, frequently discover marks of
superior genius. James Lescaille* was honoured , with the
poetic crown by the emperor Leopold in 1663, and died
in 1677.'

LESCHASSIER (James), an able lawyer, and cele^
brated advocate of the parliament of Paris, was born ia

1 Jtf~oreri.«-Saxu Onomait. < Moreri.-«»Dict. Hiit,

lU LE8CHASSIER.

thfti city in ) 550, of a reputable family. When Henry IV.
to Mpkom he bad remained faithful during the fury of the!
League, wanted .to support the annuities charged on the-
H6tel de Ville, Leschassier had influence enough to dis*
suade him from bis design by two very able petitions. He
was consulted by the Venetian republic, in 1605, respect-
ing their disputes with pope Paul V. and replied by^ his
<' Consultatio Parisini cujusdam,'* printed in 1606, 4tOy
which proves him to have been a learned and judicious
canonist. He died April 28, 1625, at Paris, aged seventy-
five. The. most complete edition of his works is that of
Paris, 1652, 4to, which contains several curious and inte-
resting particulars concerning the liberties of the Gallican
church, and other affairs of great importance. ^ -

LESDIGUIERES (Francis de Bonne, duke DE),.pecr,
marecbal, and constable of France, governor of Dauphiny,
and one of the greatest generals of his age, was born April
I, 1543, at St. Bonnet de Ciiamsaut, in Dauphiny, off
noble and ancient family. He was among the chiefs, of the
protestants, for whom he took several places, and wheii
Henry iV. ascended the throne, received fresh marks d(
his esteem, being appointed lieutenant-general of his
forces in Piedmont, Savoy, and Dauphiny. Lesdiguieres
defeated the duke of Savoy at the battle of Esparon, April
15, 1,591, and in several other engagements; and wheu
the king blamed him for having suffered that prince to build
Fort Barreaux, he replied, <* Let the duke of Savoy be at
that expence ; your majesty wants a fortress opposite t6
Montmelian, and when it is built and stored, we will take
it," He kept his word, and conquered Savoy. This brave
man received the marechal's staff in 1607, and his estate
of Lesdiguieres was made a dukedom, as a reward for his
services. At length he abjured protestantism at Qrenoble,
and was afterwards presented by his son-in-law, the mare-*
chal de CnSqui, with letters, in which the king appointed
him constable^ July 24, 1622. < He commanded the troops
in Italy in 1625, and died at Valence it) Dai^phiny, Sept.
518, 1626, aged eighty-four. His secretary, Lewis Vide),
has written his life, or rather his eulogy, 1638, folio. There
were, however, many defects in his moral character^ and
^is apostacy is said to have been founded in avarice.*

* Moreri. — ^Nic^ron, vol. XXXIIf.-^Saiiii Ooomasticoiu

* Moreri.-— Diet. Hist.

I

t

LESLEY. 187

«

LESLEY (John), the celebrated bishop of Ross in Scot-
land, was descended from a very ancient family, and bom
ill 1527. He had bis education in the university of Aber-
deen ; and, in 1547, was oiade canon of the cathedral*
church of Aberdeen and Murray. After this, he travelled
into France ; and pursued his studies in the universities of
Thoulouse, Poictiers, and Paris, at which place he took the
degree of doctor of laws. He continued abroad till 1554,
when he was commanded home by the queen-regent, and
made official and vicar-general of the diocese of Aberdeen ;
ind, eoteringr into the priesthood, became parson of Une,
or Oyne. About this time the doctrines of the reformation
having reached Scotland, were zealously opposed by our
author ; and, a solemn dispute being held between the pro-
testants and papists in 1560, at Edinburgh, Lesley was a
principal champion on the side of the latter, and bad Knox
for one of his antagonists. This, however, was so far from
|)utting an end to the divisions, that they daily increased ;
whi(^.h occasioning many disturbances and commotions, both
parties agreed to send deputations, inviting home the
queen, who was then absent in France. It was a matter of
importance to be expeditious in this race of politic cour«
lesy ; and Lesley, who was employed by the Roman catho-
lics, made such dispatch, that he arrived several days be-
fore lord James Stuart, who was sent by the protestaiUs, to
Vitri, where queen Mary was then lamenting the death of
ber husband, the king of France. Having delivered to her
bis credentials, he told her majesty of lord James Stuart's
(who was ber natural brother) coming from the protestants
ia Scotland, and of his designs against the Roman catholic
religion ; and advised her to detain him in France by some
honourable employment till she could settle her affairs at
liome ; thus infusin^g suspicions of her protestant subjects
into the queen's mind, with a xnew that she should throw'
lierself entirely into the hands of those who were of her own
religion. The queen, however, not at all distrusting the
nobility, who had sent lord James, desired Lesley to wait^
till she could consult with her friends upon the methods
most proper for her to take. At first, the court of France
4^pposed her return home ; but, finding her much inclined
to it, tbey ordered a fleet to attend her; and Lesley em^
barked with her at Calais for Scotland, Aug. 19, 1561.

Soon after his arrival, he was appointed one of the se«
nators of the college of justice^ and sworn into the privy*

W« LESLEY.

I

council. In 1564, the abbey of Lundores was conferred
iipon him ; and, upon the death of Sinclair bishop of Ross,
he was promoted to that see. This advancement was no
more than he merited from the head of the Roman church
in Scotland, in whose defence he was always an active and
a{)le disputant with the reformed party. His learning was
not inferior to his other attainments ; nor was his attention
so entirely absorbed in ecclesiastical matters, as to prevent.
his introducing some important improvements in the civil
state of the kingdom. To this end, having observed that
all the ancient laws were growing obsolete, for want of
beipg collected into a body, he represented this matter to
the queen, and prevailed with her majesty to appoint
proper persons for the work. Accordingly, a commission
was made out, granting to Lesley, and fifteen others, privy-
counsellors and advocates in the law, authority to print the
same. Thus it is to the care principally of the bishop of
Ross, that the Scots owe the first impression of their laws
at £dinburgh, in 1 566y commonly called the black acts of
parliament, from their being printed in the black Saxon
character. Upon the queen^s flying into England from her
protestant subjects, who had taken lip arms against her,
queen Elizabeth appointed commissioners at York to .exa«
mine the case between her and them, and bishop Lesley
was one pf those chosen by Mary, in 1568, to defend her
cause, which he did with great vigour and strength of rea-
soning ; and, when this method proved ineffectual, appeared
afterwards in the character of an^bassador at the English
court, to complain of the injustice done to his queen.
Finding no notice taken of his public solicitations, he be-
gan to form schemes to procure ber escape privately, and
at the same time seems to have been concerned with fo-
reign courts in conspiracies against queen Elizabeth. With
a view, however, to serve queen Mary, he hit upon the
unfortunate expedient of negotiating her marriage with the
duke of Norfolk ; which being discovered, the duke was
convicted of treason, and executed. Lesley being exa-
mined upon it, pFeaded the privileges of an ambassador;
alleging, that he had done nothing but what his place and
duty demanded for procuring the liberty of his princess;
and that he came into England with sufficient warrant; and
authority, which be had produced, and which had been
admitted. It was answered^ that the privileges of amhas^

L E S L E Yrf 180

tadors conld not protect those wbo offended against the
majesty of the princes to whom they were sent ; and that
they were to be considered in no other light than as ener
inies who practised rebellion against the state. To this
our prelate replied, that he had ndther raised, nor prac-
tised rebellion ; but, peroeivinj; the adversaries of queen
Mary countenanced, and her deprived of all hope of liberty,
he could not abandon his sovereign in her afflictions, but
do his best to procure her freedom ; and that Jt would
never be found that the privileges of ambassadors were
violated, tm jurisy by course of law, but only via facti^
by way of fact, which seldom had good success.
. At length, ^ after several debates, five civilians, Lewis,
Dale, Drury, Aubry, and Jones, were appointed to exa^.
mine the bishop of Ross's case, and to give in answers to
the following queries. 1. Whether an ambassador^ who
raises rebellion against the prince to whom he is sent,
should enjoy the privileges of an ambassador, and not ra-*
tber be liable to punishment as an enemy ? To this it was
answered, that such an ambassador, by the laws of nations,
and the civil law of th(S Romans, has forfeited the privi-
leges of an ambassador, and is liable to punishment. 2.
Whether the minister or agent of a prince deposed from
his public authority, and in whose stead another is substi-
tuted, may enjoy the privileges of an ambassador ? To this
it was answered, if such a prince be lawfully deposed, hfs
agent cannot challenge the privileges of an ambassador,
since none but absolute prinqes, and such as enjoy a royal
prerogative, can constitute ambassadors. 3. Whether a
prince, who comes into another prince's country, and is
there kept prisoner, can have his agent, and whether thac
agent can be reputed an ambassador ? To this it was an«
swered, if such a prince have not lost his sovereignty^ he
may have an agent; but whether that agent maybe re-
puted an ambassador, dependeth upoit the authority of his
commission. 4. Whether if a prince declare to such an
agent, and his prince in custody, that he shall no longer
be reputed au ambassador, that agent may, by law, chaF^
lenge the privileges of an ambassador? To this it was an-
swered, that a prince may forbid an ambassador to' enter
into his kingdom^ and may command him to depart thie
kingdom^ if he keep himself not within the bounds pre-
scribed to an ambassador ; yet in the mean while he is to
enjoy the privileges of art.ambassador

MO LESLEY.

, Queen Elifzabeth and ber counsel being sattsiied w^th
these answers of tbe civilians, sent bishop Lesley prisoner
to the isle of Ely, and afterwards to the Tower of London ;
but at length he was set at liberty in 1573, and being ba«
oisbed England, be retired to the Netherlands. Tbe two
following years he employed in soliciting the kings -of
France and Spain^ and all the German princes, to interest
themselves in the deliverance of his mistress. Finding them
tardy in their proceedings, be went to Rome, tosolicit the
pope's interference with them, but all his efforts being
fruitless, he had recourse to his pen, and published several
pieces to promote the same design. In 1579, he was
made suffragan and vicar-general of the archbishopric of
Bouen in Normandy, and, in bis visitation of that diocese,
was apprehended and thrown into prison, and obliged to
pay three thousand pistoles for his ransom, to prevent his
being given up to queen Elizabeth. He then remained
pnmoiested under the protection of Henry III. of France ;
but, upon the accession of Henry IV, a protestant, wlio
was supported in his claim to that crown by queen Eliza*
beth, be wa^ apprehended, in his visitation through his
diocese, in 1590 ; and, being thrown into prison, was again
obliged to pay three thousand pistoles, to save himself from
being given up to Elizabeth* In 1593, he was declared
bishop of Constance, with licence to hold the bishopric of
Ross, till he should obtain peaceable possession of the
church of Constance and its revenues. Some time after
this, he went and resided at Brussels ; and when no hopes
remained of his returning to his bishopric of Koss, by th^
establishment of the reformation under king James, he re-
tired into a monastery at Guirtenburg, about two miles
from Brussels, where he passed the remainder of his days,
died May 31, 1596, and lies buried there under a mo-
Dument erected tobia memory by his nephew and heir,
J[ofan Lesley.

His character is represented much to his advantage, by^
iMveral writers, both at home and abroad ; and all parties
agree ia speaking of him as a man of great learning, an
able statesman, and a zealous churchman. His fidelity to his
queen was certainly honourable in its motive^ althougfaf it
\s impossible to defend all his proceedings. Dodd informs
lis that when at Paris he laid the foundation of three col-
leges for the education of popish missionaries ; one. Cor.iiis
couotiymen at Paris^ which was completed ; another at

L E S L X Y. \n

Momef which fell into the hands of the Jesuits ; and a third
,at Do way, the superior of which, for some yearji, was a
Scotch Jesuit.

. Bishop Lesley^s writings are, 1. ^* Afflicti Animi Conso-
Utiones, & tranquilli Animi Conservation* Paris, 1574, 8to.
il. *^ De Origine, Moribus, & Rebus gestis IScotorum,**
HomsB, 1578^ 4to. It consists of ten books, of which the
three last, making half the volume, are dedicated to queen
Mary ; to whom they had been presented in English, seven
years before the first publication in Latin. There are se-
parate copies of them in several libraries. See Catalog.
MSS. Oxott. This valuable history is carried down to the
queen's return from France in 156 1. He seems unwilling
to divulge what he knew of some transactions after that
period. '^ Some things,'' says he, ^' savoumd so much of
ingratitude and perfidy, that, although it were very proper
they should be known, yet it were improper for me to re-
;cord them, because often, with the danger of my life^ I
endeavoured to put a stop to them ; and I ought to do all
that is in me, not to let them be known unto strangers.**
With this work are published, 3. ^'Parsenesisad Nobilitatem
Populumque Scotorum :'' and, 4. ^^ Regionum & Insularum
. Scotiss D'escriptio." 5/ *^ Defence of the Honour of Mary
Queen of Scotland ; with a Declaration of her right, title,
.and interest, to the crown of England,'* Liege, 1571, 8vo,
which was immediately suppressed. 6. ^' A Treatise, shew-
ing, that the Regimen of Women is conformable to the
Law of God and Nature.*' These two laat are ascribed, by
Parsons the Jesuit, to Morgan Philips, but Camden asserts
them to be our author's, Annal. Eliz. sub. ann. 1569. 7.
^ De Titulo & Jure Marise Scotorum Reginae, quo Angliss
Successionem Jure sibi vindicat," Rbeims, 1580, 4to. 8.
•There is a MS. upon the same subject in French, entitled
** Remonstrance au Pape," &c. Cotton library, Titus, cxii.
1, and E. 3. 14. 9. '< An Account of his Embassage in
England, from 1568 to 1572," MS. in the advocates' li-
brary in Scotland. Catal. of Oxfoi^d MSS. 10. ^ An Apo-
logy for the Bishop of Ross, as to what is laid to his Chaise
concerning ihe Duke of Norfolk,*' MS. in the libtary of
the lord Longueville. li. *^ Several Letters in the bands
.#f Dr. George Mackenete," who wrote his life.^ '

^ Life by Mackenzie, toI. 1!.— -Spotswood's and Robertsoo^s H'ntory.—
'• Hiftory.-oDodd't Ch«rch Hitt^ry.— >Strjpe't Lift of Oriidal, p. 150;.

IM LESLIE.

LESLIE (Dr. John)» bishop of Ologher in Ireland^
^deseended froia an ancient famiij, and born at Balquhainre,
in the north of Scotland. The first part of his education
was at Aberdeen, whence be removed t6 Oxford. After-
wards he travelled into Spain, Italy, Gercnany, and Franca :
he spoke French, Spanish, and Italian, with the same {>ro-
.priety and fluency as the natives ; and was so gteat a mas-
ter of th6 Latin, that it was said of him, when in Spain,
Si>lm LesUius Latine loquitur. He continueB twenty-two
.^ears abroad ; and, during that time, was at the siege of
.Rochelle, and the expedition to the isle of Rheei with the
duke of Buckingham. He was all along conversant in
courts, and at home was happy in that of Charles I. who
admitted him into his privy-council both in Scotland and
Ireland ; in which stations he was continued by Charles IL
after the restoration. His chief preferment in (he church
.of Scotland was the bishopric of the Orkneys, whence he
was translated to Raphoe in Ireland, in .1633; and, the
same year, sworn a privy'*counsellor in that kingdom. He
built a stately palace in his diocese, in the form and strength
of a castle, one of the finest episcopal palaces in Ireland,
and proved to be useful afterwards in the rebellion of 1641,
^by prj^erving a good part of that country. The good
bishop exerted himself, as much as be could, in defence
of the royal cause, and endured^a siege in bis castle of
Raphoe, before he -would surrender it to Oliver Cromwell,
being the last which held out in that country. He then
retired to Dublin, where he always used the liturgy of the
cl[urch of Ireland in his family, and even had frequent
confirmations and ordinations. After the restoration, he
came over to- England; and, in 1661, was -translated to
the see of Clogher. He died in 167V, aged above 100
years, having been above 50 years a bishbp ; and was then
consequently the oldest bishop in the world.^

LESLIE (CiiARtEs), the second son of the preceding,
.and a very distinguished writer, was born in Ireland, we
.know not in what year ^ and admitted a fellow-commoner
in Dublin college in 1664, where be continued till be
commenced M. A. In 1671, on the death of his father,
he came to England and entered bimself in the Temple
at Lcmdon, *where be studied the law for some years ; but

I fcarrit's edition of Ware.^Atb. Ox.— Biog. BriU

L fi 8 L I E# 191

Ufttrraris t eltoqakhMl it, and applied bimsttf lo divinliy.
In leso he was adtnitted into holy orden ; and in l^S't
beeaqus diatic^llor of the cajdiedt-aUcbttroh or diocese ef
GddffOT* About ^itt lime be loeDdered hitmuAf paiticuleriy
<rt>tioxid^os to the P(>t>ie)h party iti Ireland, by bis isealona
opposition to them, Mliich was thus called /brtb* Rog&t
Boyle, bifrbep of Clogher, dying in 16^7, f^atriok Tyrrel
Wtts tmidf$ litulttr popish bisbopy and had the revenue* bf
the Me Msigtied him by kibg James. He set tip a eeoveift
tof fWurs in Monaghan ; and, fixing his habitation tbere^
beld a puMi^ visitation of his cleigy with great Solemnity ;
mrbei), boflie eubtle logicians attending him, be ventuted
te>ehylenge ttie pyotescant clergy to a public disputatioHw
LeMe WiMpt^ the challenge, and disputed to the etttis*
Atetfon of Ibe protesi'Mts; though it happened, a« it gMe^
tiMy 4t)^ sit such eoYitests, tbift both tftdes clainied the i4e«-
«ery. He afterMtds beld another publie disputation wiA
twd eel^rated pefyish divines in the church of Tynan, in
the dioee^ of Armagh, before a very numerous assembly,
^ piM^oto of bdh religions ; «be issue of ^ich mA, ihiSt
Mf. John Siewan, a popish gentleman, solemnly renounced
the eivoYs of the ck<dr<yh of Rome.

As the papists had got possession of na episeopal see^
tfaey engrossed otiber olkeii too ; and a popish bigh-eberiff
«ivas appoifited for the county of Monaghae. This pi«o^
t^eediug alarmed the gentlemen in that eotmtry ; who, de>-
pending much on Leslie^s knov^ledge as a jtistiee of peaee^
)^^i«»ed to him, then cotift^d by the goat to bis hoerse.
ile told tbefn, that it would be as illegal in them to per^
Mrt the sheriff to act, as it would be in bie^ to attempt it

B\it they, itisisted that himself should appear i^ person en
Ihe bench, at the approaching {juartet^aeMionty and "all
{rtrdtnised to act as he did ', so he was earried vbere wr^
s»odh difficuky, and in gredt paiTi. tJpbn tbe question^
wb«tt!her the sheriff was legally ^Ualiiied, tbe latter fOplied,
^ Itiat he was of the king^a own religiori, and it was Mft
Majesty's will that he should be sheriff.^ LesUe then oIk
served, <* IPbat they were not inquiriTrg into his majesty**
N^gidn, but t^bether be (tbe pretended sheriff) had ^a*.
lifted Irimseif according to taw, for aeting as a proper ofi^
Mr ; that the law was the king's will, and nothing «li^
to be deemed nuch ; that bis sulijects had no other wajf ^
knowing "bts wi41 but a^ it is revealed to them in liis'lMni;
and i^ mfust always be ibeugbt to continue so, tin tbe o«&«
Voi^XX, O

194 L £ S L I t.

If

trary is notified to them in the same authentic mamief.
This argument was so convincing, that the bench unanir
mously agreed to commit the sheriff for his intrusion and
arrogant contempt of the court Leslie also committed
some officers of that tumultuous army which the lord Tyr*
connel raised, for robbing the country. »

.In this spirited conduct Leslie acted like a sound diving
and an upright magistrate; but, while he thought himself
authorized to resist the illegal mandates of his sovereign,
he never approved of carrying these principles. of resists
ance so far as to deprive the king of the supreme power ;
and persevering steadily in that opinion, be cootiuued,
after the revolution, in allegiance to king James. In cour
seqj^ence, refusing to take the new oaths appointed upoa
that change, he lost all his preferments ^ and in 1689^
when the troubles began to arise in Ireland, withdrew, with
his family, into England. Here he employed his time ia
writing a great many political pieces in support of the cause
he had embraced ; and being confessedly a person 'of ex-*
traordinary wit and learning,, he became a very formidable
champion of the nonjurors. His first piece in this. cause
was an answer to Abp. King's ^^ State of the Protestants i^
Ireland, under the late King James's Government," in
which he shewed himself as averse from the principles and
practices of the Irish and other Papists, as he was from
those of the author whom he refuted. Neither did his
sufferings make him forget bis duty to the church of Eng-
land ; in defence of which he shewed himself a strenuous
champion against the quakers, many of whom were con-
verted by him. But^ as these, converts were desirous oi
returning to presbytery, whence they had last sprung, he
was obliged to treat the subject of church government in
defence of episcopacy. He likewise employed his pen in
the general cause of the Christian religion, against Jews^
Deists, and Socinians. In the mean time, however, these
writings, and his frequent visits to the courts of St. Ger*-
inain's and Bar le Due, rendered him obnoxious to the
government; but he became more so upon the publica-
tion of the *^ Hereditary Right of the Crown of England
asserted ;" of which he was the reputed author. Finding
himself, on this account, under a necessity of leaving the
kingdom, he repaired to the Pretender at Bar le Duc^
where he was allowed to officiate, in a private chapel, after
the rites of the Church of England s aod it is said be took

t £ fe L 1 le.

195

tnntb pains to convert the Pretender to the Protestant re-
ligion, but in. vain*. However, to promote the said Preten-
d«r^s interest, when some hopes of his Restoration were
/entertained by his party in England, he wrote a letter from
Bar le Due, dated April 23, 1714, which was printed and
dispersed among his adherents, in which, after giving a
flattering description of the Pretender^s person and cha-
racter, his graceful mien, magnanimity of spirit, devotion
frefe from bigotry, application to business, ready appre-
hension, sound judgment, and afTability, so that none con-
versed with him without being charmed with his good
sense and temper; he concludes with a proposal, *^ on
condition of his being restored to his crown, that, for the
security of the church of England as by law established^
he would so far wave his prerogative, ii# the nomination of
bishops, deans, and all other ecclesiastical preferments in
the gift of the crown, that five bishops should be appointed,
of which the archbishop of Canterbury for the time being
always to be one, who, upon any vacancy, might name
three persons to him, from whom he would chuse." Many
other proposals of the like nature were made soon after,
and several projects were concerted not only in England,
but an actual insurrection begun in Scotland by his party,
in 171 S, aU which ended in the crushing and dispersing

* These l«st posUioos have been
contested in some respects by an able
writer, who thas expresses bis opihion :
** Tbaf he (Leslie) repaired to Bar le
Dae, and endeaToured to convertjo the
churchof England bimwhom be consider-
ed at the rightful sovereign of England,
i» indeed true; but we have reason to
believe that this was not in consequence
of his being obliged to leave the king-
dom. There, is, in the first place,
some grounds to believe, that ' The
Hereditary Right of the Crown of Eng-
land asserted' was not written by him;
and there is still in'existence pndoubt-
ed evidence, that in consequence of
bis great fame' as a polemic, he waa
seat to Bar la 0ao for the express pur-
pose of endeavouring^ to convert the
son of James ll. by some gentlemen
of fortmie in Englapd^ . n^o; . wished to
sea that prince on tbe tjiione of his an-
cestors. ' Th6 writielf pPthis articje had
the honour sixtees/ or seventeen years
kjg(h 10 bo iwQwa to the gruid-d«ngh«

ter of one of those gentlemen, a lady
of the strictest veraeity ; and from her
be received many anecdotes of Leslie
and his associates, which, as he did.
not then foresee that he should have the
present occasion for them, he has suf-^
fered to slip from his memory. That
lady is still alive, and we have reason
to believe is in possession of many let-
ters by Leslie, written in cunfidence'
to her grandfather, both irom Bar le
Due, and from St. Germain's ; and By
the account which she gave of these
letters, Leslie appVars to have con-
sidered his prince as a weak and in*
corrigible bigot, though in every thing
but religion an amiable and accom-
plished man." Dr. Gleig's Supple*'
ment to the Encyclopsedia Britannica*
To this we may add, that the real au-
thor of the «* Hereditary Right," &c.-
wastheRev.Mr. Harbin, also a noqjtiror,?
according to a MS note of the late Mr,
Whiston's in his copy of the first edi-
tion of tbia X^ictionary,

19^ L £ 8 L i B.

of the rebeH ^and in the PAt«ader*« being obliged te
leav€ the French doaunion«.

In this exigence be withdrew to Italj^ whither jLe^fi^
attended him^ notwithstanding the tU-ngage he met with
at that Qourtm The Pretieoder bad given him a premie
that he shoukl celebrate the chnrch of England derviee in
bis&m9y ; and that he wonfal bear ^at he ebonld tepre*
aent to faira on the enhjeet of religion. Bnt the Chev-aiier
was for from keeping the word be had given, iind on the
faith of which oar divine had come over $ for^ thoo^ he
allowed hiai^ for form's sake, te celebrate the ehuh^ of
England service in bis faimrly, yet he oevar was present
there; and not only refused to bear Leslie himsdi^ but
sheltered the ignorance q( his priests, or the badness of
his cause^ or both) behind his authoril^^ «ftd absolutely
forbad all discourse concerning religion. However, Leslie
put up with every things in dutiful sabmiilsita to bib
avowed sovereign^ till I721» when be fetnrned tO £ng*
land, revolving) whatever the con9e<|«enoe6 might be^ tb
die in his own country. Some of his friends, ac^piainting
lord Sunderlatid with his purposei implored bis peateetkia
for the good old man, whieh his lordship teadily and ge«
xierously promised ; and when a member of the House of
commons officiously waited on Idrd Sunderland with, the
news that Mr. Leslie bad arrived, he met with such a re-
oi^tfon fr&m hi) tordship ^% bis lAib^ral ekrund d^iterve'd.
Our authot then went over to Ireland, where be died
April 13, 1722> at his d^wn boose dt Gfeshmg^, in thie
e&titity of Motidghati.

As to bis character^ fiayle styles him '^ a miin of merit
and t!e«A*nin^,'* atid telts ui^, that he xtus the Brst wht> wr<yte
in Great Britain against the errors of madeira BourignoOi
His booka, adds be> are (ii^icb eneeiAed, a^d especiaHy
Ms trtatiuie t)f •* The ShAe in the Orass.*^ Salmon ob-
serves^ that hii works must transnbit him to posterity -as a
man thit>fmi|;hly I«a;mtd and ttuly pidtis. IVtf. H^mrh^
the cOhtinualor of Ware, informs us t^t Les^ made se<>

vetol toiivtfefts from popery ; and ^snys, that ftotwfthistMiding

his ltttstak6n opiniOlis about government, and a few other
matters^ he desertes the hi>^est piisase fer ^d^fetidinig th*
Cteritttiah Teli|;rdn against D^istft, Jews, Qjirakt^ts, ^Wd test
admirably well suppoitlng the dootrines of the ehufeb of
England against th^t «f Jtxftne. The -atilhtMr t)f ¥be ^ Free»
holder's Journal^** immediately after the death of Mr.

LESLIE. 157

Leslie, abserred, that when tbe popish emiMaries w«pe.
nost active in poiaoiung the miiujs of tba people, Mv*
Leslie was equaHy vigilant in exposing, borii in publia
^ndl private, the errors and absurdities e4F the. ]loiiush d(M>«
trines. Yet, upon the abdieation ol king Jaioe^ be i|e^
ftigned bis livings, foUawed bi» fovtonee, and adbereck
^rmty ta his ifiteFests ; an4» t^fter bia demise^ «a tbose- oit
the Pretender. Notwithstanding hia well-koown attaeli<^
naei^t to jbbe Jacpbite interest, and, bis frequent viMts to
tbe court of St. Germain's, he was not nuKb ipolested by
the government ti)l a little before Sacbeverett^s t^ial, wliei*
be attacked Bp. Burnet rather warmly, in a pani|Aie#
eailed ^* Tbe good Old Cause, or Lycng in IVntb,*^ io
which be endeavoured to prove, from th^ bishop's formev
work^ the truth of that doctrine for which the dootov wae
prosecuted by tbe Commons, and violently iRvei^hectagainet
the h^sbop himself.

Besides' tbe political tracts which be scattered, Mr. Leslie
left two volumes, in folio, of theologieal works, in which
be has discussed nearly aU tbe oontroverMes which now
fjist'uvb tbe peace of the Christian church. Consummate
karqing) i^ttended by the lowest humihty, the strictest
piety without the least tincture of morosene^, a convey*
•ation to 'the last degree lively and s{Mrited, and yet' to tbe
last degree innocent, 9iade bini the delight of mankind^
and leaves wha4; Dr. Hiokes says of hiei unquestionable^
that he made more converts to the church of Eb^and
than any other roan of our times.

*^ A charge, however,^' says tbe writer whom we have
already quoted in the preceding note, ^' has been- lately
brought against him of such a nature, as, if well foi^nded^
must detract, not only from his literary fame^ but also
from bis integrity. ' The short and easy'Metbod with tbe
Deifts' is unqueetionably bis most valuable^ and^ appa-
rently, bis most cM^iginal work ; yet this traot ia published
ia Fi-ench among the works ef the abb6 St R&tj^ wbp dfied
in led^ ; and therefore it has b^en said, that unless it was
publiabec}. in English prior to that period, Charles LesHf
muslt be oonsidered as a shameless plagiary.*^

]n answer to this Dr^ Gleig observes^ that << Tbe Eng*
lisb wqrk was certainly not puUisbed pHp^ to th^ death of
tbeabb6 St. R6al ; for the first edkion bears date J^kly VfiJk^
l^iT^; and yet nifmy reasons conspire to convince us^ ,tbet
ow countryman waa uo plagiary. There ia, indeed*, a
striking similarity between die English and tbe French works;

I9ar

LESLIE.

■^

but this is no complete proof that the one was copied from
the other.'* Dr. Gleig, after stating some remarkable in-
stances of a similar coincidence, asks, ^^ After these in^
stances of apparent plagiarism, whsch we know to be only
apparent, has any man a right to say that Charles Leslie
and the abb6 St. R^al might not have treated their sub-
ject in the way that they have done, without either borrowing
from the other ?" And adds :

^^ But this is not all that we have to urge on the subject.
If thiere be plagiarism in the case, and the identity of titles
looks very like it, it is infinitely more probable that the
editor of St. B^aPs works stole from Leslie, than that
Leslie stole from St. R^al, unless it can be proved that the
works of the abb6, and this work in particular, were pub-
lished before 1697. At that period the English language
was very little read or understood on the continent; whilst
in Britain the French language was by scholars as gene-
rally understood as at the present. Hence it is, that so
many Frenchmen, and indeed foreigners of different nations^
thought themselves safe in pilfering science from the
British philosophers ; whilst there is not, that we know,
one well-authenticated instance of a British philosopher
appropriating to himself the discoveries of a foreigner.
If, then, such men as Leibnitz, John Bernouilli, and Des
Cartes, trusting to the improbability of detection, conde-
scended to pilfer the discoveries of Hooke, Newton, and
Harriot, is it improbable that the editor of the works of
St. Real should claim to his friend a celebrated tract, of
which he knew the real author to be obnoxious to the go-
vernment of his- own country, and therefore not likely to
have powerful friends to maintain his right?

<* But farther, Burnet bishop of Sarum was an excel-
lent scholar, and well-read, as every one knows, in the
works of foreign divines. Is it conceivable, that this pre-
late, when smarting under the lash of Leslie, would have
let slip so good an opportunity of covering with disgrace
his most formidable antagonist, had he known that anu-
gonist to be guilty of plagiarism from the writings of the
abb6 St. R6al ? Let it be granted, however, that Burnet
was a stranger to these writings and to this plagiarism ; it
can hardly be supposed that Le Clerc was a Sttranger to
them likewise. Yet! this author, when, for reasons best
known to himself, he chose (1706) to depreciate the ai^u-
nent of the <^ Short Method/' and to traduce its^ author

LESLIE. 199

as ignorant of aqcient history, and as having brought for-
ward his four marks for no other purpose than to put the
deceitful traditions of popery on the same footing with the*
most authentic^ doctrines of the gospel, does not so mucd '
as insinuate that he borrowed these marks from a popish
s^b6,. though such a charge, could he have established it,
would have served his purpose more than all his rude ,
railings and invective. But there was no room for such ^
charge. In the second volume of the works of St. R6al,
published in 1757, there is indeed a tract entitled ^< M£-
thode courte et aisee pour combattre les D6istes," and
there can be little doubt but that the publisher wished it to be
considered as the work of his countryman. Unfortunately,
however, for his design, a catalogue of the abba's works
is given in the first volume ; and ill that catalogue the
^ M6thode courte et ais^e' is not mentioned.^'

. His works may be divided into political and theological.
Of , the former, be wrote, 1. ** An^er to the State of the
Protestants of Ireland,'' &c. already mentioned. 2. << Cas-
sandra, concerning the new Associations," &c. 1703, 4to.
3. ^f B^hearsals ;" at first a weekly paper, published after-
wards twice a week in a half-sheet, by way of dialogue on
the affairs of the times ; begun in 1704, and continued for
six or seven years. 4. "The Wolf stripped of his Shepherd's
Cloathing, in answer to f Moderation a Virtue,' " 1704, 4to.
The pamphlet it answers was written by James Owen. 5.
** The Bishop of Sarum's [Burnet's] proper Defence, from
a Speech said to be spoken by him against occasional Con-
formity," 1704, 4to. 6. " The new Association of those
called Moderate Churchmen," &c. occasioned by a
pamphlet entitled " The Danger of Priestcraft," 1705,
4to. 7. "The new Association," part II. 1705, 4to. 8.
** The principles of Dissenters concerning Toleration
and occasional Conformity," 1 70.5, 4to. 9. " A Warning
for the Church of England," 1706, 4to. Some have
doubted whether these two pieces were his. 10. "The
good Old Cause, or lying in truth ; being a second Defence
of the bishop of Sarum from a second Speech," &c. 1710.
I^or this a warrant was issued out against Leslie. 11.." A
Letter to the Bishop of Sarum, ^ in answer to his Sermon
after the Queen's Death, in Defence of the Revolution,"
1715. 12. "Salt for the Leech." 13. "The Anatomy
of n Jacobite." 14. " Gallienus redivivus." 15. <* De*,
le^da Carthago." 16, <^ A Letter to Mr. William Moly^

/

too L I S L I E.

neuxi on hit Case of Ireland's being bonftd by the ISflg*
liab Aois of Parliament." 17* ^^ A Letter to Julian Jeha«
son.'' la. Several Tracts again9t Dr. Higden and Mv,
Hoadly.

His theological tracts are, first, against the Quakers |
n»y 1. <^ The Snake in the Grags/' &c. 1697, 8vo. 2. *^ A
-Discourse proving the Diving Institution of Water Bap^
tism/' &c. ibid. 4to. 3. ** Some seasonable Refiectioiia
upon the Quakers* solemn Protestation against &^rge
Keith/* ko. 1697. 4« ** Satan disrobed from his EUsguk^
of Light/' 1608, 4to. 5. ^^ A Defence of a book entitlei)
<The Snake in the Grass/ 1700/' 8vo. 6. ^^ A Reply
to a book entitled '^ Anguis flagellatus, or a Switch fbjp
the Snake — being the last part of the Snake in the Gimss,'^
1702, 9yo. 7. ^^ Primitive Hepesy revived in the Faith and
Practice of the Quakers/' li98, 4to. 8. <^ The praseat
State of Quakerism in England/' 1701. 9. *^ Essay oan-^
corning the Divine Right of Tythes/* 1700, 8vo.

II. Against the Presbyterians : 10. <^ A Discourse, 8he«r««
ing who they are that are now qualified to administer Bap^
ttsm/* fco. 11. <*Th0 History of Sin and Heresy/^ &o.
1698, 8vo.

in. Against the Deists i 12. '^ A short and easy Method
with the Deisto,*' &c. 1694, 8vo. 18. ''A Vindication of the
short and easy Method.'* 14. << The Truth of Christianity
demonstrated, in a Diidogue between a Christian wd a
Deist,?* 1711, 8vo.

IV. Against the Jews : IB. <^ A short and easy Method
with the Jews.^' This is dated at the end, ^^ Good-Friday/*
1689 ; and the fourth edition was published in 1715.

V. Against the Socinians: 16. ^^ The Socinian CotitrO'^
versy discussed," &o. l|08. 17. '^ An Answer to Remai»ka
on the first Dialogue against the Socinians.'* 18. A Roply
to the Vindication of the Remarks." 19. << An Answev to
the Examination of the last Dialogue/' &c. 20. *^ A Sup-^
plement in answer to Mr. C|endon-s * Tractatus philoso*
pbieo-theologicus 4e Persona','- &e. 21. <^ The Cfaavgi
of Socinianism against Dr. Tiliotson considered. Ice. by
a true Son of the Cbuvcb."^

VI. Against the Papists } 22. << Of private Judgaseat
and Authority in Matters of Faith.'' 29. <« The Case stated
between the Ohurch of Rome and the ChuiKsh of England/^
&e. 1718. 24. << The true notion of the Catholio Ohufcni,
in answer to the l^b<^ of Meaux's I^etter to Mf . IIeUo0|^
&c.

L I 8 L I I, WA

Bdftldkes these, he published the foar Mletiiiig tfaots»
95. ^« A 8eniK>n preaebed iu Cbafter, againit Marviagfet
in dilfevent Coinmueions/' ITM, 9vo. This eennon oe^
easioned Mr. PodwelPs disoourse up6fi the saine tubjed*
9^. <^ AxDissertation eencerning the Use and Autboriiy of
Ecolesiastical History.** 07. ^^ The Case pf the Regal and
tbe Pontificate.'' 28. <^ A Supplement^ in answer to a
beok entitled * The regal Supremacy In Ecclesiastical
AiiUi» ass^rted'^^' k^o. These two last pieces were occa-
sioned by the dispute about the rights of convocation, be«*
Iween Wake, &c. on one side, and Atterbury and his
fpiends, among whom was Leslie, on the other. All hie
Idieological pieces, except that against Titletson, were
ooUeoted and published by himself in two vols. fok. 179 1,^

LEASING (GoTTHOLP Efhraim), a distinguished Geiw
Duin writer, was born at Kamenz, in Poeierania, in (799*
His linther, who was a man of tsalents and tear^ning, bad
destined himself to an acade'aiical life^ but was called to
taj^e charge of a congregation at Kamene, the place of bia
nativity. Here he was in correspondence with the most
Isanous preachers of his time^ published some worhs of bia
own, and translated several treatises ef Abp. Tllletson. He
also left behind him a manuscript refutation of some preju-*
dtces against the reformation. There can be no doubt but
the ei^ample and cares of so learned and thoughtful a
father had no inconsiderable influence €>n the early turn
Mfhiqh Leasing shewed for literature. When, in bis sixth
year, his father chose to have his picture drawn, in which
he was te be represented sitting under a tree playing with
a bird, young Lessing shewed his utter dislike to the plaH>
and said, << if I am to be painted, let me be drawn with a
great heap ef books about me, otherwise I had rather . not
be painted at all ;'^ which was accordingly done. He
l^asfed five entire years at the high-school at Meissen, to
M^iich, by his own account, he was indebted for whatever
learning and solidity of thinking he possessed. Though
the Latin p&etry belongs to the qficiis perfeciis of a, ^cholwt
in this academy, and the German poetry to the imperfeeHs^
yet he pursued the latter mueh mere than the fbrm ;, and
celebrated the battle of Kesseldorf in German verse, at
die request of his father. Prpfessor Kiemm particularly
Meeuraged him to the study ef mathematies and philoao*

I 4i0S. Brit.T»Bof«tesQMri»TbMt.'i*BiMli'»TUIoiMii.«-Wartfs Irdand If
Qarrit<«^oiiei'9 Life of bishop Home^p. 69«««Eiicy«lop. Brit. Supplement*

102 L E S S I N G.

pby ; while Grabner, the rector of the academy, wrote t9
\k\s father concerniog them : " He is a colt that requires a
double allowance of provender. The lessons that are
found too difficult for others, are but child's pUy to him. —
We shall hardly be sufficient for him much longer.-'' Being
removed to Leipsic, he soon .displayed bis inclination to
\vrite for the stag^, and likewise made great proficiency in
the bodily exercises of horsemanship, fencing, dancing,
and leaping. Mr. Wei$se was his first and principal friend at
this place ^ and their friendship was only dissolved by
death. . Lessing frequented the college-exercises but little,
and that irregularly : none of the professors gave him satis-
faction, excepting Ernesti, whose lectures he sometimea
attended ; but he was himself an extensive reader, and
was especially partial to the writings of Wolff in German*
He kept, up a great intimacy with Naumann, the author of
^' Nimrod," on. account of his possessing many singular
qualities, which were always more agreeable to Lessing^
than the common dull monotony of character, even thougjji
mingled with some weaknesses and defects. Under Kast«
Xier be exercised himself in disputation ; and here began
his close connection with Mylius, whose works he after«
warfls published. His intercourse with this free-thinker,
and with the con^pany of comedians, however, gave great
uneasiness to his parents. . His first literary productiooa
appeared in a Hamburgh newspaper. In company with
M. Weisse, be translated ^^ Hannibal/' the only tragedy
of Marivaux, into rhyming Alexandrines. His comedy of
the ^* Young Scholar,^' which he had b6gun while a school^
boy, was finished at Leipsic, from an actual event that
happened to a young scholar disappointed in his hopes of
the prize from the acadenny at Berlin. His father about
this time thought proper to recall him home for a time, in
order to wean him from the bad company he was thought
to frequent. In this interval, he composed a number of
Anacreontics on love and wine. One day, his pious sister
coming into his room, in his absence, saw these sonnets,
read them over, and, not a little angry that her brother
coul4 $10 employ his time, threw them into the fire. A
trifling burst of resentnient was all he felt on the occasion.
He took a handful of snow, and threw it into her bosom,
in order to cooLher zeal.-7-I(e now went back to Leipzig^
which place he soon after quitted, going by Wittenberg to
Serlio. This gave his father fresh uneasiness; and pro^

r

L E S S I N G^. 20S

duced those justificatory letters of his son, which at least
display the frankness of his character. , At Berlin, in con-
junction with Mylius, he compiled the celebrated <^ Sketch
of the History and Progress of the Drama/' The father of
a writer who had been sharply criticised in this work, made
complaint of it to Lessing's father. To this person he wrote
in answer : ** Th^ critique is mine, and I only lament that
I did not make it more severe. Should Gr. complain of
the injustice of my judgment, I give him full liberty to re-
taliate as he pleases on my works." One of his first ac-
quaintances in Berlin was a certain Richier de Louvain,
who, in 1750, from a French teacher, was become secretary
to Voltaire, with whom he brought our author acquainted.
—From Berlin he went to Wittenberg, where he plied his
studies with great diligence, and took the degree of master,
but remained only one year, and then returned to Berlin.
At Berlin be undertook the literary article for the periodi-
cal publication of Voss, in which employment be .both
wrote and translated a great variety of pieces, and tbrmed
several plans which were never executed. Among others,
he agreed with Mendelsohn to write a journal, under the
title of ** The-best from bad Books :" with the motto taken
from St. Ambrose, " Legirous aliqua ne legantur.'* "We
read some books to save others the trouble.'' In 1755, be
went back to Leipzic, and thence set out upon a journey, in
company with a young man of the name of Winkler : but
this was soon interrupted, and broifght on a law-suit, in
which Lessing came off conqueror. He now, in order to
please his sister, translated '^ Law's serious Call," which
was finished and published by Mr. Weisse. At the begin-
ning of 1759, Lessing went again to Berlin, where he very
much addicted himself to gaming. This has been attri-
buted to his situation at Breslaw, where he was in the
seven years war for ■ some time in quality of secretary to
general Tauenzien.' E^en the care for his health was con-
ducive to it. ** Were I able to play calmly," said he, " I
would now play at all; but it is not without reason that I
play with eagerness. The vehenient agitation sets my
clogged machine in motion, by forcing the fluids into cir-
culation ; it frees me from a bodily torment, to which I
am often subject" His intimate friedds among the learned
at Breslaw were Arletius and Klose. Here he was attacked
by a violent feven Though he suffered much from the
disease, yet he declared that his greatest torment arose

flQ4 LESSINa

fi^m the conTeroatiQbfl of his phygioaD, old IIN^ Mofgeik«
bes&^Vy whiob he couM acar^ely eadii^re when he was w^iL
Wb^B the figver was afc iu height, be lay perfectly qai«^^
•with great significance in his loeks. This sa rouch struck
his friend sianding by the bee), that he familiaviy a^ed
him what be was thinking of? '^ I am eurious to l^novi^
what wili pass in my miod wh^a I ^m in the act of dying.'^
Being told that was impossible^ he abruptly replied : ^' Yoa
want to cheat me.'^ On the day of hi^ reception into the
order of free-masons at Hamhurgb, one of bis friemis, a
jealous free-mason, took him aside into an adjoining ic^oom,
and asked him, ^^ Is it not true, now, that you fi^d no*
thing an)ong us against the goTernmeat, religion, or mo-
rals r* *^ Yes,*' answered Lessing, with great vivacity,
*^ would to heaven I bad ! I should then at le^t have found
SOffiethiBg !'' The extent of his genius must be gathei^'
from his numerous writings, Mendelsohn said of him ink
a letter to his brother, shortly after his death, that bo
was advanced at le^t a century before the age in which
he lived,

In 1782, he accompanied his ^neral to the siege of
Schweidnits ; but after the peace, be was intreduoed to
the king of Prussia, and then resunled his literayy eociipa<»
tions at Bevlin. Though he produced many worics, ye%
they were pot th^ source of much profit, ^nd, in I7#9, bis
oircumstanoed were so narrow, that he was oUigect to sell
his library for support At this critical junoture be melF
with a generous patron in Leopold, heir-appai«nt to the
duke of Brunswick, through whos^ means be was appointed
librarian at Wolfenbuttle. One of the fruits of this very
desirable situation was a periodical publication, entttleNEl
*^ Contributions to Literary History,'' containing notices
and extracts of the most remarkable MSS. The '< Contri-
butions*' were made the vehicle of ^* Fragments of an
anonymous Writer discovered ia the Library at, WoUen^i
buttle,'' which consisted of direct attacks upon the Christian
revelation. They occasioned a great commotion among
the German theologians, and would not have been printeck
but for the interference of prince Leopold with the Hc^i*
sees of the press. In 1778 they were suppressed. Lessing^
ftom his risipg fame, and connection with prince l^eopo)d»
with whom be went on a tour to Ital^, was so distinguished
among the German hterati, that several potentates of thal^
Qoun^ry made him o%rs of an advantageous 8ettleBi6Bt»

1 E S S t N & <0«

Notbing, bowievefy could lead him to break his ooowctlMl
with bis liberal patron the prinoe of Brunswicki wbo^ by
bis accession ia I'JSO to tbe sovereignty, was enabled to
augment his favours cowards bioi* His latter publications
were ^^ Nathan the Wise (*' a secoud pari of the same
drama) entitled *< The Monk of Lebanon ;*' and ** A Dis*
sertation on tbe Education of the Human Race.'' He died
at Hamburgh in tbe month of February, 1781. Lessitig
had more genius than leaiming, and his fame, therefore^
even in his own country, rests on his plays^ fables^ songs^
and epigrams. His life was pi|blisbed at Berlin in 179^^
and 18 otore replete with anecdote than instruction^ as may
be gathered from the few circumstances we have detailed^
He ^as a decided deist^ and his morals corresponded. '

L'£STHANGE (Sir Roger), was descended from aa
ancuent lund reputaMe family, seated at Ilunstontoli-h^li^
Norfolk! where he was born Dec^ 17, 16 1€. He was th«
youngest son of sir Hamond L'fistrange^ knt a zealous
royal^ during tbe dUputes between king Charles and his
j^liament^ \^o> having his estate sequestered, retired to
l^yfHit of which town be was made governor* The son had
a Mberal ^ucratioi^ wl^i<^h was oompieti^d probably at Cam*
bridge 5 atid adoptfed his father's ptinviples with uncooi-
mon £eat^ and in 1639, when about two-^and* twenty, at**
tended kin^ Charles upon bis expedition to Scotland, his
arttaehment to whom some, years after nearly cost bim his
life* In )644, ftOoti after the earl of Manchester h^d re-
duced the town t>f Lynn in Norfolk, Mr. L'Estkange,
thinking he had somb interest in the place^ as his father
had been gOirevBor of it, formed a plan for surprizing it,
and redaived a commission from the king^ constituting him
governor of tbe town in cAse of success: but, being seized^
in consequence of the treachery of two of his associates^
Leman and tlager^ and his miiajesty's commission found
upon bimi he v^s oa^ried first to Lyan^ itbenCe to London^
and there transmitted to the city court-martial for his trial ;
wbere^ after Mfferiilg all manner of indignities^ be was^ as
WhitloOke wys, condemned %o die as a )ipy, coaming from
tbe kiligU quarters without dr^un, trumpet, or ptos*

Hts sen^nce* being passed^ be was oas^t into Newgate ;
whence he dispatched a petitionary appeal to the lords,
tbe thn^ Appointed for his i&xetution beii)g the lliursday

1 I^ «s Above,— *Dict. Hiit.

206 L'£ S T R A N fe E.

¥

following ; but with great diflSculty he got a reprieve for
fourteen days, and, after that, a prolongation for a farther
hearing. In this condition be lay almost four years a
prisoner, in continual fear of being executed, Hepub^
lished in the mean time, *^ An Appeal from the Court*
martial to th<& Parliament :'' and about the time of the
Kentish insurrection, in 1648, he escaped out of the
prison, with the keeper^s privity, and went into Kent. He
retired into the hotise of Mr. Hales, a young gentleman,
heir to a great estate in that county, and spirited him to
undertake an insurrection; which miscarrying, UEstrange
with much di^iculty was enabled to reach the continent^
where he continued till 1653. Upon the long parliament's;
being dissolved by Cromwell, be returned into England,
and immediately dispatched a paper to the council at '
Whitehall to this effect ; << that, finding himself within the
act of indemnity, he thought it convenient to give them
notice of his return." On his being summoned to that,
board, he'was told by one of the commissioners, that hi»
case was not comprehended in the act. of indemnity, and
he therefore formed the bold resTolution of applying in
person to Cromwell himself, which he effected in th&
Cockpit * ; and, shortly after, received his discharge by
the following order, dated October 31, 1653: "Ordered,
that Mr. Roger UEstrange be dismissed from his farther
attendance upon the council, he giving in two thousand
pounds security to appear when he shall be summoned
so to do, and to act nothing prejudicial to the common-
wealth. Ex. John Thurloe, secretary;"

This appearance at the court of Cromwell was much
censured, after the restoration, by some of the royal party,
who also objected to him, that he had once been heard
playing in a concert where the usurper was present, and,
therefore, they nick-named him ^^ Oliver's Fidler." He
was charged also with having bribed some of the protector'ji
people, but he positively disavows it ; averr4ng, he never
spoke to Thurloe but once in his life about his discharge ;
and that, though during the dependency of that affair he
might well be seen at Whitehall, yet he never ipoke to
Cromwell on any other business, or had the least com«

* Cromwell then talked to him of peaceable intentions ;" and addiog»

the resUessness of «bis party : telling that ** rigour waB not at all his inclina-

him, " that they would do well to give tion, but that he was but one man, and

fome testimony «f their quiet and could do little by bimseU^''

L ' fi S T R A N G E.

207

tnetetof any kind with him*. From this to xlte time of
the restoration, he seems to have lived free from any dig*
turbance firom the then governing powers; and perhaps
the obscurity into which he had fallen made him be over-*
looked by Charles II. and his ministry, on that prince's
recovering his* throne. He did not, however, so under-
value his own sufferings and merits, as to put up quietly
with this usage, and therefore addressed a ^arm expostu-
laticip to the earl of Clarendon, in' the dedication to that
minister of his *^ Memento," published in 1662; where
he joins himself with other neglected cavaliers, who had
suffered for their attachment to the royal family during the
civil wars and the succeeding usurpation, at the same time
acknowledging the personal obligations he had received from
Clarendon. For. some time his remonstrances appear to
have produced little effect^ but at length he was made
licenser of the press, a profitable post, which he enjoyed
till the eve of the revolution. This, however, was all the
recompence he ever received, except being in the com-
mission of the peaces after more than twenty years, as be
says, spent in serving the royal cause, near six of them in
gaolff,' and almost four under a sentence of death in New-
gate. It is true, he hints at greater things promised him ;
andj in these hopes, exerted his talents, on behalf of the
crown, in publishing several pieces. * In 1663, for a far-
ther support, he set up a paper, called ." The Public In-
telligencer, and the News ;V the first of which came out
the 1st of August, and continued to be published twice a
weekj till January 19, 1665; when he laid it down, on
the design then concerted of publishing the ^^ London Ga-
zette,'' the first of which papers made its appearance on
Saturday Feb. 4. f

^ As to the affair of the concert,
which seems to have been thought an
a&ir of greater importance than it de<
genres; he infcsrms us that, while the
question of his indemnity was depend-
ing, being one day in St. James's park,
he heard an qrgan touched m a low
room belonging to one Mr. Hinckson ;
that he went in, and found a private
company of five or six persons, who
desired him to take up a viol and bear
a part, that he did so, not much, as
he alkrws, tothe reputation of his skill ;
that by and by, " without the least
«olottr iff a design or expectation, in

comes Cromfrolly who found them play-
ing," and as far as sir Roger remem-
bered, left them so. — Sir Roger's family,
according to Dr. Burney, were always
great patrons of music and musicians (
and Cromwell we^ know would some-
times forgive a royalist, if be was %
good performer; and robbed Magdatedi
college of its organ from pure love of
the art.

- f This paper succeeded " The Par-
liamentary Intelligencer" and " Met-
curius Publioas," published in defeneo
of the government, against the " Mer-
curins Politicus." L'fistlnnge desisV

310 VEJST RANGE.

tion to bis xnemory. He was author of many politicd tracts^
aod translated several works from the Greek, Latin, and
Spanish. Among his political effusions are, 'VHoger UEs*
tarange^s Apology ;" " Truth ?ind Loyalty vindicated/' &c*
*^ The Memento ;'* " The Reformed Catholic ;" *< The
free<>born Subject;" "Answer to the Appeal," &c.; **Sea^
nooable Memorial;" " Cit and Bumpkin," in two parts;
** Farther Discovery ;" " Case put ;*' " Narrative of the
Plot ;" « Holy Cheat ;" « Toleration discussed ;" « Dis-
<:overy , on Discovery;" "L'Estrange's Appeal," &c. ;
'^Collections in defence of the King;" '^ Relapsed Apod*-
tate ;" " Apology for Protestants ;" " Richard against Bax-
ter ;" ** Tyranny and Popery ;" *^ Growth of Knavery ;"
^* L' Estrange no Papist," &c. ; '^The Shammer shammed ;"
" Account cleared ;" '* RefornAation reformed ;" " Dis-
senters Sayings," two parts ; " Notes on College, u e.
Stephen College;" the " Protestant Joiner;" "Zekiel and
Ephraim;" " Papist in Masquerade;" ^* Answer to the
Second Character of a Popish Successor ;" " Considera-
tions on lord Russel's Speech." All these were printed in
4to. f* History of the Plot ;"• " Caveat to the Cavaliew;"
'^ Plea for the Caveat and its Author." These were in folio.
—•"His translations were, ^^Josephus*s Works," his best
performance : " Cicero's Offices ;" " Seneca's Morals ;'*
" Erasmus's Colloquies v" " ^sop's Fables ;" " Quevedo's
Visions;" " Bona's Guide to Eternity;" and "Five Let-
ters from a Nun to a Cavalier." Besides these, he wrate
several news*papers, and occasional pieces.

Mr. Granger has very justly remarked that L' Estrange
was one of the great corruptors of the English langpage^
and he might have added, exhibits one of the worst models
. of political controversy. He had, however, often to con-
tend with men whose language was equally vulgar and in-
temperate ; and having at all times more zeal than judg-
ment, we can but just discover real talents in a vast mass
of declamation, which few will now have patience to exL-
; amine. His newspapers, and some of his political pieces,
may yet be consulted with advantage for the information
they contain, and the many traits of characters and man-
ners Which they exhibit ; but a cautious reader will find it
often necessary to verify his reports by contemporary evi-
dence. Coarse, virulent, and abusive writers have some-
times been thought necessary to the support of political
parties, and the present age is not without them ; but sucb

L'E STRANGE. 211

tai^tt l^ea^e no itnpre$sion of respect on the minds even of
those who employ them, and are genemlly' condemned as
the 4Dercenarj tools of a party, {n the character of sir
Roger L*£strange we see not much to distinguish him from
this class of writers, except that he sometimes discovers a
portion of ease, elegance, and perspicuity, and might
probably have displayed these qualities more frequently
bad be not written more from passion than reflection. It
may be added too, that he was more coni^istent than some
of his successors ; and being the first who regularly ** en-
listed himself under the bamiers of a party for pay, he
fought for the cause through right and wrong for upwards
of forty campaigns." This intrepidity gained him the
esteem of Cromwell himself, and the papers which he wrote
even just before the revolution, with almost a rope abou(
bis neck, have the same character of perseverance.

He bad a brother, Hammond UEstkanojp, who wrote a
learned work entitled " The Alliance of Divine Offices,"
and a << Life of Charles I." Of him we find no memoirs
worth tran$cribing. — In 1760 sir Henry L' Estrange, bart.
•f Hunstanton, died, and with him the title, becami^extinct.^

LETHIEULLIER (Sma^it, esq.) gentleman-commoner
of Trinity college, Oxford, was the second son of John
Lethieullier, esq. of Aldersbrook, in Essex, , where he bad
a noble collection of MSS. choice books, medals, and nar
tural curiosities, which he had collected in his travels
through France, Italy, and Germany. His father dying
Jan. 1, 1736-7, and his elder brother being dead before^
be became heir to the paternal estates, which were very
considerable. He was elected F. S, A. in July 1724. He
married, Feb; 6, 1725-6, Margaret, . daughter of Willtam
Sloper, esq. of Woodhay, in Berkshire; but- died Aug.
27, 1760, aged fifty-nine, .without issue. He was sue*
ceeded in his estates, to which he had added the: manor
of Birch-ball in Theydon Bois, by Mary, only daughter
of his next brother Charles Lethieullier, LL.D. feilow of
All Souls college, F, A. S. and counsellor at law,{ who died
the year before him. He was an excellent scholar, a
polite gentleman, and universally esteemed by all tbe^
learned men of his time. Some papers of: his are printed
iq Phil. Trans.. No. 497, and Archseologia, I. p. 26, 57, 73,
75; 11.291. His library was. sold by auction, 1760^

I Biog. Brit — Gen. Diet.— Gibber's LiTes.— Nicbots'f Bowyer.<— Nicboh'y
Potm8.~«GraDger.— Ecbard't Hiit. of Englandr-^Littrftry M«f ^ini ftr 1758*

P 2

flS L ET rtl E V L L 1 K K

The foAowing «loge was written by the late Mr. CcXlirt*
•on immediately after thedeath of Mr. Lethieallier : *< He
was de^ceaded from an ancient family from France in time
irf persecution, and a gentleman every way eminent for hi»
excellent endowments. His desire to improre in the civil
and nfitiiral history of bis country led him to visit all parts
ef it; the itineraries in his library, and the discoveries he
made relating to its antiquities, with drawings of every
iUng remarkable, are evidences of his great application to
resctie so many ancient remains from mouldering into obli-
vion. His bftppy turn of mind was not confined solely to
antiquities, but in these journeys he was indefatigable in
eollecttng all the variety of En^tsh fossils, with a view to
investigate their origin : this great collection, which exceU
inost othei^, is deposited in two large cabinets, disposed
under their proper classes. The most rare are elegantly
drawn, and described in a folio book, with his observations
on them. As the variety of ancient marbles had engaged
his attention, and he found so little ^aid of them with re**
ipect to their natural history, it was one of hb motives, in
visiting Italy, to furnish himself with such materials as he
was able to procure froin books, and learned men, relating
to them. He collected specimens of the most curious, and
had drawings, finely painted, of the most remarkable mo-
miments of the ancient marbles; they are bound up in a
folio vohime, with all the observations he could gather re-^
lating to their natural history and antiquity. His cabinet
of medals, his ooUection of antiquities of various kinds,
and most elegant books of the finest engravings, are in«-
stances of the fine taste with which he has enriched bis
library and cabinet with the spoils of Italy. This short but
imperfect memoir is candidly offered as a tribute due to a
long finendsbip. It is wished it may excite an abler pen
to do more justice to the memory of this great and good
man. But it is humbly hoped that these hints will be ae-
cepted not only as a testimony of respect, but may alsa
inform an inquisitive genius in these brafaches of science
jwhere hemray be assisted with snob valuable materials for
the prosecution of his future studies.^'

His cousin^ Colonel William Letrieullier, who was

. ^p F. A..S. travelled into Egypt, and brought over a very

r. perfectiQiiimmy) now.in tbe British museum, with most of

the coloners collections, the rest having been in Mr.

Smart Letbieullier^a haDd& A committee of the trasteea

L£THIEULLIER. 2IS

mated dii the eokintra wecttt(ir% Feb. 99/ 1 756, tor««
t«rn thanlus for the feluable legacy of a fine mnnraiy, and
a curious collection of Engli^ antiquities. Oil this occa-
sioB Pitt LeCfaieulHer, esq. nepbew to the colonel, pre-
sented them with sereral antiquities^ which he hiaaself had
collected during bis residence at Grand Cairo. '

LETI (GREGoar), a Toluminoua writer of hi^ory, was
bom at Milan, May 29, 1630, of a family once of consider-
abLe distinction at Bdogna. lie was intended for tbe
church, but was induced to make open profession of tbe
protestafit religion at Lausanne in 1€S7. This so pleased
Guerin, an eminent physician, with whom he lodged, thkt
he gave him his daughter for a wife ; and Leti, settling at
Geneva in 1 660, passed nearly twenty years in that citjr
employed on many of his publications. In 1674, the free-
dom cf the city was presented to htm, which had never
before been granted to any stranger, five years after he
went to France^ and in 1680, to England, where he was
very graciously received by Charles 11. ; received a large
present in money, and was pvomised ^ place of histt)*-
riograpfaer. On this he wrote bis ^Teatro Britannico,^' a
history of England ; but, this work displeasing the cowt,
he was order^ to quit the kingdom. Leti then went to,
Amsterdam, had the offi(5e of historiographer in that city,
and died suddenly June 9, 1701, aged seventy-one. He
was an indefatigable writer, and tells us in his f' Belgic
Theatre," that three days in the week he spent twelve hours
in writing, and six hours the other three days ; whence the
number .of his works is prodigious. Tbe greatest part are
written in Italian ; among whidi are, " The Nepotism of
Home,'' 2 vols. 1 2 mo; ^< The Universal Monarchy of Louis
XIV." 2 vols. l2mo; ^* The Life of Pipe Sixtus V." im
Italian, Amsterdam, 17£l, 3 vols. 12mo, plates; in Freocfa,
4to, or 2 vols. 12mo ; and in English by Fame worth. *^ The
Life of Philip II. king of Spain," 6 vols. 12mo; ''Of Charles
V." Amsterdam, 17 SO, 4 vols. 12mo; ''Of Queen Eliza*
beth," Amsterdam, 1741, 2 vols. 12mo, plates; " Hi^^ry
of Cromwell,^' 1703, 2 vols. 12mo, plates ; '* Life of Cit-
ron, duke d'Ossone," 3 vols. 12mo ; "The French Tfaeatue,"
7 vols. 4to, a bad work ; " Tbe Belgic Theatre," 2 vols*
4to, equally bad ; " The British Theatre,, or Histojy of

} Nichols'i Bowyer.-i^LyiOBs'i EnTirottSy toI. IV.

214 XETI. :

-England,*^ Amsterdam, 1684, 5 vols. 12mo ; in which th^re
is. a- capital portrait of queen Elizabeth. It was fortiiis
work that he was sent out of England. ** L'ltalia regnante,^
4to18. 12mo; "History of the Roman Empire in Germany,'*
4 vols. 4to; "The Cardinalism of the Holy Church," 3
vols. 12mo, a violent satire ; ** History of Geneva,** 5 vols.
Idmo; "The just balance in which are weighed all' the
maxims of Rome, and the actions of the living cardinals,**
4 Vols. 12mo ; ** The Historical Ceremonial,** 6 vols. 12ma;
^' Political Dialogues on the means used by the Italian Re-
publics for their pireservation," 2 vols, l^mo ; ** An Abridg-
ment of Patriotic virtues,'- 2 vols. 8vo ; ** Fame jealous of
Fortune; a panegyric on Louis XIV.** 4to; "A Poem oh
the enterprize of the Prince of Orange in England,** 1695,
folio ; " An Eulogy on Hunting," l2mo ; " Letters,** i vol.
12mo; "The Itinerary of the Court of Rome,*' 3 vols.
Svo; "History of the House of Saxony,*' 4 vols. 4 to;
^ History of the House of Brandenburg,** 4 vols. 4to ; **The
itlaughter of the Innocent reformed,*' 4to ; " The Ruins of
the Apostolical See,** 1672, 12mo, &c. Although M.leClerc,,
his son-in-law, has mentioned him with high encomiums,^
we know few writers of history who are less to be depended
on, having debased all his productions with fable. It is
impossible to give credit to him unless his facts can be sup-
ported by other authority. He, on, some occasions, assumes
all the dignity of conceited ignorance, and relates his fic-
tions with aJl the confidence of a vain man, who thinks he
cannot be contradicted. His aim indeed was to please ra-
ther than instruct, and he has, with his anecdotes, fre-
quently amused and misled his readers. We know few
more amusing works than his ^^ Life of pope Sixtus V."***
Granger, whose character of him we have partly adopted,
relates that Let! being one day at Charles il.*s levee, thd
king said to him, " Lett, I hear you are writing the history
of the court of England.** " Sir," said he, " I have been
for some time preparing materials for such a history.**
*^Take care," said the king, *' that your work give "no of-
fence.'* " Str,'* replied Leti, *' I will do what I can ; but
if a man were as wise as Solomon, he would scarce be able
to avoid giving some offence.** '^ Why then,** rejoined the
king, ^< be as wise as Solomon, write proverbs, not \fi$n^
tones.***

9 'Morefi«^Nioei«D» rolt. ILaad X.«-!Oen. Diet— -Grang^er, vol* IV*

L E U C I P P U S. 215

LEUCIPPUS, a philosopher of considerable eminence
in the fifih century B. C. the first propagator' of the sys-
tem of atoms, is said by Diogenes Laertius, who has writ-
ten his life, to have been a native of Elea. He wan a dis-
ciple of Zeno the Eleatic philosopher. Dissatisfied witb
the attempts of former philosophers to account for the na^
tur^e and origin of the universe metaphysically, Leucippus^
and his follower Democritus, determined to restore tho
alliance between reason and the senses, which metaphy^
.sical subtleties had dissolved, by introducing the doctrine
of indivisible atoms, possessing within themselves a prin-
ciple of motion ; and although several other philosophers^
before their time, had considered matter as divisible into
indefinitely small particles, Leucippus and Democritus
were the first who taught, that these particles were origi-
nally destitute of all qualities except figure and motion, and
therefore may justly be reckoned the authors of the atomic
System of philosophy. They looked upon the qualities,
which preceding philosophers had ascribed to mattei*, as
the mere creatures of abstraction ; . and they determined to
admit nothing into their system, which they could not esta^r
blish upon the sure testimony of the senses. They were
also of opinion, that both the Eleatic philosofihers, and
those of other secb, had unnecessarily encumbered their
respective systems, by assigning some external or internal
cause of motion, of a nature not to be discovered by the
senses* They therefore resolved to reject all metaphysical
principles, and, in their explanation of the phenomena of
nature, to proceed upon no other ground than the sensi-
ble and mechanical properties of bodies. By the help of
the internal principle of motion, which they attributed to
the indivisible particles of matter, they made a feeble and
fanciful effort to account for the production of all natural
bodies from plify^ical causes, without the intervention of
Deity. But, whether they meant entirely to discard the
notion of a divine nature from the universe, is uncertain.
This first idea of the atomic system was improved by De«
mocritus, and afterwards carried to all the perfection which
a system so fundamentally defective would admit of, by
£picurus. The following sumuiary of the doctrine of Leu-
cipp.as will exhibit the infantstate of the atomic philosophy,*
^nd at the smne time sufficiently expose its absurdity.

The universe, which is infinite, is in part a plenum^ and
in part a vacuum. The plenum contains innumerable cor*

$lt I E U C 1 f P U S.

Ipuieles or atoms, of various figures, which falling into the
^acuuftif struck against each other; and hence arose a
variety of curvilinear motions, which continued till, at
length, atoms of similar forms met together, and bodies
were produced. The primary atoms bfeing specifically of
€qual weight, and not being able, on account of dieir mul-
titude, to move in circles, the smaller rose to the exterior
parts of the vacuum, whilst the larger, entangling them*
selves, formed a spherical shell, which revolved about its
centre, and which included within itself all kinds of bodies^
This central mass was gradually increased by a perpetual
liccession of particles from the surrounding shell, till at
last the earth was formed. In the mean time, the spheri-
cal shell was continually supplied with new bodies, which,
in its revolution, is gathered up from without. Of the
particles thus collected in the spherical shell, some in their
combination formed humid masses, which, by their circular
motion, gradually became dry, and were at length ignitedj
and became stars. The sun was formed in the same man-
ner, in the exterior surface of the shell ; and the moon, in
its interior surface. In this manner the world was formed ;
and by an inversion of the process, it will at length be
dissolved.^

LEUNCLAVIUS, or LEONCLAVIUS (John), a na-
tive of Amelbrun in Westphalia, descended from a noble
family, was born about 1533. He visited almost all the
European courts, and, during his stay in Turkey, collected
such excellent materials for an Ottoman history, that the
public are indebted to him for their best iuformation re-
specting that empire. His knowledge of law, as well as of
the learned, languages, enabled him also to succeed in
translating the *' Abridgment of the Basilica,'* 1596, S
vols folio. He was indeed one of the most celebrated
translators which Germany has produced; He died June
1593, at Vienna, aged sixty. His works are, ^^ The Mus-
sulman History,*' 1591, folio, Latin ; *^ Annals of the Otto-
Hian Saltans," folio^ which he translated into Latin, from
the translation made of it, by John Gaudier, otherwise
Spiegel, horn Tttrkisb into German. The supplement to
these Annals be continued to 1588, under the title of
^^ Pandectae Turcicse." These two works may be foond at
the end of Cbaleondyles, printed at theXouvre. He wrote

1 ()lo|^. Lscrtiiis,— Stanley '« HUt^Erucker.— Gea. Diet,

L E U N C L A V 1 U S. «A

mko ^ Commentatio de Mosconim bellts aMhr«rsfis finitimot
gestis/* in the oollection of Polish hUtoriatift by Plsloriof,
Baftil, \BBif 3 vols, folio; and Latin translations of Xeno^
phon, Zozimos, Constantino Manasses, Micba^ <7lycafl^
Ac*

LEITSDEN (John), an eminent orientid and clitssieal
•cholar, was born at Utrecht, April 26, 1624, of reputable
parents, who died when he was very yonng. He studied
at the schools and university of Utrecht, and toc^E his dd^
g#ee of master of arts in 1647. To his philosophical course,
he then added the study of theology, and particularly the
oriental languages, in which he made great proficiency^
in 1649, he was admitted among the number of candidates
for the ministry, and (hen went to Amsterdam to acquire
a more perfect knowledge of the Hebrew, atid of the
Jewish customs, availing himself of the instructions of two
learned Jews, one of whom, being an Arabian, gav^ htm 'a
favourable opportunity of adding that language to his -stock*
On his return to Utrecht in January 1650, h6 was licensed-
to teach the oriental languages, an honour which induced
htm to return once more to Amsterdam, to study the Tal-
iiiad and the Rabbins. In July of the same year, the cu-
rators of the university of Utrecht appointed' him professor
extraordinary of Hebrew. He wa^ required to give only
two lectures p^week, which, however, be iifcr^ased to
three, and included the oriental lar-^'uages and theology;
and when he received a call to a congregation in Flanders,
the curators of the university, unwilling to part with a man
of such ability, promoted him to the chair of professor in
ordinary, which he filled with great reputation. In 1658
he travelled through the Palatinate and the neighbourhood,
and afterwards visited France and England. On his return
he married, and had a numerous family. Three of his
sons attained considerable eminence, Rodolph as a phy*^
sician, John WiUtam as a counsellor and burgomaster, and
James as a divine. After long ertjoying a good state of
health, the result of temperance and exercise, be was at-*
tacked by the nephritic colic, which, after torilienting him
fbr some weeks, occasioned his death, Sept. 30j 1699, in
his seventy-fifth year. He was a man of a frahk^ liberal
temper, and benevolent ; he was very kind to foreign

> Niccron, rol. XXVI«— Diet. lliaL — Saxii Ononuuticon.— Baillet Ju^ement

«l< ' L E U S D E N.

studenl9, particularly those from Hangnry, and used to be
called the Father of the Hungarians. His manner of teach*
log was clear and methodical ; and by that, and a strict, dis-
cipline, he -produced many eminent scholars.

Leusden, as far as we know, published veiy little that
was original ; but as a critical editor, he is eutiiled to high
commendation for skill and accuracy, and many of hit
publications are well known in this country. Among these
we may notice,. 1. " Philologus Hebrsus," Utrecht, 1652,
4tQj twice reprinted. 2. *^ Jonas illustratus Heb. Chal.
et Latin.". &c. ibid. 1656, 1692, Svo. 3. " Joel ex»
plicatuB per paraphrasim Cbaldaicam,'' ibid. 1657, Svp.
The book of Obadiah is added to this. 4^. /' Philologus
Hebrsso-mixtos, una cum spicilegio Philologico," con«
taining various critical dissertations, ibid. 1663, Leyden,
1632, and 1699, 4ta* S. <^ Onomasticum Sacrum,'' an
explanation of all the names in the Old and New Testa*
menty ibid. i665^ and 1684, 8vo. Crenius notices a sin*
g^ar mistime of his, making Bernice the name of a man.
6. <^ Psalterium Hebrseum," Amst. 1666, 8vo. 7. ^^ Biblia
Hebr^a,^' Amst, 1667, 2 vols. 8vo. 8. ^^ Clavis Qrapca
Nov. Test.'* 1672, .8vo. 9. « Nov. Test. Gr^cum,"
Utrecht, 1675, 12mo, repeatedly printed, and well known
in this country. 10. *^ Versio Septut^inta Interpretum/''
Amst 1683. 11. <^ Lexicon novum Hebr«o-Latin^m,'' in
the manner of Sohrevelius, Utrecht, 1^87, 8vo. 12, An
edition of ^^ Pool's Synopsis," ibid. 5 \M$. fol. ; an editioq
of Bochart's works, and another of.Lighttoot's.^

LEUWltlNHOEK (ANTjaONv), a celebrated Diitch phi^
losoph^, was born at Delft, in 1632 ; and acquired a greajt
reputation throughout all Europe, by bis experiments and
discoveries in natural history, by means qf the microscc^e.
He particularly excelled in making glasses for microscopes
and spectacles ; and he was a member of most of the li-
terary societies of Europe; to whom he sent many ipe-t
moars. Those in the Philosophical Transactions^ and in
the Paris Memoirs, extend through many volumes;;^ th^
former were extracted and published at Leydcn in 1722.
He died in 1723, at ninety-one years of age. His Select
Works have lately been translated into English from the
Dutch and Latin editions published by the author, by Mr.
Samuel Hoole, 1 798-— 1800, 3 parts 4to.*

1 Bnnnan Trajeck. Enidit. — ^Chaufepie. — ^NicerOD, ToL 2XIXi«— Ssxii Ooeav
5 Hailer Bibl. Med.-rliatton'8 Dictionary.

LEVEE. n$

■ LEVER (Sir Ashton), the founder of a valuable mn>^
.seuin, was the son of sir D'Arcy Lever of Alkington^ near
Manchester. He finished bis education at Corpus Chiisti
coUege, Oxford ; and on leaving the university went to
reside with his mother, and afterwards settled at his fa-
niily*seat, which he rendered famous by the best aviary in
the kingdom. He next extended his views to ail branches of
natural history,, and became at length possessed of one of
the finest museums in the world, sparing no expence ia
procuring specimens from the most distant regions. This
was removed to London about 1775, and opened for the
public in Leicester-house, Ldicester»square ; but for want
of suitable patronage, sir Ashton was in 1785 obliged to
dispose of it by way of lottery, to his very great loss. It
fell to the lot of a Mr. Parkinson, who built rooms on the
Surrey side of Black-friars bridge tor its reception, and
did every thing in his power to render it interesting to the
public, but after some years, was obliged to. dispose of it
by auction, when the whole of the articles were dispersecL
Sir Ashton died in 1788, of an apoplectic attack while sit?
fihg with the other magistrates at Manchester.^ .

LEVER (Thomas), a celebrated divine of the sixteentb
century, was born at Little Lever, in Lancashire, and
icducated at Cambridge, where- after taking his degrees,
he was chosen fellow, and then master of 8t. John's coU
lege. He was ordained both deacon and priest in 15S(>^
by bishop Ridley, and became a taost eloquent and po^
pular preacher in the reign of king Edward. He is, iur
deed, on his monument called by way of distinqtton,
*^ preacher to king Edward.'* Under his mastership St,
John^s college greatly flourished, a^id in it the reforma*
tion gained so much ground, that on the commencement
of the Marian persecution, he and twenty-four of the felr
lows resigned their preferments. Mr. Lever went abroad,
afid resided with the other exiles for religion at Francfort^
where he in vain endeavoured to compose the differences
which. arose among them respecting chjurcb disciplige and
the habits. He resided also for some time in Switzerland,
at a place called Arrow, where he was pastor to a congre^
gation of English exiles. Here he became so much a fa*
Tourer of Calvin's opinions, as to be considered, on hi^
return to England, as one of the chiefs of the party who
ppposed the English church-establishment. The indiscreet

A Oent. and Europ. Mag. for HSS.

220 LEV

conduct of feme of. them sooti made the whole obnc^oas
to government ; and uniformity being strictly pressed, Mr.
Lever suffered among others, being convened before the
archbishop of York, and deprived of his ecclesiastical pre*-
ferments. Many of the cooler churchmen thought him
iiardiy dealt with, as he was a moderate man, and ndt for^
ward in opposing the received opinions. Bernard Gilpin,
his intimate friend, was among those who pitied, and ex-
pressed his usiMl regard for him. His prefermfents were
a prebend of Durham, and the mastership of Sherburn
hospital ; Strype mentions the archdeaconry of Coventry,
but is not clear in his account of the matter. He appears
to have been allowed to retain the mastership of the hos-
pital, where he died in July 1577, and was buried in its
ehapel. Baker in bis MS collectioiv^ gives a very high
character of him as a preacher. ** In the days of king
Edward, when others were striving for preferment, no man
was more vehement, or more galling in his sermons, against
4be waste of church revenues, and other prevailing cor-
r^ptions of the court; which occasioned bishop Ridley to
rs^nk him with Latimer and Knox. He was a man of as
much natural probity and blunt native honesty as his coU
lege ever bred ; a man without guile and artifice ; who
never made suit to any patron, or for any preferment; one
that had the spirit of Hugh Latimer. No one can read
his sermons without imagining he has something before
faiiti of Latimer or Luther. Though bis sermons are bold
and daring, and full of rebuke, it was his preaching that
got him bis preferment. His rebuking the courtiers made
them afraid of him, and procured him reverence from the
king. He was one of the best masters of his coHege, as
Weil as one of the best men the ccrfl^e ever bred.'^ He
was succeeded io the mastership of his hospital by his bro-
ther Ralph, vrhom some rank as a puritan, altboogh his
title seems doubtful. He was however, of less reputation
than his brother. Mr. Thomas Lever's printed works are
a- few f* Sermons,*' which, like Latimer's, contain many par-
ticulars of the n^anners of tbe times ; and three treatises
** The right way foom the danger of sin and vengeance in
this wicked worid,** 1575 ; a ^'Commentary on the LcMrd's
Prayer ;" and " The Path-way to Christ." *

, 1 Stiype's CmBmer, p. 16S. SSa-^ Parker, 911, 343, QHS-^^-uad. Oriiubl,
170.--Gilpin'8 Life of Gilpin, p. 142.— Fuller's Wortljies.— Brook's Lives of
the Poritans.— Harwood't AlooiDi EtonenseSf p. 1*73.

LEYESQUB. M21

LEVESQUE (Pjet£R CHakles), a learned French wri-
ter, wbo spent a long life in the study of history and ge*-
neral literature, was born at Paris, March 28, 173$. Of
his private life we have no account; and our authority
apologizes iFor this by assuring us that it contained none of
those incidents that are interesting in biography, and that
he was known only by his numerous publications. He
was, however, in the course of his life, professor of moraia
and history in the college of France^ a ttiember of the old
academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres, a member of the
institute of the class of ancient history^ and a knight of the
legion of honour. He died at Paris, March 12, IS 12^
leaving the following proofs of his talents and industry*
1. ^' Le reves d^Aristobule, philosophe Grec, suivis d^ua
abreg)6 de la vie de Formose, philosophe Fran^ais,*' Paris,
1761, 12mo. 2. *^ Choiz de poesies de Petrarque," trans<>
lated from the Italian, 1774, 8vo, reprinted in 1787, 2
vols. 12mo. This translation is faithful, but wants the
spirit and graces of the original. 3« ** L^homme moral,^
Amst 1775, a work which haf been ofteo reprinted, and is
said to have been written at Petersburgh, for the use of
the Russian youth. Its objeet seems to be to tak^a sur-
vey of man in the savage and social state, and during all
the modifications of the latter ; and its contents are a se-
ries of remarks on all subjects connected with happiness,
not always profound, but often striking, lively, and agree*
able. From its being printed oftener in Holland than in
france, it is probable that this work, as well as the follow-
ing, was written with more freedom of sentiment than was
then agreeable. 4. ^^ L'homme pensant, ou Essai sur
Tbistoire tie Tesprit humain,^' Amst. 1779, 12mo. 5.
'^Histoirede Russie,'' Paris, 1785, 5 vols. 12mo. This
is esteemed a very accurate sketch of Russian history ;
$iid was followed by a sequel, 6. ** Histoire des differens
peuples soumis a la domination des Russes," 2 vols. Both
were reprinted in 1800,. with a continuation to the et)d -of
the reign of Catherine, 8 vols. 8vo. In this last, he offers
a very able vindication of the conduct of that empress in
.the early part of her reign. 7. ^* £loge historique de
I'abb^ Mably,*^ Paris, 1787, 8vo. This obtained the prize
of the academy of inscriptions and belles lettres. 8. *< La
France sous les cinq premier Valois,'' Paris, 1788, 4 vols.
12mo. 9. *^ Dictionnaire des arts, de peinture, sculpture,
etgravure,'* Paris, 1792, 5 vols. Svo. He compiled this

est LEVESQUE.

dictionary in conjunction with Watelet, to wbom oii^ &it^
tbority attributes the principal merit of it. 10, A trart^
Jation^ highly praised^ of " Thucydides,*' Paris, 1795, 4
Tols. 4to. . Levesque also contributed variousv^ssays to the
jnemoirs of 'the institute, and wrote many of the articled in
that collection of the ancient moralists which was pobisflbed
by Didot and Debure. ' Not long before bis death he pofa-
lisbed <' L'etude de Phistoire de la Grece,^' 4 vols. 8va.;
not, as is said, a learned work, but a popular introduction
to the knowledge of Grecian history.^

LEVI (David), a learned Jew, and zealous defender
of the opinions of that people, was born in London m
1740, and after a regular apprenticeship to a dioemaker,
settled in that business ; but, not succeeding in it, com*
menced hat-dresser ; and in this 4iew profession, though
surrounded with domestic cares, still finding time^ for
study^ produced a volume on the ^^ Rites and Ceremonies
of' the Jews,'* 1783, 8vo. He next published ^'Lingua
Sacra,'' 3 vols. Svo, containing^ an Hebrew Grammar with
points, clearly explained iu English, and a complete He-
breW'English Dictionary, which came out in numbers^
1785 — 1789. This performance, though by no means the
most perfect of its kind that might be produced, is a great
instance of industry and perseverance in a person who was
confined all the time to a mechanical business to supply
domestic wants. In 1787 he published his first ^^ Letters
to Dr. Priestley,^' in answer to his *^ Letters addressed to
the Jews," inviting them to an amicable discussion of the
evidences of Christianity ; in which he says, *^ I am not
ashamed to tell you that I am a Jew by choice, and not
because I was borii a Jew ; far from it ; for I am clearly of
opinion that every person endowed with ratiocination ought
to have a clear idea of the truth of revelation, and a jdit
ground of his faith, as .far as human evidence can go/'
In 1789 lie published his second ^' Letters to Dr. Priest-
ley," and also " Letters to Dr. Cooper, of Great Yar-
mouth," in answer to his one great argument in favour of
Christianity from a single prophecy ; 2. to Mr. Bicheno ;
3. to Dr. Krauter ; 4. to Mr. Swain ; 5. to Anti-Socinus^
alias Anselm Bailey ; Occasioned by their Remarks on his
first Letters to Dr. Priestley. In this year he published the
^' Pentateuch, in Hebrew and English," with a translation

> Diet Hist SoppleoieDt

L^E V t 2B3!

of the notes of Lion Socsroaan, ahd the 613 precepts con-*
tained in the la\y, according to Maimonides. At the end <
of th6 fiame year, at the earnest request of the . most con-
siderable of the Portaguese Jews, Jbe undertook to trans-
late their prayers from Hobrew into English; which he*
accomplished in four years (though confined to his bed by
iilness twenty«-seven weeks), the last of six volumes ap-
pearing in 1793. The first volume of his '^ Dissertations
on the Prophecies^' was* also published in 1793; and in
1794 his Translation of the Service for the two first NightS'
of the Passover, as observed by all the Jews at this day,
in Hebrew and English. In 1795 he published '< Lettera
to Nathaniel Brassey Halhed,^ M. P. in answer to his Tes-
timony of the Authenticity of the Prophecies of Richard
Brothers, and his pretended mission to recall the Jews7'
A second volume of his *^ Dissertations on the Prophecies'*
appeared in 1796, which he intended to complete in six
volumes; and of which, in May 1797, more than half of
the third volume was printed. In the beginning of 1797
be published a ^' Defence of the Old Testament," in a se-
ries of letters addressed to Thomas Paine, in answer to
his Age of Reason, part IL For the German Jews h&
translated their Festival Prayers, as he bad done those of
the Porl;uguese, in 6 vols. 8vo ; a labour of four years*
By all the synagogues in London Mr. Levi was regularly
employed to translate the prayers composed on any par-
ticular occasion, as those used during, the king's iilness in
. 1788, and the thanksgiving in 178S; with various others
for.tbe use of the several synagogues. He wrote also a
sacred ode in Hebrew, 1795, on the king's escape froiQ
assassination. On Nov. 14, .1798, he had a violent stroke
of the. palsy, which nearly deprived him of the use of his
^'igbt hand. He died in July 1799, in the fifty-ninth year
of. his age, and was. interred in .the. Jews' burial-ground
near Betfanal-green, . with a Hebrew .epitaph, of which the
following i$ a translation — ^^ And David reposed with j^is
fathers, and was buried. Here iieth a correct and proper
person, of perfect carriage, who served the Lord all ius
daysj turned away fropi evil, ap4 ^^ supported by his
own industry all the days of his life ; Rabbi David the son
of Mordecai the Levite, of blessed memorjv vi'ho departed
for the next world on the Sabbath night, 3d of Ab., and
was buried with good reputation on Monday the fourth ;
the days of bis life were 59 years. May hiii soul be en-

224 Ltvntr.

ireloped with AbrBfaam, Isaac» and Jacob. Mayeot tboil
come io the grave at full age.*' ^

LEVRET (Ai/DREW), an eminent Freoch suigeon and
accoQcheur, was born in 1703, and was admitted a member
of. the royal academy of surgery at Paris in February 1742.
He obtained a high and extensive reputation in bis depart- ,
ment of the art by the improvements which be made in
some of the instruments necessary to be employed in cer«
tain difficult cases (especially the forceps), and by the pro-
digious number of pupils whom he instructed. He. was
employed and honoured with official appointments by all
the female branches of the royal family. He published
several work^, which underwent various editions and trans*
lations* 1 • ^^ Observations sur les causes et les accideua
deplusieurs accouchemens laborieux/' Paris, 1747. Tot}ie
fourth edition, in .1770, were added, ^* Observations on the
lever of Roonhuysen." 2. " Observations sur la cure radi-.
cale de plusieurs polypes de la matrice, de la gorge, et du
nez, oper6e par de nouveau:c moyens," ibid. 174d, &c«
3. ^^ Suite des observations sur les causes et les accidens
de plusieurs accouchemens laborieux,*' ibid. 1751. 4*
<^ Explication de plusieurs figures sur le m^chanisme de la
grossesse, et de Taccouchementy" ibid. 1752. 5. <^L'Art
des accouchemens d^montr^ par des principes de physique
et de mecbanique," ibid. 1753, &c. 6. <^ Essai sur Tabus
des regies generales, et contre les pr6jug4s qui s'opposent
aux progres de Tart des accouchemens/' ibid. 1766. This
author died Jan. 22, 1780.'

LEWIS (John), a learned English divine and antw
quary, was the eldest son of John Lewis, wine-oooper, io
the parish of St Nicholas, Bristol, where he was born^
Aug. 29, 1675. His father dying while be was in his in-*
fancy^ he was committed to the care of his maternal
grandfather John Eyre, merchant of Poole in Dorsetshire^
who instilled into his infant mind the first principles of re^
ligion. Losing this relation, however, before he. was se-*
ven years old, he was taken into the house of the rev, Sa-*
muel Conaat, rector of LitchetMatravers (an intimate ac*
quaintance of his grandfather Eyre), and educated along
with a nephew whom Mr. Conant was preparing for a.pub-»

lio school* This was an assistance peculiarly acceptable

.■•'■.

. 1 Europ. Mag. 1799«-— Qent. Muf. 186l.— -Lysoiiiff 6nTir9iit» SappLvol*
^ Dick. Hist.-«ltMs'8 Cyclopaedia^ from £loy.

to Mr. Lewi^'ii mother^ who appears to faav^ bef a left in
ctrcumsts^uces which were not adequate to a Uberai educa-
tion. After renciaining with Mr. Conaht two years, he wa4
placed under the instruction of the learned Mr. John Moyle,
at the grammt^rrschool of Winborne, in 1687, upon whosQ
decease the year following, he was removed fo Poole, but
reaped little benefit there, until he was put under tbe^are
of Mr. John Bussel, who was encouraged to establish a
grammar-school there. Mr. Russel, finding him to be a
youth of talents and industry, employed him as his assis-
tant : and after his removal to Wapping in London, cpn-
tin-ued his favours to him, placing him at the free-school
of Ratcliife-cross, belonging to the Coopers^ company.

Two years after, when he was about sixteen year$ old,
Mr. Daniel Wigf^ll, a merchant, took him into his family
as tutor to bis sons, and after continuing here until 1694,
he went to Oxford, and was admitted batteler of Exeterr
College : bpt hU scanty fortune not allowing him to reside
constantjiy, he was recommended to Mr. William Churchey,
then minister at Poqle, tobe assistant in the free-school of
that town. By thi9 gentleman^s indulgence in allowing
bim to beep his terms in the university, he proceeded A. ^
in 1697, when he returned to Mr. Russel at Wapping,
and was ordained deacon by bishop Compton soon after.
In April following be took upon him the cure of Acryse in
Keiit, and lived at the same time in the family of Philip
Papillojp, es(}. to whom his behaviour rendered him so ac-
ceptable, that although 'he bad left the parish, and was
then chaplain to Paul Foley, esq. upon the recommenda-
tion of Dr. Barton, prebendary of Westminster, yet, upon
the death of the incumbent, he procured him a presenta*
tion from the Iqrd chancellor Somers, upon which he vfzs
instituted S.ept. 4, 1699. He now applied himself to re-
pair a dilapidated parsonage*houfie, as well as to discbarge
his pastoral duties with all diligence, particularly that of
catechising the young, which he looked upo.n as a very im-
portant part of his ministry^ While here, he^ soon after
met ^ith a singular instance of unfair dealing. Bdng .^p-
ppiqted to preach at the archdeacon's visitation at Canter-
bury in 1701, his sermon (on 2 Cor. vi. 4.) was lent to
Willisitn Brockman, esq. upon his earnest request, who
printed it. under the title of a *' Summary ,^^ &c, with a
preface calculated to injure him.

Vol. XX. Q

ae L £ w I ft

He found a kinder friend, however, in archbishop Tenl^'
son, who bad heard a good character of him, and granted
him the sequestration of the little rectory of Hawkinge,
near Dover, in 1702, telling him at the same time, that
he hoped he should live to consider him farther. It was at
that time his acquaintance began with Mr. Johnson of Mar-
gate, who recommended him for his successor in that la-
borious cure ; but his old friend and patron Mr. Papillon
being unwilling to part with him, he excused himself to
the archbishop at that time : afterwards, upon Mr. War-
ren's resignation, he accepted it in 1705. On his- be-
coming a member of the society for promoting Christians
knowledge, he was desired to draw up a short and plaio*
exposition of the Church Catechism, fit for the children
educated in charity-schools ; and this,' which he executed
to the entire satisfaction of the society, • has passed through
many editions. In 1706, archbishop Tenison collated him
to the rectory of Saltwood with the chapel of Hythe, and
the desolate rectory of Eastbridge ; but, being here dis-
turbed by a dispute with a neighbouring 'squire, his pa-
tron removed him to the vicarage of Mynstre, on the ces-
sion of Dr. Green, in March 1708, where be rebuilt the
bouse, in a more elegant and commodious manner.

In his "Apology for the Clergy of the Church of Eng-
land," published in 1711, h^ attacked the veracity of the
historian of the nonconformists, by asserting, " that Mr.
Calamy was too much biassed to have any thing he said con-
cerning the party he espoused believed on bis bare word."
This harsh opinion naturally provoked Calamy to make
sonoe very severe reflections on him,, both in the preface
to the second edition of ^* Baxter's Life abridged,'* in
1714, and in his " Continuation," in 1727 ; against which
Mr. Lewis had drawn up a vindication; but, Mr. Calamy's
death intervening, he would not war with the dead, and de-
sisted from publishing it.

In May 1712, he was appointed to preach at the arch-
bishop's visitation, and took his subject from Isa. xi. 9,
but such was the violence of party spirit at that time, that
both he and his sermon were roughly treated by some of
the audience. It was this year that he commenced M. A.
as a member of Corpus Christi college, Cambridge. Not
long after he incurred the displeasure of his friend Mt.
Johnson by writing against his ^' Unbloody Sacrifice/' aii4

1 E W 1 S. M7

was treated by him with more contempt than he deserved.
Archbishop Tenison, however, and Dr. Bradford approved
of his pamphlet, and Dr. Waterland considered it as con-
taining much in a httle, and as being close, clear, and ju«
dicious* His sermon preached at Canterbury cathedral on
January 30, 1717, being severely reflected upon, he printed
it in his own defence, and it was so highly approved by^
archbishop Wake that he rewarded him with the master-
ship of Eastbridge- hospital soon after. From that time he
was continually employed on his various publications and
correspondence, with the literary men of his time. He died
Jan. 16, 1746, and, at his own desire, was buried in the
chancel of his church at Mynstre (where he had been vicar
upwards of thirty-seven years), under a plain black marble
with an inscription.

Archbishop Wakens charieu^ter of him was that of vir so^
hriusj et bonus pradicator : and a considerable dignitary in
the church used to say, that he looked upon his life to have
been spent in the service of learning and virtue, and thought
the world tq be more concerned for its continuance than
himself: that it would be happy for us if there were many
more of the profession like him, &c. It was his misfor-
tune, however, to live in a time of much party violence, and
being a moderate man, he met with ill usage from both
parties, particularly from the clergy of his own diocese.
His only object was the security of our church-establish-
ment as settled at the Revolution. He was so diligent a
preacher, that we are told he composed more than a thou-
sand sermons. He was always of opinion that a clergyman
should compose his own sermons, and therefore ordered
bis executor to destroy his stock, lest they should con-
tribute to the indolence of others. Having no family, for
his wife died young without issue, he expended a great
deal of money on his library and the repairs of his dilapi-
dated parsonage-houses ; and was, at the s^me time, a libe-
ral benefactor to the poor. His chief, and indeed only^
failing was a warmth of temper, which sometimes hurried
him on to say what was inconsistent with his character and
interest, and to resent imaginary injuries. Of all this, how-
ever, he was sensible, and deeply regretted it. Hearne
and Mr. Lewis were, it appears, accustomed to speak
disrespectfully of each other^s labours, but posterity has
done justice to both. The polilical prejudices of antiquaries
Itfe of very little consequence.

Q -2

??8 I. E W I S.

Mr. Lewi3's works are, 1. <^ The Church Catechism etr
planed/' already ipieDtioned, 1700, 12ino. 2. *^ A. 9bor^
Defence of Infant Baptism/' 1700, 8vo. 3. *' A serious
Address to the Anabaptists," a single sheet, 1701, with a
^ecoad in 1702. 4. ^^ A Companion for the afflicted,*'
}706. 5. ^^ Presbyters not always an authoritative part of
provinpial synods,"' 1710, 4to. 6. ** An apologetical Vin-
dication of the present Bishops,"l7 1 1. 7. " The Apology
for the Church, of England, in an examination of the rights
pf the Christian church,'' published about this time, or
perhaps in 1714. 8. ^^The poor Vicar's plea against bia
gleb^ being assessed to the Church," 1712. 9. ^' A Guide
tp yoving Communicants/' 1713. 10. ^' A Vindics^tioD of
the Bishop of Norwich" (Trimnell), 1714. 11. ^« The
. agreement of the Lutheran churches with the church of
Epglaqd, and an answer to some exceptions to it,^' 1715.
12. .^^Two Letters in defence of the English liturgy and
reformation," 17 IG. 13. " Bishop Ferije's Church ol&ig-
land naan's reasons for not making the decisiops of ecQW^*
siastical synods the rule of his fait]bi," 1717, 8vo. 14. <<' Aa
Exposition of the xxxivth article of Religion," 1717.
15. " Short Remarks on the prolocutor's answer,*&c,'* 16*
"The History, &c. of John Wiclifje, D. D." 1720, 8vo.
17* '^The case of observing such Fasts and Festivals as are
appointed by the king's authority, considered," 1721. IS.
" A Letter of t^hanks to the earl of Nottingham, &c.'* 1721.
19. ^^ The History and Antiquities of the Isle of Thaoet in
Kent," 1723, 4to, and again, with additions^ in 1736. 20.
** A Specimen of Errors in the second volume of Mr. Col-
lier's EciL'lesiastical History, being a Vindication of Buroet^B
History of the Reformation," 1724, 8vo. 21, ** History and
Antiquities of'the abbey church of Faversham, &c.^' 1727,
4to. 22. ^^ The New Testament, &c. translated out of the
Latin vulgate by John WickliBe ; to which is pre6xed, an
History of the several Translations of the Holy 3ibli?," &c.
1^31, folio. Of this only 160 copies were print/ed by sub-
scription, and the copies unsubscribed for were advertified
tl^e same year at \L Is. each. Of the '^ New TestameiUi'*
the cev. H. Baber, of the British Museum, has lately printed
an edition, with valuable preliminary matter, in 4to. 2S.
^^ The History of the Translations, &c.'' reprinted sepa* .
rately in. 1739, 8vo. 24.* « The Life of Caxton," 1737,
8x^0. For an account of this work we may refer to J)ihdio's
new ^ition of Ames. 25. ^* A brief History of tha Rise

LEWIS. 229

ind Progress of Anabaptism, to which is prefixed a defence
of Dr. Wicliffe from the false ciiarge of his denying In-
fant-baptism," I7.'i8. 26. " A Dissertation on the anti-
quity and use of Seals in England," 1740. 27. *^ A Vindi-
cation of the ancient Britons, &c. from being Anabaptists,
with a letter of M. Bucer to bishop Hooper on ceremonies,'*
1741. 28. " A Defence of the Commnnion office and Ca-
techism of the church of England from the charge of fa-
vouring transubstantiation," 174?. 29. "The Life of Rey-
nold Pecock, bishop of St. Asaph and Chichester," 1744,
8vo. Mr. Lewis published also one or two occasional ser-
mons, and an edition of Roper's Life of sir Thomas More.
After his death, accordinsr to the account of him in th^
Biog. Britannica (which is unpardonably superficial, as
Masters's History of Bene't College had appeared some
years before), was published " A brief discovery of some
of tlie arts of the popish protestant Missioners in England,"
1750, 8vo. But there are other curious tracts which Mr.
Lewis sent for publication to the Gentleman's Magazine,
and which, for reasons stated in vol. X. of that work, were
printed in " The Miscellaneous Correspondence," 1742 —
1748, a scarce and valuable volume, very little known to
the possessors of the Magazine, no, set of which can bfe
complete without it. Of these productions of Mr. Lewis,
we can ascertain, on the authority of Mr. Cave, the follow-
ing : an account of William Longbeard, and of John Smith,
the first English anabaptist ; the principles of Dr. Hickes,
and Mr. Johnson ; and an account of the oaths exacted by
the Popes. Mr. Lewis left a great many manuscripts, some
of which are still in public or private libraries, and are
spe^cified in our authorities.'

LEY, or LEIGH (Sir James), an eminent lawyer in
the early part of the seventeenth century,. was the sixth
and youngest son of Henry Ley, esq. of Tesfont Evias, in
Wiltshire, and vy^s born about 1552. In 1569 be entered
of Brazen-nose college, Oxfprd, whence he removed to
Lincoln's-inn, studied the law, and was appointed Lent
reader in 1601, after which his learning and abilities raised
him to the highest rank of his profession. In 1 603, he
Was made serjeant at law, and the year following chief jus'^
tice of the king's bench in Ireland ; on the ancient history

I Masters's Hist of C. C. C. C— Bi0ff. Brit.— Dibdin'i TypograpHica] Adii*
^uities, vol. I. — and BibliomsMiia.-^Gent. Mag. vol. I. p. 259, and vol. XVII,
pp. 41, 47^— Restituta, pp< 69, 73.-*Nichols's Bowy«r,

aJO LEY.

of which country he appears to have bestowed some atteii*
tiori, and coliected with a view to publication, ^^ The An-
nals of John Clynne, a Friar Minor of Kilkenny," who lived
in the reign of Edward III. ; the " Annals of the Priory of
St. John of Kilkenny," and the '^ Annals of Multiferman,
Rosse, add Clonmell." All these he had caused to be tra4is-
cribed, but his professional engagements prevented his
preparing them for the press. They afterwards fell into
the hands of Henry earl of Bath. Extracts from them are
in Dublin college library.

In 1609, being then a knight, sir James was made the
king's attorney in the court of wards. In 1620 he was
created a baronet; in 1621, chief justice of the court of
king's bench, England ; and in f 625, lord high treasurer.
From this office he was removed, under pretence of his
great age, to make room for sir Richard Weston. Lord
Clarendon seems to intimate that his disability as well as
age might be the cause, and that upon these accounts
there was little reverence shewn towards him. This, how-
ever, is scarcely reconcileable with the honours bestowed
on him immediately afterwards, for he was not only created
baron Ley, and earl of Marlborough, but soon after made
president of the council. Lloyd says he had better abi«
lities for a judge than a statesman. He died at Lincoln's-
inn, March 14, 1628, and was buried in the church at
Westbury, where a sumptuous monument was erected to
his memory. We have noticed his attention to Irish his-
tory while in that country. Lloyd has given us another
trait of his character while there, which is highly honour-
able to him. " Here he practised the charge king James
gave him at his going over (yea, what his own tender con-
science gave himself), namely, not to build his estate upon
the ruins of a miserable nation, but aiming, by the impar-
tial execution of justice, not to enrich himself, but civilize
the people. But the wise king would no longer lose him
out of his own land, and therefore recalled him home about
the time when his father's inheritance, by the death of
bis five elder brethren, descended upon him."

He wrote, or compiled, ^* Reports of Cases in the courts
at Westminster in the reigns of king James and king
Charles, whh two tables ; to which is added' a treatise of
Wards and Liveries," 1659, folio. The ** Treatise of
Wards" had been published separately in 1642, 12mat

LEY. 231

Among Hearne's '* Collection of curious Discourses/' are
some by sir James Leigh.'

LEY (John), a voluminous polemic in the seventeenth
century, was born at Warwick, Feb. 4, 1583, and eda«-
cated at Christ church, Oxford. After bis admission into
holy orders he was presented to the vicarage of Great Bud*
worth in Cheshire, where he continued a constant preacher
for several years. He was afterwards made prebendary
and subdean of Chester, and had a weekly lecture at St*
Peter's church. He was also once or twice a member of
the convocation. On^ the commencement of the rebellion,
be espoused the cause of the parliament, took the coven-
ant, was chosen one of the assembly of divines, appointed
Latin examiner of young preachers, af^d by his writings,
encoufaged all the opinions and prejudices of his party,
with whom his learning gave him considerable weight. He
accepted of various livings under the republican govern-
ment, the last of which was that of Solihull, in Warwick*
shire, which he resigned on being disabled by breaking of
a blood «• vessel) and retired to Sutton Colfield, in the same
county, where he died May 16, 1662. His works, of which
Wood enumerates about thirty articles, relate mostly to
the controversies of the times, except his sermons ; and his
share in the '* Assembly's Annotations on the Bible,'' to
which he contributed the annotations on the Pentateuch
and the four Evangelists.'

. LEYBOURN (William), who was originally a printer
in London, published several of the mathematical works of
Samuel Foster, astronomical professor in Gresham coUege*^
He afterwards became an eminent aathor himself, and
appears to have been the most universal mathematician of
his time. He published many mathematical treatises in
the seventeenth century. Among these his '^ Cursna Ma-
thematicus" was esteemed the best system of the kind ex-
tant His ^< Panarithmologia ; or. Trader's sure Guide,'*
being tables ready cast up, wa» long in use. It wras formed
upon a plan of his own, and has been adopted by Mr*
Bareme in France. The seventh edition was Mblisbed in
1741. We have no account of his birth or depb. '

LEYDECKER (M£LCHiOR), an eminent arotestlmt di-
vine, was t)orn January 25, 1652, at Mi^Deburg. He

1 Ath. Os. vol. I.— Lloyd's State WorUiies.— Ware's Ireland, by Harris.—
iPark't edition of lord Orford.

9 Ath. Ox. to}* IL > GraBger.

2St LEYDECKER.

acquired'great skill in controversy and ecclesiastical antf«
quity, and wrote much against the Socinians and other sec*
. taries. He was one of Frederic Spanbeim's friends, ind
appointed professor of divinity at Utrecht, 1678. He died
Jatiuary 6, 1721, aged sixty-nine. The following are the
principal among his numerous Latin works: 1. a treatise
" On the Hebrew Republic," Amsterdam, 1714 and 1716, 2
vols. fol. a very valuable work for the history of Judaism;
2. " Fax veritatis,** Ludg. Batav. 1677, 8vo. 3. «* A Con-
tinuation of the jEcclesiastical History began by Hornius,*^
Francforr, 1 704, 8 vo. 4. « History of the African Church,'*
eorious^ and full of interesting inquiries. 5. " Synopsis
controv^rsiarum de foedere." 6. A " Commentary in the
jHeidelburg Catechism." 7. A " Dissertation against Bec-
ker's World bewitched." 8. " An Analysis of Scripture,**
with the "Art of Preaching." 9. A " History of Jansenism,**
Utrecht, 1695, 8vo. What Leydecker says in this work
against the sovereignty of kings, has been refuted by P*
Quesnel, in his " Sovereignty of Kings defended,** P^ris^
1704 I2mo. ^

EEYDEN VAN. See JACOBS, Lucas.

LHUYD (Edward), an eminent antiquary, born about
1670, was a native of South Wales, and the son of Charliei
Lhuyd, esq. 6f Lhanvorde. In 1687 he confim^nced hi^
academical studiies at Jesus college, Oxford, where he waes
created M. A. July 21, 1701. He studied nateTral hiitbrj^
imder Dr. Plot, whom he succeeded as keeper of the A^h-
luoieSkn museum in 1690. He had the use of all Tatt^to*^
collections, and, with incessant labour and great eiactnes^,
employed a considerable part of his life in searching into
the Welsh antiquities, had perused or collected a great
deal of ancient and valuable matter frpm their MSS. trans-
cribed all the old charters of their montoteries that hi
could meet with, travelled tteveral times over Wales, Coirn*
ieall, Scotland, Ireland, Armoric Bretaghe, countries iti-^
habited by the same people, compared their afitiqiiitle^i
and made observations on the whol6. In March 1708-9,
be was elected, by the university of Oxford, esquire beadl^
of diyinity, a place of considerable profit, Which, however^
he enjoyed but a few mouths. He died July 1709, an
event which prevented the completion of nfiany adthirable
designs, for want of proper encouragement, he did very

} Bunpan Traject. Erudit,

L H U Y a

13$

)ktle towards understanding the British bards, having seen
but one. of those of the sixth century, and not being abte
to.procure access to two of the principal libraries in the
country. He communicated, however, many observations
to bishop Gibson, whose edipon of the Britannia he re«
vised ; and published '^ Archeologia Britannica, giving
•ome account additional to what has been hitherto pub«
lisbed 0f the languages, histories, and customs, of the
original inhabitants of Great Britain, from collections and
observations in travels through Wsdes, Cornwall, Bas Bre«*
tagne, Ireland, and Scotland, Vol. I. Glossograpby ♦;^'
Oxford, 1707, foL He published also " Litbopbylacii Bri-
tannici Iconographia,^* 1699, 8vo. This work, which is a
methodical catalogue of the figured fossils of .the Ashmo*
lean museum, consisting of 1766 articles, was printed at
the expence of sir Isaac Newton, sir Hans Sloane, and a
few other of his learned friends* As only 120 copies were
printed, a new edition of it was published in 1760 by
Mr. Huddesford, to which were annexed several letters
from Lhtiyd to his learned friends, on the subject of fossils,
and a " prselectio" on the tfame subject.

He left in MS. a Scottish or Irish- English dictionary,
proposed to be published in 1732 by subscription, by Mr«
David Malcolme, a minister of the church of Scotland, witli
additions; as also the elements of the said language, with
necessary and useful information for propagating more
efiectually the English language, and for promoting the
knowledge ef the ancient Scottish or Irtsb, and many
branches of useful and curious learning. Lhnyd, at the:
end of bis preface to tbe '^ Archaeologia,'* promises an his-*
torical dictionary of British persons and places mentioned
in ancient records It seems to have been ready for press,
though h6 could not fix the time of publication. His coU
Sections for a second volume, which was to give an account
<tf fixe antiquities, mbhumtents, &c. in the principality of
Wales, wer6 numerous and well-chosen; but, on account

* His ** Glojuography'' is divided
iito teo titles : 1. *' The Comparative
Etjribblc^y." S. "The Comparative
VocahAliiry of the Original Languages
of BriUiD and Ireland." 3. *' An Ar-
morfck Grammar, translated sut of
French by Mr. Williams, the sub-li*
b^arian df the Museum." 4. <* An
Armorick English Voeabalary." 5.
" ^&k Wdsh words omitted in Dr.

Davies'fl Dictionary." 6. " A Cornish
Grammar." 7. « MSS. Britannicorum
Catalc^us.'* 8. « A British £tymo^
logicon, by Mr. Parry, with an Ap-»
peodix." 9, ** A brief Introduction to
the Irish or ancient Scottish Lan*
guages." la " An Irish English Dic-
tionary." And lastly, « A Catalogue
of If ish Manuscripts."

234 L H U Y D.

9
I

of a quarrel , between him and Dr. Wynne, then teWoWf
afterwards principal of the college, and bishop of St. Asapb^
tbe latter refused to buy tbern, and they were purchased
by sir Thomas Seabright, of Beachwood, in Hertfordshire^
whose grandson dispersed them by auction in 1 S07. Of
tbe sale and the chief articles, an account was given by
Mr. Gougb in the Gentleman's Magazine for May of that
year. Carte made extracts from Mr. Lhuyd's MSS. about or
before 1736 ; but these were chiefly historicaL Many of
bis letters to Lister, and other learned contemporaries,
were given by Dr. Fotbergill to the university of Osford,
and are now in the Ashmolean museum. Lhuyd undertook
more for illustrating this part of the kingdom than any
one man besides ever did, or than any one man can be
equal to*

To this account of so eminent an antiquary we shall sub*
join some loose memoranda by tbe rev. Mr. Jones, a cu-»
rious collector of anecdotes, aiid curate to Dr. Young aft
Welwyn :

*' He was certainly a very extraordinary man, both for
natural abilities, and sedulous and successful. application*
He deserved more encouragement.

^< This little story of him was told me lately by ^ very
knowing person, who had it from good hands; viz. ^ That
during his travels in Bretagny, in the time of our wars
^ith France, he was taken up for a spy, confined for a few
days to prison, and all his papers seized. The papers
being examined by the priests and Jesuits, and found to
be to them unintelligible, raised tbe greater suspicion.
But tbe principal managers against him, receiving assur-
ances, by letters from learned and respectable- men in
England, that he was only pursuing inquiries relating to
the antiquities of Britain, and had not the least concern
with state-affairs, honourably dismissed him.' I wish I had
more little anecdotes of 'this kind to add, relating to that
truly great man. He would have done wonders if he bad
lived to complete his designs; and posterity would have
wondered, and thanked him.

^^ I remember I was told formerly at Oxford, by a gen-
tleman that knew and honoured him, ^ that his death vvas
in all probability hastened, partly by his immoderate ap-
plication to researches into antiquity, and more so by his
ehusing, for some time before his decease, to lie in a
Toom at the Museum, which, if not very damp,' was at

"^

L H U Y D. 235

^ least not well-aired, nor could be.' Thi», it seems, was
theo the current opinion ; for be was naturally, as I bate
heard, of a very robust coiystitution. It would probably
have been better, if be could have. contented himself with
a chamber or two in his college, though only a sojourner
there, and paying rent. He well deserved to have lived
rent-free in any part of Great Britain ; though I do not
know that his college denied him this piece of sntall respect
so evidently due to his great merits

^^ The ingenious and learned Mr, Thomas Richards (for-
merly a member of that college, and afterwards the most
worthy rector of Lfaanvyllin in North Wales) told me, ia
1756, *^ that, in a year or two after his admission into the
university, a consultation was held by the fellows of
Jesus- col lege, about a proper person of that college^- or
any other native of Wales, (though of another college,) to
answer the celebrated ^ Muscipula,' then lately published
by the ingenious Mr. Holdsworth, of Magdalen -col lege, at
the request, and by the direction, of Dr. Sacheverell.
Those who knew, and had often observed, the collegiate
exercises of Mr. Richards, were pleased to propose him^
though of so low standing, as the fittest person that tkey
could think of for such an undertaking. Mr. Lhuyd, being
present, asked, ^ Has he the caput poeticum ?^ They assuring
him that he usually wrote in a strong Virgilian verse,
' Then,' said Mr. Lhuyd, ^ I will give him a plan,' which
waifi that of the ' Uoglandia,' since published and well

^ knawn. Mr. Richards, as he told me (and a friend of his
said the same), retired with leave, fpr about a week, out
of college, taking lodgings at 8t. Thomas's, and completed
the poem. When finished, and corrected by Mr. Lhuyd,
and Mr. Anthony Alsop, of Christ-church, Mr. Lhuyd *
drew up a preface, or dedication, in very elegant Latin,
but in terms by much too severe, which made Mr. Richards
very uneasy, for he must obey. Before the poem was
sent to the press, Mr. Lhuyd died ; Richards was then at
liberty. He consulted with bis friend Mr. Alsop (who was
greatly offended with Dr. S/s haughty carriage), and both
together drew up the dedication as it now stands.

^^ A friend of Mr. Richards informed me, * that, upon
the publication of the ' Muscipula,' Dr. 8. gave a copy of
it to Mr. Lhuyd, with these haughty words : * Here, Mr.
Lhuyd, I give you a poem of banter upon your country;
and I defy all your countrymen to answer it.* This pro-
voked the old Cambrian/ &c.

flS6 L H U Y D.

** He had prepared many other valuable materials, but
did not live to finish and publish them. His apparatus, in
rough draughts, are now in the possession of the family of
the Seabrights at Beach-wood, in the county of Hertford;
I wish they were bestovved upon the British Museum iii
London, or the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, of which
latter the said Mr. Lhuyd was keeper.

** In some blank leaves of my printed copy of the afore^
said Archaeologia, I have minuted down some particular
anecdotes relating to this extraordinary person^ The said
copy I intend to bestow for the use of the public academy
at Caermarthen, in South Wales, to be preserved in tb^
library there, amongst my other poor donations to that se-
. minary of useful learning and religion.

**The story of Sacheverell's indecent affront to Mr.
Lhuyd is there set forth more at length, from an authentic
account, which I bad from a person who Well knew the
whole.

** At evenings, after his hard study in the day-time, hk
«sed to refresh himself among men of learning and inquiry,
and more particularly Cambro-Britons, in friendly conver-
sations upon subjects of British antiquity ; communicating
his extensive knowledge therein, with much good humour,
freedom, and cheerfulness, and, at the same time, receiv-
ing from them farther and more particular informations,
subservient to his great and laudable designs. This, I
have been informed by good hands, was his general mdn-
ner. His travels furnished him with many more materials
for his work, and he knew how to make the best use of
them all.

*^ In the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, is a Latin cata-
logue of the curiosities there, in his own hand-writing ;^
and the statutes of that place were drawn up by him undet
the directions of the trustees thereof.

** There are many valuable MSS. of his still remaining
in private hands. See the anecdotes before mentioned,
prefixed to my printed copy of the Archaeologia.

*^ The remaining printed copies of the same book lay
mouldering in the aforesaid Museum at Oxford. I wikb
they were purchased by some worthy antiquary, and dis*
persed." *

1 Biqg. Brit. — Goagh's Topography, vol. IF.— Owen's British Remains, 1718,
0VO.— Puliewey's Sketches of BoUny.— Geut. Mag. vol. LXXVII. p. 419. .• •

L H U Y D. 281

LHUYD, LHWYD, or LHOYD (Humphrey), a leame4
English antiquary in the sixteenth century, was son an4
heir of Mr. Robert Lhwyd alias Rossenhall of Denbigh ia
Denbighshire, by Joan his wife, daughter of Lewis Pigotu
He was born at Denbigh, and was educated in the univer*
sity of Oxford ; but in what college is not known. It is
certain, however, that after he had taken the degree of
bachelor of arts, which was in 1547, he was commoner of
Brasen-nose college ; and in 1551 took the degree of
master of arts as a member of that college ; at which tim^
be studied physic. Afterwards retiring to bis own country^
he lived mostly within, the walls of Denbigh castle^ but|^
Granger thinks, never practised as a physician, employing
his time chiefly in his antiquarian researches. He died
about 1570, and was interred near the church of Whit-*
church near Denbigh ; where a monument was erected tq
him. He had married Barbara daughter of George Luiur
ley, and sister of John lord Lumley, by whom he had issue
ISptendian and John, who both died without issue, Henry,
who lived at Cheam in Surrey, and Jane the wife of Rob*
Coytmore. Camden gives him a very great character, as
one of the best antiquaries of his time; and he is by
I^aines Barrii^ton esteemed very accurate in what relates
to the history of Wales. He bad a taste for the arts, par<*
ticularly music, and executed the map of Eugland for tb^
*^ Theatrum Orbis." He collected a great number of cu^
rious and useful books for his brother-in-law lord Lumlej^
which were purchased by James I. and became the fouoda^^
tion of the royal library. They are now a very valuable
part of the British Museum.

His writings are, 1. ^^ An Almanack and Kalendar; conr
taining the day, hour, and minute, of the change of the
u)Oon forever," &c. 8vo. 2. ^^ Commentarioli Britannic^s
Descriptionis Fragmentum. Colon. Agrip." 1572: of which
a aew edition was published by Mr. Moses Williams, under
the title of ^^Humfredi Lhwyd, Armigeri, Britannicae Dct
scri^tiQpis Cotnmentariolum: necnon de Mon^ Insula, &
Britaojiici Arce sive Armamentario Romano Disceptatip
Epistol^ris. Accedunt^rse Cambro-BritanoicaB. Accurapte
Mose Gulielmo, A.M. R. S. Soc." Lond. .1731, 4to. This
was translated into English by Tho. Twyne, who entitled
it, " The Breviary of Britain," Lond. 1753, 8vo. 3. " De
Mon& Druidum insul&', Antiquit^ti suas redtituta;" in a
letter to Abraliam Ortelius, April 5, 1568. 4, " De Arma*

«3« L H U V D.

mentario Ronraho.'* These two last are printed at the tnd
of ** HistorisB Britannicse Defensio ; written by sir John
Price," Lond. 1S73, 4to. 5. " Chronicon Walliae, aRege
Cadwalladero, usque ad Ann. Donl. 1294," MS. in the
Coctonian library. 6. " The History of Cambria, now called
Waiesj from Caradoc of Lancarvan, the Registers of Con-
way and Stratflur ; with a Continuation, chiefly ex^tracted
from Mat. Paris, Nic. Trivet, &c." He died before this
was quite finished; but sir Henry Sidney, lord -president
of Wales, having procured a copy of it, employed Dr.
David Powel to prepare it for the press, who published
it under this title : ^* The Historie of Cambria, now called
Wales ; a part of the most famous yland of Britaine ; writ-
ten in the Brytish language above two hundred years past;
translated into English by H. Lloyd, gent, corrected, aug*
mented, and continued out of Records and best approved
Authors," Lond. 1584, 4to. Our author translated also,
7. ** The Treasure of Health ; containing many profitable
Medicines, written by Peter Hispanus," To which were
added, ^^ The Causes and Signs of every Disease, with
the Aphorisms of Hippocrates," Lond. 1585. And' 8.
« The Judgment of Urines," Lond. 1551, 8vo.'

LIBANIUS, a celebrated sophist of antiquity, was bom
of an ancient and noble family at Antioch, on the Orontes,
in the year 314. Suidas calls his father *^ Phasganius ;'' but
this was the name of one of his uncles ; the other, who was
the eldei^, was named Panolbius. His great-grandfather,
who excelled in the art of divination, had published some
pieces in Latin, which occasioned his being supposed by
some, but falsely, to be an Italian. His maternal and pa-
ternal grandfathers were eminent in rank and in eloquence;
the latter, with his brother Brasidas, was put to death by
the order of Dioclesian, in the year 303, after the tumult
of the tyrant Eugenins. Libanius, the second of his fa-
therms three sons, in the fifteenth year of his age, wishing
to devote himself entirely to literature, complains that he
met with some ^^ shadows of sophists.'* Then, assisted
by a proper master, he began to read the ancient writers
at Antioch ; and thence, with Jasion, a Cappadocian, went
to Athens, and residing there for more than four years,
became intimately acquainted with Crispinus of Heraclea^

^ 1 Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Geo. Diet— Orange r.-*OUiys't Briiiih Ubrarian.-«-Bai^

riogtoB on the SUtutes, p. 559,

L I B A N I U S. S3f

wboy he says, *^ enriched him afterwards with books mt
Nicdmedia, and went, but seldom, to the schools of Die*
phantos.'* At Constantinople he ingratiated himself with
Nicocles of Lacedaemon (a grammartan, who was master
to the emperor Julian), and the sophist Beroiarchius. Re-
turning to Athens, and soliciting the office of a professor,
which the proconsul had before intended for him when be
was twenty-five years of age, a certaio Cappadocian hap«
pened to be preferred to him. But being encouraged by
Dionysius, a Sicilian who bad been prefect of Syria, some
jspecimensbf his eloquence, that were published at Con*
staotinople, made him so generally known and applauded,
that he collected more than eighty disciples, the two so-
phists, who then filled the chair there, ragir.g in vain, and
Beroiarchius ineffectually opposing him in rival orations,
and, when he could not excel him, having recourse to th^
frigid calumny of magic. At length, about the year 346,
being expelled thjs city by. his competitors, the prefect
Limenius concurring, he repaired to Nice, and soon after
to .Nicomedia, the Atl^ens of Bithynia, where his excel-
lence in speaking began to. be more and more approved by
all ; and Julian, if not a hearer, was a reader and admirer
of his orations. In the same city, he says, ^' he was par-
ticularly delighted with the friendship of Aristsenetus f ' and
the five years which he passed there, he styles ^^ the spring
or any thing else that can be conceived pleasanter than
spring,. of his whole life;'' Being invited again to Con-
stantinople, and afterwards returning to Nicomedia, being
also tired of Constantinople, where he found Phcenix and
Xenobius, rival sophists, though he was patronised by
Strategius, who succeeded Domitian'as prefect of theEa^t,
jnot daring on account of his rivals to occupy the Athenian
chair, he obtained permission from Gallus Caesar to visit
for four months, his native city Antioch, where, after Gal-
lus was killed, in the year 354, he fixed his residence for
the remainder of his life, and initiated many in the sacred
writes pf eloquence. He was also much beloved by the em-
peror Julian, who heard his discourses with pleasure, re*
ceiyed him with kindness, and imitated him in his writings.
Honoured by that prince with . the rank of quaestor, and
with, several epistles of .which six only are extant, the last
written by the emperor during his fatal expedition against
the Persians, he the more, lamented his death in the flower
i)f his age, as from him he had promised himself a certain

2#0 i I B A N I U S.

and bating support both in the worship of i(joIs and in hi#
own studies. There was afterwards a report, that Liba*
iiius, with the younger Jamblichus, the master of Proclu6|
inquired by divination who would be the successor of Va-
lei^Sy and in consequence with difficulty escaped his cru«
eky» Irenseus attesting the innocence of Libanius. In lifce
manner he happily escaped another calumny, by the favour
of duke Lupicinusy wnen he was accused by his enemy
Fidelisy or Fidustius, of having written an eulogium on thd
tyrant Procopius. He was not, however, totally neglected
by Valens, whom he not only celebrated in an oration^
but obtained from him a confirmation of the law against
entirely excluding illegitimate children from the inherit*
ance of their paternal estates, which he solicited from tfa^
emperor, no doubt for a private reason, since, as Eunapius
informs' us, he kept a mistress, and was never married.
The remainder of bis life he passed as before mentioned,
at Autioch, to an advanced age, amidst various wrongs
and Qppressions from his rivals and the times, which he
copiously relates in his life, though, tired of the manners
of that city, be had thoughts) in his old age, of changing
"bis abode* as be tells Eusebius. He continued there, how^
ever, and on various occasions was very serviceable to the
city, either by appeasing seditions, and calming the dis<*
turbed minds of the citizen^, or by reconciling to them
the emperors Julian and Theodosius. That Libanius lived
even to the' reign of Arcadiiis, that is, beyond the seven*
tieth year of his age, the learned collect from his oration
on Lucian, and the testimony of Cedrenus ; and of the
same opinion is Godfrey Olearius, a man not more re-
sfiectable for his exquisite knowledge of sacred and polite
literature than for his judgment and probity, in bis^MS
praelections, in which, when he was professor of both Ian*
guages in the university of his own country, be has given
an account of the life of thi$ sophist.

The writings of Libanius are numerous, and he coo)*
posed and delivered various orations, as well demonstrative
as deliberative, and also many fictitious declamations and
di^utations. Of these Frederic Moretl published as many
as he could collect in 2 vols, folio, in Greek and Lalid.
In the first vol. Paris, 1606, are xiii ^^ Ezerdses'^ (Pro*
gymnasmata) ; XLIV '^ Declamations ;** and m ^^ Moral
JDissertations f and in the second vol. Paris, 162^ are the
^ Life of Libanius/' an^ xxxvi other drationa^ most of

fe I F A N I U a S4i

\\ke1n long afid 5n serious subjects. This editibaof Morell
having long been discovered to be very erroneous, the
learned Reiske undertook a new edition, collated with six
MSS. which he did not live to complete^ but which was
at fast published by his widow in 1791 — 1797, 4 vols. 8vo.
Of the productions of Libanius^ Gibbon says that they
are, for the most part, the vain and idle compositions of
an orator who cultivated die science of words ; the produce
tions of a recluse student, whose mind, regardless of his
contemporaries, was incessantly fixed on the Trojan war
and the Athenian commonwealth.

. Besides what are contained in the above volumes, and
his epistles, published by Wolff, Amst 1738, fol. ten other
works of Uiis sophist have been separately published, most
of them orations; and in the ** Excerpta Rbetorum'* of Leo
Allatius, Greek and Latin, Rom. 1641, 8vo, are xxxiz
** Narrations," vii *' Descriptio,ns," and vn more " Ex-
ercises of Libanius, with translations by Allatius.'* His
unpublished works are, 1. Many hundred ^^ Epistles'* yet;
concealed in various libraries, a mode of writing in which
k appears he excelled, by the testimony even of the
ancients, particularly Eunapius and Photius ; and of
that the perusal of them will easily convince the intelligent
reader ; for they abound with Attic wit and humour, and
every where recommend themselves by their pointed con-
ciseness no less than by their elegance and learning ^.
2. Several " Orations" in a MS. of the Barberini library,
porrectly written on vellum. 3. " Various Declamations,"
in the above MS. and also in the Vatican library. And
that there are are many MS epistles, orations, and decla-
mations of Libanius, in the. imperial libcary at Vienna^
Nesselius has observed, affirming also, that several Greek
ischolia are frequently inserted in the margin. Though so
many of the writings of this sophist are preserved, there is
BO doubt that many both of his ^ Epistles" and ^^ Orations"
have been lost.^^

* Dr.Bentley, howerer^ (P'tsserta- jodgment of Libanias m a writer '19,

lion. upon Phalaris, p. 4B7,} obsenrct, that, *' while be affects to be very nice

that' '* yoa feel, by the emptiness and . and curious, he destroys the simplicity

deadness of them, that you converse and elegance of language, and becoi^aes

with some dreaming pedant, with hit obscure." Cod. xe.
«lbow upon the desk." Photius's

» Select Works of Julian, by Mr. Duncombe, nS4, vdl. H. p. 216.— Gib-
bon^s Hist, — Hayley's Life of Cowper, preface, p. xxxiii. Uvo edit.— Lardner's
Wocks.— Cave« vol. l|«<»S«uui Onooiast.

Vol. XX. R

2*^ L I B A V I U SL

LIBAVIUS (Andrew), a physician and chemist, bout
at Hall, in Saxony, was professor of history and poetry at
Jena, in 1588, but removed to Rothenburg, on the Tauber^
in 1591, and to Coburg, in Franconia, in 1605, where he
was appointed principal of the college of Casimir, at that
place. He died at Coburg in 1616. Libavius obtained a
considerable reputation in his time by bis chemical worksf,
Slaving, pursued that science upon better principles thaft
most of his contemporaries, although he did not altogether
escape the delusions of alchemy. Although he employed
many chemical preparations in medicine, he avoided the
vioieiice of Paracelsus and his disciples, against whom he
frequently defends the doctrines of the Galenical schooL
He left bis name long attached, in the laboratories, to a
particular preparation of tin with muriatic acid, which was
called ''the fuming liquor of Libavius." It is unnecessary to
enomerate the titles of bis many works, which have now
become obsolete, and are almost forgotten. His last work,
published at Francfort in 1615, under the title of ^' Exa-
men PbilosophisB Novae, quae veteri abrogandae opponitur," * -^
foKo^ is remarkable for the first mention of the transfusion v,^^
of blood from the vessels of one living animal to those of ' '^
another, of which he speaks with great confidence, and
which once excited gre4t expectations, which have con-
fessedly been disappointed. ^

LICETUS (FoRTUNius), a celebrated physician and
philosopher^ was born at Rapallo, in the state of G<enoa,
Oct. 3, 1577, where his father was also a physician. After
completing his education at Bologna, in 1599, he obtained
the professorship of philosophy at Pisa, which he filled with
so much reputation that he was invited to the same chair in
the univer^ty of iPadua in 1609, and occupied it until
1636. He removed at that time to Bologna, in conse-
quence of failing to obtain the professorship of medicine,
when vacant by the death of Cremonini* But the Venetian
states very soon acknowledged the loss which the university
of Padua had sustained by the retirement of Licetus ; and
the same vacancy occurring in. 1 645, he was induced, by
the pressing invitations which were made to him, to re-
turn, to Padua, and held that professorship till his death io
1657. He was a very copious writer, having published
upwards of fifty treatises upon medical, moral, philosophi-

l ReM's Cyclopmlia, fs9m VU>y «ad Haller* *

L I C E T U S. d4$

cdl, antiquarian^ and historical sabjects ; but they are no
longer sufficiently interesting to require a detail of their
titles, as, notwithstanding his erudition, he displays little
acuteness in riesearch or originality of conception. His
treatise ** De Monstrorum Causis, Natur&, et DiflFerentiis^**
which is best known, is replete with instances of credulity^
and with the fables and superstitions of bis predecessors^
and contains a classification of the monsters which had
been previously described, without any correction from hi^
own observations. The best edition is that of Gerard Bla-
«ius, in 1668.^

LIDOEL (Duncan), professor of mathematics, and of
medicine, in the university of Helmstadt, the son of John
Liddel, a reputable citizen of Aberdeen, was born there
in 1561, and educated in the languages and philosophy at
the schools and university of Aberdeen. In 1579, having
a great desire to visit foreign countries, he went from Scot-
land to Dantzic, and thence through Poland to Francfoxt
on the Oder, where John Craig, afterwards' first physician
to James VI. king of Scotland, then taught logic and ma-^
tbematics. By his liberal assistance Mr. Liddel was en«
abled to continue at the university of Francfort for three
years, during which he applied himself very diligently to
mathematics and philosophy under Craig and the other
professors, and also entered upon the study of physic. In
1582, Dr. Craig being about to return to Scotland, sent
Liddel to prosecute his studies at Wradslow, or Breslaw,
ill Silesia, recommending him to the care of that celebrated
statesman, Andreas Dudithius ; and during his residence at
Breslaw, Liddel made uncommon progress in his favourite
study of mathematics, under Paul Wittichius, an eminent
professor.

In 1584 Liddel returned to Francfort, and again applied
to physic, and at the same time instructed some pupils irii
various branches of mathematics and philosophy. In 1587,
being obliged to leave Francfort on account of the plague,
he retired to the university of Ro%tock, where his talents
attracted the esteem of Brucseus,' and Caselius, which last »
observes, that, as far as he knew, Liddel was the first per-
son in Germany who explained the motions of the heavenly
bodies according to the three different hypotheses of Pto-
lemy, Copernicus, and Tycho Brahe. With these learned

1 Cha^fept^.^^Niceron; vol. }tXVII.r-^Ioreri.«»Rees's Cjo!ops9dta.«-SA]itt
OnomasticoD,

R 2

244 "^ L I D D E L. ^

men he lived more like a companion than a pupil; aQd.
Brucaeus, himself an excellent matbematician, acknow-
ledged that he was instructed by Liddel in the more per-
fect knowledge of the Copernican system^ and other astro-
nomical questions^ It was probably during his residence
here that Liddel became acquainted with Tycbo Brabe. In
1590f having taken his master^s degree at Rostock, he
returned once more to Francfort; but, hearing of the in-
creasing reputation of the new university at Helmstadt,
where his friend Caselius bad accepted the chair of philo-
sophy, he removed thither, and in 1591 was appointed to
the first or lower professorship of mathematics, and in 1594
to the second and more dignified mathematical chair, which
he filled with great reputation to himself and to the univer-
sity. In 1596 he obtained the degree of doctor of medi-.
cine, and both taught and practised physic, and was em-
ployed as first physician at the court of Bruqswick. His
reputation being now at its height, he was several times
chosen dean of the faculties, both of philosophy and phy-
sic, and in 1604, pro-rector of the university, the year
before he resigned his mathematical professorship.

In 1607, having a strong inclination to pass the re-
mainder of his days in his native country, which he had
frequently visited during his residence at Helmstadt, he
took a final leave of that city, and after travelling for some
time through Germany and Italy, at length settled in Scot-
land. The first account we have of him after his return
relates to his giving some lands, purchased by him neaf
Aberdeen, to the university there for the education and
support of six poor scholars. This occurred in 1612, and
the following year he gave a sum to found a professorship
of mathematics, and bequeathed his whole collection of
books and mathematical instruments to Marischal college,
directing.a small sum to be expended annually in adding to
the collection, and another to be distributed among the
poor. This appears to have been the last act of his life^
for he died Dec. 17th of that year, 1613, in the fifty-
second year of4iis age, and was buried in the West church
of Aberdeen, where the magistrates placed in memory of
him a large tablet of brass, upon which is engraved a figure
of the deceased in his professor's gown and cap, surrounded
by books and instrunaents, and accompanied by a suitable
inscription. An engraved portrait, taken from this plate
at the expence of the late sir David Dalrymple, lord Hailes,

L I D D E L. 245

is preBxed to the life of Dr. Liddel, drawn up by professor
Stuart, of Aberdeen, and published in 1790, 4to. To this
we are indebted for the present sketch.

Dr. Liddei's works are, 1. ^' Disputationum Medicina-
lium,^* 1605, 4 vols. 4to, consisting of theses maintained
by himself and his pupils at Helmstadt from 1S92 to 1606.
The copy in the library at Aberdeen is full of MS notes
in his own hand. Manget mentions what appears to be a
new edition, or a new aran*gement, of these theses, pub-
lished at Helmstadt in 1720, 4to, under the title of ** Uni-
versal Medicine compendium.*' 2. ** Ars Medica, sue-
ciilcte et perspicue explicata,'* Hamburgh, 1607, 8vo, re-
printed at Lyons, 1624, by Serranus ; and again at Ham-
burgh, 1628, byFrobenius, who acknowledges his obliga«
tions to Dr. Patrick Dun, principal of the Marischal College
ojp Aberdeen, for the use of a copy corrected and enlargcfd
by the author. 3. " De Febribus libri tres," Hamburgh,
1610, 12mo, republished by Serranus, along with the
** Ars Medica.'* 4. **Tractatus de dente aureo," &c. ibid.
1628, 12mo, in answer to Horstius's ridiculous account of
a boy who had a golden tooth. (See James Horstius). He
appears to have undertaken this work out of regard to the
reputation of the university of Helmstadt, which, Horstius
being one of the professors, he thought might be affected
by this imposture. 5. ^ Artis conservandi Sanitatem, li-
bri duo, aC. D. doctore Liddelio defuncto delineati, ope-
ra et studio D. Patricii Dunasi, M. D. &c.** Aberdeen, 1651,
12mo. In the preface to this work Dr. Dun^ who had
studied physic at Helmstadt under Dr. Liddel, says, that
having found the MS. among his papers, he thought JtlEi
duty he owed to the public and his old master, to complete
^nd publish it. All these writings received the distinguished
approbation of his colleagues and contemporaries, and have
been mentioned with respect by succeeding authors. ^

LIEBERKUHN (John-Nat^ianiel), a Prusian anato-
mist, was bnrn at Berlin in 171ri. His inclinations led him
early to cultivate philosophy and anatomy : but it was not
until he was about liis twenty-fifth year that he was per-»
knitted entirely to indulge them. His acquisitions before
that period had, indeed, been considerable ; and after it
he pursued his studies at Hall, Jena, Leyden, Paris, and
London. In 1740, he was elected a member of the royal

} A S3(etch of Uie Life of Dr. Duncan Liddel, Aber. 1790, 4U^

*•'.

44« LIE BE R K U H N.

society of London, and of other learned societies an the
continent. He returned to Berlin in that year, by the ex-
pfess command of the king of Prussia, and became cele-
brated for his anatomical researches, and a fine museum of
fnatomical preparations which he accumulated. ^He died
9* Berlin of a peripneumony, in 1756. The only works he
left were reprinted at London, in 1782, by John Sheldon,
esq. lecturer on anatomy, 4to, under the title of " Disser-
tationes quatuor." The first is the author's thesiis on the
structure of the valve of the colon, and the use of the pro-
cessus vermicularis ; the second, on the structure and ac-
tion of the villi of the svm^l intestines of the human body :
the third, on the proper methods of discovering the struc-
ture of the viscera : the fourth, on the .anatomical micro-
acope. It is said that his eye-sight bad almost the power
of a microscope,^ and that he could perceive with the naked
eye object$ to which other men w^e .obliged to apply mi-
croscopes and magnifiers. This account may perhaps
have been a little exaggerated, bat we cannot doubt that
'9^ descripUoi^ of his anatomical microscope will affect every
humane mind with horror. To it belongs an apparatus
for the purpose of crucifying living animals, and fixitig
them and their bowels in such a manner, ynth pointed
hooks, as that they cannot move, in the midst of their pro-
tracted tortures, so as to disturb the operator, after he has
opened their belUes, and dragged out their intestines, for
his deliberate inspection. We have no words to express
Our detestation of such cruelty, nor, we trqst, are any
necessary.'

LIEUTAtJD (Joseph), a celebrated physician and ana*
tomist, was bom at Aix, in Provence, June 21, 1703. His
family, long established at Aik, had produced many distin-
guished officers, ecclesiastics, lawyers, &c. He was at
first intended by his parents for the church ; but the re«
putation of his maternal uncle Garidel, the professor of
medicine at Ai^r, gaye him a .bias to the study of medi-
cine, and pai;ticulB!rly bota^ny, in which his researches an4
skill soon occasioned him to be promoted to thie chairs of
botany and anatojpay at Aix, which his uncle had long
filled. His lectui:es on anatomy were much atte^nded, and
by an audience comprising many persons not engaged i^

1 Diet Hilt — Sheldon's edition.— Month. Rer. toI. LXVIIIt — ]Lounger^f
CoflimoQ-PIace 9ook, ts). IV.

LIE U T A U D. 247

ilbe study of medidne, and among others, the matquis
d'Argens, the intimale friend of the king. M. lieutaud
pablishedy in 1742, a syllabus of anatomy for the use of
'bisrpupils, entitled '^Essais anatomiques, contenant THi^-
'toire exacte de toutes les parties qui composent le corps
chunokaioe ;" it was several tiaies reprinted, with improTe«
ments, and in 1777 was edited Jby M. Portal, in 2 Tolumes.
.Be.Qoramunicated also several papers on morbid anatomy,
.And .QB physiology, to the academy pf sciences, of whidi
Juft was elected a corresponding' n^ember. In.l74d, how^
ever, be quitted his post at Aiz, and went to Verssplles,
jat the instance of the celebrated Seoac, who then held the
highest appointment at court, and vwho obtained for Lien*
'taud the appointment of physician to the royal infirmary.
This ajCt of friendship is said to have originated from the
private communicatipn of some errors, which Lieutaiid
;bad detected in a work of M. Senac, aiyi which he did not
{deem it proper to publish. At Versailles he continued fam
^aaatomical investigations with unabated zeal, and was soon
.after his arrival elected assistant anatomist to the royal
actfideniy, to which 'he continued to present many valuable
memoirsc He also printed a. volume en tided ^' Elepienta
PhyaioIogiflB,'' &c. Paris, 1749, which bad been composed
for the Uj|e of his class at Aix, In 1755, he was nominated
fihysician to the royal family^ and twenty years afterwards^
he obtained the place of first physician to the king, Louis
XVL In 17S9 he published a system of the practice of
medicine, under the title of << Precis de la Medicine pra*
iique,*' which underwent several editions, with great aug*
mentations, the best of which is that of Paris, 1770, in
2 vols. 4to. In 1766, he published 'a '^/Precis de la Ma<^
tiere .medicale,'^ in Svo, afterwards reprinted in 2 vols.
But his most important work, which still rank^ high in the
estimation of physicians, is that which treats of the seats
and causes of diseases, ascertained by bis innumerable disr
sections. It was entitled ^^ Historia Anatomico^-medica^
sistens numerosissima cadaverum bumanorum extispicia,'*
.Paris, 1767, in 2 vols. 4to. M. Lieutaud died Septem«
ber 6, 1780, after an illness of five days;*

LIEVENS (Jan, or John), a historical painter of great
merit, was born in 1607, at Ley den, and placed under
the care of Joris Van Scbooten, atid afterwards of Peter

> Eloget des Academiciens, toI. IL— Reet's Cyclopadia, firofli Elpy.

3ia L I E V E N S.

f
t

Lastman. Portrait was perhaps that branch of the art in
which he uniformly excelled, yet some of his historical pieces
are deserving of the highest praise. His^^^ Resurrection of
Lazarus'' is a work, Mr. Fuseli says, which, in sublimity
of conception, leaves all attempts of other masters on the
ssune subject far behind. His *^ Continence of Scipio/* is.
also celebrated in very high terms. Another of his per-
formances, applauded by the poets as well as the artists of
his time, is his ^^ Student in his library," the figures as
" large as life. This was purchased by the prince of Orange>
' and presented by him to Charles L It was the means df
procuring him a favourable reception at the English court,
where, he painted the portraits of the royal family and
many of the nobility. After residing in England for three
years, he went to Antwerp, and was incessantly employ^gjL
The time of his death is not specified,^

LIGHTFOOT (John), a learned English divine, was
born on the 19th or 29th of March, 1602, at Stoke upon'
Trent, in Staffordshire. His father was Thomas Ligbtfeot,
vicar of Uttoxeter in that county *. After having finished
his studies at a school kepjt by Mr. Whitehead on Morton^
green, near Congleton in Cheshire, he was removed in
1617, to Cambridge, and put under the tuition of Mr.
William Chappel, then fellow of Christ's college there,
and afterwards bishop of Cork in Ireland, who was also the
tutor of Henry Morf, Milton, &c. At college he applied
himself to eloquence, and succeeded so well as to be
thought the best orator of the under-graduates in the uni«-
versity. He also made an extraordinary proficiency in the
. Latin and Greek; but neglected the Hebrew^ and even
lost that knowledge he brought of it from school. His
taste for the Oriental languages was not yet excited ; and,
as for logic, the study of it, as managed at that time

^ Mr. Thomas Lightfoot was born died January the 34th» 1636, at the ag^

at a little village called Shelton, in the of seventy-one. Mr. Thomas Lights

parish of Stoke upon Trent in Stafford- foot had by her five sens, the seoond

fihire. He was in holy orders six and of whom was John our author. The

fifty years, and was thirty-six vicar of eldest was Thomas, who was brought

Uttoxeter. He died July the dlst, up to trade. The third, Peter, was a

, 1 658, in the eighty-first year of his physician, and practised at Uttoxeter*

^ge. He married Mrs, Elizabeth Bag- The fourth was Josiah, who succeeded
nal, a gentlewoman of very good fa- ' his brother. Dr. John Lightfoot, in the

mtiy ; three of which family were made liviog of Ashley in Staffordshire. The

koights by queen Elizabeth for their youngest was Samuel, whp. w^s iil^^

Vdluur i(( the wars in Ireland. She wise a clergyman.

\ nikingtpa.

L I G H T F O O T. MB

among t\\e academics, was too contentious for his qai6t
anrd meek disposition.

As soon as be had taken the degree of B, A. he left the
univemty, and became assistant to his former master; Mr;
Whitehead, who then kept a school at Repton, in Derby*
shire. After he bad supplied this place a year or two, he
entered into orders, and became curate of Norton under"
Hales, in Shropshire. This curacy gave an occasion of
awakening his genius for the Hebrew tongue. Norton
lies near Bellaport, then the seat of sir Rowland Cotton,
who was his constant hearer, made him his chaplain, and
took him into his house. This gentleman being a perfect
master of the Hebrew language, engaged Lightfoot in that
study ; who, by conversing with his patron, soon became
sensible, that, without that knowledge, it was impossible
to attain an accurate understanding of the Scriptures. He
therefore applied himself to it with extraordinary vigour
and success; and his patron removing, with his family, to
reside in London, at the request of sir Allan Cotton, his
uftde, who was lord^mayor of that tity, he followed his
preceptor thither. He had not been long in London be-
fore be conceived . the design of going abroad for farther
improvement ; and with that view he went into Stafford-
shire^ and took leave of his father and mother. Passing,
however, through Stone in that county, he found the place
destitute of a minister; and the pressing instances of the*
parishioners prevailed upon him to undertake that cure.
He now laid aside all thoughts of going abroad, and hai^-~
ing in 1628 become possessed of the living, he married
the daughter of William Crompton, of Stone-pai'k, esq.
After a time, his excessive attachment to rabbinical learn-
ing occasioned another removal to London, for the sake of
Ston-college«library, which he knew was well stocked with
books of that kind. He therefore quitted his charge at
Stone, and removed with his family to Hornsey, near
London, where he gave the public a specimen of his ad-
vancement in those studies, by his '' Erubhini, or Miscel-
lanies Christian and Judaical," in 1629. He was now only
27 years of age, and appears to have been well acquainted
with the Latin and the Greek fathers, as well as with Plu-
tar(5h, Plato, and Homer, and seems also to have had
some skill in the modern languages. These 6rst fruits of
bis studies were dedicated to sir Rowland Cotton ; who.

SSO L I O H T F O O T,

in 1631, presented him to the rectory of Ashley/ in Staf«
fordshire.

Thinking himself now fixed for life, he built a study in
the garden, retired from the noise of the house ; and ap-
plied himself for twelve years with indefatigable diligence
in searching the Scriptures. Thus employed, the days
passed very agreeably ; aud be continued quiet and unmp*-
lested till the great change which happened in the public
affairs, brought him into a share of the administration re*
lating to the church ; for he was nominated a member of
the memorable assembly of divines, for settling a new
form of ecclesiastical polity. This appointment was purely
the effect of bis distinguished merit ; and he accepted it
purely with a view to serve his country as far as lay in bis
power ; but, although he contended on son^e points with
many of the most able innovators in that assembly, it can-
not be denied that he had a favourable. opinion of the Pres-
byterian form of church-government. The necessity for
residing in London, in consequence of this appointment,
induced him to resign his rectory ; and, having obtained
the presentation for a younger brother, he set out for
London in 1642. He had now satisfied himself in clearing
up many of the abstrusest passages in &e Bible, and -had
provided the chief materials, as well as formed the plan,
of his *^ Harmony ;'' and an opportunity of inspecting it
at the press was, no doubt, an additional motive for his
going to the capital. Here, however, he had not been
long, before he was chosen minister of St. Bartholomew'^
behind the Royal Exchange. He lived at this time at the
upper end of Moore-lane, whence he dedicated to his
parishioners of St. Bartholomew, his ^* Handful of Glean-
ings out of the Book of Exodus." The assembly of divines
meeting in 1643, our author gave his attendance diligently
there, and made a distinguished figure in their debates ;
where he used great freedom, and gave signal proofs of
his courage as well as learning, in opposing many of those
tenets which the divines were endeavouring to establish*
His learning recommended him to the parliament, whose
visitors, having ejected Dr* William Spurstow from the
mastership of Catharine-ball in Cambridge, put Lightfoot
iii his room this year, 1643 ; and he was also presented tb
the living of Much-Munden, in Hertfordshire, void by the
death of Dr. Samuel Ward, Margaret-professor of divini^
in that university, before the expiration of this year. In

L I G H T F O O T. usi

the ndean time be had taken bift turn with other favourites
in preaching before the House of Commons, most of which
sermons were printed ; and in them we see him warmly
pressing the speedy settlement of the church in the Pres-
byterian form, which he cordially believed to be according
tp the pattern in the Mount, liis leisure hours he em-*
ployed in preparing and publishing the several branches of
bis <* Harmony ;'* all which, although decidedly proving
the usefulness of human learniog to true religion, occa«
sioned to him great difficulties and discouragements, chiefly
owing to the vulgar prejudices of the. illiterate part of the
revolutionists, which threatened even the destruction of
the universities. In 16^5 j he entered upon the office of
vice-chancellor of Cambridge, to which he was chosen th9,t
year, having taken the degree of doctor of divinity in
1652. He performed all the regular exercises for his de-
gree with great applause*, and executed the vice-chan-
cellor^s office with exemplary diligence and fidelity; and^
particularly at the commencement, supplied the place of
professor of divinity, then undisposed of, at an act whick
was kept for a doctor's degree in that profession f. At the
i^ime time he was engaged, with others, in completing the
celebrated Pdyglott Bible, then in thie press ; which being
eocouraged by Oliver Cromwell, he expressed his joy at
this high patronage, in his speech at the commencement.
He also took occasion to commiserate the oppressed state
of the olergy of the church of England^ spd to extol theijr
learning, zeal, and confidence, in God.
^ At the restoration, be offered to resign the mastemship
of Catharine-hall to Dr. Spurstow, who declining it, ano*
tjber person would have been preferred by the crpwn, ia
vbich the right of presentation lay' But, as what Light-
foot had done ihad been rather in compliance with the ne-
cessity of the times thim from apy seal or spirit of oppo-
sition to the king and government, Sheldon, abp. of Can«
lerbury, readily and heartily engaged to serve him, though
personally unknown ; iind procured him a confirmation

u

* His Uiesis was upon this question : nor eztraordinsiy gifts, in the chnrcb.

Post Canonem Scriptuiss consigna* f The qaestions were, 1. ** Whether

torn noo snnt novas ReveUttones ex« the state of innocency was a state oC

pectandsB." He has written much, in immortality ?>* S. ** Whether eternal

▼arioas parts- of his works, upon this life is promised in the Old Testament?"

subject. It was his opinion, that, after Both which he mainlained in tha affir-

the closing of the canon of Seriptnrey mative,
^km v«i wUMr jpropbcscy, miraqies,

252

L I G H T F O O T.

from the crown, both of his place, and of hrs liviag.
Soon after this, he was appointed one of the assistants
at the conference upon the liturgy, which was held;
in the beginning of 1661, but attended only once or'
twice, being more intent on completing his ** Harmony ;"
and, being of a strong and healthy constitution, and re-
markably temperate, he prosecuted his studies with un-'
abated vigour to the last, and continued to publish, not-*^
withstanding the many difficulties he met with from thi^
expence of it*. Not long, however, before he died, some'
booksellers got a promise from him to collect and metho-
dize bis works, in order to print them; but the fulfilment
was prevented by his death, which happened at Ely Dec.
6, 1675. He was interred at Great Munden, in Hert-
fordshire.

As to his rabbinical learning, he was excelled by none^
and had few equals ; and foreigners who came to England
for assistance in their rabbinical studies, usually paid their
court to him, as one of the most eminent scholars in thai
bfanch. Among these were Frederic Miege and TheQ«>
dore Haak, who were peculiarly recommended also to Dr.
Pocock, with whom our author had a correspondence ; «^
also Dr. Marshal of Lincoln-college, in Oxford; Samofel
Clarke, keeper of the Bodleian library ; Dr. Bernard, of
St. John's; and the famous Buxtorf; were all correspond^
ents of his. Castell acknowledges his obligations to him,
when he had little encouragement elsewhere. It is true,
he is charged with maintaining some peculiar opinions t ;
of which he says, *' Innocua, ut spero, semper proponens;^*
yet he bore the reputation of one of the most ingenious as
well as learned of our English commentators, and has been
of great service to his successors. He bequeathed his
whole library of rabbinical works, oriental books, &c. to
Harvard college, in America, where the whole were' burnt
in 1769.

* In a letter to Buxtorf, he declares,
<' that he could scarce find any book-
sellers ID England who would Tenture
to print his works, and that he was
obliged to print some of Uiem at his
own expence ;" and Frederic Miege, in
a letler, informed him, *' thM Uiere
was not a bookseller in Germany, who
would freely undertake the impression
of his Commentary upon the first Epis-
tle to the Cori()thians." See these let-
ters in bis works, vol. III. at the enJ.

f The principal of these are perhaps
his belief, that the smallest points ia
the Hebrew text were of diTine institii*
tion ; that the keys were given to Peter
alone, exclusive of the other apostles ;
that the power of bindhig and loosing'
related not to discipline^ but to doe-
trine. Add to these, his mean opinion
of the Septuagint version; and tho^-
uUer rejection of the Jews, wkidli ha;
maintained, contrary to Uu( conuBPilt'
opinion of divines.

L I G H T F O O T. 25S

The doctor was twice married; his first wife, already
mentioned, brought him four sons and two daughters.
His eldest son, John, who was chaplain to Bryan Walton^
bishop of Chester, died soon after that prelate. His ser
oond was Anastasius, who had also these additions to that
name, Cottonus Jacksonus, in memory of sir Rowland
Cotton and sir John Jackson, two dear friends of our au*
thor ; he was minister of Thundridge^ in Hertfordshire,
and died there, leaving one son. His third son was Anas-
tasius too, but without any addition ; he was brought up
to trade in London. His fourth son was Thomas, who
died young. His daughters was Joice and Sarah, the for-
mer of whom was'married to Mr. John Duckfieldj^ rector
of; Aspeden, in Hertfordshire, into whose hands fell the
doctor's papers, which he communicated to Mr. Strype.
The, other married Mr. Coclough, a Staffordshire gentle-
xnan. This lady died in 1656, and was interred in the church
of Munden, in Hertfordshire. The doctor's second wife was
relict of Mr. Austin Brograve, uncle of sir Thomas Brp-
graye, bart. of Hertfordshire, a gentlemaii well versed in
rabbinical learning, and a particular acquaintance of our
author. He had- no issue by her. She also died before
him, and was buried in Munden church.

Dr. Lightfoot was comely in^ bis person, of full pro-
pbrtion, and of a ruddy complexion. He was exceeding
temperate in his diet. He ordinarily resided among his
parishioners at Munden, with whom be lived in great har-
mony and affection, and in a hospitable and charitable
manner. He never left tliem any longer than to perform
the necessary residence at Cambridge and Ely; and during
that absence would frequently say ^^ he loitged to be with
his russet coats." He was a constant preacher ; and Mun-^.
den being a large parish, and the pa^ sonage*house a mile
from the church, and^ as he attended there every Sunday,
read prayers and preached morning and afterngon, he fre-
quently continued all day in the church, not taking any
refreshment till the evening service was over. He was.
easy of access, grave, but yet affable and communicative.
His countenance was expressive of his dispositicjn, which
was uncommonly mild and tender.

Dr. Lightfbot's works were collected and published first
in 1684, in Z vols, folio. The second edition was printed
at Amsterdam, 1686, in 2 vols, folio, containing all bis
Latin writings, with a Latin translation of those which be

iU t 1 G H T F* O O t.

wrote in English. At tbe end of both these editions there
is a list of sticb pieces as he left unfinished. It is the cfaieff
of these^ in Latin, which make up the third volume^ added
to the former two, in a third edition of his works, by John
Leusden, at Utrecht, in 1699, fol. They were commu-
nicated by Mr. Strype, who in 1700 published another
collection of these papers, under the title of *^ Some ge-
nuine Remains of the late pious and learned Dr. John
Lightfoot.^' This contains some curious particulars of his
iife.»

LIGHTFOOT (John), a distinguished botanist, was
born at Newent, in the forest of Dean, Gloucestershire^
Dec. 9, 1735. His father, Stephen Lightfoot, was a re-
putable yeoman or gentleman farmer, who died in 1769,
with a very amiable character, expressed on a small marble
monument in tbe parish church of NeWent. His son was
educated at St. Crypt's school,|^at Gloucester ; from whence
he became an exhibiticner in Pembroke-college, Oxford;
where he continued his studies with much deputation, and
took his master's degree in July 1766. He was first ap*
pointed curate at Colnbrook, and afterwards at Uxbridge;
which he retained to his dying day.

His first patron was the honourable Mr. Lane, son to the
late lord Bingley. Lord chancellor Northington presented
him to the living of Shelden, in Hants, which he resigned
on taking the rectory of Gotham, co. Nottingham. He
had also Sutton in Lownd, in the same county ; to both of
which he was presented by his grace the duke of Portland,
His ecclesiastical preferments amounted to above 500/. a
year. He was also domestic chaplain to his illustrious pa-
troness the late duchess dowager of Portland, and by her
liberality enjoyed during her grace's life, an annuity of a
hundred a year. During her grace's summer residence at
Bulstrode, he performed duty in the family twice a week,
and at other times was of very considerable use to her
grace in arranging her magnificent collection of natural
history, particularly the shells and the botanical part. He
also drew up the catalogue of her museum for sale. He
was an excellent scholar in many branches of literature,
but, next to tbe study of his profession, he addicted him^
self ohiefly to botany and concbyliology, excelling in both,

1 Life prefixed to hiii Works, and Sttype's preface.—* MS note respecting his
library in Mr* Gouf h's copy of the Bio^raphia Britaiiaia«

L I G H T F O O T. 255

but particularly in botany, and he was equally versed in
the knowledge of foreign as of British botany.

In 1772, the late Mr. Pennant invited Mr. Lightfoot to
be the companion of his second tour to Scotland and the
Hebrides, advising him to undertake the compilation, as
he himself modestly calls it, of a " Flora Scotica," which
Mr. Pennant offered to publish at his own expence. Mr.
Lightfoot gladly complied, and besides the knowledge ac*
quired by his own observations, was ably assisted by the
collections and communications of Dr. Hope, professor* of
botany at Edinburgh, the rev. Dr. John Stuart of Luss;
the rev. Dr. Burgess of Kirkmichael, in Dumfriesshire, and
of other gentlemen in England. The " Flora Scotica*'
was published in 1775, 2 vols. 8vo. The plan and exe-
cution of it appeared calculated to render it one of the
most popular Flora's, but for a long time it did not pay its
expences, which certainly did not arise from any want of
merit ; for its only great and radical fault was not known,
or at least scarcely considered such till lately. The fault
we mean, is the compiling descriptions from fo)reign au«
thors, without mentioning whence they are taken ; so ^hat
a student can never be certain of their just application, but
on the contrary, often finds them erroneous or unsuitable,
without knowing why. 'Even in the last class, on which
Mr. Lightfoot bestowed so much pains, the synonyms of
Lihnseus and Dillenius often disagree, though in many
cases such contrarieties are properly indicated, so as ta
throw original light on the subject.

Mr. Lightfoot was for some years a fellow of the royal
society, and was one of the original fellows of the Linnar^an
society, the formation of which he contemplated with great
pleasure, though his death happened before he could at-
tend any of its public meetings. Having married the
daughter of Mr. William Burton Raynes, an opulent mil-
ler at Uxbridge, he resided in that town, and died there
suddenly, Feb. 18, 1788, aged fifty-three, leaving a wi-
dow, two sons, and three daughters. Mrs. Lightfoot was
married in 1 802 to John Springett Harvey, esq. barrister at
law. He was buried in Cowley church, where his grave
remained, for some time at least, without any memorial.
He is supposed never to have recovered from a disappoint-
ment respecting a living which bis patron, the late duke
of Portland, solicited from lord chancejlor Thurlow, but
which the latter did not think fit to bestow.

256 LI G H T.F O O T.

\

* Mp. Lightfoot had in the course of bis botanical studie^^
collected an excellent British herbarium, consisting of
abundant specimens, generally gathered wild, and in many
cases important for the illustration of his work. Qe had
also amassed from sir Joseph Banks and other friends, a
number of exotic plants. The whole was bought after his
death) for 100 guineas, by his majesty, as a present to the
queen, and deposited at Frogmore, the price being fixed
by an intelligent friend of the family.'

LILBURNE (John), a remarkable English enthusiast, '
^as descended from an ancient family in the county of
Durham, where his father, Richard Lilbyirne, was possessed
of a bd,ndsome estate*, especially a^ Thickney-Purchar-
den, the seat of the family upon which he resided^ and
had this son, who was born in 1618. Being a younger
ctiild, he was designed for a trade ; and was put appren«
tice at twelve years of age, to a wholesale clothier in Lon-
don, who, a9 well as his father, was disaffected to the
hierarchy. The youth, we are told, had a prompt genius
and a forward temper above his years, which shewed itself
conspicuously, not long after, in a complaint to the city-
chamberlain of bis master's ill-usage ; by which, having
obtained more liberty, he purchased a multitude of books
favourable to his notions of politics and religion ; and
having his imagination warmed with a sense of suffering
and resentment,, he became at length so considerable
among his party, as to be consulted upon the boldest of
their undertakings against the hierarchy, while yet an ap^-
prenticc.

The consequence he attained flattered his vanity, and he
could no longer think of following his trade. In 1636,
being introduced by the teacher of his congregation, to
Dr. Bastwick, then a star-chamber prisoner in the Gate-
house for sedition, Bastwick easily prevailed with him to
carry a piece he had lately written against the bishops, to
Holland, and get it printed there. Lilburne, having dis-

* It is worth notice that he was the ,when the trial was put off by tha

last person who joined issue in the aur judges \ till at last it wad ordered, at

cient custom of atrial by battle. It the king's instance, by parliament, that

«as with one Ralph Auxton, for lands a bill should be brought in to taka

of tbe value of 200/. per ann. The away that trial, in 1641. RiuiiworUl'*

two champions appeared in the court, '* Collections," vol. I.
armed cap-^^pi^, with sand-bags, &c.

^ Life by Pennant— -and by Sir James South in the CycIop8Bdia.«-<3eiit* Mas*
LVm. and LXXII.

L I L fi t K K £. 257

jitftcbed tilis iiti{9bttant affair, petarned to EnglAml in a few'
didA€bs mth the paoipfalet, Baslwick's <* Merry Liturgy/''
as 11 was cillted^ and a car ga of other pieces of a similar
ktnd. These he dispersed with mtieh prmey; uiiti), being
beiniy^d by bis JEtssoeiate, he Was apprehended ; and^ after
examination before the coancil-board and high eottiYnissfon
court, to whose rules he refused to conform, he was found
guilty of printiff^ arrd pubKshing severalseditious books, par-
Mularly **Hews from IpswWhj'^ki production of Prynne's.
Lilburne was condeitioed Feb. 1 637, to be shipped at the
eairt'fl^ it$A{ from the Fleet-priSonr t6 Old Palace Yard, Wes^-
Mfnater ;- theil set upon the piltory there for two b^urs ;
•ftenv^rds'to be earried back to the Fleet, there to remain
#t be conformed to the rules of the coiirt ; also to pay a
fine of SiQOt to the kiffg ; and, lastly, to give security for
his good behaviour. He underwent this sentence with an
undismayed obstinacy, utteriilg many bold speeches against
lile bishops, amd dispersing many pamphlets from the pil«
lot^, whdre, aftef the star-chamber then sitting had or-
i0Hld him to be gagged, he stamped with his feet. The
Spirtt h€ lAew^d apon this occasion procured him the nick*
oanye tf *^ Free-born John" among the friends to the go*
l^nmedt; iAd amoitg his own party the title of Saint. In
prisoti he was loaded with double irons on bis arms and
legfs, and put into one of the closest wards ; but, being
suspected to have occasioned a fire which broke out near
that wsrdv he was removed into a better, at the earnest so-
Kefits^tion both of the neighbours and prisoners. The first
4iSe b^ made of bis present more convenient situation, was
lo pttbKsh a piece of his own writing, entitled '* The
Christita Mail*^ Trial,** in 4to, ** Nine arguments against
€pise<9pai^,*^ and several <* Epistles to the Wardens of the
Fleet.'*

fte wrot^ several other pamphlets, before the long par*
liMMnft gratlted him the liberties of the Fleet, Nov. 164*0;
wUch^ indurgenee he Fikewi^ abused by appearing on
M«y 3i 1641, at the head of af^s^vage^ mob, who clamoured
tor Jtisrfceigttitfse the earl of Strafford. Next day he was
seiacfd and arraigned at the bar of the House of Lords, for
ad' assault u^n cblonel Lunsford, the governor of the
TcJwer ; bnt ttte t't^mper 6f the times being now in his fa-
vtMi^,' he wiis disfirissed, and the same day a vote passed in
the Hou^ of C<Mhtnons, declaring his former sentence' ille«*'
gill and' SyrMnff^Ul, and that he ou^ht to have repa/atido

Vol. XX. S

2&S

L I L B U R.N E.

for his sufferings and lofses* This reparation was effec**
tualy although slow. It w^ not until April 7, 1646, that a
decree of the House of Lords passed for giving him ^wo thou-^
saud pounds out of the estates of lord Cottington, sir Banks
Windebank, and James Ingram, warden of the Fleet ; and it
was two years after before he received the money, in con* .
sequence of a petition to the House of Commons, when he
obtained an ordinance for 3000/. worth of the delinquents-
lands, to be sold to him at twelve years purchase. This
ordinance included a grant for some part of the seques-
tered estates of sir Henry Bellingham and Mr. Bowes, in
the counties of Durham or Northumberland, from which
he received about 1400/.; and Cromwell, soon after hit'
return from Ireland, in May 1650, procured him a grran^
of lands for the remainder. This extraordinary delay was
occasioned entirely by himself.

When the parliament had voted an army to oppose the
&ing, Lilburne entered as a volunteer, was a capUiin qf
foot at the battle of Edge-hill, and fought weU in the enr
gagement at Brentford, Nov. 12, 1612, but being taken
prisoner, was carried to Oxford, and would have been
tried and executed for high treason, had not his parlia-
mentary friends threatened retaliation. After this, as he
himself informs us, he was exchanged very honourably
above his rank, and rewarded with a purse of 300/. by the
earl of Essex. Yet, when that general began to press the
Scots* covenant upon his followers, Lilburne quarrelled
with him, and by Cromwell's interest was made a ms^r
of foot, Oct. 1643, in the new-raised army under the earl
of Manchester. In this station he behaved very well, and
narrowly escaped with -his life at raising the siege of New<»
ark by prince Rupert; but at the same time he quarrelled
with his colonel (King), and accused him of several mis?
demeanours, to the earl, who immediately promoted him
to be lieutenant-colonel of his own regiment of dragoons;
This post Lilburne sustained with signal bravery ^t the
battle of Marston-moor, in July ; yet he had before that
quarrelled with the earl for not bringing colonel King to
a trial by a court-martial; and upon Cromwell's accusing
his lordship to the House of Commons, Nov. 1644, Lil-
burne appeared before the committee in support of that
charge. Nor did he rest until he had procured an' impeachf
ment to be exhibited in the House of Commons in Augusi
this year, against colonel King for high crimes and mis-'

L I L B U ,R N E. 259

demeanours. Little attention being paid to this, be firat
offered a petition to the House, to bring the colonel
to his trial, and still receiving no satisfaction, be pub-
lished a coarse attack upon the earl of Manchester, ia
1646. Being called before the House of Lords, where
that nobleipan was speaker, on account of this publication,
he not only refused to answer the interrogatories, but pro-
tected against their jurisdiction over him in the present
case ; on which he was first committed to Newgate, and
then to the Tower. He then appealed to 4;he House of
Commons ; and upon their deferring to take his case into
consideration, he charged that House, in print, not only
with haying . done nothing of late years for tite gene*
ral good, but also with having made many ordinances no-
toriously unjust and oppressive. This pamphlet, which
was called ^^ The Oppressed man^s oppression,'' being
seized, he printed another, entitled '^ The Resolved
man's r^lution," in which he maintained ** that the
present parliament ought to be pulled down, and a new
one called, to bring them to a strict account, as tb^
only means of saving the laws and liberties of England
from utter destruction," This not availing, be applied to
the agitators in the army; and at length, having obtained'
liberty every day to go, without his keeper, to attend the
committee appointed about his business, and to returti
every nigfat to the Tower, he made use of that indulgence
to engage in some seditious practices. For this he was re-
committed to the Tower, and ordered to be tried ; but,
upon the parliament's apprehensions from the Cavaliers,
on prince Charles's appearing with a fleet in the Downs,
he procured a petition, signed by seven or eight thousand
persons, to be presented to the House, which made an or-
der, in August 164S,to discharge him from imprisonment^,
and to make him satisfaction for his sufferings. This was
not compassed, however, without a series of conflicts and
quarrels with Cromwell ; who, returning from Ireland in

* See the trial, which wa« printed power of the ttw, as well as fact. In

by him .under the name of " Theodo- the same print, over his head, appear

ros Verax/' to which he prefixed, by the two faces of a medal, upon oae of

way of triamph, a print of himself at which were inscribed the names of the

'full length, standing at the bar with jnry, and on the other these words;

Cokie's Institutes in his hand, the hook " John Ljlburne saved by the power of

that he made use of to prove that flat- the Lord, and the integrity of his jury,

terhig doctrine, which he applied with who are judges of law as well as fact,

singular address J|^ the jury, that in October 26^ 1649.**
them alone was ifllerent the judicial

S 2

aw L 1 1 i tJ It ii Ei

Mdy ISBOf^nA ^fidiog Lilborne in a peaeeabKe di$]f6si«
Mn wish i^ard to? the parliattieRt, {^rbctired! hind the n?*
maand^ of his grant for feparatioirs above-mentiODed.
This ^as gratefully acknowledged by his antagonist, wh<f,
l|GMteyer^ did not continue long in that humour; for, hariYtg*
undertaken a dispute in law, in- which his uncle George
X^lburne happened to be engaged, he petitiotied the^ paf^
litfment on that occasion with his usual bold if ess in 1651 ;
and this assembly fined him in the sum of 7000/. ta the
state, and balBshed him the kingdom. Before this, how-
ever, could b^ carried into execution, he went in Jto.
I65U2, to Amstei^dam ; where, having printed an apologjr
for himself, he sent a copy of it^ with a letter, to Gromw^f,
charging him as the principal promoter of the act of bis
banishment. He bad also several conferences with some
of the royalists, to whom he engaged to restore Charles IT.
by his interest with the people, for the small, sum of 10,000/.
bst no Notice was taken of a design* which, faaAs it been
platisible, could never have been confided to such a man.
He then remained in e:{^ile, without hopes of revisiting
England, till the dissolution of tfae long parliament ; on
irhich event, not being able to obtain a pass, he returned
without one, in June 1657 ; and being seized and tried at
the Old Bailey^ be was a second time acquitted by his jury.
Crbmwell, incensed by this contempt of his power, which
#as now become despotic, had him carried to Portsmouth,
in ord6r for transportation ; but the tyrant's wrath was
averted, probably by Lilburne's brother Robert, one of his
Hiajor-generals, upon whose bail for bis behavtour he was
suffered to return. After this, he settled at Eltbamy in
Kent, where he p^sed the short remainder Of his days iti
tranquillity, giving, however, another proof of hisr versatile
principles, by joining the quakefs, among witom he
preached, in and about Eltham, till bis death, Aug^. 2%
1657, in his forty-ninth year.' He was intefrifed in th^
then new bunal- place iti Moor-fields, Aear the pl^e now
called Old Bedlam ; four thousand persons attending^ bis
burial.

Wood obaaracteri^es him as a person ^< from bis youth
much addicted to contention, novelties, opposition of go*
yernment, and to violeni and bitter expressions ;"' *^ thc^
idol of the factious people;" ** naturally a great trouble-,
world in all the variety of governments, a t^ge-^dge of
religion, the chief ring-leader of the tev«lfefs, 9l great

JL i L B U R :N £* 261

propid^alrfiajk^;, said ^ modeller of Hiif^» wd puMisker of
leF.eral seditioius pitiiiphl^ts, fifki of no quaixeboMe a dta^^

E>sitipny tbatit'Was s^pfiosit^ly sidd pf bim (by judge Jen«>
0$), ^ tba^ 4f tber^ wa3 opne living heat he^ John would
be.agfiQst Lilburne, and JLitlburne agaioot John/ '* ^ JLprd
iJ^i^ndoD instances bim '^ ^ad an ejv^ieficeiof tbe temper ci
llpe^oatioQ ; ^nd bow lartlihei spirits at that time (in 1663)
were froin paying a spbo^i^^MW to that power, Wben m*
body bad tbe Qourage to lift up tbeir bauds against iu^
Mwfj^ ssys jl^bat be w^s ^ thp fEiost titrbuleiit, bvit the most
pprig^^t a^d pc^rageous pf human kind ;'' and more recent
biographers bf^v^ given b^in credit for tbe consistency of
bis prinoy>les. We doubt, however, vvtioiher this consist
tency wHlJbePir a. very <;loae examination : it is true that be
luiifbrmly M^Vjeigbed f^^nst tyraoiny, whether that lof a
jkif^y aprotec(or,^.or a pfMtliament; but snob was bi5* selfish
lov^ pf libpr^y) tl#t he iecluded under tbe name of ty^
rapojryjiv^ry species ^of tribunal wbich did not acq>iKl men
^^^MRV^^^ d'^positipn,, and it would not be easy from
4iis wr^ng^ tp (majce4>iu ^ny (Tegular form of government,
QT. 9fft^^ .^f ^UticjEil prmoipte^, likely to prove either
Piexi9^<|i^(^f\b^>iQ^^^ iti JtiiesO) bovtever, may be found
tbe*mp(Ms.af <^>tl^09f9 wild iicbemes which men of similar
ten^fH^.bave from tii^ije to time obtruded upon public at«-
tentioiQ.' lAs noat^ers^of ^wipsity, therefore, we shall add
11. iisit (Of ibis principal publications : 1. <* A Saiva Liber^-
tiaije/' ;2. ^* Tbe Outcry of the young men and tbe ap-
pren^qes of ]t'^dpn ; or 901 inquisition after tbe loss of
the fundamental Laws wA Liberties of England," t^c.
jLpn^on« 1645| August 1, in 4to. 3. ^ Preparation to aa
Hue ;^nd Cry after sif Art^pr Haselrig." 4. <^ A Letter to
aF;rieni3/' 4at^d the 20th pf July, 1645, in 4to. 5. '< A
Xe^t^pO'WiiVi^a^Prynaef esq." dated the 7th of Jamiary,
. J1645« This ,was' writtep upon occasion of Mr. Prynne's
'< Xfuth tri^.fiq^hmg over Falsbood, Antiquity over No*-
jw^ty.*' 6. *^ L^ndop's Liberty in Chains discovered," &c.
London, 1646^ in 4to. 7.^^ Tbe free mail's freedom vin<-
-4^109$^^ J or .4 ti;Qe relation of tbe. cause and manner of
Li^iitf9i9>pt-CoIonel John Lilburoe's present Imprisonix>ent
jin Neivga^," &c. London, 1646, 8. " Charters of Lon*
4pt|, or tbe sepond tpfiiFt of London^s Liberty in Chains
4isc)wered," ^c London, 1646, 2.8 Decemb. 9. **Two
Letters from the Tower of'LondoQ to Colonel Henry Mar-
tin, a meiRKDer of the House of Commons, upon the 13th

262 L I L B U R M E.

and 15ih of September 1647/' 10. «^ Other Letters of
great concern/' London, 1647. 1 1. ^* The resolved man's
resolution to maintain iirith the last drop of his blood his
civil liberties and freedotns granted unto him by the great,
jnst, and truest declared Laws of England," &c. London,
1647, in 4to. 12. << His grand plea against the present
tyrannical House ofXords, which he delivered before an
open Committee of the House of Commons, 20 Octob.
1647," printed in 1647, in 4to. 13. << His additional Plea
directed to Mr. John Maynard, Chairman of the Commit-
tee," 1647, in 4to. 14. " The Outcries of oppressed
Commons, directed to all the rational and understanding in
the kingdom of England and dominion of Wales," &c.
Febr. 1647, in 4to. Richard Overton, another Leveller,
then in Newgate, had an hand in this pamphlet. 1 5. <* Jo*
nah's Cry out of the Whale's Belly, in certain Epistle^
unto Lieutenant General Cromwell and Mr. John Good-
win, complaining of the tyranny of the Houses d|:*Lords
and Commons at Westminster," &c. 16. *' An iflpeach-
ment of High Treason against Oliver Cromwell and his
son-in-law Henry Ireton, esquires, late Members of the
forcibly dissolved House of Commons, presented to pub-
lick view by Lieutenant- Colonel John Lilburne, close pri-
soner in the Tower of London, for his zeal, true and zea-
lous affection to the liberties of this nation," London,
1649, in 4to. 17. '^ The legal fundamental Liberties of
the People of England revived, asserted, and vindicated,"
&c. London, 1649. 18. ''Two Petitions presented to the
supreme authority of the nation from thousands of the
lords, owners, and commoners of Lincolnshire," &c. Lon-
don, 1650, in 4to. In a paper which he delivered to the
House of Commons, Feb. 26, 1648^9, with the hands of
many levellers to it, in the name of '' Addresses to the
Supreme Authority of England," and in "The Agreement
of the people," published May 1, 1649, and written by
him and his associates Walwyn, Prince, and Overton, are
their proposals for a democratic form of government.*

LILLO (George), a celebrated dramtitic writer, was by
profession a jeweller, and was bom in the neighbourhood
of Moorgate in.London, Feb. 4, 1693, where he pursued
his occupation for many years with the fairest and most
unblemished character. He was strongly attached to the

1 Bioj. BriU

L I L L O. 263

Muses^ and seems to have laid it down as a maxim, tliat
the devotion paid to tbem ought always to tend to the pro-
motiqn of yirtue and - mortality. . In pursuance of this aim.
-LiUo was happy in the choice of his subjects, and showed
great power of affecting the heart, and of rendering the
distresses of common and domestic life equally interesting
to the audiences as those of kings and heroes. His
« George Barnwell," «« Fatal Curiosity," and « Arden of
Feversham,'' are all planned on common and well-known
stories ; yet they have perhaps more frequently drawn tears
from an audience than more pompous tragedies, particu-
larly the first of them. Nor was his management of his
subjects less happy than his choice of them. If there is
any fault to be objected to his style, it is that sometimes
he affects an elevation rather above the simplicity of his
subject, and the supposed rank of his characters ; but tra-
gedy seldom admits an adherence to the language of com*
mon life^ arid sometimes it is found that even the most
humble characters in real life, when under peculiar circum-
stances of distress, or the influence of any violent passion,^
will employ an aptness of expression and power of Ian*
guage^ not only greatly superior to themselves, but even
to the general language and conversation of persons of much
higher rank in life, and of minds more cultivated.

In the prologue to *^ Elmerick," which was not acted till
after the author's death, it is said, that, when he wrote that
play, he *^ was depressed by wat'it," and afflicted by dis-
ease ; but in the former particular there appears to be
evidently a mistake, as he died possessed of an estate of
60/. a year, besides other effects to a considerable valpe.
The late editor of his works (Mr. T. Davies) in two vo-
lumes,-1775, j2mo, relates the following story, which, how-
ever^ we cannot think adapted to convey any favourable im-
pression of the person of whom it is told : ^< Towards the
latter part of his life, Mr. Lillo, whether from' judgment or
humour, determined to put the sincerity of liis friends,
who professed a very high regard for him, to a trial. In
order to carry on this design, he put in practice ati odd
kind of stratagem : .he asked one of his intimate ac-
quaintance to lend him a considerable sum of money, and
for this he declared be would give no btind, nor any
other security, except a note of hand ; the person to
whom he applied, not liking the terms, civilly refused
him. Soon after, Lillo met bis nephew, Mr. Underwood,

264 (^ I L L p. .

^itb wboQA be had bi^p^ f^tr^'u^xi/cip ^ifn^^vf^f. Hm fgm
tbi^ s^me que^tioQ tq biniy 4^ring Jtiim iQ U«4 biiP» I9H>a^
upon the s^me ^erws. His (Pepbemr, ^her fsoio ^ -0^(9^
it:ious ^ppreiiension pf bip uncle^a £«i^l i^teiHi<9P» or ffpxn
generosity of spirit, ]iiii;aediately ofkr^i to foq9{»ly with
bis request. Lillo wa3 so well pleased witb ;tb?s ready cani^
pliance of Mr. Underwood, ,tbat be ioEifl^diatiely deelar#4
that he was fully satisfied with tlie love and regard tjbM: )h<
nephew bore him ^ he w^ conyiucfsd tb^^ Ms frif oflfibfp
was entirely disinterested; and asspred bio9» tb^U: be $hciMM
reap the benefit such generous behaviour dfsei'Ved. !«
consequence of this promise, be bequeathed biim tbt bfilfc
of his fortune.*' The same writer says, that Lilto in bi^
person was lusty, but not tall ^ of a pleasing aspect, tbo^gb
unhappily deprived of the sight of one eye.

Lillo cUed Sept. 3, 17 39, in th^ forty ^^ventb y^ear^f bif

age ; i^nd, a few moiubs a&er his 4eatb, Henry F;ielding

printed th^ fQllowing charactdf of bii9 in ^* The Chai9*

pion:^* ^^He had a perfect knowledgie of blio9i9» nsrt^ref

though his contempt of all ba,se means of application, wb&eb

are th^ necf^ssary steps to great acquaintance, restrained

bis conversation witbip narrow bounds. He bad ^h^ spjurit

pf an old ilomani joined to the innocence of a primiiiyie

Christian : he was content with bis little state of life, io

which bis excellent temper of mind gave bim an happiness

beyond the power of riches ; and it was necessary for hja

friends to have a sharp insight into his want pf tb^ir ser*-

yice^, as well as good inclination or abilities to se^e biip*

In short, he was one of the best of mee, and ^hoiie wIiq

knew him best will most riSgret his loss,'' ^

XILLY, or LYLl-Y (John), auQther dramatic writer, of

less fame and merit, was born in the Wilds of Ke^, abom

1555, according to the computation of Wood, who sayis,

^< he became a student in Magdalen-college in the begia-"

oing of 1569, aged sixteen or thereabouts, and was altiy-*

' wards one of the demies or ^Jerk^ of that ho^ise." He

* took the degree of B. A. Apr]l27, 1573, and of M« A. in I S7S»

Online disgust, he. removed to Climbridge; and th^m^

went to court, where he was taken notjce of by queen £li*

^abeth, and hoped to have been preferred tp the po^t ^i

master of the revels, but after many yoars of afixioysalt^n^^

ance, was disappointed, and was forced to wjrii^^ te tba

< Life prefixed to bis Works.— Biog. pran.-r<^ibber's Lives, tqL V.

i- I H y. :jM5

'^^ryed ip iD^n^Qripl. lu wbat year he diad ip unkpown ; but
/WpQ^ 3aySy he wa3 aUv.e in 1597. Xiis^^nQbuient to-tlt^ dmr
jmUq ^I.Mses prodiiced aiae ^ramati^ pieq^fi, non^ ef whiclitt
. kowever^ have pre^rved their reputation in our liaie94 Ev^m
PhiliipSf io bis <* Tbeatrviai/' evils ifae^D^ ^ ofd-^^bioned
: <trag§die# and oooiedie^/' fie^ides tb^M» l^UJy ^«« bwn
cel^bra^^d fipr bis attempt, wbicb was a K^y uaAiappy oaa^
- %o rtform avd purify the English ia^guaige. F^r ^is pdiri-
pose he wrote a book entitled ^' Eapbues," which u^et witli
. a degree of success very unusual, and certainly not leii
Quiperi^isdy being alioo^ ajaunediaibeJy aod universally fol»
low^d ; at Uas^, if we |nay give credit to the w^ivds »( Hf.
Blount, who published six of Lilly's plays togetbffr» i9 ^ne
volume in twelvi^. lo a pre£»ce to that book hp ^aya,
^^ our nation are in bis d/^bt fo^ a Aew British, whipb be
taught them : * Euphues axid bis England ' began 6rat
ihat language; all ou^ ladies were his scbolar9 ; ai>d that
b^uty at court, which could not parley Eupbuisme, that
is ^o say, who wai uaahie to converse in that pure aokd re*
fofxped ]£ngUsb, which he had formed bis work to be the
standard of^ was. as little regarded a9 she^vhicb now there
speak9 not French.*'

Aojcording to Mr. j^loun^ Lilly was deserviQ|r of the
highest encooaiums. He styles him, in his i,i^le-page,
<^^he only ra^^ ppet of that time, .the witi^yt ^omcoli fapeli*^
pu^ly quick and unparalleled John Lilly ;"' and m his epis*
^e .dedicatory jsay^^ ^' that he «a|Le at ^ppUo'^ table ; that
Apollo gave him a wreath of his own hayes without, .snatch*
ing, .and the lyi'e he played on bad no borrowed atrings/*
li, indeed, what.has been said with regard to his i!^orma*
tiou of the English language had been true, he certainly
would have had a claim to the highest honours frona his
SPun^rymen -, but those eulpgJ44ms are - far from well
foundedt since his injudiciovis attempts «t improcement
produced only the most ridiciiUus atfea^ion. The style
of hj^ j^iipbue^ exhibits^ the ahsiirde^it e^sc^s/s pf pedantry,
io which notthiDg but tl^ mo^t dejpWr«)ihle bad tastp <could
bav.e..^ivpn eyem a ten^arary ^pproba<iou. jL.iJly V^astihe
: sMUhor.o^ a famous pamphli^ •against Martin I^bir-preiate
and his party, well known to collectors, entitled ** Pap
with' a Hatchet, alias a. Bg for my godson, &c.*^ published
ahoiJt 1589, and attributed to Nasht^y ^but. w^s certainly

266 ' LILLY.

Lillys. His prose work, or rather his two prose works
fntended to reform the English language, were entitle
*' Euphues and his England,'' Lond. 1580, and *' Euphues,
the Anatomy of Wit^" 1581. Some differences of opinion
as to the times of publishing these, may be found in oqr
authorities.^

LILLY (William), a famous English astrologer, was
born at Diseworth in Leicestershire, in 1602, and was put
to school at Ashby*de*la-Zouch, in the same connty ; but,
his father not being in circumstances to give him a liberal
education, as he intended at Cambridge, he was obliged te
•quit the school, after learning writing and arithmetic. Be-
ing then, as his biographers inform us, of a forward tem-
per, and endued with shrewd wit, he resolved to push his
fortune in London, where be arrived in 1620; and where
his immediate necessities obliged him to article himself as a
servant to a mantua-filaker, in the parish of St. Clement
Danes. In 1624, he was assistant to a tradesman in the
Strand; who, not being able- to write, employed him
(among other domestic offices) as his book-keeper. He
had not been above three years in this place, when, his
master dying, he addressed and married his mistress, with
ia fortune of 1000/. In 1632, he turned his mind to astro-
logy ; and applied to one Evans, a worthless Welsh cler-
gyman, who, after practising that craft many years in Lei-
cestershire, had come to London, and, at this time, resided
in Gunpowder-alley; Here Lilly became his pupil, and
made such a quick progress, that he understood, in the
cant of his brethren, how " to set a figure" perfectly in
seven or eight weeks ; and, continuing his application with
the utmost assiduity, gave the public a specimen of his at-
tainments and skill, by intimating that the king had chosen
an unlucky horoscope for the coronation in Scotland, 1 633.
In 1634, having procured a manuscript, with some alter-
ations, of the ^' Ars Notoria*' of Cornelius Agrippa, he
became so infatuated by the doctrine of the magical circle,
and the invocation of spirits, as not only to make use of a
form of prayer prescribed there to the angel Salmonseus,
and to fancy himself a favourite of great power and inte*
rest with that uncreated phantom, but even to claim a

knowledge of, and a familiar acquaintance with, the parti-^

•. • . • » , •

1 Ath. Otb. Yol. I.— Biog^ Brit— Warton's Ulst of Poetry.—- Phillips's Thea»
trum Poetafura, edit. 1800, bjT Sir £. Bridges, — Ceusura Literaria, rol. 1.^
finis's Specimens, vol. II. '

LILLY. 1167

calar guardian angels of England, by name Salmad and.
Malcbidael. After this* be treated' the more common mys*
tery of recovering stolen goods, &c. with great contempt,
claiming a aupematural sight, and the gift of prophetical
predictions, and seems to have known well how to profit
by the credulity of the times. Siich indeed was his fame, as
to produce the following notable story. When one Ramsay,
the king^s clock maker, being informed that there was a great
treasure buried in the cloister of Westminster-abbey, ob»
tained the deanV (Dr. Williams, bishop of Lincoln), leave
to search for it with the divining or Mosaical rods, he ap<-
plied to Lilly for his assistance. Lilly, with one Scot,
who pretended to the use of the said rods, attended by
Ramsay and above thirty persons more, went into the
cloister by night, and, observing the rods to tumble over
one another on the West side of the cloister, concluded the
treasure lay hid under that spot ; but, the ground being
dug to the depth of six feet, and nothing found but a
coffin^ which. was not heavy enough for their purpose,
they proceeded, without opening it, into the abbey. Here
tbey were alarmed by a storm, which suddenly rose,
and increased to sach a height, that they were afi«id the
West end of the church would have been blown down
upon them ; the rods moved not at all ; the candles and
torches, all but one, were extinguished, or burned 'very
dimly. Scot was amazed, looked pale, and knew not what
to think or- do; until Lilly gave directions to dismiss the
daemons, which when done, all was quiet again, and each
man returned home. Lilly, however, took care not to ex*-
pose bis skill again i|i this manner, though he was cunning
enough to ascribe the miscarriage, not to any defect in the
art itself, but to the number of people who were present
at the operation and derided it ; shrewdly laying it down
for a rule, that secrecy and intelligent operators, with a
strong confidence and knowledge of what they are doings
are necessfury requisites to succeed in this work.
' In the mean time he buried his first wife^ purchased a
moiety of thirteen houses in the Strand^ and married a se-
cond wife^ who, joining to an extravagant temper a ter-
magant spirit,-^ which all his art could not lay, made him
-both poor and miserable. With this lady he was obliged
to retire in 1637, to Her^ham in Surrey, where he con-
tinued till Sept 1641 ; and now seeing a prospect of advan-
tage from the growing confusion of the time% and the

a<a LiXfLiTS

prevaleece ^f eailiasiBtio Mod its^viity •of *U kibdi^ lie xe«
tavned to London. Here iuuring purchaeed sevekraLeiirioae
bMfcs in Us f0tf whiob*w#ce fottiul in piritfag ddwndim
bouse tif epoiher astMlogeiT} he peooset tbcm mtb inoeB^
saiit dUigeece, and, in l^#y pabliii>ed Jiis .^ Merliniis
JbDglkufi Juni^ri" and several oiker astrologieal books;
Q/e iiad centaraaabed' an intimaey^ :the ip«eecdmg jear, with
fiuUtrode SlVintelocke, esq. v^ mtiA afterwards his fnenA
and patrvlu ; and, in 1645, demoted hioiseif 'entirely to ifae
ivteses^ df the pariouoeqt, ^^^ ' ^^ jbattte 'of ^aaebjf
though Ji^ bad before itA^er igicH'med * to 't be fckig's ^party*
Ift ^47, iipoti thp bieakisig Mt jof the qtiaiirefl hettreeo
^ |»irHaiitcixt and- oraqr,: .whose -head quarb^v were at
Windsor, he ma^ «e&t for, tqgetber wkh Bo(&er> another
aititrologer, by Faidax, the general, .iwbo iddsieBsed tbim in
these terws: ^^Vkat iQod had blessed /the army with ssany
signal yictortes,' and yet iheir work was not finished ; that
he bdped God would go along with theai, until this work,
was done; that th^i soyght not themselves, hut the wel-
fare and Araoquilltty of- the gpod people, and the whole
natmi; «id, for^ihat .«nd^ were resolved to sacrifice both
their own lives and fartuties ; that he hoped die art;^ which
tAiey (Lilly and Booker) studied, »was lawful and agreeable
to God*s word; that he nandeistood it not, but did not
doubt they both teared Gad, and therefore bad ^ good
opsaion of them." To this spdefih Lilly returned the fed-
lo«dng answer : *< My lord^ lam glad to see you here at
this tune : certainly both ihepfiojfie of Ck)d, and i^l others
of tiua natdon, Ave V4ery sensMoile'oiF God's mercy, love, and
&vsour unto them, in directing the parliament tandminate
and elect you general .of their armies, a person so rdigious,

' so valiant. The several unexpected victories obtained
under your excellency's conduct will eternize the same
^ unto all posterkyi We are confident of God's gping along
with you and your army, un^l- the great work, for which
he ordained you both, is fully perfected ; wbtoh we hope
srill be the ponqueiiDg and subversion of yoavs and the
ptarhamen^s enemies ; and then a quiet settlement, and
iftrm peace over all the nation, unto GM^9 glory, and

^lill sat3s£actioen pf tender consciences. Sir, as for onr«>
jelveS) we trust in God, and, a» Cluistians, belie^ie in
Jlim; we do net study any art, i^vtt what is laivful and con^
sonant to the scriptures, fathers, and ant^qXiity ! . .viduch we
Jittmbly d^ire you to believe."

t I L L Y. 2^&

«

Tfclb ndii^eiitei Jb'M^rtfuiiber, seems to beuie hem oe^ '
ctsioned by ^ sus{]fick>ii^ of his atttttehmetit to tte p»f^
pftrt^, of v^lch be bad aflforded some grottiid^ by receiiriog^
an appltca^km frotn the kitig^ then in ctistod5r of tbe army
at HatttpldH-'Court; for^ in August preoedrag^ when bii^
maje^bad framed thougfais' of escaping from the soldiery,
and biding bimttelf soifiewhere near ti^eity> hesent, av
lAlly teils tfs, Mrs. Wborwoed:, to know in what qiianef
01* the nation be might be safety eem^led, tilt he thdught
proper to discover himself. Lilly, having ereeted a (iguf«,
said, the king might be safely concealed in some part of
Essex afooiit twenty miles from London, where the lady
happened to have . a house fit for his ma^ty's iieception^
and went away next morning to acquaint him with it BWs>
the king* was gone away in the bright Westward, and sur^
rtndere^ biMstSf at leogth to Hammond, in the Isle of
Wight; 8ind thns the project was rendered abortive. He
was again' applied to by the siMe lady, in 1648, for the
same purpose, while the kiiig W^s at Carisbrook^ castle;
whence having laid a design to e^ape by saviring ^ iron
bars of his chamber* Window, Mrs; Whorwood ^ame to oor
author, and ae^ainted hiin with it. Lilly procured a
proper saw, mad^e by one Farnior, an ingenious locfcsflHith,
in Bow-'lane,, Cheapside, and famished her with aquafortis
besides ; by which means his majesty bad nearly succeed^
' ed, but his heart failing, .he proceeded no farther. About
September, the same lady came a third time to {#Uly, on
the sariie errand. The parliameiit-commissioaers wwre ftiaw
Kfypointed to treat with his majesty; on- which, onx astro-
Ibger^ after perusing his figure, told the lady the commis-
sioners would be there such a day,- appoidted the day and
bdtir w4ieu to receive them, and directed, as doon as the
{H'opo^tions were read, to sign them, and make haste with
dl spied icf come up 'With the commissioners to London,
. Ae anrmy being then far distant from London, and the city
enraged stoutly against them. The king is said to have
ptonrised he wotrlddo so, but was diverted from it by lord

Ailtfitfs while our astrofosfer continued true to his own
it^terest, * by serving that of the parliament party, from
whom he received this year, 1648, fifty pounds in easib^
and an order from the council of ^tate for a pension of lOOL
per artn. whicW was granted to him for ftirnishingthem^ with
* perfect knowledge of the chief concernments of FFance.

270 LILLY.

This he obtidDed by means of a secular, priest, with whom
be had been formerly acqualDted, and who now was con-
fessor to one of the French secretaries. Lilly received the
pension two years, when he threw it up, with the employ-
ment, in disgust on some account. or othen He read pubr
lie lectures upon astrol<^y, in 1648 and 1649, for the im*
provement of young students in that art ; and succeeded
so well both as a practitioner and teacher, that we find
him, in 1651 and 1652, laying out near 20%0L for lands
and a house at Her$ham. During the siege of Colchester,
he and Booker were sent for thither, to encourage the
soldiers, which they did by assuring them that th^ town
would soon be taken, which proved true, and was perhaps
not difficult to be foreseen. In 1 650 he published that the
parliament should not continue, but a new .gpvernment
arise, agreeably thereto; and in the almanack for 1653, he
also asserted, that the parliament stood upon a ticklish
foundation, and that the commonalty and soldiery would
join together against them. On this he was called before
the committee of plundered ministers ; but, receiving no-
tice before the arrival of the messenger, he applied to
speaker Lenthal, always his friend, who pointed out the
offensive passages, which he immediately altered ; and at-
tended the committee next morning with six copies printed,
which six alone he acknowledged to be his. By this trick
he escaped after having been only detained thirteen days
in custody of the serjeant at arms. This year he was en-
^ged in a dispute with Mr. Thomas Gataker, and, before
the expiration of the year, he lost his second wife, to his
great joy, and married a third in October following. In
1655 be was indicted at Hicks^s-hall, for giving judgment
upon stolen goods, but acquitted: and, in 1659, he re-
ceived, from the king of Sweden, a present of a gold
chain and medal, worth above 50/.. on account of his haTs
ing mentioned that monarch with great respect in his
almanacks of 1657 and 1^58.

After the restoration, in 1660, being taken into custody,
and examined by a committee of the House of Commons,
touching the execution of Charles I, he declared, that
Robert Spavin, then secretary to Cromwell, dining with
him soon after the fact, assured him it was done by cornet
Joyce. This year, he sued out his pardon under the
broad-seal of England, and continued in London till 1665;
when, on the appearance of the plague^ he retired to his

LILLY. 271

eAi»te at Hersham. Here he applied himself to the study
of pbysicy . having, by means of his friend Elias Asbmole,
procured from, archbishop Sheldon a licence to practise it ;
and, from Oct. 1670, be exercised both the faculti/es of
physic and astrology, till his death, which was occasipaed by
a paralytic stroke, in 1681, at Hersham. He was interred
in the chancel of the church at. Walton, and a black mar*
ble stone, with a Latin inscription, was placed over bis
grave soon after by Mr. Asbmole, at 'whose request also
Or. Smalridge, bishop of Bristol, then a scholar at West-
minster-school, wrote a Latin and English elegy on bis
deaths both which are annexed to the history c^ our aui»
thorns life and times, from wh^ch this memoir is extracted*
Lillys a little before his death, ^opted one Henry Co-
ley, a tailor, for his son, by. the name of Mchrlin Junior,
and made him a present of the copyright, or good-will of
his almanack, which had been printed six and thirty years
successively ; and Coley carried it on for some time^ Lilly
bequeathed bis estate at Hersham to one of the sons of his
friend and patron Bulstrode Whitelock ; and his magical
utensils came all into the hands of Dr. Case, his^successor,
of facetious memory.

• Lilly was author of m^ny works. His ^* Observations on
the Life and Death of Charles late King of England," if
we Overlook the astrological nonsense, .may be read with
as much satisfaction as more celebrated histories, Lilly
being not only very well informed, but strictly impartial.
This ^rojrk, with the Lives of Lilly and Ashmole, written
by themselves, were published in one volume, 8vo, in 1774.
His other works were principally as follow : i. *^ Merlinus
Anglicus Junior.'' 2. ^< Supernatural Sight.'' 3. << The
white King's Prophecy." 4. ^^ England's prophetical Mer*
lin;" all printed iu 1644. 5. ^^The starry Messenger,"
1645. 6. << Collection of Prophecies," 1646. 7. <^ A
Comment on the white King's Prophecy," ib. 8. *^ The
Nativities of archbishop Laud, and Thomas earl Straf-
ford," ib. 9.« ^^ Christian Astrology," 1647; upon this
piece he read bis lectures in 1648, before- mentioned. 10.
*' The third Book of Nativities," ib. 11." The World's
Catastrophe," ib. 1 2. f* The Prophecies of Ambrose Mer-
lin, with a Key," ib^. 13. " Tritbemius, or the Govero-
ment^of the World by presiding Angels." See Cornelius
Agrippa's book with' the same title. These three last were
printed together in one volume ; the two first being trans-

2r^ LILLY.

larif^ in^ EdgtidI hy ERas AshMiofe, esq. U. ^< A Ti«^
ti»« <rf rtlie llM^e 6«IYI8 seeii in the WIntet of 1647," [mnted
ill 1649. 15. ^M^miiehy or do Momrchy,'* 1651. 16.
<> Ot>«ei¥ii^f)9 on the Lifd arfd Oeivtb of Charles, late^
King of England/* ib. and again in 1615, with the iitUi of
Alf. WMiairi Liffty'a ^'True History of King Jamcd and
King Charles h*^ fte. 17. *' Annus T^nebrosu»; or, fte
biacb Year."* Tbin^ drevlp hi^ into the dispirte wifib Gatak«rr,
Wbkb our ailthor carried on in bis itlmanack in 1654.^
- LILY, ot LI LYE (William), an^ etdinent English gfad^*
UnfariM, was bom at Odtbaifi, inf Badipsfaire, about 1466.
After a good foundation of school-learning, be was sent to
Magdaleo'COllege, Oxford, and admitted a demy there at?
tbe age o^ ei^gbteen. Hiei¥ing taken the degr^ of B. A. he

3uitt^ Vhe university, and went, for retigioa^s sake, to
i^rusaiedf), as^ Fitfs, and aftefr hiai Wood, Tanner, and
others have averted ; but Bale, from wboto l^rt^ eopi^,
gives no such reason for Lily^s journey. I4 is indeed mdtft
jlirobabfe, that be travelled eas^^ard wTth an inteMriOff'tc^
atequsrie sonre knowledge of the Gr^ek lanfguagi$, esj^eeially
hs be continued five years in the isilaAd of Rhodes^ wit4l no
other design. At Rhodes he found several ieairn^d aneii^
i^ho b«d taken refuge there, Under tbe pi<oleet}off of 4ie
knights, aftet the taking of Constanfhiopte ^ mA h^ve he
became accjtiainifed with the dooiiestf^ life and familiar
(Conversation of t^ Greefes. He t^rtt thence to' Bom^;
and imprbved hitnseif farther in the Latio and Greek
tbngu^ under John Sulpitius and PoHlponius Sabinlis. On
bis arival in Snglaii^d, in iBOSy he settled in London> and
tsmght a priyalte gfaitmiar-schobl, being tbe firlst teaiihfer of
Oreek'in tbe metropolis. In this he had so m«ieh sttccafss
and reputation, that he was appointed first-master of St.
l*aiirs school by the founder. Dr. Gotet, i^ 1510. 1?hi^
laborious and useful employment be fiUed' tot the space of
twelve years; and in that tune educated a great vMXiy
youths, some of whom proved the greatest men iti the tki-
tion, a's Thomas Lupset, sir Anthony t>ennyV sir William
Paget, sir Edward North, John Leland, &c. He died of
the plague at London in February 1 505, aged 54, and was
buried in the north yard of St. P'aurs. He i^ highly praised
by Erasmus fbrhis uncommon knowledge in tbe hmguages,
and admirabte skill in the instruction of youth. He was

/ t ; «! lilc ly biaiseif.*^Bie0. Mt.-^Atlu Ox. vol. I.

LILY. a7S

very inttmMe with sir Thomas Morje, to whose LatiD trms-
Nations of sereral Greek epigrams are prefixed some dooe
by Lily, printed with this tide, ** Progymnasmata Tbomss
Aforir & .Gulielmi Liiii, Sodalium/' Basil, 1518, by Fro«
benius; and again in 1673, ibid. Lily, by bis wife Agnes^
bad two sons; and a daughter, who was married to bis
usher John Rightwise, who succeeded his fatber-in-Iaw in
the Qsastership of St. Paul's school, and died in 1532.

Lily's works are, 1. '^ Brevissima institutio, seu ratio
gramndatices cogDoscendi,'*^ Lond. 1513 ; reprinted often,
and used at this day, and commonly called ^^ Lily's Gram-
mar." The English rudiments were written by Dr. Colet,
and the preface to the first edition, by cardinal Wolsey.
The English syntax was • written by Lily ; also the rules
for the genders of nouns, beginning with Propria qu8& ma^
ribus ; and those for the preter-perfect tenses and supines,
beginning with ^* As in prsesenti." The Latin syntax was
chiefly tl^ work of Erasmus. See Ward's preface to his
edition of Lily's grammar, 1732. 2. <' In senigmatica Bossi
Antibossicon primum, secundum, tertium, ad G. Horman-
iium," Lond. 1521, 4to. 3. ** Poemata varia," printed
^itk the former. 4. <^ Apologia ad R. Wbyttingtonum."
'5. *^ Apologia ad Joan. Skeltonum," in answer to some
invectives of that poet. 6. " De laudib\is Deipari Virginis.'*
7. ^' Super Pbiiippi archiducis appulsu." 8. << De CaroU
quinti Csesaris adventu panegyricum." Some other pieces
are attributed to him on doubtful authority.

Lily bad two sons, George and Peter. Georqs was
born in London, and bred at Magdalen-college, in Ox«>
ferd ; but, leaving the university without a degree, went
to Rome, where be was received into the patronage of
cardinal Pole, and became eminent for several branches of
learning. Upon bis return, he wa^ made canon of St.
Paul's, and afterwards pre'bendary of Canterbury. He
"published the first exact map of Britain, and died in 1559.
Be wrote " Anglorum Regum Chronices Epitome," Venice,
1548, Francf. 1565, Basil, 1577. To which are added,
•<* Lancastriee & Eboracensis [Famil.] de Regno Conten-
tiones, & Regum Angliae genealogia ;" " Elogia Virorum
i|lu«trium, 1559," 8vo; " Catalogus, sive Series Pontifi-
<ium Romanorum;" besides the " Life of Bishop Fisher,?
Ms. in the library of the Royal Society. Peter, his
second son, was a dignitary in the church of Canterbury,
and father of another Peteir Lily, l),D» This other was

Vou XX. T

274 LILY..

some, time fellow pf Jesusrcollege iu Cambridge ; after-
wards a brother of the Savoy- hospital in the Strand, Lon-
don ; prebendary of St. Paul's ; and^archdeacon of Taun-
ton. He died in 1614, leaving a widow, who published
some of his sermons.'

LIMBORCH (Philip), a celebrated profe^^pr of divi-
nity in Holland, of the Arminian persuasion, was of a good
family, originally of Maestricht, and born at Amsterdam^
June 19, 1633. He passed the first years of his life in his
father's house, going thence daily to school; and then,
attending the public lectures, became the disciple of Gas-
par Barlspus in ethics, of Gerard John Vossius in tfistory,
and of Arnold Sanguerd in philosophy. This foundation
being laid, he applied himself to divinity under Stephen
CurcellseUis, who succeeded Simon Episcopius in that chair,
among the remonstrants. From Amsterdam he went to
Utrecht, and frequented the lectures of Gilbert Yoetius,
and other divines of the reformed religion. In May 1654,
he returned to Amsterdam, and made bis first probation-
sermon there in Oct. following. He passed an examination
in divinity in August 16.55^ and was admitted to preach
publicly, as a probationer, which he did first at Haerlem.
The same year he. was invited to be stated minister of Alcr'
inaer, but declined it, not thinking himself yet qualified
for that in>portant task. In 1657 he published a course of
sermons in Dutch, by Episcopius, his great uncle by the
mother's side, and the same year was invited to be minister
of the remonstrants at Gouda, where there was a numerous
congregation of that sect. He accepted this vocation, and
exercised the ministerial function in that town till he was
called to Amsterdam.

Having inherited the papers of Episcopius, he fouifd
among them a great number of letters relating to the affairs
of the remonstrants ; and, communicating these to Hartr
soeker, minister of the remonstrants at' Rotterdam, they
joined iti disposing them into a proper ordec, and then
published them under the title of ^ Epistolse prsBstantiuai
et eruditorum Vironim, &c.^' at Amsterdam, in 1660, 8yo.
These being well received by the pub\ic, Limborch col-
lected more letters, and pubiitsbed a second edition, epr^
rected and enlarged, in 1684, foL After which, the copy

1 Pits, Bftle, and Tanner.— Biog. Brit.-^Ath. Ox. vol. I. new edition.— ^
Warum't Risu»ry of Poetry.— ?uUer't WorthieB.— Knight's Life of Golet—
Jortin't Erasmni. . .

Yi

L I M, B O R C H. 275

Comino^ into another bookseller's bands, a third edition
came out| 170^^ at Amsterdam, in folio^ with an appen^*
dix, by Limborcb, of tvveiity letters more ; the whole con'-
laining a complete series of every thing which relates to
the history pf Arminianism, from the time of Arminius to
the synod of Dort, and afterwards. In 1661 our author
publisfaed a little piece in Dutch, by way of dialogue upon
the subject of toleration in religion. Curcellseus having
printed, in 16^0, the first volume of Episcopius^s works^
which had been communicated to him by Francis Lim-
borch, our author's father, the second volume was pro*
cured by Philip the son in 1661 ; to which he added a pre«
face in defenpe of Episcopius and the remonstrants. In
1667 he became minister atAmsterdam^ where Pontanus,
the professor of divinity, whose talent lay chiefiy in preach-
ing, appointed Limborch his deputy ; first for a year^ and
then resigned the ch»ir absolutely to him in 1668. From
this tio^e he turned all his studies that way, and acquired a
great reputation, not only among those of his own party at
home, but among foreigners too, to which his mild and
incfdest temper contributed not a little. Soon after, he
published, in Flemish, several sermons of Episcopius^ which
had n^ver bet^p printed before.

In 1660 he had married; and, his wife being dead, in
1674 be engaged in a second marriage, and had^ two chiU
dren. The ensuing year he procured an edition of all the
works of his master Curcellaeus, several of which had nevec
appeared before. But, as neither Episcopius nor Curcel-
laeus had leisure to finish a complete system of the remon-^
straht theology, Limborch resolved to undertake the task,
and to compose one which should be entirely complete ;
some disorders, however, and several avocations, hindered
him from finishing it before 1684, and it did not come out
till 1686. This was the first system of divinity, according
to tbe doctrine of the remotistrants, that had appeared in
prin^ The work was undertaken at their request, received
with all eagerness by them, and passed through four edi-
tions^. The $ame year^, 1686, he ;had a dispute, at first

* The tfUe of the first edition is, PnedetfinatioQeTractatatpofthumus."

<' Tl^k^ia Ghristic^aa ad Praxim Pie- This postboiDoiM pieoe waa priiYted

tatis; ac ProDOtioBem pacis ChrktiansB separately the tame year atAnutor-

voice difeeta, Amst. 1686,'' 4to ; the dam, 8vo, ia I»w Patch or Fiemieh^'

fourth, 1 7 1$, ibU to which is added* " Re- with - a loog pre&ee in defence of the

latfo bisterica de drigine et Progressu remonstrants, against a piece in liow

Controversikrom in l^cederato Belgio de Duteb, under the title of the *< Coin>

T 2 *

m 1 1 M B o R d: B.

HtHt t>6cif and afterwards in writiDg> with Isaac Orobfa, H
Jew of Seville iir Spain, who had made his escape out of
the inquisition, and retired to Amsterdain, where he prac-
tised physic with great reputation. This dispute produced
k piece by oaf author, entitled ^ Collatio arnica de Ve«
iltate Heligionis Christianas com erudito Judaso/* ** A
friendly conference with a learned Jew concerning the
Truth of the Christian Religion/' In it he skewed, that a
Jew can bring no argument of any force in favour of Jn«
daism which may not be made to militate strongly in favoulr-
of Christianity* Orobio, however, contended that every
oian ought to continue in the religion, be what it would,
which he professed, since it was easier to disprove the
troth of another religion than it was to prore his own \
and upon this principle he averred, that, if tt had been his
lot tor be born of parents who worshiped the sun, he laMT
ho reason why he should renounce their Religion and em-*
kraee another. To this piece against Orobio, LimWchf
idd^d a small tract against Uriel Acosta, a Portuguese
deiit, in vtrhich Limborch ansvlrers very solidly his argu-
inents, to shew that there is no true rdigion besides the
i^eligion of ilature. (See Acosta.) Shortly after, Limborch
published a. little piece of Episcopius, in Flemish, contain-'
ingan account of a dispute between that remonstrant and
one William Bome, a Romish priest, shewing, that the
KDmah church is not exempt from errors, and i^ not the
sovereign- judg^e of controversies. In 1692 the book of
sentences passed in the inquisition at Thoulouse, in France,
coming into the hands of a friend, and containing all the
sentences passed in that court from iSOTto 1323, Lim-
lorch resolved to pub^h it, as it furnished him with an
occasion of adding the history of that dreadful tribunal,
drawn from the #ritings of the inquisitors themselves '*'. In
1693 our author had tbie care of a he^ edition, in one large
folio volume, of the sermons of Episcopius, ifi Dutch ; to

bats of Sion^ by James PniUier.'' There the translator has piefixed i. large in*

is a long extract of the '* Theologia irodoction eonceroingthe rise and pro-^

ChtMtiana,'* by L^ Cletc, io BibL gresa of persecution, atidf the real and'

Univ. torn. II. p. 81, et seq. pretended causes of it. In this edition,.

' ♦ TheHttltt ii, "Bistona fnqiHiii- •Mir.' Chandler bad the atoistance of

lioni^ ctti subjttnf itknr liber Senten^ sonie papera of our autlior coihmahi-

timtmi Iriqullitionis Tboloianss ab An* eated to him by Anthony ColUns, esq.

no 1907 iM 193S, Attsiel. 169S," fbf* add the correctiona lAod addliioils of

it wai translated into English by VLn Franoii Llmborah, a rtf latioii of otsr

Shvi. Cbandter^ and printed at Lon* authotw See Chsndkr^t pte£Ke»
diM^ 17dl» ill t TblSi 4to^ to whicU

v

I. i A$ B p H C li fSJl

which be adde4» not only a preface, but also a rery loog
history of the life of Episcqpius, in th^ same language:
this has been since trauaUted iato Latin, and printed 19
8v6 at Amsterdam, 1 70 1 . (See Episcopivs.)

In 1694 a young genttlewpman at An^terdam, of twepty^-
two years of age, took a fancy to learn Hebrew^ of a ,Je;nr j
find w%s by frequent conversations with her tutor, indiicetf
to quit diie Christian religion for Judaism. As soon .as hef
mother understood this, she employed sevei-al divines, bujt
in vain ; because they undertook to prove Cijgristi^ity froqi
the Old Testament, omitting the authority of the New ;
to which she, r^t.urning the common answers she had
Jiearned from the Jews, received no reply that gave hej^
satisfaction. While the young lady was in the midat 0^
jthis perplexity, Djr. Veen, a phy:siGian, happened to hf
aent for to the hou^ ; ^nd, hearing her motb^r spe^
With great concern, of the doubts which disturbed h^
.daughter, bfi mentioned Limborch'^ dispiii,te with Orobio.
,She immediat^y applied to Limborci)^ in hopes that he
would be able to remove her scruples, and bdijig her bac^
to the Christian religion. Limborcb a^^^^^^^g'y used the
$ame train of atgunient which he had pursued with Orobio^
^d quickly recovered fa^r to Jber former faith. In 1^98 h^
was accused of a calumny, in a book coocei*aing the 2^ay«(
in St. John's gospel, by Vander Waeyen, professor of di-
vinity at Franecker, becansje he bad said, that Francis
Burman, a divine a^d professor at Ley den, had, in bj^
.^ Theologia Christiana," merely .transcribed .Spinoza with-
.out any judgment. JLimborqb^ producing passages from
both, endeavopred to prove ^l^t be bad said nothing which
was not strictly true ; but when this ,was printed at Amster-
dam iu 1693^ the two Burmans, o^^ professor of history
and eloquence at jUtrecht, and the other minister at Am'-
j^terdam> published a hoo\i in vindication of their lather's '
jnemOiry, entitled " Burmannorum Pietas," " The Piety
of the Burmans y'' to which Limborqh made no reply. In
170d be. published, in P.utch, at Amsterdam, a bqok of
piety, co^laining instrivctions for dying peu'^pn^, or means
of preparing lor death ; with a discourse upon tl;ie death
of John Owens, ininister of the remonstrants at Gouda.
At the same time he began a commentary upon the Acts of
the Apostles, and Aipon the Epistles to the Aomans an^l
Hebrews, which was published in i7ll.

Having pursued the strictest temperance through life»

278 L I M B O R &H.

he preserved the vigaiir of bis mind, and health of bis
body, to a considerable age» but in the autumn of 1711
hc^was seised with the St. Antbony^s fire ; wbicbi growing
more violent in the winter, carried him off, April 30, 17ri,
His funeral oration was spoken by John Le Clerc, who
l^ives him the followin^g character : ** Mn Limborch had
many friends among the learned, both at home and abroad,
especially in England, where he was much esteemed, par«>
ticularly by archbishop Tillotson, to whom his history of
the inquisition was dedicated, and Mr. Locke. With-Mr.
Locke he first became acquainted in Holland, and after-*
wards held a correspondence by letters, in which, among
othier things, he has explained the nature of human liberty,
a subject not exactly understood by Mr. Locke. He was
of an open' sincere carriage^ which was so well tempered,
ivith humanity and discretion as to give no offence. In
his instructions, when professor, he observed the greatest
perspicuity and the justest order, to which his. memory,
which retained whatever he had written, almost to a word,
contributed very much; and, though a long course of teach*
ing had given him an adthority with those about him, and
his advanced age had addea a reverence to him, yet he
was never displeased with others for differing from him,
but would both censure, and be censured, without chagrin.
Though he never proposed the understanding of languages
as the end of his studies, yet he had made large advances
in them, and read over many of the ancient and modern
writers, and would have excelled in this part of literature,
if he had not preferred that which was more important.
Ife had all the qualifications suitable to the character of a
divine. Above all things, he had a love for truth, and
pursued the search of it, by reading the Scriptures with
the best connmentators. As a preacher, bis sernxons.\fere
methodical and solid, rather than eloquent If he had.
applied himself to the mathematics he would undoubtedly
have excelled therein ; but he had no particular fondness
for that study, though he was an absolute master of aritb-
metic. He was so perfectly acquainted with the history of
his own country, especially for 150 years, that he even
retained the most minute oircumstanoe.% and the very time
of each transaction ; so that scarce any one could deceive
him in that particular. In his manner he was grave with-
out pride or suUenness, affable without aOectation, plea-
i;ant and facetious, upon occasion, Without sinking into ^

LIMBO R C H. 279

vulgar lowness^ or degenerating into malice or iH*nalur!e.
By these qualifications he was agreeable to all who coiv-
ver^d'witb him ; and his behaviour towards bis neighbours
was such, that all who knew him, or bad any <iealhigs witft
him, ever c6mmended it." *

; LINACRE, or LYNACER (Thomas), one of the mosi
eminent physicians and scholars of his age, descended from
the Linacres of Linacre-hall in the parish of Chesterfield,
Derbyshire, was born at Canterbury about 1460. Having
completed his schooUeducation, under William de Selling,
a very eminent master, in his native city, he entered at
Oxford, and was chosen fellow of All Souls* college in
1484. Being desirous of farther advaticement in learning,
he accompanied De Selling into Italy, whither the latter
was sent on an embassy to the court of ftonie by Henty VIF.
De Selling left him at Bologna, with strong re<!^dmtiienda^
tions to Politian, one of the titost elegant Latini^ts ih
Europe; and removing thence to Flovetide, Linafcre' ac-
quired the favour of that munificent patF6n of literature,
Lorenzo de Medicis, who granted him the privilegli of at-
tending the same preceptors with his own sons ; an opp5r-
lunfty, by which he knew how to profit ; and under Denied
trius Ch^lcondylas, who had fled from Constantinople ^hen
it was taken by the Turks, he acquired a perfect know-
tedge of the Greek language. He then went to Rotne, and
studied medicine and natural philosophy' undet Hermolaus
Barbarus. He applied particularly to the works of A'Hs*
totle and Galen, and is s?iid to have been the first- English-
man who made himself master of those writers by perusing
them in the original Greek. He also translated and pub^
lished several of Galen's tracts into most elegant Latin,
and along with Grocyn and William Latimer, undertook a
translation of Aristotle, which, however, ' they left imper-
fect. On his return to England, he was iwdrparated M. D;
at Oxford, which degree he had taken' at Paduk, gave tem-
porary lectures on physic, and taught tJhe Gre^ languagii
in t^at university. His reputation soon became so htgh^
that king Henry VIL called him to eourt, and eiitrtisted
btm with the care both 6f the health and education of his
son, prince Arthur. He is said also to have instructed
phncessjCatherine in the Italian language. He was ma^e

I Life, by Lfs Clerc io Bib!. Choisie» vol. XXIV. — Ger\. Dick. — ^Mow,ii,—
^icerQn, vol. Xi,— Sax'u OoQiaasU-TrChs^ndl^r's Preface to tht H^ittory flMbv
luquIsiUoa*

#M LI NACRE.

$i^0^etimp\y phjaician to the kings Henry VII*,. H^tty¥lU<y
Aod Edward YL, and to the princess Alary.

In the reign o£ Henry VIIL indeed, he appears to hams
flood above all rivalsbip at the head of his profession ; and
lie evinced his attachment to its interests, as well as to the
fMiiWip good, by various acts j bat especially by founding
-two lectures on physic in the university of Oxford, and
one ill that of Cambridge. That at Oxfiurd was left to
Merton college, and the Cambridge lecture was given to
St. Jobn^s^ at which college it is said by Wood and Knight
that Linacre studied for some tima The ^endowment oi
Jboth is the manor of Tracys, or Tcacies, in Kent ; but al<-
though be bequeathed these at his de^ in 1524, and dus
lectures were actually read even in his life-time, they were
not established until December 1 549, by Tunstall, bisbop
jof Durham, Linacre also may be reputed the founder of
^be <royal college of physicians in London. R^pretting
that there was no proper check upon illiterate mooJcs and
.empirics, licences being easily obt»ned by improper per*
sons,^ when the bishops were authorised to examine and
license practitioners in an art of which they could not he
M^mpeteot judges, Linacre obtained letters patent in ] 5 18
firo^ Henry VIII. constituting a corporate body of regur
Jarly bred physicians in London, in whom was vested the
sole right of examining and admitting persons to practise
^hin the city, and seven miles rauAd it; and also of
lic^sing practitioners throughout the whole kingdom, ex^
Mypt such as were graduates of Oxford or Cambridge, who
by virtue of their degrees were independent of the college,
except within London and its precincts. The- college had
likewpse^uthortty given to it to examine prescriptions and
drugs in ^kpotheoaries" shops. Linacre was the first presto
^leot of the new college, and c<mtinued in theoflSioe during
Ibe remaining smren years of bis life ; and, at his death, be
lie^ueatbed to the c<dlege his house in Knight-rider- stj^eet,
jjSi wbiqh its meetings were held.

After raeeiiuog ail these honours^ as attestations and re*
fsarda of SMliierior .mewt.iM bis profession, he resolved tp
pbange it for that of divinity. To this study be applied
in ibe latter part of biaiife* ; and, entering into

* Sir John Cbeke, ia insuring Uus reading the 5tb, 6ih, and Tth chapten

change, pbserrpiL that he did. pot be- of St. MaUhevr» he threw the bodk

gin UiiH 'study tAl lift was brolien by away wHb TioleDoe, and twore, ikix

age and infitfiniticai and Uiat,-tn^B tliiawas either not the Goipel, or we

L I N A C R S. 28i

0

iht priettllobd, obtained the rectory of Mershaiq, Oetobier
1509 ; but| resigning it within a moptb, be was iQstalied
into the prebend of £aton in the church of Wells, and
afterwards, in 15 id, into another of York; he <vas aliie
precentor in the latter ch jrch, but resigned it in balf |i
year. He bad other preferments in the efaurob, sodae of
iwbicb he receired froia archbishop Warham, as he grate:*
fuUy acknowledges in a leuer to that prelate* Ur» Knight
infcMrms usy tbat he was a prebendary of St Stephen^ '
Westminster; and bishop Tanker ^vritcs, that b^ was also
ineclor of Wigatii in Lancashire. He died of the stone, in
great paiii and torment, Oct. 2Q, 1524, atid was buried in
St. Paulas cathedral ; where a handsome monument wa$
«fterwanls erected to bis osemoiy by his admirer and aucr
cessor in fame, Dr. Cains.

^ In his literary character, Linacre stands eminently dii^
tinguished ; as be was one of the ' first, in conjunctioii
widi Golet, lily, Grocyn, and Latimer, who revived, or
iratber intxoduoed, classical learning in this island. iT^t]^
Jations from the Qreek auibors into Laiin were the chief
:OCGupation^ of the literati of those times} and Liiiacre,
as we have already observed^ conferred a benefit on bk
profession, by transUtung several . of the most valuable
{tteees ef Graleur These were the treatises, ^* De Sanitate*
tueada,'* . in siK books, wUeb was printed at Cambridge ih
1517, and dedicated to kiog Henry VUI.| *'De Mor^s
enrtodis,"' in fourteen books, priinted at Paris in i5S€;
tfairee books ^^ De Tempeiamentis," and one *^ De initfi-
^[i}ali Temperie," first printed at Cambridge in 1521, and
inscribed to pope Leo X. A copy of this on vellum, which

Linacre presented to Henry VI 11. is n<^w in tbe Bodleiail.
There is another edition, without date or punter's nam^.
^< De naturalibus Facultatibus," three books, together witji
one book *^ De Pulsuum Usu," without ^ate, but they we«e
rq>rinted.by Colinseus in 1,528, as well as his posthumous

translation of the four books ^^ De Morborum Symptomattr
bus.*' In these versions Linacre exhibited .a Latin style so
pure and elegant, as ranked him among tbe finest inters
jof bis age. In the polish of bis style he was rather fe^si^
dious^ imd bis friend Erasmus deseribes him as ^* Vir oon

• iMi^ not Christiam . Cheke, '* De as appears from hit projecting the coVr
•Frdoiue. Grmen liogac" However, lege of pbysielaot, ^ud being prtsidient
*^ ^ " ksA bis Umtgkli opsii pbytiv, ^ ttei^^ai m 4«sih,

1 1. <

S82 L I N A C' R E.

,1

exact! tantum, sed scveri judicii ;** and Hu'et, in Hi« learned
treatise " De claris Interpretatoribus," gives him the praise
of extrat)rdinary elegtuce and chastenesiis of style, bat in-
timates that be occasionally sacrifices fidetitj' to thes6 qeia-
litie». ' . '-

It was^ indeed, on his reputation as a philologist, that
be seems chiefly to have valued himself. His first essay
>vas a translation of . " Proclus on the Sphere,** dedicated
to his pupil, prince Arthur; and he also wrote a stnat
book of the rudiments of the Latin grammar, in English,
€br the use of the princess Mary, which was afterwards
translated into Latin by the cele^brated Buchanan. -^ But
the work which appears to have engaged a veiy large por-
tion of his time, and wa9 universally acknowledged to be
a work of the most profound erudition, was a larger gram-
matical treatise, entitled '^ De emendata structura Latini
Sermonis, libri sex." This work,- which was not printed
till after his death, in December 1524, when it appearefd
with a recommendatory letter from the learned Melanc-
tbon, was received with mt|ch applause by menof erudi-^
tion, and passed through several editions;. The originat is
very scarce; but from the translation of it, by Buchahali^
it appears to be little more than the present tfceidenc^ '
taught in schools, and still retaining the title, of ^^Rudi<^'
ments, &c." His friend Erasmus, indeed, in his ^^ Moriae
Encomium,*' bestowed some good-natured raillery Upon tlie
author, for having tortured himself for twenty years by the
subtleties of grammar, and, after forsaking other niore im-
portant objects, thought himself happy in living long
enough to establish certain rules for distinguis\)ing the
eight parts of speech.

In his professional character, Linacre acquired univercal
reputation, among his countrymen and contemporaries, for
skill and practical ability, as well as for his learning ; and
he was equally the subject of applause and estimation
as an upright and humane physician, a steady and affect
tionate friend, and a muni^cent patron of letters. It
were sufficient of itself to justify this eulogium, to men*
tion that he was the intimate friend of Erasmus. That
great and worthy man frequently 'takes occasion to-express

bis affection and esteem for his character and abilities ;

'. -• . '.'1.

*and writing to an acquaintance, when seized witU an ijt^
ness at Paris, he pathetically laments hh- iibsence from

L I N A C R E.

28S

Linacfe, from whose skill and kindness he nnight receive
equal relief*.*

LINDEN. See VANDER LINDEN.

LINDSAY (John), a learned divine, of St. MaryVhall
at Oxford, officiated for many years as minister of the
Qonjuring society in Trinity-chapel, Aldersgate-street, and
is saifl to have been their last minister. He was also for
some time a corrector of the press to Mr. Bowyer the
printer. He finislied along and useful life, June 21, 1768,
at the age of eighty-two; and was buried in Islington
ohurch-yard. Mr. Lindsay published "The Short History
of the Regal Succession," &c. with " Remarks on Whiston'^s
Scripture Politics," &c. 1720, 8vo; which occurs in the
Bodleian Catalogue. His -valuable translation of Mason^s
•* Vindication of the Church of England^'* 1726, (reprinted
in 1728,) has a large and elaborate preface, containing " a
full and particular Series of the Succession of our Bishops,
through the several Reigns since the Reformation," &c.
He .dat4^s the second edition fronn " Islington, I'A Dec.
1727," In 1747, he published, in the same si^se, " Two
Sermons preached at Court in 1620, by Francis Mason ;^*
which he recommeods, ^< as well for their own intrinsic
value^ as to make np a complete Collection of that learned
Author's Works." He had a nephew, who died curate of
Waltham abbey, Sept. 17, 1779."

LINDSAY, or LYNDSAY (Sir David), an ancient
Scotch poety descended from a qoble family, was born in
1490, at Garmylcon in Hadingtonshire, and received bis
early education probably at the neighbouring school of

* The following epitaph, written by
paius, will b& acceptable to the learned
reader, from the elegance of its com-
position ; .

<* Thomas Lynacrui, Regis Henrici
Vl[[. medicus ; yir et Orsec^ et Latind,
a^que in f« medica looge eradittssimos.
Mull OS et^te sua langoentet, et qai
jam animam despondisrant, vits resti-
tuit. Malta Gaieni opera in Latinam
liogiiant mira et stngnUri faeundia,
vertit. Egregium opus de emendata
structnra Litini aermonis, amicorUm
rogatui pattlo> ante mortem edidic

MediciniB studiosis Oxonite .publicas
lectibnes duas, Cantabrigite uiiam, in
perpetunra stabilivit In hac urbe Col-
legiam Medicoram fieri sua industria
curavit, cnjus et Prtesidens prostimut
electus est. Fraudes dolosque mirdi
peroisus $ fldus amicia ; omnibus jtixta
charus : aliquot annos anteqaam obi*
erat' Presbyter factus; plenus annis,
ex hac Tita migrarit, moltum deside-
ratns, anno 1624, die 91 Octobris. Vi^
vit post fiinera virtus. Thomas Lina-
cro darissiiDo Medico, Johannes Caius
poeuit, anno 1651.''

1 Atb. Ox. vol. I. newedit.*^Diog. Brit^^Fallee*s Worthies. ^Freind's Hkt.
of Phy^ic-r- Wood's Annals by Gutcb.-^Aikia^ Biog. Memoirs of Medicine.-^
llHes*8 dyclopedia.

2 NtchoU*s Bowyer, In irhich is a portion of his correspondence with Th,
Zachary'Grey,

SM LINDSAY:

Coupar. In 1505 be was sent to the umve^rsity of j^t* A^^-
draw's, which he is supposed to have left in |^9L He
then entered into the service of the courts where, in iSH^
he was an attendant, or page of honour to James Y^ tl^ei^
an infant In this situation be Continued until 1524, wfaep,:
by the intrigues of tbe queen mother, the young* king w^
deprived of his servants, Bellenden, Lindsay, and Oi^^ersy
for whom he seems always to have entertained a just ce*
jgard, and whom he dismissed with a pension, tbe payment
of which bis majesty was studious to enforce, while bis
means were few, and bis power was liftie. From 1524 to
1528, Lindsay was a witness of tbe confusions and oppres**
sioDs arising from tbe domination of the Douglasses over
both the pnnce and bis people. From that thraldom tbe
lung, at the age of sixteen, made his escape, by bis own
address and vigour, in July of 1528, after eve^y other
exertion bad failed. Lindsay bad now liberty and spirits
to sup[>ort him in tbe cultivation of bi^ muse, and abput
the end of tbe year just mentioned, produced bis ^^ Dreme.'*
In tbe following year he presented bis ^' CPQ^playnt'Vto
tbe king, and in 1 530 be was inaugurated lion ki^igof ^irais>
and incidentally became a knight. In December pf this
year be published bis satire oa the cj#rgy, ciUled ^' The
CfOmpIaynt of tbe Papingo.^'

Sir David was soon employed in discharging tb^ proper
functions of hon herald. In April 153), he was seol with
Campbel and Panter, Mo Antwerpi to renew the ancient
treaty of commerce with tbe Netherlands, and they w<^c
so well received by the emperor Charles y. ^ to in^vre
tbe success of their mission. Lindsay returned to Scotland
IQ tbe latter end of 1 531, and not long after. married. This
marriage does pot appear to have been either fruitful, or
liappy. Sir David leift no issue, and he every where speaks
with^ a sort of Turkish contempt of women. He was now
occupied upon a poem, wbiich displays much of that senti-
ment, a drama of a very singular kind, which be qalled,
what be intended it to be^ ^' A Satyre of tbe three Estatis.'*
Some of his biographers have affected to consider him as
tjie first dramatist of his copntry. But moralities existed in
Scotland before be was bora ; aiKl weie very comfxion in
bis timte. In 16^, probably, be prinlueed bis ^^' Answer
to tbe King's Flyting," and iiis ** Complaynt of fiasche,'*
which sbew the gloominess of bis temperaipent.

In tbe mean time be was sent as lion king, wi^ sir John

LINDSAY. 285

Cimpbel of Laudon» in 1535^ to the emperor, to demand
in marriage one of the princesses of his house. The king,
fao#ever, not being satisfied with the portraits of the prin-
cesses presented to him, or perhaps, as Mr. Chalmers
thinks, being attracted by a more useful connection with
f^rance, sent Lindsay, in 1536, to that country to demand
iti nfearriage a daughter of the house of Vendome ; but the
king himself, arriving the year following, made choice of
Magdalene of France, who died in about two months after
her marriage ; and this lamentable event occasioned Lind-
say^& next poem, the ^* Deploratioun of the Deith of quene
Magdalene."' The king, however, married again in 1538,
and Lindsay's talents were called forth in the rejoicings
And ceremonies consequent to that event, and afterwards
on the birth of a prince. During the remainder of the
reign of James V. he appears to have retained his majesty's
favour, and to have been, frequently employed in his cha«
racter. of herald ; but few of these incidents seem of suffi-r
cieiit importance to be detached from his biographer's nar*
rative. During the regency, he appears to have espoused
the cause of the reformers, and after the assassination of
Ordinal Beaton, wrote his " Tragedie of the late Cardinal,'*
to strengthen the prejudices of the public against that ec*
<;lesiastic.

In 1548 he was sent, as lion herald, to Christian, king
of Denmark, to solicit ships, for protecting the Scottish
coasts agaihst the English, and to xiegociate a free trade^
particularly in grain : the latter purpose only wa$ accom*
|»Ushed, but at Copenhagen, Lindsay had an opportunity
of becoming acquainted with the literati of Denmark. He
at length returned to his usual occupations, and was pro-
bably no more employed in such distant embassies. About
tbis^time he published the most pleasing of all his poei(bs,
^* The Historie and Testament of Squire Meldrumi" In
1553 he finished his last and greatest work, "The Mo-
ildrchi'e." When he died, seems a matter of great uncer-
tainty. His latest and best-informed biographer is inclined
lo place his death in or about 1557 ; but others say that
hcf lited tiH 1^67. It is rather sin^lar that a man of so
nduch celebrity, a great public officer, one of the reformers,
or who at least contributed to the reformation, and the
Aiost popular poet of his time, should have died in such
obscurity, without even a tradition as to when or where he
was buried. Little of his personal .character can now be

28C LINDSAY.

1

known^ but what is to be gleaned from his writings. I}9,
entered with great zeal into the religious disputes of his
time> but is supposed to lean rather to the Lutheran than
Calvinistic principles of reformation ; his satires, however,
were powerfully assisting in exposing the vices of the
clergy, and produced a lasting effect on the minds of the
people. We shall not enter very minutely into his cha^
racter as a poet. In his works, says Mr. Ellis, we do not
often find either the splendid diction of Dunbar, or the
prolific imagination of Gawin Douglas. Perhaps, indeed,
the ^* Dream'' is his only composition which can be cited
as< uniformly poetical; but his various learning, his good
sense, his perfect knowledge of courts, and of the world,
the facility of his versification, and above all, his peculiar
talent of adapting himself to readers of all denominations,
will continue to secure to him a considerable' sh^re of that
popularity, for which he was originally indebted to the
opinions be professed, no less than to bis poetical merit.
The most ample information respecting Lindsay, his per-r
sonal history, and works, may be found in the very accu*
rate edition of the latter published in 1806, by George
Chalmers, esq. in 3 vols. 8vo. It has be/^ justly remarked
that if the learned editor had executed no more than the
glossary prefixed to this edition, he would have been amply
entitled to the gratitude both of English and Scotch scbo*
lars. A more elaborate, learned, and satisfactory produc-
tion of the kind has certainly not appeared since that of '
Ruddiman.'

LINDSEY (Theophilus), a Socinian writer, was boro
at Middlewich, in Cheshire, June 20th, 1723, old style.
His father, Mr. Robert Lindsey, was an opulent proprietor
of the salt-works in that neighbourhood ; his mother's name
was Spencer, a younger branch of the Spencer family, in
the county of Buckingham. Theophilus was the second of
three children, and so named after his godfather, Theo-
philus earl of Huntingdon. He received the rudiments of
grammar-learning at Middlewich, and from his early at«^
tachment to books, and the habitual seriousness of his mind,
he was intended by his mother for the church. He lost

^ Life prefixfd to Mr. Chalmerses edition. — Ellis's Specimeni. — ^Wartoo't
Hist, of Poetry.— Brit. Crit. vol. XXIX. — Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, wbo was
a contemporary of air OaTid, is the reputed author or editor of wh^t has been
hitherto published as a *' History of Scotland from 1436 to 1565, &c." Of this
a recent and very correct ediMon has been published by John Graham Dalyell»
esq. F. S. A. E". in 2 vols, ivo^ with its proper title pf ** The Chronicles of Soou

Uuaj»

L I N D S E Y- , 287

soine ,tiine. by a change of schools^ until he was put under
the care of lAr, Barnard of the free-school of Leeds, under
whom he made a rapid progress in classical learning. At
the age of eighteen he was admitted of St. John's college^
Cambridge, where, by exemplary diligence and moral
conduct, he obtained the entire approbation oC his tutors.
As soon as he had finished his studies at college, taken
his first degree, and bad been admitted to deacon's orders,
he was npmii^at^d by sir George Wheler to a chapel v in
SpitaUsquare London. Soon after this, he was, by the
recommendation of the earl of Huntingdon, appointed do-
mestic chaplain to Algernon duke of Somerset; Tb« duke,
from. a great regard for his merit, determined to procure,
him a high rank in the church, but an early death deprived
Mr. Lindsey of his illustrious patron. In 1754, he accom«
panied the present duke. of Northumberland to the con*
tinent, and on his return he supplied, for some time, the
temporary vacancy of a good living in the north of Sag-
land, called Kirkby-Wisk: here he became acquainted
with Mr. archdeacon Blackburne, and in 1760 married his
daughter •in-law. From Kirkby Mr. Lindsey went to Pid-»
dletown, in Dorsetshire, baying been presented to the
Jiving of that place by the earl of Huntingdon: this,
through the interest of the same patron, he exchanged, in
1764, for the vicarage of Catterick, in Yorkshire* Here
be resided nearly ten years, an exemplary pattern of a pri-
mitive and conscie.ntous pastor, highly respected and be-
loved by the people committed to his charge. Besides his
various and important duties as a parish clergyman, Mr*
Lindsey was ever alive, and heartily active, in every cause
in which a deviation from the formularies and obligations
of the church was considered as necessary. With this
view, in 177 T he zealously co-operated with Mr. arch-
deacon Blackburne^ Dr. John Jebb, Mr. Wyvil, and others,
in endeavouriqg to obtain relief in matters of subscription
to the thirty-nine articles. Mr« Lindsey bad, probably,
for some years, entertained doubts with respect to the
doctrine. pf the Trinity, and other leading topics of the
established faith; and these pressed so heavy upon him
that he could no longer endure to remain in a church,
partaking of its emoluments, which he could not deserve,
and preaching .its doctrines, which he could not believe^
He tber^efore, in November 1773, wrote to the prelate of
his .4iocefe, informing him of his. inte^uiion^ to quit th^

a$M L I N D S £ Y*

nhurch, and signifying, that in a few ilays he should trttis*
mit to him his deed of resignation* The bishop endea*
Toured to persuade him to remain at his post, but he had
made u^ liis mind that duty required the sacrifice, and be
was resolved to bear the consequences. When the act was
done, he said he felt himself deliyered from a load which
bad long lain heavy upon htm, and at times nearly over*
whelmed bim. Previously to his quitting Catterick, Mr.
Lindsey delivered a farewell address to his parishioners,
ih* which he stated his motives for quitting them in a sim«
pie and very affecting manner, pointing out the reasons
why be could no longer conduct, nor join in their worship,
without the guilt of continual insincerity before God, and
endangering the loss of his favour for ever. He lefb Cat-*
terick about the middle of December, and after visiting
some friends in different parts of the country, he arrived
in London in January 1774, where he met with friends,
who zealously patronized the idea which he entertained
of opening a place of worship, devoted entirely to unt«
tarian principles. A large room was at first fitted up for
the purpose in Essex-street in the Strand, which was
opened April 17, 1774. The service of the' place wa»
conducted according to the plan of a liturgy which had
been altered from that used in the established. church by
the celebrated Dr. Saitouel Clarke, whose conscic^nce was
not quite so delicate as that of Mr. Lindsey. Mr. Lindsey
published the sermon which he preached on the opening of
bis chapel, to which was added an account of the liturgy
made use of. About the same time he published his
*^ Apology,^' of which several editions were called for in
the course of a few years. This was followed by a still
larger volume, entitled ** A Sequel to the Apology,'* which
was intended as a reply to his various opponents, and like*
Wise to vindicate and establish the leading doctrines' which
he professed, and on account of which he had given up
his preferdaent in the church. This work was published in
1776 ; and in 1779 he was enabled, by the assistance of
his friends, to build the chapel of Essex-street, and to pur«
chase the ground on which it 'stands. Till the summer of
17d3, Mr. Lindsey, with the aid of his friend the Rev. Dr^
Disney, conducted the services of the place, upOn strict
unitarian principles, to a numerous congregation. He
then resigned the whole into the bands of his coadjutor,
tkotwithstandiog the earnest wishes of his hearers that he

^

L I K 1>'S E V. 28#

ftiioidd still contifiue a paTt of tbcf services. Though \^b
had quitted the duties of the pulpit, he continued to labour
in the cause, by his publications, till hie had attained bis 80th
yean In 1802, he published his last work, entitled '< Con-
rersations on the Divine Government, shewing that everv
thing is from God, and for good to all.*' The professed
object of this pi^ce is to vindicate the Creator from those
gloomy notions which are too often attached to his provi-
dence, and to shew that the government of the world i^
the wisest that could have been adopted, and that afflict
lions and apparent evils are permitted for the general
good. From this principle Mr. Liiidsey derived consola^
tioQ' through life, and upon it he acted in every difBciilt
and trying scene. On his death-bed he spoke of his suf^
ferings with perfect patience and meekness, and i^hed
iremitided, by a friend, that he doubtless was enabled
io bear them With so much fortitude in the recollection
of his favourite maxim, that " Whatever is, is right ;'*
^^No,** said he with an animation that lighted up'his coun-
tenance, ** Whatever is, is best." This was^ the last sen^
tence which he was able distinctly to articulate : he died
Novembers, 1808. Besides the works already referred
to, he publiisbed tw6 dissertations : 1. On the preface to
St. John's Gospel ; 2. On praying to Christ : *• An Histo-
rical View of the State of th6 Unitarian Doctrine and Wdr-
ship from the Reformation to our own Times ;'* and seve-
lul other pieces. Among controversial" writers Mr. Lindsey
takes a place ; as his '* Vindicise Priestleianse,^ and his
" Examination of Mr. Robinsoh's' Plea for the Divinity of
Christ,'* will shew. Two volumes of his Sermons have beep
published since his death.

Mr.'Lindsey was a nian of mild and amiable manners,
and very highly respected by every person who knew hida.
As a writer on the side of unrtariamsm,^it cannot be said
that he'brought many accessions of Hew matter and argu-
ment, but his honourable conduct in the resignation of his
preferment rendered him peculiarly ah ornament to the
iect he joined, and the loss of such a man might be justly
ifigretted by the church he left.*

' LlKGLEBACH (John), a Dutch pfainter, or at least
one who painuid much in tfa^ Dutch manner, 'was born^at

% ' . ■ , * • , . ■• ^ • » .

. '^ M^eomnm^ ToL V;«-*S£es'ft CfclOF«iaia.«r^M9a9iri liy Mr. JlalihaA>

Vol, XX- l}

S9Q L I N G L £ B AC H.

t

JFfankfort on the Maine, in 1625, and learned bis act iq
fiolland, but afterwards went to Rom^, where be.stu^f
liliously observed every thing that was curious in art or.na^
ture, and continued at Rooaetill he was twenty-five yea^rs
of age. His usual subjects are fairs, mountebanks, sear
prospects, naval engagements, and landscapes. Hisland«
;scapes are enriched with antiquities, ruins, animals, an4
elegant figures ; his sea-fights are full of expression, ex*
citing pity and terror; and all his objects are well-de-
signed,. His skies are generally light, and thinly clopded^
and his management of the aerial perspective is extremely
judicious; bis keeping is usually good; his distances of. a
clear bluish tint ; and the whole together. is masterly, pror
ducing an agreeable effect. In painting figures or anir,
mals, he had uncommon readiness, and on that accQi|n|
he was employed by several eminent artists to adocn th^if
landscapes with those pbjects j, and whatever he insertefdw
the works of other masters, was always well adapted to.tb^
scene and the subject His pencil is free, . bis touch cii^aa,
and light, and his compositions are in general esteem*. ;I|i
nay be observed, that he was particularly fond of intro-.
ducing into most of his compositions, pieces of ar^hitec-'
ture, the remains of elegant buildings, or the gate4 of the.
sea-port towns of Italy ; embellished with statues, placed,
sometimes on the pediments and cornices, and sometiines
in niches. He also excelled in representing Italian fairs
and markets, inserting in those subjects abundance .oft
£gures, well grouped and designed, in attitudes su^b]e
to their different characters and occupations; and although
)ie often repeated the same subjects, yet the liveliness, of:
his imagination, and the readiness of his invention, always ^
enabled him to give them a remarkable variety. He| died ^
in 1687.* .

LINGUET (Simon Nicholas Hjenry), a French advo-
cate and political writer, was born at Rheii)|i^, July. 1^-^
4736. His father was one of the professors ot the .college
of Beauvais, at Paris, and had his son educated un^er \dm^ .
.who made such proficiency in his studies as to gsUn^th^v
three chief prizes of the college in 1751. This early-^p^^*
Jebrity was noticed by the duke de Deux-Pont, .thei^at>/
Paris, who took him with him to the country ; but Ling|ia||; ^
soon left this nobleman for the service of the prince d^ ,
fieavau, iwho employed him. as bis aide-de-camp in the* war •

> Argenville, ViA, 111.— Pilkington.

LlvNGUET. gH

iit Portugal, on account of his skifl in odalheinaticsu
JDuring his residence in that country, Linguet learned, the
language so far as to be able to translate some Portuguese
dramas into French. Returning to France in 176^, he wa$
admitted to the bar, where his character was very rarious ;
but amongst the reports both of enemies and friends, it
appears that of an hundred and thirty causes, he lost only
nine, and was allowed to shine both in oratory and compor
sition. He had the art, however, of making enemies by
the occasional liberties he took with characters ; and at
one time twenty-four of hi^ brethren at the bar, whether
from jealousy or a better reason, determined that they
would take no brief in any cause in which he was con*-
cerned, and the parliament of JParis approved this so far
as to interdict him from pleading. We are not sufficiently
acquainted with the circumstances of the case to be able to
|orm an opinion on the justice of this harsh measure. It
appears, however, to have thrown Linguet out of his pro«>
fession, and he then began to employ his pen on his nu-^
merous political writings'; but, these, while they added to
his reputation as a lively writer, added likewise to the
number of his enemies. The most pointed satire levelled
at him was the " Theory of Paradox,*', generally attributed
to the abb6 Morellet, who collected all the absurd para-
doxes to be found in Linguet's productions, which it must
be allowed are sufficiently numerous, and deserve the cas-
tigation he received. Linguet endeavoured to reply, but
the iaugh was against him, and all the wits of Paris en«-
joyed his mortification. His *^ Journal," likewise, in which
.most of his effusions appeared, was suppressed by the mi-
nister of state, Maurepas ; and Linguet, thinking his per-
sonal liberty was now in dauger, came to London ; but the
English not receiving him as he expected, he went; to
Brussels, and in consequence of an application to the count
de Vergennf 8, . vas allowed to return to France, He bad not
been here long, before^ fresh, complaints having been mad^
pf his conduct, he was, Sept. 27, 1780, sent to the Bastille^
where he remained twenty months. Qf his imprisonment
and the causes he published^a very interesting account^
which was translated into English, and printed here ii^
1783. He was, after being released, exiled to Rethel,
bat in a short time returned to England. He had beeii
exiled on two other occasions, once to Chartres, and the
pther to J>f ogent*le-Rotrou. At this last place; he seduced

«« 1 1 N G U fi T.

t ttftdame ButI, the, wife of n mannfflictdrtr, who aedoiti*
|»at)i<ed bim to England; From Eofgiand be went again tb
' l^rtrsseh^ and resnm^ his journal, or ** Annates politiqtic^,^
in ^icb he endeat^otired to pay his court to the emperor
Joseph, who was so much pleased with a paper be bad
MFritten on his faTourite project of opening the Scheldv^
that he invited bim to Vienna, and made him a present df
1000 ducats. Linguet, however, soon forfeited the empe<-
*tdr*» favour, by taking part with Vander Noot and the otbetr
insurgents of Brabant. ObKged, therefore, to quit the
Netherlands, he came to Paris in 1791, and appeared at
the bdr of the constituent assembly as advocate for the c<^
lonial assembly of St. Domingo and the cause of the blacks.
In February 1792, he appeared in the legislative assembly
to denounce Bertraud de MolevillC) the minister of the
itiarine ; but his manner was so absurd, that notwithstand*
itig the unpopularity of that statesman j the assembly treated
it With contempt, and Linguet itrdignantly tore in pieces
bis memorial, which he had been desired to leave on the
table. During the reign of terror, he withdrew into the
country, but was discovered and brought before the revo-
lutionary tribunal, and condemned to death June 27, 17^4^
for having in his works paid court to the despots of Vienna
and London. At the age^of fifty -^seven he went with ste«>
Irenity and courage to meet bis fate. It is not very easy
to fdrm an opinion of Linguet^s real character. His
being interrupted in his profession seems to have thrown
him upon the public, whose prejudices he alternately
opposed and flattered. His works abound in contradict
tiont, but upon the whole it may be inferred diat be was a
lover of liberty^ and no ineortsiderable promoter of those
opinions which precipitated the revolution. That he was
not one of the ferocious sect, appears from Ms escape, fttid
his death. His works are very numerous^. The principal
are, 1. " Voyage au laAyrinthe du jardin du roi,** Hagile,
(Paris,) 1755, 12mo. 2. « Histcire dtt slecle d'Atex-.
andre,** Paris, 1762, l2tno. 3. <^ Projetd^un tanfcl ct
d'un pont sur les cotes de Picardie,*' 1764,' 8r^6. 4.
« Le Fanatisme de Phil0st)phes,'^ lf64, 8vo. 5. *« Mte*
cessit^ d'une raforme dans Padministra^n de' la justice
et des lois qiviles de Prance," Amst. 1764^, Sto. 6. ^ La
Dime royale,*' i764, reprinted in 17M. 7. « Hi&tbire
des Revoltttidtis de Pempii'e Romain,*^ 1766, 2 ^ols. I2ma
This is one of his patudotical wbrka, in i^rhtclv tyiutiny and

L I N G U E T. 29%

shv«ry axe represented in the iii03t &vour»ble li|^t B.
. ^* Theorie des Loi%'^ 17^7, 2 vols. Svp^ repristed in J1774«
f. << Histoire isppartiale des JesittUe%*' 1763, 8vo« 10^
** Hardioo's Uoiversal History,'' vob. 19>h and ^Otb« IK
<< Theatre Espagnole," 1770, 4 voR It^o. 1£. '< Theorie
4u Libelle," Amst (Paris), 1775, 12ii»o, gp answer to the
abb£ Morellet*. 13. " Du plus beureux giwverniaent^'' &c.
1774, 2 .vok. 12IOP. 14» ^^ Essai pbii.osgpbique ^ur l(e^
Monacfaisme," 1777, Svo. Besides these he wrot^ several

Eieces on the revoUuuon in. Brabaqt, .an^ a cplle^tipa of
iw cases.

1

. LIN^^Y G^ohn), an emineDt music profesisor and or-
ganist, ]oog reseat at Bath, adhere he had served van ap^
prentioesbip under Chilcpt, the organist pf that city, was 4
studious majx, equally versed in the theory and practice
pi bis art Having a large family of children, in ^om he
found the seeds 9f genius had beea planted by aatdre, and
the gift of voice, in order to cultivate this, he pointed
bis studies to singing^ and became the best siogiug-n^st^
of his time, if we may judge by the spedmens of his
fucceas iu bis owp family. He was not only a masterly
|dayer xxi the organ au^ harpsichord, b^t a good composer^
as. his elegies and several -coi^positions for Drury*laoe
theatre evinced. His sou Thomas, who was placed under
l^fardini at Florence, -the celebrated discipk of Tartipi,
was a fine performer tm the violin, with a talent for com-*
position, which, if be had lived to develope, would have
giyeii loBf^vity to bis fanae. ^ein^ at Grimsthqrpe^ ia
Lincobisbice, at the se^ of th^ duke of Ancaster, wher^e
)ie oftea ^uaaused himself iu rawing, fibbing, and sailing i^ .^
boat on a piece of water, io a squall of wind, or by some ac«-
cident, the boat waf, overset, aud this amiable and promising
youth wasdrowued at ^a early a^, to tjjije great ^Uction
of bis family and. firic^odfiy paruculaily.bis l^atcbless sister*
jl^rs. Sheridan, whom this calamity rendered miserable for
a long time^ during wljucb, ?her affection aud grief ap»
peared in verses of the most sweet and affecting kind oa
the sorrowful ev«Qt The beauty, talents, and mental
endowments of this ^' Saucta CsDcilia^rediviva,*' will %be
f emembered tp the lastv hour of all who heard, or even saw
. and conversed with her. The tone of her voice and ex-
prcfssive manqer of singing were as encbauting a9 her

I Dictt Hist^Bipgraphit Moderne.

fi9* L I N L £ i. ■'•

0

countenance and conversation. In her singing, w^ sf
nAellifldous-toned voice, a perfect shake and intonation,
she was possessed of the doable power of deh'ghting an
audience equally in pathetic strains and songs of brilliant
execution, which is allowed to very few singers. When
dhe had heard the Agujari and the Danzi, afterwarda ina-
dame le Bran, she astonished all hearers by performing
their bravura airs, extending the natural compass of her
Voice a fourth above the highest note of ^the harpsicfaordy
before additional keys were in fashion. Mrs; Sheridan
died at Bristol in 1792. "

- Mrs. Hckel, her sister, was but little inferior to her in
beauty and talents ; and Mr. Linley^s other daughters con*
tinned to excite the admiration of all who knew them, in
ft manner worthy of the family from which they sprang.

Mr. Linley, the father of this nest of nightingales, fmni
being assistant manager of Drury-lane theatre, lived to
become joint patentee, and for some time sole acting ma^
nager ; in which capacity he gave satisfaction, and escaped
censure, pablic and private, by his probity and steady
conduct, more than is often allowed to the governor of stidhi
a numerous and froward family. This worthy and ingenif
ous man died November 1795.' - '

LINN^US (Charles), afterwards Von LiNNfi', the most'
eminent of modern naturalists, was born at Rftshult, in
the province of Smaland, in Sweden, May 1 3tfa, 1 707.
His father, Nicholas Liiinseus, was assistant minister of tfa^
l^rish of Stenbrohult, to which the hamlet of Rft^hult be^
longs, and became in process of time its pastor or rector ;
having married Christina Broderson, the daughter of his-
predecessor. The subject of our memoir was their first-bom
child. The family of Linnasus had been peasants, but some'
of them, early in the seventeenth century, had followed'
literary pursuits. In the beginning of that century regulat
and hereditary surnames were first adopted in Sweden^ on
^bich occasion literary men offcen chose one of Latin or
'Greek derivation and structure, retaining the termination'
proper to the learned languages. A remarkable Linden^
tree, Tilta Europaaj growing near the place of their resi^
dence, is reported to have given origin to the names of
Lindelius ami Tiliander, in some branches of this family ;-
but the above-mentioned Nicholas, is said to have first

1 Rees'f CjrclopflMlia, by Dr. Burnejr.

L INf N ^JE\J S: 391

taheh that of Linnsras, by which bis son becanfe so exten-A
stvely known. Of the taste which laid the foundation of
bis bappiness^ as well as his celebrity, this worthy fatbet
#a« the primary cause. Residing in a delightful spot^ oo.
Ibe blanks of a fine lake/ surrounded by hiljs and vaHevSi^
woods and cultivated ground, his garden and his fidfdr
yielded him l)oth amusement and profit, and his infant sbn«
imbibed, under his auspices, that pure and ardent love ol^
^iature for its own sake, with that habitual exercise of the;
mind in observation and activity, which ever after.mark^d^
his character, and which were enhanced by a rectitude o^
prineiple, an elevation of devotional- taste, a warmth of
ieeling, and an amiableness of manners, rarely united iiv
iiiose who no transcendantly excel in any branch of phi**
losophy or sciienee, because the cultivation of the hearci
does by no means so constantly as it ought keep pace with^
that of the understanding. The maternal uncle of Nicholan
Liona^us, Sueno Tiliauder, who had educated him witb
his own children, was also fond of plants and of gardening)^
so that these tastes were in some measure hereditary. From
bis tutor he learned to avoid the error of the desubory*
speculators of nature.; and his memory, like his powers oi
perception, was' naturally good, and his sight was always
rematicably acute. He does not appear, however, to have
been very happy under this tutor, and at seven year$ of
age grammar bad. but an unequal contest with bo^ny^ ia^
ifae mind of the young student. Nor was he much, morer
fortunate when removed, in 1717, to the grammar-^scbobl
of Wexio, the master of which, as his disgusted pupil,
lelates, ^^ preferred stripes and punishments to admOf^
uitions and encouragements." In 17^22 he was admitted
to a higher form in the school, and his drier studies
were now allowed to be intermixed and sweetened witb
the recreations of botany. In 1724, being .seventeen
3^earsof age, he was removed to the superior seminary or
Gynmasiuni, and his destination was fixed for the churchy
but, having no taste for Greek or Hebrew, ethics, metar .
physics, or theology, he devoted himself with ^ success tor
mIMrliematics, natural philosophy, and a scientific pursuit
o€ his- darling botany. The " Chloris Gatfaaca" of Brome*^
lius, and <^ Hdrtus Upsaliensis'' of Rudbeck, which made
apart^of his little library, were caJculated rather to fire
than to satiisfy his* curiosity ; while bis Palmberg and Til-i

kthds'migkt mal^Q faip sensible bow m^cM still remiii^ed m

sm VI N N« U Si

be^Me. Hit «wn copies of tbese4>ooks,^ii)ied wkhdiejiife*^
tikOBi care^aad neatness, are now in sir Jamea Smith's library^
LiiKDssns's literary reputation, therefore, aoade so little pro^
gfess^ that his tutors having •pronounced him a dance, fa»:
ifould probably have been put to iKiine handicraft tradOf
bed not Dr. Rotlunann, the lecturer on natural philosof^yy
taken him into his own house, with a view, to the study of
|ihyncy and given him a private course of instruction kk
fbysialogy. He first suggested to LinnaBUS the true priu*'
eipie^ upon which botany ought .to be studied, founded on
Ihs parts of fructification, and put the system of Tpurnen
{art into his hands, in the knowledge of which he made a
flapid progress.

- In 1727 LinnsBus was matriculated at the: university of
Lund, and devoted himself to the suidy of medicine. He
lodged at the house, of a physician, Dr» Stobaeus, and
having acoesp to a library^ and museum of natural history^
wab indefatigablein his application, and Stobss^s being infirm
inheidthand sfurits, Linnasus was eUowed occa^jionally 4o
leUeve him from the labours of his profession, and soeo.be*
eaone a great favourite. In the ensuing summer be passed
Hhe vacation under his paternal roof, and jneeting^ there
with his foroser patnoU' Bothmann, by his advice he quitted
Lund for Upsal, as a superior school of medicine and ha-
tany; But in this situation, owing to his father's poverty,
he waa reduced to grant necessity, and although he csxaie
well reconunended, could only obtun a royal scholarship,
which was so insuificient for his maintenance, that he often
wanted the necessaries of life. He nevertheless studied
with great persererance, and at last, in 1729, obtained a
fibenu patron in Dr. Oknis Celsius, professor of dimity,
who met htm by chance in that acsdemic i^den, the fame
•f which he was destined to immortalise. I>c. Celsius
discorering hia merit, took him under bis protection,! and
aoon leeommended him to pupils, by which ooeasure his
finances were improved.

- While under the roof of Dr. Ce}riusy he aaet wHh a rer
view, of Vaillant's treatise on the sexes of plants,, which

' first led him to consider the importanci& and vaisioua forma*
tion of the staaaeas and pistik, and thence to form a «ew
acheme of arrangement fi>dnded on those essential organs.
He drew up an essay in opposition to the librarian of the
university, who had publiriied a work ^f De nuptiis filen*
tssnanV* and thU performance beia|( iq^iuroTal both by

L I N N £ U S. im

Cdsiuft and. Kodbeck, led thf way to bis being a^ppoliHe^
in 1730 to lecture in the botanic g«jrdeo» as an aAsi^taajt
to Rudbeck. He was also taken into Eudbeck's bouse ag.
tntor to his younger children, and his leisure time was em-
ployed on some of those botanical works which be after**
wards ^published in Holland during bis stay there*

The frequent cooyersations bf Rudbeck, concerning die
natural history of Laplaiid, and the curiosities be bad se^
ibere^ t^scited an ieresis^ble desire in Linmeus to visit th^
saaie eouotry* To this he was perhaps the more imme*
diately prom|>ted by some little circumstances which made
bis residence at Upsal uncomfortable. These were, the
jealousy of Dr» Rosen^ who was ambitious of sucoeedie^
Rudbeek whenever his professorships should become va*
eant, ai?d who by his success as the only practising pbyip
sician at Upsal, was likely to prove a formidable rival ; ai
well as some domestic chagrin, which be thus relates:
^' The faithless wife of the librarian Norrelius lived at tbii
lime in Rudbeck*s bouse* and by her Linneeus was made
so odious to his patroness, that he could no longer jsttajr
there/' In the end of 1 7 ^ 1 , be retired to bis native place»
and soon received, from the academy of sciences at Upsal^
an appKHmment to travel tbi^ugh Lapiand, under tbe
royal authority, and at the expence of the academy* He
accordingly set out from Upsal, May 1 2th, on this expe*
dition ; and after visiting the Lapland Alps on foot, and
descending to the coast of Norway, of which be has given
a most picturesque and striking description, returned by
Tornea, and the east side of tbe Bothoian gulpb, to Abo,
and so to Upsal, which he reached on tbe iOth of October,
having performed a journey of near 4000 JCngUsh miles^
^he particulars of his interesting expedition have lately
^een given to tbe public, in an English translation of the
original joui^ey written on the spot, aUustrated with
wooden cttts from his own sketches, making two octavo
volumes.

, Having Jeamed the art of assaying metals d uriog ten days*
residence at the mines of Bi(»rknas, near Calix, in tbe course
of Juis tour, he next year gave a private course of lectures
'pm that subject, which had never been taught at Upsal be«
fern. Tbe jealousy of Rosen, however, still pursued b^m ;
and^this rival descended so low as to procure, partly by, in*
treaties, partly by threats, the loan of bis manuscript lee*
tares ion botany) fbich Linnsenv dented him in surrepti*

tious!y copying. RosTen bad taken by tbc hand a younjj
man named Wallerius, who aftenrards becjame a distibi
^uished mineralogist^ itnd for whom be now 'procured, ill
opposition to Linnaeus, die new place of adjunct, orassisti^
^ant, in the medical faculty at Lund. But the basest actiokl
of Rosen, and which proved envy to be the sole source t>f hti
conduct, was, he obtained, through the archbisbop^s means,
an order from the chancellor to prevent all private medical
lectures in the university. Linnaeiis, deprived of his oolf
means of subsistence, is said to have been so exasperated
as to have drawn his sword upon Rosen, an affirpnt with
which the latter chose to put up ; and Linnseus, after hav^
ing for some time indulged feelings of passionate reseats;
ment, entirely subdued these; and Rosen, towards the close
of his life, was g)ad of the medical aid of the man he bad
in vain endeavoured to crush.

Disappointed in his views of medical advancement, Lin*
ns&us turned his thoughts more immediately to the subject
of mineralogy. In the end of 1733, be had visited some
of the principal mines of Sweden, and had been introduced
to baron Reuterholm, governor of the province of Dalarnesj:
or Dalecarlia, resident at Fahlun, at whose persuasion and
ezpence^he travelled through the eastern part of Dale^
carlia, accompanied by seven of his ablest pupils, a jonrnal
of which tour exists in his library. At Fahlun he gave a.
course of lectures on the art of assaying, which was nome^^ •
rously attended ; and here he first became acquainted with *
Browallius, then chaplain to the governor, afterwards bishop '
of Abo, who advised him to take his doctor^ degree, in"
order to pursue the practice of physic, and further recom-^
mended him to aim at some advantageous matrimonial con-
nection. In pursuit of the first part of this advice,: Lin^
ns?usi having scraped together about 15/. sterling, no#<
entered on his travels, with a view of obtaining his degree
at the cheapest university he could find, and of seeing as
much of the learned world as his chances and means might
enable him. to do. Id the beginning of 1735 -he set out,
a.t]d after a short stay at Hamburgh and Amsterdam, - bd
{nroceeded to Harderwyck, where, having ofFerefdhiBnaelf
^ a candidate, and undergone the requisite examinations^
he obtained his degree June 23. On this occasion he p«b*
lisbed and defended a thesis, entitled " Hypoihests xt&fk
de Febrium Intermittentium Caus&," in the dedication ^f ^
which) to bis << Ma^xenates etPatrones," it i»«emiNrkab(4 '

LIN N'JE U S: ^99

tbat^ among the names of Rudbeck, Hothmann, Stobseusv
MorsBus^ &c; we find that of Rosen. The hypothesis here
ftdvaisoedy most correctly so denominated, is truly Boer-
Imxmn. Intermitting ferers are supposed to be owing to
fine particles of clay, taken in with the food, and lodged
ift the terminations of the arterial system, where they cause
the symptoms of the disorder in question.
f'In< Holland Linnaeus became acquainted with Dr. John
Frederick Gronovius, who assisted him in publishing thd
first edition of the celebrated *' Systema Nattirse,*''consist«
ihg of eight large sheets, in the form of tables ; which'
edition is now a great bibliothecal curiosity. He also pro-
enred access to the illustrious Boerhaave, who encouraged
Inm to remain in Holland ; but this advice could scarcely
kaye been followed, had he not met with a patron in Bur-
roann, of Amsterdam, who was then preparing his " The-
saurus 2eylanicus,'' and who received Linnaeus into his
house as his guest for some months, during which period ,
be printed his ^^Fundamenta Botanica,'' a small 8vo, which
dontains the very essence of botany, and has never been
superseded or refuted. After he had been a few months
under BnrmaTtn's roof, he was introduced by Boerhaavie to
Mr. George Clifford, an opulent banker, tvho had a capital
garden at Hartecattip, and invited Linnaeus to superintertd
it. This situation, which he acceptied, appears to have
been in all respects agreeable and profitable to his studies,
aod^iere he wrote and printed his *^ Flora Lapponica.'* In
1796^ after having written his " Musa Cliffortiana,*' Lin-
lUBus was sent by Mr. Clifford to England, and was intro-
duced to the lovers and teachers of natural science at Ox-
ford and . London, Shaw, Martyn, Miller, and Collinson^
&c. They admired his genius, and valued his friendship,
Md supplied him with' books and plants, both for his own
herbarium, and the garden of his patron at Hartecamp.
'^On bis return to Holland, he continued the impression
atins^^ Genera Plantarum," which appeared in 1737. In
Oct. 1736, he was made a member of the imperial academy
Natura Curwsorum^ by the title, according to the custom
of that body, of " Dioscorides Secundus." He printed
almoin 1737, the ** Viridarium ClifFortiaiium," an 8vo cata-
logtie of his friend's garden, disposed according to his own
se^raal system, of which he published, later in the same
year, at Leyden^ an exemplification under the title of
^^Metbedns "Sexualis,- in which all the known genera of

300 L I N N JE U S.

plants are so aminged by name only. Tbia year also bd

; reduced his magnificeDt ^' Hortjas ClifFortiaous/' folio*
'bis splendid voluine» wbicb was priated by Mr. Clifford
ooly for private distribution^ - was begun and finished io
sine mouths. In the same year Linnasus wrote and pub-
lished bis *^ Critica Botanica/* a sequel to part of the
^' Fundamenta ;*' but these labours, and perhaps the tur of
Holland not agreeing with bis health, be lefttbe hospitable
roof of Mr. Clifford, and for a while assisted professor
Adrian Van Roy en at Ley den in the garden there, aad
about the same time printed the ^' Classes Plantarum,'' a
view of all the botanical systems ever known. Here also
lie published his friend Artedi's " Ichthyologia." . (See
Abteoi).

LiunsBus remained at Leyden till the spring of 1738^
when be bad an interesting interview with the great Boer-
haave, then on his deatb«bed« Linnseus's departure, how-
ever, from Leyden, was prevented by a very fonaidable
intermittent fever. The skill of Van Swieten, and the
renewed attentions of the amiable Clifford, who veceived
bim again under his roof with the most liberal and indul*
geot kindness, after soipe weeks restored him so far, that
he was able, though still weak, to set out on his journeys
carrying with him an introductory letter from Van Roy^sn
to Anthony de Jussieu, the physician, who made him aor
quainted with bis brother, the famous Bernard de Jussieu*
He inspected the botanic garden, the herbariums of Tourne-
fort, Vaillant, the Jussieus, &c. ; visited the ueigbbour-
bood of Fontainbleau, formed an acquaintance wi£ Reai^
mur and other distinguished naturalists, and was admitted
a corresponding member of the academy of sciences.

How be conversed with Reaumur and others, who knew
no language but their own, and how he contracted so clcpa
a friendship with Mr. CoUinson at London, it is not easy to
conceive. He confesses a peculiar inaptitude, and cer-
tainly a blameable indifference, for the learning ef lai|^
guages, declaring in his diary that in all his tiayeis be
learnt '' neither English, French, German, Laplandisby npr
even Dutch, though he stayed in Holland three whole yeaok
Nevertheless, be found bis way every where, well and hap-
pily." By the journal of bis Lapland tour, and other ma-
nuscripts, it appears that Latin was sufficiently familiar to
him ; and as some fastidious critics have censured the style
of the '^ Amoeniutes Academicse^*' it is fair to remark that

L I N N -iE U S. 301

idke essays which compose those volames are chiefly writteti
by the pupils whose inaugural dissertations thev were, and
4are therefore ifljnproperly quoted as the works of our author.
- After leaving Paris, Linnsus took his passage at Rouen
fer Sweden, and landed at Helsingborg, from whence he
proceeded to Fahlun, visiting his father for a few days th.
hk way. His reception from the lady of his choice, the
■daughter of Dr. Morseus, a physician of the place, wis
'faTOorable, and they were formally betrothed to each oth^f,
hot it was necessary that some prospect of an advantageonii
establishment should be discovered. The scientific merits ^
of Linne&us were not overlooked, as be was unanimously
chosen a member of the Upsal academy, the only one then
in Sweden ; yet the homage he had so lately received
abroad, seems to have made him a little unreasonable on
this head, and he declares that he would certainly have
quitted his native country, '*< had he not been in love/* To
this all*powerful deity, therefore, and not to his merits, tit
io the wisdom of his countrymen in discerning them, was
Sweden, in the first instance, indebted for the possession
of her Linnseus. After passing the winter of 1738 in Stock-*
holm, he began to make his way in medical practice, so
dMit by the following March he had considerable employ-
slient ' At this time a plan was formed for establishing a
^erary society at Stockholm, which afterwards' rose r to
great eminence. Triewald, Hapken, and Alstroem (whose
finnily was ennobled by the name of Alstroemer), were, ^vith
Linnseus, the first members : and the infant society, being
incorporated by royal authority, was augmented with all
the most learned men of the country.

A most flattering mark of public approbation was^ soon
sUter, conferred on Linnaeus, without any solicitation.
Ckmnt Tessin, marshal of the Diet, which was then sitting,
gave him an annual pension of 200 ducats from the board
of mines, on condition of his giving public lectures on
botafiy and nuneralogy at Stockholm. The same nobleman
also obtained for him the appointment of pbysiQian to the
Havy, and received him into his house. His practice now
Increased' greatly among the nobility, and be found himself
in so prosperous a condition that he would no longer delay
%u marriage, which took place at Fahlun, June 26/ 17S^.
After a month he returned to Stockholm. He Wasr, by lot,
the first prettd:ent of the new academy ; and as that office
was to be but of three months' dutationr, after the French

302 L I HN M-U 8.

^ • ■ .. • * ■

.plan, .he resigned it in September, and. on that ocoa$t<li
delivered an oration in Swedish, on the wonderful economy
of insects, which was printed in the Transactions ;. end «
Latin version of it may be found in the ^' Amcsnitates Aeade-'
micffi," V. 2. His example was followed by all the sud^ed-^^
ing presidents.

The death of professor Rudbeck in 1740, gave Litmmu»
.a hope of succeeding to the botanical chair at Upsal, ooie
of the greatest objects of his ambition. The prior claims^ oif
his former rival, Rosen, on account of iiis standing in ^he
university, could not, however, be set aside. Wallerinsako
.rpsje up in opppsition to the claims of Linnaus. It hap<-
pened, however, that Roberg resigned the professorship of
physic about this time, and by the exertions of count Tes-
sin, a compromise took place. Rosen obtained the pfi>^
fessor$hip of botany, aud Linos^s that of medicine^ aifd
these two afterwards divided their official duties between
,theip, so as best to. suit the talents of each. >

In 1741 Linnaeus received an order to travel tlirongh^
iEIand, Gothland, &c. for the purpose of investigatifrg the
natural history and produce of those countries. > O&lhis
he spent four months, accompanied by six of his pufUts,
and published an account of it at Stockholm in 1745. Be«
fore he began. his lectures at Upi^al, to which place he ^re^^'
moved in the autumn, be delivered a Latin oratioii. ^^ On
the benefit of travelling in one's own country,^' which is
translated by Mr. Stillingfieet in his miscellaneous tracts*
In 1742 he undertook the. reform of the Upsal garden^
which in the following year was put in a staite to receive
those many exotics which his extensive foreign correspond^
.ence procured* In 1745 he published his *^ Flora Snecica^
and in 1746 his ^^ Fauna Suecica;'' the second editiona^of
which valuable works were enriched with many addi^Mi
His reputation was now followed by corresponding. hoT
hours. He was chosen a member of the academy at Mont*
pellier, and secretary to the Upsal academy ;. a medal of
him was struck in 1746, and soon after he received ,th^
rank and title of Archiater from the king, and was the only
Swede chosen into the new-modelled academy of Berlin;
He also acquired about this time, what he perhaps valued a$
highly as these honours, the herbarium made by HeniMUia
in Ceylon, now in the possession of sir Joseph Banka*
From this originated LinnsBUs^s ^^ Flora Zeylanica,'' Stock'?
holm, 1747. In 1749 appeared his ^rMateria Medica,!;

b I .N' N .£ u ». %e»

YnBtteR tA the same systematic and didai^tie* style as tlie^
l^t.pf his works. > Of this numerous editions have beeU:
publUbed on the continent, but none with any additions
on corrections from the author himself, though he left be-*
bind him copipus manuscript notes on the subject. In the
s^me year he 'had a violent attack of the gout, which en«
dapgered his life ; and such was his anxiety to promote
science^ that he dictated from his bed-side, the manuscript
of: his " Philosophia Botanica," which afterwards received
his own corrections, and was published in 1751.

About this period the queen of Sweden, Louisa Ulricay
having a taste for natural history, which her royal consort,
king Adolphus Frederick, also patronized, shewed muchf
favour to Linnaeus. He was employed in arranging her
collection of insects and shells, in the country palace of
Sipotningholm, or Ulricksdahl, add was frequently honoured
with thef company and conversation of their majesties,
during bis-stttendance there* The queen interested her-'
seJf in the education of his son, and promised, to send him
to tcavel through Europe at. her own expence. She also
}istened very graciously to any recommendation or petitiori
of-.-Linnasus, in the service of science. Linnaeus devoted
some of his leisure time in winter, to the arragement of his
friend count Tessin's collection of fossils, at Stockholm, of
which an account in Latin and Swedish, making a small
folioi with plates, came out in 1753. The result of his
labours at Drotningbolm was not given to the public till
17,^4,^ when his ^^ Museum Regime" appeared, in 8vo, be^
ingasortof iVW7W}»i^ of an intended more splendid work^^
that was-ruever ereciited. His most nagniBcent publica-.
tiQn appeared in 1754, being a large folio, entitled ^* Mu^^
se^m- Regis Adolpbi Frederici," comprehending descrip-
tions of Uie rarer quadrupeds, birds, serpents, fishes, &c.
of the king's, museum, in Latin and Swedish, with plates,
and an excellent prefece^ which was translated by Dr. (now
sir James) Smith, and first printed in 1786;;; appearing
s^aio, in a volume of *^ Tracts relating to Natural History,"
in 179d.t In the mean time, Linnaeus was preparing a
lastijpg^inoaument of his own talents and application, the
'^ SpecKes Plantarum," of which the first edition was
{Minted in 175^, the; second, icr 17d^2,< each in two volumes
jpyQ4f ,:The work is tpo.well known to need any description^
f nd'Autst ever be iiiemoniJ[>le for the adaptation of specific,
or a^. they i^ere at fint.c^ll^,- trivial^ names. . This con-

i€4 1 I K N iE U 8.

trivancey wbicfi Liniteus first tned m bis ^ Piui SaeeidQ^
II dissertation printed in 1749, extended to minerals in tali
^ Musetrm Tessinianum/' and subsequently to all the dd^
partments of soologj, basperbaps rendered bis works more
popular tban any one of tbeir merits besides. His speeifie
differences were intended to be used as names ; but ttieit
Imavoidable length rendering this tmpractipable, and tbe
application of numeral figures to eaeh spedies, in HitteiPs
manner, being still more burtbensome to tlie memorj,- ril
. natural science would have been rained for want of a^eoiB^
Kaon language, were it not for this simple and bappjr in-
vention. By this means we speak of every natural pib*
duction in two words, its getieric and its specific name. No
ambiguous comparisons or references are wanted, no pre*
supposition of any thing already known. The pbiiosophi-^
eal tribe of naturalists, for so they are called by themsebes
and their admirers, do not therefore depreciate Lisnsetu;
when they call him a nomendator. . Whatever- may ham
been thought of the Linns^n trivial nanies at their firat
appearance^ they are now in universal use, and 'their prtft*^
eiple has been, with the greatest advantage^ extended to
chemistry, of which the celebiated Bergman^ the friend
of LinnsKus, originally set the example.

These Herculean ' literary labours, combined with die
practice of physic, were more than the bodily conslitution
of Linnseus could support He was attacked with the stone»
and bad also, from time to time,- returns of gouf, bttthe
considered the wood strawberry as a specific for both- dis«
orders, and they never greatly interfered with his comfort
or his duties. On the 27th of April, 17^3, he received^
from the hand of his sovereign, the orderof the Polar Star,
an honour which had never before been conferred fer4ile^
rai^ merit A still more remarkable cdmp^^nt was 'ftid
him not long after by the king of Spain, who iavifed'hini
fo settle at Madrid, with the dFer of nobility, tbe free ex^
ercise of his religion j and a splendid botanical appoint-
ment This proposal, however, he declined^ from tfn ^*
tachment to his own country, and in November 1 756,^ h6
was raised to the rank of Swedish nobility, and- took the
name of Von Linn6. . . • . -

Hie ** Systema Natur®^* had already gone tbrongh^nify*
editions in different countries. Its author hod, forsevetd
years, a more ample edition of the arrimai departm^eotJ^
contemplation, on the plan of his <^ Species Plantintfa/

flft

L I N N jE U S: i03

ind tEis constituted the first volume of the tenth edition^
l^ublished in 1758. The second volatile, which came oiit
the follotving year, was an epitome of the vegetable king-
dom. Thii skme work appeared still more enlarged, in sL
twelfth edition, in 1766 : to this the mineral kiiigdom was
added in a third volume on the same plan with the fiirst.
We can readily pairdon the i$elf-complacency of its author,
when, in his diary written for the use of bis friend Me*
rtan^er, he calls the ** Systema Nature** '< a v<rork to which
natural history never hud a felldw.'' We may venture t6
predict, says his learned biographer, that aA this was tbe
first performance of the kind, it will certainly be the last;
the science of natun£il history is now become so vast, that
tto man can ever takie the lead again as an universal natu-
ralist

The emoluments of Linn^us by his various pliblicationii
were not great, as be is reported to have sold the coplyrighi
of most of them for a ducat (about nine and sixpence) a
printed sheet. Hk different appointments, however, for
be soon laid aside the general practice of physic, had
raised him to a considerable degree of opulence. In 1758
be purchased the estates of Hammarley and Sofja, for
above 2330/. sterling, and having chosen the foiriher for
Dfis country residence, be received the visits of . distin-
guished foreigners, and admitted bis favourite pupils, to
several of whom he gave private courses of lectures, and
completely laid aside the state of the nobleman and pro-
fessor while he discoursed with them on bis favourite topics.
In 1760 he wrote a prize dissertation on the ^^ sexes df
plants,'' which was published in English in 1786 by Dr.
(nowsir James) Smith, the possessor of his library. Liri-
nteus's patent of nobility did not receive his majesty's sign
manual till 1761^ though it was antedated 1757. It was.
Confirmed by the Diet in 1762, and he then took a coslt of
arms expressive of the sciences which he cultivated. - He
became also about the same time one of the eight fbreign
members of the French academy* of sciences^ an honour
never before conferred on a Swede.

In 1763, he was permitted to avail himself of tbe assist-
etice of his son, now twenty»one years of age, in the bo-
tanical professorship, and the young miin was thus trained
up for his future successor. . In 1764, the sixth edition, by
far the most complete, of the " Genera Plantarum," was
pttbliAed, and be never jirepared another. It was intended
Vol. XX. X

S0$ L I N N ;£ U S.

as a compaD^on to tb^ << Species Plaptartmiy^* but wa|
greatly superseded by tbe more con(cise atui commodious
Aort characters of genera, given in the vegeti^ble part of
the " Systema Naturae,'* published with the titl^ of " Sys«
tema Veg^tahilium/* edition ISth^ in 1774, and reprinted
inrith additioQS in 1784.

Although, as a physician^ luiniueus appears to advaur
ta^e ip bis ^/Clavis Medicins** and, his ^Genera Mor*
borum/* bis abilities are piore striking in his classific||t^n
of liataml objectg. He eifcelled in a happy perc^ptioq of,
supb technical characters as brought together things most
qatu|rally alUed. His lectures on the nati|ral order of plants
wer^ published long after his death in 1793, at Hstinburgh,
and evince bis 0eep consideration of a subject then in the
infancy of cultivation. In the zoological department, his
classincatipQ of birds and insects is' the mpst original as
v^eli as. the best of the whole.* The arrangement pf fishes
was an original idea of Lirinasus; and in the arrangement of
shells, he lias succeeded at least as well s^ any of his felr
low-labourers ; though we are, si^s bis biographer^ by no
, m^ans inclined ip justify some pf bis tern^s, which are bor-
rowed frpm an anatoinical analogy, not only false in itself,
but tp^ily exceptiopable. This leads ut^ to consider a '
charge^ otttj^ brought against this great man, of pruriency
of phraseology iumaqy parts of bis works. The most at- ]
tentive conteipplation of bis writings has sausfied us that!
ki s^ch instances be meant purely to be anatomical and
physiological ;^ and if his fondness for philosophical analo- ^
gi^s sometimes led him astray, it was not in pursuit of s^ny
tiding to contaminate bis own mind, much less that pf others*
That the mind of Linnasus was simple and cbast^, as bis
morals were^ con,fessedly pure, is evinced by his Xapland
TouA written only for ^^ own use, .but which is now, as. ^
we have already mentioned, before the public. This, is
suc^.a picture qf his heart as will ever render any justifi*
catipn..Qf his mori^l cban^acter, and any elabprate display of.
his reii^io,us priuciples or feelings, alike superfhious. ^ig.
apparent vanity, as displayed ^n his dia^y^, pulj^Hsbed ii^.
Dr. Maton^s valuable edition of ,Dr. PuUep,ey's " View of
hi9..Writings,'' is perhaps £ar less justifiaj^le. All. we can,,
say for (lim is, that this paper w^s drawn up.for t^e pse of^
his intimate friend Menande^ as materials froni^ vfjaifh }^w>,
life was to be. written. If it be unbecoming, and indeed,
bi^bljr ridiculous ill o^ny instances, for s^ man t^ spf^a^.M.,

r

LI N N iE U S. > 3W

<

h^ does of biaiself, the JosliGe and aocuraey of his aisei"*
t^qu^, had th^y come^from any other person, could in no
cane be dUpmedk <

As the Jiabita of LinoeMis w6ne temperate and regnho^
he retained liis health and vigour in tolerable pevfection,
notwithstanding 4be immense lidioum Of bis mlnd^ till b^
y(H)d Jbis sixtieth year, when his memory begin in some
degree, to fail him. Id I774>^at the age of sixty-sc^en,
an Mtack of apoplexy greatly iitipaired his consMtitution.
Two years afterwards a Second attack rendered 'jyitaii^ai^a**
lytic on.tfa^ rigfbt side, and materially afiectedhiifaicirfties.
The immediate caase of his deaths' which hapfieibed J»-
tiuary l^th, 1 778, in the seveitty-^fimt yeat of bis ag#, was
tin liberation of the bladd^. His retiaidns were d^esited
in a Tadlt near the wesb en j of the oatbedral of Upsal, Whar^
a monqment of Sneedisb parphynr was erecSedliy his pt^ila.
His obse^ies were performed, in' the moat Mspectfulmnn^
Der, by the whole, university^ the -pall' bdng aupported by
siicteea doctors of physic, all of whom bad been bis p«qpil^
A.general .mounting took plaee4m^ tbe^ eccatoioli at^ Upsat.
Hb >soyereigq^ Gustavus IIL oetnmanded a uedatto be
atcudk^ expressive of the pubHc id^^ and iiooont^d the
academy of soienoeaat S^pckhohn^ i^Mx his presenMKe^ wheA
the eulogy of this celebrated loin^ waajNwaoilticed tb<0r« by
his ihtimate friend fiadk« A still higher eomplhttent was
paid to bis .memojsy by tbe king in^ a'»sp6#c^ fffom* ib6
throne, whereiiv bis oiajesty puUicly celebrated tbe talenti
of his deceased subject,' and lamented the »10ss whidh his
CQUfiJUj^ had so rec^eiitly.flmstiiiaed* Vaiibus tessiitfoffles 4ji
respect were ^ven.to the mecitsof Linsseos In the different
pacts of Eorope^ eveii where rival systems or interests had
hereto&re triamplied at Jus expence* The oelebrated
Condorpet delivered an oration in^Us {iraise*to the'Pa<*>
risiaoiacadedsy of sciences, which is prksted in its mtemeifSk
We cannot wonder thathk memory was aheriiBh.ed in Etig-^
famd, X where hp bad k>Dg had fiuikieroiis eoreespOfldeMsi
afid.wheietwpof his most diaun^ished pU{>fisr S<^landef
aad Piyandar, iiave^.iin their ow» talents and character;
cooferrod sengular faonoar upon tbekr preoeptor. * Ten years
afiiep his decease a aew^ society <tf naturalists^ distifyguisbcrd
byolfis aame^ was founded iit Loddoii, isnd has since been
incorporated by royal ebastAr^ whose pi^Micatibns, in ten
quarto volumes of Transactions, sufBciendy evince that its.
ttiembers are dot idle venerators of tbi& name they bissr*

X 2-

i

30» L t N N ^ u a .

This tMabf in imitation of theoii has been adopted by
8cv«'al similar institutions in other parts of the world.

The appellation of Linnsan Society was^ with the more
propriety, chosen by this British institution, on account of
the museum of Linnssus having hHea into the hands of sir

, James Smith, its original projector, and hitherto only pre*
sident. . This treasure, comprehending the library, harr
barium, insects, shells, and all other natural curiosit^ei;
with all the manuscripts and whole correspondence of the
illustrious Swede, were obtained by private purchase firom
his widow, after the death of his son in 1783. The autho-
ri^ which such an acquisition gave to the labours of the
in&nt society, ai well as to all botanical and zoological
publication!!^ the authors of which have ever been allowed
freely to consult.it, will readily be perceived. Nothing
perhaps could have more contributed to raise up, or to
improve, a taste for natural science, in any country.

Linnseus bad by his wife Sarah Elizabeth, who siirvivf d

. to extreojie old .age, two sons and four daughters. His
eldest son Charles succeeded him in the bptanicat prpfes*
sorship. Tbejouoger, John, died March?, 1757, in the
third year, of .his age. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth
Christina, ia recorded, as having discovered a luminous

.property in the flowers of the nasturtium, tropaeolum ma-
jus, which are sometimes seen to flash like sparks of fire in
the evening of a warm. summer's day. Of the other daugh*
ters we know nothing materially worthy of record. ^

LINNjEUS, or VON LINNE' (Charles), the oldest,
and only sunfivipg son of the preceding, was bom January
20, 174.1^ at the bouse of his maternal grandfather, at
Fahlun. His jfather was anxiously desirous of his excelling
in natural history, more particularly botany;, and com-
taitted him, when about the age of nine or ten, to the
more particular care of some of his own most favourite
pupils^ . By theni be was taught the names of the plants in
the Upsal garden, and sUcb of the principles of natural
sci^fv^e as were suited to his period of life, as wdl as to
converse habitually ipc Latin*^ He appears to have giveit

. satisfaction to his father,, who procured for him, at the
age of eighteen, the appointment of Demonstrator in the
botanic garden, an oflice then first contrived on purpose!
for him. Having learned .tQ draw from nature, he because

' ^ Tafe, by the I'resideiit of th« Linnean fociety, io Rees'i Cyelops^a, wbkl^
f nperatfiks tbe necessity of soy t>tber rd!«:reoofli»» ' * • -

.

L I N N iE U S.

309

' in Wtitbor «t the age of twenty-one, publishing in 176^ his
first '^ Decas Plantaitun Rarionim Horti Upsaliensis/' the
plates of which, in outline only, wore drawn by his own
^hand, and are sufficiently faithful and useful, if not oma*
' inentad, while the descriptions are full and scientific. In
1 763 another ^' Decas," or collection of ten species, cam^
out on the same pbm, but, for whatever reason, he printed
nothore numbers under this title* In 1767, however, he
published at Leipsic ten more plates and. descriptions, like
^tbe above, entitled '^Plantarum Rariorum .Horti Upsa-
liensis Fasciculus Primus,'* but no second fasciculus ap*
peared. In 1763 he was nominated adjunct professor of
botany, with a promise, hitherto unexampled, that after
his father's death he should succeed to all his academical
functions. In 1765 he took hb de^ee of doctor of physic,
and began to give lectures.

< His progress would probably have been happy, if not
briUiaitt, but for the conduct of his unnatural mother, who,
not content with dbbonouring her husband^s bed^ and
making his home as uncomfortable ns she could, by the
meanest parsimony and disgusting petty tyranny, conceived
a hatred for her pnly son, which she displayed by every
Affront and persecution that her situation gave her the
means of inflicting on bis susceptible and naturally amiabte
mind. According to Fabricius, , she forced her husband,
who by such a concession surely partook largely of her
guilt and meanness, to procure the nomination of his pupil
Solander to be his future successor, in preference >to his
own son; and it was a part of her plan that he should marry
her eldest daughter. Solander, how'ever, disdained both
the usurpation and the bait, refusing to leave England ;
fud the misguided father recovered his senses and autho-
rity, causing his son, as we have said above, to receive this'
truly honourable distinction. The mind and spirit of the
young man nevertheless still drooped ; ao4 even when he had
attained his thirtieth year, he would gladly have escaped
from his miseries and bis hopes together. The authority
of the king was obliged to be exerted, at his father's soli-
citation, to prevent his going into the army. This mea-
sure of the parent was happily followed up by kindness
and encouragement in his botanical pursuits, to which
treatment the son was ever sensible^ and he revived from
his despondency before his father's death, which happened
when be was thirty-seven years of age.

ua h IN N iE U §,

I Tbottgk oiiUged hy bis mother to tpiurohaie, at her qwii
IBriee; the library, .manuaoiiptg, herbarhjin^ &c. wbfch be
QUgbt by etety tiltle to have iniiorited) he rose above evety
knpedbBenty idnd betook himself to the useful apf^catira
o£ the means now in his hands^ for hta own reputat^ und
adarancemen^ His fatbei hadabeady prepared great psU't
of a tbicd botanicai appendcicy or. ^^ Mantissa ;" from the
oomnnimGatiops of Mutis^ Koenig, Spsrmann, Forster^ Pai-
lasy and^ibers* Hence originated the ^* Supplementani
Piatitarum/^ printed at Brunswiok, under the care of Ehiw
bart in 1751. The ingenious editovinsefrned his own nev9»
dhaisaoters of some genera of mosses; which Hedwig baa
fiince confirmed^ except that some of the names have bfBeif
justly rejected. This sheet was, in an eril iHiur, sxxp^
P«esse4 by the mandate of Lina^s-from Loodou, wbereg
at that period, the subject of generic charactersof mossea
wa5 nei^er studied nor understood, whatever superior
kiiowledge was' displayed oonceming their species. Th^
pknts of the -^^ Supplementam'' are admitted into die
feuTteenth edition of the ^' Syistefioa Vegetabsliupa'' bf
Murray, and figures of some of the most curious have been
published by. sif J. Stoiith) in-iiis' ^ iptontarum Icoaeaex
Herbario Linmeano^V Tbree botanical dissertations jj89
s^peared under the: presidency of th^ younger* Linns^D%
oh' grasses, on tayandula, ^ and the celebrated Metbodua
musconnn, wfaieh- tastf ijras the work, and. the inaugoraii
tb^sis, of the present pr6fe8«or Swarts of Stockholoi.
Tbeee Ibrm a sequel to the 1S6 similar essays, which mosi
of them compose %he seven Tokimes> of the Amoeiiitates
Academicse, the rest being* published by^ ScJirebeE ia^thBte
additional ones.

r ^ The subject of our memoir had always felt a aftron|p
desire teyisit the chief countries of learned a^ civili^a
Europe.? For this purpose be was obliged to pawn bis j«**
venile herbaritiVn, made from the IJpsal garden, to bis
friend Alstroemer, for the loan of about fifty or Hs^tf
pounds. He arrived at London in May 17-Bl, and ^ was-
received with enthusiasm by the surviving friends and[^edr«»
respondents of his father, and was in a maufner dbmesvi*
cated under the roof of sir Joseph Banks, whose 6iend^
ship, kindness, and liberality eould not be exceeded;
neither couJd they have been by any one more gratefully
rQcetved. Here the ardent Swedish' risitor; bc^ every, as-
sistance for the preparation of several works oft* wlftich t^

tfns rni^t, as a system of thi mahbkiMffil, ^ hdimicA
ireat&e or the lily and and pahnf triV¥iy itbd riev^ edft?6i/|
6f several of hk fathered st^nclaM hddki: Noncf of tttesi^,
however, have yet been printed. Arf attack of the j^n-
dtce rendered hatf his stay in England uncomfortable aii
well as useless to bim. He proc^dM to Ptfris in the lUMi
end of August 1781, accompanied by tb^ Mriabfe'and
celebrated BroUssonet, with whom he became acquainted
M London. His reception in FhMce wa^ nbtf h^ fhtterin^
thaty what he had expefreneed m England. The ne:^
place in which he made a Ay litay #as Hamburgh-, wher^
several of his own friends were akeady seMi^d ; and fi^oni
hence be returned by Copenhilgen and Stockholm, visiting
hfs friend l*abrictus at Kiel, and his pfttron baroii AFstroe-
zAidr at Gottenburgb, finally arriving^ at Upsal in Feb. 178S.
But hitr career was cut short by a bil^bus fi^er, followed by
iipdplexy, Noir. 1, 1789', in the forty-second year of his
age. Bodied veijr much respected and lamented. His
museum and library reveited to his mother and sisters, a^
he had never beleh married, aild #ere' purchased By sii^
Jambs SMith. '

LKyPARl> (John StepAbn); ^ pklntei^; daHed fVofar hi^
dfestt •• th^ Turk," was borii at Gbnevi^ in* 1702^. He
fremf td^ F^ris to study in 1 72^, and thence^ a6cbm^anied
the miitquis di^ Pdi^ieux to Ronve, Where the ^drl^ of
SiftridWieh ^A Blisboro'ugH' engsig^ Him^ td accooipah^
tHem tb Constantinople. There^ he became ac^uattiti^d
wfth'sir Bferard*FaWkener, our ainbassadof, who perstiifded
him to coik)6 td England; where he remaitied two y^aiV.
f paihtied aUnliHibfy in miniaturi^,' and in 'edamel; though
BC>ldotii pni^^tised' the" lakt, butf he" is be^t kubv^n by his
cn^tis. The earls' of Harrington arid Besborough have
sofiie ot his tAo9t capital works. His pbrtraits, boireV^i',
were so e^aCt as to displease those whasa:t to him, for he
iMhr^r coiild' coitcctvte the absence of any imperfection or
nwC iff this fabci that presented itself. S'ucH a man could
ifot' be' Ibug* a ftvdiirite, arid therdbre, according to lord
Orfofd, aMiough be h^d- grea^ btksiness the first year, he
had v^^ liMe the secof^l^ and went abroad: It is istaid that
ht bwcfdmuch of hisr ^clouragemeht io his diakiiHg hiifls^ff
Miispicudus by adopting' the manners and' babitb of thd

1 Reet'f Cyclop9di»— FaneralontioB for bin inTirapp^s edition of StoeTer's
lik ot LiftiUBas.

312 L I O T A R !]►.

Levant He came to England again in 1772, and brooglif '
a. collection of pictures of different masters^ which he sold
by auction ; and somie piec<^s of glass painted by himself
with surprizing effect of light and shade, but more curioa$
than useful, as it was necessary to darken the room before /
they could b^ seei^ to advantage. He staid two years like-
wi|e on this visjt. He went to th^ continent afterwards,
but we find no account qi his death. He carried his love
of truth with him on all occasions ; and we are told that bX
Venice and Milaui and probably elsewhere, a\l but first-
rate beauties were afraid to sit to him, and he wopld havei
starved if he had not so often found customers ^q wer^ of
opinion that they belonged to that class. '

LIPENIUS (Martin), a learned German divine, lya^
born Nov. 1 1, 1630,' at Goritz in JBrandenburgh, and stu^
died at the schools of Brandenbiirgh and Ruppin, whence
be went to Stetin, and made great progress in his studies
under Micrelius and other eminent professors of that col-
lege. In 1651 he studied philosophy and divinity at Wit-
temberg, and after two y^ars residence was admitted tq
the degree of master of arts. He had now some advan-
tageous oifiprs of settlement in other places, but he could
not bring himself to quit an university wbene he was so
likely to add to his stores of knowledge. At lengthy, how^
ever, in 1659, he accepted the ofiice of corrector at Hallci^
ijrhich he retained until 1672, when he was appointed rec-
tor and professor in the Caroline college at Stetin. This
be quitted in 1676, and accepted the office of corrector at
Lcubeck, where he died, Noy. 6, 1692, nforn out, as Ni-
ceron informs us, by labour, chagrin, and ^i^^^^* ^^
works a^e ye^y numerous, consisting of disputations, efoges,
and^ other academics^l productions j b\it be is now princi-
pally known by his ** Bibliotheca realis Th^ologica," Franc-^
fort, 1685, 2 vols.; " Biblioth. Juridica^'Mb. 1679 ; "Bibl.
. Philosopbica/ ibid. 1682 3 and ff Bibliot^. Medica,'' ibid.
1679, making in. all si^ folio volumes, containing an ac-
count of works published in each of these departments.
The ^^ Bibl. Juridical' was reprinted at Leipsic in 1757^
2 vols, and corrections and a supplement were published
by Aug. Fr. Scott, in 1775 ; another supplement was pub-
lished by Senkenberg in 1789, making in all four volume^
. . ,f .

t Walpole's AD««lotefl.-.Dict. ^t8t

H P P L Hi

foUOi . jBAojchoff speaks favourably of tlie original work^ and
^IB ^ BibU Juridical' is doubtless greatly improved. *

LiPPI (Fra. FaiPPO), an eminent . historical paiixter,.
y99s born at Florence, probably about the beginning of the
fifteenth century^ as he was a scholar qf, and of course
pearly contemporary with, Masss^ocip. At: the age of six-
teen, being entered a noviciatie in the convent of Carme-
lites at Florence, be had there an opportunity of i^eeing
that extraordinary artist at work uppq the astonishing fres-*
cbes \vi|h which be adojrned the chapel of ^ri^ncacci, in the
pburch there ; and being eager to embr^ice (he an, such
was his success, that after the death of his master, U .^^.
said> by common consent, that the soul of Massaccio still
abode with Fra. Filippo. He now forsook the habit of bia
<:bnvent, and devoted himself entirely to punting ; but his
studies were for a time disturbed by his being unfortunately
takeuy while out on a party of pleasure, by some Moors,
^nd carried prisoner to Barbary ; where he remained in
slavery eighteen months. But having drawn, with a piece,
pf charcoal, the portrait of his master upon a wall, the
latter was so affected hf the novelty of the performance,
and its exact resemblance, that, after exacting a few more
specimens of his art, he generously restored him to his
liberty. On bis return home he painted some works for
Alphonso, king of Calabria. He employed himself also in
Padua ; but it was in ^is native city of Florence that his
principal works were performed. He was employed by
Ifhe. grand duke Cosmo di Medici, who presented bis pic*
tures to bis friends; and one to pope Eugenius IV. He
was also employed to adorn the palaces of the republic, the
phurchesi and many of the houses of the principal citizens ;
amiong whom his talents were held in high estimation. He
jvas the first of the Florentine painters who attempted to
design figures as large as life, and the first who remarkably
fiiversifie^ the draperies, and who gave his figures the air
pf antique?. It is to be lamented that such a man should
'^t last perish by the consequences of a guilty amour he
indulged in at Spoleto ; where he was employed at the
cathedral to paint the chapel of the blessed virgin. This
. js differently told by different writers, some saying that he
^educed a nun who sat to him for a model of the virgiD,^
and others that the object of his passion was a iharrieGL

> i^riqeroD, ?ol. i^lX.— .MorbofltPolyhist— Saxii OnomasU

914 L t y t» t

woman. Irr eithar eaare, it m eartseitt tlrtrt te wift« [Sbltofied bjr
the r^iatioffs of the bdjr wlf ds^ fef ocirs Ir6 was sirptidsect t^
itnJ9y. Lorenza di Itfedrrt etect^ ar ifittrble tdmb hi the
eathedral xo \A% nrremofyy wbiefa PuMiai^ atdoitiecf witlri
LatiiY epkaptr. His son' Lippi PiLifl^a, ws(s reifov^ed fot
excellent imitattons of arcMteeturat ordamattis. He died
itt 1305, at the age of foi^t) five. Theife was also a Fl<s»r€«-
tin^e p^nter^ L0KEM20 LfPPi, bonr iti 1666, and likewise
a grestt musician and a' poet hi the latter character be
jrabfisbed '^ I( Mafmawtife tacqui^tato,^ which id comi-
d^ed as a classical work in the Tuscan language". Rc^ (Hed
id ia64.*

LIPPOMANI (L^wis), a Venetian, diMidgnisbed hiDa«
self much at the councif of Trent, where be stirongfy op^
posed the plurality of benefices, add was one of the three
presidents of that council under pope JuUus^ III. Pad!
iV. scfnt him into Poland as nuncio in 1556, and aftefwiirds
appointed him his secretary. The sanctity <A LippooiadFi
fife gained him no less esteettt thifcn bfs doctrine ; he wa^
fcisbop of Mondonedo, then of Verona, a^d aifterwartfe of
Bergamo, and acquitted himself honourably in variou^
ntinciatures,< bur was jdstly accused of great cruelties tO«
wards the Jews and ppotestant» when' in Poland. Re died
in 1559. His works are, at compilation of <^ Lives of thii^
Saints,"^ in 8 vols, but httte valued; and' <^ Catena in Ge*
nesim, in Cxodum, etin aliquot Psalmos,'*' 2i volb. foF. jtc*

Ll'PSICJS (Jostus), a very liearned critic, was born ai
Iscb, a country-seat of his fother, betweten Bruisseis' ihd
Lpuvain, Oct. )8» 1547.> HeWasr descendisd from ance^*
tors who' bad been ranked among the principal i^habttadt^
of Brussels. At sisr years of age he was sedt tbtbe pdblii^
school at Brussels add croon gave proo6 of uncommoa
pait»: He telt^ us himsdf in' one of his lie^tens, that he
acquired the French language^ without the' assi&taneeof a'
master, so perfectly ar tb be abte tb write it before he wai
eight yearir old. From Brusselk he was sent,, at ten y^at^
old, to' Aeth ; and, two years afiter, to Cologne, where at
&e Jbstiits^' college he prosecuted his literary add'pMlbso-
phicaj.studiies. Among the ancientsr, he Ibamed the pre-
cepts of morality from £pictetus lind dime64, and th^
majims of civil prudeuce fiiom Tacitd^. AV si'&teen, he

1 PiIkiDgtpn.----Vaiari.'---Ro8ooe*(i LorcDzo.'«--Boll«rt's Academie des
▼ol. I. s €t«i(. Di4itv-^AMreni*->SaiiS? OttenML

L I P S I U S. US

• » - * " » '

wis_9eAl 10 the mmenity of Loufaan; .$mA luLving now
aequirad a knowledge of the ttsomed langitagieB, applied
hioiself to the eivil law ; but his pr incipail d:eligfat wm til
belles lettres and ancient Hterafturef and,, therefore^ loskvg
his parents^ and becoimng bis own itiavcer before be was
eighteei^, heprcjeotedajoiirfBey tobafy, for the Sgke of
culkivadng tbeoi. Before, however, he set out, he ^ pob^
lished three books of larions readings^ ^^ Variaran^ Lee«
liornxm Libri tres," which kid the fofandblionf olt bis literary
frflse ; and his dedication of thesa to oatrdinei P^evenettos^
ai great 'patiop of learned men, servedi to ftitroduce him t9
the cardinal, on bis arrival in ise7, aft Rome, where be
liaed iwo^ years vidi bioi,: was notnnated his seeretary,
and treated with the utmostkioKlness^ and generosity. Hfs
tiine he used to employ in the Vaticaav tte Faraesiafn, thd
S&urtiaD, «nd othec principal libraries, which were operr to^.
hiiii,>anlb wbene hecarefoUy coilated the manescr^pts of
atKsieait aiutbofrs, of Seneca, Tacimt^ Kaotusi Piropertkis;
&a. . < His leuuire boarshe spent in inspecting the most re^
lEmaricable aasiqmtiei, or ia cultivating tbe^ aei^aadfitMe^
of. the literati then residing at Rowfe^ Antewipe» M uretes^
Paelus Manutius, Folvins Ifrsinns, HiefDiiyttiu» Merctiri-^
4.1t«^ Carohis Sigonins, Petros Victorios, sttidr otbens, A'oait'
vBhose eevtversatibn be could iratfail to reap adirantage aodl^
encouragement in his. stecbea;

;In 1569 he retunaed to Lou^inMn, and spent* dn^yeatr ytk
habits of disMpation^ very unswitable to bis charaeteri and!
def^nsttle only asfae says by pleading the heat of youth.
Sensible of bis folly, he resolved upon a journey to Yienna;'
butJitappiugat Dole, a» universi^ in tbeFranehe^Comt^,
]^.«elap9ed into an esces» which- produced si lit 6f 'illness.
9^ > his recovery he pursued his journey to^Vieifna, an^l
there fell into the acquaintance of Busbequius, and otbec^
learned naen^ who used many arg>uments to induce him^ttf
Sivttle tbere ; bet the love of his own native soil premlecf;
Md he directed his course through Bohemia, Misnia, and
ThurlngiO) in order to arrive at it* But being in%iitedf
of the diuDigeroua^ state^ of the Low Countries fiviat the
war, and that bis own> patrimony was laid waste' by solcKer^,;^
be stopped, at the ueivevsiiy of JeniH where be wds invested'
with t4e professorship of elidquenee^ and^becaofen disciple
of Luchc^. This latter ci#ciMnstan>ce oMigiiig h'^ to leave
JN^na, heiaurmvdd at Odogtt^, whepe he miitTied a widow in
1574,, by wbom^ he had no childrem Daring his stliy at

316 L i P S I U &

.1

Cologne, he wrote .his ^'Antiqase Lectiones,'* which diiefty
consist of emendations of Plautus.; he also began there his
notes upon Cornelius Tacitus, which were afterwards so
universally applauded by the learned.

}I^ then retired to. his own native seat at Isch^ in«
(ending to devote, hioiself entirely to letters ; but the war,
which > was still raging, ^iisturbed his plans, and be was
obliged tQ go to Louvain, where he resumed the study of
the civil law, though with no intent to practise. At Loti*
yain he published his ^M^istoIicfeQusstiones,^' and some
othe^r things ; but, being again obliged to quit his resi-
dence, went to Holland, and 'spent thirteen years at
Leyden, during which time he composed and published,
what he calls, his best works. These are, '^ Electorum
Libri duo ;'* '' Satyra Menippaea ;^' '^ Saturnalium Libri
duo ;'' ^* Commentarii pleni in Cornelium Tacitum ;" 'f De
Const^ntid. Libri duo;*' *^ De Amphi theatre Libri duo;"'
*^ Ad, Valeriiim Maximum Not® ;^' *^ Epistolarum Centurisa
duas;^^ « Epistolica Institutio ;'' *^ De rect& Pronunciatione
Linguae Latinae ;^' *^ Animadversiones in Senecae Trag«-
dias;'* ^^Animadversiones in VelleiumPaterculum;'* <^Po«
liticorum Libri sex ;*' ** De uo& Religione Liber/' These
he call his best works, because they were written, he sayn,
ip the very vigour of his age» and when he was quite at
leisure; ^^ in flore aevi, & ingenii in alto otio;" and 'he
^dds too, that his health continued good till the Jatter
part of his life ; *' nee valetudo, nisi sub . extremos annos,
titubavit*'' The intolerant principles, however^ which he
divulged here, raised so much indignation against him that
he was obliged, to retire suddenly and privately from Leji*
den, in 1590; and, after some stay at. Spa, went and
settled at Louvain, where he taught polite literature, as
he had done at Leyden, with the greatest credit and repu*
tation. He spent the remainder . of his life at Louvain,
though he bad received powerful solicitatioes, aiul the
off&rs of vast advantages, if he would have removed else-
where. Pope Clement VUL Henry IV. of France, and
Philip II. of Spain, applied to him by advantageous pro-
ptosals. Several cardinals would gladly, have taken him
under their protection and patronage; and all the learned
in foreign countries honoured him in the highest d^ree*
The very learned Spaniard, Arias Montanus, who, at the
command of Philip II. superintended the reprinting the
Cpmplutensian edition of the Bible at Plantings piess,

L I p s I y s. 3it

1»ad such a regard for him, that be treated him as a son
rather than a friend^ and not only admitted him into all
his concerns, bat eren offered to leave him all he bad.
Lipstas, nevertheless, ^continued at Lou vain, and, among
others, wrote the following works r ^* De Cruce Libri tres;**
^^ De Militia Romana Libri quinqoe f' ** Poliorceticon-
Libri quiiique ;" *' De Magnitudine Romana Libri qua-^
tuor ;'' ^< Dissertatiuncula & Commentarios in Plinii Pane*
gyricuih ;** <^ Manaductio ad Stoicam Philosopbiam,'' Sec.
AJl his works have been collected and printed together, in
folio, more than once. The best,edition is that of Vesel,
1675, 4 vols. foL usually bound in eight. His crittodtl
notes upon ancient authors are to be found in: the bdst
editions of each respective author; and several of his
btli<$r pieces have, for their peculiar utiUty, been reprinted
separately.

Lipsius died at Louvain, March 23, 1606, in his 59tti
year, and left, says Joseph Scatiger, the learqed ifirorld
and his friends to lament the loss of him. LipMus is said
to have been so meaa in his countenance, his dress, and
his conversation, that those who bad accustomed them-
selvies to judge of great men by their outward appearance,
asked, after having seen Lipsius, whether that was really
he. But the greatest blot in his character was his incon*
stancy with regard to reiigion. He was educated a RoiiHia
Catholic, 'but professed the Lutbemn religion while h9
was professor at Jena. Afterwards retumihg to Brabant,
ha appeared again a Roman Catholic ; but when he ac-
eepi^ ia professor's chair in the university of Leyden, he
published what was called Calvinism. At last, he removed'
from Leyden, and went again into the Low Countries,
where he adopted the extreme bigotry of the Roman com-
munion. This is obvious from his credulous and absurd
accounts of the holy virgins, in his '^ Diva Virgo Hallen*
sis,** &c. and " Diva Schemiensis,** &c. in both which he
admits the most trifling stories, and the most uncertain
traditions. Some of his friends endeavoured to represent
how greatly all this would diminish the reputation he haid
acquired ;: but be was deaf to their expostulations. He
even went so far as to dedicate a silver pen to the Holy
Virgin of Hall ; and on this occasion wrote some veif^ses
which are very remarkable, both on account of the
elogies . he bestows on himself, and of the extravagant
wQrsbip .he pays to the Virgin. By his. last will, he
left his gown, lined with fiir, to the image of the same

318 L I P S I U S.

1«^. > With Aete superstitioDs he joined an inconuitency

<(f 3 niore KiHoDs nature j for when, a* we hare Blreadv

iNticed^ be livcNl at Leydeta io an outward profession of

the reformed rdig:ioD, be gave bi> public approbation of

the peneauting principies whic^wsre eAerted, tlirougboiit

^ £un^, against the professors of it, mait

•tate ought to suffer a plurality of religtonti,

mercy towards those who diatnrbed tbc estab

hut pursue them witb 6re and sword, h bi

one.membcr should perish rattier tliui the

'* Clementt* non hie loess'; tire, seca, i

potiuB aliquod quam totiim cotpns conruiu|:

■ttafcked for these priitciptes and expressi

Toared to explaih ^etn in a very erasive mi

iog that tbc wontif ttre uid seca were or

rowed from cbinn^ery, ilot literaHy to- si

siBard, bun only some eifcctual remedy. All

are to b« met with in -his trratise" De n

the wont of bis writli^. His works in ge.r

aut^ectaof anti<{nily and criticism. la bis i

imitated, with tolerable success, the style <

aftieiwuiUs sfaose rather to adopt the conois

nMBoerrof Seneca aodTacitns. For this cor

he waa severely- oensBted by Buopptus ai

jriteitt ; but his ezami^ was foflowed by •

irarary .writers. On tUs iuiiovation Haet ,

that ahfaoiqgh the abrupt and antithetical '

tain the apphuaea of unskilfol youth, or an

tttde^ itcamotbepleafing to ears whicfa.t

inarad to g<^iiiae Ciceronian eloqaenee.

Captivated, says Brooker, with the appec
rior wiadom and vtrtne wUefa-he observed
acbootof Zeao, Lipsius sought for oonsoli
preoepls of the Stoic philosophy, aadatteni
eileits doctiiaes with those of Gbristmnity
ioipoaed upon by the vaumn^ language u* wh >. -ig.
ooneemtng fsoe^wid pttevidMiee; aad exphiins its tene^^ ■'
... . ■,,....,... -"VTT^"

a BsaBoeT'whidi oatMot bercconcUed with the history '>^^7*^«t i,^ ,
geteral mtem af Stoicism, in order to revive an a'^|^?^<K 1^^.
tioa to the doctrines of this ancient sact^ be wroW^^T^ to ^
treaBsei, " Manudactio ad Fbilosophiaoi Stokamfit^^ «^ f„

Intruditction to the Stoib PhitoBopfay; and " Bis_ ^'^<*b«v,
tioees de Physidlo'gia Stoica," 0isscrtatio||UP ^'''^'•^^lo^
aidogy ; to wtiieh he intended to hatr ''"''^^^^i^^^ '^

L I P 8 I U S. 31»

«

tbe fnom) doctrine of |be stoics, but wm |ijreT^nt^ Iqr
^eatb. Hit edition of Seneca is eiiriohed with mwy valM**
^biie notes, bi!it he w^ too oaucb biased by bis p^krtiility
for stoicism to perceive tbe feeble am} qn^^ufid pwUot
the systenip.aQd g4ve too easy credit tQ the #rrojriait olaimil
of this schpQiy to b^ a judicipus and useful lot^rpit^ifMr of

its (Jot^itrine. '

LISI.E {CtAiJDf; D^)| histoT^gr^pber and cwMor foyfd»
an$i| the first qf a family of men of cpnaidemble emioraoe
in iFriincey WM born Nov, 5, 16H| at Vwopuleiirs. He
g^ve private lectures pn history ^ud gepgrmphy At PfHiifl,
and bad npt oply the prinqpa| Iprd^ pf t|]# couit mpug hit
pupils, but the dukp of Qrlei^ps^ afterwf^ds regpiit ^
France^ who. always retained a particular valu^ for biiHy
and gave him frequent proofs of bis ^stam. |Ui di«d at
P^is, M^y ^ 17?0, ag^d 76, t<iaving twQlvf^ cbildien, pf

wbooi thrive ^on^ will form tbe mty^ot of the ^suing arti'*
client His works are^ ^ Relation bi{|toiiqu9 du Ho'^uipe dt
Siam/* \^^^f 12010; ^* An Abridgement of tlie Uotversal
history/' n^\f 7 vo}s* ISmo, and a Gem«ilQgie»l and
Di^torical AtlaSf on eqgnived pUtes*'

LJSt^ (Wii4fV^M !>*), spu to the preceding, and » ipery
learned French geographer, w?is bppo at P#ri4 feb. giy
1675. His faiher being much oecttpied ip lbp> same way,
ypung Lisle b^gan at^ uinp yf ars of f^ge to draw maps, and
spon m^d^, a gr<9at prpgr<iss ip this art. In 1699 be fira^
distinguished himself by ei(;ecuting a Piap pf tbe wortd^
^l\^ otb^r pip^e^ which proourpd biiP a piapp in the aPA«
denqy of spiepces, 1702, Be w«» af^erwai^ds appptnted
gppgrapber to the l^ing, with « peusipn, and bad thci

honour of in^tru^ung tbe king hio^elf in gWgi^phy, for
whogp particular M&e i>e drew up i^everal wpirks« Qp Lisle^a
reputation was 59 great, that scarcely any histpry PC Iravela
caPi^e put without the embellishi»ent of bis caape^ .Nor waa
his namf lefs celebrated abroad tbpn iu bis pwp eenniry«
Many sovereigns in vain attempted tp draw him put of
France^ The Caar Peter, when at Paris pn h^ .travels,
paid hiix^ a vi^i;, to eompuipipate |o him SPQia fOiMf ka
upon M^sppvy ; but esppA>ialiy, says Fpntepplie^ to leatfi'
from h(na» better taan he could anywhere pls^, thp eaueui

> tipnii Vita li M'lpBo^ Aniw. 1 608.— MelcMor Adam.— Gen. Diet.— -IV^ererh
-^NiMron, yoI. XXIV.— ^BjfM. i5«lg.— Bloniit'« Cei»ur«.-^Brucdter.— Bonart's
Academie des Sciences, vol. il.-^axii Ouomaat.

t Mwe^i.— Diet. HitH. . .

J^O LISLE.

Aid situation o£ bis own dominions. De Lisle died of an
apoplexy Jan. 25, 1726, at 51 years of age. Besides the
excellent maps be published, be wfote many pieces in th^
Mebioirs of the Academy of Sciences. ^

LISLE (Lewis de), brother of the preceding, and art
astronomer, promoted the interests of science, by som^
very hazardous journeys and voyages. In 1726 he wenttd
Russia with his brother Joseph^ who had been appointed
astronomer to the laead^my of sciences at Petersburg.
Lewis, at this time, made excursions beyond the utmost
boundaries of ihe immense Russian empire. He took
several journeys to the coasts of the Icy sea, to Lapland^
and the government of Archangel, to determine the situa-
tion of the principal places by astronomical observations.
He afterwards* traversed a great part of Siberia, with M^
Muller and M. Gmelin, professors of the academy at Pe*
tersburg. In 1741 he proceeded alone to Kamtschatka,
and thence to Cape Beering, to examine the unknown
northern coasts of America, and the seas between them
and the Atlantic continent. He died in the same year.
On account of his great merit he obtained a seat in the
academy of sciences, and was the author of some papers in
the ^' Memoirs'' of that learned body, and of the academj
of sciences at Petersburg.*

LISLE (Joseph Nicholas de), younger brother of thef
preceding, was born at Paris April 4, 1688, and at first
educated under his paternal roof. He then pursued hb
studies at the Mazarine-college, where the eclipse of the sun
in 1706 seems to have directed his attention to "astronomy,
for which he soon displayed so much genius, as to be ad«r
mitted into the academy of sciences, to the memoirs of
which' he contributed many valuable papers. In 1715~he
calculated the tables of the moon according to the theory
of sir Isaac Newton. He also, in Ae course of his pur->
suits, made many observations on the spots of the sun, and
from them formed a theory to determine the sun's rotation
on his axis. In 1720 he delivered a proposal to the aca-
demy for ascertaining in France the figure of the earth, and
some years afterwards this was carried into execution. In
1724 he paid a visit to England, where he became ac^
quainted with Newton and Halley, who shewed him eveiy
mark of respect, and Halley in particular highly gratified

i ^ficerao, folf. I. aod X.— Diet. Hist.— Huttoo's Diet. * Moiwt.

LIS L E. 3ii'

* *

himtiy a present of a copy of his astronomical tablet, o^^
the suBy moon, and planets, which be had printed in'
ni9j but which were not published for many years after*'
hi 1726 he was appointed astronomer royal in the imperial
academy of sciences at Petersburg, where for twenty-one
yearly he residied in the*iobservatory*hou8e built by Peter
tfae^ Great, incessantly occupied in the improvement of-
astronomy and geography. During this period he pub*
lished ** Memoirs illustrative of the History of Astronomy,'*'
2 voIs« 4to ; and an atlas of Russia, first published in th^
Russian language, and afterwards in Latin,> He constructed
aiso a thermometer, differently graduated from those in
use, tbe degrees beginning at the beat of boiling water, -
and thence increasing to 150, which was the freezing point.'
la 1747, after mvLck ill-tteatment on the part of the Rus-
sian, government, he obtained bis dismission, and arrived
in Paris in September of the same year. He was then ap-
pointed professor of the mathematics at the college royal,
in wbich situation he lived to render the greatest service to
the interests of science, by training up some learned pu-
pils, among whom was the celebrated M. de la Lande. lot
1^.499 his pupil, M. Monnier, took a voyage to Scotland to
observe. an annular eclipse of the sun, and on this subject'
De Lisle published a large advertisement, which was reck-'
oned a complete treatise on annular eclipses. He after*'
u4rds entered more fully on the consideration of the theoryj.
of eclipses, and he commuuicated a part of his researches
on the subject to the academy in 1749. He was so expert
in calculations, that he. made many founded on the pbser^
yations of Greenwich, Berlin, Scotland, and Sweden. In
1750 and 1753 he published ^' New charts of the Disco-
veries of admiral de Fonte, or Fuente, made in 1640, and
those of other navigators, Spanish, Portuguese, English,
Dutch, French, and Russian,* in the Northern seas, with
explications." In 1753 appeared his map of. the world, .in
which he represented the effect of the parallaxes of Mer-
cury in different countries, in order to point out the proper
peaces for making such observations on the then expected
transit, as should furnish a method of determining the dis-
tance of the sun, in a manner similar to that applied by.
Halley to the transit of Venus. Another work of his, jmb-
li^ed in the Transactions of the Academy, was on the
comet of 175S, which was visible several months; but he was
principally attentive to the one predicted by Dr, Halley,
Vol. XX: Y

324 L I S T E R.

expenaient$i iit "various branches of natural pbilosophyv^^
.the same friend ;> who commumcadng some of tbekhtQ tfafe
royal society^ our. author was recomtnended, and elected
a fellow. In 16^4, resolving by the advice of hi? frkaidg
tp iremoye to Lobdon, he was cra»ted doctor of pliysie, by
diploma, at Oxford ; the chancellor himself recommending
him as a person of exemplary loyalty, of high esteem
among the most eminent of his profession, of singular merit
to t^t university in particular, by having enriched their
museum and library with presents of valuable books, both
printed and manuscript, and of general merit to the lite-
rary, world by several learned bboks which he published.
Soon after this, he was elected fellow of the * college of
physicians.

In 1685 he published his " Historia sive Synopsis -Con-
chy liorum,^' 2 vols. fol. containing: very accurate figures
of all the shells known in his time, amounting to^npwii^ds >
of a thousand ; and what renders the book a singular cur
rio$ity is, that they wei^ all' drawn by his t\Vo daughters,
Susanna and Anne. The copper-plates of this work* be^
coming the property of the university of Oxford,' a new
ediiion was published there in 1770, und^r the care of
.Huddesford/ keeper of the Ashmolean museUm. This
editipn wants two or three of the plates belonging to the
original ; but to make up for this deficiency, two or three
new plates have been added, and notwithstanding the pro-
gress \vbich the study has since made, the work, still re-
tains its valu^, and is indispensable to the student of con-
chology.

In 1698, he attended the earl of Portlai^d in his embassy
from king William to the court of. France ; and having
the pleasure to see his ** Synopsis Conchyliorum** iti the
king^s library, he presented that monarch with a second
edition of the treatise, much improved, in 1699, not long
after his^ return from Paris. Of this journey he publiAed an
account, with observations on the state and curiosities of that
metropolis ; which, containing some'things of a trifiing nar
ture, was pleasantly ridiculed by Dr. Wm. King, in another,
entitled " A Journey to London." In 1709, upon the in*
disposition of Dr. Hannes, he was made second physidian ifk
Ordinary to queen Anne ; in which p<|st he continued to
his death, Feb. 2, 1711-12. He was buried in Glapham-
church, near the body of his wife Hannah, who died in
1695, leaving six: children. One of bia daughten> who

. L I S.T.E R. 325

• t

4i6d in lISS^ was the wife of the rev. Owen Eva^s, o£
8i.' .Martinis, Canterbury. Besides the books already
meftlio^ed, be published^ l. 'MlistorisB AnimaUum Angli®
tret Tractalus," &c. 1678. 2. <^ John Goedertius. of In-
sects,^' &c. 1682, 4to. 3. The same book in Latin. 4.
^< De Fpntibus medicalibus AnglitB/' Ebor. 1682^ There
is. an account of most of these in Phil. Trans. Nqs. 139^
143, 144, and 166. 5. *^ Exercitado anatomica, in <)ua
de Ccfchleisagitur/' &c. 1694, 8vo. 6. *^ Cochlearuoi &
Limacum Exercitatio anatomica; accedit de Variolis Exer-
<^alio^" 1695, 2 vols. 8vo. 7. ^^ Conchyliorum Bivalvium
litnorque Aquse Exercitatio anatom. tertia,'* &c. 1696,
4to« . 8. ^' Exercitationes medicinales,^' &c. 1697, 8vo.
In his medical writings he is rather too much attached to
bypotfaeses, and preserves too great a reverence for an-*
cient and now untenable doctrines ; but his reputation is
well minded on his researches in natural history and com-
jaavative anatomy.^

, LITHGOW (Wiluam), a Scotchman, born the latter.
eind of the fifteenth century, whose sufferiiigs by impris;on*'.
ment and torture at Malaga, and whose travels on foot
over Europe^ Asia, and Africa, seem to raise him almost
to the rank of a martyr and a hero, published a well-knpwnk,
account of bis peregrinations and adventures. The iirst
dditipn of this was printed in 1614, 4to, and reprinted, ia
tbent^xt reign, with additions, and a dedication to (Ibarles L
Though the author deals much in the marvellous, the ac-^
counts of the strange cruelties, of which he tells us he wa$;
the subject, have, however, an air of truth. Soon after,
his., arrival in England from Malaga, he was carried to
Theobalds on a feather-bed, that king James might be aoi
eye-witness of his martyred anatomy, by which he means
bis. wretched body, mangled and reduced to a skeleton.
The whol^ court crowded, to see him ; and his. majesty or*
der^d him to be taken care of; and be was twice sent to^
Bath at his e^pence. By the king's command, he applied
to.Gondamor, the Spanish ambassador, for the recovery o|
mon^y and other things of value whic^ the governor o^
Mals^had taken from him, and for a thousand pounds
for his support ; but, altboiigh promised a full reparatioa.
£or the.daouiges he had sustained, that minister never per-
fo^ed his promise. When he was upon the poin^ ot

1 Ath. Ox. vol. T. and II.— -Biog. Brit. — Granger, and Granger's Letters, p.
14iO| and 400,-«Thom8on's Hist, of the Royal Society^^-Lysons'i JSuviions, toI. I.

Stf L I T H G O W.

bnvitig Ebgland, Lithgow upbraided him with ^e breach
0f Wf wotA^ in the pretence**cbaiiiber» before ieveral gea-^
llemeii cf tbe ooort. Tbit occasioned their fighting tty«a
Ae spot ; and the ambassador, as the traveller oddly ex*

Csssed it, ** bad his fistula Contrabanded with his fist ;*'
t the «infortunate Lithgow, although generally com-'
asended for his spirited behaviour, was sient to the Mar*
idiakea, where be continued a prisoner nine months. At
the conclusion of the &vo edition of his travels, he informs
US, that ** in his three voyages his painful feet iiave traced
over, besides passages of seas and rivers^ thirty-six tbon*
sand and odd miles, which draweth near to twiee the circum*
lerence of the whple earth/' Here the marveUoua seems
to rise to the incredible ; and to set him in point of vera^
city below Coryat, whom it is nevertheless certain that he
fiMr outwalked. His description of Ireland is whimsical
and curious. This, together with the narrative of his
sufferings, is reprinted in Morgan's '^ Phceqix Brita&ai*.
Ciis.'* He published also an swecount of the siege of Breda,
M37, of which the deader wiU find a notiee iu tbe << Re^
stitnta."*

LITTLETON (Adam), ale«t)ed scholar, wiM descended
fiom the Westcot family of Mounsjow, in Worcestershire,
and born Nov. 8, 1627, at Hates-Owen, in Shropshire^ of
which place his father, Thomas, was vicar. He was educated
under Dr. Busby, at Westminster-school, and in 1 644 was
thosen student of Christ^church, Oxford, but was ejected by
file ptrliament visitors in Nov. 1648. This cgeetion, how-
ever, does not seem to have extended so for as in other cases,
for we find that, soon after, he became usher of Westmin*
ster-school; and in 1658 was made second master, having
for some time in the interim taught school in other places.
In July 1 670, being then chaplain in ordinary to the king,
be accumulated his degrees in divinity, which were con-
ferred upon him without taking any in arts, as a mark of
respect doe to his extraordinary merit. This indeed had
Wn amply attested to the university by letters from
Henehosan, bishop of London, recommending him as a
man eminently learned, of singular humanity and sweeter
ness of mahners, blameless and reKgious life, and .of
genius and ready ftculty in preaching. In Sept 167#, he
was inducted into the rectoiy of Chelsea, was made a plre«

> 6nui|er.— ResUtuts, No, 11, p« 19^

LITTLETON. MT

h^nitiry ot W0stmin«ter» end afterwards sub -dean. Ibl
16$S Be was licensed to the churcb of St> Botolph Alders-
gafee$ which he held about four years, and tbea- resigned
itf pqssibty On account of some decay in his ceD«titu(ii|j^.

He dieid Jane 30, i€94, aged <sixty-*seven years, and
wiM buried on the north side of the chancel of Obelsea
chiaircfh^' where there is a handsome monumeati with an
epkaph to his metnory. He was an excellent philologi^
aod-^giaminarian, patrticularly in the Latin, a^ appears from
his Dictionary of tbett language ; be appaars a4so to have
studied the Gr^ek with equal minuteness, a. Lexicon of
wbMi he had ioAg been compiiing> and left unfinished at
•his deadi. Hd was also wi^U skilkd in the Oriental laa-
Jff»^gt8 ahd in rabbinical . learjiing ; in pr^seeuti^m of
which he exhausted great part of bis fortune in purchasing"
liiMlts.Md manuscripts from all p«*ts of Europe, Asia, and
Africa. The consequence of this improvid^ce^ we mtp
8orr)fr, however, to add, was bis dying lasol^nt, and leaav^.
iiig Mb widow in viery distressed oircumstamces. - Sonne
time before hfiA death, he made a ««iaU essay^tewards. fa^'
dfitsting the knowledge of the Hebrew, ChaU^e,; and
AnMc tongues, which he intended to hftve brought into
a narrower compass. He was versipd also in the abstrust
parts of the mathematics, and wrote a great many piecei-.
concerning mystical numeration, whica came into< i^
hands of bis brother-in*law. Dr. Hockin. lu private li^*
be tims exti^einely charitable, easy ot access, cammui^mt"
tive, aiffiiUe, feeetious in conversation^ free from passaoi^;
of a st9»ng cottstitutioi^ and a teoerable countenaoceb
Besides his << LaUn Dictieaary/' .wbicb appeaired: first ia^
I678,'4to, and was often reprittted,.but is now superseded
by Ainsw!ordi% he published, i* ^' Tragicodiiedia Oxo*
niensis/* a Latin poemion.the Parliament-Visitors,",! 64S^
a single sheet, 4to, whicb^ how^i^, was afterwards attri^^"
botad to a Mr. John Carrick^. a sliMleat of Cbfist-churclw
SL ^ Pasor meiricus, me. Ttoces oiiioea Nor. Test* pritno^'
geniss hasametris versibus comprehensB&,^' 1658, 4to>
Greek and Latin. 3. >^ Diatriba in octo Tractatus di8tri>-^^
biita,V &e. printed with the former. 4. '< Elemeitta Re*
l^dais, stTe quatuor Capita ca4»cbetica totidem Linguis
deKi^pta, in usum ScboIarum,'\ J 6.5S, 8vo, to' which, is
added^ i. >< Complicatio Radicum in primseva HebraBOruBi
Lingua.** 6. ^< Solomon's Gate, or an entrance into the
Church/* &c. 1662, 8vo« Perhaps tbis title was taken

G28 LITTLETON.

'from the north gate of Westminster-abbey, so calM.
?. "Sixty-one Sermons,** 1680, fol. 8. "A Sermon at
'a solemn meeting of the natives of the city and county of
Worcester, in Bow-church, London, 24th of June, 1680,"
4to. 9. " Preface to Cicero's Works,** Lond. 1681, 2
vols. fd. 10. "A Translation of * Selden's Jani Anglo-
rum Facies Altera,* with Notes,** which for some unknown
reason be pablisbed under the name of Redman Westootie,
1683, foL With this were printed three other tract* of
Selden, viz. his " Treatise of the Judicature of ParHa-
ments,*' &c. ^* Of the original of Ecclesiastical Jurisdic-
tion of Testaments.*' *^ Of the Disposition of Intestates*
Goods.** 11. " The Life of Themistocles,*' from the
Greek, in the first vol. of Plutarch's Lives, by sevl^rai
bands, 1687, 8^0. He also published ** Dissertatio epi^to-
laris de Juramento Medicorum qui C^KO£ 'inilOKPATOT£
dicitur,'* &c. ; also A Latin Inscription, in prose and verse,
intended for the monument of the fire of London, in Sept
1666. This is printed at the end of his Dictionary ; with
an elegant epistle to Dr. Baldwin Hamey, M. D.'

LITTLETON (Edward), LL. D. an English diviae
and poet, was educated upon the royal foundation at Eton-
school, where, under the care of that learned and excellent
master. Dr. Snape, his school- exercises were much ad-
mired, and when his turn came, he was elected to King's
college, Cambridge, in 1716, with equal applause. Here he
took his degrees of A. B. 1720, A. M. 1 724, and LL. D. 1728.
•Having some talent for poetry, he had not been long at
the university, before he diverted a school-fellow, \^om
be had left at Eton, with a humourous poem on the subject
of bis various studies, and the progress be bad made in
academical learning, which was followed by his more cele-
brated one '^ on a spider/' Dr. Moreli, the editor of bis
^' Discourses," and his biographer, procured a genuine
copy of them, as transcribed by a gentleman then at Eton
school from the author's own writing, with such rena^ins
as could be found of a Pastoral Elegy, written about the
«ame time by Mr. Littleton, on the death of R. Banks,
scholar of the same college. The two former are now cor-
rectly printed in the edition of Dodsley's Poems of 1782,
edited by Isaac Reed. Dr. Moreli found also a poetical

. 1 Aih« Ox. Tol. II.— 'Bio;. Brit.-rFreface to Ainsworth's Dictiooafy.-^^
fions's Eavirons, vol* II,

L I T T L E T ON. 329

n^)li»tle sent from school to Pehyston Powney, esq. ; but
-aS'tbis was scarcely intelligible to any bat those who were
tbeti at Eton, he has not printed it. In 1720 Mr. Little-
ton was recalled to Eton as an assistant in the school; in
which office he was honoured and beloved by his pupils,
and so esteemed by the provost and fellows, that on the
death of the rev. Mr. Matcher, in 1727, they elected him
a fellow, and presented hioi to the living of Mapledurham,
in Oxfordshire. He then married a very amiable woman,
Frances, one of the daughters of Barnham Goode, who
was under-master of Eton school. In June. 1730, be was
appointed chaplain in ordinary to their majesties. Though
an admired preacher and an excellent scholar, he seems to
have been little ambitious of appearing in print. He died
of a fever in 1734, and was buried in his own parish church
of Mapledurham, leaving behind him a widow and three
daughters ; for whose benefit, under the favour and en-
couragement of queen Caroline, his '^ Discourses" were
first printed by Dr. Moreli, with an account of the author,
from which the above particulars are taken. Dr. Burton,
Mr. Littleton's successor in the living of Mapledurham,
afterwards married his widow, as we have noticed in his
life.*

LITTLETON or LYTTLETON (Thomas), a cele-
brated English judge, descended of an ancient family, was
the eldest son of Thomas Westcote, of the county of De-
von, esq. by ^Elizabeth, daughter and sole-heir of Thomas
Littleton or Lyttleton, df Frankley in Worcestershire, in
compliance with whom she consented that the issue, or at
least the eldest son, of that marriage should take the name
of Lyttleton, and bear the arms of that family. He was
born about the beginning of the fifteenth century at Frank-
ley. Having laid a proper foundation of learning at one
of the universities, he removed to the Inner<-Temple ; and,
applying himself to the law, became very eminent in that
profession. The first notice we have of his distinguishing
himself is from his learned lectures on the statute of West-
minster, ^^ de donis conditionalibus,^ ^^ of conditional
gifts." He was afterwards made, by Henry VL steward
pr judge of the court of the palace, or marshalsea of the
king's hpusehold, and, in May 1455, king's serjeant, in

1 Life by Morell, prefixed to tbe ** Discourses," 1736/ 2 vols. 8vo.«— Life of
Br. John Barton^ vol. VII. p. 424.*DodsIe7's Poems, vol. VL

S30 LI T T L t T O N;

irhich capacit J be went the Northern circnit as a judge of
ihe assize. U||)on the Terohitton of the orown, from the
house of Lancaster to that of York, in the time of Edward
TV. our jddge, who was now made sheriff of Worcester^,
ihire, received a pardon from that prince ; was continued
in his post of king^s seijeant, and also in that of justice of
assize for the same circuit. This pardon passed in 1462",
the second year of Edward IV.; and, in 1466, hewasap^
poShted one of Ae judges of the court of Common neas*.
The same year, he obtained a writ to the commissioners <^
the customs of London, Bristcd, and Kingston-upon-Buli,
enjoining them to pay him a hundred and ten marks annu-
aiiy, for the better support of his dignity ; a hundred and
si^ shillings and eleven pence farthing, to furnish him
^wKfa a furred robe ; and six shillings and six*pence mor^
for another robe called Linura. In 1473, we find him re^
siding near St. Sepulchre^s church, London, in a capital •
mansion, the property of the abbot of Leicester, Which he
held on lease at the yeaiiy rent of 165. In 1475 he Wai
cteated, among others, knight of the Bath, to grace the
solemnity of conferring that order upon the king's eldest
son, then prince of Wales, afterwards Edward V. H6
continued to enjoy the esteem of his sovereign and the na^
fion, on account of his profound knowledge of the laws of
England, till his death, Aug. 23, 1481, the day after the
date of his will. He was then said to be of a good' old
age, but its precise length has not been ascertained^ tie
was honourably interred in the cathedral church of Wor*
cester, where a marble tomb, with his statue, was erected
to bis memory ; his picture was also placed in the chuirh
of Frankley; and another in that of Hales-Owen, where
his descendants purchased a good estate. 4Ie married,
and had three sons, WilKam, Richard, and Thom'asi
Richard, bred to the law, became eminent in that ptofes^
sion ; and it was for his use that our judge drew up his
celebrated treatise on tenures or titles, which will pro^
bably hand his name down to the latest posterity. The
judge's third |W)n, Thomas, was knighted by Henry VIL
for taking Lambert Simhel, Ae pretended e*rl of War*
wick. His eldest son and sucbessor, sir William Littleton^
after living many years in grea* splendour, at Frankley^
died in 1508 ; and from this branch the late celebrated lord
Ly ttelton of Frankley co. Worcester, who was created a ^
baron of G^eat Britain^ Nov. 1756, derived his pedigree;

LITTLETONi SSI

but wboy omog to the akeratioD in the spelitng of the
name (which, however, appears auneoessary) will occar in
a future part of this work.

The onemory of judge Littleton it preiervefi by fait
^Teoacet;^* and the various editions dbrough which bit
book has passed are the best evidence of itt worth. Dr.
Iliddlelon supposes the -first edition to have been that
printed in French by Lettou and Machlinia, near the
Ohurdi of AlUSaints, or All-Hallows, in London, without
date: and be thinks that it waa put to press by the aeithor
hianself in 1481, the year he died; but lord Coke tup^
poses the French edition in folio, printed without date, at
llouen, by W. Le Taitleur, for R. Pinson, to have fa^eeu
tihe fimt. The point however has not yet been settled ;
and perhaps- cannot now be settled with precision. The
various opinicnia on the subject may be found in our au-
thorities. That it was often reprinted is a matter of less
doubt: the editions from 1539 to 1639 only, amount to
twenty-four. The origiual composition of this celebrated
work is jattly esteemed as the principal pillar on which
the superstructure of the law of real pr(^>erty in this
kingdom is supported ;- and the valuable '^ Commen*
tary" of lord Coke has uniformly been considered, by the
most eminent lawyers, as the result and repository of all hi*
learning on the subjects there treated. Of this work a re-
publication waa made in folio, 178S, iidiich, independent
of the valuable annotations, of lord Hale and lord chancellor
Nottingham, has been greatly improved by the learning
and indelatigabie labours of Mr. Hargrave and Mr. Butler«
There was a book written in the reign of Edward IIll
which, it called ^-^ Old Tennres,*^ to distinguish it from
Littleton's book. It gives an account of the various tenures
by which land was holdeo, the nature of estates, and some
other incidents relating to- landed property. It is a very
acanty tract, but has the merit of having led the way to
Littleron'a famous work. '

LITTLETON, or LYTTELTON (Edward), lord keeper
of the great seal of England in the reign of Charles I. was
descended, by a collateral branch, from tfie preceding
yudge Littleton, being grandson of Johu Littleton, parson
Otf Mouudk>w in Shropshire, and son of sir Edward Little^

. > Bjog. Brit— Dibdin'i Typographical Anliq^tliet.— Bridpnsn'f Ltgttl Biblifv
frtpbjr.-»-Be«f fD*t Hiit. of Ei^lish JLawi,

^32 L I T T L E T O.N.

toil of Henley in that'county^ one of the justices of Att
marches, and judge of . North Wales* He waB-bDrn iin
1589, and admitted a gentleman commoner of Cbristf.
church, Oxford, in ]606, where he took the degree of
bachelor of arts in 1609. Some time after, being de-
signed for the law by his father, he removed to the Inner-
Temple, and soon became eminent in his profession, la
1628, we find him in parliament; and on the 6th of May
he was appointed, together with sir Edward Coke and sir
Dudley Digges, to carry up the petition of right to the
house of lords. He had also the management of the charge
made against the duke of Buckingham, concerning king
James's death ; on which occasion he behaved bimseif
with universal applause, although he had to consult . bolh
the jealousy of the people and the honour of the court*
His first preferment in the law was the appointofient to
succeed his father as a Welch judge; after which he was
elected recorder of London, and about the same time
counsel for the university of Oxford. . .In 16.32, he was
chosen summer-reader of the Inner-Temple, and in- 16349
appointed splicitorrgeneral, and receiv^ the honour of
knighthood in 1635. In 1639^ he was constituted lord
chief-justice of the common-pleas ; and, in 1640, on the
Sight of lord-keeper Finch from the resentment > of the
parliament, the great seal was put into his custody, with the
same title. In February following, he was created a peer
of England, by the title of lord Littleton^ baron of Moan^
slow in Shropshire.

In this station he preserved the esteem of both parties
for some time, and the two bouses of parliament agreed to
return their thanks by him to the king,- for passing the
Uiennial bill, and that of the subsidies ; but, as he concur-
red in the votes for raising, an army, and seizing the mili*
tia, in March 1641, measures very hostile to the royal
pause, the king sent an order from York to lord Falkl^nd^
to demand the seal from him, and to consult about a suc-
cessor with Hyde, afterwards earl of Clarendon ; - bat thisT
last step prevented the former order from being put into
execution. Hyde, who always/entertained a great regard
for the keeper, had, upon his late behaviour, paid him a
visit at Exeter-house, on whijch occasion the keeper freely
disclosed his mind, lamenting that be had been removed
from the common-pleas, of which court he was acquainted
with the business and the persons with whoa/ he bad tor

L J T T L E T O N. 5SS

itea), ioraor Interoffice, which involved kim with another
soffttsf men, aiid in affains to which he was a. stranger ; and
this witfabutliis having one friend among tbeo% to whood
he^could confide any difficulty that occurred to him. Ad-
y^rting Ukeivise to the unhappy state of the king's affairs,
he, said that the party in hostility to the court '^would
never: have done .what they had already, unless they had
beep deitermined to do more : that he foresaw it would not
be long Jbefore a war would break out, and. of what impor*
tanceitwas, in that season, that the great seal. should bft
with his majesty ; that the prospect of this necessity bad
made. him comply to a certain degree with that party ; that
there bad btely been a consultation, whether, in case the
king might send for him, or the great. seal be taJken froaar
himi^.it.w^e advisable to keep it in some, secure place^
where the keeper should . receive it upon occasion, they
having no: mind to disoblige. him: that the knowledge of
Ais bad induced him to vote as he did jn the. late debates ;
luid by that . compliance, which he knew would give the
king 1^ bad. impression of bim> he had .gained so. much cre-
dit with them,, that he^ should be able to preserve the
ieal in his omix bands till his majesty, should demand it, and
then he: would be. ready to wait on the. king with it, declar-,
ing that ao man should be mpre willing to perish with
tod for ,his majesty than himself." Mi:. Hyde acquainted
lord- -Falkland with this conference; and, being confident
that the lord-keeper would keep his promise, recommended
tO: advise his majesty to write a kind invitation to the keeper
to came to yock, and. bring the sea) with him, rather tbaot
think of giving it.tp any other person^ The advice was
embraced by the kiiig,. who,, though he $tiU had his doubts
ef Littleton^s sincerity, was influenced by the reasons as~
•igaed ; and accordingly the: seal was sent, to York on the
22d, . and fotllbwed by the keeper on the 23dotf May, 16421
' ^ But, notwithstanding this piece of service and eminent
proof of his loyalty, at the risk of his life,, he could nevejr
totally regain the king's confidence, or the esteem of the
eo^urt-party. He continued, however^ to .enjoy his post,
in wbiqh be attended his msyesty to Oxford, was there
created doctor of laws, and made one of the kins*s privy-
council, and colonel of a regiment of foot in the same
Service, some time before his death, which happened Aug. •
27, 1645,^ at Oxford. His body' was interred in the cathe-
dral of Christ church } on which occasion a funeral oration

SM £ ITT ^E TO Nt

pmiiMiioecF by the oelefarated Bn HanloMmdl, ihcb
iNTi^Qr to tke onirerstty^ In May 1683, t momiiii^nt was
•reeled these to his memory, by hts only daughter aoii
beiress, the Iitdy Anne Lyttelton, mdoEvr of w Tboma*
]i.yttelftoQ 'y and the same year came out his ^* Reports^^* ia
feiio^, which, however, Mr. Stevens, in M^ introduction
iDtlbvd Bacon's Letters, editvon- 1703, p. 21, tbhiks #ere
Bot composed by him, many: of the cases being the sam^
verbatim as in Hetley's reports. Lorot Clarendon si^ of
ut Edward Littleton, that ^* he was a man' oi great x>eptita-s
tion in the profession of the Ibw, for learning, a&d all o^er
adrantages which attend the most eminent men. He was
of a very good extractioQ in Shropshire, and inherited •
£nr fortufie and inheritance from bis father. He wpA a
baiidspme and a proper man>, of a ?^ry graeefbl preseiiee^
and > notorious eourage^ which in his 3fdOth he bad maniNb
fasted with his sword, fie had taken great pavMs in tM
hardest and most knotty part of the law, aa weU as dial
which wast most eostomary ; and was not only ready and
expert in the books, bat exceedingly versed in reeords^
in studying and examining whereof he had kept Mr. SeldeH .
company, with whom he had gn^ Ifriendsblp, and who had .
juncb assisted htm : so that he wa» tooked upon as tlie t^Mt «
antiquary of his profession, who gave bimsetf up to prae«
tice ; and, upon the mere strengUi of his abilities, be bad
laised himself into the first of the prs^tiMrsof the common
law courts^ and was chosen recorder of London befoi'e hd
war called to the bench, and grew presently into thc^
bigbest practice in aH the other eonrts, as weH as those of
Ae law.*' Whitelocke alisd^ observes, tha(t he #as a man of
courage, and of excellent parts and learning. But we fear
he cannot be altogether ak^qultted of unsteitdiness m some
parta<of his <c<Miduct, although it must at the same time be
owi9ed that when be found he eovM no longer retain the
seal with credit, he delivered it, with his owii bauds, to
bis unhappy sovereign, and died ftrmly attached to his
cause.

He was twice fdarried ; fihit to Anive, daughter of John
Lyttelton', by whom he bad a son and two dai%hters, who

* Besidci. theM» wb l^ve aome book, eatided <* The Sorereigo^t V^
speeches ia parlmnient, and several ar- ' logative an^ Subject's Prifileges dis-
gmneiits and disconraet, prublisbed iir cqssed/' 1657, fblio ; and **A Speech ia
Boshworth, yol I. and appeadiic; and tb« Hoase gf Commont at U» pastlfeg
by UkamaalTeB in 164S» 4Uk» aqd in a «f two bUV lHi» te^ ^

LITTLETON. SM

alleged inAmts. His sMond wife was- Ike h^y-BUnef
Calveriey, reKct of sir George Calverley of Cheirbire, and
daughter of sir William Jones, judge of the kiogVbeneb^
hy whom he bad the above-mentioned Anna, whose son
Edward died in 1664, and lies interred -in the Temple
ebnrcb. In the south window of tbe Inner Temple ball^
is a fine shield of the keeper's arms, with fifteen qiiar«
terings, distinguished by a crescent within a mullet, which
shews him to have been a second son of the third house.' >

LITTLETON. See LYTTELTON.

LIVINGSTON (John), a rigid but pious presbyter of
the church of Scotland, was bom in 1603. In 1617, he
was sent to the college of Glasgow, where he remained
until he passed M. A. in 1621.. After this, he exercised
the ministry in various places, as occasion offered, till
1628, when he was, by the sentence of the general aB«
sembly, sent to Ancrum in .Teviot-dale# He was twice
suspended by bishop Down, and wais one of those who
tendered the covenant to king €harles II. a little before
he landed in Scotland. In 1663, as he would not «ttV*
acribe or take the bath of allegiance, he was banished out
of the kingdom, and retired- into Holland, where he
preached to the Scots' congregation at Rotterdam till bis
death, Aug. 9, 1672. His works are ^' Letters firom Leith,
1^663^ to his Parishioners at Ancrum ;*' ** Memorable Cfaa*
racteristics of Divine Providence;'* and a " Latin Tranda-^
tion of the Old Testament," not published.*

LIVIUS (TiT03), tbe most celebrated of the Roman
historians, was born at Patavium, or Padiia, and descended
firom an illustrious family, which had given several consuls
to Rome. Few circumstances of his life are knowti, as
BOne of the ancients have left any thing about it ; and* s^
reserved has he been with regard to himself, that we sfaoaid
be at a loss to determine the 'time when bis history was
written, if it were not for one passage which seems to
prove that he was employed on it about the year of Rom^
730.' He was then at Rome, where he long resided ; and
aome have supposed that he was known to Augustus before,
by certain dialogues, which, he had dedicated to him.
Seneca, without noticing the dedication, mentions thes^

& Biog. Brit— .Lloyd's State WovUim Uogrd*0 Memoirs^ fol. 5S3.— Ath;

Ox. ToL 11.— -Bridgman'f Legal Bibliography,— >Park't edition of tiie Royal and
Noble Authon.

. s 3iog.8ootiana»«»l4feoi; n<^iS«o^

336 L ly I U 5 ..

4ialogueS} ^bioh t|e calls historical aadrphUq^ophidal ^ atld
also Botne books^ written purposely an the subject Qf ]^i«
•losophy. A)l this appeals cloub|;£uI) but there' is masoh
to think that he began his history a^ sopn as'be was^tsuMl
at Home; and he seems to have devoted himself entirely
to it. The tumults and distractions of that city freqtieA%
obliged him to retire to Naples^ not only tbi|t he might te
less^ interrupted in bis historical labours, b^:^ enjoy that
tranquillity which he could not have at Rome. Heappeatfs
to have been much dissatisfied with the manficars of bis
ag^9 and tells us, that ;*^ be should reap this i^wardjof his
. labour, in composing the -Roman history, that it would
. take his attention from. the present numerous evilS| atleast
. while he was employed upon. the first and earliest ages." »•
.It is said .that he used to. read parts of his h^ory., white
he was composing it, to Ma&Cenas and Augustus^ and that
liv^a conceived so* high aa opinion of him, aS'to intend to
commit to him the education of young Claudius .thebro?
iJier of 'Germanicus, but his daa^h prevented, his et^yhig
tlliaL honour. Dn the demise of Augustus, he . returned to
Padua^ where he was received with all imaginable honoiUT;
9lid respect; and there died, A..D. 17, at the. age of sfr^
yenty, or seventy-six., . *

Scarcely any man was ever more honoured, both ia ilia
life-time and after his death, than this historian. PUuy
the younger relates that a gentleman travelled from Ga(|^6»*
the extreme part of Spain, to see Liyy ; and, thougb->R$^9^
abounded with more stupendous and curious spe;ctacles'tj^aa
any city in the wor^d, immediately returned ; becaus^^ aft^/
having seen Livy, he thought nothing worthy of bi^ no^^i^f
To the following ^tgry^ however, we cantiot so easily
give credit. A monument was erected to this historian m
the temple of Juno, where the monastery of ^t Justina was
afterwards founded. There, in 1413, was discovered: tbe
foUpwing epitaph upon Livy : . ^VQssa Titi Llyii Pata)Vi|ii»
omnium mortaliivm judicio digiai, cujus prope.invicto .C^
Jamo invicti Populi Roman! Res ge^tss con«€;riberentur.V
lu 1451, we are told that Alphoip^us, king of Arragon^^^^ijt
Ibis/ambassador, Anthonj Panbrmita, to desire of the cUir
.zes» of Padua the bone of that arm with which, this, their
famous countryman had written bis history ; and, obtaining
it^ caused it to be conveyed to Naples with thegre&te^^
c^remonVj as a n^ost invaluable relic. He is said to have
been assisted in his recovery firom ^o ill sta^ ^ beaUh| hj

LIVIUS. tit

^e pteaioni be (biMid in retcKng. tbk'hiittMfy } ttnd ikett-
imt$f Mt of gr«ikii<ie» Itab iiidticed td ptiy eztfa^iitofy
JNMiOTM to tk# memory df the wfStdr.'^
- TMs ridiciiloiM flttory, wbtoh (MMbeen rdpeined Inihe
Ifbifmer €dUttM6 0f thiit Dictiotfiary, a^ well as iA 6theirMlt»
^ponts ef Livy, took its rise from the Igtioranoe of ktiiiH^^
of those who reported it; eod having been feftii^ Ihy Gift-
<iies, and more ftilly by Morbof [*' ]>e Uvil P«ti¥> tt^.
iu.), ought loog ago to have been displaced. The epitapb
kt Padua was^ irheQ written without the Mntmciiofts, «< v|u.
Vila fecit Titos Livius^ Liviie Titi ^ti» qtukru^^ liberty
Halys, GOficordialis Patavi, sibi et sdis Onraibus ;** i. e, Thfk
monaaietit was erected by himself and his ftin^Iy by Tile*
Livies Halys^ the freedmati of Livia, a daughter ef OttO
Titus Livius, who probably lived many age6 after the his'«»
toriaa. Haly* was his name, while he dootiifued in servf-
tude, and Titus Livius the name of bis patrOU or mastdf^
whieh' he assuiiiedy as was esual in those taases, wirto he
reeeived his freedom* He bad p^b&ps borne some oAm
iti t^ temple of Concordia at Padua, whidh tnight pes^^
biy have stood in the pknte wheVe the epiiaph Wa^ dis^ti*^
trered, and hence the title Concordialis. Bo% the mOAki 6f
the fifBeeiitb century, who valued Iheoiselyet on b^ViO^
diseovered the bones of tke celebrated bisioriatt, attendel
only to the naaie of Titos Livius ; liefer tefieclf ng; ttt^
this was a commoo namei aod might have belonged to
tweti^ others ; riiat-in the Augtfstsili age^ d^ad bodies were
utfualiy burnt, afrd not buried w4tt^io the wMs^ of bities ;
S^ that, admitting Lfvy had been buried, it #as vety \th^
probable that any of his bones should have rethained uh*
consumed io the ground above 1400 years.

The History of Livy, like othei' gfe^t works of Atitk^trity,
is thiMsmitted down to us exeeedingly miMfHated eiid Mi-&
perfect. Its books were otigfioalty an htfnfdred atldforty^
two, df which lire extant only ihWty-five. The e^itotfiM
ef % from which we learn (heir tHimber, all ttmAn^ Ok^
eopc those of the l ^th ctnd i S7tfcr books. They fakte bet$ii
divided imo decades, whieh some tVMi wati done by Uv^\
Uittsrif, bieicfituse there is a ^efaee to evei^ decade ;' Hirife
6ttfei« suppose it to be a modern contrlvahce^ Mnce no-
Ihlog abbut it can be gathered fh>m thfo aneienti. The Ars(
^eade, be^Minjg with the fountfatton of Rom^ i^ (^turif,
ind t¥clal9 ef th^ JMbits of 460 ye^H. The fiebotiA Beende
is losT, the yeari rf wbieb Are seventy-five. The Airtl

Vol, XX. Z

.4*8 . L J V I U S. •

.^ecad^ is extant,. And contains the second Panic war, ior
eluding eighteen years. It is reckoned die most excellent
part of the history, as giving an account o( a very long and
;a|^9|> w^r, in which the Ito'mans. gained so many advan-
•ti^?s, tbajt no arms could afterwards withstand them. . The
fourth decade contains the Macedonian war. against Philip,
.and the Asiatic war against Antiochus, which takes up the
spa^e.of about twenty-three years. The first five books of
the fifth decade were found, at Worms, by Simon Gry-
J3SUS, in 1431, but are very defective; and the remainder
;Of Livy's history, which reachetb to the death of Drusus
,io Germany,- in the year 746, together with the second
decade, are supplied by Freinshemius. Many discoveries
liave been reported of the lost books of Livy, but these
have generally proved forgeries. The last, by Joseph
.Vella', was very recently exposed, by Dr. Hager in Beis-
ter's Berlin Journal.

The encomiums bestowed upon Livy, by both ancients
and moderns, are great and numerpus. Quinctiliah speaks
of him in the highest terms, and thinks that Herodotus
jieed not take i^ ill to have Livy equalled with him. In
general, probity, candour, and impartiality, are what have
distinguished .• Livy above all historians. Neither com-
jplaisance to the times, nor his particular connexions with
the empei;or, could restrain him from speaking so well of
Pompey, as to make Augustus call him a Pompeian. T^hls
we. learn from Cremutius Cordus^ in Tacitus, who relates
also, much to the qmperor's honour, that this gave no in-
terruption to their friendship. Livy, however, has not
escaped censure as a writer. In the age in which he lived,
Asinius Pollio charged him with Patavinity, a word va--
riously* explained by writers, but generally supposed to
relate to bis style. The most con^mon opinion is, that
Pollip, accustomed to the delicacy of the language. spokeu
in the court of Augustus, could not bear with certaip pro-
vincial, idioms, which Livy, as a Paduan, used in various'
places of his history. Pignorius is of a different opinion^
and considers Patavinity as relating to the orthography of
certain words, in which Livy used one letter for an other^
according to the custom of his country, writing " sibe^*,
and " qoase" for " sibi*' and " quasi ;" which he attempts
to prove by sevepl ancient inscriptions. Chevreau main-
tains, that it does not concern the style, but the principles
of the historian : the Paduans^^Iie says^ preserved a loaig^

L I V I U S. 33»

■ *

and constant inclination for a republic, and ver^ therefore
attached to Pompey ; while Pollio, being of C«sar'3 party,
was naturally led to attribute to Livy the sentiments of his
countrymen, on account of his speaking^ well of Pompey.
It seems remarkable that there should exist such di£ference
of opinion, when Quinctilian, who must be supposed to
know the true import. of this Patavinity, has referred it
entirely to. the language of our author. MprhofTs elabo*.
rate treatise, however, is highly creditable to his critical
skill. The merit of Livy's history is so. well known, as to
render it unnecessary to accumulate the encomiums which
modern scholars bave bestowed on him. With these the

I

schooi-boy is soon made acquainted, and they meet the
advanced scholar in all his researches. His hi^itory was
first printed at Rome, about 1469, by Sweynheym and
Pannartz, in folio. Of this rare edition, lord Spencer is
in possession of a fine copy ; . but the exquisite copy oq
vellum, formerly in the imperial library at Vienna, no^
belongs to James Edwards, esq. of Harrow.; and is perhaps,
the most magnificent volume of an ancient classic in .the
world. Of modern printing the best editions are, that of
Gronoviusy .^Vcurn Notts variorum & suis, Lugd. Bat»
1679,'* 3 vols. 8vo; that of Le^ Clerc, at ^< Amsterdam^
1709,*' 10 vols. l2mo; that offCrevier, at " Paris, 1735,*»
€ vols. 4to; of Drakenborch, Amst. 1738, 7 vols. 4to; of
Ruddiman, Edinburgh, 1751, 4 vols. 12mo; of Homer^
Lond. 1794, 8 vols. 8vo; and that of Oxford, 1800, 6 vols.
Svo. Livy has been translated into every language. The
last English translation was that of George Baker, A. M •
6 vols. 8vo, published in 1797, *.which was preceded by
that of Philemon Holland, in 1 600 ; that of Bohun, in
1686 ; and a third, usually. called Hay's translation, though
no such name appears, printed in 1744, 6 vols. 8vo.^

LLOYD (David), a loyal biographer and historian of
the seiventeenth century, the son of Hugh Lloyd, was
born at Pant Mawr, in the parish of Trawsvinydd, in Me*
fionetbshire. Sept 28, 1625. He was educated in grarn^
mar learning at the free-schqol at Ruthen in Denbighshire,
and in 1652 became a servitor of Oriel college^ Oxford, at
whiclv^^6» ^^^^ after, he performed the office of janitor.
He tpok. one. degree in arts, and by the favour of the

> Geo* Pict. art. Porcint and PanortBtta — ^VoBgius de Hist. Lat— Senece
Epitt-^Suetonias in vita Claadii.»^Piiiiii Epist-^Qnintiliau Inst. Orat. — ^Ta-
ciii Annales IV. 34*— •SudiOnomasL — Dibdin't Classio, and BibI, Sp«ncerian«»

Z 2 .

tU LLOYD.

Wpi^m tni MCttftjrof MattM ooilege, wu pitsetit^d <p the
Miet^ry of ilHliOfi fKmr Wftdlpgton in Oxfordst|ir«) hi May
l%$%. Ncffi yaar be tuok bit master^s dagreor «im) after
a ^ft:tiiM/ resigMd Ibtton, and went lo Lood<m» . wheve
he waa ajipomted reader 9f tbe Charter4uiiiae. Afterwards
be yetirad te Waleti and becaaae eba^ain te Dr^ iMac .Bar-^ ,
fevTy hkbof t^Sts A^p^fi^hOi besidea aeveral preferdMKyts-^
in faia (Keeeae^ ga«e btan e canooiy ib tbe obnrch-of St.
Aai^,'i« Angnat l67iK On A«ig> 14, 1671, be waa made
i^icar of Abe^elejf *nd on tbe aame day, aa is aupposed,
f»febend Off Vaynol tn tbe ebwek of St. Aaapb, at wbioh
time be reaigned faia cMonrf . He aftevwafda exohaoged
Abergeley for the vioarage ef Koftbop in FMntabtre, where
he aettled and taught the faee-aoheel, until bis health he^
gan' te deeay . He then returned, paobably to try tbe ef-
iacl of hid native air, to Fani Mawr, where ht died Febi 16,
1691, and waa horied there.

Mr* Ueyd, eveo by Weod*a acetanl, laf^ an ea^ecQent
diifteter behind him z ^^ be WM e V€ty hidoaferioiia and
eealoua peraeo, ebarttahle to the poor, $m4 ready to dc»
good eflSeea in his'neighboiarbaed $ he eommonly read ihe
aernce every day in hit efanreb at Nordiep, when he waa
at heme, and uieally gave money to sach peer cbildreo ea
woHki come to him to be ealtoehiaed." Aa an author, Jmw^
erei^ Wood appeaie lo^ have been a little jealous of Lbyd ^
speakt of biili aa being *^ a oonceited and ecmfident per*
aon *^^ who '^ toofc too much upon him to tranamit to poa^
terUy the. ^eotoira of gaeat pemonagea ;** by whioh <* he
obtained^ among knowing men not only the ohara^ima ef a
most hnpodent plagiary, bnt a lalse writer^ and a. mere
8ihriM>ier, especially apen the pnblkatien of his ^ Memoira,^
w4bftrein jtre almost as meny errors aa Knes/^ /^ At leagthv'*
adds Wood, ^< havii>g been snflloienMy adw>Ai9lMd m Ma
said eitor^ and broiight into t^touble for SMiie exliwva«
gancies in nis .books, h^ left off wrking, retired te Watea;
and there gatve hirnadf m> to the gaiaitig of richea.*^ Tfaaa
ail thb is not tree, mocmi in<)ui#eni of rapumttOB, wfbo
have repeatedly deferred te Lloyd, aeem to be convinced ?
he id in truth % compiler, like othera of hia eontemperariea $
bot^ aMbough he meat rank gieatly undev, he ceiaaJMly be-
longs to tbe same class wiMi Fuller and Wood Umselft tla
his style be pai;takes more o| tbe former than the latter, and
having titled tb^ SMl^ect of hi^ pteu ^^ Wovtfaieat*' h^ 19%
perhap!^ a litde tee eiiiiiotia to s«ipfei% thehr ehm^i aiid

• - -♦ *

rcg^rdles84>f those circumstMioes which forn » j&t^ if not •
perfect; character. Lloyd has preserred many imaulfai of
emineot meii, not to be found, or i>ot easily to be foiUHi»
elsewhere* These remarks apply to bis taro principal wovbs^
so bhf n quoted by modern biographers, ** The StaiesWdi
aiid favourites of England since the RefonnMioii» Juii''
I<»65j gvo, reprinted in 1670^ and his '* Memoiia i»f thje
Liyes| &c." of persons who suffered for their loyalty dotiiig
the rebellion, Lond. 1668, folia This last is the more Ta«
luableof the two; and n so far from deserving the chamc-
ter Wood has given, of containing as '' many errors as
lines,^ that, while we admit it is not free from errpr% we
baye loaud it in general corroborated by eontempormry
Writers, and even by Wood bimself. Of the fifst of these
works, ail edition was published by Oharl^s WhtfviEofthy
65(]. in 1766, 2 vols. 8vo, with additions from other wiitefs,
with a view to resiore the li^bt and ebade oF cbaraater.
f ^ Mr. Lloyd," i^ys an anonymous critic, '^ is professedly
the wbite^wasfaer of every character and personage that
fiills under bis brush, particularly of the loyalists ef (iUMrles
I. and 11. '; but his editor has seamed it with some seble
Mrokes, some drawn from lord Herbert, and some from bis
own stores, which are supplied from Rapin, and, other i>e*
publican writers of little credit and less abilities* The .tnie
tderil of Lloyd is, that notlvitbstandiug the saanenoss of
most of bis characters, he serves tbem ep to bis. readiNrt so
diff^ently dressed, that each seems to be a new di^ib^ aed
to:have a peculiar relish.''

Lloyd's other publications were: L '' Modem r^eliey
eompleated, or the public actions and councils^ fco; of Qe«
neral MOnk/' Load. 1660, 8vo. 3. *^Tbe PounreictiM
of his sacred Miyesty Charles IL &o." ibid* 1 e6Q, 8yo. . 3»
^ The Countess of Bridgwater's Cbost^ &o." Lond. ie»3^
a character of this amiable lady, published, as Wood al-
lows, ^* to make her a pattern for other women to imitate;'*
but we can scarcely credit what he adds,' that 'Vtbe earl
being much displeased that the meoiory of bis lady ribould
be perpetuated under such a title, and by such ah obscure
person, who did not . do her the right that was dtfe,f he
brought bim into trouble, and oaused him' to sufier .««Jr
mnuAs imprisonment /" We have not seen ^ this work ^ bui
l^d it been a libel instead of a panegyric, ;whieb last ap*
pears to have been the author's honest intention, it could
not have been punttribed with mdfe ^evetiif^ 4. "Of Plots,

I '

4
I

S« LLOYD.

~hcV LonJ. 1664, 410, published under the name of OK<«
ver FouHs, 5. « The Worthies of the World, &c." an
abridgment of Plutarch/ ibid. 1665, 8vo. 6. " Dying and
Dead men's Living Words ; or a fair warning to a careless
world,'* 1665, and 1682, 12mo. 7. " Wonders no mira-
cles ; or Mr. Valentine Greatrack's Gift of Healing exa-
mined, &c.** ibid. 1665, 4to. 8. " Exposition, of the Ca-
techism and Liturgy, &c.*' 9. ^^ A Treatise on Modera-^
tion," 1674.*

LLOYD (Nicholas), a learned English writer in the
seventeenth century, was son of Mr. George Lloyd, minis*
ter of Wonson or Wonsington near Winchester, and grand-
son of Mr. David Lloyd, vicar of Lockford near Stock-
bridge in Hampshire. He was born at Holton in Flint-
shire in 1634, and educated at Wykeham's school near
Winchester, and admitted a scholar of Wadham college,
Oxford, from Hart-hall, October 20, 1653. He afterwards
became a fellow of Wadham, and July 6, 1658, took the
degree of master of arts. In 1665, when Dr. Blandford,
warden of that college, became bishop of Oxford, our
author was appointed chaplain to him, being about that
time rector of St. Martin's church in Oxford, and continued
with the bishop till he \^as translated to the see of Worces-
ter in 167 1. The year following, the rectory of St. Mary
Newington, in Surrey, falling void, the bishop of Wor«
cester presented Mr. Lloyd to it, who kept it to his death,
which happened Nov. 27, 1680. He was interred in the
chancel of the church there, leaving behind him the charac-
ter of an harmless quiet man, and an excellent philologist.
His ^^ Dictionarium Historicum,'' &c. although now obso-
lete, was once reckoned a valuable work. The first edition
was published at Oxford in 1670, folio. The second edi-
tion was printed at London in 1686, folio, under the fol-
lowing title : ^* Dictionarium Historicum, geographicum,
poeticum, gentium, hominum, deorum gentilium, regio-
num, insularum, locorum, civitatum, squorum, fluviorum,
sinuum, portuum, promontoriorum, ac montium, antiqua
recentioraque, ad sacras & profanas historias, poetarum-
que fabulas intelligendas necessaria, Nomina^ quo decet
ordine, complectens & iilustrans. Opus admodum util^ &
apprime necessarium ; & Carolo Stephano inchoatum ; ad
incudem yerd revocatum, innumerisque pene locis auctim

> Atb. Ox. ToL II.— Whitworth's prefaoc-^-Cens. Literaria, yoL III.

JL 1/ O Y a ^3

. & ' ema^ulatiim per Nicohum Lloydtum,' Collegii Wad«
faami in celeberriroi Academii Oxoniensi Socium. Editio
nmssima.'* He left several unpablUbed MSS. consisting
priacipally of commentaries and .translations* He had a
younger brother, John, somewhat of a poet, who appears
to have shared the friendship and esteem of Addison.*

LLOYD (Robert), a modern poet, was born in West-
minster in 1733. His father, Dr. Pierson Lloyd, was se«
cond master of Westminster-school, afterwards chancellor
of York, and portionist of Waddesdon in . Bucks, r His
learniug^ judgment, and moderatioa, endeared. him to aU
vi^ho partook of his instructions during a course of ahnost
fifty years spent in the service of the public at Westminfi
Bter-scbooL He had a pension from bis majesty of 5Q0k
conferred upon him in his. old age, which was ordered to
be paid without deduction, and which he enjoyed until his
death, Jan. 5, 1781. ; r

Robert was educated at Westminster-school, where im*
fortunately he had for hh associates Churchill, Thornton^
Colman, and some others, to whose example bis erroneous'
life may be ascribed. In 1751, be stood first on the list df
Westminster scholars who went to Trinity coUejgey Gam^^
bridge, at the same time that his schooUfellow Colman ob^
tained. the same .rank among those sent to Oxford. 'la
1755, he took the degree of bachelor, and in 1761 that of
master of arts. While at the university, be wrote several
of his smaller, pieces, and acquired the reputation of a,
lively and promising genius. But bis conduct wa3 marked
by so many irregularities, as to induce bis father to wish
him more immediately under his eye ; and with the hope
of reolaiming him to sobriety and study, be procured bins
the plac^ of usher at WestminsterrSchooL His educattoa
had amply qualified him for the employ oient, but his in*
clination led him to a renewed couaection with such com-
panions as deemed themselves exempt from the duties and
decencies of moral life.^

. At what time he quitted the school, we are not told. Id
1760 and 1761, he superintended the poveticalidi^pajrtmeul
of a short-lived periodical p^iblication, entitled the . ^f Li*
brary,'' of which the late Dr. Kippis ^^s; the editor. la
1760 be, published the first of hisrprodiictions which

1 AtbuOz. vol lI.^Anbrey'8 Surrey, YO^V. (^ ^O.-xQenU Mag. vol. J.XI,
|>.59«. '

< 1. .

8M laLQYiQ.

tttirtcted oiuck noAioe, ^^ The Aetar.'V It vfds^
by ao easy and barmoniouft venificatioiiy ami by the itfa«4
lality of bis eensarei^ which were levied :^t OlsjBttan jhm
propiietids cammao to Actors in general. Bj' this paif mj
CburohiU is said tQ have been sdnmlated to wriie* hia M BQa«-
ciad,*' in wbich he descended irom general to-pefsonal
eriticisn. , The subjects^ however, were sq «H1hi^; that
Lleyd was foi* some lime suppesed te be the authdr it the
^ lloaeiad," whiqh be liook an early epparteoiiy Id den^
and net only acknowledged his iaferiorityy bat :a^lacl)dd
himself more closely t^baa ever to the famoiand foiMnea of
Cb«ifabiU. In the same year, he attempted ari aoiatt pieee
ef ^e musical kiad, ealled ^* The Team and TrimlplB of
P^kt^nasiaus/^ and the ibilowiog seasoa had another Utiia
^era performed at Dr^ry^laoe tbeatye^ ia boaeuir of th^t
f>fesa»t majesties' nupiialsy eiUitled ^ Arcadia; op, TM
Shepherd's Wedding/' The profit arising fi^in Aeit
pieces was pot greats biit pcobably enea^ te Hidvee hint
le hoeome an author by profession, although uo.aumetMi
temuyed on that mode of life with' fewer qualifi«ma0it«l
tti$ iioeiicai pfoduotiona warn of -such « tnflitfg :east M
M bring him very saoall suppKes^ and he bad n^Hber laste
ndr lAmstry for lilerary employmeai;.

In 17dS^ be alitempted tq establiab a pei4odiotd lanAi
^^ The St James's Magaaioe^'* wbicjh was tabe th# 4epDf^
ifMvy of bis own efiiiaioos> aided by the cootsibuttoiiMif
his frieada. The latter, Ikowever, came in tatdily^
ChurphiHy from whom be bad great ^pectatlsmii t^m^
Imted nothing, although soeh of his poems aa hf^ pttbHrittd
diifittg the sale of the magascine, wem liberally pmiiWi^
l^rtiton gavea vecy few pvose essays, and pofitical pieces
wete furnished by I>eAis and £mily, swO' versi jl^m ^ fam
gotten repatalfioa* Uoyd himself had none qftb^ steady
kidiistry which a pef iodieat work requires^ and bia fisaga^
ai»a was oiiita made-up, partly' from books, >and paMtjf
from the St. James's Chronicle, of wfateh <[?0fattati #ad
Thornton «rere proprietors, and regalarcontnbatoM* I;loyd
ats4^ translated some of ]Marmontel> talei foo tht Mogaainei
and pan 6f a Tkeucb piny, in oi|der tn fix npen Mnf^y^tba
tharg^ o^ plagiarisms. Thia miiganine^ aftai^edristing eibnat
a year, nv^as dropped fbr want of e««oaifagament, as ihr as
Uqyd wa$ concerQed ; b^t was continued for soipe tiipe
longer by Dr.'KeriricI:. ' tilojrtl^s impruiJence andhecassl*
ties were now beyond relief or forbearance, and bis ere-

LLOYD. S4S

ff

ditbrs ooofiaed liim wttinn the Fleet {irison, wkere he af;*
Alfred » weiaiKJioly inatance of the tinstable friendsh'rp of
witMs -iQr. Kenriek iofonils ils that ^< even Thornton, thoagk
bi^4ia90fli friend firom their itifaocy^ refttsed to be his se^
ewity for the liberty of the rii4ct; a circumstance whicb^
gvri*g rise id some ill-natured altercation, induced tbk
pMiCk^mfAnd to become an inveterate enemy, in the qua<i>
Ui^ «f ht^ iDosc inexorable /creditor.^' I It was probably
dmmg bia imprilBOomeot, that he published a very hidiffe*
rimt tmedtttioo of KbpttoeL^s <^ Death of Adam." AAier
thafe^ hb <* Gafirickiiis Lovers/' ' a comic opera, was acted
for a few t}i|^t» at Drury^'lane theatre. Thisis an adapta^^
tloo cf Favart's Ninette d la Cour to the English stage, btit
M^yd had no ortgmai powers in dramatic compositimil
CliorahiU and Wilkes are said t6 have afforded him -a
weddy stiptHid from the commencement of bis imprisoic^
Bieits ismil his final r^flease. How this was paidwe kna«r
lion WiHcea had been long ost of the kingdom, m&
Chtirohitt, who left Lloyd in a jail When he went tor Fratice^
bcqu^al&ed him a ring only as a remembrance ^r^^Itiii
ftiore:probabie that his father assisted him on this occasion,
aMtmiigb it might nbt be in his powef tapay bis debts. He
had in «ain tried every misans to reclaim htm from idle'^
aessaiid- intemperance, and had long borne ^< the drain or
iMirthen" urtiiah he was to hia family. The kitomi ' abili«
lies'taf this unhappy son, ^ rendered this blow the tnor^
giieirotts to» so good' a father/' who is cbarac'teriaed iby
hiAi9f Mawtioii >Ba a man thftt'^ with all bis troubles and
di«^)fiattitmenl8, wMh all the sideness and distress in bia
Ittiily,' still preserved his calm, placid countenance, hi^
easy oheerftit temper, and was at all times an agreeable
frieiid and eompatiion, in all events a true Christian pfai-
Waepfcier.'*

• Beseited by his assodates^ Lloyd became careless c»f his
bealthf and fled for temporary relief to the exbilaratiifi^
glaas, which brought hvt fits of despondencrf. HHd recolf^
leetiona m^lst indeed have been truly paitifui, when he re*
membered for w4iat andi for whom he had given tip the'

ftuMV piospMis ef bia youth. He appears to havir beetl
wholly uadaMvviiig iM-negleet of those with whoiit fae^

' - • ' ' - - * ''■ ' * ■ '■■"..

. *J|^ni9JP^ «tb«r exjpe^M^a^ lbr^ht%^J.ti«ft4ind other ciroiinstaiicm^ it ftay
ihAXtt, Ch'urr&iil promoted, with con< jt^etconje^tdred, ^at Lloyd's, tmpcisioii-.
mA/HtMi^ tii«4^, ft «fib8«tr)^n fhi^ hi^t oottrtne&c^tiiithe'Uttier end of

"> T

:SiS L L O Y D.

loved te associate. In his friendships he was wartn, ooir«
'stant, and grateful, ** more sinned against than sinning ;*^
and it would be difBcult to find an apology for the con-
duct of those prosperous friends to whose reputation he \
Jiad contributed in no inconsiderable degree by bis writings:
Among these, however, Hogarth appears to have been
unjustly ranked. An irreconciieable quarrel had long<sub«
sisted between this artist and Churchill*s friends; and, much
.decayed in health, Hogarth languished for some time at
Chiswick, where he died nearly ^two months before Lloyd.
The news of Churchiirs death being announced some-
what abruptly to Lloyd, while he was sitting at dinner, he
was seised with a sudden sickness, and saying ^< I shall
follow poor Charles,'' took to his bed, from which he never
^rose. He died December 15, 1764, and his remains were
deposited, without ceremony, on the 1 9th, in the church-
yard of St. Bride's parish. Ten years afterwards his poeti-
cal works were published in two handsome volumes, by
Dr. Kfsnrick, who prefixed some memoirs, written in ft
negligent manner, and , without a single date of birth,
death, events, or publications. His poems have been added^
to the works of the " English Poets," adtbough he cer-^
tainly merits no very distinguished rank. His chief ex-
cellence was the facility with which he wrote a number of
^smooth and pleasing lines, tinctured with gay humour, on
any topic which presented- itself. But he has no where
attempted, or aflPorded us much reason to think that by
any diligence or effort he- could have attained, the higher
species of his art. He has neither originality of thought,
nor elegance of expression. It has been observed that
those poets who have been degraded by the licentiousness
of their lives, have rarely surpassed the excellence, of what-
ever degree, which first brought them into notice. Lloyd,
however, had not the excuse which has been advanced in
some recent instances. He was neither spoiled by patro-
nage, nor flattered into indolence by injudicious praise
and extravagant hopes. The friends pf his youth were
those of his mature years ; and of the few whom he lost, he-
had only the melancholy recollection that some of them
bad quitted hioi from shame, and some from ingratitude.
. The " Actor"" was his most favoured piece, and which
he never surpassed; but it sunk before the '^ Rosciad."
The rest of his poems are effusions addressed to friends on
subjects which relate principally to himself, and with a
distinction which friends only would think valuable.

LLOYD. 347

Mr. Wilkes's character of Lloyd represents him as ** mil^
and affable in private life, of gentle manners, and very
engaging in conversation. He was an excellent scholar,
and an easy natural poet His peculiar excellence was the .
dressing up an old thought in a new, neat, and trim man-'
i>er. He was contented to scamper round the foot of
Parnassus on his little Welsh poney, which seems never to
have tired. He left the fury of the winged steed and the
daring heights of the sacred mountain to the sublime ge-
nius of his friend Churchill." Although Lloyd followed
Churchill in some of his prejudices, and learned to rail at
€oll/3ges, and at men of prudence, we find him generally
good-tampered and playful. His satire is seldom bitter,
and probably was not much felt. Having consented to
yield the palm to Churchill, the world took him at his
word, and his enemies, if he had any, must have been
those who were very easily provoked. *

LLOYD (William), a very learned English bishop, was^
originally of Welsh extraction, bein'g grandson of David
Lloyd of Henblas, in the isle of Anglesey. He was bora
at Xilehurst, in Berkshire, in 1627, of which place his
father, Mr. Richard Lloyd, was then vicar, and also rector
of Sunning, in the same county. Having been carefully
instructed by his father in the rudiments of grammar and
classical learning, he understood Greek and Latin, and
something of Hebrew, at eleven years of age; and was
entered, in 1638, a student of Oriel college, in Oxford^
whence,, the folloVving year, he was elected to a scholarship
of Jesus college. In 1642 he proceeded B/ A. and left the
university, then garrisoned for the use of the king; but,
after the surrender of it to the parliament, he returned,
was chosen Fellow of his college, and comnienced M. A. in
1646. In 1649 he was ordained deacon by Dr. Skinner,
bishop of Oxford, and afterwards became tutor to the chil-
dren bf sir William Backhouse, of Swallowfield, in Berk-
shire. In 1654, upon the ejection of Dr. Pordage by the
Presbyterian committee, he was presented to the rectory
ofBradfield, in the same county, by Elias Ashmole, esq.*
patron of that living jm right of bis wife ; but this righ^
being disputed by Mr. Fowler and Mr. Ford, two ministers
at Reading, who endeavoured to brine; in Dr. Tentple,
pretending the advowson was in sir Humphrey Forster, he

1 Jehnion and Chalmers'! j^oglish Poets, 1810.—- Bishop Newton's Life, p^
16, 17, &c.

348 L L O Y D«

chose to resign bis presentation to Mr. Asbogolef ratiher
than involve himself in a contest. In 1656 he was ordained
priest by Dr. Brownrig, bishop of Exeter^ and the same
year went to Wadham coIlegCi in Oxford, as governor to
John Backhouse, esq. a gentleman^commooer, with whom
be coHtinued till 1659. In Sept. 1660, he was incor-
porated M. A. at Cambridge ; aud^ about 'the same time^
made a prebendary of Rippon, in Yorkshire. Itt 1^66 he
u^s appointed king's chaplain; and, in 1667, was ec^lated
to a prebend of Salisbury, having proceeded D. D. at Ox-
ford in the act preceding. In 1668 he was presented by
the crown to the vicarage of St. Mary's in fi^eading ; and,
the same year, was installed archdeacon of Merioneth, m
the church of Bangor, of which he was made deati in 1^72*
This year be obtained also a prebend in the church of St.
Paul, London. In 1674 he became residentiaiy of Salis-
bury; and, in 1676, he succeeded Dr. Lamplugh, pronoioted
to the see of Exeter, in the vicarage of St. Mf^rtin^s in the
fields, Westminster; upon which occasion he resigned
his prebend of St Paul's.

Our author bad shown his zeal in several tracts a^^ainat
popery ; and m the same spirit he published in 1677, *^ CoO'»
^iderations touching the true way to suppress Popery iii
this kingdom,** &c. with an historical account of the re**
formation here in, England; hut having proposed toio{^->
rate such papists as denied the papers iniallibslity, and his
power to depose kingSy excluding the rest, a method which
had been put in practice both by queeii Elisabeth and king
James with go6d success, he was suspected of jcomplj^ing
with the court measures. Tfaiii {Suspicion increasing upon
bis being promoted to the bishopric of St Asaph, in I6M9
he thought it necessary to vindicate himself by shewiD|;9
that at the very time he made th^ above proposal^ the pi*
^ists tbemiBelves' were in great apprehension of the thtngt
as being the most likely to blast their hopes, and to pre-
serve the nation from that ruin which they were tfaM
bringing upon it *•

* Coleman at that time wrste to the , tfepM.tbat require it» on eonditioas

Sopc^ iBUnnattoio tlmt t ««Tkere it |^udieieriotke«iillhe«<ity«f Avi^eM

at one thing to be feared (irtieiiBof I aiMteotopeiteciilB tM i<iMof'lhcai«4li

Save m greet apprebeution) that can more eppearanee of juttkse^ en4- mm

IilndefUi«auceeMrof(HirdeffigM;«lrieh tiM one half of fhcm nierv eieity^tbiil

U,edHrifioiiemotiffUieeatholi«i(iliem* ttieerbole. body et^noe.*^ AAd'esri

selves ; by propositions to tlie paHia- dioat HowanI Helivered' it as tbeir

idcni u> actoiditheif o^njiwctioa to j«dgm«»t at Ri^e. •' Divuiottof Okk<*

LLOYD., 349

All saspicion^ however, of bis princaptes vanished in
'3fKme9 ll/s reignj when the nation saw him one of the siic
prei^teii^ who, with archbishop Bancroft, were Qonunitted
te the lV>wer in June 168S, for resisting bis majesty^s
ordtr to 4iitribiite and publish in all their chnrches the
royaUdeclaradOQ for liberty of conscienee ; and abont the
jfmAiuf'the saane year, baring concurred heartily in the re-*
▼ehitioii, he waa made lord almoner to king William III. In
.|W3 he was Ifandlated to the see of Litchfjysid and Coven-
tfy^f and thence to Worcester in 1699. He continued in
the office of lord almoner till iVOiz, when^ together with
'Ms aoiiy having too waitnly interested himself in the elec*
^/tien for the coanty of Worcester, a complaint was made to
the House of Commons, and a resolution passed of addf^sir^
leg' the queen ^^ to remove WillUm lord bishop of Wor-»
eester ftora being lord almoner to her majcMty ; and tlpi
JCr^ Attorney General do prosecntd Mr, Lloyd^ the .lord .
Ushepof Worcester's, sooi for his said offence^ after bis
{mVflege as a member of the lofirer bouse of convocatieii
is eet.'^ In consequence of this fote, an address was pre<^
sented to the queen^ with which her majesty c<mipliedy
at>d dismissed the bishi^ from his ofBce.

Bishop Lloyd lived to the age ot ainety-oa^ ; hot in the
latter part of his life seems to have falten i^^-some ial«
blscility of mind; at appears from the aecomi given by
Swift of the good old prelate's gmng to queen Anne, ^^ to
prove toiler majesty, out of Daeieli and the Revelations^
that four years hence there would be a war of religion^ that
the king o€ France would be a protestaot^ and that the pope-»
dem should be destroyed.'* He died at.Bartlebury-castiet
AoguH SO, 1717^ and was buried in the cheir^ of Flad-*
hery, near JCvcsham, in Worcestershire, of whicb his son
wl^ rector ; where a monument is er ect^ eo his memory
wHh |i lon^ inscription, setting him forth ** as an excellent
palternt ot virtue and learaingi of quick invention, firm
memory, exquisite judgment, great candour, piety, and
gravity ; a ftttthful historian, accurate chronologer, and
skttlett iti the holy scriptures to a itrfra^le ; very dia-
i^tabJ^^ and dlHig^ ik tn careful discblkrge of his episcopiti

Uti^r.nyii^lie^: '^wiW b«#i#«MMtt «jss, in s |MM9 oalM "

WSJP for protet^ntf to 4eitroQr tlic»>" pisyed;** uippo»ed to be writtfin bjr

•J^*<^}lle<:tioa of tett«rs scjt oot by ^Mdtr t^ late W. Sbippeo^' eiq. taany yeer*

(rf ^tas liiNier orCcMOMM* YliffiMtMa « rcnisf l^bk siMiMr of tb» Hoiiir«^

▼^nik»t«airtii|^ ImsttihUscc** Coavnona*

350 LLOYD.

office.** Bishop Baniet speaks of our author with th^
greatest. wstrtnth of (riencbhip, and in the highest style of
panegyric. In reality bo was indebted to Dr. Lloyd for a
great part of his own fame, having undertaken his <^ His-
tory of the Reforibation"' by bis persuadon, and being
furnished by him with a large share of the materials ; he
likewise revised every sheet of the whole work during the
printing. The world is likewise indebted to Lloyd for that
stupendous Work, Pool's ^^ Synopsis/' which was under-
taken by his advice, as appears by a letter of that prelate
addressed to Mr. Henry Dodwell, and communicated to
Mr. Granger by bis son, the late Dr. Dodwell, archdeacon.,
of Berks. Bishop Wilkins, in his preface to '* An £ssay to«
waids a real character and a philosophical language/' ac«
knowledges himself obliged to *^ the continual assistance of
bis most learned and worthy friend Dr. William Lloyd," and
t expresses %he highest opinion of bis *^ great industry^ and
accurate judgment in philological and philosophical mat-
ters." But no written authority seems to represent bishop
Lloyd's temper and character in a more amiable light than
the interesting account of bis conduct towards the dis-
senters of his dio.cese, as given in the life of the Rev.
Philip Henry, to which, from its length, we must refer.
It occurs in p. 1 18 of the edition 1712.
* Besides the *^ Considerations^" &c. mentiqned above,
he wrote, 1." The late Apology in behalf of Papists, re-'
printed and answered, in behalf of the Royalists," 1667,
4to. 2. ^' A seasonable Discourse, shewing the necessity
of maintaining the Established Religion in opposition to
Popery,". 1672, 4to, which passed through five editions in
the following year. 3. ^^ A reasonable Defence of the Sea-
sonable Discourse," &c. 1673, 4to, in answer to the earl
of Castlemain's observations on the preceding article. 4.
^^ The difference between the Church and the Court of
Rome considered," 1673, 4to. AH the preceding were
published without the author's name, nor were they at first
acknowledged by, though generally attributed to him.
They were reprinted in 1689, 4to. 5. ** An Alarm for
Sinners," 1679, 4to. This was published by our author
when dean of Bangor, from an original copy containing
the confession, prayers, letters, and last words of Robert
-Foulks, vicar of Stan ton-Lucy, in Shropshire, who' was,
executed at Tyburn, in 1678, for the murder of a natural-
child; and whom Dr. Lloyd and Dr. Burnet attended''

LLOYD. 351

daring his imprisbninent 6. Various occasional Sermons,
])rinted separately. 7. ^* An historical account of Church
Government/' 1684, 8vo. 8.*' A Letter tp Dr. William
Sherlock, in vindication of that part of Josepjios^s History,
which gives an accouat of Jaddua the high priest's sub-'
mitting to Alexander the Great/' 1691, 4to. 9. << A Dis-
course of God*s ways of disposing Kingdoms,'' 1691, 4to.
10, "The Pretences of the French Invasion examined,'*
&c. 1692, 4to. 11.^^ A Dissertation upon Daniel's 70
.Weeks," the substance of which is inserted in the chrono-
logy of sir Isaac Newton. 12. An exposition of the same
subject, left pi'inted imperfect, and not published. 13.
." A Letter upon the same subject, printed in the * Life of
Dr. Humphrey Prideaux,' p. 288, edit. 1758," 8vo. 14. *< A .
System of Chronology," left imperfect, but out of it his
chaplain, Benjamin Marshall, composed his ^^ Chronologi-
cal Tables," printed at Oxford, 1712, 1713. 15. « A Har-
mony of the Gospels," partly printed in 4to, but left im-
perfect. 16. " A Chronological account of the Life of
Pythagoras," &c. 1699. 17. He. is supposed to have had
a band in a book published by his son at Oxford, 1.700, jn
folio, entitled " Series Chronologica Olympiadum," &c,^,
^e wrote also some '^ Explications of some of the Prophe-
cies in the Revelations," and added the chronological dates
at the bead of the several columns, with an index tp the:
Bible, and many of the references and parallel places, first
printed in the fine edition of the Bible published in folio,
under the direction of archbishop Tenison, in .1701. He
left a Bible interlined with notes. in shorthand, which was'
in the possession of Mr.. Marshall, his chaplain, who mar-
ried a relation, and would have published these notes bad .
he met with encouragement, as.Whiston inforowi us, who
always/ even in bis indei, calls Dr. Lloyd ^^ the great
bishop," and in speaking of Wasse says, <' one more
learned than .any bishop in England since bishop Lloyd." \
!LOBB (Th£OPHILus), a physician of considerable repu-
tatioD>was the son of Stephen Lobb, a dissenting minister,:
and grandspn of Richard Lobb, esq.. M. P. for St. Michael
in< Cornwall. He was born Aug. 17, 1678, and educated.
for the ministry among the dissenters, which he exchanged
for the study of medicine, and having obtained a diploma^

» Biog. Brit.— Ath. Ox. v©l. IT.— Burncl's Own Times— V^Thiston's Life,—
CoAtes'» Hin. of Readins .«-AotboBy. Wood's Iif«, edit. n73; p. 136.

«5^ L O B B.

from Scotland, practised in London, and l^ft several vrork^
«n medical topics. He died May 1 9, 1 763, in the eighty-
iif'th year of his age. The following are the titles of Ms
pablications : ^* Treatise of the SmalUpox,** London, 1731,
1748, 8yo, which was translated into French in 1749.
** Rational method of curing Fevers, deduced from the
structure of the human body,'* ibid, 1734, $vo, in thb
work he adopted the doctrines of Boerhaave. ** Medical
Practice in coring Fevers," ibid. 173S, 8vo; " A practical
treatise on painful Distempers, with some effectual nre-
tbods of curing them," ibid. 1739; " A Treatise on Sol-
vents of the Stone, and on coring the Stone and the Gout
by Aliments," ibid. 1739, which passed through several
editions, sand ws^s translated into Latin and French. The
author considered the matter of urinary calculi and of gout
as^of an alkaline nature^ and vegetable ai^ldsas the remedy.
^ '^ Letters concerning the Plague and other contagtoi»s Dis*
tempers," ibid. 1745; "A Compendium of tbe Practice
of Physic," ibid. 1747. Besides these works, he was tht
author of several papers printed in the Gentleman's Ma-
gazine ; of a sermon preached by him at the ordiWatioti of
the Rev. John Greene ; and of some pious tracts. *

LOBEIRA (Vasques), a native of Porto, in Portugal^
who lived towards the end of the thirteenth century, is tb^
supposed author of the celebrated romance of Amadis de
Gaul. Very little is known of Ms life, and hk romance is
fellen into deserved oblivion.*

LOBEL, or L*OBEL (Matthias be), a botanist^ Waa
bom in 1538, at Lisle, in Flanders, where bis father f>rac-
tised in the law. He had an early taste for plants, aad
had good opportunities of advanciiig his knowledge at
Montpeliar, where he studied physie under the learned
Kondeletius, as well as by making so0ie botanical exenr-^
siont over the south of France. At Narbenne he baeaine
acquainted wiirfa Pena, afterwards his fet)ew*laboftrer hi
tiie ^ Adversaria," the iiret edition of wbick was pubiiahedy
at London, in 1570, small folio, and dedicated to qoeenr
Elizabeth. The few cuts dtspersed thvougli t^is ▼«&]«»
are mostly original, but inferior in style and aeevraicy, as
well as in size, to those of Clusiua, with whom he was con«
If^mporairj. Before the puUieation of the ^ Adversaria,^
cue authQrbad extended his trayels to Switzerland, tbe

> Life, by Joha Greene, 1767, 18ma» I A^tonio^ Bibl. Histr-MarchaiM^^

L D B E L. ^2^3

Tffoh Mtaie parts of Germ&njry ^ahd ItidV; had kitted ici'a
. pbjrsiciad at Ant^eqst, afterwardb mt Delft ; and hdd be^n
-lippoirtted physician to the illustriotis WiHiflHi pritide t>f
Omngei ahd to the Stiltes of Holland. Dr. Pult^hey Hds
liotl^een able to ascertain the time of Loberd 'recm^nt to
Engtimd^ but justly fconcludes it to \mh been b^fbtd 1*570,
or taost probably some yhars earlier. The stiih of tbe^ &A-
thbrs of the ^^ AdT^rsaric*' was to investigate the bbtddy
and materia medida of the ancients, arid especiaHy df Didb-
corides. . It was reprinted at Antwetp ini5t6, ttee d^dl-
. cation' b^tng^' of coarse^ there ^lipfittessecl, atid heiv^title-
^ges were printed Whelp the sale of'the brl^iriftl Jtt H?l
«'nd 157fi. '86me cbfiie^ of the Antwerp inipre^slioinr af>p^hr
to havb 'been made up into a new edition ilt -Ldndb^iln
1605, t^ith ah ample Pharinlicopeia^ d;ild ail ap|)endls.
This volume is dedicated to £dward lord 2otich, whohi
Ldbel hkd attended on bis embassy to DentMrk ii^ 15§&,
itndhecails himself, in tlietftle^ botahist to king Ja/hes 1.
Dr. Pulteney bbserves, after Hiller, that this #drk ei^fiibits
soiftd traces of i natural distribution of platifi, btit Withoht
any reitiarks, and t^ith littib pti^cisidn. His wbrk Is iiiuch
ixlore valuable for the accbimti; of new plahts'dl&^bVer^d
. by hitdself in Ehgland or eldewhei^^ although Italy accud^s
hira of hWing made lievbral tnistalres^ fhoih ha^ifi^ tirustgd,
tod tn'dch to bii ihemorf . ' #

Th* '* Siirpium Historia'^ 6f this a\f«hbF, a vdltinie In
small folio similar to his ** Adve^sai'la,^* Whibti wrfs pub-
Ksfa'bd at Antwerp in 1 576, is inti'eh less cOpidu's in matter,
the |)a^ej b^itig tnoidymcupted with tvbbden cuts, \ifhich
are those of Clusius, bolrrdwed tor the pffeiilent occasion By
the printer^ Plantrn. An imptci^sioh bf these cuts, bf \\\
^long %hapb, i^as struck off, with names bnly, in 158l,
and another in 1591; Linn^u^ possessisd bdth. This pub-
lication is in very gdneiial u^e, artd well known by the title
of Lobel's " Icones.'* It is, When complete, dccottipanied
by an irifdex in ieven languages; Lobeff seisms to have had
a very large work in contiemplatibn, which he intended to
call " Stirpium Illustrationes," A fragiheht of it was pub-
lished in quarto, without plates, by Dr. W. How, in 1^55,
fhakiug 170 pages, besides a caustic prfefacfe of the ahtho'r,
aimed chiefly at Gerarde, as thte notes by Dh How are
against Parkinson ; but Dr. Pulteney blames Lobel for this
gross abuse of Gerarde after his death,^ though he had for-
merly On every occasion extolled him. In other respects

Vol. XX- A a

354 L O B E L.

the botanical contents of ibis fragment are very honourable
to LobeK He laboured to an advanced age in the pursuit
of big favourite study, and procured from his correspond-*
enu jabroad many new plants for the gardens of his
friends. He bad the superintendance of a garden at Hack-
oey, cultivated at the expence of lord Zouch ; and appears
to have resided, in the decline of life, at Highgate, where
be bad a daughter, married to a Mrl James Coel. His
wife is recorded as having assisted him in his botanical re-
searches. He died in 1616, aged seventy-eight. ^

LOBINEAU (Guy Alexis), a Benedictine of the con-
gregation de St Maur, was born 1666, at Rennes. He
entered his order in 1683, devoted his whole life to the
study of history, and died at an abbey near St. Malo, June
3, 1727, aged sixty-one. His principal work is a ^^ History
. of Bretany,** in 2 vols. fol. but the second only, which con-
tains the titles, is valued. The abb^ Yertot, and the abb^
Claudius Moulioet, sieur des Thuilleries, have violently
attacked that part of this history, . in which his partiality to
his own country has led him to disregard the rights of Nor-
mandy. LobineaU' also translated a ^^ History of the two
Conquests of Spain by the Moors,** &c. from the Spanish
of Miguel de Luna, a work of no authority. He was
more usefully employed in completing and pul)lishing the
" History of the City of Paris," 5 vols. fol. which Felibten
. had begun and made a considerable progress' in before his
. death. The last three volumes contain many curious and
interesting pieces; and an excellent dissertation is prefixed
to the first volume, on the origin of the H6tel de Ville,
and the corps municipal, by M. le Roi, senior master and
warden of the goldsmiths, and controller df the rents of the
Hotel de Ville. A satirical work, entitled " Les Avantures
dePomponius, chevalier Remain," 12 mo, has been attri-
buted to Dom. Lobineau, but without sufficient autiioriu***
LOBKOWITZ. SeeCARAMUEL.
LOBO (Jerome), a Jesuit missionary, born at Lisbon in
1 5*^3, entered among the Jesuits in his sixteenth year, and
in 1622 he went out as one of their missionaries to the East
Itidiesv He was at Goa when the reigning emperor of Abys-
sinia bt^came a convert to the church of Home, and many of
hrs subjects followed his example. The missionaries already

1 Pultent^y's Sketches^— Rees's Cyclopadia.
* -Moreru— Diet. Hist.— Saxii Ononast,

L O B O. 355

- ^ >

in the country being desirous of coadjutors to extend their
religion, Lobo was deputed to go to Abyssinia, where be
resided some years, subject to much danger and many
hardships and sufferings ; and on his return be was.jihip-
wrecked, and narrowly escaped destruction. He, after*
wards promoted the interest of the Abyssinian mission at
Madrid and Rome ; and, notwithstanding his former daft'*
gers and hardships, took a second voyage to the : Indies;
He 'returned to Lisbon in 1653, and was made rector of
the college of Coimbra, where b^ died in 1679, at.tha age
of eighty-four. He was author of '^ An Historical Account
of Abyssinia," containing much curious and valuable in-
formation, which. was translated from the Portuguese lan-
guage into the French, by the abb^ le Grand, with adjdUl<>
tions. , An abridgment of this, in 1735, constituted the
first publication of Dr. Samuel Johnson.'

LOCK (Matth£w), an eminent £nglish musical com-
poser iu the time of Charles II. was a native of £xeter,
and became a chorister in the cathedral of that city. He
bad afterwards instructions in music from Edward Gibbons;
and had so much distinguished himself as a prafessor of
abilities, that we are told be was appointed to compose
the music for the public entry of the king at the resto-
ration.

He seems 6rst to have appeared as an author in 1657,
during the interregnum, by the publication of his ^< little
consort of three parts for viols or violins, consisting of pa*
vans, ayres, corants, sarabands, in two several varieties, the
first twenty bf which are for two trebles and a base." Some
of his compositions appear in the second part of John Play-
ford's continuation of Hilton's " Catch that catch can,"' in
1667; and among them the most pleasing of Lock^s com-
positions, \r^ Never trouble thyself about times or their
turnings," a glee for three voices. He was the first who
attempted dramatic music for the English stage, if we ex^
cept the masques that were performed at court, and at the
houses of the nobility, in the time of Charles L and during
the reign of Charles IL When musical dramas were first
attempted, which Dryden calls heroic plays and dramatic
operas. Lock was employed to set most of them, partlcvi-
larly the semi-operas, as they were called^ the Tempest,
Macbeth^ and Psyche, translated from the French of

' Morerl.— Dr. Johnson** Life by Sir Jylm Hawkins, ani^Boswell.

AA 2

356 LOCK;

Moliei'e) by Shkdw^H* The Tempest irndPsy eke were print*
ed in 1675, and dedteated to .James duke of Monmouth.
Tlrere is a pmfiice of some length by Lock, which, like
his musics is rough and nerrous, esacily Oorresponding
widi the idea which^is geherated of his private char&cter^
by the perusal of tiis controversy wit& Salmon, and the
sight of his ptctfire in the musicnschool at Oxford. It is
wntten with tiiat natural petulance which probably gavje
birch to most of the (juarreb in which he was involved. It
includes, howdter^ a short history .of t^ese early attempts
lit dramatic musid on ouristage^ in which, as in the inost
soccessfuf representatioos of this kind in- later times^ the
chief part of the dititogue was spoken, ahd recitative; or
musical declamation, which seems to be the true criterion
arid oharaotepisticof Italian operas, but seldom used, unleslk
mere! v to introduce someparticular aii^ knd choruses. Upon
examining this ctiusic, it appears to have been .very much
composed on Lulli*^ model. The melody is neither reci-
tative nbr air, bdt partaking of both, with a change of
measure as frequent as in any old French opera which we
ever saw. ,

Lock had genius and abilities in harmony sufficient to
have surpassed his model, or to have cast bis movements
In a mould of his own making ; but such was the passion
of Gharlei II. and conseiqtfeotly of his cotirt^ at this tttne^
for every thing French, tha>t in all probability Lock wiis
instructed to imita^te Canibert and Lulli. Hia music for
the witches in Macbeth^ which, when produced in 1674,
was as smoo^ and airy asT *any of the time, has now ob-
tained by age, that wiLd^and savage caat which is admirably
-fluited to the cbaractiers that are supposed to perform it.

In the third introductory music to the Tempest, which
is called a curtain tu-ne^ probably from the ctirtain beinff
first drawn up during tbe performance of this species os
overture, be has, fot the fmit time that is borne to our
knowledge, iiitroduted the use of crescendo {\oiidet by de-
grees), with difnitmendo isod lentundo^ under the wotitsofi
and dim by degrees. No other instruments kr^ Mentioned
in the score of bis opera of f^syche, than vioUhs for the
ritornels ; and yet, so slow was the progresli of that in*
strument dukiofi^ tbe last century, that in a general cata-
logue of music ta 1 70 1 , scarce any compositions appear to
have be<;n printed for its use. ,

LOCK, 557

. This iQu^C^I^ wnjft of 89 ir^cible a disposition, that he
seems never to ^ave beea with^out a quarrel or t^o on hU
bHipcls. For bis furiou|s attack on Salmon, for proposing to
reduciO all tbe clefs in music to one, be had a quarrel witU
ibe geAll^mep of tbe chapel royal, early in Charles iVq
reigj9. , 3^ng coippos^r in ordinary to the king, be pro*
duc^ for this chapel rpyal a morning-service, in which be
set iJiiA prayer jaft^jr ^^cb of the ten commandments to dif*
{^e^ent oi^usic from that to which the singers had been long
accustomed, which was deemed an unpardonable innova*
tion, and on ^be fi^ st day of April, 1666, at tbe perfor-
miaoce of it before the king, there was a disturbance anil
an obstruction for so^ie time to the performance. To con-
viope tbe public tbt^t it was not from the meanness or in-
aocur^y pf the composition .i^at this impediment to its
performance happeped, Lock thought it necessary to print
the whole service ; and it caqae abroad in score on a single
sheet) wjtb a long and laboured vindication, by way of
preface, under the following title, ** Modern church mu-»
Mck. pjre-accused, censured, and obstructed in its perform-
ance before his majesty.^* Lock was long suspected /at-
beiog a Roman catholic, and it is probable that this nev^
service, by leaning a little more towards the mass thap
the service of tbe protestant cathedral, may have given of-
fence to sopae zealpus members of the church of England.

The public were indebted to Lock for the first rules
that were ever published in ^i^gland, for a basso continito,
or 4^tnvugh base; tbpse rules he gave the world, in a book
entitled " Melotbesia,^' London, 1673, oblong f to. It is
dedicated to Roger L'Estrange, esq. {^terwards sir Roger
'L'£strange, himself a good musician, and an encourager of
its professors. It contains, besides the thorough-bass
rules, s^n^e lessons for the harpsichord and organ, by
Locjc iiimself, and others. He was author likewise of se«
veral songs printed in ** The Tr^easury ©f l^usip," " The
Theatre of Music,'' aud other cqllections of songs. .In
the fatter of these is a dialogae, '^ When death sh^U part
us from, these kids," which, with Dr. JBlow.'s " Go, per-
jured man," was ranked among the best vocal compo*
sitions of the time.

It is presumed that when he was appointed composer in
ordinal^ to the king, be was professionally a member of
tbe church of England; but it is certain that he went
ovet to the Romish communion stfterwards, and became

358 LOCKE.

*

organist to queen Catherine of Portugal, the consort of
Charles II. and died a papist in 1677.*
' LOCKE (John), one of the greatest philosophers this
country has produced, was the son of John Locke, of
Pensford, a market-town in Somersetshire, five miles from
Bristol, by Anne his wife, daughter of Edmund Keen, or
Ken, of Wrhigton, tanner. His father, who was first a
cJerk only to a neighbouring justice of the peace, Francis
Baber, of Chew Magna, was advanced by col. Alexander
Popham, whose seat was near Pensford, to be a captain
in the parliament's service. After the restoration, he
practised as an attorney, and was clerk of the sewers in
Somersetshire *. Although our philosopher's age is not
to be found in the registers of Wrington, which is the
parish church of Pensford, it has been ascertained that be
was born there Aug. 29, 1632. By the interest of col.
Popham, he was admitted a scholar at Westminster, whence
in 1652 he was elected to Christ church, Oxford. Here
he took the degree of B. A. in 1655, and that of M. A. in
1658; but although he made a considerable progress in
the usual course of studies at that time, he often said that
what he learned was of little use to enlighten and enlarge
his mind. The first books which gave him a relish for the
study of philosophy, were the writings of Des Cartes,
whom he always found perspicuous, although he did not
always approve of his sentiments. n

After taking his degrees in arts, he applied for some
time to the study of physic, hot so much, we are told,
with a view to public practice, as for the benefit of his
own constitution, which was but weak. But he must have
made his skill more generally known than this amounts to, '
for we find that among the learned in his faculty who had
a good opinion of his medical knowledge, the celebrated
Dr. Sydenham, in his work on acute diseases, gives him
the following high encomium : " You know,'* says be,
•* how much my method has been approved of by a person
who has examined it to the bottom, end who is our com*
mon friend ; I mean Mr. John Locke, who, if we consider

* But an inti'lligent writei;, who ap- minority, and the other our ce1ebrate4

pears to have had access to the best metaphysician. See Gent. Mag. vol,

authorities, asserts that Mr. Locke's LXII. See also a leUeron the same

father was killed at Bristol in 1645, subject, in vol. LXIX. p. 121.
leaving two sons, one who died in his . . ^

>^ Burney and Hawkins's Hist, of Music, and Burft^ ^^ ^^^ Cyclop^disi.

LOCKE. 859

his genius, and penetrating and exact judgment, or the
purity of his morals, has scarce any superior, and few
equals now living/* Hence he was often saluted by his
acquaintance with tlie title, though he nerer took the
degree, of doctor, which we think would have been the'
case had he intended medicine as a profession, or had not
been diirerted froin it by other studies and avocations f.
. In 1664, sir William Swan being appointed envoy frorh
the E^i^ish court to the dector of Brandenburgh, and
some other German princes, Mr. Locke attended him Jis
his secretary, but returned to England within the year,
and applied himaelf again with great vigour to his studies,
and particularly to that of natural philosophy. While at
Oxford, in 1666, he became acquainted with lord Ashliey,
afterwards earl of Shaftesbury, and that in the character
df a medical practitioner. Lord Ashley by a fall had hurt '
hisi'breast in such a manner, that there was an abscess'
formed in it, &nd being advised to drink the mineral waters
at Astrop, wrote to Dr. Thomas, a physician at Oxford, Xb
procure a quantity of those waters, which might be ready
on his arrival. Dr. Thomas, being obliged to be absent
from Oxford at that time, desired his friend Mr. Locke to
exeeiite this commission. By some accident or neglect,
the waters were not ready the day after lord Ashley's
arrival, and Mr. Locke thought it his duty to wait on
his lordship to make ah apology, which he received with
his usual civility, and was so pleased with Locke's con«
▼ersation as to detain him to supper, and engaged him to
dine with him next day, that be might have the more of
bis company. And when his lordship left Oxford to go to
Sunning-hill, where he drank the waters, he made Mr.
Locke promise to come thither, as he did in the sum-
mei^ of 1667. Lord Ashley afterwards returned, and
obiiged him to promise that he would con^e and lodge at
his house. Mr. Locke accordingly went thither, and
though not a regular practitioner, his lordship confided
entirely in his advice, with regard to the operation, which
was to be performed by opening tbe abscess in his breast^
and which saved his life, though it never closed.

After this cure, his lordship, by frequent conversations,
discoyered qualities in Locke, which made him regard his

I . v."

.* In lC74be took tb^^gree iif ba* io oider to prescffve \n$ st^tian in
cbelor, of medicine, prubpil^* as binud ChrUt'cburch.
at in bishop FeJPB letter life»eafter given, - /

3.6Q L 9 Q K S.

ipedicail skill ,as tl;i]e ^j^t qf bU mei^fjs; ^4 lof^msog
bent pf his taletits, ^dyise^ him tS> ^pply Hl9)ftell( tQ ihe
study pfpolitiqal and r,eIigious topics, on whlph his.Loar^r
sjiip i^eeiQs often to h^ve consuU^d hini. By lii^^ 9£qtUM^«
anca witti this nqhleui^ix, \\e^ w^^ mtrpflucfsjl to $oii(e f^-»
sons of eminence, ^uch f^ Yilliers di|)(^ of B^ckittghaira,
lord |Iqilifa^^ ^fid Pt;hpr nq|>le$neQ of wi( wd p«rts^ vriift
were afl charmed lyitb ^hif jcqny^jcs^^oQjjEMid iX)Qre so,^ it
Appears, thau he was soiQetii^es with i^fAt^- Q|ie daj^
three or four of tb^se. iprd^ h^yipg mfst at Iprd Aahtey^a
when Mn L,ocke was il^ese, ^fter soi^e co^pliiiient^) caida
were, brought in, befpi^ scarce any popv^pi^on bad passjed;
between jbheoi. Mr. Locke Ipoked upon t;beai for spme
titne while they w^re at play, and taking bi^ pockefc h^nk
began to wjite wit^ gF^at att^ntipn. One K^ did lords,
asked him what ^g yfs^ i^rit^pg : *^My lord,^' s^ ks^ ff I
am endeavouring to profit jas far as I aip %blie, in yp«r oom*
p^ny ; fpr having; waited with iimpatieocjS.fpr th^hodonr of
b^njg in an asseml)|y of the greatest geniufies ol thiaage^
and ^ l^st haying obtained th^ good fprfune* I UiQUgbt I
could apt do better than ;yrite dow^i your qony^satios;
and indeed ^ have set down the si)b)|tancj9 of what has
beep said for this hour or two." ' Tbi^ rebuke ^pptws to
have been taken in good part; tbe cqpao^aiiy quittj^ their
pl,ay, and passed the rest of their tiipe'in 4 m^inoer more
suitable to ^he rational char^icter.

In 1668^ he a^ttended the e;irl ^1^4 coi^nl^ of Nflrthiini-
berl^nd into {i'rance; but the ^airl's d^tb did pot 9]A»m
lum to ren^iniong in that country. On hi^ r^eturn, Mr.
Locke livjed, as before, at lord Ashl^y^s^ who wa3 Atn
cbanqellpr of the exchequer, but made fri^qq^M yiaiti t^
Oxford^ in the prosecution of his studies, 9S wpU 964[er
change 01 air, jvhich appeared to be neices$ary to his h^lh*
While he was at Iprd Ashley^s, he had the car^ pf ithe edu-
cation of tj^at nobleman's eldest son, who was then about
sixte^ ye^l^s of age. This province be exe^ujbed with
great care, and to the fu^ satisfaction of hi^ &oble patroa.
The ycmpg }ord beuig of a weakly constitution, bis ftither
wished to Sjee him married, lest the family should be €ter
tinct by his death ; ^da&he thought hiod top yfoupg to
inaJIpef^ proper cboip^ for himself, he QQt poly consoltad
Mr^ Lpd^e on the subject, but even requested he would
make a suitable choice for the youth. This was an affifir
of some delicacy, and no sjSDall risk^ for^ although lord

X Q C K S* 9a

A«bl#y did not X9gi»A forlpoi^^ y^ te ooirfiibiontt} for a
W^y pf % good .Smil^f M agreeable tesiper^ land ji fine
pt^fsQo ;.»f good fidttcaiddOy und «f go^ Iln<ler^^Itdi|lg^
I1I94 H^b<M^ €oiidit^ WQiiild ho di&rei^ fiwn #bat of .tl^ |^
n«V9jAly ^ «oiffftrIftdiQ9* lo all these reapecbi >^r. i^od^
h|i4 .^be ^^ppiiies» to. auBceed, andth^ auurriage/jvai icmfe^
ffi). Th^ eldest 0m, aften^rMrds the ^wthor ef ^he ff iCiit^
ijftcMrUtka/' ivas <coauiii|ted.to t}idfiai» p£JM|r. Looke in
his ^duMktioAfy and this {^pil^ whealpnd Sbaftesburjr^
ah^ayp . spfiAe of J^. Ij^cjatmiihAhplif^mBkmtkpaj md
iMin&sted em all oooaaious a jgrate&l Acote/Of his ^fiUiga*'
tiQQs ^ himf but there, ane sgnoe p«B«ageain his works^ in
y»h'\Qh be s|ieakf ic>f Mr. Locke'^ philosopk^ .with gfoeat ae-^
verity. It will not, however, be thought. a ^^JsgmoM
Qki^<^^ ^ Mv. Loc|ce, that hia phikoqiriiy did jiol. give
eatiire /s^HafooUi^a lo lonl Sha&esbury. * >

Id A$7^^ and the .year ioUowiog, o^t author began Jto
fofm Ike plan of his qiolebratisd 5^ Essay ott Human Under*
^tl^Adiog," Mt ibe firmest re^piest of Mr. Tyrrell, Dr. Tho^
iQA^ and aoBie Oliver friends, who met frequently }n hiij
chaiEabef to ^Qoxetsm iqg^er on philosophical jsul:^ts ^
but bi» emplo^mfints and a;rocatioaf prey^nted faioi froni
fio^isb^ogit then; lo 16^^ he had been elected a feUpw
of tke royal sociel^y^ and appears to faaise been now looked
up .to as a jnan of superior talenti^, and an antl^prity in
tb^se .pursuits to which he b^obc particularly addicted btoi^
s^lf. In 1672, bis patijcm Lord Ashl^, being created eaii
of $baftesbory» and lord high chaoceUor of England, a{i«
poinied Mr. Locke secretanjr of the presentations to bene-
4q^^ (Whioh place he held until 16/73, wheii his lordship
resigned tbe great seal. As he had been the confidant of
this stflutesman in his juost secret affiurs, be now assisted
1^ lordship in puUisbiag some treatises, which were de»
sigoed to excite the peofde to watch the Roman cadiolics,
and to iippose tbe arbitrary measures of 4ibe court.

In 1 675, Mr. Locke travelled into France on account of
his health, and at Moutpelter became first acquainted with
Sir. Hediert, afiter^ards earl of Pembroke, to whom he
dedicated his f^ Essay on Human Understanding.'' From
Montpeli^r he went Jto Paris, where be was introduced^ to
vjMdotis men of letters. In 1679 he Mras recalled to Lon-^
doq, pn the earl of Shaftesbury's hja?iog regaiiied his

^ ^\ the Life of ^r. Locke ; but see I^rd Shaae^bury's l^ vpl, X.p« 220.

362 LOCKE-

favour at court and been made president of the council, but
this was of sbort doiration. The earl lost his plac^ iu a few
months, for refusing to comply >with the designs of |tbe
court, which aimed at the establishment' of popery and
ftrbitr&ry po^fet} and having incurred the implacable hatred
of the duke of York, on account of his supporting the ex«
clusion-bill, ^ he was, in 1681, committed to the Tower^
and although acquitted upon trial, thought it most' safe to
retire to Holland, where he died in 1683^ Mr. Locke,also'
thinking himself not quite secure in- England, followed his
lordship to Holland, and was introduced to many of the
learned men of Amsterdam, particularly Limbofcb, and
Le Clerc,: whose intimacy and friendship he preserved
throughout life.

During < his residence in Holland, be was accused at
court of having written certain tracts against the govern-
ment of his country, which were i^fterwards discovered to'*
be the production of another person ; and upon that sus-
picion be was deprived of his studentship of Cbrist^cburoh.
This part of Mr. Locke's history, requires some detaiL
The writer of his life in thie Biograpbia Britannica (Nicoll)
says that *^ being observed to join in company with several
English malcontents at the Hague, this conduct was com*
municated by our resident there to the earl of Sunderland,
then secretary of state ; ^who acquainting the king there-
with, his majesty ordered the proper methods to be taken
£or expelling him from the college, and application to be
made for that purpose to bishop Fell^ the dean ; in obe-
dience to this command, the necessary information was given
by his lordship, who at the same time wrote to our author, to
appearand answer for himself on the first of January ensuing,
but immediately receiving an express command to turn htm
out, was obliged to comply therewith, and, accordingly,
Mr. Locke was removed from his student's place on the
15th of Nov. 1684." This account, however, ia not cor-
rect. All that lord Sunderland did, was to impart bis ma-
jesty's displeasure to the dean, and to request his opinion
as to the proper method of removing Mr. Locke. The
dean's answer, dated Nov. 8, contains the following par-
ticulars of Mr« Locke, and of his own advice and proceed-
ings against him. ^Mbave," says the dean, ^^ for divers
^'f ars had an. eye upon him ; but so close has his guard
been on himself, that after several strict inquiries, I may
confidently afHrm there is not any man in the college,

LOCKE. 363

however familiar with him, who had[ hedrd him speak a
word either dgainst or somuch as concerning the govern-
ment ; and although very frequently, both in public an4
private, discourses have been purposely introduced to the
disparagement of his matter, the earl of Shaftesbury, his
party and designs, he never co^ld be:prov(dced to take
any notice, or discover in word or look the least concern.
So that I believe there is not a man in the world so much
master of taciturnity Itnd passion. He has here a physi-
cian's place (he had taken the degree of B. M. in 1674^
which frees him from the exercise of the college, and the
obligations which others have to residence in it; and he is
now abroad for want of health.'"

Thus far we might suppose the dean had advanced,
enough in behalf of the innocence of Mr, Locke. What
follows, however, will be read with regret, that so good a
man as bishop Fell should have given such advice;—" Not*
witfagtauding this, I have summoned. him to return home,
which is done with this prospect, that if he comes not
back, he will be liable to expulsion for contumacy ; and
if he does, he will be answerable to the law for that which
he shall be found to have done amiss. It being probable
that, though be may have been thus cautious here, where
he knew himself suspected, he has laid himself more open
at London, where a general liberty of speaking was used,
and where the execrable designs against his majesty and
government were managed and pursued. If he don't re-
turn by the first of January, which is the time limited to
him, I shall be. enabled of course to proceed against him
to expulsion. But if this method seems not effectual or
speedy enough, and his majesty, our founder and visitor,
shall please to command his immediate remove, upon the
receipt thereof, directed to the dean and chapter, it shall
accordingly be executed," In consequence of this, a war-
rant came down to the dean and chapter, dated Nov. 12,
in these words : " Whereas we have received information
of the factious and disloyal behaviour of Locke, one of the
students of that our college; we have thought fit hereby to
signify our will and pleasure to you, that you forthwith
remove him from his student's place, and deprive him of
all rights and advantages thereunto belonging, for which
this shall be your warrant," &c. And. thus, on the 16th
following,- one of the greatest men of his time was ex-^
pelled the college at the f:ommand of Charles II. witbomt>

SM t O C K E

«i &r 1^ if ivioMii^ .any tfivm »i pn^X or; toqtti>;y. After liie
death ai CJbaHcs II. .Willkuo Jtenn, tb/e eelel^mted qpaJ^er,
vAlo had lafONtn,Mf« Locke j^i the. tmiveraitjry .ii>ed l^iain*
terest iwiih king Jamfib lo |^M»i!e >a paitdpo /or iii^y and
WQul4 havis ob^ned it, if Mo Locka Ju9.d ooit siaid, that he
had no .odcasioiff ora pardon, . sime h^ i^ad ji;M)tt J3eea gj^lty
of any czJnie. • ^

In 16jS55 ¥riiesihe duki^ of .Mpamoulh wa$ roakitig pre^-
par^pns ia HDltaod for bis Jinibriunate .eaterprizey ibe
En^ish envoy at the Hague had xurders to demaqd Mr,
Locke .and. eigbty-tthree other .peraons to he delivered up
hy ihe .Sta;tes-«Genecal. M. Le .Clerc observes, j^aJ^ Mr,
Locke had no correspondence whiiihe duke of Maafiioiitb,
having no great opinion of his ifn^erJtakivg. Besides, his
natural temper was timorous, not resolute, aJOid he wjisiar
£rom b^ing iond of commotions. It .was proper, however,
BOW ^o conceal himself, ^hich <his friends af Aansierdaoi
CAiabled bim .to do, at the house ot a. Mr. Vf^en. In the
mean time Limboroh took efire that ^his letters should b«
"delivered to him, and was entrusted with his iwili, tp be
tent to certain relations whom he Jiaaied, io case of his
death. Sp highly was lie respected, that one of the .ma*
gistrates declared that although they could not protect hioiy
if the king of Englahd ahoutd demand him, yeiiie should
QOt l>e betrayed, and his landlord should' have fiioa^y aor
tice. In .1^86 .he began -Io fippear again in -jiuhilc, wheft
it ^as sufficiently known that iie b§d do share in jthe duki^
of Monmouth's invasieoi.;

During this eonqedment Mr. Locke wrote fais<^f L^tt^er
on Toleration,^' in Latin, which .was pjrinted 9l .Gouda,
1689, under the title ^ Epistqia de TidberaAMa^ JMi eiaria*
simum virum T.A. R.^p. T.o.L. a. (i. e. .Theologies apud re*
monstrautes professorem, tyrarmidis osoceqa, Limburgtuoi
Amstriodamensem) scripta a. P. a. p.d.x. l« a. t}. e. Piicia
amico, persecutionis osore, Joanne Lookio Angb). This
letter was 4:ranslated into Elnglish by Mr. Popple (who
was nephew to Andrew Marvel, and author of the ^/Ra^
tk^nal Clatechism,") and printed twice in London, I6899
4to, and 4 6r90, 12mo; It involved Mr. Ijocke in a contro-
versy with the rev. Jonas Ffoast, M. A. of Queen's-college,
Oxford ; and' some pamphlets passed between them, to the
last of which, publi^ed by Mr. Proast, aahofttimehiefiQre
Mr. Locke's death, the latter left a reply unfinishtsd, which
wa^ published in his posthumous works. While at Am-

E e 0 fi E. 9^

cUrdaniji Qlr. Locke fdrnfed a' tfc^ekljr dfstiiA(l5^f toimistiiig
of Limborehy Le CUrCf and others^ ferxritarersidMidpon
impoftaiit subjeetfc^ and -had drawn u(i hi' Latin fates tb'b«
ebflerved by tbeni ; hixx those cottil^eficeft were 'iini6lr'itr*
terrupted by die frequent 'dvariges be'WB* oblfged tiriffikis
^hts places of reridetice: :..•-' r

After being emptdyedfor som^yeeir^orf bisgnnttrdit;
tbe^'Es^y conciernin^ Himkn UHdenitatidingy'^ he ftnteh^d
it in. Holland about the end of: 1 697. He rnndeiti abtidg*^
nieht of it himself, irhich bis frretrd Lei 6iero trandttted
into .Fr«nch^ and itrserbsd in the f ^' Biblibtheqcre XJrivt^-^
selle'' for Jauiiiary, i 6^8; Thk abridgimisnt cf eai«dv« vefty
general wish for tbb publrcation bfnbe ^hbleJ Abbat IM
aauDe tichey Le Clerc trrfornii ds^ tie tuiieiseveril'^^hl^B
of books, as tti&t of Boyle ort " S^anfic Mifedicinesj'* whij[$ii
is. inserted id the second volume of thd'^Brb): Uititeta
etdie>" and iome othei^s in the fol tewing vtdumvs.

The .rerolotion of \68% at length testdred Mr, L^ek^t^
England, to which he returned in the fleet which eont^yed
the prihc^ss of Orfanitge. He how endeairdumd to <^tain
Iris studentship of Christ-t^horch,' not tbiit he hdd ivty de-^
«tgn td return to college, btit only that this wodld atndtttit
tb a publib testtdtony of his baring been dnjifstty deprived
of it. But when be foond thai the society could not b6 .
prevailed on to dispoi^ess the person who had been elected
in his room^ knd that tb^y Would only admit Uikfi a ^upi^f^
tiumerary s'tuddnt^ he desisted from his clainr.

He was wow at full liberty to ptrr^e bb^ specdlattots^^
iand, accordingly; in 1:689; pabiish'ed his celebMed << £s^
say on Hamad Understanding/' and the sanie year hii
*' Two Treatise^ on GoVerhmfent.'* in wht6h be fully vitt^
dieated the flrinci|)ies^ upon 'which the revoliadoif W^
founded. His writings had how prbcuted him duchhigh
Irfeputatidn; itid he had m^erited do much of the tih^ gcr^
vernmentv that it would haYe beevi easy for hitn to have
obUiiied a very considerable pl^ce ; but he contented him^
self with that of commissioner of a|)pea^ worth about 200/.
f)er atiouhi; He wasi offered to go abrosid in a public cha-
racter, and it was \»it to bis bhotcts whether he woold be
eninoy at the cdurt of the emperor, the elector of Bfanden-
' burgh, or any <^er; where he thought the air most suita-
He to him^ but he decfliued it on account of his bad health.

About tins time Mr. Locke's attention was directed to
the state of the coin, which had been so much clipped^

366 LOCKE.

as to want above a third of its real value ; aiid although hla *
sentiments on the subject were at first disregarded, the
parliament at length was obliged to take the matter into
consideration, and to assist the members in forming a right
opinion on the matter, and introduce a proper remedy.
Mr. Locke, therefore, published '^ Some considerations of
the consequence of the lowering of the interest, ^^nd rais-
ing the value of money,*' and shortly followed it by two
mdre on the same subject, in answer to 6bjections. These
writings extended his acquaintance among men of rank in
the political world, with some of whom he used to associate
on the most familiar terms. He had weekly interviews '
with the earl' of Pembroke, then lord keeper of the privy
seal; and when the air of London began to afiect his
lungs, be went for some days to the earl of Peterborough's
seat at Parsons' Green, near Fulham, where he always met
with the most friendly reception: but was obliged after^
wards entirely to leave London, at least during the whole
of the winter season. •

Having paid frequent visits to sir Francis Masham, at
tDates, in Essex, he found the air so good for his constitu-
Iton, and the society so delightful, that he was easily pre^
Tailed upon to become one of the family, and to settle
there during bis life. The air used to restore him in a
few hours after his return at any time from the town^
although quite spent and unable to support himself. Be^
sides this advantage here, he found in lady Masham, the
daughter of Dr. Cudwortb, a friend and companion exactly
to his heart's wish ; a lady of contemplative and studious
complexion, and particularly inured, from her infancy^ to
speculations in theology, metaphysics, and morality. She
was also so much devoted to Mr. Locke, that,v to engage
his residence there, she provided an apartment for him, of
which he was wholly master; and took care that be should
live in the family with as much ease as if the whole house
had been his own. He had too the additional satisfaction
of seeing this lady breed up her only son exactly upon the 'j
plan which he had laid down for the best inethod of edu-
cation ; and, what pleased him still more, the success* of
it-was such as seemed to give a sanction to his judgment iu
the choice of that method, which he published iu 16S3,
under the title of " Thoughts concerning the Education of
Children," and afterwards improved considerably.

In 1695 he published bis treatise of '*The reasonable*

LOCKE. 367

ness of Cbristianity, «s delirered in tbe Scriptures/' wrk-
ten, it is said, in order to promote the scheme which king
William IIL had much a): heart, of a comprehension with
the dissenters. In this his argument is to prove, '^ that
the Christian religion, as delivered in the Scriptures, free
from all corrupt mixtures, is the most reasonable institu>-
tion iti the world ;'V and we allow that it would certainly
appear so if men were agreed as to what are ^^ corrupt
mixtures,^' which, it is well known, some writers have ex-
. tended ^to those articles of belief which others not only
.find in tbe . Scriptures, but consider as fundamental. On
tbe appearance of this work, Mr. Locke found an opponent
in Dr. John Edwards (see John Edwards), who considered
bis principles as verging towards Socinianism*: and a de-
fender itk Mr. Samuel Bold. Mr. Locke also replied to
Edwards.

Some time before this, Toland published his '' Chris-
tianity not mysterious,'' in which he endeavoured to prove,
that there is nothing in the Christian religion contrary to
or above reason; and in explaining some of bis, notions,
used several arguments drawn from Locke's ** Essay on
Human Understanding." Some Socinians also about this
time published several treatises, in which they affirmed,
that there was nothing in- the Christian religion but .what
was rational and intelligible ; and Mr. Locke having
asserted in his writings that revelation delivers nothing
contrary to reason ; all this induced Dr. StiIUngfIeet,< th^
learned bishop of .Worcester, to publish a treatise, in
which he vindicated the doctrine of the Trinity against
'Toland and the Socinians, and likewise opposed some of
Mr. Locke's principles, as favourable to the above-men*
tioned writings. This produced a controversy, in the
course of which our author endeavoured to show the per-
fect agreement of bis principles with the Christian religion,
and that he had advanced nothing which had the least ten-
dency to scepticism, which the bishop had charged him
with. But.Stillingfleet dying some time after, the dispute
ended, and ended as such disputes have frequently done,
each party claiming the victory. On whichever side it
lajV we may be permitted to add, that some of Mr. Locke's
biographers have spoken, of Stillingfleet's writings with un-
pardonable arrogance and contempt.

Iti 1695,' Mr. Locke was appointed one of the commis-
sioiiers of trade and plantations, a place worth 1000/. per

jMI E 0 0 H X«

.adnuitf, Ihe dihieif of tbb pdit he dh dnargr^ iiH& giMt
itibifit^ 8hd 4tltgieace QRtU I700,< wb^ the incpease of Us
^itj^thniatiks dhoidor^ obligted btmf to resign it .0& this di*
<ii^i6n he acqimnted no person With his intention, nfitit Ite
lurilgiTen iif> fan comnktssion into the hinges band His
jDAJnsir^i f<rfao knew'his worthy was revy oiiwiUing to paH
fHl3i;hia], tod said h^ would be ^H pledged -wili: tns coii^
jttnuanc^ in office, althoogh he shoukl gite' little or no at-
tendance arid certainly woaM not wirii hioi t6 remditi in
town one day tb the ddhifai'fent of his health; BubMh
Lbck6' told the Icing thdtr he cdnid not iii cdhfrel^nee hotd
replace to which siioh a* saUry: was atlnexed; withmit dM-
.changing thri datie& of it ; and therefore he begged Ifeave
.td resign itf which wA accepted.

. , Ffdm^tfais timef wifich i^aslthe y^ar ITtIO, he lived altd-
gether at Oates, and applied himself, without interhipttoA,-
.elitifl^iy td the stifdy 6f tfa§ holy licriplnt^s ; and in this
,e«iployfiveBt he found i(6 ihticb pleltsore^ that he re^tettcd.
.bis not having devoted moi'e of bis dmeto it iii the-fofm^r
/part oi bis life. ^ On one occasion^ in answer to a ytfinfg
gei^tleiifao, >f)rhb a6ked what w^s the shortest arid ^t^st
tf^y for a person to attain a trtke knowledge of the 'CbrU-
tian rJ§ltgioQf he rbplied, ^< Let him study' thb holy scrij)-
tukre, et^ecic^I^ the New Testament. It has Otsd iot its
author ^ iahritiod for its end ; arid truth, withbut atty miar-
tuh6 of errors for its ihatter.'' In 1703 he rfuSbrM much
from faifc ast^iindtic disorder^ but th\i pangs of bbdtly tmch-
.plaint were alleviited by tbe kif^ attention^ of lady
Mashtim : still he foresaw that his dlssotutton \^ tm fttr
distant) and he dduld Anticipate it with^t dredd^ add
speak of it with perfect Caithness arid cohipd$;t)rb. Afk^r
r^iceiviag the sacrament atfaome, in bompany vrith sotffe
friend^l he told ' the minister, ** that he ttdS' ih p€tf^tt
chlurity wtdi alt ihen, irid in a sincere edmthudtol with tbb
church of ChHst, by what name soever it mi^btte'Vliitifif-
gUished.'' Hb Ii\'ed sdme months after this, which he
spent in Acts of piety and devotion : whe^ fa^ Wfismeditat-
^ing on tbe wisdom and goodness of the Creator,' he couM
not forbear crying out, << Oh the depth of tbe riches of the
go6dn^ss tihd knowledge of God :'' what he (eh bio^self Oh
this subject he was anxious to infuse into the hearts of
others. On the day previously by bts depistrture he s£dd,
:^^he had liied long enough, and was thatiktul tb&c*he')iad
enjoyed a hHj^y life; but that, aft^ Ul^ he looked mioti

L O C K E. 369

this life to be tiothing but vanity// or^ as he es:presses a
similar sentiment, in a letter which be left behind him for
Jus friend Mr. Anthony Collins, one that ** affords no solid
satisfaction but in the consciousness of doing well^ and in
the hopes ;of another life.^' He had no rest that night,
and begged in the morning to be carried into his study,
where, being placed in an easy, chair, be had a refreshing
sleep for a ^considerable time. He then requested lady
Masbam to read aloud some of the psalms, to which he
appeared ex qeedingly attentive, till fueling, probably, the
approach of the last messenger, .he begged her to desist,
and in a few minutes expired, on the 28th of October 1704,
in the 73d year of his age. '

To this account we may add an extract from an unpub*
iishjed letter of lady Masham's to Mr. Laughton, obligingly
communicated by Mr. Ellis of the British Museum.

** You will not perhaps dislike to know that the last
^ceneof Mr. Locke's life was no less admirable than any
thing else in him. All the faculties of his mind were per-
fect to the last ; but his weakness, of which only be died,
niade such gradual and visible advances, that few people,
I think, do so sensibly see death approach them as he did.
During all which time, no one could t>bserve the least,
alteration in his humour: always chearful, . civil, conversi-
ble, to the last day ; thoughtful of all the concerns of his
friends; and omitting no fit occa3ion of giving Christian
advice to alt about him. , In short, his death was like his
life, truly pious, yet natural, easy, and unaffected; nor
can- time, I think, ever produce a more eminent example
of reason and religion than he was, living and [dying. —
Oates, Nov. 8, 1 704.*'

Mr. Locke, says his latest biographer, had great know^ *
ledge of the world, and was prudent without cunniiig,
easy, affable, > and condescending without any mean com-
plaisance. If there was any thing h^ could not bear, it .
was ill manners, and a rude behaviour. This was ever un-
grateful to him, unless, when he perceived that it pro-,
ceeded from ignorance; but when it was^he effect of.
pride, ill-nature, or brutality, he detested it. He looked
on civility not only as a duty of humanity, but Christianity;
and he thought that it ought to be more pressed and urged
upon men than it commonly is. He recommended on this
occasion a treatise in the moral essays written by the gen-
tlemen of the Port Royal, " concerning the ipeans of 'pr<^»

Vol. XX. B B

370 L O C K E.^

serving peace among men,^' and was a great adTnirer 6f
Dr. WhichcGfle's Sermons o« tb^ subject He was exact
to his word, and religiously perforikied whatever he pro<-
mised. He was very scrupulous of giving recommenik**
tfons of per&ons whom he did not well know, and would
by no means cbmmend those whom he thought net ta de*
serve it. If he was told that his itaeommendatioa had not
produced the effect expected, he would say, ^* the reason
was b^ause he never deceived atiy person by saying laore
than he knew ; that be never passed his word for any but
such ad be believed would answer the character he gave of
tbem 'f and that if he should do otherwise, his recommen-'
dations would be worth nothing.*'

- He was naturally vei^ active, and employed himself as
n^uch as his health would permit. Sometimes he diverted
himself by working in the garden, which he well und^r*
stood. He loved walking, but not being able to walk
much, through the disorder of his lungs, he used to ride
out after dinner ; and when be could not bear a horse» he
\vefit in a cbsFse. He always chose to have company with
him, though it were but a child, for he took pleasure in
talking with children of a good education. His bad health
was a disturbance to none but himself; and any person
might be with him without any other eoncera than that of
seeing him suffer. He did not differ from othera in bis
diet, esccept that he drank water only, which he> thought
Was the means "of lengthening his life. To this he alsb at-
tributed the preservation of his sight in a great measi!use,
for he couid read by candle-light all sorts of books to ike
last, *if they were not of a very small print, without the
use of spectacles. He had no other distemper but his
asthma, except a deafness for about six months, which be
lamented in a letter to one of his friends, telling him " he
thought it better to be blind than deaf, as h deprived him
of all conversation." Many interesting particulars o*' Mr.
Lodke*^ private life may be seen in Coste's cbaracier of
htm, printed in the ninth volume of the last edition &£ his
works. ' . i

• This edition contains^ principally, the following t»ear
tises, to which we have here appended the years of their
first publication: 1. "Three Letters upon Toleration ;^'
the firsts printed at London in 16S9, was in Lalif). 2, ^* A
Register of the Changes of the Air observed vat Oxford,"
inserted in Mr. Boyle's «« General History of the Air^"

372 . LOCKE.

and the repiktation which it had fr6fti the beginning, and
which it has gradually acquired abroad, is a sufficient testi-
mony of its merit. There is perhaps no book of the meta-
physical kind that has been so generally read by those who
understand the language, or that is more adapted to teach
men to think with precision, and to inspire them with that
candour and love of truth, which is the genuine spirit of
philosophy. He gave, Di*. Reid thinks, the first example
in the English language of writing on such abstract sub-
jects, with a remarkable degree of simplicity and perspi-
cuity ; and in this he has been happily imitated by others
that came after him. No author has more successfully
pointed out the danger of ambiguous words, and the im-
portance of having distinct and determinate notions in
judging and reasoning. His observations on the various
powers of the human understanding, on the use and abuse
of words, and on the extent and limits of human know-
ledge, are drawp from attentive reflection on the opera-
tions of his own mind, the true source of all real know-
ledge on those subjects ; and show an uncommon degree of
penetration and judgment. Such is the opinion of the
learned and candid Dr. Reid, who says, ** I mention these
things that when I have occasion to differ from him, I
may not be thought insensible of the merit of an author
whom I highly respect, and to whom I owe my first lights
in those studies, as well as my attachment to them." Dr.
Reid has. ably pointed''out what he thought defective in
Lockers system, which indeed has been more ,or less the
subject of discussion in every work on inetaphysics during
the last century. The late Mr. Home Tooke, in his "Di-
versions of Purley,'* differs from all others in advancing
one of those singular opinions which are peculiar to that
gentleman. He calls Locke's Essay, "merely *' a gramma-
tical treq^ise, or a treatise on words, or on language ;'*
and says, that " it was a lucky mistake which Mr. Locke
made when he called his book an Essay on the Huoian
Understanding. For some part of the inestimable benefit
of that book has, merely on account of its title, reached
to thousands more than, I fear, it would have done, bad
be called it a Grammatical J^s^ay. The human qiind, or
the human understanding, appears to be a grand and noble
theme, and all men, even the most insufficient^ conceive^
that to be a proper object for their contemplation, while

LOCKER. 373

inquiries into the nature of language are supposed to be
beneath the concern of their exalted understanding.'' *

LOCKCR {John, esq. F. S. A.) son of Stephen Loc-
ker, esq. or Lockier (for that was the family, name in the
reign of Charles IL as appears by , the signature of i^ne of
their ancestors to a lease in that reign), was of a gentle-
man's family in Middlesex, where they possessed- a consi-
derable property, which, it is« said, they lost, as many
others did, by their loyalty. He was bred at Merchant-
Taylors' school, whence he went to Merton- col lege, Ox-
ford ; after which he travelled abroad with his friend Mr.
Twisleton, who was probably of the, same college. He was
entered at Gray^s Inn, where he studied the law in the
same chambers formerly occupied, by his admired lord
Bacon ; and having been called to the bar, was afterwards
clerk of the companies of leather-sellers and clock-makers,
and a commissioner of bankrupts. He married (the fami-
lies being before related) miss Elizabeth Stillingfleet, who
was remarkable for her many excellent qualities as weU as
personal charms. . She was grand-daughter to the eminent
bishop of Worcester by his lordship's first wife, and sister
to Benjamin Stillingfleet, esq. much distinguished by his
ingenious writings and worthy character. By this lady,
who died August 12, 1759, he had nine children. Mr.
Locker is noticed by Dr. Johnson *, in his Life of Addison,
as eminent for curiosity and literature ; as he is by Dr.
Ward, in his Lives of the Gresham Professors, as a gen-
tleman much esteemed for his knowledge of polite litera-
ture. He was remarkable for his skill in the Greek lan-
guage ; and attained the modern, which he could write very
well, in a very extraordinary manner. Coming home late
one evening, he was addressed in that language by a poor-
Greek, from the Archipelago, who had lose his way in the
streets of London. Mr. Locker took him home, where he
was maintained, for some time, by the kindness of himself
and Dr. Mead ; and, by this accidental circumstance, Mr.
Locker acquired bis knowledge of modern Greek. He al-
most adored lord Bacon ; and had collected from original
manuscripts and other papers, many curious things of his
lordship's not mentioned by others, which it was his inten-

* To vhooi Mr. Locker commuDi> son, with an iD'eotion of making an
cated a collection of examples selected English dictionary^
by Addison from the writings of Tillot-

1 Principally from the 'Life prefixed to Locke's Works.

?74

LOCKER.

tioti to publish, but his death prevented it j howeTer, this
fell into SQch good hands, that the public are now in pos^
session of thetn, as is mentioned in the last edition of lord
Bacon's works, by Dn Birch and Mr. Mallet, 1765. Mr.
Locker also wrote the preface 4o Voltaire^s Life of Charles
XIL of Sweden, &nd translated the two first books ; and
Dr. Jebb the rest. He died, very muK^b regretted, in May
V 1760, not quite a year after ^e loss of his amiable lady,
which it was thought accelerated his own death. They both
. were buried in Bt. Helen's church, Bishopsgate-street,
London. Their son William, bred to the naval service, but
a mati of some literary talents, died lieutenant-governor
of Greenwich-hospital, on December 26, 1800, at the age
of seventjr. Some particulars of him are to be fouitd i|i our
liuthority. ^

tOCi^MAN (John), a man of much literary industry,
and known for half a century as a translator, was bom in
1693. Of his early history we iind no particulars recorded.
He appears to have been acquainted with Pope, and to
have been respected by that poet, doubtless, on account
of his amiable and inoffensive chax^cter, which procured
him, among the wits of that time, the name of the Lamb.
The only time he ever deviated from the gentleness of this
. animal was when Cooke, the translator of Hesiod, abused
his poetry to his face. On this provocation Mr. Lockman
pr6ved his relationship to the genus irriiabUe^ by retort-
ing, with a quickness not usdal to him, *^ It may be so ;
but thank Gpd ! my name is not at full length in the Dun«
ciad,'* Mr. Lockmaii^s poetical talents were certainly not
very extensive, as the greatest part of his effusions are
only a few songs, odes, &c. written on temporary sub-
jects, and set to music for Vauxball And other places of
public entertainment. Mr. Jleed, however, found two
pieces of the dramatic kind, both of them d^sigtied to be
set to music ; but only the second of them, he thinks, was
ever performed,, viz. L '^ Rosalinda, a musicftl drama,
1740,'* 4 to. 2. '^David's Lamentations, an oratorio ;^^*
which we believe were not successfoh

In 1762, he issued proposals for a complete edition of
his poems, to be printed, by subscription, in two volumei
!4to. He frequently went to court to present his poems to
the royal family ^ and after he became secretary p the Brir

} Nichols's Bowyer.

L O C K M A N. 375

tiah berrifig^fiAeiy, tendered to the Mine iliustrious per-
sonagas presents of pickled herrings^ &c* all wbicb, both
poems and herrings, be took care to inform tbe public
^' were most graciously received.'* . He was employed in
compiling some of tbe lives in tbe ^' General Dictionary,
including Bayle ;" and translated varions works from tb^
Frendi. In ail his employments be maintained an amiable
and anblemisfaed character, and died nintb lamented ^t his
bouse in BrownloW'Street, Long Acre, of a paralytic stroke',
Feb. 2, 1771.* ^

LOCKYER (Nicholas), a non-conformist divine, the
son of William Lockyer of Glastonbury in Somersetshire,
was born in that county in 161^, and in 1629 studied in
New-Inn hall, Osiford, where be took the degree of ba*
chelor of arts. He afterwards went into holy orders, and
had a cure, but siding with tbe presbyterian party, becamife
a leading man in their committees, and other measures for
reforming the church. He obtained, by the same interest,
a fellowship of Eton* college, and in 1 658 was made provost,
bnt was ejected at tbe Restoration. He passed the remain-
der of his life at Woodford in Essex, where, as Wood
says, he died '* a wealthy man," March 13, 1684-5; and
was buried in St. Mary*s-churob, Whitechapel. His works,
of which Wood has given a very copious list, consist of
sermons, and tracts of practical piety. Calamy, who gives *
but a slight account of him, says, that ^' bis writings shew
him to have been very zealous and affectionate ; earnestly
bent upon tbe conversion of souls. ' • .

LODGE (Thomas, M. D.), a dramatic poet, descended
from a family which had its residence in Lincolnshire ; but
whether the doctor himself was born there, seems not very
easy to be ascertained. Langbaine and Jacob, and, after
them, Wincop and Chetwood, who, in the general, are
little more than copiers, say that he was educated at Cam-
bridge, but Wood informs us, that it was at Oxford, where
he made his first appearance about 1573, and was after-
wards a scholar under the learned Dr. Hobye, of Trinity-
college. Here he made very considerable advances in
learning, dedicating his leisure time to the readifig the
poets of antiquity ; and, having himself a turn to poetry,
especially of the satirical kind, be became knoi^n by

1 Biofp. Dram.— Gent. Mag. vol. LXU. p. 314. — Nicholses Bowyer.-^Boi-
welpK Life of Johnson.
* Alh. Ox. Tol. II.— Calamy.— Manhood's AVtimni Kton^ses^

376 -LODGE.

▼arioiis compositions of that nature, which obtained biro ml
inconsiderable reputation as a wit and poet. Mr. Lodges
how^^er, sensible how seldom the study of poetry yields a
competent provision to its professors, after having taken
one degree in arts, applied himself, with great assiduity,
to the more profitable study of physic, and for further
improvement went abroad. After staying a sufficient
time at Avignon to be entitled to the degree of doctor in
that university, be returned, and, in the latter end of queen
Elizabeth's reign, was incorporated in the uni^rsity of
Cambridge. He afterwards seftled in London, where, by
his skill and interest with the Roman Catholic party, in
which persuasion, it is said, h^ was brought up, he attained
great practice. In what year Dr. Lodge was born does not
evidently appear; but he died in 1625, and had tributes
paid to his memory by many of his contemporary poets,
who have characterized him as a main of very considerable
genius.

His dramatic works are, 1. ** Wounds of Civil War, a
tragedy, 1594," 4to. 2. " Looking-Glass for London and
England, a tragi-comedy, 1598/.'" (assisted by Robert
Green.) Winstanly has named four more dramatic pieces
besides the first of the two above named, which he asserts
to have been written by this author, in conjonction with
Robert Green, 1 ." Lady Alimony," a comedy. 2. " Laws
of Nature," a comedy. 3. ^' Liberalitie and Prodigalitie,"
a comedy. 4. ^' Luminalia." But the first three of these,
though they might be brought to agree in point of time, yet
are all printed anonymously ; and, as to the last, it was
written on a particular occasion, and that not. till two years
after Dr. Lodgers death, and full thirty-five after that of
Robert Green.

His other writings were, 1. ^' Alarm against the Usurers,
containing tried experiences against worldly abuses," Lond.
1584. 2. " History of Tribonius and Prisaeria, with Truth's
Complaint over England." 3. ^< Euphues Golden Legacy."
4. ^' Treatise of the Plague, containing the nature, signs,
and accidents of the same," Lond. 1603, 4to. 5. <' Coun-
tess of Lincoln's Nursery," Oxford, 1622, 4to. 6. "Trea-
tise in defence of Plays." 7. " Catharos Diogenes in his
singularitie, &c." Lond. 1591, 4to. Of this satire the
reader may see an account in the Bibliographer. 8. ^^ The
Divel conjured," ibid. 1596, 4to. noticed in the " Resti-
tuta." Hq translated also into English Josephus*s Works,

L O D G,E. 57^

Lond. 1602, 1609, 1620, &c. fol. ; anS Seneca's WoFks^
<^ both moral and natural/' ibid. 1614, 1^20, &c. iol.>

LODGE (WiLLiAM)y a spirited and tasteful engraver of
the seventeenth century, was the son of a merchant at
Leeds, where he was born July 4, 1649, and inherited an
estate of 300/. a year. From school be was sent to. Jesus
college, Cambridge, and thence to Lincoln's-inn, where
his studies appear to have ended.. He afterwards went
abroad with Thomas lord Bellassis, in his embassy to Ve-
nice, and meeting with Barri's " Viaggio Pittoresco,". he
.translated it, and added heads of the painters of his own
engraving, and a map of Italy. This was printed in 1.6.79,
.8vo. While on bis travels, he drew various views, which
be afterwards etched. Returning to England, he assisted
Dr. Lister of York, in drawing various subjects of natural
history, inserted in the Philosophical Transactipns. He
died at Leeds, in August 1689, and was buried in Harwood
church. Besides the portraits above mentioned, thece are
jeveral views by this artist, etched in a slight but spirited
style, from his own designs, which he made' both at home
and abroad. They bear the marks of genius and a good
taste.'

LOFTUS (Dudley), a very learned oriental scholar,
.was the second son of sir Adam Loftus, and great grandson
,pf Dr. Adam Loftus, who was archbishop of Armagh, then
of Dublin, and one of the lords justices, and lord chancellor
of Ireland. He was born in 1618, at Rathfarnam, near
Dublin, a stately castle built by his ancestor the arch-
bishop, and was educated. in Trinity college, where he
. was admitted fellow- commoner in 1635. About the time
.he took his first degree in arts, thfs extraordinary profici-
ency he had made in languages attracted the notice of
.archbishop Usher, who earnestly ,^ vised his father to send
him to Oxford, where he might improve his oriental learn-
ing, a matter which that worthy prelate considered as
highly important in the investigation of. the history and
principles of the Christian religion. Mr. Loftus was ac«
cordingly sent by his father to Oxford, and entered of
University college, where he was incorporated B. A. in
November 1639. About this time he commenced the

' Atii. Ox. vol. I. — Cibbcr'g Lives. — Bieg. Dram,— Phillips's Theatrum by
sir E. Brydges. — Warton's HifTtory.-^Ellis's Specimen! •— BibliogTaphery ¥ol. h
— Restituta, vol. I.

9 Walpole's Anecdotes.— StrutVs Dictionary.

378

L O FT U S.

Study of the law, with a vie^ to take his bachelor^s degreis
in that faculty, but at the persuation ^hh friends in Uni-
▼e^ity college, took his degree of master of arts in 1641,
and then returned to Ireland at the nioment the rebellioh
broke out. His fitiher^ who was at that time vice-trea-
surer, and one of the privy eouncil, procured a garrison to
be placed in his castle of Ratbfamam, and gave the com-
mand of it to his son Dudley, who displayed bis skill
and courage, by defending the city from the incursions of
the Irish inhabiting the neighbouring mountains. He was
afterwards made one of the masters in chancery, vicar-

feneral of Ireland, and judge of the prerogative court and
iculties, all which offices he held to the time of his death.
He was also a doctor of the civil law, and esteemed the
most learned of any of his countrymen in that faculty.
Towards the latter part of his life, his talents and memory
were very much impaired, and when about seventy-six
years of age, he married a second wife, but died the year
following, in June 1695, and was buried in St. Patrick's
church, Dublin.

Mr. Loftus's greatest excellence lay. in the knowledge
of various languages, especially the oriental ; and it is
said, that when only twenty years of age, he was able to
translate as many languages into English. Among arch-
bishop Usher's letters is one from him to that prelate, which,
although short, shews his avidity to search out oriental
books and MSS. ; as well as his high respect and gratitude
to Usher, who first directed his attention to the treasures of
the Bodleian library. Yet his character in other respects
does not correspond with his parts or learning. He was
accounted, says Harris, an improvident and unwise man,
and his many levities and want of conduct gave the world
too much reason to think so. The same biographer meik-
tions <^ a great, but free-spoken prelate," who said of Mr.
Loftus, that ^< he never knew so much learning in the
keeping of a fooJ."

His learning, indeed, and his industry appear very evi-
dent by his many writings. Besides the ^biopic New
Testament whicb he translated into Latin, at the request of
Usher and Selden, for the Polyglot, and whicb procured
bim from Waltop the character of '< vir doctissimus, tarn
generis prosapia, quam linguarum orientalium scientia,
nobilis," he published, 1. ^^^ Lo'gica Armeniaqa in Latinam
traducta/' Dublin, 165*^, 12mo. 2. '* lutroductio in totam

L O F T U IS. 379

Aristotelis PhilMOpliiain/' ibid. 1657, idma 8. '<The
Proceedings observed in order to, and in the consecration
of, the twelve Bithops in Bt. Patriclc's Church in Dublin^
Jan. 27, 1660,** Lond. 1661, 4to. 4. « Liber Psatmorunr
Davidis ex ArmeDiaco idiomate in Latinnoi traductus,"
Dublin, 1661, 12010. B. <* Offtcio fnnebrii faabita post
ex'uvias naperi Rev. patris Joan. (Bramhall) archiepiscopi
ArmachanV ibid. 1663, 4to. -6. << The Speech of James
duke of Ormond, made in a parliament at Dnblin, Sept.
17, 1662, translated into the Italian,*' ibid. 1664. 7.
'< Reductio litiurh de libero arbitrio, prtedestinatione, et
reprobatione ad arbitrium boni viri,*' ibid. 1670, 4to. 8:
^* A Book demonstrating that it was inconsistent with the
English government, that the Irish rebels should be ad-
mitted to their former condition with impunity, by topics
drawn from principles of law, policy, and conscience,'*
published under the name of Philo-Britannicus. 9. *^ Let^
tera esortatoria di mettere opera a fare isincera penitenza
mandata alia signora F. M. L. P. &c.'' 1667, 4to. This
piece was written on account of a lady of Irish birth, with
whom he was criminally connected, and whom he wished
to pass for an Italian, as she was educated in Italy. Her
name was Francisca Maria Lucretia Plunket. It was to
her he wrote this exhortatory letter, which was followed
soon after by^ 10. "The Vindication of an injured lady,
F. M. Lucretia Plunket, one of the ladies of the privy
chamber to the queen mother of England,'* Lond. 1667,
4to. 1 1 . Two pamphlets of the •* Case of Ware and Shir-
ley,^' a gentleman who married an heiress against her
will. 12. " A Speech delivered at the Visitation held in
the diocese of Clpgher, sede v^ante^ Sept. 27, 1671,"
Dublin, 1671, 4to. 13! "The first marriage of Katherine
Fitzgerald (now lady Decies), &c. assorted," Lond. 1677,
4to. Readers of the present times will be surprised to be
told, tbat this pamphlet relates to the niarriage of lord
Decies, aged eight j^ears, to Katherine Fitz*gerald, aged
twelve and a half. The little lady in about twenty months
took another huliband, Edward Villiers, esq. Mr. Loftus's
opinion was, that the first marriage wias legal. His argu-
ment was answered by Robert Thomson, LL. D. in a
pamphlet under the title of ^^ Sponsa nondum uxor,'*' Lond.
1678, 4 to. 14. " Several Chapters of Dionysius Syrus's
Comment on St. John the Evangelist, concerning the Life
and Death of our Saviour," Dublin, 4to. 15. *' The Com-

S80 L O F T U S.

* •

mentary on the Four Evangelists/ by Dionysius Syru^, out
of the Syriac tongue." 16. " CommiBntary on St. PauVs
Epistles, by Moses Bar-Cepha, out of the Syriac.*' 17.
** Exposition of Dionysius Syrus, on St.. Mark," Dublin,
1676, 4to, according to Harris, but by the Bodleian cata-
logue it would appear that most, if not all, the four pre-
ceding articles wer^- published together in 1672, 18.
"History of the Eastern and W:est6nfChurcbes, by Gre-
gory Mapbri^o, translated into Latin from the Syriac."
19. " Connmentary on the general Epistles, and Acts of
the Apostles, by Gregory Maphrino." 20 " Praxis cul-
tus divini juxta ritus primoBVorum Christianorum," contain-
ing various ancient liturgies, &cu Dublin, 1693, 4to. 21.
" A clear and learned Explication of the History of our
Blessed Saviour, taken out of above thirty Greek, Syriac,
and other oriental authors, by way of Catena, by Diony-
sius Syrus, translated into English,". Dublin, 1695, 4to.
Harris mentions a few other translations from the Arme-
nian, Arabic, and Syriac, but without date or place, and
which probably were printed with some of the preceding.'

LOGAN (Jam£S), a polite scholar, aaid magistrate of
-some eminence in America, was born in Scotland about
1674. He was one of the people called Quakers, and ac-
companied William Penn in his last voyage to Pennsyl-
vania. For many years of his life he was employed in
public business, and rose to the offices of chief justice
and governor of the province: but he felt lalways an a,r-
dour of study, and. by husbanding his leisure hours, found
time to write several, treatises in Latin, of which one on
the generation of plants,, was translated into English by
Dr. FothergilL When advanced in years, he withdrew
from the tumult of public business^ to the solitude of his
country-seat, near^ Germantown, where he corresponded
with the most distinguished literary characters of Europe.
He also pnade a version of ^^ Cicero de Senectute," which
was published with notes by the celebrated Dr. Franklin.
Mr. Logan died in 1751, at the age of seventy-seven, leav-
ing his library, which he had been fifty years in collecting,
to the people of Pennsylvania. The following extract
from his will affords a pleasing idea of his literary enthu-
siasm : ^' In my library, which I have left to the city of

1 Ath.Ox. vol. II.— Harris's editien of Ware^s Ireland.— Lodge's Peerage of
Ireland, art Loftus'.

LOGAN. 381

Philadelphia, for the advancement and facilitating fof clas-
sical learning, are above an hundred volumes of authors in "
folioy all in Greek, with mostly their versions. All the
Roman classics without exception* All the whole Greek '
mathematicians, viz. Archimedes, Euclid, Ptolemy, both
his Geography, and Almagest, which I had in Greek (with
Theon*s commentary in folio, above 700 pages) from my
learned friend Fabricips, who published 14 volumes of his
* Bibliotheque Grecque,* in 4 to, in which, after he had
finished his account of Ptolemy, on my inquiring of him
at Hamburgh in ■* how I should find it, having long
sought for it in vain in England; he sent it me out of his
own libraiy, telling me it was so scarce, that neither prayers
nor price could purchase it Besides there are «many of
the most valuable Latin authors, and a great number of
modern mathematicians, with all the three editions of
Newton, Dr. Wallis, Halley, &c." '

LOGAN (John), a Scotch divine and poet, was born
about the beginning of 1747-8, at Soutra, in the parish of
Fala, on the southern extremity of Mid- Lothian, where his
father rented a small farm. He appears to have been
taught the first rudiments of learning at the school of Mus*
selburgh, near Edinburgh ; and here, as well as at home, *
was zealously instructed in the principles of the CalvinisUc
system of religion, as professed by the seceders, a species
of dissenters from the established church of Scotland. In
1762, he entered on the usual courses of study at the uni-
versity of Edinburgh, where he made uncommon profi-
ciency in the learned languages, but discovered no great
inclination for mathematics, or metaphysics, although he
took care not to be so deficient in. these branches as to in-
cur any censpre, or create any hindrance to his acade«
mical progress. His turn being originally to works of ima-
gination, he found much that was congenial in a course of
lectures then read by professor John Stevenson, on Arisr
totle^s Art of Poetry, and on Longinus; and while these
directed his taste, he employed his leisure hours in ac-
quiring a more perfect knowledge pf Homer, whose beau-
ties he. relished with poetical enthusiasm. The writings of>
Milton, and other eminent poets of the English series, be-
came likewise his favourite studies, and the discovery of

* The date here in Davis's Travels in America, 1803, 8to, fipn which this
account is taken, is 17T2, which* must be wrong.

1 Davis s Travels.

392 L O G A N.

09siao*s poe«ns» which took plaee when be was at coll^e^
opened new sources of admiration apd inpprovement.

At what time be began to imitate hi6 favourite n)odeU» is
doubtful, but as ^ inclination to write poetry is generally
precipitate, it is probablo that be had pco4uQed oiany of
his lesser pieces while at the university ; an<i he had the
advice and encouragement of Dr. John Main of Atheistone*
ford, a clergyman of classical taate> in pursuing a track
which genius seamed to have pointed out* He had also
acquired the friendship and patronage of lord Eiibank, and
of the celebrated Dr. Blair, who regarded him as a; youth
of promising talents, and unusual acumen in matters of
criticism. By the recommendation of Dr. Blair, he was,
in .1768,, received into the family of Sinclair, as private
tutor to the present baronet of Ulbater^ the editor of those
statistical reporta which have done so much honour to the
clerical character of Scotland. Here, howeveri Logan did
not remain long, but returned to Edinburgh to attend the
divinity lectures, with a view of entering into the churebi
Esther by r^ing, or by tlie company he kept, be had
already overcome the scruples whieh inclined his parents
to dissent, and determined t^ take ordera in the ^ata^
blisbment

In 1770, be published a volume . uodec the tkde of
<^ Poems on several occasions, by Michael Bruce,'' a youth
Md¥> died at the age of twenty^pe, after exhilniing con-
siderable talents for poetry. In this volume, however,
Logan chose to insert seve»l pieces of his own, without
specifying them, a circumstance which has since given
riiae to a controversy between the respective friends of

, Bruce and Logan. In 1770, after going through the usaal
probationary periods, Legan was admitted a pneaeber, aud^
iu 1773 waa invited to the pastoral charge at South Leiihi
which he accepted. His. poems, which hfbd been hitherto,
circulated only in private, or perhaps occasionally inserted
in the literary journals, pointed hies out as a proper person
to ^siat in a scheme for revising the psalmody of Uie chorcfa.
For this purpose he was, in 1776, appointed am% of die
comauttee ordered by the General Assembly (the- highest
ecclesiastical au^ortty iu Scotland), and took a very aedve
part in their, proceediags, not only revising and improving
some of the old versions, but adding others of bis own com-*
position. This collection of ^ Translations and Paia-r
phrases" was published in il^i, under the sanction of the

. General Assembly.

LOGAN. MS

About two years before this publicatKMi appearod, he
had prepared a course of lectures on the philosophy of
history, and had on this occasion consulted Drs. Robertson,
Blair, Carlisle, and other eminent men connected with the
nniversity of Edinburgh, who seemed liberally inoUncd to
promote his success. The first request, however, which
he bad to make, happened not to be within their power.
He desired the use of a room in the college fer the delivery
of his lectures, but by the statutes no indulgence of that
kind could be granted to persons teaching or lecturing on
subjects for which regular professors were already ap«
painted. He then hired a chapel, in which he delivered
bis first course of lectures in 1779*80, and bis auditors, if
iiot very nnmeroos, were of that kind whose report was of
great consequence to his fame. In his second course, be
bcui a larger auditory, and attracted so much notice^ that
he entertained very sanguine hopes of being promoted to
tbe professorship of history, which became vacant abcntt
this tioM^.

- Here,* however, an obstacle presented itself which he
bad not foreseen, and which his friends could not remove.
It had been the invariable practice of the patro^is to pre-
sent to this office a member of the *faculty of advocates,
and in the present instance their choice fell upon Mr. Fra«
zer Tytler, the late liord Woodhouselee, jbl gentleman whose
tatents (had talents been the criterion) must have excluded
all competition. Whether owing to this appointment, or
to the decay of public curiosity, Logan's lectures were no
longer encouraged ; but in 178^1, be published an analysis
of them, entitled *^ Elements of the Philosophy of History,''
and soon after one entire lecture ia the form of an ^ Essay
on the Manners of- Asia." Both were favourably received,
yet witbovt those decisive proofs of encouragement whieh
couM justify his publishing the whole course, as he prop-
bably intended. In the same year appeared his volume of
'^ Poems," wbich were so eagerly bought up, that a second
edition became necessary wkbin a few months. • Such po-
pularity induced him to complete a tragedy which he had
toben for sometime preparing, epfeitled ""Runamede," and
f6imded upon tbe history of the great charter. This tra-
gedy was accepted by the manager of Covent-garden
theatre, but was interdicted by the licenser of the stage as
containing political allusions that were improper. It was
iJrinted, howev^er, in 1783, and afterwards acted on the

384^ LOGAN.

Edinburgh theatre, but met with no extraordinary applause
either in the closet or on the stage. In this attempt^ in-'
deed, the author seems to have mistaken his tailents. In
Scotland, his biographer informs us, he had |o encounter
the general "prejudices of that country against the inter-*
ference of the clergy in theatrical concerns.

These disappointments, we are told, ^^ preyed with pun-
gent keenness upon a mind uncommonly susceptible. His
temper," it is added, ** was still further fretted by the um-
brage which some of hjs parish had unjustly taken at his
engaging in studies foreign to his profession, and which
others, with more reason, had conceived, on acco^iut of
certain deviations from the propriety and decorum of his
clerical character ; though not a few of them were suffi-
ciently liberal in their allowances for irregularities which
could only he attributed to inequality of spirits and irri-
tability of nerves.'' This vindication is specious, but will
not bear examination. There could sqrely be no great
injustice in complaining of studies which diverted him firom
his profession^— a profession which he had voluntarily cho-
sen, and in which he was liberally settled ; or of irregula-'
rities which unfitted him to perforpn its duties, and obliged
him at last to compound for his inability or neglect by re-
tiring upon a small annuity. Yet such was the case; and:
with this annuity, or with the promise of it, he came to
Londbn in 1786, and for sopae time subsisted by furnish-,
ing articles for the *^ English Review,'' and perhaps other
periodical 'publications. Rewrote also a pamphlet, en-
titled '^ A Review of the Principal Charges against Mr.
Hastings," which was a very able and eloquent vindication
of that gentleman ; and probably appeared in that light to
the public at large, for the publisher, against whom the
friends of the impeachment directed a prosecution, was
acquitted by the verdict of a jury. This last coni^uence,
Logan did not live to witness. His health had been for
some time broken, and he died at his apartments in Marl**'
borough-street, Dec. 28, U 788, in the fortieth year of his
age.

Notwithstanding his failings, it is with pleasure we copy
the following passage from the Life prefixed to the late
edition of his poems. — <^ The end of Logan was truly
Christian. When he became too weak to hold a book, he
employed his time in hearing such young persons as visited
him read the Scriptures. His conversation turned chiefly

LOGAN. 3«fi

4^0; serious subjects^ and was most affectipg and instructiive.
He foresaw and preparedTor the approach of death, gave
directions about his funeral with the utmost composure
and dictated a distinct and judicious will, appointing Div
ppnakl Grant, and his ancient and steady friend Dn Ro*
b^rtson, his executors, and bequeathing to them his pro^
perty, books, and MSS. to be converted into money, for
the payment of legacies to those relations and friends who
bad the strongest claims upon his affectionate remembrance
in his dying moments/'

Dr. IV>bertsQn accordingly prepared a volume of his Ser»
mons, which was published, in 1790, and a second in the
fpUowing year. They are in general elegant and perspi-
cuous, but occasionally burst into passages of the decla-
malory kind, which', however, are perhaps not unsuitable
to the warmth of pulpit oratory. They have been uncom*
monly successful, the fifth edition having made its appear-
ance in 1807. He left several other manuscripts, tyhich'
were Once intended for publication. Among these are his.
Leeiures on History, and three .or four tragedies. Iw
ISOS 9f new edition of his poems was published at Edin*
burgh and'LondotR, to which a life is prefixed. by. an auo-
QymMs writer. From this the factsxontained in the pre^*
sent more succinct sketch have been borrowed. Logan
deserves a very high rank among our minor poets. The
cluef churaoter of bis poetry is the pathetic, and it wilt
not, perhaps, be easy to produce any pieces from the
whole range of English poetry more exquisitely tender
and^ pathetic than "The Braes of Yarro^," ** The Ode
on the Death of a Young Lady,*' or ^^A Visit to the
Counciy in Autumn.'' " The Lovers" seems to as-
sume a higher character; the opening lines, spoken by
Harrieti rise to sublimity by noble gradations of terror^
and M accumulation of images, which are, with peculiar
felicity, made to vanish on the appearance of her lover.
Id the whole of Logan's poenis are passages of true poetic
spirit and sensibility. With a fancy so various and regu-
lated, it is to be regretted he did not more frequently cul-
tivate his talents. The episode of ^* Levina," among the
pieces attributed to him, indicates powers that might have
8|^p!Mred to advantage in a regular poem of narration
and description., vHis sacred pieces are allowed to be of
the inferior icind, but they are inferior only as they are n^t
original ; he strives to throw an air of modern elegaiic o

VOL. XIX. e c

356 LOGAN,

over the simple language of the East, consecrated by use
and devotional spirit ; and be fails where Watts and others
have failed before him, and where Cowper only has escsq>ed
, -without injury 10 his general character.*

LOGGAN (David), a very useful, if not an eminent
engraver, was a native of Dantzic, and born probably in
1635. He is said to have received some instructions from
Simon Pass, in Denmark. Passing through Holland, be
studied under Hondius, and came to England before the
restoration. Being at Oxford, and making a drawing for
himself of AIUsouls college, he was taken notice of, and
invited to undertake plates of all the colleges and public
buildings of that university, which he executed, and by
which he first distinguished himself. He afterwards per-
formed the same for Cambridge, where he is said to have
hurt his eye-sight in delineating the fine chapel of KingV
college. He also engraved on eleven folio plates, the aca-
demical habits of Oxford, from the doctor to the lowest,
servant. At Oxford he was much caressed, obtained a U*
cence for vending his ^^ Oxonia lllustrata," for fifteen
y^iars, and on July 9, 1672, was matriculated as university-,
etigraver, by the name of <* David Loggan, Gedanensis.'*
He was the most considerable engraver of heads in his
time, but their merit as works of art has not been rate4
very high. His "Oxonia" and " Cantabrigia illustrata,"
liowever, will perpetuate his name, and his correctness may
still be traced in those colleges which have not undergone
alterations. He married a Mrs. Jordan, of a good family
hear Witney, in Oxfordshire, and left at least one son,
who was fellow of Magdalen -college, Oxford, and B.D.
in 1707. Loggan died in Leicester-fields, where he bad
resided in the latter part of his da;^s, either in 1693 or
1700, for Vertue gives both dates in different places.'

LOKMAN (surnamed the Wise), sometimes called .
Abre Anam, or father of Anam, was a philosopher of great
account among the Easterns, but his personal history is
involved in much obscurity, and what we have is probably
fabulous. Some say he was an Abyssinian of Ethiopia pc
Nubia, and was sold as a 'slave among the Israelites, in
the reigns of David and Solomon. According to the Ara.^.
bisins, he was the son of Baura, son or grandson of a sister:

1 l/fe as abcxre. — Johnson and Cbatmers's English Po^ts, 1610.
• WaVol^p EpgraTOTs.— Struit's Dictionary.

L O K M A N. 387

/

%

Of tailt of Job. Some say he worked as a carpenter^ others
as a tailor, while a third sort will have him to be a shep-»
herd ; however that be, he was certainly an extraordinary
person, endowed with great wisdom and eloqqence, and
we have an account of the particular manner in which he
received these divine gifts ; being one day asleep about
noon, the angels saluted Lokman without making them-
selveis visible, in these terms : ** We are the messengers
of God, thy creator and ours ; and he has sent us to de-
clare to thee that he will make thee a monarch, and his
tice-gerent upon earth." Lokman replied, " If it is by
an absolute command of God that I am to become such a
one as you say, his will be done in all things ; and I hope
ir this should happen, that he will bestow on me all the
grace necessary for enabling me to execute his commands
ftiithfally ; however, if he would grant me the liberty to
chuse my cohditioti of life, I had rather continue in my
present state, and be kept from offending hiip ; otherwise^,
all the grandeur and splendours of the world would be
troublesome to me.^' This answer, we are told, was so.
pYeasing to God, that he immediately bestowed on. him the
gifilf of wisdom in an eminent degree; and he wai able to ^
instruct all men, by a multitude of maxims, sentences^
and parables, amounting to ten thousand in number, every
one of which his admirers reckon greater than the whoUi
v^orld in value.

This story is evidently of the same cast with that of So«
lonion, and was perhaps taken from it; but Lokman bim*
self gives a different account of bis perfections. Being
sekt^d in the midst of a number of people who were listen-
ing to* him, a man of eminence among the Jews, seeing so
great a crowd of auditors round him, asked him, ^^ Whe-
ther he was not the black slave who a little before looked
after the sheep of a person he named ?*' To which Lokmah
assenting ; '* How has it been .possible,** continued the Jew^
*^ for thee to attain so exalted a pitch . of wisdom and vir-
tue ?** Lokman replied, '^ It was by the following means :
by always speaking the truth, by keeping my word in*
violably, and by « never intermeddling in affairs that did
not concern me.** Accordingly, we find inscribed to him
this apophthegm': ** Be a learned man, disciple of the
learned, or an auditor of the learned ; at least be a lover
of iLnowdedge, and desirous of improvement** Lokman,
it 18 saidy had not only consummate knowledge, but wais

c c 2

588 l|. aK HAN*

\

equally good and virtuous; B,n^ ^,igftOy tidmj^mpqm^'^
gi^s could, not a,lvvays ^ l^^ld lo 5|aYesy> H^ V^^^l
giving tim a bitter me\on to eat, LoJ^^o at§.it d^\; ^)^u

Bis masier, surprised at ^U exact qbgdfsnfiijt ^f^Jh VS<>w
Was it possible for you to ^at so nau^^ot:^^.!^ fr^i^i*^ Lo^^
man replied, " I have received so ipa^oy , fftvotux^ frpm you,
tbat'it is no wonder I should onpe^ In ipy li^i^, ^t^ a. bittef
melon from your hand.'' This gefieroi^ap^wi^r.at^Vtcj^the
ibaster to such a degree, that He imniediat^ly g^T^ hw. hi$
nberty. '

'" it is saidr that he lived three hundred years* and died tp
the age of the prophet Jonas. He was buried. not, £ar frppi
Jerusalem; and his sepulchre was to be seen not above a
century ago, at Ramlab, a small town not far from Jei[U*
salem, his remains being deposited i^ear those, of the sg^
venty prophets who were st(|^rved to death by the. Jews,
and all diect in one day. He was of the Jewish reli^pn,
and some'time^served in the troops of king Da\;id, ^ith
firhoin he had been conversant in Palestiqe, and was grefttly
esteemed, by that monarch. The relics of bis fables were,
l^ublished by Erpenius in Arabic and Lajtin, wjth bi^ Ara^
Die Grammar, at Leydeu, 1636, 4jto, and 1656, 4ito, and,
'f dnnaquil Faber gave an 'edition oi^ them in eleganf Lapp.
Vetse. Galland translated them into French, with those
ofPilpay, in 1?.1.4, 2 vols. 12nip; and a new vpl«|ane was
translated into the same language by M. Cardonne, in
1778* There is a more recent Fr^nich edition by Marcel,
jh 1799, 4t6. The work seems rather a coliecpou of an-
cient fables than the production of any one writer. From
the similarity of many of them t9^ those of. i^s9p, soma
have itiferred that Lokman and M»op were different name^
ibr the sanrie person; but Brucker tjiinks it tnareAtk^y
that the compiler of these fables had seen those of j£s9{i|^
and chose to insert some of theni in his collection. WJip^
ever was the writer, the fables a-flprd np ineWgant speiH^
men of the moral doctrine of" the Arabiap^.^

LOLME. See DE LOLME.

LOMBARD (Petbr^, well known by the title of HBfffm:
of the Sentences, was bom at Npvara^ in.Lombardy, wl\f£ice.
he took bis surname. Be was educated at, Bologna^ «94.
Ittbeims> under St Bernard, and. afterwards rei99,^fi^ .tq^
Paris, wher^, as one of the professprj^ ji^ th^t muvei^t^^

* I^*lierbe1ot Btbl. Orieiite]e.«»€en. Diet.— B/ucker.

L O i^ 1B A R li. 389

he distinsuisbe'd himself so much, thai the canonry ot
Uhartres was conferred upon hini. He was sqtnp pme
tutor to PbitiDj son of king Lewis I'e Gros, ancj brother ot
Lewis the young ; and was sq much esteemed by him,
that Upon the vacancy of the bishopVic of Parisj, ilia^ 'nbhli^e
personage, being intended for the see, aecline^ it for tn^
^ake of Lombard, who was dccordingty promoted to it
^bout liSO, and 'died in ll64. H'e was iplerred in. tne
church of Marcellus, in the suburb of tnat name',^ where
his epitaph is still to be seen. Hi's work of the Sentences^
divided into fourl>obks, contains an illustratibn of the doc*
tnnes of the church, in a 'collection of sentences or pas-
sages taken from the fathers. This was so favourably re*
cbif^ed, ih4t in a short time it was the only work taught in
the schools, and the author was, by way of eminenciei, .
called the "Master of the Sentences,'* and was accoiaqteq
the chief of the scholastic divines. His work was hrst
printed at Venice, i 477, fol. and innumerable idommenta-
ries liistve Been written on it. In our own universities tHe
being adniitted " to read the Sentences" was, as may be
frequently seen in Wood's Athenae, a mark of gr^at pro*
gress in study, for aL greater veneration ,was paid to Lorn-
b^trd's work than to the Scriptures. Bacori, in a letter to
element IV. mentions this preference as aii absurdity.
** The bachelor," says he, " who reads the Scriptures,^
gives place to the reader of the * Sentences,' who every-
where is honoured and preferred. The reader of the Sen-
tences has bis choice of the most eligible tiaie, arid hold;
it call and society with the religious; but the biblical
rea.der has, neither; and must beg for sucli an hour as the
r^ad^r of the Sentences is pleased to assign him. He whq
re&diS the Lodibardine thesis, may anywhere dispute arid
be esteemed a master; but he who reads the text of Scrip-
ture is adiriilted to ho such honour: the absurdity of this
conduct is tjvident," &c.* ^^ /

LtililENlE (HeMtT UWI^DE, COtNT Ci:\B(RIENNEJ,

WiiS tiof'd ih ibhs, the ^on of that cbunti de Bnenne who
tjfri^ ^laliaisadbf ih finglanS in 16124. He had tlie rivers
^ibn oixh6 secretary qf stdte^s biSce which his father neld|
mA vfrii irtade (bbufisellor pf stat'^ in 1651, wheii a boy p|
sikte^ti, wtftpei-missioii to exercise this bflSc^ wpenhfj
shrfdld act^ii tfa6 4g6 of twenty - fivfe. During thifihteryai;

1 Dupio.— Mosheim.-^BruGker.

390 L O M E N I E.

he travelled over Italy, Germany, and the north, to ao«
quire a knowledge of the countries he was afterward to
tfeat with, and on his return, although only twenty-three
years old, the king permitted him to act as secretary of
state; but after his wife's death, in 1665, Louis XIV*.
obliged him to resign his post. M. de Lomenie then re<-
tired to the fathers of the oratory, and was sub-deacon^
but left them, and went to the court of Christian Loiiis,
duke of Mecklenburgh, in 1672. His residence at that
court was the origin of all the troubles which he brought
upon himself ; for, having entertained a criminal passion
for the princess of Mecklenburg, he had the audacity to
acquaint her with it. She complained of this affront to
Louis XIV. who ordered him to return to Paris, and con-
fined him in the abbey of St. Oermain-des-Prez, then at
St. Benott-sur-Loire, afterwards at St. Lazare, and lastly,
at the abbey of St. Severin, at Chateau Landon, where he
died, April 17, 1698. He left an account of his travels,
in Latin, entitled ^* Itinerarium,'* 8vo, written with elegance
and perspicuity. 2. " Recueil de Poesies diverses et Chr^-
tiennes," Paris, 1671, 3 vols. 12mo. 3. ** Remarques
sur les Regies de la Po^sie Fran^ise,'* which are at the
end of the " Nouvelle M^thqde Latine" of Port Royal,
the seventh edition, 8vo. M. de Ch&lons has borrowed,
Mithout any acknowledgment, almost the whole of these
Remarks, in his treatise ^Des Regies de la Po6sie Fran^oise.^
Lomenie also published a translation of the *^ Institutions
of 1^ haulerus,'' Svo'and 12mo, &c. and left in MS. me-
moirs of his life, and some pqems. It appears from his
works, that he possessed wit and genius, but that a capri-
cious, fickle, and inconstant disposition, joined to a de-
praved fancy, rendered them useless to him, and in some
measure to the worlds*

LOMMIUS (JoDOCus or Van Lom), a medical writer
of reputation, was born at Buren, in Guelderland, about
the cominencement of the sixteenth century, and after a
liberal education, studied medicine principally at Paris,
and practised for a considerable time at Tournay, to which
city he was pensionary physician in 1557 ; he removed to
Brussels at an advanced period of life, about 1560, and
was living in this city in 1562, beyond which period there
is no record of him. He left three small works^ in very

^ Moreri.'^Diet. Hist,— BibU Anc et Modepe, toI. XIII.

. L Q M M I U S. 391

^legtat Latin, viz. << Commeotarii de Sanitate tnenda in
piimuiB libcum Ci Celsi,'* Loav»D» 1558, ]2aio. Thitii
ant ^anple commentary upon Celsus, taken entirely from
t|ie ancients. ** Observationum Medicinalium Libri tree/'
Antwerp, 1560* This work has passed' through many
editioiis; it consists of histories of disease, related with the
simple perspicuity of Celsus, and containing many useful
and valuable observations on the diagnostics, prognostics,
and cure. ^^ De curandis Febribus continuis Liber,^* Ant«^-
yffi^Pi 1563. This little treatise, like the foregoing, has
been several times, printed and translated. These works
were published together at Amsterdam, in 1745, in 3 vols/
i2mo, under the title of ^VOpera omnia." ^

LOMONOZOF, a celebrated Russian poet, the gres^
tefioer of his native tongue, was the son of a person who.
trafficked in fish at Kolmogori : he was born in 17 i I, and
was fortunately taught to read ; a rare instance for a per«
'801^ of so low a station in Russia. Hts natural genius for
poetry was first kindled by the perusal of a metrical trans-
lation of the Song of Solomon, by Polotski, whose rude
compositions, perhaps scarcely superior to our version of
the Psalms by Sternhold and Hopkins, inspired.. him with
sbch an irresistible passion for the muses, that he fled
from bis fathef, who was desirous of compelling him to
marry, and took refuge in the Kaikonospas)(i monastery at
Moscow; there he had an opportunity of indulging bis
^ste for letters, and of studying the Greek and Latin lan-
guages.] - In tbis seminary he made so considerable a pjo*
, gvess in police literature, as. to be noticed and employed
by the Imperial academy of sciences. In 1736 he was
seat at the expence of that society, to the university of
Marburgh in Hesse Cassel, where he became a scholar of
the celebrated Christian Wolf, under whom be studied
upiversal grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy. He con-*
ibmed at Marburgh four years, during which time be ap<«
plied himself with indefatigable diligence to chemistry,
which he afterwards pursued with still greater success,
Ifndec the famous Henckel, at Freyberg, in Saxony. la
1741 he returned into Russia; was chosen in 1742 adjunct
to the Imperial academy ; and in the ensuing year, member
of that society^ aud professor of chemistry. In 1760 be
was appointed inspector of the seminary, then aunexe^d

> HaltetBlbK Med.— Rees'a Cyclopasdia, from Eloy.

V

to the soaMfasmy; hi 1764 iie was gratified by tfae late aoi*
press Catheribe with the title of coirBseUer <ef. Mate^ and
4iedi April 4: that year, in the iifty- fourth year of hta^ge^
LomcmoBof excelled in vavioos Jcuids of cetnpositmi ; htk
bis chief merit, by winch he bears the first rimk among "At
Russian writers, is derived feom bis poetical <xMaQposMoDS/
libe finest 'of wUeh. are i|is odes. The ^first was wfitte^ in
1769, while be studied in Germany, t»pon the- taking of
Kotschin, a fortress of Crim Tartary, by marshal Manichw
The odes of Loooonozof are greatly adaiired for ^^ii»afoy
of invention, sublimity of sentiment, and energy of iaa*
guage; and compensate for the turgid style, #bich in
some instances have been imputed to tbem, l^ that s]»bit
and fire which are the principal cbaracteristies in this spe^
cies of cptnpositioa. Pindar was his great model ; and ii
we may give predit to Levesque, a gentleman well versed
in the Rus»an tongue, be has succeeded iu this daring at*-'
tempt to imitate the Theban bacd, without tneurriog the
oeasure of Houace : ^^ Pinxhurum quisquts stu<let ensutari^''
&c. In this, as welt as sev^eral other species of cMipont*
tion, he enriched h& nanrtve langaage wiiih varioios kifkls ^*
meure, and seenos >to have merited the appi^Ua/iion be**^
sitowed upon him, of the Father of Russian Poetiy. A
brief recapitulation of tfae principal works . of Lomoooeaf,
which were printed in 3 vols. 3vo, will serve to shew the
veisiltility of his genius, and his extensive knowledge in
various branches of literature.

The first volume, beside a preface on tbe advantages
derived to the Russian tongue from the eccleisiastical wri*
tangs, contains ten sacred acid nsneteen panegyric ades^
and several occasional pieces of poetry. The second com-^^
prises *^ An Essay in Prose, on the Rules for Russian
Poetry;'' "Translation of a German Ode;" "Idylls;"
^^ Tamira and Setim, a Tragedy ;" ^ Demophoon, a Tra^
gedy ;" ^ Poetical Epistle on the Utility of Glass-;" two
cantos of an epic poem entitled *^ Peter the Great ;" *^ A
Congratulatory Copy of Verses ;" " An Ode ;" " Trans-
lation^ of Baptist Rousseau's Ode, ' Sur le BonbenF;'">
<^ Heads of a Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy }"
" Certain Passages translated in verse and prose, according*
tD the original from Cioero^ Erasqius, Lttciao, JElian^^
Annnmnus Marcellinus, Qnintus Curtius, Homer, Virgily
Martial, Ovid, Horace, and Seneca;" which Russian
translations were brouf^ht as examples io bis lectures upon

L O M ON O Z p F. Wi

Rbetoric; lestly^ ^ Dts^iptioii of ikft Cbni'et ^t^Ai^f^-^
peared in it 44.'' The third vcMmfe <Bbri«^i ^MMy ^
^ S|>eeche^ «nd Treatises reaid b^foi^ tli^ 'AcvLd^thy ;**^
« Panegyric on the ^Ti^en Elizabeth f " On P^er eh%
Great ;" << Treatise on tfhe Advan^ige^ of Cb&iMttf ;'^'
'< On the t^btenomena of the Air oc(;asi5n«kl by tb^ £1^^
trieai Fire ;" with a Latin translation of the ^tiUth y ^* (9ti
the Origin of Light, as a wew theory of Odl^Wa ;** ^ ftlfe^
tbods to determine with precision tbe GottHe <6f« VlMdi;'^
•♦ On the Origin of Metab by tbe ftt^ans of Blrt^hq^iilW^ V*
^« Latin Dissertation on Solidity ahd Fluidity f ' " On t^«
Transit «f Venus, in 1761," with a German thinisIaUdlfh

Besides these varioos subjects, Lomonofeef iMd^ no in*
considerable 6gnre in history, having puUifshed twb soi^ll
works relative to that of his own coiititry. The fitst^ styt^
*^ AnnaU of the Russian Sovereigns," is. a short chroAtK
logy of the Rxtssian monarchs; and the second is the
** Ancient History of Russia, from the Origin of that Na*
tion to the Death of the Great Duke Yaroslaf L in 15d4;"
a performance of great merit, as it iilustriites the most dif *-
ficult and obscure period in tbe annals of this countfy.^

LONG (James Le), an eminent F^ndi histotiaA ehd^
bibliographer, was born at Paris, April 19, l€€&. HiH
mother dying while he was very young, fais ftith^t marritM
again, and entrusted his education to oi<ie of his relatibftis^
a priest, who was director of the religious at EstiatopfeiSw
After he, had been taught grammar and Latiu for two djr
three years under this ecclesiastic, his fatheV se^t blm tb
Malta, with a view to procure him admis^siioh aUiong th^
clerks of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. H^ hdd
scarcely arrived here when the plague broke 6ut^ td #hteh
he incautiously exposed himself; but although he escApi^
tbe contagion, he fancied that the air of Malta did riot-
agiree with him, and bbtained leave of his snperi6r6 to re^
turn to Paris, where h^ might prosecute bin istiidies iti th^
classics, philosophy, and divinity. As he hikd ndl t&ktfrh
th^ vows in the order of St. John, be had M sodner com-
pleted his studies at home, than he entered into thd tbtt^-
gregation of the oratory. His yiear of pfobatioh belhg
passed, he was sent to the college of Ji^llyi wh^re htt^
taiight mathematics, and went afterN^rds to tbe seininiiiy

of Notre Danie de^ Vertu^, where be eiAj^byed hi^ Idi^Htft'

.J . . ■• . ' . •

. 1 CftJDi'r'^wlStbfficll Rmii^ V9). IL p. 197.,

S§4 LONG.

time in study, particularly of pbilosof^y/ whiph brought
bim acquainted with father Malbranche. On his return
to Paris he was appointed to the care of the library belongs
ing to the fathers of the oratory, a place for which he waa
admirably qualified, as he was not only •acquainted with
Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and the Chaldean, but with the
Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and English languages, and
had a very extensive knowledge of literacy history, of books^
editions, and printing. The conjtinual pains, however,
which he bestowed on this library, and on his own publica^
tions, undermined his- constitution, which was originally
delicate, and brought on a complaint in the chest, which
proved fatal, Aug. 13, 1721, in the fifty-sixth year of his
life. His time for many years had been divided between
devotion and study ; he allowed very little to sleep, and
less to the table. Although a man of extensive knowledge,
and often consulted, he was equally modest and unaffected.
In all his researches he shewed much acuteness and jJMg*
ment, but the course of his studies had alienated him from
works of taste and imagination, for which he had little re-
lish. His principal object was the ascertaining of truth in
matters of literary history ; and the recovery of dates and
other minutiae, on which he was frequently « obliged to
bestow the time that seemed disproportionate, was to him
a matter of great importance, nor was be to be diverted
from such accuracy by bis friend Malbranche, who did not
think philosophy concerned in such matters*^ ** Truth,'*
said Le Long, '^ is so valuable, that we ought not to
neglect it even in trifles."- His works are, 1. ^^ Methode
Hebraique du P. Renou," 1708, 8vo« 2. *' Bibliotheca
Sacra, sive syllabus omnium ferme Sacrae Scripturse edi*
tionum ac version um," Paris, 1709, dvo, 2 vols. Of this
a very much enlarged edition was published at Paris in
1723, S vols. fol. by Oesmolets. Another edition was be-
gun by Masch in 1778, and between that and 1790, 5 vols.
4to were published, but the plan is yet unfinished. 3.
'^Discours bistorique sur les principales Editions des Bibles
Polyglottes," Paris, 1713, 8vo, a very curious work. 4.
*^ Histoire des demelez du pape Boniface. VIIL avec Phi-
lippe LeBel, roi de France,'* 1718, 12mo, a posthumous
"WQtk of M. BailJet, to which Le Long added $ome docu-
ments illustrating that period of French history. 5. ^< Bib-
liotheque Historique de France,'' 1719, fol. a work of vast
labour and research^ and perhaps the greatest of all bis

LONG. 395

undertakings. It has since been enlarged by Ferret de
Foptette and others, to 5 vols. fol. 1768 — 78, and is the
most comprehensive collection of the kind in any language*
The only other publication of M. Le Long was a letter to
M. Martin, minister of Utrecht, with whom he bad a short
controversy respecting the disputed text in 1 John, v. 7.^

LONG (Edward), author of a valuable History of Ja«
maica, was the fourth son of Samuel Long, esq. of I<ong-
ville, in the island of Jamaica, and Tredudwell in the
county of Cornwall, by his wife Mary, second daughter of
Bartholomew Tate, of Delapr^ in the county of Northamp-
ton, esq. He was born Aug. 23, 1734, at Rosilian, in the
parish of St. Blaize, in Cornwall. He was placed first at
Bury school, under Dr. Kinnesman, and was removed
thence about 1746, probably on account of his father^s
i^esidence in the country, to a school at Liskeard, in Corn-
wall, under the management of the Rev. Mr. Haydon. In
1752 he left this place, and after two years private instruc-^
tion in London, he was entered at Gray's Inn, and &x^i
with Mr. Wilmot. His father dying, in 1757, in Jamaica,
he resolved to embark for that Island ; but^ not having
completed his terms, he obtained an ex gratia call to the;
bar before he sailed. On his arrival in Jamaica, he at first
filled the post of private secretary to his brother-in-law,
sir Henry Moore, bart. then lieutenant-governor of the
island ; and was afterwards appointed judge of the vice-ad«
miralty court. On Aug. 12, 1758, he married Mary, se-
cond daughter, and at length sole heiress, of Thomas
Beckford, esq. Mr. Long's ill health compelled him to
leave the island in 1769 ; and he never returned to it, but
passed the remainder of his life in retirement, devoting bis
leisure to literary pursuits, and particularly to the com-
pletion of his *^ History of Jamaica,'' which was published
in 1774, 3 vols. 4to. His high station in the island afforded
him every opportunity of procuring authentic materials,
which he digested with ingenuity and candour, although
perhaps a little too hastily. He saw its imperfections,
however, and had been making preparations for a new
edition at the time of his death. In 1797 he resigned bis
office of judge of the vice-admiralty court ; and died March
13, 1813, at the house of his son-in-law, Henry Howard
Molyneux, esq. M. P. of Arundel Park, Sussex, and was
buried in the chancel of Stindon church in that county,

1 NiceroD, vol. I. aad X. — Moreri. — Diet. Hist. — Saxii Osomast.

39)6 LONG.

Beki(!es feis ^* Hfstory of Jamaica," Mr. Long contri-
btited to public information or amu'seVnent by a variety bi^
li!isser {!»rdclucti6'ns. Early in life he wrote some essays in
"TheiPrater, by liicholas Babble, esq.'» 1756. fi. « the
Antigallicahy or the History and Adventures of Harry Cob-
ham, esq." 1757, 12mo. 3. "The Trial of farmer Car^
ter'6 bog Porter, for murder," 1771, 8vo. 4. "Reflec-
tions on the iSlegro Cause," 1772, 8vo. 5. « The Senti-
liiental Cxhibition,'or Portraits and Sketches of the Tiiiies,**
l*^?*, Svo. 6. *^ Letters on the Colonies," 1775, 3vo. 7.
** English Humanity no Paradox," 1778, Svo. 8. A pamph-
let oh "The Sugar Trade, 1782, Svo. fee was likewise
editoir of " Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee, king
of Dabomy, with a short account of the African slave
tradie, by Robert Norris," 1789, 8vo. *

Hong (Roger), an English divine and astronomer, was
born about 1680, and was educated at Pembroke hall^
Cambridge, of which he was A. B. in 1700, A. M. 1704,
ind Jj. T. P. in 1728. In 1733 he was. elected master of
I^eiiibroke hdll, and irt 1749 Lowndes's professor of astro-
libmy. tie is chiefly known as ah authoi: by a " Treatise
Ori Astronomy," in two volumes 4to ; the first gf which was
published in 1742, and the second in 1764. He was the
ihvenidr of a curious astronomica( mslchine, erected in a
rboni at rembroke hall, of which he has himself given the
following description : " I have, in a room lately built in
Pembi-oke hall, erected a sphere of 18 feet diatneter,
i^hereiri above thirty persons may sit conveniently; the
Entrance into it is over the south pole by six steps i the
fram^ of the sphere consists of a^ number of iron mefidians,
not complete semi-circles, the northern ends of which ard
screwed to a large plate of brass, with a hole in the centra
of it; through this hole, from a beam in the cieling, coined
the north pole, a round iron rod, about three inches long,
kh& siipports the upper parts of the sphere to its proper
eivation for the latitude of Cambridge ; the lower part of
the sphere, so much of it as is invisible in England, is cut
oflf; and the lower, or southern ends of the meridians, or
truncated semi-rircles, terminate on, and are screwed down
to, a strong circle of oak, of about thirteen feet diameter,
wbicb^ wfaeii the sphere is put into motion, r6ns npoq
large rollers pt ligAudi vits, in the nianner that the tops o^

1 Gent. M«g. ^ol. LXXXIII.

L O N G> 3.97

sope wind-na|lls^are,ma(je to turn. r9Pnc)* Vi99^ ^% ^'^i
meridians is fix^a a iodiap oi tin pjainted blu^e, wb^eoi^
the ecliptic and EieliQpQptric orbits of tjbie plani^l» ard
dranrn, and the constellations an4 stars, tjtia^ed.; th^ great
and little Bear and Draco are already painted in th^c.
places round the north pole ; tb^'rest of the conisteUation^
are proposed to follow ; the whole is turned with, a small
winch, with, as litjtle labour as it takes to \yin,d u^ a j^ck,
though the weight of; the . ii^n/ tin, and wooden cifrcle, is
about a thousand pounds.. When it i^ niade. ii^.e q/ly a
planetarium will be placed in the middle ther^oif. Th^,
whole, with the floor, is. well-supported by a frame of large,
tinibc^r.** Thus far Dr. Lon^ before this curious pieqe of.
mechanism was perfected* Since the. above was writt^pi,
the sphere has been completely finished ; all the constel*
lations and stars of the northern hemisphere, visible, at.
Cambridge, 'are painted in their proper places upon plates
of iron joined together, which form, one concave surface.

Dr. Long died D^c. 1,6., 1770, aged ninety-one, being
at that time master qJF Penvbroke,. college,, and rector of
BradweU juxta Mare, in Essex, leav^g 600/. to his college.

Besides his astrot^omical work, he published in 1731^
ttlider the name of Dicaiophilus Cantabrigiensis^ ^^T^^
Blights of Churches and Colleges defended ; in answer to a
pamphlet called < An Enquiry into the customary estates
and tenant-rights of those/ who hold.Iands of church and
C^her foundations, by the term of three livqs, &c. by^
£verard Fleetwood, esq. ;' with riemarks upon spofe other-
pieces on the same. subject," 3vo« The author of this
pamphlet, to which our author replied, was not Fleetwood^
which was an assumed name, but Samuel Burroughs, e^. a
inaster in chancery. Dr. Long published also a ^^ Com-^
iiiencement*Sermon, 1728 j" and an answer to Dr. Gally's
pamphlet "'On Greek Accents." We shall subjoin a few
traits of him, as delineated in 176^, by Mr, Jones: *f He,
is now in the eighty-eighth year of his age, and, for his
years, vegete and active. He was lately (in October) pi%^
in nomination for the office of vicerchancellor. He exe-
cuted th,at truit before ; I think in the year 1737. A vexy
ingenious person, and sometimes very facetious. A^ the ,
pul)iic commencement in the year. 1713, Dr. Greene
(master of Bene't college, and afterwards* bishop of Ely)
^iog.then yice-chancellpr, Mr. Long was pitched upon for.
the tripos-performance ; it was witty and humourous, and

3da L o N e.

has passed through divers editions. Some that remem-^
bered the? delivery of it told me, that, in addressing the
vfce chancellor (whom the university-wags usually styled
Miss Greene), the tripos-orator, being a native of Norfolk,
and assuming the Norfolk dialect, instead of saying, Dor-
mine vice^cancellariej did very archly pronounce the words
thus, Domim, vice-canceltarisi ; which occasioned a general
smile in that great auditory. His friend the late Mr. Bon*-
foy of Ripton told me this little incident: * That he and
Dr. Long walking together in Cambridge, in a dusky even-
ing, and coming to a short post fixed *ifi the pavement,
which Mr. B. in the midst of chat and inattention, took to
be a boy standing in his way, ^e said in a hurry, * Get*
opt of my way, boy.' *That boy, sir,* said the doctor
very caltnly and slily, * is a post-boy, who turns oiit of Bis.
way for nobody.*

** I could recollect several o.ther ingenious repartees if
there were occasion. One thing is remarkable. He never
was a hale and hearty man ; always of a tender and delicate
constitution, yet took care of it. His common drink, water. '
He always dines with the fellows in the hall. Of liite'
years, he has left off eating flesh-meats; in the roooi
thereof, puddings, vegetables, &c. Sometimes a glass oj'
two of wine."*

LONG (Thomas), a learned divine of the church of
England, was born at Exeter in 1621, and became a ser-'
vitor of Exeter college, Oxford, in 1638; In 1642 he toot'
the degree of B. A. but soon after left the university, and
obtained the vicarage of St* Lawrence Clist, near Exeter.
After the restoration he was, per literas regias^ created
B. D. and made prebendary of Exeter, which he held
until the revolution, when refusing to take the oaths to the"
new government, be was ejected. He died in 1700. Wood '
characterizes him as " well read in the fathers, Jewish and
other ancient writings," and he appears also to have made
himself master 'of all the controversies of his time in which'
subjects of political or ecclesiastical government were con*>
cerned, and took a vek'y active part against the various
classes of separatists, particularly those whose cause Mr.
Baxter pleaded.

His principal works are, I . ^^ An Exercitatioji concern-

, 1 jNichols's Bowser.— Gent. Mag. LI. p. 530; and LUI. p. d'id.-^Q^Ie'i MS
Ath6n9 in Brit. Mnt.

LONG,

399

ihg the use of the Lord^s Prayer in the public worship of
God/' Lond. 1658, Svo, partly in answer to some senti-
ments advanced by the celebrated Dr. John OWen in his
** Vindicis Evangelicae." 2. ** Calvinus redivivus, orOon*
formity to the Church of England, in doctrine, govern*
ment, and worship, persuaded by Mr. Calvin," ibid. 1673,
8vo. 3. *< History of the Donatists,*' ibid. 1677, 8vo. 4.
*^ The Character of a Separatist ; or sensuality the ground
of separation,'^ ibid. 1677, 8vo. 5.'* Mr. Haie&'s Treatise
of Schism examined and censured,'* ibid. 1678, 8vo, occa*
sioned by the publication of that treatise among HalesU
^ Posthumous Miscellanies.'' 6. *^ The Nonconformist's
Plea for Peace impleaded, in answer to several late writ-
ings of Mr. Baxter, and others," &c. ibid. 1680, gvo. 7.
*' Unreasonableness of Separation," &c. begun by Stilling*
fleet, with remarks on the life and actions of Baxter,*' ibid.
WS\, 4to and 8vo. 8. ** No Protestant, but the Dissen-
ters' Plot, discovered and defeated ; being an answer to ,
the late writings of several eminent dissenters," ibid. 1682,
8vo. 9. <^ Vindication of the Primitive Christians in point
of obedience to their prince, against the calumnies of a
book entitled ^ The Life of Julian the Apostate,' " ibid.
1683, 8vo. 10. ^^ History of all the popish and fanatical
Plots, &c. against the established government in Church
and State," &c. ibid. 1684, 8vo. 11. << The Letter for
Toleration decyphered," &c. ibid, 1689, in answer to
Locke. 12. ** Vox Gleri ; or the sense of the Clergy con-
cerning the. making of alterations in the Liturgy," ibid.
1690. 13. '' An Answer to a Socinian Treatise, called the
Naked Gospel," ibid. 1691. 14. <' Dr. Walker's true, mo-
dest,i and faithful account of the author of Eikon Basil ike,"
&c. proving this work to have come from the pen of Charles.
I. 1 5. Several single Sermons. '

LONGEPIERRE (Hilary Bernard de), a Greek scho-
lar and critic, was born at Dijon Oct. 18, 1659. By much
study he made himself master of the beauties of the Greek
tongue, a merit not common in his time; and has left us
poetical translations of Anacreon, Sappho, Bion, and Mos-
chus, with notes. He wrote several tragedies in imitation
of the Greek poets ; and he copied them chiefly in- this,^
thaty in subjects of terror and cruelty, he never introduced
love. But he also copied them in common-place prolixity

» Ath. Ox. vol ir.

40P L O N G E P I E R R E.

^(^waf)|^ofaclioKi and. plot; wbije be could ueitrer eq^u^
tb^ beav^y of tbeir dictiop. Of tbpsQ t9:(^gedie8 in thjs
Gj^eoifin t;i^tef b($ neveri brpqghl^ but two uppn the stag^^
yik t\^ ^^MiOdea" and **^ Electra.*^ He died Marcb 30,

I^<i)NGiINU§,(DiONYSius Cassius),^ tb^ aqtbor of jjn ad-
q^ired vyork '^ On the Sublime/' W2|s a Greciap, and pno*
bably. an,Atb(Qnian, tbougb sopne authors fancy him a Sy*
r^aOr He was born in the thirjd century. His father's
Qaqaa. is. entirely unknown ; by bis n^otber Frontonis be
^s al^ed' to Plutarcb. We know nothing of the employ*
ipent of his pfrrents, their station in life, or the begin-
Qing of bis educatiofi ; but from a fragment of his it apr
^^r% tfaa^ bis youth was spent in travelling with them,
which. gav^ him an opportunity to increase his knowledge
and improve his ipind. Wherever men of learning wer^
to be found, he was pre^sent,' and lost no opportunity of
(prming a^fs^miliarity and intimacy with them. Ammonius
andOrigep, philosophers of great reputation in that age,
were two of those whom he visited, and beard with tbe
greatest attention. The travels of Longinus endedi with
hi^.a;rrival {^t Athens, where he fixed his residence. H<sre
he pursued the studies of humapity and philosophy with,
the- greajtest application. Here also he published hi$
K^ Trf atisQ on the Sublime," which rais^ed his reputation to.
^h a. height, as no critic either before or sinc:e could
QveiT: ref^^Jb. His contemipprarjes tb^o* had' so great an
opinion of his judgment and ta$te^. that they appoiiite4
bloi'soyerpign judge, of all aMthors; and every thing was
received ox rejected by th^. public! according to tbq deci*
sion of Lpnginus.

; £(is stsiy at Athens seems to have been of Ipng contipu?
ance ; and, whilst he taught, there, he had, amongst otbers»
die fsDpiou^ Porphyry for his piipiU The system of.phUo-
fopby,, which he adopted, wasi the academic; for whose
founder (Plato) b^ had so great a veneration, that h^ ceie«
bra|jeu;| the anqiversary of his birth with the highest ^solejDi-
n^^y, J^ut it was^ his lot tp be drawn from the coqteioplaT
%V(:9t ^V^i^^^L of Al^hens, to mix in inore active scenes ; — to
traili tip yo^og princes to virtue and. glory; to gqid^.tbe
b4^y and ambitious passions of the great to noble epds >
to struggle for, and, at last, to die in, the cau^ pf jib^y,

• Moreri.— Baill€t:*Dig(t. Hist..

L O N G ^ N U a.

401

Zenobia^ queen of the East, prevailed upon him to unddr**
take the education of ber sons. He qukJtly gained an xxn*
o^^mmoo share in. ber esteem; and in his conversation she
spent the vacant hours of ber life, modelling bee senti-
meats by bis instructions, and steering herself by bis coun-
sels in the whole series of her conduct. Zenobia was at
war with the emperor Aurelian, was defeated by him neat
Antioch, and was compelled to retire to her fortiBed capi-
tal. Palmyra. The emperor sent her a written summons
to surrender ; to which she/ returned an answer drawn up
by Longinus^ which raised his highest indignation. The
emperor exerted every effort, and the Palmyrians were at
length obliged to open their gates, and receive the con-
queror. The queen and Longinus endeavcyi;ired to fly into
Persia, but were overtaken and made prisoners as they
♦'ere crossing the Euphrates. When the captive qaeen
was brought before the emperor, her spirits sunk; she
laid the blame of ber conduct on her counsellors, and Hted
the odium of the affronting letter on its true author. This
was no sooner heard, than Aurelian, who was hero enough
to conquer, but not to forgive, poured all his vengeance
on the head of Longinus. He was carried away to imme^^
diate execution, amidst the generous condolence of those
wbp knew his merit. He pitied Zenobia, and comforted
his friends. He looked upon death as a blessing, since it
rescued his body from slavery, and gave bis soul the most
desirable freedom. " This world,'* said he, with his ex-
piring breath, ^^ is nothing but a prison ; b^^ppy therefore
he^ who gets soonest out of it, and gains his liberty."
His death took place in. the year 273.

The writings of Longinus were numerous, some on phi-
losophical, but the greatest part on critical, subjects. Dr.
Pearce has collected the titles of twenty-five treatises,
none of which, except that on ^< the. Sublime,'* has escaped
the depredations of time and the barbarians. On this mu-
tilated and imperfect piece bats the fame of Longinus been;
erected. The learned and judicious have bestowed extra-
ordinary commendation upon it. Its general title is '* ^The
Golden Treatise.'' Pope is more than usually happy in
characterizing Longinus :

" Thee^ great Longinus ! all the Nine inspire^
And fill their critic with a poet*8 fire 3
An ardent judge^ Who^ zealous in his trust>
With warmth gives sentence^ and is always just^

Vol. XX. D d

402 tONGIKUS.

\l1ioae ovtnii example ttreiigtheM all hiB IflM^
ilnd is liiBBelf the .great SiaUutfi he dbim /'

But this last line, so often quoted^ fordis the great ob*
jectioni which modern critics have advanced against this
celebrated treatise, viz. his exemplifying rather than eaf«
plaining the sublime. His taste and sensibility were ex-
quisite, but his observations are too general, and bis me-
thod too loose. The precision of the true philosophical
critic, says Warton, is lost in the declamation of the florid
rhetorician. Instead of shewing for what reason a senti-
ment or image is sublime, and discovering the secret
power by which they affect a reader with pleasure, be is
ever intent on producing something sublime hirosdf. It
has likewise been objected, that although he defines the
sublime with precision, he frequently departs from his own
rule, and includes whatever, in any composition, pleases
highly. Some, therefore, of his instances of the sublime
are mere elegancies, without the most distant relation to
'sublimity. His work, however, in other respects, is otie
of the most valuable relics of antiquity, and is admirably
calculated to give excellent general ideas of beauty in writ-
ing. Brucker remarks that Longtnus musto have seen the
Jewish scriptures, as he quotes a passage from the writings
of Moses, as au example of the sublime (Gen. i. 3) << And
God said, Let there be ligbt^ and there was light.*'

The first edition of Longinus was that of Robertelli,
printed at Basil, in 1554, 4 to, with a preface by the prin-
ter, Oporihus. The best editions since^ are those of Tol-
lius, Utredht, 1694, 4toj Gr. Lat. and French; of Hud-
son, Oxon. 1710, 1718, and 1730, 8vo ; of Pearce,* Lond.
1724, 4fo and 8vo, often reprinted; and the very eele-
l)rated edition of Toup, Ojtcford, 1778, 4to and.8vo, whidi
reflects the highest honour on the learning and judgment
of that excellent scholar. There is an aceorate- Oxfoid
edition of 1806, formed on the basis of Toup, in ^vo^^

LONGLAND, or LANGLAND (John), a learned pre-
late, was born in 147S at Henley in Oxfordshire, and edu-
cated at Magdalen-college, Oxford, where he was much
esteemed as a man of eloquence, and of a regular, life.
His character is recorded in the £ast window of the foun-
der's chsCmber over the great gate of this collie, in these
lines :

1 Preface to Smith's Eoglith TMHUlatxMi.-«i£luui OBOBUMt.f^Warton's JBswy

to N G L A N D. 403

"^ Longlandi Aierat nuiterdomus ista^ ftiitque
Longlaodiu domui non mediocre decus.'*

After beooming a fellow of his college, he was in 150$
choseo principal of Ma^daien-hall, which he resigned in
1407. In 1510 he was admitted to the reading of the
•ae«it»nces, and took bis degree of B. D. and that of D. D.
in th^ following year. In 1514 he was promoted to be
dean of Salisbury, and in 151§ had the additional prefer-
ment of a canonry of Windsor. At this time he was in
sach i^vonr with Henry VIII. as to be appointed his con-
feisoi^, and upon the death of Atwater, bishop of Lincoln,
he was by papal provision advanced to this see in 1 SM,
and was consecrated May 3, 1521. In the same year
^[15W) we iifnd him at Oxford assisting in drawing up
tbe priyiiegies for the new statutes of th^ nniversfty. In
152% he was at the same place as one of those whom
Wolsey consulted in the establishment of his new cdl-
tege-; and when the foundation was laid on Joly 15,
•1525, Longtand preached a sermon, which, with two
others on the same occasion, he dedicated to archbisbop
^Woiiiam. He was afterwards employed at Oxford by the
king, to gain over the learned men of the universify to
-sanction' bis memorable divorce. It is said, indeed, that
when Henry*s scruples, of, as we agree with the catholic
historian, bis pretended scruples, began to be started, bi^
shop Lon gland was the first that suggested the measure of
a di^foree. The excuse made for him is, that he was him-
self over-persuaded to what was not consistent with his
vsiiai character by Wolsey, who thought that Longland*s
authmrity would add great weight to the cause; and it is
said that he expressed to his chstncellor. Dr. Draycot, his
aorrowfor being concerned in that affair. ' In 153S he was
chosen chancellor of the university of Oxford, to which he
proved in many respects a liberal benefactor, and to poor
students a generous patron. The libraries of Brazenose,
Magdalen, and Oriel i^folleges, he enriched with many va^
luable books; and in 1540 he recovered the salary of the
lady Margaret professorship, which had almost been lost^
owing to the abbey • from which it issued being dissolved.
It must not be disguised, however, that he was- itVflexible
in hisprursuit and persecution of what he termed heresy.
In 1531, we find him giving a commission to the infamous
Dr. London, warden of New college, and others, to search
for certain heretical books commonly sold at St. Frides-

D D 2

404 L O N G L A N D.

wyde's fair near Oxford. He died May 7, 1 547, at Woo-
burn in Bedfordshire, where his bowels were interred;
while his heart was carried to Lincoln cathedral, ami bis
body deposited in £ton*college chapel, where it is thought
he once bad some preferment. He built a curious chapel
in Lincoln cathedral in the east part, in imitation of bishop
Russers chapel, with a tomb, &c. He also gave the se-
cond bell at Wooburn church, and built alknsbouses' at
Henley, his birth-place.

His works are: 1. " Conciones Tres,'* printed by Pyn-
son, fol. dedicated to archbishop Warham. 2. ** Quinque
sermones, sextis quadragesimis feriis, coram Hen. VUL**
,anno 1517, printed also by Pynson, Lond. 152t. 3. '^Ex-
positio concionalis Psalmi Sexti,*' 1518. 4. '^ Expositib
cone, secundi psalmi poenitentialis, coram rege,*' 1519.
5. *^ Conciones expositivae in tertium psalm, pcenit.'' 6.
'^ Conciones in 50 psalm, poenit. coram rege,*' 1521, 152!2.
Most of these sermons were preached in English, but
translated into Latin by Thomas Key, of All Souls college,
and printed by Robert Redman in 1532, fol. 7. ^* Str*
mon before the King on Good-Friday/* Lond. 1S38, men-
tioned by Fox.*

LONGLAND, or LANGELANDE (Robert), the re-
puted author of "The Visions of Pierce Plowman," is
considered as one of our most ancient English poets, and
one. of the first disciples. of Wickli£P. He was a secular
priest, born at Mon liner's Cleobupy, in Shropshire, and
was a fellow of Oriel college, Oxford. According to Bale^
he completed his work in 1369, when John Cbjicbester was
mayor of London. It is divided into twenty parts; (passus^
as he styles t!iem), and consists of many distinct visions^
which have no mutual dependance upon each otber, but
for(D a satire on almost every occupation of life, particu-*
larly on the Romish clergy, in censuring whom his masted
WicklifF had led the way. The piece abounds with hu-
mour, spirit, and imagination ; all which are drest to great
disadvantage in a very uncouth versification and obsolete
language. It is written without rhyme, an ornament whicl^
the poet has endeavoured to supply, by making every
Terse to consist of words beginning with the same letter.
This practice has contributed not a little to render his

> Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Woorl's Annals.— Dodd's Church History.<il.WftftoaV
Ifut. of Poetry.^Wiilis'8 Catbedrais.— ^eck*s DesideraU, ?ol. II.

L O N O L A N D. 405

poem obscure and perplexed, exclusive of its obsolete

X's; for, to introduce his alliteration, he must have been
n necessarily compelled to depfart from the natural and
obvious way of expressing himself. Dr.' Hickes observe:^,
that this alliterative versification was drawn by Langelande
frpm the practice of the Saxon poets,* and that these vi-*
sions abound with many Saxonisms. As he did not follow
the example of Gower and Chaucer, who sought to re-
form tbe roughness of their native tongue, by naturalizing
many new words from the Latin, French, and Italian, and
who introduced the seven-lined stanza from Petrarch and
Dante into our poetry, the inquirer into the original of
our language will find in him a greater fund of materials
to elucidate the progress of the Saxon tongue.

In the introduction to the vision, the poet (shadowed
Vy the name and character of Peter or Pierse, a plowman)
represents himself as weary of wandering, on a May-morn-^
ing, and at last laid down to sleep by the side of a brook ;
where, in a vision, he sees a stately tower upon a hill^
with a dungeon, and dark dismal ditches belonging to it,
^nd a very deep dale under the hill. Before the tower a
large field or plain is supposed, filled with men of every
rank or occupation, all being respectively engaged in their
several pursuits ; when suddenly a beautiful lady appears
to him, and unravels to him the mystery of what be had
seen. Before every vision the manner and circumstances
of his falling asleep are distinctly described ; before one
of them in particular,^ P. Plowman is supposed, with equal
humour and satire, to fall asleep while he is bidding bis
beads. In the course of the poem, the satire is carried on
by means of several allegorical personages, such as Avarice,
Simony, Conscience, Sloth, &c. Selden mentions this
author with honour; and by Hickes he is frequently styled,
** Celeberrimus ille Satyrograpbus, morom vindex acerri*
mus,"' &c. Chaucer, in the ** Plowman's Tale,"" seems to
have copied from our author. Spenser, in his Pastorals,
seems to have attempted an imitation of bis visions ; and
Milton is considered as under some obligations to him.
The memory of this satire has been of late years revived
by Percy, Warton, and Ellis, in whose works more ample
information may be found than it is -necessary to admit'in
a work professedly biographical. Perhaps indeed it does
not belong to our department, since some of the most pro^
found of our poetical critics have considered it as anony-

406 LONGLAND.

mous; Mr Tycwhifct remarks that in tb^ best MSS. tbeait«
tfaor is called William, without any surname, and the
name of Robert Longland, or Langlande, rests upen the
authority only of Crowley, its enrliest editor. Three of
Crewley's editions were published in 1550,'l]oubtle$s owing
to. its justifying the Aeformation then begun under king
$)dward, by exposing the abuses of the Romish church.
There is also an edition printed in 1561, by Owen Rogers,
to which 19 sometimes ann,exed a poem of nearly the same
tendency, and written in the same metre, called ** Pierce
the Plowman's Crede,^* the first edition of whicb, how-
ever, was printed by Wolfe in 1553. Of both these works,
new editions have recently been announced.*

LONGOLIUS. SeeLONGUEIL.

LONGOMONTANUS (Christian), an eminent astro-
n.pmer, was born at Longomontum, a town in Denmark,
whence he took his name, in 1562. Vossius, by mistake,
calls him Christopher. He was the son of Severinus, a
poor labourer, and was obliged to divide his time between
following the plow and attending to the lessons which the
Qiinister of the parish gave him, by which he profited so

Such as to acquire .considerable knowledge, especially in
e mathematics. At length, when he was fifteen, he
stole from his family, and went to Wiburg, where there
w$i8 a college, in which he spent eleven years, supporting
liimself by bis talents : and on his removing thence to
Copenhagen, the professors of this university soon con-
ceived a high esteem for him, and recommended him
to I'ycho Brahe, who received him very kindly. He lived
^ight years with this eminent astronomer, knd assisted him
i|o much in his observations and calculations, that Tycho
conceived a very particular affection for him, and having
left his native country to settle in Germany, be was desir-
ous of. having the company of Longomontanus, who ac-
cordingly attended him. Afterwards being, in 1600, de-
sirous of a professor's chair in Denmark, Tycho generously
Cpnseiited to give up his assistant and friend, with the
bighest testimonies of his merit, and supplied him plenti-
fully with money for bis journey. On his return to Dei^-
luark, he deviated from his road, in order to view the
places whence Copernicus had made his astronomical ob-

1 Warten's Hist, of Poetry.— Percy's fteliques.-— Eltis's Sp^imens. — Cooper's
Mosei' Library, &c.

J

LONGOMONTANUS. 407

servations; and passed so much ticne id this journey, that
it was not till 1605 that be was nominated to the professor-
ship of mathematics in the university of Copenhagen. In
this situation he continued till his death, in 1647, when
be was eighty-five years old. He married, and had chiU
(Ireo; but the whole of his family died before him. He
^as the author of several works, in mathematics and astro*
oomy. His ^^Astronomia Danica," first printed in 1611^
4to, and afterwards at Amsterdam, 1640, in folio, is the
inost distinguished. He amused himself with endeavouring
to square toe circle, and pretended that he bad made the
discovery of it^ but our countryman Dr. John Pell attacked
him warmly on the subject, and proved that he was mis*
t^en. It is remarkable, that, obscure as his village and
father might be, he digniiEied and perpetuated both^ for
he took his name from his village, and, in the title-page
of bis works, wrote himself ^^ Christiauus Longomontanus
Severini filius." '

LONGUEIL (Christopher de) or LONGOLIUS, ^,
very elegant scholar, was born in 1490, at Mechlin, al-
though some have called him a Parisian, and Erasmus
makes him a native of Schoonhoven in Holland. He was
the natural son of Antony de Longueil, bishop of Leon,
who being on some occasion in the Netherlands, had an
intrigue with a female of Mechlin, of which thi^s son was
the issue. He remained with his mother until eight or
^ine years old ; when he was brought to Paris for educa*
tion, in the course of which be far exceeded his fellow-
scholars, and was able at a very early age to read and un-
derstand the most difficult authors. He had also an extra-
ordinary memory, although he did not trust entirely to it,
but made extracts from whatever he read, and showed

f^reat discrimination in the selection of these. His taste
ed him chiefly to the study of the belles lettres, but his
friends wished to direct his attention to the bar, and ac-
cordingly he went to Valence in Dauphiny, where he
studied civil law under professor Philip Decius, for six
years, and returning then to Paris, made so distinguished
a figure at the bar, that in less than two years, he was ap«

Eointed counsellor of the parliament of Paris, according to
is biographer, cardinal Pole, but this has been questioned
on account of its never having been customary to appoint

I Gen. Diet,— Hutton*8 Dictionary.— Martin's Biog. Philosophica.«-Moreri.

408 L O *N G U E I L.

persons so young to that office ; Pole has likewise made
another mistake, about which there can be less doubt, ia
assorting that the king of Spain, Philip, appointed Lon-
gueil his secretary of state, for Philip died in 1506, whea
our author was only sixteen years of age.

In the mean time, it is certain that his attachment to
other studies soon diverted him from his law practice. He
appears in particular to have considered Pliny as an author
meriting his most assiduous application, and whose works
would furnish him with employment for many years. With
this view he not only studied Pliny's ** Natural History,'*
with the greatest care, as well as every ^.uthor who 'had
treated on the same subject, but determined also to travel
in pursuit of farther information, as well as to inspect the
productions of nature, wherever found. But before this
it became necessary for him to learn Greek, with which
he had hitherto been unacquainted, and he is said to have
made such progress, as to be ab\ie, within a year, to read
the best Greek authors, on whom he found employment
for about five years* Besides selecting from these works
whatever might serve to illustrate his favourite Pliny, he
now determined to commence his travels, and accordingly
went to England, Germany, and Italy, and would have
travelled to the East had not the war with the Turks pre-
vented him. In England, in which he appears to have
been in 1518, he became very intimate with Pace and Li-
nacre. He encountered many dangers, however, in his
continental tour. As he was travelling, with two friends,
through Switzerland, the natives of that country, who,
after the battle of Marigoan, regarded the French with
horror, conceived that Longueil and his party were spies,
and pursued them as far as the banks of the Rhone. Qne
was killed, the other made his escape by swimming ; but
Longueil, being wounded in the. arm, was taken prisoner^
and treated with great severity for about a month, at the
end of which he was released by the interposition of the
bishop of Sion, who furnished him With money and a horsey
to convey him to Franqe. At Rome he was afterwards ho-
noured with the rank of citizen, and receivjcd with kind*
ness by Leo X. who had a great opinion of his talents and
eloquence, made him his secretary, and employed him to
write against Luther. He visited France once more after
this, but the reception he met with in Italy determined
him to seitje there, at Padua;, where he resided, first with

L O N G U E I L. 4<»

Stephen Sauli, a noble Genoese, anjd on bis departure,
witb Regmald Pole, afterwards the celebrated eardinal, to
whom we are. indebted for a life of Longueil. Here he
died Sept. 11, 1522, in the thirty-third year of his age,
and was interred in the church of the Franciscans, in the
habit of that order, as he had desired. He was honoured
with a Latin epitaph by Bembo, who was one of his princi-
pal friends, and recommended to him the writings of
Cicero, as a mode) of style. Longueil became so capti-
vated with Cicero, as to be justly censured by Erasmus on
this account. Longueil, however, was not to be diverted
by this, but declared himself so dissatisfied with what he >
had written before he knew the beauties of Cicero's style,
as to order all his MSS. written previous to that period, to
be destroyed. We have, therefore, but little of Longueil
left' 'Among the MSS. destroyed was -probably his com-
inentary on Pliny^ which some think was published, but
this is very doubtful. We can with more certainty attri-
bute to? hitn, 1. '^ Oratio de laudibus D. Ludovici Franco-'
nim regis, &c." Paris, 1510, 4to. Some remarks on the
court of Rome in this harangue occasioned its being
omitted in the collection of his works, but Du Chesne
printed it in the fifth volume of his collection of French
historians. 2.' ^^ Christ. Longolii, civis Romanas perduel-
lionis rei defensiones duse," Venice, 8vo. This is a vindi-
cation of himself against a charge preferred against him,
when at Rome, that he had advanced sentiments dishonour-
able to the character of the Romans in the preceding ora-
tion. 3. *^ Ad Lutheranos jam damriatos Oratio,*' Cologn,
1529, 8va tt appears from his letters that he had been
requested both to write for and against Luther, that he
was long in great perplexity on the subject, but that at
length Leo X. prevailed with him to write the above. These
last two pieces with his tetters, &c. have been often re-
printed, under the title of ^^ Christy Longolii Orationes,
EpistolsB, et Vita, necnon Bembi et Sadoteti epistolse,'*
the first edition, at Paris, 1533, 8vo. There are many cu-
rious particulars of literary history and character scattered
through this correspondence. The life prefixed is now
known to have heen written by Pole, who was his 'most
intimate friend and admirer, and to whom he bequeathed
his library.*

1 tih prefixed to Yiis vorks.-— Nie.eron, Vol. XVIT. — ^Bullart's Academie dies
Sciences, vol. II. — ^Pbtlips's Life of Cardioftl Pole. — Pole's Life of Longueil b
RKrted in £ales*s YiUe ^electorum.«-£rasmi Ciceronianus,

"««*v.

4iO LONGUEIL.

LONGUEIL (Gilbert, or Gisb£RT>de), a skilful phjrsi-*
^ian of thesixteeatb century, was bom iu ISOTyat Utrecht^
and died in 1543, at Cologn, aged tbirtj-six. He was.phy-^
sician to Herman, arcbbishop of that city^ and left the fol->
lowii^ works, ^^ Lexicon GrsBco-Latinum^** 1533, 8vo; ^'Ra-^
marks in Latin on Oyid's Metamorphoses^ Plautus, Cor«e<»
lius Nepos, the Rhetoric of Herennius, and on Laurenjtiua
Valla,*' in several volumes dvo ; an edition in Greek and
Latin of the *^ Life of ApoUonius Tyanens,'* by Pbilostra-
tu^, Svo, and a Latin translation of Plutarch's seven
^* Opuscula," Svo ; Notes on Cicero's familiar Epistle^i and
a second edition of the Council of Nice, &c.^

LONGUERUE (Lewis Dufour de), son of Peter Du-
£our, seigneur de Longuerue, a Norman gentleman, king's
lieutenant of Charleville, in which city he was born, 1652^
discovered such uncommon genius for learning mt four
years old, that Lpuis XIV. passing through Charleville, and
hearing him mentioned, desired to see him. His tutor
was th^ celebrated Richelet ; and Peter d'Ablancoiurtj who
waa^rielated to him, superintendcid his education and, stu-
dies* He was taught both the oriental and European Ian*
guages,. s^ acijuired an extensive knowledge of history,:
aAtiquities, the sacred writings, the boly fathers, &c. T<^
aji uncommon memory he joined very considerable critical
talents. He held two abbeys, that of Sept- Fontaines in the
dipcese of Rheims, and of Jard ki the diocese of Sens* He
died November 22, 1733, at Paris, aged eighty-two. Hi^^
works are, I. A Dissertation in Latin^ on Tatian, ii^ the
edition of that author, published at Oxford, l'700, 8vo;
Z.*^ La Description Historique de la France," Paris, 1719,
folio* This work bis countrymen think unworthy of the
9hi}6 de Longuerue, from the changes which have be^a
made in it) and the hurry in which it was printed. Tb#
original maps, which have b^en altered, may be found in
some copies. 3. ^^ Annates Arsacidarum," Strasburg,
1732« 4. ^^Dissertation on Transubstantiation,'' which
passed ^nder the name of bis friend the minister AlUx, be-
cause unfavourable to the catholic faith. He wrote also
!Hemarks on the Life of Cardinal Wolsey, and left nume-
rous wprks.in MSS.o.n different subjects in several volumes,
ff>Uo« There is a collection of bis bon mot^ aqioug ^
"Ana."^

y Mo«pri.i-^B«nnaii Traject. eriidit.«.^ict. Hist.
, J Life prefixed to the Looguerana.-— Moreu,«*Piet.. jiist

L O N G U E V A L. Ill

LONGUEVAL (James), a learned French eccte^astical
hisiorian, was 'born at Santerre in Picardy in Ii6d0^ and
was educated. at Amiens and Paris. In 1699 he entered
into the society of the Jesuits at Paris, aad devoted hkat^
self tvitfa great ardour to writing a ** History of thd Galli-
can 6hurcb.*' Of this he pvblisbed the first eight yolmMs,
and had nearly completed the ninth and tenth, when lie
died .Qf an apoplexy, January 14, 1735, aged fifly^four.
Besides thk history, which is his principal worh, and has
been tontinned by the fethers Fontesai, Brnmoy, and Ber-
tbier, to IS vols. 4te,he left a tieatise^* On Schism,** 17 IS^
l2tB»i A '^ Dissertation on Miracles," 4to, andsome other
works, which all display great genitt8,.and are written with
UHieh spirit, and in pure lamguage* The first eight to-
Inmes of the <* Hktory of the GalKcan Cbarch," contmi
learned remarks on l3ie religion of the ancient Gaals, eti
ihe ancient geography of Gaul, on the religien of the
FrencI^ and on many other impbrtaat subjects.*

LONGU& was an ancient Greek author, probably of
the fifth century, wiio seems to haTe written after H^io«
dorus, and, in some places, to have imitated him. He m
cflJjLed a sophist 91^ but we have np remains of his except
fpur bflfoks of <^ Pastorals upon the Loves of Dapbnis and
CloeV* Huet speaks advantageously of this work, and bad
proposed, vA^n he was young, to have made a tomslation
of it ; bat he also takes, notice of several defects in it, and,
doubtless, its obscenities made him lay aside ^his purpose
of translating it. None of the ancient writers mention
JLongus. There is a good edition of the original by Petrus
Moll, a professor. of the Greek language at FTsneker, 1€66,
i» 4to, but VilloisoQ^s, Gr. and Lat. -Paris, 177&, 2 vok. 8vo,
i^ diie best. It was translated, into English by George
Tboroey, and printed at London in 1657. The last edi^oo
of the English, version, of which diere have been fonts is
inscribed to James Craggs, esq. secretiury of state. The
French, with whom this work has always been a^favovrite^
have many translations of it« That by Amyot has passed
through many editions ; the most elegant of which is that
of 1718, 12mo, with 29 plates, drawn by the regent, Phi-
lip duke of Orleans, and engraved by Benott Audran ; the
29th is not his engraving, and is seldom found in the edi-
tion of 17 IS, the reason of which, some say, was> that only

» Moreri;«.Di€t. Hist.

y.

412 LONG US.

250. copies were taken, which the prince disposed of as
presents ; but Brunet tliinks it is too common for so small
an impression. Next to this edition, that of i745| Syo, is
preferred, with the same plates retouched.^
. LORENZINI, or LAURENTINI (Francis Maria), an
eminent Italian poet, was bom at Rome, Oct 12, 1680.
He was in his twenty-second year received into the society
of the Jesuits, among whom he had been educated, but
owing to bad health, was obliged to quit them, and after
much consideration, and a conflict, with his taste, which was
^cidedly JFor polite literature, he studied and practised the
law for some time, until his inclination for more favourite
studies returning, he entered, in 1705, into the academy
of the Arcadi, the chief object of which was the reforma-
tion of the bad taste which had infected Italian poetry.
He is said to have excelled in melo-dramas, or pieces on
religious subjects, adapted to being sung, written in the
Latin language ; and has been denominated the Michael
Angelo.of Italian poets, on account of the boldness and
energy of his expressions. In 1728, on the' death of Ores-
cerabini,. he was chosen president of the academy, and be-
sides .founding five academical colonies in ttie neighbouring
towns, instituted a private weekly meeting of the Arcadi,
at which the plays of Plautus or Terence, in the original
language, were performed by youths trained for the pur-
pose. But the want of a regular profession, and his con-
stant attendance to these pursuits, often deranged* his
finances; and he appears not to have acquired permanent
patronage until cardinal Borghese enrolled him among his
noble domestics, and paid him liberally. In 1741, he took
up his residence in the Borghese palace, where be died in
June! 743. His Italian poems, which are much admired,
have been printed at Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples, &c.
and in many of the collections. His Latin ^^ Sacred Dramas**
were separately published at Rome ; and his other Latin
poetry, among those of the academicians of the Arcadi.'
, LORIT (HfiNRY), commonly called Glareanus, from
Claris, a town in Switzerland, where he was born in 1488,
was educated at Cologne, Basil, and Paris, .and in the
course of his studies acquired the friendship of some emW
nentf scholars, particularly Erasmus. He had a strong turn
to music, and made it k great part of bis study. After

* Gen. Diet. — Mcteri.— SaxU Onomaflt. - ' Fabnmi ViUD Italorunv

L O R I T. 413

having contributed tp the advancement of letters, both by
discourse and writing, he died in li63, ag«d seventy-five.
He composed the following works : 1. ^ Isagoge in Arith-
jnetican^." 2» *^ Descriptio de Situ Helvetin & vicinift
Gentibus.'* 3. '^ De quatuor Helvetiorum Foedere Pane*
gyricon*'* 4. " Isagoge in Musicam.'* 5, ** De Geogra<#
pbia Liber." 6. << Judicium in Terentii Carmina." 7«
** In Horatium Annotationes." 8. ^^ Annotationes in Ovi«
dii Metamorphoses.*' 9. ^' Annotationes in Oceronis Li-
brum de Senectute.'* 10. '^ Annotationes in Sallustii, qu»
adbuc extant, Historiarum Fragmenta." 11. '^ Comment
tarius in Aritbmeticam & Musicam Boethii.'* 12. '^ Anno**
tationes in Jobaunis CsBsarii Dialecticam.'* 13. ''Anno«
tittiones in Cssaris Commentaria." 14* ^' Annotationes ia
Titum Livium." 15. ^' -Annotationes & Chronologia in
totam Historiam Romanam." 16. *^ Annotationes in Dio<»
nysium Halicarnasseum." 17. ^^ElegiarumLibri duo.*' 18;
'^ De Arte Musica." 19. << De Ponderibus ac Mensuris*'*
20. ^ Annotationes in Valerium, Suetonium, & Lucanum/^
2I« '^ Annotationes in Eutropium." 22. ** Epistola ad
Johannem Hervagium." 23. '^ Scholia in j£lii Donati
Methodum.'* 24. ** Brevis Isagoge de Ratione Syllabarum
& de Figuris quibus Poets utuntur.'' 25. ^< De Asse Li«
b.ellus.'» '

LORME (Phiubert de), master of the works to the
French king, was born at Lyons about the beginning of
the sixteenth century. At fourteen, he went into Italy, to
study the beauties of antiquity. There be became' ac-
quainted with Cervius, afterwards pope Marcellus II. wh<|
had a good taste for the polite arts, and, conceiving a great
esteem for Lorme, communicated to faim every thing that
he knew. Enriched with the spoils of antiquity, he re«
turned to Lyons in 1536, and banished thence the Gothio
taste. At length, going to Paris, to work for the cardinal
de Bellay, he w^s soon employed in the court of Henry IL
He made the Horse-shoe, a fortification at Fontainbleau^
built the stately chateau of Anet and Meudon ; the palace
of the Thmlieries, and repaired and ornamented several of
the royal houses, as Villiers, Colerets, St. Germain then
called the castle of the M uette, the Louvre, &c. These
services were recompensed above his expectations. He
vraa made almoner and counsellor to the king, and Kad

^ Moreri«<^Dict. Hist.

414 L O R M E.

the lajbbies at St. Eloj and St. Serge of Angers conferred
irpon him.

Ronsard, the poet> out of envy, published a satire, or
satirical: sonnet, against^iim, under the title of ^* La Truelle
uross^e,*' the Trowel crosier*d. De Lorme revenged him-
self, by causing the garden-door of the Thuilieries, of
which he was governor, to be shut against the poet ; and
RoDsard, with a pencil, wrote upon the gate these three
words: *' Fort, reverent, habe.** De Lorme, who under-
stood little Latin, complained of this inscription, as levelled
at him, to qneen Catharine de Medicis,~who, inquiring
into the matter, was told by Ronsard, that, by a harmless
irony, he had made that inscription for the architect when
read in French ; but that it suited hioi still better in Latin,
these being the first words abbreviated of a Latin epigram
of Ausonius, which begins thus : ^ Fortunam reverenter
babe.'* Ronsard added that he only meant that De Lorme
. should reflect on his primitive grovelling fortune, and not
to shut the ■ gate against the Muses. De Lorme died in
1557; leaving several books of architecture, greatly es-
teemed. These are, I. ^^ Npuvelles Inventions pour bien
bastir & a petit frais,*' Paris, 1561, folio, fifty-seven leaves.
2. " Ten Books of Architecture,*' 1568, folio.'

LORRAIN (Robert le), an eminent sculptor, ws^s born
at Paris in November 1666. From his infancy he made so
rapid a progress in the art of designing, that, at eighteen,
the celebrated Girardon intrusted ITim with the care of
teaching his children^ and of correcting the designs of his
disciples. He committed to him also, in conjunction with
Nouiisson, the execution of the famous tomb of cardinal
Richelieu in the Sorbonne, and of his own tomb at St.
Landres, in Paris. On his return from Rome, be finished
several pieces at Marseilles, which had been left iipperfect
by the death of M. Pnget. He was received into the aca-
demy of sculpture, Oct. 1701, when he composed his
Galatea for his chefd^oeuvre, a work universally esteemed.
Lorain afterwards made a Bacchus for the gardens at Ver-
sailles, a fawn for those at Marli, and several bronzes ;
among others, an Andromeda, &c. The academy elected
him professor May 29, 1717 ; and he died their governor
Jtne 1, 1743, aged 77.

The pieces in the episcopal palace of Saverne^ which

1 0ea. Diet.— MorerK

LOU RAIN. 414

we sH ctf his compositioiiy are much admired. He was
a learned designer, with a great deal of genius, and soc«
eeeded in his beads, especially those of the young nymphs^
mth so n>uch truth, and a delicacy so admirable, that his
chisel seemed to be directed by Corregio or Parmegiiino.*

LORRIS (William 0£), a French poet, who flourished
about the middle of the thirteenth century, was the author
of the ^ Roman de la Rose," a poem much in request in
the middle ages^ and known in this country by Chaucer's ^
translation. It was left unfinished by Lorris, and was
completed in the next century by John de Meuu. The part
by Lorris, thongh the shortest, is by much the most poeti-*
eal, abounding in rich and elegant description, and in Irtely
portraiture of allegorical personages. The early French
editions of this poem are of great rarity and vsJue, and are
enumerated by Brunet, and other bibliographers. Of the
author nothing is known. '

• LORRY (Anne-Charles)^ a learned French physician^
was born atCrosny, near Paris, in 1725. In 1748, he was
adniitted doctor of the faculty of medicine at Paris, and
became doctor^regent of the faculty. He was author of
several works, some of which still maintain their value.
His first publication was entitled ^^ Essai $ur TUsage des
-Alimens, pour servir de Commentaire aux livres di^t^-
tiques d^Hippocrate," Paris, 1763, 12mo; the second
part of which appeared in 1757. His next publication was
an edition of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, Greek and
Latin, in 1759. Afterwards he produced a treatise ^* De
Melancholia et Morbis Melancholicis,'* ibid. 1765, in two
volumes 8to, and edited Dr. Astruc^s *^ Memoires pour ser-
vir i rHistoire de la Faculty de Medecine de MontpelKerj'*
i&id, 1767, 4to; and "Sanctorii de Medicina Statica,'*
with a commentary, 1770, in 12mo. His last work, which
combined the merits of much erudition and accurate obser-
..Tatipn, with great clearness of arrangement and perspicuity
ipf language, was ** Tractatus de Morbis Cutaneis,*"- Parrs,
1777, in 4to. Dr. Lorry also edited a Latrn edition of
H^fae workis of Mead, and a French one of Barker^s disser*
tation on the confornkity of the doctrines of ancient -and
modern miiedicine. He died at the baths of Bourbonne,
in^I78^.»

• Walton's ttist. of iPoetry.— Tjrwhitt»s Chaucer — Brunet's Manuel Uu Li-
^airc. * Rees's Cyclopa?dia from Eloy. *

416 L O R T.

LOAT (MicilAEL)^ a learned and aoaisible dergymait^.
and some time Greek professor of the tmirersitj of Carn^
bridge, was descended from an ancient family in Pem-^.
brokeshire, and was the son of major Lort, of the Welsh
fusileers, who wa&lcilled at the battle of Fontenoy, ih 1745.
He was born in 1725, and was admitted of Trinity-collage,
Cambridge, in 1743, from whence he removed into the
family of Dr. Mead, to whom he was librarian until th^
death of that celebrate^ physician, in 1754; an^ while in
that situation probably acquif^d the taste for literary history
and qnriosities which enabled him to accumulate a very
valuable library, as well as to assist many of his contempo-
raries in their researches into biography and antiquities^
Id the mean time he kept his terms at college ; and pro*
ceeded A. B. in 1 746 ; was elected fellow of his college iu
1749 ; and took his degree of M. A. in 17^0. In 1755 he
was elected a fellow of the society of antiquaries, and'nas
many years a vice*presideut, until his resignation in i'788.
During 'this time he made some Communications to the
** Arcbseologia," vols. IV, and V. In 17^9, on the resig-
nation of Dr. Francklin, he was appointed Greek professor
at Caoibridge, and in 176] he toc^ the degree of B. D.
and was appointed chaplain to Dr. Terrick, then bishop of
Peterborough. In Jsf^nuary 1771 he was collated by Dr.
Coruwallis, archbishop of Canterbury, to the rectory of St;
Matthew, Friday-street, on which he resigned his Greek
professorship; and in August 1779 he was appointed chap**
laiB to the archbishop, and in, the same year com meoced
P.D. In April 1780, the archbishop gave him a prebetid
of St. Paul's (his grace's option) and he continued at Lam-
beth till 1783, when he married Susanna Norfolk, otfe of
the two daughters of alderman Norfolk, of Cambrid|;e. ' Oo
the death of Dr. Ducarel, in 178 j, he wa6 appointed by
archbishop Moore, librarian to the archiepiscopal library at
Lambeth. He was also for spme years librarian to thiK
duke of Devonshire. In April 1789, he wsts' presented by
Dr* Porteusy bishop of London, to t^ sinecure rectpry t^
Fulham, in Middlesex ; ^nd in the same year was insti*^-
tuted to the rectory of A|ile-end, nc^ar Colcheater. He
died Nov. 5, 1790, at his house in Savile-row ; his death
was occasioned by a fall from a chaise while riding neajr
Colchester, whieh injured his fcidnies, and was followed
by a paralytic stroke. He was buried at his church in Fri«
flay -street, of which he had been rector nineteen years* A

L ^ R T. 4rl7

teqnumcDtal tablet was ^ ut up to bis meaory, whicfa also
^ecocis die death of liis widovr, about ftfteen months aftev*
twards^ Tbey bad tio ksoe.

Dr. Lort was well known to the learned of this and other
jcountmes, as a man of extensive literary information, and
«,obIlect)ar of euinous and valuable books, at a time wh«n
-auch articies were less known and in lees request than at
psesent He was very generally and deservedly esteemed
hff' bis numerous aoquaintance. An artless simplictty
CarmedtSie bans of 4iis character^ united to much kindness
md liberality. With talents and learning that migbt bare
appeared to great advantage from the press, Dr. Lort was
iBther anxious to assist the labours of others than ambitioiiB
W appearing as the author of separate publications. Except
^ few occasional sermons, a poem on the peace of Aix-la-
C«hapidl^ among the Cambridge congratulations, and^ome
pno«y<iious contributions to the Gentleman's Magazine,
biid«otfaer literary journals and newspapers, we can only
SDt^tJon, «s an original work, <^ A ^K>rt Commentary oh
tbe:Lord*6F^yer; in which an allusion to the principd
ciratfaaatancea ill our Lord's temptation is attempted to be
(diewn ^^ prinied in «vo, 1790. In this ingenious trapt, he
adopts tbe trfinslatton tsiken by Dr. Doddridge from iAtfi
fittiiers, an^d gw^n in his ** Family Expositor.*' Mr. Ni-
chela bias printed, from tbe pen of Dr Lort, a curious
^ Inquiry iutotho author, or rather who was not .the author,
9I ^Tbe Wi^oke Duty of Man." The same gentleman ac^
Jtiiawledgea bis obligations to Dr. Lort for assistance ib
«oine of liit valuable labours. To Granger also Dr.- Lort
eommuiiiciM^ much information. Biography h^d been
ahi^s his st,udy, and most of his books were iiHed with
^Qtep, correetions, and references of the biographical
kind. He had likewise compiled many MS lives, which
Mra dispersed at bis death. Of some of these the editor
of tbjs Uietionary has been enabled to avail himself. His .
Mbaary was n^t remarkable for external splendour, but ix
cootained a great number of rare and valuable articles, and
flamed a sale of twenty*five days, at Messrs. Leigh and
Sotfaeby'i, An 1^791. The produce was 1269/.; and. bis
prints sokl for 40}/.'

LOTICH (PET&a), surtiamed :6kcvndus, a distinguished
fliodemi La^npoet, was nepbew to a celebrated abbot of
the monastery of Solitaire, in the county of Hanau, in

Xnvinmit vol* II.— Granger*!! Lrttert by Malcolm, p.1$2.

Vol. XX. . Ee

^ .

*418 L O T I C H.

Germany, who in 1543 established the pi!ofestant religion
in bis society, and died in 1567: He was born Nov. 2,
1528, at Solitaire, received the early part of his education
at a convent in bis native place, and pursued his ^aturer
studies at Francfort, Marpurg, and Wittemburg, at wbichlast
place he contracted ' an intimacy with Melancthon and Ca*-
xnerarius. During the war in Saxony in 1 5i6y when Melanc-
thon and his colleagues were obliged to leave Wittembarg^
Loticb being in great perplexity what to do, at lengtk
entered, among the troops of John Frederic, elector of
Saxony, with some of bis fellow- studentsi; but in 1548 we
find him again at Erfurth, and afterwards at Wittembui^,
pursuing his studies. In 1550 he visited France with some
'young persons to whom he was governor, and he continued
there nearly four years. He afterwards went to Italy,
where he had nearly been destroyed by poison prepared
for another purpose : he recovered from the effects of it,
but was subject to frequent relapses, one of which carried
faim off in the year 1560. He had taken his degree
of doctor of physic at Padua, and in 1557 was chosen pro-
fessor in that science at Heidelberg. In this situation fae
was honoured with the friendship of the elector-palatine,
and by the excellence of his disposition, and the singular
frankness and sincerity of his character, rendered himself
universally beloved. A collection of his Latin poems was
published in 1561, the year after his decease, with a de-
dicatory epistle by Joachim Camerarius, who praises him
^s the best poet of his age. This has been often reprinted,
but a complete and correct edition of all his works was
published at Amsterdam in 1754, 2 vols. 4to, by Peter
Burman, nephew of the celebrated writer of those naoies.
Lotich had a younger brother Christian, likewise a poet,
aiMi educated by his uncle, the abbot. A collection of his
poems was. published in 1620, along with those of his
relation John- Peter Lotich, a physician of eminence, and
grandson of the above-mentioned Christi&n,. who exercised
his profession at Minden and at Hesse, and became
professor of medicine at Rintlen in Westphalia. He
died very much regretted in 1652. His principal works
are, " Conciliorum et Observationum Medicinalium ;*•
<* Latin Poems;" "A Commentary on Petronius," and
"A History of the Emperors Ferdinand IL and lU." hi
four volumes, is attributed to faim. ^

^ Geo. Diet— ^icerOBi yoi. XXVI.<^Ghai^piei«— Month. Rev. ▼ol.S^V^/

L O U B E R E. 419

LOUBfiRk (SntoK DB LA), a French poet, was born is
1642> of ft respectable family «t Toulouse. He was ori*
ginally secretary of the embassy to M. de St. Homain, am-
biMsador Id Switzerland, and went to Siam, 1687, as envoy
extraordinary from the, French king. On his return to
France, he was- entrusted with a secret comtnission in Spain
and Fortug^j supposed to have had for its object the de*
tachtment cff those two courts from the alliance which had
produced the revolution in England ; but his design trans-*
piring, he was arrested at Madrid, and with difficulty ob«
tained hid liberty. M. de la Loubere attached himself after-
words.to the chancellor de Pontchartrain, and travelled
with his son. He was admitted into the French academy
in 16^3, and that of the belles lettres in 1694 ; and retired
at last to Toulouse, where he married at sixty, established
theFlo(ral Games, and died March 2^, 1729, aged eighty*-
seven* Qis works are, Songs, Vaudevilles, Madrigals,
Sonnets, Odes, and other poetical pieces ; an account of
his voyage to Siam, 2 vols. 12 mo, and a treatise *^ de la
Resolution des Equations,^' 1729, 4to. &c. Of his voyage
to Siam, there is an English translation, published in 1693,
Iblto. It is bhe only one of his productions now in requesil.
There is reason to think he was not much admked^ by
some of the academicians. It being hy means of M;de
Ponlichartrain that he was admitted into the French aca*
demy, Fontaine said,

'*' C*est un impot que Pontchartrain
r. Veut mettre mir r Academie.** *

LOUIS (Anthony), an eminent French surgeon, was
born at Met2, February 13, 1723. He attained to great
reputation in his profession, and was honoured with the nu-
merous appointments of secretary of the royal academy of
surgeVy at P&ris, consulting surgeon to the king's forces,
surgeori-majbr to the hospital La Charit6, doctor in surgery
iJf the faculty of Halle, in Saxony, honorary member of the
royal college of physicians of Nancy, and member of many
of the learned societies, not only in France, but in foreign
countries. He died, May 20/ 17912, arid desired to be in-
terred among the poor in the burial-ground of the hospital
de'la SalpetrieVe. In' addition to the surgical part of the
*^ Encycl6p6die,'* which M. Louis wrote, and to several
iiiteri&istihg papers presented to the academy of surgery, he

» Nkieron/ Vo]:'XXVL--Cbaufepie.-^Dict. Hist.

Efi 2

420 L O U I IS.

nifli^ m^iior :Qf .9 gi^^t nvmh^r #f works m ^csil#il^ dhlNir-

sb«[U motion : I. ** Obt^n^atioti^ stur l'£ia«kricHi&/' Jko,
^P$m, nil, 12in.9. 2. ^ S^m «ur !» Naivce de P Ams, «&
r^n pBL^h^ d'eypliquer aoQ i:^ion aivec le 4MMps/' ibid. 174^
ij^mo. 3. ^^ Coura de .Cbimigiie |Mr»laqii^v tiir )e» pjaies
d'nf m^ ft feu," ibid. 1 74^6^ 4io. 4. ^* Oimrr^itiQftm^ He-
marque* sur les efieu du virus cancercmc/^ A(c. «bid. l7Mw
5. << Positiones Anatomico-cbirurgice de cafflAe ' gnxpie
Tiibieribus,'* ibid. 1749. ^. << (.eltre aur la certitude des
signes de la mo.rl» a?ec des Qbaerrations et des eitperieoees
siir lies Qoy^^,'' ibid. 1749, ISSoio* In this be fell into th«
mistlftke of attributing the death of persons drowned lo ilie
enUrance of water into the lungs. 7. ^' Experieaces tarla
LiitbotoQiie/' 1757. 8. << Memoire sur une queatioo ana-
toQiiquiey relatifli la jurisprudence/' &g. 1768. Tbiameo
iQ$lir^ itvitl^n after tbe shocking affair of Calas, was ia^
tended to establish tb^ distinction of tbe appearances after,
rdufttary death by hanging, aad after marder by thatmode;
aiid althongl^ he has not, resolved the difficulty, the per*
f^smwQi^ is ingenious, and the advice given to su^eons
e;s:Qellent. 9. ^* Memoire sur la 16gttiniit6 dea naissaneas
pr6tendue»3 tardikves,*' 1764) in Svo ; to which he pobtished
a supplement in the saaie year. 10. << Recueil d^Obser-
v^ations d' Afiatcnnie et de Chirurgie, pour servir de base
a la Theorie des lesions de la tdte par contreeomp,'* ^7$6«
11. <^ Histoire de TAcademie Roy ale de CMrurgie depins
son 6tablissement jusqu'en 1743," printed in the foorth
volume of the memoirs. His last publication was a UrMisla.-
tion of M. Astruc's work " De Morbis Venereis," into
French. In addition to these works^ M. Louis also traas-
lated Boerhaave^s Aphorisms of Surgery, with Van Swi^<*
ten's Commentary; and wrote several eulogies .on deceased
members of the academy of surgery, and various contro-
versial tracts, especially concerning tbe disputes betwaeii
tbe physicians and surgeons of Paris, in 1748^ &c.'

LOUVET (Peter), an able advocate in the sevente^d^
century^ and master of requests to queen Margaret, «a^
born at Reinville, a. village two leagues froip Beauvaia; |i^
died in 1646. His works are, 1. ^' L'Histoir^ et les Aipti-
quit€s de Beauvais," vol. I. 1609, and ,1681, 8v0; vol. |I.
ttoueD, 1614, avo. Tbe first treats of (b^ lepQl^siiMti^

« Diet I^t.— Rmv's Cfclopipdis> fipom Blo|;

L a U Y E T. 421

affrin 6f Ummt^; the mk^i, of the* cml: dSaUsi s^
^ MooMiidstQmr efe Gkrooologia reram Ecclesiastkiwraii^
IMeceu Beliki<riioeiMis»'' Pari% 161&, 8vo, 3. << Hi«t. dei
AatiqoitAs du DtoeAse de Beauvais^V Beankvaria^ 1 &^5^ 8i7«L
fkt *< Anoietm^ Bemarques sur la Noblesse Btoavoisine^- et
Ae plnsieoffs Families de Franocy' Ir 631^ and 1640, Svo;
Tim work it' yery scarce; itisr in alphahelli^al' or<^er, bat
Imi only heew pitinced horn A lo M iachismiy, with otie
ktf of Ns Father Triboulety. prior of the Doihintcaasot
fieauvait^ and afterwards procurator-general of his order^
hting authorised to csUifaliA a e<diege in' the DonuDicaia
ce«rent ol Bdamrais, a«id do enforce the observanee of daw
mleaamd' statuteaof refomiatioti respectiog. studies theve^
«Mis;impfisoQed by hia brethren. On this occastoii Lduvet
published, ** Abr6g6 des' €onstitiitions et Heglemeos. , . . .
pOQP les; Etudes et R^formes^ du Convent des Jaoobihsde
Beauvavs,*' and addi^ssed id Oo the king, in 1*619^ by an
ep&«)e4Mliicatory, in which he petitioned that Triboubt
flli)^b^ set at Kterrtj^.-^There was another FreUoh hissd-
rian of tbe^ sanK^ naase^ who was bom at BeauVais. Hih
hubtf Was a native Of AofienSy- said not related to the pre-
eedittg. He studied* physic at MontpelUer ; also the belhn
lettreb and geogvapby ;. tau^t rhetoric with reputatioct in
^f6veitce during) a considemble time; and gebgraphj;! tk
Montpeliiet* ;^ and published several works fpoin 1657 to
1€80, respiting the history of Languedoc^ Provedce^^ &e.
under rfi:^ ibllowing^ titles : l. *^ Remarques sar PHiitcure
lie Laoguedod^^' 4to. 2. ^^Ahtifgt de PHistoire d'Aquitainh,
<Ouiettne) et Gainsogfie^ jusqu^i' present," Bourdeau^Xi f^S'd,
•ito. 9. *^ La Fnsuee dans sal Splendeur,'* 2vols: U2aid.
41 « A!br4g£'de PHistoire de Provence," 2 vols. l2biOy,with
sfdditionb to'thestime history in 2 vols; folia 5; *i Prcget
did PHistdii^ du Pays' de B^ujolois,^' 8Vo. 6. << Hist, des
TitHibles de ProVeticeMepQis 1481 jusqu'en 1598,'' 2 vols.
YJioae. 7'. *^ te MerQure'iIoUandois,.ou les GonqudterdU
Rbi, depdis^ I642>* jusqo'd Itt fin* de 1679^?' lO volsj Idne.
Tbb lab^dfaj btf dieiulf aadis' the best- of Peter Loovet^s
worie»; bat^ none of the rest^are mutsh- esteemed.*

£(ftVE (CHWSToraBit), a' preibyteiian^ divine of edosi-
^i^ltf^fliitie in the tidie of emmwell^ was bom ar €alrdiff
ritf i Olateorgdtfshii^^ itt^ I6^li8. In bis airlidr ditys- be wa«» of
a^M^lcS^ tIMrh ; MA his retig^oos ^uc^ieo^ »t^ leasts

V Moitn.rfa)ic|. If lit;

428 L a V E.'

must ha^e been neglected by his paveote^ if what his bicH
gopher fiays be true, that he was fifteen years of ^^ be-
fore he ever heard a sermon. The effect of, this sermon^
however, preached by Mr. Erbery, was such that he beE«^
came not only reformed, but so strict and precise in hin
religious duties, as to give offence to his father, who at
length placed him as an apprentice in London. Has son,
who was averse to this measure, earnestly intreated ttutfi
he might be sent to the university ; to ^hich having ioh^
tained a very reluctant consent, he became a servitor of
New Inn, Oxford, in 16S5. Here, however, as his faihet
ilenied him a proper support, he subsisted by the help^of
the above-mentioned Mr. Erbery, and such supplies as his
motheir could afford. After taking a bachelor's degree in
arts, he went into holy orders, and preached frequently at
St. Peter in the Bayiey, but his principles were so. unac-
ceptable, that after be had taken his master's degree, jand
had refused to subscribe the canons enjoined by archbishop
Laud, . relative to the prelates and the Book of Common
Prayer, he was expelled the congregation of masters.

On leaving Oxford, he went to London, where bis fixed
aversion to the hierarchy prevented his promotion to any
living, and. procured his being silenced, on which he went
to Scotland to obtain presbyteriao ordination ; but, accord-
ing, to the laws of that church, he could not be ordained
without settling there. On his return to Englan.d, he
•preached occasionally, at -various places, always iotro-
.ducing sentiments of the bitterest hostility to the church of
England. At length, when his wishes were accomplished,
by the establishment of the presbyterian government in
England, .he was ordained, according to their method, ifi
Aldermanbury church, London, in January 1644. Next^
year he gave proof that he had as little prudence as mpde-
ration, by going to Uxbridge, when the commissioners
for the. treaty of peace were there, and preaching a ser-
mon, in which he inveighed with great violence against his
majfssty's commissioners, who complained of the insult to
those of the parliament. He was, in consequence, sent for
to London, and although.acquitted by order of the House
of Commons, yet, according to' Neal, was^ confined to bis
house during the treaty, and then disQba.rged. That lan-
guage must have been very gross which indjuced the par-
liament to act thus towards one of their greatest favourites.

He was next appointed one of the Assembly of Divihes^

L O V B. 43*.

^d miniister of St. Lawrence Jury, and is said also to have
been chosen minister of St. Anne's, Aldersgate-§treet. He
was one of the London ministers who siQ^ned a declaration
against the king's death. He was afterwards engaged in ^
plot^ which cost him his,hfe, and was known at the time by
the name of Love's plot, either because he was a principal
agent, or a principal sufferer. Mr. Love, we have already
noticed, was a presbyterian, and when he found that the
independents were gaining the ascendancy, he united with
various gentlemen and ministers of his own way of think-
ing to assist the Scotch (before whom Charles IL had taken
the covenant, and by whom he ha^ been crowned,), in
their endeavours to advance that sovereign to the crown of
England. Cromwell, however, was too watchful for the
success of such a design in London ; and the chief conspi-
rators being apprehended, Mr. Love ^nd a Mr. Gibbons
were tried and executed, the rest escaping by interest, or
servile submission. Mr. Love appears on his. trial to have
used every means to defeat its purpose, and was certainly
more tenacious of life, t&an might have been expected
from the boldness of his former professions. Great inter-
cessions were made to the parliament for a pardon : his
wife presented one petition, and himself four; several
parishes, also, and a great number of his brethren inter-
ceded with great fervour ; but all that could be obtained
was the respite of a month. It is said that the affairs of
the commonwealth being now at a crisis, and Charles IL
having entered England with 1 6,000 Scots, it was thought
necessary to strike terror in the presbyterian party, by
making an ^example of one of their favourite ministers.-
Some historians say that Cromwell, then in the north, sent
a letter of reprieve and pardon for Mr. Love, but that the
post* boy was stopped on the road by some persons belotig-
iRg to the late king's army, who opened the mail, and
finding this letter, tore it in pieces, exclaiming that " he
who had been so great a firebrand at Uxbridge, was not
fit to live." Whatever truth may be in this, he was exe-
cuted, by beheading, on Tower-hill, Aiig. 22, 1651. He
was accompanied at his death by the three eminent non-
conformists, Simeon Ashe, Edmund Calamy, and Dr. Man-
ton. The latter preached a funeral sermon for him, in
which, while he avoids any particular notice of the cause
of his death, he considers hitn, as the whole of his- party
did, in the light of a saint and martyr. The piety of his

424, L a.V E^

life». indeed,, created a sympathy io hif inHMi» irilMlltfMI
DO little harm to the power of Cromwell ThouMiiids ht^'

£n to see that the tyranny of the republic would eqml Mik
sy had been taught to hate in the monarchy* The gor^
Teromenty we are told, expressed some displeasure at Dc*
Manton's intention of preaching a funeral sermon, aodtheic^
creatures among the soldiers threatened violence, but- Imi-
persisted in bis resolution, and not only preaohedi^i but
printed the sermon. The loyalists, on the other baudr
considered Love*s death as an instance of retributive jiwi^
tice« Clarendon says that he ^' was guilty of as much trea«
son as the pulpit could contain ;'* and his biographers have
80 weakly defended the violence of his conduct during the
early period of the rebellion, as to leave this fact aiinofili
indisputable* His works consist <^f sermons and piou^^
tracts, on various subjects, mostly printed after bis deatb^.
and included in three volumes, 8vo. They were aU ae4,
^ompanied by prefaces from his brethren, of high cpia^*
mendation.'

LOVE (James), an actor and dramatic writer, assuned^
this name (from bis wife*s, De L'Amour) wbed' he fiiBt at>*
tached himself to the stage. He was one of the sons- o£
lilr. Dance the city surveyor, whose memory will be transrr
mitted to posterity on account of the clumsy edifice which
he erected for the residence of the city^s chief magisMnne^
Our author received, it is said, his education at Wettv^
minster school, whence he removed to Cambridge,- which,'
it is believed, be left without taking any degree. About*
that time a severe poetical satire against.sir Robert Wa)«
pole, then minister, appeared under the title of ^ Ai^
these things so V* which, tbpugh written by Mr. Millei^
was ascribed to Pope. To this Mr. Love immediatalji
wrote a reply called " Yes, they are, what then ?*' whicia|
proved so satisfactory to VVaipole that he made hiiu:ei
handsome present, and gave him- expectationa of pvefev^
ment. Elated with this distinction, with the vanity of ^
young author, aqd the credulity of a young man, be coii^
sidered his fortune as established, and, negjectiog eveiy^
other pursuit, became an attendant at the minister's leveean
where he contracted habits of indolence and expeOoap
without obtaining any advantage. The sts^ now offemdb

1 NcaHfl PurtUiv»— >Birook's Lives^ of tbe Puritan*.— ^t:F08b7*s History of ibe
jpaptbti,— MS lifd In I^yio6n^A'0C»XM\ognt in tke Bi^it^sH J^aeom.

L a V Et 42«

iUelf » aa asYhmi from the difficulties ba bad ii|YQl«|Mtf

Imiiself in, ana, tberefbre, changing his name to Lave^- ^b^

im^e bis first essays in strolling companies. He afterward^

performed both at Dublin and Edinburgh, and at the ]at«>

ter place resided some years as manager. Atleogtkb^

received, in 1762, an invitation to Drury-lane tbeatii€^

where he continued during the pemainder of his life, . Iif

1765y with the assistance of his brother, he erected a nfl^w

theatre at Richmond, and obtained a licence for performs

ifigin it; but did not receive any benefit from it, as-Uio

success by no means answered his expectations^ He

died about the beginning of 1774^ He neither aa aji actof

or author attained any great degree of e^ccelienoe. Hia

p^forntance of Falstaff was by much the best), but- tb0

little reputation which he acquired by. it was entweljf

eclipsed by die superiority of genius wbicn^^s successoi^

Kk; Henderson, displayed in the representation of tb9

9atDe character As an author, he has gi^en the worl4 .

'^ Pamela, a Comedy ,^^ 1 742» and some otheF dramatic

pieeesy eiuimerated in the ^^ BipgraphiaDrama^ica/* '

X^OVELACE (Rigbard), an elegant peet of the sevfi^
teemh' century,: was the eldest son of sir William* Lovdac^
o£ Woolwich, in Kent, and was born in that county aboHI
16 is. He received his grammar-learning^ at the Cbartes^
boiuse; and, in 1634-, G^ecame a gentlen^an-commooer ff
Gloucesrer hall, Oxford, being then, as Wood ob^0i»«e% -
^ accounted the most amiable and beautiful persovv tbait
eye ever beheld ; a person also of innate modesty^ virtoe^
and courtly deportment, which made him then,> and) esip^
maily after, when he retired to the great city,, much ad^
mirecL and adored by the female sex»'' Tn 1635 he waa
inreated M. A. and, leaving the university, retired, as Woo4
pbrases it, in great splendour to the court ; wberer being
taken into the favour of lord Goring he became a soldiery
and was first an ensij^n,. and afterwards a captain^ Oh; tl^
pacification at Berwick he returned to his native counu^
wd took possession of his estate^: worth about five huadvaQ
pounds per annum ; and, about the same time, was deputed
% the County to deliver the Kentish petition to the Hous4
of Commons,, which giving offence^ he was evdeced ititi^
custody) and confined in . the Gata-house» whence- h$ waa
reljeased on givipg bail ,of 40,000/. not to go beyond the

^ Biog. DraoT).

426 LOVELACE.

lines of communication without ii pass from the ^Speaker.
During the time of his confinement to London he lived*
beyond the income of his estate, chiefly to support the
credit of the royal cause; and, in 1646, he formed a regi-
ment for the service of the French king, was colonel of it,
and wounded at Dunkirk. In 1648 he returned to Eng-
land with his brother, and was again committed prispner to
Peter-house in London, where he remained till after the
king's death. At that period he was set at liberty, but,
** having then consumed all his estate he grew very me-
lanc,ho]y^ which at length brought him into a consump-
tion, became very poor in body and purse, was the object
of charity, went in ragged cloaths (whereas when he was
in hi« glory he wore cloaths of gold and silver), and mostly
lodged in obscure and dirty places, more befitting the worst
of beggars and poorest of servants." He died in a very
poor lodging in Gunpowder-alley, near Shoe-lane, in 1658,
and was buried at the west end of St. Bride's church. . His
pieces, which are light and easy, bad been models in
their way, were their simplicity but equal to their spiilt y
but they were the offspring of gallantry and amusement,
and seldom- received a requisite degree of polish. Under
the name of Lucasta, which is- the title to his poems, con*
tained in two volumes (the latter published by his brother
- Dudley Posthumus Lovelace, in 1659), he compliments
a Miss Lucy Sacheverel, a lady, according to Wood, of
great beauty and fortune, #bom he was accustomed to call
** Lux Casta." On the report of Lovelace's death of his
wounds, at Dunkirk, she married. Winstanly has, and
not improperly, compared him to sir Philip Sidney. He
wrote also two plays, " The Scholar," a comedy, and " The
Soldier," a tragedy. * .

LOVIBOND (Edwafid), a modern poet whose personal
history has been neglected, was, according to the preface
to his poems, " a gentleman of fortune, who passed the
greater part of his years in the neighbourhood of Hamp^
ton, in Middlesex, whfere he lived greatly belc , ed by those
who best knew him. He was an admirable scholar, of very
amiable manners, and of universal benevolence, of whicfi
all his writings bear strong testimony. The little pieces
whicli compose (his works) were chiefly written on suck

' 1 Life, in Gent Mag. vols. LXl. and LXII. — Biog. Dram.— £llis*B Specimens.
— Headiey'8 Beauties, &c.

L Q V I B O N I>; 431

iDoidents as occasionally arose in those societies of inti-'
mate acquaintance which he most frequented. After his
tieatfa, which happened in 1775, his poems being dispersed
in the hands of different friends, to whom they had beea
given by himself, many people expressed to his only bro-
ther, Anthony Lovibond Collins, esq. a wish to have them
collected together, and preserved. This g43ntleman, equally
zealous for the reputation of a brother he affectionately
loved, hath put into the editor^s hands those pieces he bath
selected for that purpose."

Of a man of*^ so many virtues, and so greatly beloved,
the public might reasonably have expected a more detailed
account. — His father, we are told, was a director of thd
East India company, and died in 1737, leaving him pro-
bably that fortune on which he was enabled to pass his daya
in the quiet enjoyment of the pleasures of rural life. He
died September 27, 1775, at his house iatt Hampton, but
the register of that parish is silent on his interment. We
have been informed also that he was married, and not very
happily.

When the *^ World" was conducted- by Edward Moore^
and his many noble and learned contributors, Mr. Lovibond
furnished five papers ; of which Nos. 93 and 94 contain
some just remarks on the danger of extremes, and the im-
pediments to conversation. In Nos. 132 and 134 be op-
poses the common erroneous notions on the subject of Pro->
vidence with considerable force t)f argument, and con-
cludes with some ironical remarks, not ill applied. In No.
82 he first published " The Tears of Old May Day," the
most favourite of all his poems. The thoughts are pecu-
liarly ingenious and happy, yet it may be questioned
whether it is not exceeded by his " Mulberry Tree," in
which the distinguishing features of Juhnson^s and Garrick's
characters are admirably hit off — the frivolous enthusiasm
of the one, and the solid and sturdy veneration of the other
for our immortal bard, are depicted with exquisite humour.
Julia's printed letter appears to hstve been a favourite wjth
the author. There are some bursts of genuine passion,
and some tenderness displayed occasionally, but it .wants
simplicity. It was probably suggested by Pope^s Eloisa,
and must suffer in proportion as it reminds us of thatin*
imitable effort. His /^ I^ines on Rural Sports" are- both
poetical and moral, and contain some interesting pictures
sweetly persuasive to a humane treatment of the brute'

H$ L a V I B a N D.

lUMkCiOiL HfA love vcm9s„aDaii9^of wbicb u^AevfkirfiUfinici
«r^ if^ider afiid sprightly. The Miss K-*— Vh- w9» Wfim
KiUy PbillipS) a relation of the family^ pov e&CKA>le€l by
tba titb of MiUord. The '' Tale of the Hitchio Coaveitt ;"
the ** Lines to a yoiuig Lady," a very good aotre^;. the
« Verses to Mr. Woodesoo/' and those: ea cou^ertkig tbM^
gjffotleiaan^s house ioto a poor«hoiis^ are atf - distfOgMsbeA
b^ oriijiaeJi' turns of thought. Hi« j^ieoes w<are genet«Uy
Qiveala^ed in private, as he had noitt tbe ambitioii of aoi
author, and was contented to please tbose whopii ht^ip*
tdoded to please; yet he n^ver aitempt^d any su^jec^
^hi<^ be did not illustrate- by noveky o£ afiaiHi<eF» and npott
tb^^hole may be ceosidered as sunong tbe most sueeessfol
of (ba^ class wbo» aie rattier muUmrs^ than puefessieoi^
yoets..^

LO W j(GEcmG£), a- elevgyasali of Scotland^ aiidaii.io<-
ffsitious natural tustorisii, u^ born at Edsal iii' Forf^rsbbne^
itf r74$. . He wtm €dift€ate4 at this ooUegc^ of Abesd^eQ
fM' S^ Andcevr'si- and af^r-ward^ wscki tutor in theifiaoin]^ o#
Graham, at Stromness in Orkney. During bis resfidmcci
afc'tbift plaee» Mr. (IncMv sir Joseph)/ Bi^n aYid Bf. Soll^nd^ir
^^ived at the island' on their retutn frokH tbe laAt tog^gp
o£ discovery, in vrbioh capt. Cook lost' his life ;i wd* Mr.
XiOW,> baviag early iMxpiired a taste fov natural bistery,c ««s
much noticed by those distingjushed pbttosopbessi) aed
was^ ]^e<yiested to* accompany them in their exoucnoiia
tbiKHigjh the Orkneys, and also, to the Shetland isieedsj
which be accordingly did.

In 177'4 be wns ordained mi«istef of Bitratny and Hfira^«
aparisb in Pomotia, or maiti-land of Orkney,, aiifi^ from
ffais^ time devoted himself to the duties of hischar^ whipb
he continued' ta fulfil' for the retnatoder of bi»* life^ He
etd^oy^d his leisure chiefly in tbe study of natureitand^his.
success- was highly cfedital>le, coosidertug the maqy dii^
advantageis of » remote situation. Sir Jo^phBanks^ ;vith
bis aeeusiomed aeal for the promotion* of scienee^ intro^
diuced him to Mr. Pennant, by whose advice he engaged
tOr itiidertake a ** Fauna Orcadensis,?' and a. ** Flora Opca«
deosis,"' the first of which was published in 1813^ 4tOy
from A MS. in tbe possession^ of William Elford iLead^
Ml IK F. L. S. ttc ; but the '' Flora" has not been diacp*
v^»d. A tbur through tbe isbmds of Orkney and^Sbstiandji

I JohntOD ad4 Chalmerii'f Poets, IStd

vow. , 4#»

eMttdniHg 4iiii«B ^riXmiikg to iheit aficient, 'i&odem^ and
ittlttnil 'bntory, wm tAso ^epared by Mr. l.ow for "die'
Ji^esd, litid ^Fe^ioiis to bis -decease, be made a transltttton
of Tdrteufi's ^ UMory of O^fcney/^ The MS8. of the
^^7aona^^' tbe t^uf and 'tiie tmn^lafion^UH mentidnedy
wifb bis ^odlogioal ocMedtions^ oame 4{ito ^e possesion of
Mrl Geor^ Paton^ an emin^iit antiquary of ^dinbtirgh^
afleff whose -decease <lbey were fiurobased *by different per-
sons. Mr. Low died in 1795. His ^* Fautia^* forms a very
hilerestitig and* valuable addition to the natural bisiory of
kbe British islands. *

LOWE (Peter), a surgeon of 4he rfixtcentb century^
was born in Scotland. In a work entided *^ A Discourse
oti the Mrhole Art of Cbirurgery/* puWbhed at^itasgow iti
1612, be acquaints bis readers, that he bad pi^etiseil
twenty*^wo years in Frark!e and 'Flanders ; that be had
£een two years surgeon-iir^or to ttbe Spanish tegimehfisi^
P^aris; and bad then follow*ed bis master, the -king olf
France ^Henry IV.) si^ years in bis wars. In the thle^'
page of his book, be calls hitns^lf doctor in die facility of
surgery at Paris, and ordinary surgeon to the king of
F)panee and Namrre. It does not appear how long he bad
raided at (Glasgow ; but he mentioi^s that, foiirteien years
btfore the publication of bis book, he had complained cf
(h^ ignorant persons who intruded into the practice dt
JHii^ery, and that in eonsequence the king (of Scotland)
/granted him a privilege, tinder bis privy seal, of examine
ing all practitioners in surgery in the western* bans of
Scotland. -He refers to a former work of "bis own, entitled
^Tbe Poor Man*« Guide,*' and speaks.of an intended pub-
fieation confeerAing the diseases of women. He died iu
1612. The *• Discourse on Chirurgery** appears to have
been in esteem, as 4t reached a fourth edition in 1654^
but it is fOQuded more on authority than observatioii.
AMes -m^ntikms another work of his with the title '^An
€lts^, cettttin, and perfect method to cure and prevent the
iSpani^ Siokfiess ; by Peter Lowe, doctor in the Facultie of
€%inirgei4e at Paris, cbirurgeon to Henry IV." London,
L5^, 4to.*

* LOWER (RKJffARD), an eminent physician and anatb-
HViiit, was bom at Tremere, in Cornwall, aT)out I63r. He

I i^dvciri^sempnl by Mr* Leach, pfofxed |o tbe^ Faima^**
< Aikin's Bk)^. Memoirs of M8dicinQ,«^E€c&'$ .C^I,op»(iiA.

4»0 ' LOWER.

if as descended from a good family, and reemVed a liberal
education, being admitted as king's scholar at Westminster
school, and thence elected to Christ-cl^ir^^b college, Ox-
ford, in 1649, where he took the degree of M. A. in 1655,
and then studied . medicine. The celebrated Dr. Willis^
who employed him as coadjutor in his dissections, found
bhn so able an assistant, that he afterwards became his
steady friend and patron, and introduced him into prac-
tice* In 1665, Lower took the degree of M. D. ; and in
the same year published a defence of Dr. Willis's work on
fevers, entitled " DiatribsB Thomse Willisii M. D. et Prof.
Oxon. de Febribus Yindicatio adversus Edm. de Meara
Ormondiensem Hibern. M. D."' Svo, a work of consider-
able learning and force of argument, but not without some
fallacies, as he afterwards himself admitted. But his most
important work was, his ^^ Tractatus de Corde, item de
motu et oalore Sanguinis, et Cbyli in eum transitu,^' which
was first printed in London in 1669. In this work the
structure of the heart, the origin and course of its fibres,
and the nature of its action, were pointed out with much
accuracy and ingenuity. He likewise demonstrated the
dependance of its motions upon the nervous influence, re-
ferred the red colour of the arterial blood to the action of
the air upon it in the lungs, aad calculated the force of
the circulation, and the quantity and velocity of the blood
passing through it . The work excited particular notice,
in consequence of the chapter on the transfusion of blood
from the vessels of one living animal to those of another,
which the author had first performed ezperimentaliy at
Oxford, in February 1665, and subsequently practised
upon an insane person before the royal society. Lower
claims the m^rit of originality in this matter ; but the ex-
periment had certainly been suggested long before by 14'
Dan)ius (see Libavius), and experience having soon decided,
that the operation was attended with pernicious conse-
quences, it was justly exploded. Lower had' removed to
London soon after the commencement of these experi-
ments, and in 1667 had been a fellow of the royal sociej^,
and of the college of physicians. The reputation acquir^
by his publications brought him into extensive practice ;
and after the death of Dr. Willis, he was considered as
one of the ablest physicians in London. But his attach-
ment to the Whig party, at the time of the Popish plot,
brought him into discredit at court, so that his practice

L O W E R. 431

declined considerably before bis death, Jan 17, 1690-91.
He was buried at St. Tiidy, near bis native place, in
Cornwall, where he had purchased an estate. In addition
to the writings above-mentioned, he communicated some
papers containing accounts of anatomical e^cperiments to
the royal society; a small tract on catarrh, wbiph yfBs
added, as a new chapter, to the edition of the treatise de
Corde of 1680; and a letter on the state of medicine in
England. He is said to have been the first discoverer of
Astrop Wells.*

LOWER (Sir William, Knt.), was a noted cavalier in
the reign of king Charles I. He was born at a place called
Tremare in Cornwall. During the heat of the civil wars
he took refuge in Holland, where, being strongly attached
to the Muses, he had an opportunity of enjoying their so*
ctety, and pursuing his study in peace and privacy. He
died in 1662. He was a very great admirer of the French
poets, particularly Corneille and Quinault, on whose works
be has built the plans of four out of the six plays which he
vrrbte. The titles of his dramatic works are, 1. ^' Phoenix
in her Flames." 2. " Polyeuctes ; or. The Martyr." 3,
** Horatius.". 4. " Inchanted Lovers.'* 5. " Noble In-
gratitude." 6. '^ Amorous Phantasm." All those, except
the first, were written diiring the usurpation. He trans«
lated from the French the first and third volumes of ^^ Th^
Innocent Lady, or Illustrious Innocents." But the most
considerable of his translations, was *^ A Relation in form
of a Journal of the voyage and residence of Charles II. in
Holland from May 25, to June 2, 1660," fol. finely printed,
with good engravings of the ceremonies, and several copies
of bad verses by the translator. '

LOWMAN (Mos^s), a learned dissenting clergyman,
was born in 1680. He was originally destined for the law,
and in 1697 entered as a student in the MiddterTeinple,
but in about two years he changed bis purpose and deter-
mined to study divinity. With this view he went over to
Holland in 1699, where he studied partly at Utrecht and
partly at Ley den. In 1710, after being admitted to the
ministry among the dissenters, he settled with the congre-
gation at Clapbam, as assistant to Mr. Grace, whom he
Succeeded as their pastor, and was ordained in 1714. In

" > Biog. Brit-rAlb. Ox. vq\, II.— ^Reea's Cyclopedia^
"^ Ath. Ox. Tol. II.— Bios>'Drani.— 'Cole'i MS Athense ia Brit, Mus.

43* L rO W MAN.

thb4itMitioll'heo6Dtiiiaed4o hi8.deBMfti, prrndkiof^tWioe^icii
Snaday «intil iwifehki a fkm iWfBfeflEB of tfaat event. 'He disiiti-
Buidied himself, £roin tbe ^leriiMi iotf bis acadeimc^il tftodies,
in metaphysics and ditfinity : and, totbe'etose-of faaT lifd,
be was an indefatigable reader, and acquired an extraordi»-
aairy stock of usid^ui kndvrledge, particiilariy in Jewisli
teaming and anckjeitiei, t» wbicb last ibe ^a5imicbckvo>-
led. Tibe nasuk ofAhisapplicaiiod apptered in the learned
KOffaiie|)iiblisfaed, and J^biohicoodtitttted bis chief iame;
for as a pulpit orator, it does not appear that be was «incfa
ffdmiriad* Dr, Ofaandier, vrho preached hxa funeral semton,
gtTBs imo a veiyiiigh 'personal dioracfeer. He ^ed MayS,
i"7;52,:iidjtbe4seTenty*dhird year of his age. "

ifofieti ffras i^at employed, in 1716, in a kind of peri-
edJioai: *Mrprk, ceiled tbe *^ Occasional Papers," which ooiir
farm 4u}ee volumes, tSvo, and jn whi^h he wrote^ No. i.
(ndLii.) A« (Din Orthodoxy f *4nd No. VI. '< On ftiii^ dan^
ef itbe £haf€b;'' His GOileajgues in this paper were ' Mr^^
fiiaosiSTawn^ Dr. <3roBvetlor, Dr. Evaas, andodiers. TM
aabyecta are in general on points in controveray with tbe
Hhurcb. In 171$, >e wrote e> treatise against Ck>llins, tbe
4ide'Af4N»hicfa, say6 bss biogk'apber, iaibrgotten, bttt it ia
H^entiaQed iby the aoe^irate LeiUnd, aa '^ The ArrgnHiefQt
Aoaa prophecy, in pi»of tbajt Je^us is theMesMah, trindS^
fluted, 10 aeese oonsideraiions on tbe propheciesof th^OM
T«Btaflaent^ as the groiMids end reasons of the ChtAstiance-
Jagian^?^ it |waa not printed^ bovrefer, dn^ 1733. In
193<5, he was <fi^ae of tbe ^rieachers at'SatterVHalF, aeadnst
|iopery:.the siibj^ot <^ bis' sernfoti, << Tbe-^Brincipies ftf
Popery sdiiaBiaiaGal." -He bad published before thi% lHwo
occasional sermons. Another of bis pamphlets, entitled
^Aa Argucnent to prove the Uiiity aiid Perfections of
jGed '4l ptiibnV was more admired for its novelty meidin^'
geeuily ^aa *«aeCiihiess :- but the works of Mr. Lowihea
on which his ijepntallon ismost secnrefy founded, are, -^t.
^ ^^ A Disseitation en vbe Civil Government of the Hebrews^'^
in anaiverto Morgan'^i ^' Moral Philosopher.** Thisj wbicb
afspeared in 174^, iiras esteemed a very jtidtcious perfor*-
oapoe, and wasbighly approved of by bishdp^berlock and
otherelergymenof theefttabli^ed chui^. Tbe-«econd edi*-
tibn,4n 174d, has an appendix. 2. ^ Ar^tionaleof the ftidial
of the Hebrew Worship : in which the design and usefulness
of that ritual are explained and vindicated from ol^cttiointu**
1748. 3. '* A Paraphrase and Notes upon the nevdati<m

L O W T It. ♦SS

¥

of St. Jolin,'* 4to, twice, and 8vo, lately. 4. "Three*
(posthuoiipus) /Tnteta^*' on the Scbecbina, the Logos; &c. ^
LOWTH (William), a distinguished divine, was the*
sou ot William Lowth, apothecary and citizen of London,
and WHS born in the parish of St. Martin's Ludgate, Sept. II,
1061. His grandfather Mr. Simon Lowth, rector of Tyle-'
burgt in Berks^ took great care of his education, attd ini-
tiated him early in letters. He was afterwards sent to .
Mercliant-Taylors' school, where he made so great a pro-
gress that be was elected thence into St. John's^college in
Oxford in 1675, before he was fourteen. Here he regu-
larly took the degrees of master of arts, and bachelor in
divinity. His eminent worth and learning recommended
him to Dr. Mew, bishop of Winchester, who made him^his
chaplain, and in 1 696 conferred upon him a prebend iir
tbecathedral-churcb of Winchester, and in 1699 presented
bim to the rectory of Buriton, with the chapel of Peters-
field, 'Hants. His studies were strictly confined within^
hisrpwn province, and solely applied to tb6 duties of bis'
function ; yet, that be might acquit himself the better, he >
acquired an Uncommon share of critical learpir^g. There
is stparcely any s&ncient author, Greek or Latin, profane bi*
ecclesiastical, especially the latter^ whose works be had
not read with accuracy, constantly accompanying bis read-
ing with critical and philological remarks. Of bis collec-
tions in this way, be was, upon all occasions, yery com-
municative. His valuable notes on ^* Clemens Alexan-
drinus\^ are to be met with in Potter^s edition of that fa<« .
ther; and his remarks on, ^^Josepbus/^ communicated to^
Hudson for bis edition, are acknowledged in bis preface V
a^ ..also those larger and more numerous annotations on
the *^ Ecclesiastical Historians,*^ inserted in Reading's edi^
tion of them at Cambridge: The author also of the " Bib^
libtbeca BiblicV was indebted to bim for the same kind
of assistance. Chandler, late bishop of Durham, while en-
, gaged in his defence of Christianity from the prophecies,
of the Old Testament, against CoUins's discourse of tbe
^^ Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Re^gioh,'* and in
his vindication of the <^Defence/Mn answerto *'The Scheme
of Literal Prophecy eon^idered,^ held a constant corre-
spondence with him, and consulted bim upon many 4'^^^'*
ties that occurred in the course of that work. But^e most

i Cbndler't Vnoeral Sermon.— PnU DiiKiitw>t Magazine, vols. I. aod II.

VouXX. Fr

4*4 L/0 )V T H.

valualf le part q( hu , cbl^9c^r was t^t irhic^ 1^^ ^
peared in the ey^s of the world, the priy$Ete and PSi^if^
part, that of the good Christian, and the ysefql pari^-
priest. His piety, bis diligence, his hospitality,, and In^n^
ncence, rendered bis life highly exemplary, and greatjdy.
enforced his public exhortations. ' He married Margamt
daughter of Robert Piu, esq^ pf Blandford, t>y whqm. .W
bad three daughters and two sons, one of wboq) was j^
learned subject of our next article. He die.d IMlay 17^ }7^%f
apd was buried, by' bis own orders, in the chi|r<cl»-yafd at
Buriton, near the South side of the chancel.; and PP Xk^ ill-'
*side wall is a plain moiiuEpent with an inscription. .. ,

He published, I. ^^ A Vindicatipn of the Diyine Autlii)*

rlty, and Inspiration of the Qld and NewTe^tanientjU^^i^*-

i 2n)o. And a second edition with ^* amendm^nfis^ and s( VH^fir

preface,, wherein the antiquity of the Pentateuch i^.assi^jrt^^

and vindicated from some lat^ objections^ 169^i^.2.. V Ptr

lect^ons for the profitable rcfading of thfs Holy $criptqr<i;

together with some observations for confiripipg,their..Jp!it«

vine Authority, and illustrating, the d>ffici|lties ther^ofi

1709|*' 12mo. This usefnl tract has gone tbrougl) seivei^

editions^ 3. ^' Two Sermon^ prefiched in ^^ catl^ral

church, of Winchester, at the assizes in 1714* i^t^illf^

V Religion the distinguishing Character of Hum^ Na^nr^f

on Job xxviii. 28,^' and, *^The Ayisdpm of acXnQvvi^dgjf^

Divine Revelation, on Matt, xi, 10,^* 4. ^^ A.CpivimeniAyjr

on the Prophet Isaiah, 1714/'' 5. " On jeremi^hf t.TlV

6. <^On£zekiel, 1723/' 7. '' Q.n Daniel 8^4 the M'mH*

Prophets, 1726," These, originally published, in 4^, vrfijds

afterwards republished tpgetber^ with fifdditipns, i{\ pi^.v^k

folio, as a continuation of bishop Patrick's ^^Coinai^tftor

qn the ptber parts of the Old Tes^^menl^ in whi^ f<^

it has bad several edi^on^. 8, '< Tl^ Chf^racterii/pf yn

Apostcdical Church fp)(illed in. the Chuis<(^h of gng|iMxd| .aii4

pof obligations to contiiuie in the Cotnmnn|on Qf>i||U^* ^^.-^.J

Sermon preached in the Qborch of Petersfiel^; Wl

county of Southampton, 1752.^' This dreHT ^W ^W

ingly into some controversy with J[ohn Normani' a di4$iiR*

ter, of Portsmouth.; but .be soon dropped it, tninking Hift

an unfair adversary, for his qfiore Msefu) 84c|€Ues^aQ4>4illiei.'

LQWTH. (^p*ERT), a very learned and omineni p^

late, ^d, 8!ecoQ4W^, |i> tbe^pre<<e4ii»gf ww^ bom Hot- *^>

» i^iof . BjpU, Gmmwi^i^it^kf \mfitimi •imifwd$^viiK9pt nf^MiMu

>K

L O W T a 485

tt 10. Bft receiv^ his «ducaivi)a 4t ' Winclie«fteic<*ic]i9(il9
said iriille there gave diA first ipecmen of. his gi^|; «bijin
tieis/in n poem, entitkd '^ The Geneali9g; of Cbr^sjtj aq i^
i^ repre:iented on the Eait windoiM of .Wiiicbesitec-<^ll^g^
chs^t/' since ioserted in Pearch's Collection >of Po^ff^
Be kko, as ao ekerciae^ ia 1729, wrMs anotfai^r poelB^mr:
tilled " Calhariifte Hill,'' the place where the Winc^eiMr.*
scboJars are allowed to play on bolidayf^ .From Winc^best^^
hbwas elected to New-college, Oxford, in 1730, wherj^b^^
took his degree of M. A. Jwe «, 1737. At OxjbKci be
was nol nore distinguished for proficiency h» hif ^witt^'
than for the exceUience of bis tast^, uA the pc4iten^$« c4
his narfiners : and being pow more immediately under
Wykebam's roof, he oonceifed the design^ which be ^eXf
wahis so ably accoaiplishedv of investigating (be bt^tQ^y
cf his college, and writing the life of thai wise and mi^iifi^
cent founder. The first dtsUnctioa be oblaioed i<i the miiv.
versity was the office of professor of poeiry, Mfbicb Mfm
conferred upon bitn in 174^19 oo the re^Bftioo of bi»

. friend Mr. Spence;. In performing the. duties ojC tbi^ 0Sm^
he struck oot a new path^ by givii^ a ifWM9^ of lec^mi-
on Hebrew poetry, which have since added po mtKb to t|tl,
reputation.

In 1746, Mr. Low<k puUished ^^ An Ode to ibe peoj^.
of Great Britain, in imitation of the. aiatb ode «f the third

;boo}t of Hofaee;** a sfurited performance, severely pen
proving the rices of the times. * Tibis was aft^erwap^is , jior-
scrted in Dodsley CoUeetioo, tqI. UU aod W4^ foUoiyedbjr,
his *^ Judgment of Hercaks," i\\ bisfvieAd Miu $p#fi«e^#i
'^PblymedsV His 6ts^ ptefMtnant in. t^be cbur^b ittM
to tbe rectoi^ of Orkigton^ iw ttaorpabire, wbici^l^ ^f-
oeived fibowi biafaop Hoadly: In 174*8, he aecompanifNt Hf^-
JLegge, afterwards cbaficeUor of the Eache^ftteiv t(^ ])t^^

' lin^ vfhp went «o thai: vomrt mi a pnbiac'charaateri and^i^i^
'lahom, from bis earliest years, Mr. Lowth, Aiv^d «^ teri^ist
tf ifaewost nitimafieand.Auiiniasrritpted friendsUiiw. faaittw
foilawittg year be beeaaie acquaioited wkh t<he id^lMt ^

\ Beironsbire^ sn conse^enoe. of his iat^opding bia.bffoljb^

-'* SbemtQiie in 1740 .pub)i«bed hu other, $q% into a bookselWi kwad^
•• Jtadgm^t of H^rculei.'^ Dr. ^wtb, and wftt Barreptitiouiily (iriotel'. '**1Ce.

^^len^bois^ bai writtai'aip<WBi oa Jhe cdllesiian. of Pattiimim iailw iifnof

aai^iS^jfMfc. Oa caaiaf ^ Sb«natpn|e*t . ^iiQMoif^" bjf: Jic Qr^cf v.wjio ^M%»,

mikwertifkmekiXf tberefose, he immedi- "l>r. LofQi^ poem itwrftten.'m &mor«

aWlr let 'Otit %r IkmAouf nsmratins ^ <*S8ls> li<.^eiiiUM*^^iaiW#iorfaf

TT 2

436 L O WT H.

lord Oe6r^ and lord Frederic Cavendish, on their trat^b;
and espedially at Turin; which place was their principal
residence during their absence from this country. The
duke was so amply satisfied with the conduct of Mr. Lowtb,
as the travelling tutor of his brothers, that he afterwards
proved his steady friend and patron. In 1750, bishop'
, Hoadly conferred on him the archdeaconry of Witicbes-
ter, and in 1753, the rectory of East Woodhay, in Hamp-^
shire; •

In this last mentioned year he published bis Poetry-"
lectures, under the title of ** De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum
Prslectiones academicse," 4to, of which he gave the pnb-
lic an enlarged edition in 1763^ 2 vols. 8vo. The second'
volume consists of additions made by the celebrated Mi-*
chaelisi To thils work, as we have already noticed, the
duties of his professorship gave occasion ; and the choice
of hk sul]ject, which lay out of the beaten paths of criticism,^
and which was highly interesting, not only in a literary,- but'
a religious view, afforded adipTe scope fortbe poetitaf,
criticdl^ and theological talents of the author. In these
prelections, the true spirit and distinguishing character of
• the poetry of the Old Testament are more tfooroughiy en-
tered into, and developed more perfectly, than ever had
been done before. Select parts of this poetry are ei^pressed
in Latin composition with the greatest elegance and forceV'
the general ''criticism which pervades the whole work fa
such as might be expected from a writer of acknowledged
poetical genius and literary judgment ; and the particular
criticism applied to those passages of the original Hebrew,
vifhich he has occasion to introduce, in order either to eir^^
press the sense, or correct the words of it, is a pattern for
that kind of sacred literature : nor are the theological subc-^
jects which occur in the course of the work^ and are ne-
cessarily connected with it, treated with 'less ability^ To.
the '^Prelections*' is subjoined a '* Short Confutation of -
bishop Hare's system of Hebrew Metre," in which lie>
riiowsitto be founded on false reasoning, on 9l petztto prfk-^
etpii, that would equally prove a different . an,d contrary
systeni true. This produced the first and most creditable
controversy in which Mr. Lowth was engaged. The Harian:
aietrk ^as defended by Dr. Thomas Edwards, of Caqabridge^
(see his life^) who publiiihed a Latin letter, to Mr/Lowib,
to which the latter replied in a ^< Larger Confutation," ad-
dressed to Dn Edwards in 1766. - This << Larger GonfuuU..

L O W T H. 437

* 4

tipn,'* . which from the subject may be supposed dfy and

^ i^piotere&t^ng to tbe.iaajomy o( readers, is yet, .as a piece

of iieasohiDg, extremely ccirjous; for, there never frasa

&l)acy ipure accurately investigated,, or; a system ibore.

completely refuted, than that of bishop Hare. , « .

.. In July 1754, probably as a. reward for the distinguished

^^ility. displayed in his/^ Prs^lectipnes,? be reqeived the

degree of D. D. conferred by the. university in thQ ijAOSt

^fu^ourable manner ifi their power, by, ift/>^9na a and in

1755 he vve^t to Irelai)d as first chaplain to the marquis of

^.a^tington (afterwards, duk^ of , Devonshire, and. then)

lord lieutenant. . In.., consequence of tbis^ appointment ,be

^ad the offer of the bishopric of Limeric, but^ this*. he

. exchanged with Dr. Leslie, prebendary of Durham, ^4nd

rjeiqtpr pf Sedgefi^ld, near that plaqe, for these pr^fer-

ineq^, which iwere accordingly giye^^ tp him by Dr. Tre-^

vor, bishop pf Durham, who was uot a little pleased^to

^nk among/ his clergy a gentleman pf.such r^re.iR-

,.^ GfuqapUsbments, . ,, " *^

/ In 1758 he published that admirable specimen , of recpn*
ditp biography, his." Life of William of Wykeham,*' 8vo,
founder of Winchester and New colleges. It is. collected
fipom, authentic evidences, and a^prds the most certain in-
£brmation of the manners of the times, and of many of the
public transactions in which Wykeham was concerned, with
SUiqh ^n s^ccQun^ of the origin s^nd foundation of his college,
%s was scarcely to be^supposed recoverable at so remote a
period. This work has gone, through three editions., ^ In
the ^^dication to. bishop Hoadly, , Dr. Lowth 'gives .the-
^ictipn of his approbation to a decision which Hoadly^ as
victor, had recently made respecting the wardenship of
'\^if)chester college. This produced a sarcastic address^ to
him, which he re|>lied to .in a pamphlet entitled ^f Aiv
iUiswer to an anpqiymous Letter to Dr. Lowth concern^g
the late Ejection of a \yarden of Winch^st^r college?*

This was written in his usual masterly manner*

.The next work, of importance with which he favpi^red

' '^ On one occasion our atitbor nap* 6harch, but he refused It, as he did

^tfftd to' meet with the celebrated >IU^i «ot wish to live in tha£ coaatry.-^l^«l«

^hUip Skelton,.iii Lon^oUf Mn Lowth toa, with all the worl4, iiad. a;.htgk

<4ra8 then, he said, a tall, thin, )-e- opinion of that learned atid ingenijous

nalrkably grare man; When h» fier- - prelate, and said '* Lowth Ou the Pro-

cafred Mr. Skelton was a clergjrman ' pbecies of Isaiah is the best l^dOk^ia

froih. Ireland^ he told hina he could have the world next to the Bible.''««-Burdy'3

Be<n highly promoted in the Irish liif6 ot'^lkelion, p, 94.

•- M

«• LbWTH.

AfMgh' fimkieriMM^dUlohs. It ^itas oH^gitHiiljr dMi^MM^Attiy

attention to gflMllniiliGftI fttvit Mid it^caitiey'in isvtt Vm^
^Mgtf tbMA bud MCh^rtid b^Mi'ob^efrved % it^ lahd tb^ i^Mnj
jfdKctdWi tittia^rBs wbi(Ai o^ctft, fully ju!ttififed the pMitaafi
fioti) ^ ^^^ <^^ tb^^ MrM^bte nMepttoit it Aa$ met #ithi

lA' 1765 Dr. LcHftb ^s ele<^ed ^ ftWm of live i^f
itfcMeiaf ^ Lobdo^ ^n4 Gcttiiftg^ ;f Irfid in tfafeiaoAi^ year
ilMtf ilivbh^d4ti a cibnvrbVersy fvitb' bl^boj^ Wftti>tittoo. ^On
iMs 'Mllj«ct w^- sfh^n be ^rt^'4)iit w^ canHot «^6geAM
4^)r^e'vHUi'* fo^ni^r biogiraf»b6rs of lAywib and Wai'buftdnj^ W
tett6]4er^g theW ds i^qMHy bkitiieable, atHi ttutt^HiebM''
M^ Wiem^'e^l dis^ace on hMh. ' lb ail contestor^M
prayoK4itg t^ahry bii*i mobeHo an^Wlir f^ tbait tf^efAroVolAellli
Wef knttettt tteit H was possible for^aAartm to*dhe(»>W
iti^fbeMiiab«6^mlWd*tf Lo^th'tbat iierftabiHty iMifclhW hi
some^iDeasure tainted the controversy on tbe patt' df^AS
IM^;^ end ^¥<^ lakti^rrt^ that I>#tti %<(« tf<)ft'iiit^ior%<>4be
ooar^e ^MMidt of hisarnagonistj' but lill iMst dllcm'^!bit%be'
^TMrck WAs'«oli¥sey li(i9oleHt)y'<^ontemptuotrs, and atmdii^iU
tcAeifMe Xb any^man wfao valued bis owtt eharacter. -h^MH
tad advanced hi his Prelections an opinion re^ectifn^ffid
BMk'df Job. \vtrieh Warbbrton coiisi<kred araimeA s^'MI
aWi-pikruliat opimons. This produced' a priir«te-^tifife->
ftMMNte^e b«twl!en them in 1756. kr\il aft^ Mme thtplMa^
ttotisHt^e parties seeAi to fa&v^ retired Wdl ^ifcfidPHWtt
#m{i ^MIKT. This, however, «f^4 < rfbt tte ckscii^tb'Wii^
bttrwm^^ who at -tbe« end oF tk^ last vcrfu rtief. of a n«W elffWMf
0f hJl^*IWvfhe fegfetion,^ Kddfed ^An appendiitftrifetirtftlg
*e «Mc df <J6b^'' ttr vv'btbh 4]^ tfeat^' I»f'.'^«ll«B«tAm
#v«i:3^^^#pre^oh'6r sneer lind tdi^teil^^ aridt^iflTa\i|<iiWg
moafl gro^ly iTHberal an^ ihsotent. THii'^^vtftiittdb'^iJdmft
acCQont fi!^ vbe ntemorrabfe tetter lllfr. Lowth ptrl^bljij^
entitled;" A Lettet^lo the riglit rev. author of the )6hi!lli(
LegaKiM df^ioM^ tiemonstrated'y m atfsrvfertotbe Afspea-
^i^,}o the fifth vplume 6f that work; witb'an appeofli^
coiiiimnkkfi:!^ fonaier Uterary correspaiideoce. &y a4ai»
pf0|feisst)r;i il the dni versi ty of Oxford,*' 8vo. Few paili{Hi|
r^ts of , tbeicoutroversial Mnd were ever written with auub
aJ^ility, or mol-ei deeply interested the public than ' dlAK
Wtfert^- Wef regtetij the stfoug tendency to personal $at]£^
bji^tHe public at Ute tiooie ibu apology ev#a for tkl^

L O W T H. 439

id tM tlMp^^eamig thiBtrwcter 6f Warborton, ihd die eoiw
|8iii|MiHS8 ntiaiim^r in ivfaicfa he, and his undfir^wiUrs, as
Vurd aiii others were caRed, cbo$e to. treat a man in all
vespeotk tb^ equal at least. It was, therefore, ive tbinkg
%3til f feat ^f^^licey tfaat one of the monthly critics intror
liCKfedantilccoiint of this meinorable letter, by oliservingi^
ibat ^ Mrben i )pern>ii of gentle and amiable manners^ of
iinV)eaii«lted character, and eminent abilities, is caluOH
Blated and tretatcHl iti the tnost injurious manner by a
Wugtoy itid oVer^bearing colossus, it must give pleasure
10'^veiy #enero^ mind to see a person vindicating himself
Miqlth mamy freedom, resenting the insult with proper spiriti
^btta^kin^ the imperious aggressor in his turn, and taking
aosf^ VeiigeaUce for the iniury done him. Such: h (b«
plfsitture %bich every impartial reader, every true repubr
ncM io titeratare, will receive from the pnbfication ortb«
h^t^ ilbw before us.'' *

ijius Was followed by ** Jlemarks on Dr. Lowth's Letter
tqhih(ebisb6p of Gloucester,*' attonymous, but now kbowu
Vf> h%^ h€tti written by Mr. Towne, archdeacon, of Stow
fti'.Lincotiisbllre ; to which is annexed '* The second epis-
tblBry C6h^sj[>ondence*' between Warburton and Lowth»
iti wbi^h Wari>urtott accuses Lowtb of a breach of con^->
dMee 1^ piiblishitig the former correspondence. A more
p9t^ ecMVtroVersy arose from Dr. Lowth's letter, between
hian Ud .Dr. Brown, author of ^ Essays on the Character-
itcioi/' who fancied that Lowth bad glanced at hini as one
of tile iiir^le ado^irers of Warburton. He therefore ad^
drtAied ^ A Letter to the Hev. Dr. Lowth,*' which waa
mawerediil << A Letter to tbe ]^ev. Dr. Brown,** written in
SL ftisAike and dispassionate manner. It was followed j^
inim tinonjftsiOvk addresses to Dr. Brown, cenisuring him {or
haviog inlfcbduoed himsetf and his writings into a dispiH^
vtbiob hid hdthfti^ td do With either f.

teMM ^y tbe pi{id^ and pret«|D|»- frpM^ ol Q^fl l^ify. V«A^^ 4^
tjfm wlUi vhlcb.4tft pronoUpced bU in* pointed ind ^litli«d fipMt ij/ka^M*^
Mpit dicbcs. Iv, hii pol«oic f»riU 1 7«5) dif^iiaea faiiiisejf, ^Ud «SwV
M^ be la»lied.bi|'aiil»^iiU jifit^i^t .|h$.iM9h|9p; and nhaiioewtr ai%U^tBi
wSncf '6t filod^ratlob ; and his servila the merits of an insi^acant conUp-^
aattcicr*esal$d. (be matter<critic far vewy, hit TJIctqi^ :lHUl•^|^iv)|^>dM-'
.aboM ArUiofle and Lonjg^ihus, as- bU8)i«f bythesilie^tf^fieMM^mit
WAhmd «very jbodem dissenter who bunop and biisimti«*'«-i>QibboaP« ll«»
fi^|s44^io c^nlt tbe orkcle, and W mWri, W. 9. l^. ,..,.. .., .., :^.. « ., .

Mflli daapotitm must provoke a ffetiml ^tdtiotibe Al tbt p«C(y antafoiiiitt jor Qr,'
^jporitiopi sad the zeal of oppoiitlan Lont^i aftOdf thcsa was Richknd Cuti*

440 L O W T H.

In Ju^e 17G6 Dr^^ Lo#th tN^ promoted to thii j«e frfSt-
David's, and about four mouths after was translated fe9 tlwL
of Oxford. In this high office he remained till i777> fdieo
he succeeded Dr. Terrick in the see of London. In 177S
he published the last of his literary labours, entitled ^^ Iiaiidi:
a new Translation, with a preliminary diiierl|uioil» .aai
^tiotes, critical, philological, and explanatory,'' His de-
.. iiffti in this work was not oiily to gyve an exact and fiiith*
fuj. representation of the words and sense of the prophet,
hy adhering closely to the letter of the text, and treading
as nearly as may be in his footsteps ; bat to imitate the
-sir and manner of the aiithpr, to expr^s the form and
fashion of the composition, and to give the ^£ogti«ii reader
some notion of the peculiar turn and cfiat of the original.
. l^or t\iis he was eminently qualified, by his criticiU know*
' .ledge of the original language, by bis understanding more
perfectly than any other writer of bis' time the character
and spirit of its poetry^ and by his general erudition, both
literary and theological. In the preliminary dissertation
the form and construction of the poetical compositions of
the Old Testament are examined more particularly, and
at large, tlllan even in the *^ Fi'elactions'' themselves ; and
such principles of criticism are established as must be the
foundation of all improved translations of the different,
and Especially of the poetical books of the Old Testament.
, In this instance the translation of the evangelical prophet,
. >'bo is almost always sublime or elegant, yet often obscure
^notwithstanding all the aids of criticism^* was executed. in a
manner adequate to the superior qualifications of. the
. ^fearnefd prelate who feindertook it ; and' marked '0,ut the way
for other attempts of a like kind, at a time when tbe. hopes
o( fiii improved version 'was cherished by many, ^nd when
4sacred criticism was cultivated with ardour. In our ac«.
'•^ count of Michael' Dodson we have mentioned <an atteojpt
^^.c^nsure- some .part of this adnaired translation^ which
was abljr r^epelled by the bishop^s rl^lative,^Dr. Stm^ed.*^^
' y^hen archbishop * Cornwallis died, : tj^e . king made . an
bfl^r <lf th^ arc^^ to, Dr. Lowth ^.^but tfaia dig-

^ityj he :decUiied. - lie was now* advanced iti lifb, and was

:.. to. ,'. . • - ' ♦-■ - '- *^' • /' * . . . .' .' ;

• 'beHand, wlKr wrote tf' pamt|h1tt after* btirg ood|d go bcro^d. k.. . for ^Umt.
.^jrards mMbioe'M Ikis reUtilni B^nU forgouen . paiop)i(et3 , respejCt)Df :»JDr.

ley^^ lif^hlcb In ghrei, lit tis oirh life, ' Low^^s frritings^ see tbe Indn to like
^t&gbpd Mtaecoutft, thit #ere'We dii- *MoDtbI|f Rericir, (r. i^eatkiimafj U^

gbt^toftAlter idld; W Ikngnate'^df gteiiie. . J ^ «.n .;

■r^ ' r*^:?'^'j-r:K t;

L O W T. H. 441

.Uinni«n€9d by a cruel and painfal disorder^ the stbne, and
.faftd^eeetnljr enperienced some severe strpkes of doioestic
icaitaHt}^.'- /MeLfyj his eldest daughter, of whom^he was
.passionately fond, died in 1768, aged thirteen. On her
.maaMleum the ^kuctor placed the following e^cquisitely
beaatifol anid pathetic epttapK : /

Cars, vale, ingenio praestanSji pietate, pudore,
£t plttS({uaQi natfld nomine, cara, vale !
. ." .Gaia Alaria, vale! at ventet f^ius aeVUm^

> . Quandolteixiin tecum; sidimododlgous^ ero«
Cara redk, Ista tpm dicam roce« pateraos
Eja 9gQ in amplexus, cara Maria, redu

Which has been thus translated by Mr. I^uncombe :

Dearefr than daughter, paralleled by fbw
In genius, goodness, modesty,— adieu !
^ Adieu ! Maria-r-tili that day more blcst>
When, if deserving^ I with thee shall rest. \
Come, then thy sire wiU cry, injoyfulstrain>
O ! come to my patenodarms again.

' His sepond daughter, Frances, died as she was presiding
at the tea-table, in July 1783; she was going to place a
cup of coffee on the salver. " Take this," sairf she, ** to
the bishop of Bristol ;" immediately the cup and her hand
STell together upon the salver, and she instantly expired.
His eldest son alfo, of whom he was led to form the higbebt
expectations, yvas hurried to the; grave in the bloom ;of
yputh. Amid these scenes of distress, the venerable bishop,
animated by the hopes which the religion of Jesus alone
inspires, viewed, with pious resignation, the king of terrors
snatching bis dear and amiable children from his- fond
embrace, and at length met tlie stroke with fortitude,
and left this world in full and certain hope of a better. He
died Nov. 3, 1787, aged seventy-seven, and was buried at
Fulham.

Dr^ Lowth married, in 1752, Mary, the daughter of
Lawrence Jackson, of Christ Church, in the county; of
Southampton, esq. by whom he had two sons and fi^
daughters, of whom two only, a son aiid daughteri survived
him. Mrs. Ldwth died March 1 4, 1 803. '

Several occasional discourses, which the bishop wa^'l^y
his station at different times called upon to deliver, were pf
course published, and are all worthy of his pen. That
** On the Kingdom of God^^' 'preached at a visitation kt
Dorham, wis mest admked f^r Uberality of sentim&it, >and

9ifH» luar* heito aimdy nMiit»oifted> mml 6(h«i^ li^j^^^^^^
£«Kia)cy's «mM Nicbob'b CkUieeciottt, tie jg^tierolWH'ltei
CMfcin^i &a Willi sbsh :v(*uji)b ftbilMi^, .guilty if^ltftMfc

Lowth possessed a mind tfaiC fel( hi «^il ^ ^i^ingMl> 4^
decided on wJM^wcfme hehr^ it wkb pHompiftilde imd
firmness; a mitild fitted f or stiw lanfh statmn ii^^bich lie
was placed. He >iNK) ^ temp^y wiiichV in ^Hva^d^d dd^
mestic Iife> ^ndearM ^im ^ \te gVt^atest degree to those
who were most l^early ebhneii^d witb him, aj;,id towards
others produced an fiat>Ttual complacency and agreeabler
ness of tMfyMIti) but i^hied, ^ we have seen, w^ sUi^
ceptible of contiderliblk fMnmtb^ wten tt wat Aused b^
unjust provocatioil ior-i«)pi*dper€dnd<iet^,'

LOWTH (SiMOifVj M Engliili diefgymati, wj3t\i borh Jw
Northamptonshire ibbtit tfeSOy^n'd is $ujb|>o^ed W hate
been the son bf Simon Lowth, a native ot 1rburoa«ton'iii
Leicestershire, who was rector of X>in&;ley in that couniy in
teiiif and wad aTtier^&rds injected by this usurping powm*
This, bb son, was educi^ted a^ Clare Hall, Cambridge,
wberehe took hii master^s degree in 1660. He was afil^^
#ardts rebtor oFSt. Michael Harbledown iii 1 670, and viisar
ctfi^t. tTbsmusi^d iJ^mian on the Bleaii in 1^79, both to
it^hi. On ^iov. 12, 1688, King James nominated hiooi
ittd he T^a6 instituted by bishop Sprat, to the deanery ci
Ri6iitrester, on thie death of t)r. Cast! lion, but never ob^
iaihed poss'essioh, eWing ib the folloWing circutmtaBCjbl.
y^he ^knd^td of itast&tUtlon had Issued in course, th^
Msbt>p nbt having allowed himself time to examind whel&er
the king^s plr<^sent<^e was legally gualified ; wiircb happenea
not to be tnd ciise, Mr. Ldwth being only a master of iiiri%
*ihd tbe stitht^ iretjbiHhg that the (t^aii sWuld beat lejtu
H bachelor of divinity.. .Tbei>ishop in a day or two disco*
.iteritig ib^t he bid beeii tbp precipitate, dispatcbed letten
id this thipti6}t ctSrlt, and one of the prebendaries^ eairoesS^
|»Kciting iM ttn tbwtb hiighl hot be installed * aqd HS:
iast^At&iAn ibrth revoKed the institution tili^beshoulcl't&Te
taken the proper, degree; Oh t^oy. 27 Mr. Lowtb attenaei
Mi^ t^bkpter, ind pi-oduce^ bis instrument, but the pre*
oendineii p^&itik Htui(6d €o obdy tbem. tie was admired
io the ji^irel^ of IJ: D. Jan.. 18 £6tiomng, and oik iijiffi&

tow T tt 44*

iri^^ AkikMA iMtittMiit^ W4ii not cilittitA pe«l«itieiiy

^iV. Mg t^fuiillg Id take the oatkt of aU6^arvc#) in ctotos^^
fteitfM tff ^idl ke #M fiMt AiM^^niied froiH bk faiMHioii^
M444E«nr#iir4$ «l€f>ri>«#d of Iboth hb livings in Kent H*
^mA iffeny kpfi^ aft^ dlki^ pr»tebljr in London, As irib ^teth
M/MMfded i» iMt li»pp6n#d there on Jsly 3, 1720, iHien
iKi vfuftofied in the new ««anetery %etong4ng to the pariili
U.Skf Gtorgi* tbe Munyr, Qeeen S^jaafe. He piiklisib^*
I. '^ Letters between Dr. Gilbert B^Mt tend M#. SiiMn
bMfi^^' l«d^ 4coy ffespeetin^ #omfe opinions of the fcrw
fliee 4ti4ii8 <^ Hbtory of the RiefoMlstiDn.'' C.^^TbesdbjeM
of-XlNbHrofa Fower, in whom it r^id^s/* ' fte. I'^Mi Svo, 8^
^^'^lliMtttr fa Edwftfd StMlrigd^et, D<D. tn bnsWer to the
BfdiMtofy Epistle biefbre hisotdinaition-Mfnion) preached
m Sii f^mwr^ArCernfaUiv Mtireh i^, 168A, i/^ith ii»fleHito«
MMtOni0«f l>«. 'Bihmet*B ietten^on the s«e^ a^b§eet^^ M6T|
41^ ifndS^. Tbi» WM amwered by Df . Stiliingtfeet in
l^«boi«fattetft to4he bisbolf) of London^ ^< eti honHur^^' bisbep
|i4tot«|tfi^Myii^ ^< whfitb be (Lowtib) fatd no figlu to espeet^
Itf»irtb bad vubuMitted tbie letter both to StittiDgfleet mi
l^tottMMS #ito WM then detn t>f4(><iiiteirbin^y, bat, actord*.
itt;^ toi Bircb; ^< thefieiteir did not AitA propet tori^k^ tbd
)Ms« fynbllo notioe df i^ ^onfiBed and ilninfteUi^bte »
HKficer/' Or^ Hiekes^ however^ a ftoffering 4l«mjut>or like
bittMatf; 4MlI1s LoMh ^< a ^i^ orthodox and learned dMne/*
and bfft'book an exceilent one. His only other publtettioiK
WIM ^Mli^orical Cdieetiomy con^ertiing Deposing of Bi^
•kops/* >\4^f 4t^. From the sameness of name we shouM
mi^p^ him rdated to the siibjecta df the two 'preceding
ai«ick»^ but have not dijiceVered aay atuiiority for more
Am a eo^eeture on the sabjeet. '

<LOV4>uA {iQHiciius 0r)i the fotinder of the order ff
JȴM^i WKs borH^rn 1491, of a consideraMe famUy, ar thi
.eaMe #f Loyola, in the provinee of Guipuseoa in Spatff^
lie i#aa eduoited if^ the coort of Ferdinand ^and Isai)eib%
and emttred irary early into the milit&ry pmfe9si6«. : B#
wiM addiutilid tt> ill thfljexcesses too ^omnson in that lineet
Ufa) b^l -waaat the same time a good offieer^ and one WM
aosigkt •o4H:asiona to distjiigoisb faiasself. His valour waa
<aOQiplOfi<jtfs at Patnpeluna in 1521^ when it was t>esiegedt
hgridie JMeaab, and thbra Ite hadaiis teg brdcea by^iilKi^^

444 LOYOLA.

noDrshot Durlt^ the confiDement oefiMOmA h]f jU^
woH{|d» b($ fprn^ed a r^soinuop of reooimckig tbcwmM^^
of travelling to Jerttsale.u, aiid dedicatiBg hi* Hfie iotkm
f^rvic^ of God.. Hc n said to have iocibibed 1m» ajXfitmf^o^.
zffil by reading tbt: legends of tbe MUDt% as DiKi A^9^
Wgs^Q bi& errantry by reaidiog tbe old rogifitiH^s,;. tbo^igh
foai^, ^ave dctnied tbat LQyoUi^.J^tiew.tbe, ^9^ j>f h^U^W
^ut wlieth^r be read^ or b«^d tb^se tbiogf .r^ad t|0 biniy^.b^
certainly conceived an ardour of religtoiii activity^ wbifib .
has not often been equally. • , : - ^'\^.■^

He bad no sooner he^n restored to heiiltb tbim l\eiwil^.>
to bang up bis urm^ over tbe altar of the bl^fsed yicgio. m;.
lUlontserraty to whom, be deypted bis se^rvicea on Jkfo^b
24, 1522 ; for be carried tbe hns of qbiv^alry to bis jcoli*
gious.obsepances. In bis way, be disputed witb a |4cior^n«
the perpetual virginity pf tbe blessed. vicgiQ». aiidAf(«r«b|a
ftntagonist Jeft Jblm, was seized with such a $t of ept||iir
fiaisiD as tppnrsme tbe JVloor in order to put bim to. deg^b^
but could not find b|gi. .Having watched, all night. at
Montserrat, ttfHktetimes ^tanding^ and s^met^nea-koMiUfigy
and baving devoted himself mostjefroe^Iy tOtth^yirgin»
be set out before day-break .in a pilgripls habijtJto jMwcesa»
Here he took bis lodging among tbe.pc(Qr of tbe .tpivnt.bosr
pital, and be practised mortificationf of every kij^d.for,
above a, year. He.i^ufferfd his hair ^nd. U9H$ togapw;
begged from door to door; fasted aix sif^ysjn ^tfce .^i^eel^;
>r hipped himself thrice a day ; was sevep hOAirs every; i§g,
in vocal prayer ; )ay witbout any bedding upop tbe gfouuotd^
fnd all to prepKe bimself for bis adventures to J^ruqaleoEU
It was here aUp tha^he wrote bi^.bpok of 'V.Sptat^^ Ei^-^
ercises^" in Spanisb ; . a Latip traoslf^ti^n. oi wbi|{b|. bj
Andrew Frusius, he publi^ed at Kckne in 154>ft» wbei|lt
was fiivoured with tbe appjPoba^iqp of P9pe Pfid UJl^ ..4^
it bsus been commonly reported/ tb&ti^yoLi^.eoiildnQtiiei^
wbicby however^ we think improbable, .as be w^a.-^C^m
good family, . educated at court, apd an officfir ith ^
army, Allegambe,. in bis lives of the Jefuits^ giMS) ti^
Ibilowing splution : ^^ Lewis de Pqnte, a. pePiJiH^ of na-r
doubted credit relates how. faitbful tradi^pn ba4.bapdefl U
down to father Lainez, general of tbe Jesuits, that tbaie
exercises w^ece revealed tp quf holy father (Ignatiiiy .of
Loyol^) by God. himself ; and that Gabriel the im^bWS^l^
bad declared to a certain person, in the name of the.
bliessed virgin, bow she had been their pi^tfones^, iheir

LO Y.O LA. 445,

* • *

founder^ «bd befpeif'; bad prompted Loyola io^Begin tfiis
f#biriky tdd^Md' d$elbt6d'to bim wtiat be sbould virritei^V
PifflM^ tbe tk^dtb was, tbat Loyoht eitber took bis materials
fiCMi otb^r works, or was assisted in composing bis boQJc
hf aoble other pemon.

'Having embarked at Barcelona, in order to go to Jeru-
salim, be arrived at Cajeta in five days ; bnt, as be would
nM firoceed in biai enterprise till' be had received the pope^s
biiiediction, be wient to Rome on Palm-Sunday, in 1523 i
attd'after paying bib respects to Hadrian TI. ' departed for
Venice. He embarked there onfthe Utfa of July, 1523,
aiMi^^ Jbppa tbe last nf August, and at Jerusalem the ,
4tfi^ September. Having gtatified his devout curiosity
in tbat country, be returned to Venice, where he embarked
for Geno^; and from thente canfte to Barcelona, where he
sloppf^^ as at the most conveiiietit place with respect to
the design he bad of studying tbe Latin tongue. The mS-^
racolbns sdVeiitilres, the extatic visions, which he bad
during this voyage, were innumerable ; and it would be
endless to transcribe, from bis historians, on these occasions.
Bttbbp Stillin^^t has drawn a good proof from them, that
the institiition of the Jesuits; as well as other monks, is
fbtindefd origtn^ly in ibnaticism; Loyola began to iearn
the rudiments of graimmar in 1524, and soon came to read
tbe^^ Endiiridion militis Christiani^* of Erasmus; a work
of great purity of style and morals; but Loyola soon laid .
it aside, «Ad aipplied himself to the study of Thomas k
Kem^is^ 'It was^ be tbooght, like so much ice, which
abatCKt^tbe-'fervoiir df' his devotion, and cooled the fire of
divine lovi& in bllxi; for wblcb reason betook an aversion .
toii, andVoiild' never' read tbe writings of Erasmus, nor :
eveb suffer bis disciples to read them.
. Lojrola was thought in two year* to have made a progress
sufficient for bein^ admitted to' tbe lectures of philosophy ; .
upoti wbich b'e wenttoAlcala de HeAares, in 1526. His .,
mendicMt life, bis apjMiratus, and tbat 6f four companions, ..
who 'brfd akeady' espoused bis fortune, together with the'^ '.
in^trirdtions he gave to those who flocked about him, ,,
brou)^bt him' at length tinder the colgtiizanc^ of the inquisi- ,,
ta(^; ' Inquiries were inade* concerning his. life and doc-
trines'; aflfd it being observed, that a widow with hef daugh-
ter bad* undertaken a pilgrimage on foot, as beggairs, under
bisdireielidtiy be was'tfaroWnintb prison. He obtained his
release *^6nfprcibtising not to' vent bis opinions for four

446 L Q r <» t Aa

M^i^ i bj|t, iYm Hf^rmik i#Mfiili«« rt dfl nfitb hit Ai»i|^
lie det«TiQ9M4 ni^fc t^ Goaipijr with it ; andy tttevefof^ g^iJ^ir
l<x Sf^laonua^a^ hf cootintted lo ciiUa^iuFse w reli^m liat^
tfin, as before. He wa$ tkrown agaii^ iata prisott, sod «i»
0ot discharged till he bad made some promiset^ aaat Akafab
de Henaces. Ue then re«o(lwd to «go to Paris^ wbere= 'he
arrived in Feb. 1526| with a firm reiolunqn^t^ potrsoe hit
atodie^ irigiMr<H»ly ; but the wretched circttoiiitaiMref to
vbiph he wa9 redaeed, beitig forced to beg about ibm
l^feetsi am) to retire to St. JaaneaV bo^pttali, were giiMit
ojbitacles to ki» design ; luil l» meimoa^ that ba was thaa
^npeached b^fort- the iiKiirisitiaB. Naiwithatamiing tktnm
dii^ultiea, he went through » eomMe of phiiosopfaj^ aad
dlimiiy, aiid prevailed over a certain ntioibdr of coaipaDi6ii%
who bound themsetves by a vow to eiiter ufMon bta' new ¥f^.
«£ Ufe. Tbey did this in the church of Moatwattra^ oa
tbe ISth of 4ugu»t, 1534 ; and renewed their vow twice i*;
the same place, and 6n the same day, with the saroe oen^
moniea. At first tbey were but 8eiw» in oooiber, inciudiifli^
Loyola ; but were at last increased la ten. I'hey agreed^
tha^ Loyola should return to Spain to: settle sotee affidvt,
that itftemrards tie should proceed to Vehice, and that tbay'
sliould all set oat fiouft Paris, hitkk dA, .15$7» to meet hinu
JUbadeneira says that Loyola came ahbegging to Eiiglahd'
to 1531, aad found his accounli in it. .

He went to Spjatu in 1535, preached repetitanqe thfre^
aod drew together a^ prodigious cnMvd' oiF auditors* Ha>
exclaimed, aqnong^ oiher things, against the Ucetitiongfivaa
of tl^e priests* After transacting (3iea&m^ which his asi»»
i^atea bad recomnsended to his care^ he weiit by sea' U»
Cenoa; anil travelled Ii9ooi thence to Venice, wheve they^
met him, Jan. 8, 1537r. This was somesrhat soofnetfthM
the time agreed ou; yieihewas thens befiore theai^ ahd
bad' employed bis time w« maktag ooaweyits:; and" wifaiit
of much greater coosetpiience to^ Ae forwardiag hia^
scbemey be had g^ aeqoMlutad with: ik3h« Foster Catafti^
who was afterwards, pope, byrthe name of Faili hlL Aa
thq^had hound Uieinselves bya aowto ti«aelto hbtwmm
leas, they pnepared ibr that expedittoti i but ware 6ntde«
tayrmtned to pay their seapecU to tbe pope, and obtaiii.Us
benediction and leave. Accordtngly tbey^ent to Rome^
and weiM graUffied tu their d^lBsiroi. - iiaeihg^' natwrhed ^to
VevMce, in ord^r tQ^embatk, they.*fbuad^ no. gpfiovtaiii^l
it^ %var s^\k tk^fgtmfk sergidor. faavasg^fiot aa ai|tfair «iop

JO; tfee Rijrfigylnii^Oji i^/pU«iii9>» fey sfWr Th^y r$^\ffi4%

ipe^P t^9i sbouM bf disiribm^d ioto tbi^ most famoiw HiMn

^nt$| f^udp^ vo$rf4si9 ibeir ^wu nuofb^r v^i^h su^ ;».Gfi4
|bppl|l ^all ioio ribf^Q^ Bi|t« b^fori^ tb^y sepf^r^bted^. tb^
e^^ibUs^^d a If ^y qf Hfc> to H^bi^b tbpy w§re ali ijo cppfqrtu |»
9{jifl bpi^d tb^ips^l^^ t)Q. obwrV:^ tb«4#i ^U^H^.r^lklf ^r
If KifiSfw tbAt tb«y sbQ«)lfi ipdge m hospkaMy %i>d bHtp^
Vfl^n alj9)s> Seoondlyf j^iit tbey 4yowI4? be siip«ripr&^
iMfii^^eacb in bis w^by le«( tbeir fer;VQ4ir f^uld earrjf ib#w»
too far» if tb«y did opt iirteiM:? ibe Uii)itft to on^ ano^b^r ftvK
<be4r^. p^tt^nc^e^ a^id. laboinv . Tbirdlyj ths^t tbey 4>9f|){|»
Bt4n^(^, in, ^IL. public plaqosiaod ^very other pMcc^wbdff
tbey could be pertQtUed to do it ; fibould «9t fortb iik ^b^
feriiKH)^ tbQ, bieanty aiid . r^ivarda oi. viftv^ mtk t^ d^*
fpc:Q»ii3L and pu^isbffients of ain, «i)d tbift ^o » pWl^t #J9^^

!;0liciikl Q»»»»er^ witbQMt tbo vi^n o/n^«iQ{>ts of ^Ip^iiwfit^
fourtbty^ ^biii tb^y abould t^d^)^ QkMrn^ tbe C^smil
dopMHi^^)d tb^,pripcfiple9 of 'gcKKl oiafinfi^ a^dn WlWoFy
ibatthey sbo-iild take.no money for eKe(?^un||^^tbj9V'-f«^MBi-
timp; ibm .d9 alli^r, tbe glory qi God*. ^^A notbi$«^ii9''*
Xb^y ail cood^entiodil^ the»e iirtif;le.ai.b«^ ^s tbey ^f^re oft«f|
wKfd^ w^bo tbey iwer^ and wb^ wgatbeur io^tiUMt.Ii^iiflh
ti^ d^clarMtpthfonaiii praeis^ t^rins wbajt tbfiy. vr#r^ ^
«n^^r: be. told, them that being united u^ Qgbt agwifi|
ber^sies^and yice^ ^der th/a ^t^dard of Jes^^ jOhfif^ tJ9M^
oii}y,iilM»« w.bicb s^n^wered tbeir design was,, << Tbe^oQHlty
pf Jf9aii9>"

.. Ignati^i, Faber, and Ujrlr)e2» caip^ to Rome aboii^ tb^
cM^d ojf l^37» and att tbeir. frrat vrival bad i^p audi?<li?Q loC
]Ab;bolin«;a# Paul UL They offered him ib^ir s^rvii^ ^ apd
JUiyobk updertook» under bia appstolical authpf^tyi tb^- se-
lonoAiHion of. manners, by meians of bi8>pir1i^t^M ^Kiei^ilffc
0tut. of ..CbrisUftn. jnfl^ruvMona. .Q^ing dimi^sedi fw tbf
|^r«senty with sotne degree of €>n$;quragei^eDt, Lc^plajp^ro^
posed, soon aftf^r cp his ccKnkpaoions tbe focMiding of ^jU^
oide£;. and^ after .conferiiog wi^ Eabtr^d Layooz about
ity.aeojtior tbe r«9t of bift,eoolpf1lia^S|.;wbg wei)e di^^eiMied
tWottgb;ltaly. Tbe> gsiiet^ $chpmp b^9ft t^reCKl o^i, be

44« L O y O L'A*

1

next cot^ferred with his companions about his institute;
and at several assemblies it was resolved^ that to the vows
of poverty and chastity, which they had already taken, they
should add that of obedience ; that they should elect a'
superior general, whom they must obey as (rod himself;
that this superior sbouKI be perpetual, and his authority
absolute ; that wheresoever they should be .sent, they
should instantly and cheerfully go, even without any viati-
cum, and living upon alms, if it should be so required ;
that the professed of their society should possess nothing,
either in particular or in common ; but that in the univer-^
sities they might have colleges with revenues and rents, for
the subsistence of the students. A persecution in th^ meati
time was raised against Loyola at Rome, who, howeven
went on with his great work, in spite of all opposition.
Some pf his companions were employed upon great occa-
sions by the* pope ; and two of them, Simon Rodriguez add
Francis Xavier, were sent to the Indies, with no less- than
the title of *^ Apostles of the new world/*

Loyola had already presented the pope .with the plan of
his oew society ; and he now continued bis application with
more warmth than ever, that it might be approved by the
holy see. Accordingly Paul IIL confirmed it. in 1540, on
condition that their number should never escesd three*
score ; and again in 1543, without any restrictions. Loyola
was created general of this new order in 1541, and made
Rome bis head -quarters, while his eompanions di^ersed
themselves over the whole earth. He eovployed himself in
several occupations, as the conversion' of the Jews, the re-
forming of lewd women, and the assisting of orphans. Rome
was at that time full of Jews, who were, many of them^'
ready to embrace Christianity, if they bad not feared p<>-
verty ; upon which, Paul IIL at Loyola's request, enacted^
that they should preserve all their possessions ; and that if .
any of them, ivho might be well born, should turn Chris*
tiansj contrary to their parents^ consent, the whole sub-
stance of the family should devolve to them. Julius IIL
and Paul IV. added a new ordinance, namely, that all the
synagogues in Italy should be taxed every year at a certain
sum, to be applied to the maintenance of the proselytes*.
There was at that time a convent of Magdalenes, 'into
which such dissolute women as were desirous of leaving
their infamous course of life, were admitted, provided they
would oblige themselves to lead a conveatual life for tba

l4 O r O L A. 4W

nft of thmt daysi Md take all the ikiwb of thfiir otdkn fine
iie^nla, dni\kiBg this condition^ and some olben^lioattTenv
fovod^dra mw commanity of this kind of peaiteotf^ intb
^nduoh jnaidi and married women might be indifferently ad*-
natted. It. was called *'The commanity of the grace, of
abe ble^ed Virgin.'* He caused apartments to be built la
1^ Mary's. cburch ; and be frequently conducted tfaeoi fekt*
tiler biniseif. He wa« sometimes told, that be lost .his ttow,
Ibr that such women were never heartily converted ;. to
mbieL be replied^ ** If I should binder them but one night
£rom> offending God> I should think ray time and labour
well employed.'*

• Calumny levelled ail her artillery at hiitif from every

quarter; notwithstanding which) be employed hisi utmutt

eodeavoors to beigbien tbe gfavy of his order, and settle it

pn a ftriti f<Hindation* Some womren would have submitMd

io his discipiine ; but tbe g^at trouble^ which tbe spirituai

■direction of three of that sex bad given him, obliged hiia

to>f«ee bis^ciety fbif eiFer froni that perplexing task*> Hav^

"lag got his order coefirn«d by pope Julius HI. in 1550^ be*

-would have reBigi»ed bis employment of g<eneral ; bmtf tbe

^suits'uot per frtitting binn^ he^coutiauedin k till hisdaati^

•«rbi<»h^ happened'July 31, 1554, ia bis siicty-aixtb yeari He

died thirty -five years affter what bas been called bis coavev^

'mwn^ and sixteeiv sfterbis society was finiuded, and bad

live^ to see his ia^vmn spi*esMl over the face of the adboie

<earlfa> and giving laws, under bim, to almost aU ji^uqm.

Heiras 4>f a HnidcUe suture^ rather low than tall ; of a bMiwii

^Mipleition, bald-beaded, his eyes.deep set and full of fife^

<|p)& 'forehead targe^ and his npse aquUioe. He Mlted k

Itffl^^e, ki eoti^equenee ^I'f iftie wound he received at ibe.siepe

of 'Fampehina; btit »he maoaged bimaelf do well in fvatt>

itig^ that it was hardly pereeived. It was not pnei^nded

ait fifsi^ that Loyola wrought any mieadles; but wbeabia

cMoniaatton began to be talked x)f, ^is miracles became

'Ibnilnlerable, and were confirmed by all sorts of witnesses.

^tA Vi beatified bim in 1609 ; G4regory XV. inserted bim

4fr tlkf eatatogue of saints in l€22 ; Innocent X. and Cle*-

ment iX. iiYereas^d the honours that were paid bim..

^ ^B«t whatev^ hoitours might be paid to.Loyola^ nothing

eM bd tHoris sarpHiing^ in hi:f history, than the peodigiem

"pbWtr <^hit;h'4i]s ot*der acquired, in. soi few years^ in tbe old

*i^M,'as tvell as in Amerioa, and tbe rapidity with'^bicli

it tBiHtipiied after it was once establiiihed. In 1543} .^10

Vol. XX. G g ^

Wa LOYOLA.

mkOmre bat eighty in all; in 1545, they had ten iKHiifv;
in 1549| they hi^ two provinces, one in Spain, another Ui
Portugal, and twenty-two bouses. In 1556^ when Loyola
<lied, they bad twelve great provinces; in 160S> Biba*
deneira reckons twenty-nine provinces, two vice^provioces,
twenty^one professed houses, 293 colleges, thirty^thjree
bouses of. probation, uinety-diree other residences,, and
10,581 Jesuits. But in the la^t catalogue, which was
printed at Rome in 1679, they reckoned thirty^five pro-
Ttoces, two vice-provinces, thirty-three professed houaeii,
<78 colleges, forty-eight houses of probation^ eigbty*eigbt
seminaries, 1$0 residences, 106 missions, and in all 17^655
Jesuits^ of whom 7870 were prie&ts. What contributed
chiefly to the prodigious increase of this order, in so short
a time, was the great encouragement they received from
the popes, as well as from the kings of Spain and Portugal,
QB-accpuot of the service it was supposed they inigbt ren-
der to these several powers. Various sects of reUgiop
were at that time combining against popery ; in Germany
especially, where Lutberanism. was prevailing.^ The Je-
suk^were thought a proper order to oppose these, inqur-
i^ions; and so far might be useful to the pope. The
Spaniard found his account in sending them to the Indies,
where^ by planting Christianity, and inculcating good man-
ners, they might reduce barbarous nations into a more
civilized form, and by such means make them better sub-
jects; and the Jesuits were not unlikely to .i^icceed i|i
these, employments, whether we: consider their Jnanners^
discipline, or policy. They carried a great appearance of
holiness, and observed a regularity, of conduct in ^their lives
and conversations, which gave them ||reat influenqe over
<jie people ; who, on this account, and esp|^cial)jr.^ they
took upon them the education of youth Vitl[i9i^. fiay ^
revftrdf conceived the highest opinion, o^ .an<i coferenoe
for tt^i Their policy, too, within themseive^fWas^ widely
contrived, and firmly esublished. They admUipd noiie
into their society ^ai were not perfectly quJ^i^Le|i^ in eyeiy
ireapect. Their discipline was rigid, their gpyefpnumt wh^
solute, their obedience most submissive ana implicit >.
;> They .experienced,^ however, from time to ^tiinley the
strongest opposition in several countries ; in . Spain^ aod
particularly in France. No society ever had ito many
^nemiea as<ihe Jesuits have hadi-thevery-jboofcs whtcb
have been written against them, would form a coasrdeiabTg

L O T O LA; ♦SI

fibVatjr. 'Nor has tbl^ opposition been without the justest
fcuhdatidny Hpwever serviceable they were to the see of
Rom^y fo #lik;h they were always most devoutly; attached^
they weW' v^ry peraipious in other countries, by propa-^
gating doctrines which have exposed sovereign princes to
alatightery i^nd states to revolutions ; and by corrupting
religion and morality by mental resen^es and logical dis*-.
titictions'to such a degree, that, according to them, the
vilest and most profligate wretches in the world might d6
what they pleased, yet not offend against their rules; ai&d
for this they have often been thorougktly exposed, espe-
taally in the ** Provincial Letters" of M. Pascah They
also became merchants, thinking by their riches tp niake
dependents in every court, and, by that means to have
absolute sway; while the individuals who^ without gaining
any particular advantage, laboured to aggrandize the body,
were the victims of the infatuation of their superiors. The
iLih^ of Portugal, persuaded that they instigated the as-
sassins who attempted tiis life in 17^8, drove them from
his dominions in 1759. The king of France, considering
this institution^ ' whiph had beep only tolerated in that
kipgdom, as being incompatible with its laws, suppressed
it in 1763 ; and the king of Spain, for reasons which he
concealed, for fear of raising troubles in his dominions,
drove them otit in 1767. The king of Naples, the duke
of ^Parma, and the grand master of Malta followed his
example in )76S; and pope Clement XIV. obliged to yield
to the united pbwer of the house of Bourbon^ issued a bull
for their final suppression, dated July 21, 1773. '

LUBBERT (Sibrand), a learned protestant divine, was
born at Laogoworde, in Friesland, about 1556, and studied
at Brem^ti, Wittemberg, and«Geneva, where he diligently
attl^ttded the lectures of Beza, Casaubon, and Francis Por-
'tus, * 'At Newstadt also he beard the lectures of the le)3irned
Zadbary Ursfnus, who bad so high an opinion of him as to
recomiheud' him as his own successor in the chair of logics
^bnt-this ^otiotafr'he declined. Soofi after he became pastor
of il cougrifeg^ioa at Embdeh, the duties of which ofiElce he
discharged with singular fidelity and zeal. In 1584 b^. was
appointed 'prekcber to the governor and deputies of the
states of Friesland, and professor of divinity iu the new

. J A Gem. Diet.— Lifej by B^uboars — and by Itibadtii»trd.«— Dupitf.-»Kabe9t»
ioa*! Cbarlei Y.—Mosheim.— Butler's Lives of the Saiutt,

G G 2

4** LtF'BBtellt.

tlniv^sfty of FVaneker, wblfch officii hfe fHled with reputa-'
tfon n^rly forty years, and was in that time dften citt-
pldyed in, very in^portant affairs. He died at Fraheker,
Jan. 21, 1625, at the age of sixty-nine. He ^as authot of
many learned pieces against Betlarnlio, Socinus, Annitriiis,
Vorstilw, Grotius, arid the other defenders of the cause of
the remonstrants. One of bis best works is that ** De Papa
Rotaano,'* 1*94, 8vo. '

LUBIENIETSKI (StaKIslaus), in Latin Lubieniechis,
k celebrated Socinian divine, was descended frotn a very
nobl^ family, related to the bouse Of Sobieski, and bom at
Racow in that kihgdom, ift 1623. His father, a minister,
bred him up w^ith great care under his own eye ; and, evfett
ttrhile he Was a school-boy, brought him into the diet of
Poland, in order to introduce him to the aequattitarice of
the grandees, and instruct him in knowledge suitable to
his birth. In 1 644 he sent him to Thorn in Saicony, Where,
yourig is he was, he joined the two l^octttian depcttiesat th^
conference then held in that city, fof thfere^ union 6f dif-
ferent religions among the reformed, drew lip a diary of the
conference, and then attended a yOung tioblenian as tra-i
veiling tutor through Holland and Fr^tttJ?, trtiere he ac-
qilired the esteem of several learned nfien, ^tb whom he
conferred on subjects of religion, and on th6 death of hi^
father, in t648, he returned to Polatrd. •

In 1652 he married the daughter Of litelAlOiisBocrnian,'
&nd was appointed coadjutor to John Ctachoviuij, Mitristef
of Siedlieski ; and the synod Of Giarcow^kvin'g admitted
him into the ministry, he was appointed pastor of that
church; but, on the Swedish inva^iott iti l6i5', he retrtecl
to Cracow with his family, whe^e be emplojred Mmsetf itl
offices of devotion f^rih the Hungariati UnitaHans, who
were, come thither with prince Ragotski. At tfre §ame
time he insinuated himself much into thd^kibg Of Si^defl^s
favour; and the city reverting again toth^ dOtaSriion c^
Poland in 1657, he followed the Swedi^ garri^d^, #ith ^
viel/r to obtain of that ptfnce, that tbeUHit2iriati^,'Wbo MA
put themselves und^r bis protection, inrfgfifc bte conijire*
faended in the general amnesty, by the treaty of |)^iic^'WiAi
Poland. 'On his arrival fet Wolgast in Octob*¥ Arts yWfy
h6 was well rfeceired hy the Swedish rtionai^ch,* ahd coli^
versed intimately upon his religion with some Swedish

^ Gen. Diet-— Moreri.-«-Buri$ny's Life of Groiias.— Saxii Ooomast.

lords ; but when ^e peace was conclude4 at QMva^ he was
disapjppini;ed '^l bis object, ani} the Uni^aiis were ex-
cept^4 .out.of tbe geiierai ampesty granted to ajl.oihes
dm^njaer^ frpm popery.

On ibis, instead of returning into Poland, be eqiibarked
for Cpppiibagen, in. order to seek a settleoient there fov
his e^^ijleid brethren), and arrivi^d ii) that city ip Nqf* .1^60,
where he made himself very acceptable tQ the U#nisb no^
bility. He had an extepsive episjtolary. corrc^ood^necy
whipb fMroi^b^d hi<n with many parucnUrs firoi^ fprejgo
Cpuntries. With this pews be entertaiqed the n9bili^s
aPfl, when it was read to the king (Frederic IIU) b^ WMMr
delighted with ir, Uiat he crf^iated a new place for hiqi, tban
of sec|retary for transcribing these news-letters four hiajUAn
jesty's use, and he was prpmised an annual, pension foip i^
The king, who oev^r rpqei?ed him at cpprt, but often heard
him discpif rse on religipii^ subjects, engaged bis p^nfessM
in a coqfrpyer^ with Jl^iibienietski iu the royal pr«senf>e-
i|i^)b this g^vipg pmbrfige tp the LuM]^erap divjp^s^ Fced/mck
fpiiiui it nepesaary to te)l him prjvately that all bf» QPikld
grapt bim was to connive at hi' followers sealing at Akenai^
Qn this be returped, ip 1661, tp Stetip, in J^opietaiiiiitf
but bia, principles being eqiially pj^noxipus there^ be waa
obliged to go to Hamburgh, whither he sent his family tb^
next year, 1662. He had now three several confereneea)
wiUi queen Cbristipa, uppn ppints pf Soqipiapism, :in tibte
pirei^nce of some princes; and ti^ king ^deavpur^d to
persuade the ma^strates to s\i^er him to live quietjy, but
his intercession did npt prove sufficient ; and being several
tildes conpimanded to retire, b^ went to the king at Ceft^n-
hagen, in 1667. . .^ ■

Qis pext remove was to Fredericksburg, where he ob*
tained leave to settle with his banished or#|threo, and. a
proipi^ pot to be disturbed in the priv.at^ exercises of
th^ sii^Ugipn. He acquainted the bi^tbren with this news,,
and ^pfirednp pains por cost, even to tb&in^pairing of bis
own estate, ^at he might settle thepi tberp ; he also sup-
ported M^epi at bis own evpeppe. Put neither did they
enjpy ^hia happiness long. The duke of Holstein-Gottorp,
without whose biowledge the above perpaissipn had been
granted, at the persuasion of John' Reinboht, one of his
chaplains, and the Lutheran superintendant, banished them
both from that city, and from all his dominions. In this
ea^gence be returned to Hamburgh, by the advice of bis

45* L U B I EN I E T S K I;

friends, who had alsoprocnred him the tttle t»f seer^tmrf'
to the king of Poland* in hopes to oblige the itmgittMKtei
to let him live quietly in that city ; the king of Olismiiark
likewise interceded again for him, all which prevailed ibr
a considerable time, but at last* the magistrates sent bint
positive orders to remove. Before, however, he toiftd
obey this order, he had poison given him in bis menty'of
which he died May 18, 16t5, having tametited in ifei$4
the fate of his two daughters, who fell a sacnSoe to'^lte
same poison two days before^^. His body was buried <M^
Altena, against all the opposition that the Lutlieran loii^
iiisters could make. He had obtained a retreat A^ritis'
banished brethren at Manhetm, in the • Palatinate, that
elector being a prince of latitudinarian principles m wi9>%^
tors of religion. »••' ' ^^^^^y

Lubienietski was composing his History of tbe^ B^fmi^iV'*
tidn of Poland at the time of his death, and all tl»(f»#afr;
found among his manuscripts * was- printed in Holknd^^iW'
1685, 8vo, with an account of his life prefi^ed$ Whmbe
the materials of this memoir are taken/ 'He wtot^se^etifts
books, the greater part of which, however, • have ' not hieft
fMrinted : the titles of them may be seen in *< Bibttodwcai'
Antitrinitariorum,^' p. 165. The most considerable of did^
w)iich have been published is his ** Theatrum Cdmeticuiliii^
printed at Amsterdam, 1667, folio. This contains, among
other things, the ** History of Comets from theflood'to
1665,** an elaborate woi4, containing a minute^ hi^kieat*
account of ' every single comet ufaat bad been seen or re-
corded. On the subject of comets, it appears he bad ta^
responded with the most celebrated astronomers in Eofi^pe/
They who had the care of the impression comtoitt^A^v
many rogueries, that he was bbiiged to take ajoum^ t(i>
Holland on the^occaston. ' ,; ^riii-n

The Socifrians, who look iipeb himas a saiht^^'if ^iirtf'
martyr, preteifd that he was fevouved with a vei^ rendbtfiKilble^
revelation during the siege of^ Statin; and the >^llawit%:
story is told in his life : <<Two powerful reasons engag^-
Lubienietski to pray that God would be pleased to Miis#^>
this siege to be raised : his wife and children were in the'
town; and tliere w^^a Swedish count, who promised thai':

• o,:

* Hm wife also, who had eaten but by bit maid servant, «i^>ni«d fovJ4|f j

rery little of the meat, T^ry narrowly purpose. Hist. Refonn. PploQ. lib. i%

ftcaptd death. Bibl. Ant. fol. 6. It cap. 17. p. 27SL.
Ilf^id Uie pi»ifOtt WM put ii^to h^ meat

L U B I E.N I E.T SK L MS

bfS; iraiild t^rn ^oeinian, in case Lubiefiietski could by bit
prayers fNTeveot the taking of it This mintsteri aoiniftted
by ilm pflnite lotenest of his family) aod by the hopes of
gaining an illustrious proselyte to his religion, conunued^
tbr.0e (Weeks fasting and praying ; after which he went Uh
OMSI^ tlie county and assured him that the town woald not
betaken. The count, and the persons about him, treatect
thin as the eiFeet of a delirium ; and were the more con«
firmed in that opinion, as Lubienietski fell sick tb^njio-
nsnt be left them. But they were all exjtremely surprised^
wbtHf at^eend of six days, .there came news that the
siege was raised; since it was impossible that any person-
^iild ba?e acquainted Lubienietski with that good news,
whe» be first told it* Hovrever, whep the count was called
upon to perform his promise, be answered, ^ That he bed
applied to God in order to know whether he should do well
ta embrace that minister's religion, and that God bad cotr*
firmed him in the Aug^urg> confession*' " ^

> l^BlN (AuaiifSTiN), an Augustine friar, and geogra^
pberio the French king, was born at Paris, Jan. 5^> ];6224,
took the m^nH!s habit early, piissed through all the officea
of his order^ became provincial-general of the province ol;
trmpe,. and at last assistant- general of the Augusliaq^.
moeka of France at Rome. He applied himself particu^
liirly to the subject of the benefices of jFrance, and of the
abbtes of Italy, and acquired that esact knowledge whicb
^iabled him to con^pose, both in Franee aod at Rome,^
^'The Geographical Mercury ;'' <' Notes npon the Romaa
Ittartyrology, describing the places marked, in it;'^.<^A
biileiy of the Fr^dch Abbeys ;V ^* Th^ present state, of the
AJybeysof Italy ;" /^ OrbisAugustiniauus^ or an accounti
of all the houses of his order^r' with a great number of
maps and designs, engraved by himself, a yery curious
WOfli in oblong quarto. He also wrote notes upon <* Plu-
tarob'a Lives )" and we have geographical tallies of his^ ,
pointed with the French translation of Plutarch by the
abb^ Tallemant He also prepared for the press notes to^
aecbbisbop*^ Usher's <:;hronology;'' *<A Description ofLapr.
IfAd;" ^nd several other works;, especially *^ A Qeogra*.
pby of all the places mentioned in the Bible," wjiiph is
prefixed to *^ Usher's Annals/' He likewise wrote notes .
upon *' Stephanos de nrbibus." He died in the convent of

1 Ocp, Diet.— 'JMoreri,— JlviUou's Dijjt.

45^ L U B I N.

t^6 Augustine fathers in 8t. Gettnaib, &t a,
17, 1695, aged seventy-one. *

LUBIN (EiLHARD), one of the most Icarnc^^*"^
of his time, was born at Westersted, in the ci^ *^ '*•■•
enbarg, March 24, 1556, of «Srhich place h ^'^*«
minister, who sent him first to Leipsic, whi ''*■'•-•. ,
cutlsd his studies with great success, and f '^ ^ ^^.
provement went thence to Goiegne. After "^ * *
the several universrties of Ileihistadt, 8t
Altrpurg, and, last of alt, Rostock, wheMe
prbfetoorof poetry in 1595. Having ther<^
with gteat applause fbr ten years, he was a '^
ditiniiy chair in the same oniversity, in 1^*
he #as seized with a tettian ague, nnder wh^^ ,
fer ten months before' it put a period to*
li691. He has the character of bavlAg he^^^
scholar, and Was weil skilted in tlie Latf '^
which he made ^ood verses, and iie had iS ^
as an OtBtor, a mathematician, and a divine*^ •«
several boo4ts^ namely, I. " Antiquariua, *■
et minus usitatorum vocabulorom brevisf^
pretatio." 2. «< Claris Onecae linguaB.'*
Juvenal, and Persius, with notes.** 4. *'-
venal, with a paraphrase.** 5. *« The A?
Latin version,** 1604, 4to. 6. " Epistdtse
rum, Grr«ec£ et Latih^, cilim toiethdd<^
epitftolariim.*' 7. *^ Commentaries opiHi so
of 8t. Paul.** 8. " Monot'essaroA,^ve bis*
fcc. &e. i. e. a harmony of the four Evang
ni Dionysiaca,** h^ Greek and Latin, -at
*Vo. 10. *' Latin Pbems,*' inserted in th
** DeKcise Poetarum Germanortim.'*

But that wbich attracted most attention
deservedly, was his, 1 1.*** Phosphortis,
natura mali, tractatos hypermetaphysic*
Rostock in 1596, and reprinted there
in 1^00. " Phosphorus ; or an hyperm
concerning the origin and nature of Sin.
established two co-eternal principles (n
cuum, or void, as Epicurus did, but) Gc
ot nothing. God^ he supposed, is the i
nothifig the evil principle.' Headded, t

• Niceti or

t U B 1 N. 45t

mUt \mt a tendency towards nothing ; and that sin bad
been necessary in order to make known the nature of good ;
and he applied totbis imthing all that Aristotle says of tbe
Bffst matter.. This being answered by Orawer in his *< Auti-
Liibinus^-* in iioe, 4to, the author published a reply,'
entitled, 18. '-' Apoiogeticus quo Alb. Graw. caluoiniis re-
spondetqr^' &c.** printed at Rostock, a^d reprinted ther^
in 1405. T^this also Grawer published an answer, in an
appetvdix to his ^Anti<*Lnbifltt8.^* Lubin likewise pub-
lished the next year, 13. ^^Tractatus de causa peccati, ad
thedogos AugustinsB eonfessionis in Germania.'* But, not-
wkhslatiding all these works, posterity has justly considered
htfls as better acquainted with polite literature than with
diidaity. *

LUCA (John Baptist), a learned cardinal, was born ia
1617, of an obscere family at Venozza in the Basilicate,
and raised himself by his learning and merit. He died
February 5, l6S3y aged sixty-six. He left Notes on the
Cpnncil of Trent, in Latin ; a curious *"* Account of the
Coafft of Rome," in Italian, Rome, 1680, 4to ; and an ela-
borate work on the ecclesiastical law, entitled <* Theacrum
jnstitiss et veritatis.'* The best edition of this ia^t is that
|>mted at Rome, 21 vols. fol. bound in 12.'

LUCAN (Marcus Annaus), a celebrated Roman poet,
was- a native of Cordova, in Spain, where he was born'
Nov. 1 1, in the year 97; His &ther Annseus Mela, a Ro-
* man kirigbt, a man of distinguished merit and interest in
his country, wm the youngest brother of Seneca the phi-
losopher; and his mother, Acilia, was daughter of Acilius*
Lncanus, an eminent orator, from which our author took
bis name. When only eight months old he was carried to
Rome and carefully educated under the ablest masters in
grammar and rhetoric, a circumstance which readers it
singular that critics have endeavoured to impute the de^
fects in his style to his being a Spaniard ; hot it is certain
that bis whole education was Roman. His first masters
were Pals^mon, the grammarian, and Flavius Yirginius,
the rhetorician. He then studied under Cornutus, from
whom he imbibed the sentiments of the stoic school, and
probably derived the lofty and free strain by which he is
so much distinguished. It is said he completed his edu-
cation at Athens. Seneca, then tutor to the emperor Nero,

> QciL Diet.— -Moieri«--*l5asU Oiifims^ 9 Moveri.— |>iot. fitit.

45S Lr U CAN.

obtained for biin the offiqe ofiqu9»tor :: he Mr«s/;5Qoi> alter
admitted to the college oC augui?S| ati4 .consi4€i!ed .to>be in
the full career of honour and opiileuce. He gave pfoofii
of poetical talents ^t a very early age, aivi acquired Bepa-t
tatiou, by several compositions i a. circumstance peculiarly
vnfortunate for hii^'^.^as it clashed with the vanity.^ the
emperor, who valiied himself on his powers as a ^poeitand
musician. On one occasion Luc^m was so impfodentasto
recite one of his own pieces, in competition with Nero;
and as the judges honestly decided in favour of hui^m
Nero forbad him to repeat, any more of his v^emses in public^
and treated bin^ with so much indignity that LucaiirDo
more looked up to.bim with the re^^pect due to a patron
and a sovereign, but took a part in the conspiracy of Piio
and others against the tyrant ; which being discovered, he
was apprehended among the other conspirators* :Tacitos
and other authors, have apcused him of end^vourii^. to
free himself from punishment by accusing bis .own motbcur^
and involving her in the crime o/ wbi<^ he was guilty.
Air. Hayley has endeavoured to rescue^ bis nan^ from* so
t^errible a charge; and it is more likely that. it ivas a ca»
lumny raised by Nero's party to ruin his reputation.
Be this as it may, his confeisions were of no avails;
and no favour was granted him but the choice of the
death he would, die ; and he chose the same which haul'
terminated the life of his uncle Seneca. His veins^ wer^.
accordingly opened ; and when he found himself growing^
cold and faint through loss of bipod, be repeated soiBe of
his own lines, describing a wounded: soldier sinking iO' a:
similar manner. He died in the year 65, and in the, (yvenly* ,
seventh year of his age. Of the various poems of Lucaii,
none but his Pbarsalia remain, which is an account of. tbe^
eivil wars between Csesar and Pompey, but is come down .
to us in an unfinished state. Its title to the Oi^mer of M^
epic poem has been disputed by those .critics, i^bo, from:
the, examples of Homer and Virgil, have ms^ntaiiied th^
machinery, or the intervention of supernatural, ageiicy, is/
essential to that species of composition. Otberis bowevreri'
have thought it rather too fastidious to refuse the epic
name to a poem because not exactly conformable to ^tbose
celebrated examples. Blair objects, that altbougb !(#ucan*««
subject is abundantly heroic, he cannot be reckoned happy /
in the choice of it, because it has two defects, the one its.-
being too near the times in which he lived, which deprived
him of the assistance of fiction and machinery ; the^oCher^ .

L U C A N. 459

thftt civil wars, espec^afly when as fierce and cruel as those
of the ' Romans, present too many sliocking objects to tie
fit for epic poetry, gallant and honourable acfaieveiiients
being 'H'flftor^ proper theme for the epic muse. But Lu-
ean*i» genius seen»s to dieiight in savage scenes; and he
erlen^'goe^ Out of his way to introduce a long episode of
AfariAs'dnd Sytla^s proscriptions, which abounds with all
the Ibrms of atrocious cruelty. On the m:erits of the poetry
it^lf there are various opinions. * Considered as a school
book, Dr. Warton has classed it* with Statins, Claudian^
and ^Seneca the tragedian, authors into whose works no
youth of genius should ever be suffered to look, because^
by their forced conceits, by their violent metaphors, by
their swelling epithets, by their want of a just decorum;!
tfcey have a strong tendency to dazzle and to mislead in-
e:tperienced ntinds, and tastes uhfortned, from the true
relisb of possibility, propriety, simplicity and nature. On
the other hand it has been said, that althougb Lucan cer-
tainly possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melo-'
cliotts numbers of Virgil^ yet if he 'had lived to a maturer
age^ bis judgment as Wll as his genius would havie been
improved, and he might have claimed a more exalted rank'
among tbe poets of the Augustan age. His expressions
str6 'bold and animated ; his poetry entertaining ; and it ha$
beeii asserted that he was never perused without the
vMnMeisft emotions, by any whose mind's wiif6 in unison
with iiis own. *

LMaa first appealed from the press of 8weyn!feyii< arid
IHinitaltZf in 1409, a folio^ of which ohly 275 dbpies'were
printed, and not above three have been seen in this conn-
try^ one at Dr; Askew's sale, one i^ in lord Spencer*s col-
lection, and a third in the Bodleian. The best editions of
iii<>re-tnodem times are: that of Grotius, Antwerp, 1614^
8ird, 'feprinted 1 6 1 9 and 1626; the Variorum, Lfeyden,
165B, a^rOj that of-Oudendorp, Ley den, 1728, '4to; of
]Mniiann, ' ibid. 1740, 4to; of Bentley, at the Strawberry*
hHl pMSs, 1760, ^to ; and that by Didot, Paris, 1795,
fol* edived by Renouard, a superb as welt as accurate edi-
tion; We bavfe three English' tratlslattbhs by Gorges, May;
and'Row^, all of indifferent nterit, but the elassioai scholar
will ii!e bettefr phased to be«ir that there are in the Briti^ih
Masentby no less tb&n ' five editions of this poet enriched
with the MS notes of the celebrated Bentley. ]

^Cratiat't Lives of the Poeto.— Dibdia's Classics.wWcrton's Ess»y.i^B}iir>
If^lwef. — Saxii Onoinast,

f60 U U C A &

LUCAS (FaANCis)^ surnamed BftUOENSis, from being. a
native of that, city, was a. doctor of Louvain, and dean of
the church, of St Otner. He studied under Arias Mon*
tanus, and acquired an extensive knowledge of the Greek,
jRebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac languages. He has left,
1. ^^ Critical notes on the Holy . Scriptures/* Antwerp,
3 vols. 4tO| which are commended by Simon, in his Criti-
cal History. ^. Latin commentaries on the New Testm«
meut, in 3 vols, folio. 3. Concordances of the Bible, pub«
lished at Cologne in 8vo, by Egmond, in 1684, which are
convenient in sia^e, and printed with correctness and beamy.
He died Feb. 19, 1619.^

LUCAS (Paul), a French traveller, was the son of a
merchant at Rouen, ^nd born there in 1664. From his
youth he felt a strong inclination for travelling, which he
gratified by several voyages to the Levant, Egypt,' Turkey,
and other countries. He brought home a. great number of
medals and other curiosities for the king's cabinet, who
made him bis antiquary in 1714, s^nd ordered him to write
the history of his travels. Louis XV. pent him again to
the Le.vant in 1723, whence he br/(^ugfat abundance of
curiosities for the king's library ; particularly medal# and
manuscript^. His passion for travelling reviving again in
1736, he went to Madrid; and died there in 1737, after
an illness of eight months. Hiis travels, which were edited
by Baudelqt de Dairvali Fourmont, and Banier, are not
ill written, and sufficiently amusing; yet not ^f the first
i^uthority, being supposed to contain some e)(agger^ed,
and some false representations. They consi^ of 7 vols.
12mo, published ill 1699 — 1714.'

LUCAS VAN LEYDEN. See JACOBS.

LUCAS (RicuARD), a learned English divine, of Welch
e:straction, was son of Mr. Richard Lucas of Pcosteigii in
Radnorshire, and bom in that county in 1^48. After a
proper foundation of school learning, he waf sent ^o Ox^
fofd, and entered of Jeaus oo][lege, in 1664. Qfvii^^ Mikfia
both his degrees in arts, ha e^ti^red into holy ordiars a^at
1679, and was for some time master of the- frae-^scbW.lit
Ahofgavenny ; but being much esteemed for his ttient^ m
the pulpit, he was chosen vicar of St. Stephen^ GtoLeniw-
street, London, andJepturer of St*•OUv^, S^^t^iimk* la
1683. He took die degree of docter in divinity ,9ik^fmmdH

1 Moreri.— Diet. Hist < MorerL— Diet HmL— Saxii Oaonutft.'

. L U.C A S/ 4iB\

»nd "was installed prdbeiidary of Weitmlnft^ in t699C
His sight began to AlU him tn bis y^utb^ but he lost it
totally about this time. He di^d MkJuoe 17 15^ and wad
interred to Westminster-rabbey ; but no stone or moiiu*'
mtat tnarks his grave. He was greatly esteemed for biil
piety and iearmtig, and his writings will preserve bid (h^oe^^ ^^ ^^^
He wrote ^^ Practical Christianity;" ^* An Enquiry affei^
Happiness ;" '^ The Motaiity of the Gospel ;'* " Christian
Theughu for e>very Day of the Week;'* << A Guide \A.
Heaven;" ''The Duty of Servants;" and several other
^^vSernionB," in %p9^ volumes. He also wrote a Latin trans-^
ktioD of the *^ Whole Duty^ of Man,"' which was published
iis idSOi He lefta son of hia own name^ who was bl^d a^
Sydney*college, Cambridge, where be took his roaster t^
arts degree, and published some of his father's semloRS.

Of Dr. Locas, Mr. Ortpti- hasgmn- the followiilg efaa^
nu:ter from Dr.. Doddridge's MS& << His style is '^tf
pBedUer ; sometitnes exdeedtngly fine, nearly appt%lleMn|f
oowversatiea ; sometimes grand anil' Mbtime; generally
very expressiife. His method eot clear,* >b«rt ' thottghtli e***
eeUent; nia»y^'tHite»(frQ)»mt6mivatitof»^tfo of life; htf
wrote as etati4«ly:-d€ffre<|td' W G^^ and^ sopejHor to «b^
werU. His < Praetical'€4ristkimty''imose vaiutilble; afHf
* Bni^ry after Hhippines^' 'especfsMy fth^ second volciitle
of iti" 0#con kpi^ks of his reading; the latter w6rlL {oit »
fifth or sixth time. • tf^he ^^ Prac^oal Christian it]^ \\
eaintesriy reooSMitended by sir Richard Steele in Nd4 69 ^
** The Guardian,"* -*^^"

LOCI AN, a Greek author, was born at Samosata^< thie^
capital of Comagene ; the time of bk birth is uneertaniy-
tiiowgh g^erally Axed iii tbe <retgn of the'eniperOr Tntjan;'
but Mr. Moyle, who has taken some pains \ib adju^ tbe
age of Luoian, fixes tbe fortieth year of his age to €ha
164sh year of Gbrist> and the fourth ^ Maretts Antoninus ^>
and consequently, Ms Imtfa to the 424«b ycMMr ef GkriiSt^
a^dAie eightb of Adrtan. His bWth ^as meab'; Md -his^
father, not being able to give him any learnings ^ resolved
to breed him a sculptor, an4 in that vieyir p:ut hi«it iappmn*^
tiofr^so bis brotber^ifi-law ; but, tadriBg«'<dislikete>l;hfe<bM»
neiis; be applied bims^elf to the study qf. polite. Jeaxjpii^g;
and philosopby ) fattiAgeiieciura^edby-mMUeasn^^Lwliiob'We*
relates in the beginning of his'Waitks, afid^wbfch eH'dentl^

- :r

t Ath. Ox. ¥01. IL— Bios. Brit. auppteinen.t--<Ortop'g Letters, % rolsc l$95:"'

462 L U C 1 A N.

the product of liift indmation to letters ' He ielld m
l4sQ himself, tb^t he studied the lavr, 'and {H&otited MBoe
tiToe »s an advocate ; but disliking the wtangHngoiPiMlrjE «€
the bar, he threw oflF his gown, and took opi -that -^n
ihetariciao* In this chariicter be settled first at Amioth ;
md passing thence into Ionia in Greece, tie travelled into
Qaul and Italy, and returned at length intoibiflr owa eottn-
try by the- way of Macedonia. He lived four and tw^enty
years alter the dMtb of Trajan^ and even to the time of
Mafons Anreliq^, wh.o made him register of Alexandria- ifi
£^rypt^« . He tells us himself that when be enten^opM
tbiftoffiee^ be was in extreme old age, and bad onelegdn
Charon's hea^: Suidas asserts that be was torn to pieces
bj^ dogft . He died> however, in the year 12 14*^ aged 90. *> •

As Ln<;ii^n made a figme in various employments^ fak
wof k%exbibitbiei sometimeaas a rhetorician end panegyiist;
in others b<a i$ disiinguisbed chiefly as a pleader ; in afew
be apifieips a more senoes ione» end reasons on^^tbe si:^ect
^forf hips in a vein off osanly. sense, united to deep obaer^
vatipn and fcnowkNlge of mankind* Of tmr tl>e greater
part of his ** Dtalagees^*' however^ the leedisigand pro^'
ssinent featnie is ridieeiet i» dispeiiing whi^ he is so
often guilty of obpeeMiy and imf>ety»- tknt moralists in aH
agss have united in eondemnieig hiiB» in this comstry he
bas^ notwithstanding, CmnmI many transtatonn Spence,
Maynet Uickes, Cad'r, and FrmncUin, who hanre (faMibtiess
bespok^ attention to bis wit by omitting the oljeetiooable
passages. The best editions of the original, which was
fy^ printed! ii^ 1496^ at Florence, are those of Bourd^t,
Paris, 161,5, folio; of Grsevins, Amst 1687, 2>v0is* 8vo^
of Bemsterliuttus^ ibid. 1743, 4 vols. 4to, edit«^opC. wbifib
bas been Mlowed by all subsequent editors.'

VUCIFER, bishop of CagUari, the nietropoUs ofSar*
4iisim i# known, iii.^clesiastical history as theantber of a
fdkismy the oceaiiion of which was, that Lucifer wonkl net
aUow die decree made in the council of Alexandria^ A*

* Tik^rtttt*! iiotei on Marceltinat, prsfeetus auguttalis, or governor oC

p. 39$ ; aadas ^fimeliiux, p. 'I4T ; his EsT P^ I ^ ^>is ^'^^ ^^*^ ^ ^ iiiistak«»

i9Si4 in Jbi^m, »,**}^ffmmmm¥m^ mcf Lnema Iwnstlf, infbM HAi^lofia

flittii.'' Tbit iw«s?er it ihH absolutely pro mercede cpnductis/' Ba^s* th^ the

ewtaia; •au» ny be was an aiMtior, post he iNts l^en m'ibs a feiep to the

stbi^isa pflMatsteis saa SI iv nocNvelly
fe| bis tec^aresb, irilt hiijre^him ta b^

IfOfimwmn/L «f;a pravinae.

t VSesiiis.-^sM.— Uriieker.-- Crit. Rer. toI. I. p. 419.— Urdoer^ Workik
f tsii OsomMt.

LUCIFER. 463

foe teceimg die. apostate Amn bishops. This he
op|M»edsoireflbliaely, that, rather than yield, he chose to
sepM^te btfttiself from the commanion of the rest, and to
focm & new ^cbisoiy which bote his name, and soon gained
at coasiderable footing, especially in the West ; several
persow no less distiogaished for piety than learning, and
among the rest Gregory, the famous bishop of Elvira,
bafiog ^adopted Us rigid sentiments. As Lud&r is ho-
BOitred by the church of Rome as a saint, where his fesci*
1^ ia kept on the 2Gth of May, Baronius pretends that h#
abandcHied bis schism, and retumed to thd communion of
4he ^iirch,: before his deaths But his contemporary^
JRt^nua, who probably knew btai) assures us, that bodied
in the scbism* which he had formed, A. D. 370. His^ works
^ee .writlen in; a bacshand bavbaroug style. According to
JLardper^ they iCoosisD very muoh of paiaages o^ the^ld
aiadj Nevr Tftatanient,. oited^ oaeriafter another, which he
qtiOlea mtii rfnar k& ^o£ ^th^ .; greatsest respect. He farther
jldds^: tiMtlhB wodnuof'iliis^i;ed»te have m>e yerbeen jpnb^
lisM mtb aU. th&adteiitligttfitiiM; twi^vb^^i^h^ The
tUles oftil&faei/iiiiirkakrf^i/^AidkiCoh^ tmpi^ritorem^

}tb^;ii.:V' ^<3o^I|pgihiia(i^a»taMiB^^v ^<;De»MK}n cdhveni^
emd^ onm iieietidiS ;"t •^'^einon*putfS6Ad6 I^elinquent&us
jia ]>eiim,;!.V^f Qnbd mori<^Atrm svt- pro Filio Dei ;^' and
M: £piatolai]bi«irbu ad 'Florentiumi'' They were- collected
jbogeiher, and publish^dia^'Baris by John^Tili, bishop Of
Itfeau9^>fa 1568, and at Venice about 1780^ in foL^ with
additions^* : - .^ • '^^ «

JLUCILIUS (Caius)^ an ancient Latin poet, iand a Ro«
^wun knight, was born at Suessa^ in the cduhty of ilbe Aa^
irutiCAi abottt the year 148 B. C He iserved -under Sdipio
A&icaaus in the war with< tfae^Nuikiantines, and was .very
jaavich^esteemed by him and Lsstiiis. He wrote thirty books
^f: '^^ Satife^,^' in which be iasbed several persons of quality
byipam<^ and with great a^erity ; and if he was not the
.lO^ebtorof itbat kind of poem, be certainly Was the' fi^^
considerable satirist among the Rqioans. l^orac^. sajrs^ ^

. , V. ., '^jQeid, cum estrLueilius autds f" •

.%,\- 'tt Primus ia faana operis eemponerec^cavmiaa jMrtm^p* ';. ^ '

!, He died at Naples jtbdiit the year 103 B. <3/ -cvi ,r
' There ia'aoiiikig extent of athhis wdrkf, bttt sbiit^^frag^
j9(^eots of his ^* Satires,*' which were jdrst collected by

1 M08)iet]n.«^»][i«fdner?s WorVt.

•>•»'■

Mil LU DI iL;i V M.

Fi^amis DoofA^: Leydciiy IMS, 4Id, i^priatei^j di^yi^
piiy 1713, BvQk Tbey have ako been printed witfc llie^fiBig-'
ments of Ennias, Aaciug, Pubiitu Syrus^t tLe*^

LUCRETIUS (TiTVS Cahub), a celebrated Ronee poet
and pbilosopber, bom about the yewr 96 B. £. was sesi el
an e^rly age to Atbenii wbere^ under Zeno and Ph^drua^
}i0 im^ibeil the philosophical teo«is of Epicarus and £i»>
pedoclesy and afterwards ezpfauned and^cAucidated tbcni itt
his celebrated work, etHitled ^^ De Revum Natotfaw'* In
ihis poem the writer has not only contraverted all the* po*>
pu<iar notions of keatbenisni, but even those poiats ediioh
^re fundameotai in every system of religious lisiA^ the
hzistence of a first cause^ by whose power aU thia^a were
and are created, and by whose* prondence- tthey are sa|K
ported and governed. His oierits^ however, as a poet^
have procured him in ail ages, the warmest admirei»; apd
wadoobtedly where the subject admits of elevated aettti*
iBent.aiicd descriptive beauty, no Roman peet has taken a
loftier flight, or exhibited more spirit and. subliaaity^ the
same aaimated strain is stfbported alnsast thraagbeat ewtise
books. His poem was wriiten and 4kiisb«d wMle be- la^
boured under a violent delirivm, oeoasiotied by a philtss,
which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife bad admi*
nistered. The morality of Lucretius is generally puie^
hut maofy of bis descriptions are grosiiy lioentieus. The
best editions are those of Creech^ Oxeim. I695| too;, of
Haveroamp, Lugd. Bat, 1933, 4to, and of- ffae celobraled
Gilbert Wakefield, Lond. 3 vols. 4to, which last is exeeed*
ingly l«re, on account of the fire wbiob 'destroyed the
greater part of the impressioni IMft* Good) tb«. author of
the best transbttion of Lucretius, ptiblis.hed f» ltOS>, has
repriated Wakefield's teat, and has giv^tfn^ bcrides- ekabovate^
annotations, a critioaLl account of the priadipal editions ^aad
translations ^ bis author, a history of -tfaeipoet, a 'vbtdica*
tion of hb character atid pbiiasopfay, and a eotfipamtive
atatement of the rival systems of pbilosopliy thatflbunshed
in Usetime^ Lucretius, to whom Mr. 'GMd traees the ia^
ductive method <tf the ilU&trious Bacon, part of the su-
biime 'physics ef sir baae Newtua, andf Various chemical
discoveries pf our own days, perhaps a Ujt^k tvoh^noilvlly,
jbut with great ijigWMity a%(l dduspli^ ^f^mii^ (wsnag-*

* Vbssii Poet^ Lat — Saxii Ooomast. — Gea.'jDiet.
s Good's Lucretius, as above.

L U D L O W. 465

'LODLOW (EfiMimD), one bf the dilrfs of the repub-
tioKt) pafcy dtiriug thle civil wart, was descended of ah,
ancient and good family, originally of Shropshire, and
thenee removed into Wihshire, in which county he was
l>Ovn^ at Maiden -Bradley, about 1620. After a proper
fooadation in grammar, he was sent to Trinity-college ih
Oxford, where he took the degree of batchelor of att^ ifi
i^S6, but removed to the Temple, to study the law, as a
quali^cation for serving his country in parliament, his an-
t%storb bevirrg frequently represented the county of Wilt-
shire. His father, sir Henry Ludlow, who was a member
;of the' long parliament and an enemy to the measures of
thte court, encouraged bis son to engage as a volunteer in
^he «arl of Essex's life-guard. In this station he appeared
against the king, at the battle of Edge-hill, in 1642; tiiid,
liaving vaised a lro6p of horse the next summer^ 1643, he
joiaed sir Edward Uungeiford in besieging Wardour-castle.
Tkria being taken, he was made governor of it ; but bein^
retaken the following year, 1644, by the king's forces, he
was carried prisoner to Ojtford. After remaintog here
motAe lim^, he was released by exchange, w^nt to London,
and was appointed high-sheriff of Wiltshire by the parlia-
menU He then appears to havel declined a command under
the earl of Essex, but accepted the post of major in sir
Arthur Haslerig's regiment of horse, in the army of sir
William Waller, and marched to form the blockade of
Onfoihd^ From Oxford, however, he- was immediately sent,
with a cOAimissioti from sir William, to raise and commahd
- a r^im^nt of horse, and wad so successful as to be able to
join Waller with about five hundred hor^e, and was en-
gaged in the second battte foUght at Newbury. Upon new
titodelling the army, he wad dismissed with Waller, and
was iitft employed again in any post, civil or n^ilitary, till
1645, when he was chosen in parliament for Wiltshire \i\
ti}«i room of his father, who died in 164S.

8t>on after the death of the earl of Essex, Sept. 1646^
Ludk>w bad reason to suspect, from a corrversation with
Cromwell, who expressed a dislike to the parliament and
^'ifrlttolled the aro^y, that his ambition would lead him to
ttesHhoy the civil authority, and establish his own; and
' flMMfore he gave a flat negative to the vote for returning
Cromwell thanks, on bii^ shooting Arnell, the agitator, and
thereby quelling that faction in the army. In the same
Bpiritof what has been called pure republicanism, he joined

VOJL, XX. H H

^:-

466 LUDLOW.

in the vote for not addressing the king, and in the decllH
ration for bringing bim to a trial : and soon after, in »
conferencie witb Cromwell and the leaders of the ardajr, be
harafigued upon the necessity and justice of the king's
execution, and/ after that, the establishment of an equal
commonvirealth, in which he (iiffeted from anothcfr pure
republican, Liiburne^ who was for new-modelling tbe'par-^
liament (irst^ and then, as a natural consequence, putting
the kin^to death. Ludlow induced the: Wiltshire people,
to agree to the jfai^ing of two regiments of foot, and one
of horse, against the Scots, when they were preparing to
release the king from Carisbrook- castle. After wbich^ be
went to Fairfax, at the siege of Colchester, and prevailed
with him to oppose entering into afiy treaty with the king;
and wh^n the House of Commons, on his majesty's answer ^
from l^ewport, voted that his concessions were ground for
a future settlement, Ludlow not qnly e^cpre^sed . his dis-
satisfaction, but bad a principal share both in forming i^hd
executing the scheme of forcibly excluding all that party
from the house by colonel Pride, in 1648. Agreeably to
all these proceedings, he sat upon the bench at the trial
and condemnation of the king, concurred in the vote that. ^
the House of Peers was useless and dangerous^ and . be*>
catne a member of the council of state.

When Cromwell succeeded Fairfax, as captjiin-general
of the army, and lord -lieutenant of Ireland, he, a|s an art^
ful stroke of policy, nominated Ludlow lieu tenant^ general
of'borse in that kingdom, which being confirmed l^y the
parliament, Ludlow went thither, and discharged the office
with diligence and success, till the death of Iretoii, lord-
deputy, Nov. 1651, whom, in his " Memoirs^^ he laments..
as a staunch republican. He now acted as general, by an \
appointment from the parliament commission'ers, but w1t&«
out that title, which Cromwell, of whose ambitious.yijews .
he constantly expressed a jealousy, as constantly. fpund.
one pretext or other to keep from being- conferripd on, J^Vnu,,.'
and/in the following year, 1 652,. Fleetwood Wipnttliitber'.
wit& the chief command. Soon after this, the rebelliob, ,
being suppressed, a considerable part of the ariny was\.
.disbscnd|^d; the pay of the general and other officers ,rer^^
dueed| ;and' necessary steps taken for satisfying the ar/enfs*.
due taVtfij^m, Whtch Ludlow says fell heavier updix. hi^ ..
tbanother^, as' in supporting the dignity bf the station Is^f , .
had spent upwards of 4500/. in the four years of his jserviq^
beri, Odt of^!s 6\iii estate, 6vcr ^nd abov^ his pay^ '

LUDLOW. 4«7

At hbme, in the mean time, Cromwell was become so«
▼cfreig^n, under the title of protector. This being esteemed
by Ludtow an usurpation, he endeavoured by every means
in tfis power to hinder the proclamation from being read in
Irelandji and being defeated in that attempt, he dispersed
a paper' against Cromwell, called ^'The Memento:'^ for
which lie was dismissed from his post in the army, send
ordered T)ot to go to London by Fleetwood, now deputy of
Iri&land.^ Soon after, being less narrowly watched by
H^iiry Cromwell, who succeeded in that office^ he found
means to escape and cross the water to Beaumaris ; but was
there' seized and detained till he subscribed an engage*
meAt, never to act against the government then established. .
But this subscription being made with some reserve, he
wa^^jpressed, on his arrival in London, Dec. 1655, to make
it absolute; which he refused to do, and endeavoured to-,
draw major-general Harrison, and Hugh Peters, into the
aattt(i (Opinion. Cromwell, therefore, after trying in vain,
in'a private conference, to prevail upon him to subscribe,
sent him an order from the council of state, to give se« .
eiirity in the sum of 5000/. not to act against the new go-
▼erament, within three days, on pain of being taken into
custody. Not obeying the order, he was itpprehended by
the president's warrant ; but the security being given by
fais ' brother Thomas Ludlow, though, as he says, without
his consent, be went into Essex, where he continued till.
Oltver died. He was then returned in the new parlianlent
call^ bpon Richard's accession to the protectorate; and^ ,
eiffaef from connivance or cowardice on the part of the
government, was suffered to sit in the house without tak*-
ing the oiath required of every member, not to act or con-
trive ^^ny thing against the protector. He was afterwards
ver^ active in procuring the restoration of the Rump par^
liam^t; in wnicb, with the rest, he took possession of
liiiTseat again, and the same day was appointed one of the
ewsmittee of safety. Soon after this, he obtained u regb*
laeAty by the interest of sir Arthur Haslerig ; and in a lit^
tie titne was nominated one of the council of statCt every
SM^diber of which took an oath to be true and faithful to the
eoiDimonwealth, in opposition to Charles Stuart^ or any
siiijglc person. He was likewise appointed by patilament
onii of the commissioners for naming and approvukg officers
ittifaeanny.

Btit the Wailingford-ho\i9f party, toremorelui^ out «f

H H 2

46S LUDLOW.

the wayi ifeeomolencled him U> the pailiament, for the
post of commander in chief of the forces in Ireland, in the
room of Henry Cromwell, and he accordingly arrived. With
that command, atDublin, in August 1 659 ; but in September^
receiving Lambert's petition to parliament, for settling tbd
gofvernment under a representative and select senate^ he
procured a counter petition to be signed by the oflScers of
the army near Dublin, declaring their resolution of adhto'-
iiig closely to the parliament; and soon after, with th^
consent of Fleetwood, set out for England. On his arrival
at Beaumaris, hearing that the army had turned the par-
liament out of the house, and resumed tlie supreme power^
he hesitated for some time about proceeding on hia jour*
ney, but at length resolved upon it ; and on his arrival at
Chester, finding an addition made to the army's scheme of
government, by which all the officers were to receive new
commissions from Fleetwood, and that a committ^ of
safety was appointed, consisting of twenty-one meizibers^
of which he was one, and that he was also continued oo^
of the committee for nomination of officers, he set out for
London the next day, and arrived there Oct. 29, 1659*
The Wallingford-house party prevailing to have a new par*
liametit called, Ludlow opposed it with great fervour, in
defence of the Rump, and proposed to qualify the power
of the army by a council of twenty-One under the deno*-
minfttion of the Conservators of liberty ; but being defeated
in this, by the influence of the Wallingford-ho^ise party>
he resolved to return to bis post in Ireland, arid bad the
satisfaction to know, before he left London^ that it was at
last carried to restore the old parliament, w.bigfa was done
two or three days after. In Ireland, however, he was fair
fVom being well received. Dublin was barred ifgainst him^
and landing at Duncannon, he vt^as blockaded tb^re b^ f
party of horse, pursuant to an drddr of the council of* offi*-
cers, who likewise charged him with several crimes and
misdemeanors against the army. He wrote an'<aiis«iier fee
this charge ; but, before he sent it away, jfeciiived an %f>
ctiunt,. that the parliament bad confirmed the proeeedso^
of the council of officers at Dublin agbinst him $ :and, kiboitt
a week after, he received a letter from them, signed Wil»-
liam Lentfaall, recalling him home.

. U^on this, he embarked for England ; and in :the wayv
at Milford-Comb, found by the public news, that str^Cbllrk0
Coottt had exhibited a charge of big^ treasoi^ ag^nst llim.

LUDLOW. 4aa

Oo hi* arrival at London, he took his place in the b^nse;
aud^ .obtaining a copy, of his charge, moved to be heard ia.
bM defence, but the approach of general Monk gave a new
torn to public affairs. Ludlow, who waited upon him,
was so far deceived as to believe that Monk was inclined
to a republic. On learning Monk's real design, however^
he first applied to sir Arthur Haslerig, to draw their ^cat-4
teired Carets together to oppose Monk ; and that propossd
not being listened to, he endeavoured, with the other re-*
publicans, to prevent the. dissolution of the Jlunap, by or«
deriog writs to be issued to fill up the vacant seats ; but
the q^ker refused to sign the warrants. He also pressed
very earnestly to be beard concerning the charge of high
^eaaon, lodged against him from Ireland, to no parpose ;
so that when the members secluded in iGM return^ to
the bouse, with Monk's approbation, he withdrew himself
from it, until being elected for the borough of Hindonv
(part of his own estate) in the convention parliament, which
met the i4th of April, 1660, he took hie Seat hi the Hous^
of Commons in pursuance of an order he had received, to
attend his duty there. He now also sent orders to colleet
bis rents, and dispose of his effects in Ireland ; but wa^
prevented by sir Charles Cpote, who seized botb^ the stock
alone amounting to 1500/. ; and on the vote in parliament,
to appi^bend all who had signed the warrant for the king^
execution, he escaped by shifting bis abode very fre-
quently. During his recess, the House was busy in (Vre^-'
paring the. bill of indemnity, in which he was, more thaii
opce,' very near beiqg inserted as one of the seven ex-
cepted persons ; and a proclamation bein^ issued soon afWr
the king's return, for sdl the late king*s judges to surreal
der themselves in fourteen days time, on pain of being
left out of the said act of indemnity, he oonsuUed with his
friends, whether be should not surrender himself according
to the. proclamation. Several of these, and even sir Har*
bottle Grimston, the speaker, advised him to surrender,
and engaged for his safety ; but he chose to follow the
more solid and friendly opinion of lord Ossory, son to the
marquis of Ormond, and determined to quit England^ He
instantly took leave of his friends, and went over London
bridge in a coach, to St. George's churchy in the borough
of Southwark \ where be took horse, and travelling all night,
arrived at Lewes, in Sussex, by break of day the next
morning. Soon after, he went on board a small open vessel

470 LUDLOW.

prepared for hitn; but the weather being very bftdy ^
quitted . that, and took shelter in a Jarger, which had
been got ready for bins, but struck upon the sauds in going
down the river, and lay then a-grouud. He was hardly got
a-board this, when some persons came to search that
which he had quitted, without suspecting any body to bis in
the boat which lay a-shore, so that they did not eacamineit,
by which means he escaped ; and waiting a day and a night
for the storm to abate (during which the master of theyefi^
set asked him, whether he had' heard that lieutenant*gea#*
ral Ludlow was confined among the rest of the king's judgef)^^.
the n^ct morning be put to sea, and landed at.Dieppe that
evening, before the gates were shut.

Soon after his departure,. a proclamation was published^
for apprehending and securing him, with a reward of 300^;
one of these coming to his hands, in a packet of letters, fn-
which his friends earnestly desired he would remove |o
some place more distant from England, he went£fst;^ti{>
Geneva ; and after a short stay there, passing to X^ss^nCf^
settled at last at Vevay *, in Switzerland, though pptwi|hv
out several attempts, made to destroy him, or defiK^V hia\.
to Charles IL There-he continued under the. protection;
of those States till the Revolution in 1688, in which some
.thought he might have been usefully employed to jreoqycT,..
Ireland from the Papists. With this design he. C9i9>e to.
£ngland, and appeared so openly at London, that eW . ad*-
■dress was presented by king William, from the,Housejo£
•Commons, Nov. 7, 1689, that his majesty wouldbf pleased
to put out a proclamation for the apprebendiQg'<>fjC(alpnel
Ludlow, attainted for the murder of Charles I. upon twbich
Jbe returned to Vevay, where he died in 1693, ipihia
73d. year. Some of bis last words were wishes for., the
prosperity, peace, and glory of his country. His bpdy^
was interred in the best church of the town, in which ^
lady erected, a monument of her conjugal affectioii to. ^is
meippry. . . » : : ^ . "1

;The ftiends of Ludlow have endeavoured to ^xalt l^a
chaaraqt^r by contrasting him with his antagonist Cromw^eUy
and un^Qubtedly, in point of honesty, be has the advai)ti^e«
^\ Ludlow^*' it has b^n said, ** was sincerely and s|ea(|4j

• • • • •• f * . ■

* Mr. Addison was shewn his bouse, Addison, ** is a i^iece of Terle fnt)tHl«

over the door of which he resd this in- as the last is a cattt «f fiis Mra»>^ T4a»'

fcription, ** Omne solum fbtti patria, vcU* &u s ^, ?

quia pacris/* *« The first part,". wiy» , - , - .

LUDLOW. 471

ft iepttUtcab ; Clroihwell not attached to any kind of go- '
v^mment, but of all kinds liked that the least. Ludtowr*
s))dke his mind plainly, and was never taken for any Other ^
taan he professed* himself to be ; Cramwelivalned himidf'
upon actinia part, or rather several parts, and all of th^tn
eqtialty well : and when he performed that of a Comnddft*
weaithVman, he performed it so admirably, that though
Ludlow knew him to be a player by profession, yet be now
tbdoght be had thrown off the mask, and appeared what he
reirily was. Ludlow was entirely devoted to the p^rli^ment, -
and would have implicitly obeyed their orders upon any
occasion whatsoever, especially after it was reduced ta the •
Rump; Cromwell never undertook any business for dieft),
but with a view to his own interest^* Warburtdri say^. of
Ludlow, ** he was a furious, mad, but I think apparemly
honest, republican and independent." After his deai^, came
oot the *' MenH>irs of Edmund Ludlow, esq.'* &c. Switzer-
kiid) printed at Vevay, in the canton of Bern, 1698, ifi'
2 vols, 8vo, and there was a third volume, with a collection
of original papers, published in 1699, 8vo. The sam^ yMv
a^ French translation of the first two volumes was printed iif '
the same siae at Amsterdam. Another edition of the whole
was printed in folio, at London, 1751. The first edition was
attacked in 1698,' in a pamphlet, entitled, *< A modest Tin*
dicationof Oliver Cromwell ;" the author of which pub-
lisbed another piece, entitled, ^ Regicides not Stints,^*-
and^ in 1691, *^ A letter from major-general Ludlow, to
E. S. (Edward Seymour), &c. Amsterdam." Mn Wood
observes, this was printed at London, and was written by
way df preface of a larger work to come, to justify the
murder of king Charles I. not by Ludlow, but by some*
matevoteht person -tn England: in answer to which, there
oa^out, << The Plagiary exposed, &c." Iy>nd. 1691, 4tp»
aaidtKi'be written by Sutler, the iaiuobor of Hudibrai. '

•LGDOLPR ii^B)j a learned brientalist, was boi'nr at Er^*
furt in Thuringia, June 15, 1624, of one of the best fami^
Met in -^^ city^'theh in reduced circumstances, fie began
hisiBtodierat hoche, uiider very insuflSdent mli^ter#,'and-.
lUMring iTequired 'some knowledge of the Greek and LaAit»
Itogmiges, applied himself to the French, Italiaifi, and
SfNinish, and afterwards to those of the East. He also
nvi^o some progress in physic and law, but without any
view to a profes!sion. In 1645. he went to Ley den, and

' » Biog. Brit.— Wood'i Fasti, rol. I. '

47^ L B D O L P H.

studied the languages under Erpenius, Golius, and other
eminenl teachers, and likewise maiDtaiDed some dispata-
tiona in law. After residing here above a year, he was ap*
pointed travelling tutor to a young man of family^ - with
Mrbom he weiu to France, and at Caen contracted a fViend-
^ip with Bochart, and taught hin the elements . of the
Sthiopic language. He afterwards went with his pupil to
England ; but the rebellion being at its height at this time,
be soon returned to Holland. The baron de Rosenhahn,
ambassador from Christina queen of Sweden at the court
of France^ happened to have in his retinue a brother of Lo*
dolf, who recommended our author to that nobleman so
effectually, that he sent for him from Holland to Paris, to
he preceptor to his two sons. Soon aft^r, in 1^49, he sent
him to Rome, to search for papers and memoirs, which
John Magnus, archbishop of Upsal, was said to bave con-
^oeycd formerly to Rome, and which Christina was 'desirous
to recover. Ludolph performied this journey in company
with two Polish gentlemen, of whom be learned their tan-
gos^. At Rome he found no manuscripts rehuing to
^MfMen ; but this journey was not useless to himself, for
by his conversation with four Abyssinians, then at. Rome,
he perfected himself in the knowledge of the Ethropic lan-
guage. Immediately after bis return to Paris he was ob-
liged to go to' Sweden with the ambassador, where be found
a great many learned aien at queen 'Christina^ tfourt^'and
had an op()ortunity of learning there the Portuguese, Mos-
covite^ and Finland languages. In- 1^52, 'Ernest duke of
Saxe-Gotha sent for him tohis court, and made hiai bis
Aulic-counsellor, and governor to the princes his soifs^ stnd
employed him in various political affairs and negociattons.
In 1678 he desired leave to retire, resolving upon a private
\}Stf and went to Francfort, where he had a commission
from the dukes of Saxony to act in tHeirnames in thecovi-
Terences held there in 1681' and 1682, in order to settle a
pacftficalion between the emperor, the empire, and Firan^e.
The elector palatine likewise gave him the direction of
seoie of his revenues ; and the electors of Saxony honoured
him irith the titles of their counsellor aiul resident. But
Abyssinia was the chief object of the attention of our author,
who concerted measures to form an alliance between that
remote nation and the powers of Europe. He hod addressed
hifl9seff/or that purpose, in 1679, to the court of Vienna,
whoToferrc^d Bim to the English and Dutch^ as more capa-

L U.D O L P H. 473

ble of coDtrlbutiog to that great design. He went, tliere-
fpre, to Eoglaod in 1683, but did not find any disposition
tber^ to execute bis scheme for establishing a .commerce
with the Abyssiniansy and although he found rather mora
enookoragement in Holland, the scheme was defeated by
the Abyssioians themselves. In 1684, Ludolph returned
to Francfort, having passed through France, rnd began to
aff\y hinuelf vigorouisly to the writing of his ** History of
Ethiopia.'* In 1690 be was appointed president of an
academy of history^ which was established in that city. He
liyed several years after, and died April 8, 1704, aged almost
eighty yearn.

He understood twenty«-fivcf languages : Hebrew, and that
of the Rabbins ; the Samaritan, Cbaldee, Syriac, Arabic,
learned, literal, and vulgar ; Greek, learned and vulgar ;
Etbiopic, learned and vulgar, called Ambaric ; Coptic, Per-
sian,. Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German',
Flemish, English, Polish, Sclavonic, and the ancient lan-
guage of Sclavonia, and of the Finnes. He was equally
^st^emed for bis manners as for his talents ; and was very
cbmmunicative ; hardy and indefatigable in business, and
so much inured to study, that he had always a book open
before him at his ordinary repasts. He left a son, Chris-
tian Ludolph, who was the only child be had, and was
counsellor and secretary to the duke of Saxe-Eysenach.

His works are: 1. '^ Schola Latinitatis, 8cc.'* Gotham,
1672, 8vo. 2. <* Historia Ethiopica, Ac." Franc. 1631,
folio. 3. *^ Epistola Ethiopice scripta,'* 1685, in folio.
Thia was tlie letter he wrote to persuade the Abyssinians
to an alliance with the princes of Europe. 4. *^ De bello
Turcico feliciter cooficiendo, &c." Franc. 1686, 4to. 5.
*^ Remarques sur les pens^es enjouez & serieux, &c.**
Leipsic, 1689, 8vo. 6.^* Epiatole Samantanae Sichemita^
mm ad Jobum Ludolpbum, &c.'* Leipsic, 1688, 4to. 7.
^* Specimen oommentarii in bistoriain Ethiopicam,'*1687.
8. <^ Commentarius in historiam Etbiopicam, &c.** Franc.
1691, folio. 9. '^ Appendix ad hist. Etbiopicam illiusque
oomniemariQraj &c.^' ibid« 1693, folio. IQ. '* Jugement
d'un anonyoie sur une iettre i un ami touchant une systeme
<f etymologic Hebraique." li. ^^ Dissertatio de locustis,
&c." Franc. 1694, folio. 12. *^ Gramnf^atica Ambarics
lingUQs qu« est veruacula Habessinorum,"ibid. 1698> folio.

13. *' Lexicon Araharico-Latinum, &c.'* ibid. 1698, folio.

14. ^< Lexicon Ethiopico-Latinum, ibid, editio secunda/*

476 L U D O L P H.

college^ tAif}u he acquainted with the vulgar Greek, Ara-
bic, and Turkish languages, and might by, universal love
and charity be qualified to propagate genuine Cbristiauity :
** for many/* says he, *^ propagate their awn particular
fystems, and take this to be the gospel of Christ*'

In 1709, when a vast number of Palatines came over
into England, Ludolph was appointed one of the commis-
ftioners by her majesty to manage the charities t>f her sub-
jects to these unhappy strangers, and to find out ways to
employ them to the best advantage. He died Jan. 25,
1710, aged 54.

His works, besides the Russian grammar already ^en*
tioned, are, 1. '* Meditations on Retirement from tbe
World.*' 2. Also *^ upon divers Subjects tending to pro-
mote the inward Life of Faith," &c. 3. *^ Considerations
' on the Interest of the Church Universal." 4. ^ A Propo«
sal for promoting the Cause of Religion in the Churches of
the Levant." 5. ^^ Reflections on the present State of the
Christian Church." . 6. ^^ A Homily of Macarius, done
out of Greek." Some of these were printed singly, and all
of them together in London, 1712, under, the title q^ his
^' Remains," with his funeral sermon, by Mr. Bo^bm, chap-
lain to the late prince George of Denmark.*

LUDWIG (Christian Theophilus), a botanical writer,
was born in Silesia in 1709, and educated for Jthe medical
profession. Having a strong bias towards natural history,
be was appointed to accompany Hebenstreit in his expedi-
tion to. the north of Africa, and soon after his return. in
1733, became professor of medicine at- Leipsic. In 1737
be published a ** Programma" in support of the doctrine
of the sexes of plants, from his own observations upon tbe
date palm, but two years afterwards advanced some objec-
tions to the Linnasan system of arrangement by the organs
of impregnation, under the title of ** Observationes in. Me-
fcfaodum Plantarum Sexualem Cel. Linnsei," in which he
very unjustly attempts to deprive him of the n^erit of ori-
ginality, by insinuating that this system had been ^' indi-
cated by others ;" without saying by w)>om. In other dis-
sertations he betrays an uncommon* propensity to find &ult
with Linnaeus; but, as his late biographer observes, such
critics are useful to science, as they promote inquiry and

^ Lives and Characters of tbe most illustrious Persons British and Foreigu*
who djtd in 1710, Loud. 8vo.

L U D W I G. 47»

examination^ aftd it dust be allowed that Lud wig justly
blames Linhssus for confounding the bulbous Fumaria^ as
one species^ and be may also be correct in some othdr re-
marks. The late lord Bute has well observed, that Lild-
wig, like Haller, was only a Linnsean in disgaise, having
frequently applied principles in unison with his, if not
knbibed from him, to build systems, and to exercise criti-*
cismi against him.

Ludwig published in 1737 his ^^ Definttiones Plantarnm/*
in 9vo, for the use of his pupils. In this the genera of
plants are arranged in a method supposed to be natami,'
founded on the corolla in the first place, the subordinate
characters being taken from the fruit. The generic db^
tinctions are derived from the herbage, flower, smeU, taste^
colour, or any thing that came in the author's way ; cer«^
tainly with no advantage whatever over the laws and ptac>^
tice of Linnaeus, but rather evincuig^ at every step, the
superiority of thie latter to the vague schen^ of his oppo*
nent. In another little volume of Ludwig, the ^ Apbo<&
rismi Botanici/* published in 1738, the assertion of bit
being ^*a Linneean in disguiseV is strongly justified. In
vain does the writer try to forget the *' Philosophia Botap»
nica,^' and to seek originality, at any rate, by wanderini^
from its Ught. In vain does he extol the system of Rivi-
nus in jpreference to ail dtbers. He is. brought back by
his own judgment, in, spite of himself, at every step; ati^
as be coiiLd never give the least degree of popularity to the
system he extolled, the slightest study of his works wiil
show it to have been a milestone about bis own neclt.
.Bbehmer gave a new and improved edition of the ^^ Defi*
nationes Plantarum^* in 1760; Whether any use is thade
of this work at present, among the various botanical schooh
on the continent, we have never heard, but we believe it
has fallen into oblivion. ^

In 1740, and again in 1757, our author published h%
*' Ihstitutiones Historico-Physicae Regni Vegetabilis^*^ %.
Svo. In this wojrk, which shews him $till in pursuit of no-
velty rather than of truth, even the disguise of a'LinittesifTi
is almost laid aside, a system of arrangement being pfo^.
posed in which the stamens and styles make aiv essentia),
if not a leading, feature. The favourite old system of Ki^
vinus still takes precedence, though it serves only as dh
additional impediment in the way of natural affinities, which
defect is in some measure concealed by the primary cha«

47» L U D W I G.

rasters hot* being strictly followed. ThU voltiine m^f
therefore be considered as a tacit tribute oT respect to the
illustrious Swede, ariring" from its aulhor^s progfes^ \\i
judgment apd experience. He bad no inotivt^ to;withliold
thi» tribute/ as Linn® us never resented nor reprited bis
attacks. Ludwig began, in 1760, to publish iiiiprl^ssiont,
chiefly of medicinal plants, taken from the dried specrmi^n.
witb printer^s ink, or with smoked paper, in folio, under
the title of " Ectypa Vegetabilium," wbicb he continued
from tioie totime. Such impressions give undoubtedly 4
correct outiltte, at least if tbe plant be fully displayed, but
the rest is a mass of confusion ; especially as the more ele-
vated parts, which should be light, are necessarily the
darkest. He wrote also occasionally on medico-botanical '
i^ubjecis, as on the effects. of extract of «S!framc7/if2^m, and
of the J?e//tf<foii/fa, or deadly nightshade, in the epilepsy^
His ppinion seems not to have been favourable to citfVer.
H^ died at Leipsic in 1773, aged sixty-four. He left a '
aoa named Christian Frederick, born in I75t, who be*
caoie professor of natural history in the saoie university, '
and is the author of various tracts 6n botany, anatomy, and
j^ysiology.'

LUGO (John), a Spanish Jesuit and cardinal, was bofm
Nov. 28, 1583, at Madrid. His talents began to appear so
early, that it is said.be was able, at three years of age, to
read not only printed books, but manuscripts. He main-
tained theses, at fourteen, and was sent to study the taw,
soon after, at Salamanca ; where be entered into the order
tf tbe Jesuits in 1 60S, against his father's wi!^.- After
finishing his course of philosophy among the Jesuits of
Pampeluna^ and of divinity at Salamanca, he was sent to
Seville by bis superiors, on his father^s d^tb, to take pos-
-fesaiou of bis patrimony, which was very considerabte, and
which he divided among the Jesuits of Salamanca*' Ho
dien taught philosophy five years; after whrcb, be was'
professor of divinity at Valladolid. IHie success witb which:}
lie filled this ch^ir,^ convinced bis superiors that he i^te
worthy of one more eminent: accordingly he received '
orders, in the fifth y^ar of hi$ professorship, togo to Rome,
foteacb divinity there. He set out in March I621»'and
.arrived at Rome in June the same year, having met with!
many danger^ in travelling through the provinces of France*

>^ Reet'sCjclopcdiStbySirXSiDUly* -

*:- .-^

LUGO. 479

He taught dlTinil^y at JKome {or twenty years, and attemted
wholly to .that empioy, without making his court to tbe
, cardioftlsy or visiting any aiBbas$ador8. .

The. publipatioo of bis works was in consequence of an
order whi<?h bis vow of obedience would not suiFer him to
refuse^: Jie published accordingly, seren large Tolumes in
folio*,, the fourth of which he dedicated to Urban VilL
Upon this occasion he weut.for the 6rst time to pay his
respects to. the pope, by whom he was very graciously re*
ceivied ;. and from that time so highly respected, that Ur-
ban made him a cardinal, in Dec. 1^43, without any pre*
viotts notice or solicitattoD. To this promotion, however,
be is said to have shown the greatest repugnance, and
would npt permit the Jesuits* college to discover «ny signs
of jQy, or grant the scholars a holiday. He looked upon
the, coac)[i» which cardinal Bacberini sent him^ as his coffin ;
and wbjen be was in the pope^s palace, be told the officers
who were {^oing to put on bis cardinars robes, that he was
resolved l;o represent first to his holiness,, that the vows tie
bad made as a Jesuit would not permit him to accept of^ a
cardi|)ar& hat. He was answered^ that the pope had dis-
pensed with those vows. '^^Dispensations," replied be,
'^ leave a man to his natura^l liberty^ and, if I am permitted
to enjoy mine, I wiU never accept of the. purple*" Being
introduced to the pope, he asked whether his holiness, -by
' virtue of holy obedience, commanded him to accfept the-
dignity : to which the pontiff answering, that he did ;
Lugo Acquiesced, and bowed hia bead to receive tbiie hat/
Yet. be constantly kept a Je&iuit near his perso^n, to be a
perpetual witness of lus actions. He continued to dress
and undress himself; be would not suffer any hangings to
be put up in bis palace; and esrtablished so excellent an
. ordier in it, that it was considered as an useful seminary.
He, died Aug. 20, 1660, leaving his whole estate to the
Jesuit' college at Rome; and wa^ interred, by his own

* TbcfSMt, which trei^ts** Deincar- ^called an excellent piece by Maim*
natioae'^Soaiiotdi,*' «m printed at Ly- "bottr1|^, in ^* Methode pacifique,** p. 60,
4!nf, inl6$3 and 1653; The second, eiHt^ 3, I6S2. The •event hr ^bicb is
** 0e sacranientis in p[enere 3c de Teut a collection .'* BesponM^rnoit, inora*
enohlriitiB ita'crameiito Sc sacrificio/*' Iiutn/Mb1d. 1651/ and liS6p^ He also
. ibid. 1636. Tiie thirdf ^*:Dt vtfCnte wrote tiotea ** In pciTitegia Vivb vbcis
ic aacramentp p<Bnitentis,V ibid^ 1638!, , . oraonlo opncessa . focieuti,^ Rome,
1 644. and 1 65 1 ! The fourth add 6ft^, 1 645, ' 1 9mo. And. he translated QV^ o£
•* |>e|«i>ttti|L Ik jaire/'^ ibid. l^% ana Italian iotoi ^anisb^ '< The t;ife of the
1652. Tbe fixtb,. «' Da ▼irUiU divins bleoed Ldttit de Qvnzaga."
Ue\,*' ibid. 164€, and 1656.. Tbi« is .

Me LVOO.

diri^Udnsy at tb6 feet of IgnattuKl Loyo1a> tbd^ feitthlit^ ol
the order*

While he was cardinal^ he was very charitable^ and be^
atoWed the Jesuits' bark, which then sold for its weight in
g&ld» very liberally to persons affiie«ed with Hgoes* He
was the hrst that brfnight this febrifuge spedifie into France
in 1650, when it was called cardinal de Lufgo's powdetL .
He was undeniably a learned man, and bad all that subtlety
«f genius which is the charactertsttc quality of the Spanish
divines ; and is said to be the first that discovered the phi-*
losophical sin, and the justice of punishing it eternally;
His sointion of this difficulty is somewhat extraordinary^
for, having asserted that the savages might be ignoraht of
God inculpably, ' he observes that the Deity gave them,
before their death, so much knowledge of himself as was
necessary to be capable of sinning theolegically, and pfb*
longed their life till they had committed such sin, anf
thereby justly incurred eternal damnation. Among Hh
other scholastic absurdities he has also the reputation of
inventing the doctrine of inflated points, in order to remove
the difficulties in accounting for the infinite divisibility of
quantity, and the existence of mathematical points. It
WBs a received opinion, that a rarefied bbdy takes up a
greater space than before, without acquiring any new mat^
ter ; our cardinal applied this to a corpuscle, or atom, witb-^
out parts or extension, which be supposes may s\vell itself
in such a matiner as to fill several parts of sp^ce.*

LUGO (Fbangis), elder brother of the preceding, was
borh at Madrid in 15B0, and became a Jesuit at S^lamancu
in f60Q, where he first employed himself in teaching the
rudiments of grammar : but he afrefwatxis was professor of
philosophy, and was sent to the Indies. There^ he filled
the divinity^chair in the town of Meiieo^ abd %lso in Santa
Fe. These posts, however, not being agreeable to #ie
^retirement in which be desired to livej be returned to
Spain. In the voyage he lost the best part of his com-
mentaries upon tl^e *^ Summa'' of T. Aquinas, and nar-
rowly escaped being taken prisoner by the Dutch. He
was afterwards deputed to Rome by the province of Castile,
to assist at the eighth general assembly of the Jesuits^ and,
upon the conclusion of it, he was detained there by two
employments, that of censor of the books published fa^ the

1 Geo. Dict.-««<MoroiJsi' -

L U G (X «81

jesttitsy and that of Tbeplogue general But finding litiilir
^pU to be courted more and more, from the time thait Mi
tMTOther was made a cardinal, he. went back into Spain,
where be was appointed rector of two colleges, or of a
college or school consisting of two dmsioos, as is that of
Wesc^iinster. He died in 1652, after writing several books,
t^ chief of which are, I. *^ Commentfurii in primam parieifli
^. Thomas de Deo, trinitate, & angelis,^' Lyons, 16^47, 5^
yph* folio. 2. ^^ De >sacrameotis in g^nere, &o," Venice,
jl652y 4to. . 3. '* Discursus pre^vius ad theologiam oiora^
J^m, &c." Madrid, 1643, 4to. 4. /^ Quasstiones moralet
de sacramenuV Grenada, 1644, 4to.'

LUISINO, or LUISINI (Francis), of Udina in tlie Ve^
netian territory, was an eminent scholar in the sixteenth
century. « He was born in 1523, and was remarkable for
the integrity of his life, part of which was employed in
teaching Greek and Latin at Keggio : be was afterwards
secretary to the duke of Parma, and died in 1563, al the
%ge of forty-five. He wrote, 1. " Parergon libri tres," in^
aerted in the third volume of Gruter's ^^Fax Critica;" aiid
consisting of illustrations of various obscure passages in
ancient authors. 2. A Latin commentary on Horace's Art
of Poetry^ published in 4to, at VeniCis, in 1544. 3. A
treatise ^^ de componendis Animi afFectibufi," Bale, 1562,
in 8vo,'

LUISINUS (Louis), a physicia^n, probably a relation of
the preceding, wa3 also born at Udina, and was not less
distinguished by his acquisitions in literature, than by. his
medical skill. He was author of the following workst:
*^ Aphorismi Hippocratis hexametro carmine cons^cripti,'*
Venice, 1552; '^ De compescendis animi aifectibus per
moralem philosopbiam et medendi artem, Tractatils in trea
Libros divisus,!* Basle, 1562; '' Aphrodisiacus, sive de
Lue Venerea,, in duos Tomos bipartitus, continent omnia
quaecumque.hactenus de hac re sunt ab omnibus Medicie
conscripta,^' Venice, 1566, folio. The first volume con*
tained an account of the printed treatises on the lues up to
that year ; the second, published the year following, com<-
prehended principally the manuscript works on the sub-
ject, which had not then been committed to the press.^,

LUITPRANDUS, a celebrated Lombard historian of th^
tenth century, was born at Pavia., He was bred in th^

1 Moreri.-^Cen. Diet. » Saxi! Onomast

s lUes'i Cyclopedia from Eloy.

VOL. XX. 1 1

48e L U I T P R A N D U S.

tourt of Hugo • Wing of Italy, and was afterwards secretary^
tO'Berengs^rids II. by whom^ in the year 948, he was sent
ambassador to Constantine Porphyrogenitus. After hav-
ing long served Berengarius^ he was disgraced, merely, as
it is said, faiecause he censured some of the proceedings
with which the latter years of that prince were dishonoured.
His goods Were confiscated, and he fled for refuge to Otho
emperor of Germany. Otho simply avenged his cause by
driving Berengarius from the throne ; and in the year 963^
advttnoed Luitpr&ndus to the bishopric of Cremona. In
the year '968 he sent him ambassador to the emperor Nice*^
phorus Pfaocas. That emperbr had taken great offence
that Otho had assumed the style of Roman emperor, and
JLaitprandus^ who undertook boldly to justify his master,
irritated him so much, that he received very harsh treat-
ment, and was even thrown for a time into prison, nor was
he suffered to retuVn into Italy till the expiration of the
year. The precise time of his death is not known. He
wrote the history of his own times in six, books ; the best
edition of whi^h is that of Antwerp, in folio, published in
1640. His style is harsh, but he throws great light on the
history of the lower empire. He is among the '* Scriptores
reroim Itali<;aram,'* published by Muratori. Luitprandua
was one of the bishops who subscribed the condemnation of
pope JohnXn. ; and in the last six chapters of bis book, be
^ires a distinct account of all the transactions of that synod,
which was held at Rome by the bishops of Italy. The
lives'of the popes, and the chronicle of the Goths, have
been falsely ascribed to him.^

LULLI (John Baptist), superintendant of music to
sLouis XIV. was born at Florence in 1634, of obscure pa-
rents; but an ecclesiastic, discovering his piropensity to
music, taught him the practice of the guitar. At ten years
of age he was sent to Paris, in order to be a page of Mad.
de Montpensier, a niece of Louis XIV. but the lady not
liking his appearance, which was mean and unpromising,
be was removed into the kitchen as her under-scullion.
-This degradation, however, did not affect his spirit. Cor he
4ised, at his leisure, to scrape xipon a scurvy fiddle ; and,
being heard by some person Who had discernment, was
irientioned to his mistress as a person of both talents and a
^liand for musie* She then employed a master, to teach htm
the violin ; and in a few months he became so good a pro-

1 Moreri.-^Slxii Onomast. ^ • *

L U L L I. 483

ficient, that h^ was removc!tl from the' kitchen to the chain*
ber^ and ranked among the musicians.

Being for some offence dismissed from the princess's
servicei he got himself entered among the king's violins ;
and in a little time became able to compose. Some of his
airs being noticed by the kingy he called for the author ;
and was so struck with his performance of them on the
violin, of which LuUi was now become a master, that in
1660 he created a new band, called ** Les Petits Violons,"
and placed him at the head of it He was afterwards ap-
pointed sur^intendant de la musique de la chambre da Roy ;
and upon this associated himself with Quinault, who was
appointed to write the operas; and being now become
* composer and joint director of the opera, he not only de-
tached himself from the former band, and instituted one of
his own, but, what is more extraordinary, neglected the
violin so much, that he had not even one in his house, and
never played upon it afterwards, except to very few, and
in private. On the other hand, to the guitar, a trifling
instrument, he retained throughout life such a propeh^ity^
that for his amusement he resorted to it voluntarily ; and to
perform on it even before .strangers, needed no incentive.
The reason of this seeming perversepess of temper has
been thus assigned : " The guitar is an instrument of small
estimation among persons skilled in music, the power of
performing on it being attained without much difficulty ;
and, so far as regards the reputation of the performer, it is
of small moment whether he plays very well on it or not :
but the performance on the violin is a delicate and an ar-
duous energy ; which Lulli knowing, set too high a value
on the reputation he had acquired when in con)stant prac-
tice, to risk the losing of it.'*

' In 1686, the king was seized with an indisposition which
threatened his life; but, recovering from it, Lulli was re-
auired to compose a " Te Deum" upon the occasion, and
produced one not more remarkable for its excellence, than
for the unhappy accident which attended the performance
. of it. He had neglected nothing in the composition of
the music, and the preparations for the execution of it ;
and, the better to demonstrate his zeal, he himself beat the
time ; but with the care he used for this purpose, he gave
himself in the heat of action, a blow upon the end of bis
foot; and this ending in a gangrene, which baffled all the.
skill of his surgeons, put an end to his life, March 22, 1687.

112

484 L U L L I.

The foUowiog story is related of this ouisician in
last illness. Some years before, he had been closely en-

Staged in composing for the opera; from which his con-
essor took occasion to insimiate, that unless, aa a testi-
mony of sincere repentance, he would throw the last of his
compositions into the fire, he must expect no . absplution*
He consented : but one of the young princes coming ta
see him, when he was grown better, and supposed to ba
out of danger, " What, Baptiste/' says the prince» " hay^
you thrown your opera into the fire ? You were a fool fpr
giving credit thus to ^ dreaming Jansenist, and burping
good music." " Hush, my lord," answered Lylii, " I
Knew very well what I was about ; I have a fair copy o£
it." Unhappily this ill-timed pleasantry was followed by
. 9r relapse : the gangrene increased, and the prospect of
inevitable death threw him into such pangs of remorsje^
that he submitted to be laid upon an heap of ashes, with a
cord about his neck. In this situation he expressed a deie^
sense of his late transgression ; and, being replaced in bw
bed, he, further to expiate his offence, sung to an air of
bis own composing, the following words : Jlfdut mourir^
pichmr^ Ufaut nwurir. LuUi is considered as the persoa
who brought French music to perfection, and his great
operas and other pieces were long held in the highest
^estimation. He was no less remarkable for his humourous
talents, than for his musical genius; and even Moliere, who
was fond of his company, would often say, ^^ Now, LuUi,
ipake us laugh."

Lulli, says Dr. Burney, was a fortunate man to arrive in
a country where music had been so little cultivated, tha^
he never had any rival, nor was there throughout the whole
liingdom of France an individual who had the courage to
doubt of his infallibility in his art. He was fortunate in
so magnificent a patron, and still more fortunate in a lyric
poet, who could interest an audience by all the powers of
poetry, by the contexture of his fables, and variety and
fprce of bis characters. Lulli was rough, rude, and coarse
in his manners, but without malice. His greatest frailties
were the love of wine and money. There was found in his
coffer 630,000 iiyres in gold, an exorbitant sum for the
time in which he lived.'

♦ ■ • ■ ^

1 Hawkins and Bumey's Hist« of Miisic — ^Moreii**— P^rrault Las HommM.
UhiBtKii

LIT L L Y. , 4W

• ■'■'

LULtlER, Claude Emanuel. See CHAPELLE.

LULLY (Raimond), was a. native of Majorca^ born in
1236. He was considered in his own time as a prodigy of
learning and sagacity, and honoured with the title of I)oc^
tor illumtnatus. His logic, and his art of memory, have
been particularly celebrated, but are not found to deserve
the commendations they once received. After applying,
most diligently to almost all sciences, he lost his life in
the character of a missionary. Having gone thither to
preach the truths of the Gospel, he suffered great hardships
in Africa, and died on his passage home, in March 1315^
at the age of eighty. His body was carried to Majorca*
where he was honoured as a martyr. His works were
published collectively, within these few years, at Mentz ;
and treat of theology, morals, physic, chemistry, natural
philosophy, law, &c. in a truly barbarous style, with much
Erudition and subtlety, but very little of sound judgment
There are few instances of a great fame so completely ex*
tinct as that of Raimond Lully. His art of memory, in*
deed, for which he was most celebrated, is a most ridicu-
lous invention, wholly unworthy of notice, except, says.
Brucker, as a specimen of the artifice with which men^
who have more ingenuity than honesty, frequently impose
upon vulgar weakness and credulity.*

LUPSET (Thomas), an eminent scholar, was the son
of WilKam Lupset, goldsmith and citizen of London. H#
was bom in the parish of St. Mildred's, Bread*8treet, in
1498, and was educated at St. Paul's school under the
celebrated Lily. After this he is supposed to have stu-
died some time at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, whence be
went to Paris, and took his bachelor's degree in arts. On
Bis return to England, he settled, about 1519,. in Corpus
Christi college, Oxford, and succeeded John Clement in
the place of lecturer in rhetoric, founded by cardinal Wol-
sey ; and such appears to have been his reputation, that the
university publicly thanked the cardinal for his recommen-^
dation of so able a man. In 1521 he proceeded M. A^
When Richard Pace was sent agent to Italy, Lupset ac-s
companied him as his secretary, and in the course of his
travels became accjuainted with many of the most learned
men of the time, particularly Pole, afterwards cardinal,
sir Thomas More, and Erasmus. After returning to-Eng-

> lloreri.-— BttlUrft Acad^aie det Sciences, vol. II.-^S«xu OiK>m««i

4S6 L U P S E T.

laod, he was sent tQ France by cardinal Wolseji as tutor
to bis natural son Thomas Winter. In 1529 he was pre^
sente4 to the living of St^ Martinis Ludgate, and ia 1 530
was made prebend of Salisbury. He died in the flower of
h\s age, Dec. 27^ 1532) having scarcely completed hm
thirty-sixth year. He was reputed a man of very general
learning, and of great piety, modesty, and candour, ivK
all which respects Leiand and sir Thomas More have cele->
brated bis praises. Wood says that he left a wife named
Alice, and that she died in 1 545 ; but this Alice appears to
have been bis mother. Lupset, being in priest's orders^
'and a prebendary of Salisbury, could not have been marr
ried. Wood likewise doubts his having studied at Canir
bridge, because Dr. Caius, who mentions this circumstance,
does not give his authority ; but Caius was bis contempo-*
rary at that university, and is therefore sufficient authority
for the fact. Of his works, the following have been printed :
1. " A Treatise of Charity," 1546, 8vo. 2. "An Exhortar
tion to young Men," 1540, 8vo. 3, "A treatise teaching,
how to die well," 1534. . 4. " Epistola variae," dated from
Corpgs Christi college, and printed in " Epist. aliquot eru-
ditorum virorum," Basil, 1520. He also translated into
Etiglish a homily of St, Chrysostom^s, another of St. Cy^
prian^s, Picus of Mirandula*s Rules for a godly life, and the.
Councils of Isidorus, all printed at London in 1560, 8vo.
Pits mentions other works by him, but of doubtful autho-
rity.'

LUPTON (Donald), whom Granger, by mistake, calle
Dr, Lupton, was one of the earliest publishers of biogra*-
phical collections in English, but with his own history we ;
are almost totally unacquainted. . We can only gather froai
one of his dedications that he had served in the army seve-
ral years, and from the contents of his two principal pub-;
Jications, that, he^ was a nian of piety, and an admirer of the
characters of those eminent father? and divines tvho made
the greatest figure in the church from the earliest periods
to the reformation. The first of these is entitled " The
History of the Moderne Protestant Divines, &c. futhfully
translated out of Latin," Lond. 1637, a small 12mo. This
is dedicated to sir Paul Pindar, sir John Wolstenholme,
sir Abraham Dawes, sir John Jacob, ** farmers of the cus-

I AtlK Ox, r©!. I.-»Kai^t't Life of CoSet, p. 389.— .Tanoer.— Dodd's Church
Hist. vol. 1.

L U P f.O N. 487

U>m* house.*^ It contaiDs twenty-two foreign lives,- and
twenty-three English, translated from HoUand^s " Heroo-*
logia, and Verheiden's *^ Effigies," with each an engMived
head copied, in small, from those in Holland and Verhei-
den. Mr. Churton has made particular mention of this
curious and very scarce volume in the preface to his ela-
borate life of dean Nowell, and an account has since been
published in the Bibliographer. The other biographical
collection said to be by Lupton vk a 4to volume, entitled
" The Glory of their Times, or the Lives of the Primitive
Fathers," &c, London, printed by J. Okes, 1640. This
contains forty-four lives, with heads of the same scale as
the other, but of less value, as being mostly imaginary*
We know not on what authority this work is attributed to
Lupton, as there is no mention of his name in any part of
the copy now before us, and the preface, or address to
tlie reader, is signed Typographus. From internal evidence,
however, we should be inclined to think it was bis compila-
tion. Lupton^s other productions were, 'f London and the
CQuntrey carbonadoed and quartered into several charac-
ters," 1632, 8vo; *' Objectorum reductio; or daily em-
ployment for the soule," 1634, 8vo; '^ Emblems of Rari-
ties ; or choice Observations out of worthy Histories, &c«'^
1636, 18mo; and '* England's command of the Seas; or
the English Seas guarded," 1653, 12mo.^

LUPUS, or WOLF (Christian), a learned Roman
catholic writer, was born at Ypres, June 12^ 1612, and at
the early age of fifteen, joined the society of the hermits
ipf St. Augustine. Having afterwards studied at Cologne,
Ke was sent to Louvain to teach philosophy ; in which he
acquired such celebrity, as to secure the particular esteem
of the learned Fabio Chigi, then the papal nuncio in Ger*-
inany, afterwards pope Alexander VII. In 1655, Lupu^
was one of the deputies sent to Rome by the university of
Lonvain, on some matters of importance with the papal
court; and on his return was appointed professor of divinity
fit Louvain. Pope Clement IX. would willingly have made
hini a bishop ; and from Innocent XL and the grand duke
of Tuscany, he received repeated marks oC esteem : the
latter was desirous of settling upon him a considerable pepr
sion, thac he might attach him to bis court. He died July
io, 1681, at the age of seventy. Of his niimerouti Latiii*

* Gran^cr.-rBibliog^rapheri vol. I, an4 11.

«r 1 u p u s.

works the principal are, ** Commentaries on the Historjr
and Canons of the Councils,'* 1665, and 1673, 5 vdls. 4to;\
a ♦* Treatise on Appeals to the Holy See," according to
the 'Ultramontane opinions, 4to; a " Treatise on Contri-
tion," 12mo; a collection of ** Letters and Memorials re-»
specting the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon," 2 vols.
4to ; a great number of " Dissertations*^ on various sub-
jects ; a " Commentary on TertuUian's Prescriptions;**
"The Life and Letters of St. Thomas of Canterbury," 8cc,
All the above were republished at Venice in 12 volumeS|'
folio, the first of which appeared in 1724.* •

LUSSAN (Margaret de), a female writer^ very much ad-
mired in France for the romances which she produiced, was
the daughter of a coachman belonging to cardinal Fleury,
and was born about 1682. Some have said that she was
the daughter of prince Thomas of Savoy, the prince de
Carignano's elder brother, because prince Eugene shewed
her much kindness. She had, however, an education nracfa
kbove her birth, which enabled her to compose the various
l^orks which she has left us. M. Huet, to whom she acci-
dentally became known, advised her to write romances^ in
Vrhich she succeeded tolerably well with the help of M. Ig-*
natius Lewis de la Serre, sieur de Langlade {author of niiie
6r ten operas,) who was her intimate friend, after having
Veen her lover. This gentleman inherited an income of
f 5,000 livres, which he consumed by gaming, and died in
1756. Mademoiselle de Lussan was more admired for her
mental than for her personal qualities, for she squinted, and
bad a very brown skin, with a masculine voice and gait :
but she was gay, Kvely, extremely humane, constant in her
friendships, liable to anger, but never to hatred. She
died in 1758, aged seventy-five, in consequence of bathing
during an indigestion. Her works are, " La Comtesse d^
tJondez,'* 2 vols. 12mo ; "Anecdotes d^ Philippe Auguste,**
S vols. 12mo, attributed to the abb^ de Boismorand. "Me-
moires de Charles Vil.'* 12mo; "Anecdotes'' of Francis K
S Vols. 12mo ; of Henry II. 2 vols. 12mo ; of Mary of £ng«
land, 12mo; "La Vie de Crillon," 2 vols. 12mo. s£i
published also under her name a " History of Charles YI. ,
V vols. Idmo ; of Louis XL 6 vols, and " L'Hist. de la der-^
mere Revolution de Naples," 4 vols, but these three were
writteD by M. Baadot de Juilly, as we have meDtioned ik

> NiceiDii, vol. Vrt>-Diot BiH. '

L U P U J5. 489

hk.life* MadetAoiselle de Ltissan gave this gentleman half
of what she gained from these works, and half of her pen*
sion of 2000 livres. ^

LUTHER (Martin), an illustrious German divine and
reformer of the church, was the son of John Lotter, or
Lamher, which our reformer changed to Luther, and of
Margaret Lindeman, and born at Isleben,' a town of Saxonyi
in th«; county of Mansfelt, November 10, 1483. His fa-
tber^s extraction and condition, were originally but mean,
and his occupation ibat of a miner ; it is probable, however,,
that by his application and industry he improved the cir«
cijimstauces of his family, for we find him afterwards raised
^o the magistracy of a considerable rank and dignity in hi^
province. Luther was initiated very early into letter^ ;
a;)d, having learned the rudiments of grammar while he
continued at home with his parents, was, at the age o^
th-irteen^ sent to a school at Magdeburg. Here, however,
he remained only one year, for the circumstances of his
parents were at that time so very low, and so insufficient to
maintain bimj that he was forced, as Melchior Adam re-r
lates, ** Mendicato vivere pane," to beg his bread for sup-
port. From Magdeburg he was removed to a school at
Eysefiach, a city of Thuringia, for the sake of being among
kjs mother's relations ; for his mother was descended fromi
an ancient and reputable family in that town. Here ho
applied himself diligently to study for four years ; and
began to discover all that force and strength of parts, that
acuteness and penetration, that warm and rapid eloquence,^
which afterwards produced such wonderful effects.

In 1501 he was sent to the university of Erfurt, where
he went through the usual courses of logic and philosophy.
But Luther did not find his account in these studies ; did
aot feel that use and satisfaction arising from such verbose
and thorny sciences as logic and philosophy then were,
which he wanted and wished to feel. He very wisely,
therefore, applied himself to read the best ancient writers^
«uch as Cicero, Virgil, Livy, &c. and from them laid vsx
such a fund of good sense as enabled him to see through
the defects in the systems of the schools, as well as the
superstitions and errors of the church. He took a master^
degree in the university, when he was twenty; and thed
lead lectures upon Aristotle's physics, ethics, and othef

' « Diet. Hiit.

490 L U T B E R.

parts of lAiloMphy. Afterwards^ at the insdgaftron of hit
parents, ne studied the civil law, with a view of adviancing;
himself to the bar ; bat was diverted from this pursuit by
an event which he considered as admonitory, and whicliy
by wonderful gradations, led to his future eminence. Walk-
ing out into the fields one day, he was struck with ligtit-
iiing, so as to fall to the ground, while a com|ianion was
killed by his side ; and this affected him so sensibly^ that,
without communicating his purpose to any of his fi^end^
he withdrew himself from the world^ and retired into the.
order of the hermits of St. Augustine.

Here he employed himself in reading St Augustine and
the schoolmen ; but, in turning over the books of the H-'
brary, he found a copy of the Latin Bible, which he had
never seen before. This raised his curiosity to a high de^
gree ; be read it over with great avidity, and was amazed
to find what a small portion of the scriptures was allowed to
reach the ears of the people. He made his profession itk
the monastery of Erfurt, after he had been a novice one
year ; and took priest^s orders, and celebrated his first mass
in 1,507. The year after he was removed from the convent
of Erfurt to the university of Wittemberg ; which being
just founded, nothing was thought more likely to bring i^^
into imoiediate credit than the authority and presence of a
man so celebrated for his great parts and learning as
Luther. Here he read public lectures in philosophy for
three years, not in that servile, dull, mechanical way ia
which lectui£s were usually read, but with so much active
Spirit and forbe of genius, as to make it presaged that a
revolution might one day happen in the schools under his '
direction and management.

In 1512 seven convents of his order having a quarrel '
with their vicar-general, Luther was chosen to go to Rome
to maintain their cause, fie was indeed a proper person
for such employments ; for he was a man of a most firm
and steady temper, with a share of natural courage which'
nothing could subdue. At Rome he saw the pope and the
court, and had an opportunity of observing also the man-
ners of the cleiPgy, whose hasty, superficial, and impious
way of celebrating mass he has severely noted* '* I per-
formed mass," says he, ^^ at Rome; I saw it also per-
formed by others, but in such a manner that I never think
of it without the utmost horror.'* He often spoke aftier-
wards with great pleasure of his journey to4tome ; and

LUTHER. 491

used to saj th«t . he '^ woold not but have BMide it for a
thousand florins*'* As soon as be bad adjusted the dispute
which was .the business of bis journeyy he returned to
Witteinberg, and was created doctor of divinity, at the
expence oi Frederic, elector of Saxony, who had often
beard hi m preach, was perfectly acquainted with his merit,
and reverenced him highly. Luther, it appears, at first
declined the honour of this degree on account of his being,
in his own opinion, too young, for be was only in bis
thirtieth year; but it was told him that <<be most suffer
himself to be dignified, for that God intended to bring
about great things in the church by bis means ;*' which,
though it was certainly said in jest, proved at length a
very serious truth.

He continued in the university of Wittemberg, t^bere,
as professor of divinity, he employed himself in the busi«
nessofhis calling. The university, as we have observed^
bad been lately founded by Frederic, elector of Saxony,
who was one of the richest and most powerful princes at
that time in Germany, as well as one of the most magni*.
ficent and bountiful ; and who brought a great many
learned men thither, by large pensions and other enoou-*
ragemehts, and amongst the rest Luther. Here theh he
began in the most earnest manner to read lectures upon
the sacred books : be explained the epistle to the Romans,
ajid the Psalms, which he cleared up and illustrated in a
manner so entirely new, and so different from what bad
been pursued by former commentators, that ^^ there seemed j
after a long and dark night, a new. day to arise, in the
judgment of all pious and prudent men.** He settled the
precipe difference between the law and gospel, which be*
fore hail been confounded; refuted many errors, commonly
received both in the church and the schools ; and brought
many necessary truths to light, which might have been
vainly sought in Scotus and Aquinas. The better to qua-
lify himself for the task he had undertaken, he applied
hiqnself attentively to the Greek and Hebrew languages ;
to which, we are told, he was particularly excited by the
writings of Erasmus; who, though he always remained in
appearand' a papist, or at least had nothing decided in
his character, yet contributed much to the dispelling of
monkish ignorance, and overthrowing the kingdom of dark-
ness. In the mean time, Luther, while he was active in
propagating trdth and instruction by bis lectures and ser-

49> L U T tt JE R.

moDSy mftititaiMd an exempl^y severity in his life nxA
poitTersation, and was a most rigid observer of that discipline
whicfai iie enjoined to others. This gained liim vast credit
arid authority, and made all he delivered, however new or
unusual, mor^ readily accepted by those who heard Min.
, In this matoer was he employed when the general in-
dulgences w^re published in 15 i7. Leo X. who succeeded
Julius II. in March 1513, formed a design of building the
magnificent church of St. Peter's at Rome,' which was,
indeed, begun by Julius II. but still required very large
sums to be finished. The treasure of the apostolic cbam-
ber was much exhausted, and the pope himself, though 6f
a rich and powerful family, yet was far from being able to
do it at his own proper charge, on accoun't of the excessive
debts he had contracted before his ^dvancemeht to the
poj^dom. There was nothing new in the method of rais-
ing money by indulgences. This had been formerly on
several occasions practised by the court of Rome ; and
none had been found more effectual. Leo, therefore, in
1517, pbbjished general indulgences throughout ail Eu-
rope^ in favour of those who would contribute any sum to
the building of St. Peter's; and. appointed persons in dif-
ferent countries to preach up these indulgences, and to
receive money for them. Albert of Brandenburg, arch-*
bishop of Mentz and Magdeburg, who was soon after made
a cardinal, had a commission for Germany ; and Luther
assures us that he was to have half the money that was to
be raised, which does not seem improbable, for Albert'*
court was at that time very Insurious and splendid ; and be
bad borrowed 30,000 florins of that opulent family the Fug-
gets of Augsburg, to pay the pope for the bulls of his arch*
bishopric, which snip he was bound to repay. Be this
however as it will, Albert gave out this commission to JohU
Tetzel, or Tecelius, a Dbminicdn friar, and others of his
order. These indulgences were immediately exposed to
aale ; and Tetzel boasted of '' having so large a commis*
pion from the pope, that though a man should have de«
flowered the virgin Mary, yet for money he might be par-
doned.'' He added further, that " be did not only give
pardon for sins past, but for sins to come.** A book came
out also at the same time, under the sanction of the arch*
bishop, in which orders were given to the commissioner^
and collectors to enforce and press the pow6r of indul-
gences. Thesis persons performed their offices with greal

LUTHER. 49S

Zti9l indeed^ but not with suflkdent judgment aiid policy.
They over-acted their parts^ so that the people, to whom
they were become very troublesomci . ss^w through the
cheat ; being at length convinced, that under a pretence
pf indulgences they only meant; to plunder the Germans ;
and tbat| far from being solicitous about sieving the souls
iof others^ their only view was to enrich. themselves, . .
These strange proceedings gave great offence at Wit*
teinbergy and particularly inflamed the pious zeal of Lu^
ther, who, being naturally warm and active, and in ith#
present case unable to repress his indignation^ wasdeter-*
mined to declare against th^m, whatever might be the coo-
sequence*. Upon the eve. of All Saints,, therefore^ in
13 17, he publicly fixed up, at the church next to the
castle of that town, a .thesis npon indulgences ; in the be^
gicining of whipb b^ cballeoged.any one to oppose it, eithev-
by writing or disputation. This .thesis contained ninety<«
ILve propositions; in ^bich,.howeverf.bedid not directly,
oppose indulgences in tbems^elYes^ no.r the power of.th^
chuprch to grant them, but only maintained, ^/ That the
pope could release no punishments but what he infltct^^
and indulgences could be nothing but a relascatioix of eccl»*

* It has been saidby F. Paul, in his century before Luther, vis. from 145Qt

History of the Council of Trent, and to 1517, the name of an Austin friar

«fler him by Mr. HiiBie» ip bis History 9mploy«id in tbia aervioe ottskrB but

of Eoglaod, as well as by others, that once. To these facts it may be added,

thte Austin friars had been usually em- that it is far from being probable thai

ployed in preaebiog indulgences in Lttther would bate been solicitous

Sasooy ; and that Luther was prompt* about obtaining for himself or his orders

ed at first to oppose Tetzel and his a commission of this kind, at a time

aMOCiates, and to deny indulgences, when the preaching of indulgences

hy ft desire of taking reveago for thia was becomo yery iwpopalar ; when all

injury offered to his order. Such was the princes of Europe, and mao^

tli6 representation of Bossuet ; and bishops, as well' as other learned men^

<iiher writers, misled by bis authority, abhorred , the trafBo; and eveii 'the

baTe circulated a similar. opinion, it Fra^ciscana and Dominioans, towwds

is proper, therefore, to observe, that the conclusion of the fifteenth century,

the publioation of indulgences in Ger- opposed it publicly, both in their dis-

manf was not nsually committed to courses and wHtingit nor was this

the Augustins : from 1239 that lucra- commission giyen to thp DomiaicaQf

tive commission was prtnoipatly in- in general, but solely to Tetzel. Fi-

tMtted with the Dominicans ; and they nally, Lnther wfts never accused of

had been employed in the same office opposing the publioation of indulgences

a short time before the present period : from resentment or envy, either in the

- the promulgation of them, at three edicts of the pontiffs of his time, or in

different perMs under Julius 11. was the reproaohes- of his contemporarjr

granted to the Franciscans, and the writers, who defended the cause of

guardian of the Franciscans was joined Rome from 1517 to 1546, and who

ia tbe trust with Albert on this ooca- wete ht from being sparing of their

jiooy. Jbhougb he fefuted to aoc^( «it $ invectives and caUimnietb 8ee on this

luid it is remtrl^able* thai for naif » gubjoct Mosheim, and RobertsoQ,

494 LUTHER.

siastical penalties ; tfast tbey affected oi^ly the living ; tiiat
the dead were not subject to canonical ^^tiances, and so
could receive no benefit by indulgences ; and that snch as
were in purgatory could not by them be delivered from the
punishment of their sins; that indeed the pope did not
grant indulgences to the souls of the dead, ,by virtue of the
power of the keys, but by way of suffrage ; tbat indul-
gences seldom remit all punishment ; that those who be-
lieve they shall be saved by indulgences only, shall be
damned with their masters ; that contrition can procure
remission of the fault and punishment without indulgences,
but tbat indulgences can do nothing w^ithout contrition ;
that, however, the pope's indulgence is not to be con-
temned, because it is the declaration of a pardon obtained
of God, but only to be preached up with caution, lest the
people should think it preferable to good works ; that
Christians should be instructed, bow much bet^r it is to
abound in works of mercy and charity to the poor, than to
purchase a pardon; and that itisa>matter of indifference
either to buy, or not to buy, an indulgence ; that indul-
gences are not to be trusted to^ that it is hard to^say what
that treasure of the chiiroh is, which is said to be the foun-
dation of indulgences ; that it is not the merits of Christ
or bis saints, because tbey produce grace in the inner
man, and crucify the outward man, without the pope's inter-
posing ; that this treasure can be nothing but the power of
the keys, or the gospel of the glory and grace of Grod ;
that indulgences cannot remit the most venial sin in respect
of the guilt; that they remit nothing to them who by a
sincere contrition have a right to a perfect remission ; and
that Christians are to be exhorted to seek pardon of their
sins by the pains and labour of penance, rather than to get
them discharged without reason."

This is the doctrine of Luther's thesis ; in which, if he
does not attack indulgences directly, he certainly repre-
sents them as useless and ineffectual. He also condemns
in it several propositions which he attributes to his adver-
saries, and inveighs against several abuses of which he
affirms them guilty, as for example, '^ The reserving eccle-
siastical penances for purgatory, or eommuttng them into
the pains of purgatory ; teaching that indulgences free men
from ail the guilt and punishment of sin ; preaching that
the soul, which they please to release out of puigatory,
6ie$ immediately to heaven when the mpney is cast into

LUTHER. 495

the cfa^t; m^iitiUinifig, that these indulgences are ah
inestimable gift, by which man is reconciled to God ; ex-
acting from the poor, contrary to the pope's intentions ;
causing the preaching the word of God to cease in other
churches that they may have a greater concourse of people
in those where indulgences are preached ; advancing this
scandalous assertion, that the pope's indulgences have
such a virtue, as to be able to absolve a man though he
has ravished the mother of God, which is a thing im-
possible ; publishing, that the cross with the arms of the
pope, i) equal to the cross of Christ, &c. Such positions
as these," says he, y have made people ask, and justly,
why the pope, out of charity, does not deliver all souls out
of purgatory, since he can deliver so great a number for
3 little money, given for the building of a church ? Why
he suffers prayers and anniversaries for the dead, which
are certainly delivered out of purgatory by indulgences ?
Why the pope, who is richer than several Crcesuses, can-
not build the church of St. Peter with his own money, but
at* the expence of the poor ?'' &c. In thus attacking indul-
gences, and the commissioners appointed to publish them;
L»uther seemed to attack Albert, the archbishop of Mentz,
under whose name and authority they were published. Of
this he was himself aware ; and,, therefore, the visry eve
on which he fixed up his thesis, he wrote a letter to him;
in which, after humbly representing to him the grievances
just recited, he besought him to remedy and correct them 5
and concluded with imploring pardon for the freedom he
had taken, protesting that what he did was out of duty,
aad with a faithful and submissive tenlper of mind.

Luther's propositions concerning indulgences were no.
sooner published, than Tetzel, the Dominican friar and
commissioner for selling them, maintained and published
at Francfort, a thesis containing a set of propositions di-
rectly contrary to them. He also stirred up the clergy of
his order against Luther ; anathematized him froni the
pulpit as a most damnable heretic ; and burnt his thesis
publicly at Francfort. Eight hundred copies of TetzePs
thesis were also burnt in return by some persons at Wit-
temberg; but Luther himself disowned hating had any
hand in that procedure, and in a letter to Jodocus, a pro-
fessor at Isenac, who had formerly been his master, asked
him " If he thought Luther so void of common- sense as to
do a thing of that kind in a place where hie had not any

,496 LUTHER.

jurisdictioo, and against a divine of so great authority as
Tetzel ?" Luther, indeed, although he perceived that his
propositions were very well liked, and entertained as per-
fectly sound and orthodox, yet behaved himself at first
with great calmness and submission. He proposed them
to be discussed only in the way of disputation, till the
church should determine what was to be thought of indul-
gences. He wrote to Jerom of Brandenburg, under whose
jurisdiction he was, and submitted what he had written to
that bishop's judgment. He entreated him either to scratch
-out with his pen, or commit to the flames, -whatever should
seem to him unsound ; to which, however, the bishop re-
plied, that he only begged him to defer the publiccition
of bis propositions; and added, that he wished no dis-
course bad been started about indulgences. Luther com-
plied with the bishop^s request ; and declared that <^ it gave .
Kim mor« pleasure to be obedient, than it would to work
miracles, if he was ever so able." And so much justice
must be done to Luther, even by those who are not of bis
party, as to acknowledge that he was willing to be silent,
and to Say nothing more of indulgences, provided the same
conditions might be imposed apon his adversaries.

But the spirit of peace deserted, the church for a season;
and a quarrel begun by two privalte monks, ended as we
shall see, in a mighty revolution. Luther was qow at-
tacked by adversaries innumerable from all sides; three of
the principal of whom were, John Eckius, divinity professor
and vice-chancellor of the university of Ingolstadt, who
wrote notes upon bis thesis, which Luther answered by
other notes ; Sylvester Prierius, or Prierio, a Dominican,
jmd master of the holy palace ; and one Jacob Hogostra-
pxUf a friar-preacher, who singled out some of his proposi-
tions, and advised the pope to condemn and burn him, if
he would not immediately retract them. Luther contented
himself with publishing a kind of manifesto against Hogo-
stfatus, in which he reproaches him with cruelty and igno-
rance ; but as Prierius bad drawn up bis animadversions
ID th(e form of a dialogue, to which was prefixed a dedica-
tion to the pope ; and built all he had advanced against
Luther upon the principles of Thomas Aquinas, Luther,
in an epistle to the reader, opposed Holy Scripture to the
«ut|iority of this saint ; and declared, among other things,
that ^^ if tb^ pope and the cardinals were, like this Domi-
mean^ to set up any authority against that of Scripture^ it

LUTHER. 497

conld no longer be doubted that Rome was itself the veiy
seat of antichrist ; and then happy would Bohemia and all '
other countries be, who should separate themselves from it
as soon as possible.*'

* In 1513, Luther, though dissuaded from it by his
friends, yet, to shew his obedience to authority, went to
the monastery of St. Augustine at Heidelberg, while the
chapter was held ; and here maintained, April 26, a dispute
concerning " justification by faith," which Bucer, who
was present, took down in writing, and afterwards com-
municated to Beatus Rhenanus, not without the highest
commendations. Luther has given an account of this dis-
piite, and says, that " the doctors there opposed him with
such moderation and good manners, that he could not but
think the better of them for it. And although the doctrine
he maintained was perfectly new to them, yet they all ac-
iquitted themselves very acutely, except one of the juniors,
^vho created much mirth and laughter by observing, that
if the country people were to hear what strange positions
were admitted, they would certainly stone the whole as-
sembly/'

. In the mean time, the ze^l of his adversaries grew every
day more active against him ; and he was at length accused
to Leo X. as an heretic. As soon as he returned therefore
from Heidelberg, he wrote a letter to that pope, in the most
submissive terms ; and sent him at the same time an explica-
tion of his propositions about indulgences. He tells his ho-
liness in this letter, that " he was greatly troubled ^t being
represented to him as a person who opposed tiae authority.
and power of the keys and pope ; that this accusation ama-
zed him, but that he trusted to his own innocencv."' Thea
be sets forth the matter of fact, and says, that the *^ preach-
ers of the jubilee thought all things lawful for them under
the pope's name, and taught heretical and impious propo-
sitions^ to the scandal and contempt of the ecclesiastical
power, and as if the decretals against the abuses of coU
lectors did not concern them ; that they had published
books, in which they taught the same impieties and here-
sies, not to mention their avarice and exactions ; that. they
had found out no other way to quiet the offence their ill
conduct had given, than by terrifying men with the name
of pope, and by threatening with fire, as heretics, all those
who did not approve and submit to their exorbitances ;
that being animated with a zeal for Jesiis Christy and

Vol. XX. Kk

498 LUTHER.

pushed on by the heat of youth, he had given notice of
these abuses to the superior powers; whose not regarding
it had induced him to oppose them with lenity, by pub-
lishing a position which he invited the most learned to dis-
pute with him. This,'* says he, ** is the flame which th^y
say has set the whole world on IBre. Is it that I have not
a right, as a doctor of divinity, to dispute in the public
schools upon these matters? These theses were made only
for my own. country; and I am surprised to see them
spread into all parts of the world. They were, rather dis*
putable points than decisions ; some of them obscure, and
in need of being cleared. What shall 1 do? I cannot
draw them back, and yet I see I am made odious. It is a
trouble to me to appear in public, yet I am constrained
to do it. It is to appease my adversaries, and give satis-
faction to several persons, that I have published explica-
tions of the disputes I have engaged in ; which I now do
under your holiness's protection, that it may be known how
sincerely I honour the power of the keys, and with what
injustice my adversaries have represented me. If I were
such a one as they give out, the elector of Saxony would
not have tolerated me in his university thus long," He
concludes in the following words : ** I cast myself, holy
father, at your feet, with all J am and have. Give me
life, or put me to death; confirm, or revoke, approve or
disapprove, as you please. I own your voice as that of
Jesus Christ, who rules and speaks by you ; and if I have
deserved death I refuse not to die." This letter is dated
on Trinity Sunday, 1518, and was accompanied with a
protestation, in which he declared, that " he cjid not .pre-
tend to advance or defend any thing contrary to the Holy
Scripture, or to the doctrine of the fathers, received ajid
observed by the church of Rome, or to the canons iand de-
cretals of the popes; nevertheless, he thought he had the
liberty, either to approve or disapprove the opinipusof St.
Thomas, Bonaventure, and other schoolmen and canonists,
which are not grounded upon any tpxt."

The emperor Maximilian was equally solicitous wrth the
pope, about putting a stop to the propagation of LutKer's
ppinions in Saxony; since the great number of his fojlowjers,
and the resolution with which he defended th^^, jooad^ it evi-
dent beyond dispute that if he were not iipme,di^fi2)y checked
be would beconxe troublesome both to the jchyrqn and em-
pire. Maximilian therefore applied to Leo in a letter

LUTHER. 4»9

datftd Aug. 5» 1^18, and begged bin^ to forbid by bis au-^
tfaority, these usaeless, r^h, and dangerous, disputes ; as-
suring faitfi also that he would strictly execute in the em^*
pife whatever tfis boKt^^eiis should enjoin. The pope oti
his part ordered J^romde Genutiis, bishop of Asciilai ok
Ascolt, auditor of the aponoliib ehamber, to cite Ldtia«r to
appear at Rom^ within sixty days, that he might give an
actsouut of his doctrine to the auditor and laascer of th^
palace, to whooi he had committed the judgment of that
cause. He wrote at the same time to Fredei^ick the elector
of Saxony, to j^ray him not to protect Luther ; and let
him. know that lie bad cited him, and had given cardinai
Cajetan, his legate in Genna'ny, the necessary instructions
u^On tijat occasion. He ex^horts the elector to put Luther
into the hands of this legate, that he might be carried to
Rome ; assuring him that, if be wet^ imiocent, he would
settd hiib back absolved, and if he ^ere guilty, woivld
pardon him upon his repentance. This letter to Frederi-c
was dated Aug. 2^, [518, aivd it ^as by no means umie-fc
Ces^ary ; for though Locher had nothitig lo trust to at first
but his own personal qualities, bis parts, his kammg!, and
histsourage, yet he was afterwards countenaitced and sup*
pointed by thi* elector, a prince of great personal wori^%
At the sianfi^ time dAs^ the po^ sent a bri^f to cardinal Ca»
jeian, in which he ordered him to bring Luther before imA
zis soon as possible ; and to hinder the princes i^rom bevng
any impedimerrt to the execution of this order, he de-
nounced the ^a4sbme^ts pf e^fcommnnieatron, interdic*
tion, and privdtiorn. of goods agairvst all who t^hould re*
kj^etve Lutb&r, and give hirti protection ; and promse^ «,
plenary indulgence to thosse who should assist in delivering
liimup.

In the tfy^ntime Lufbeir, ^s soon as he understood wh«t
was transacting about hiin at Rome, used ail imaginable
means to prevent his being carried thither, and to obtain a
hearing of his. cause in Germany. The univerj>ity of Wit-
temberg interceded for him, and wrote a letter to the
pope, to excuse him froYn going to Rome, because his
health would not permit it ; and assured his holiness that he
h'ail asserted nothing contrary to the doctrine of the church,
.and that all they could charge him with was iiis laying
down some propositions in disputation too freely, though
without any view of deciding upon them. The elector
also was against Lu therms agoing to Home, and de^sired of

K K 2

500

LUTHER.

cardinal Cajetan, that be might be heard before hinii a»
his legate in Germany. Upon these addresses, the pope
consented that the cause should be tried before cardinal
Cajetan, to whom he had given power to decide it. Lu«
ther, therefore, set off immediately for Augsburg, poor,
and on foot, as he says in his narrative, and carried with
him letters from the elector*. He arrived here in October
1518, and upon an assurance of his safety, was admitted
into the cardinal's presence. The legate told him that hc^
did not intend to enter into any dispute with him, but
should only propound three things to him, on the pope^s
behalf; and he did admonish him, *^ First, to become a
sound member of the church, and to recaut his errors ;
secondly, to promise that he would not teach such perni-
cious doctrines for the future ; and thirdly, to take care
that the peace of the church was not broken by his means."
Luther beseeched the legate to acquaint him what his er-
rors weire, who alleged to him a decretal of Clement VL
* in which ^^ the merits of Jesus Christ are affirmed to be a
treasure of indulgences," which he the said Luther denied;
and objected to him also bis teaching, that ^^ faith was ne-
cessary for all who should receive the sacrament, so as to
obtain any benefit by it." Luther replied, that '< he had
read the decretal of Clenrient, which the legate alleged ;
but did humbly conceive that it was not of sufficient au-
thority to retract any opinion which he believed to be con«
. formable to Holy Scripture." The legate had then re-
course tq the authority of the pope, who, he said, ** could
only decide upon the sense of Scripture;" upon which
Luther desired time to deliberate upon what the legate had
proposed to him, and so the dispute ended for that day.

The next day, which was Oct. 12^ Luther returned to -a
second conference with the legate, accompanied with four
counsellors of the empire, and a notary ; and broqght with

* On the ,efe of his departure on
this expedition, so hazardous to him-
self and BO important in its . conse-
quences to the world, he wrote a short
letter to his intimate friend Melauc*
thon, which strongly marks the intre-
pidity of his character. " I know no-
thing new or extraordinary here," says
lie, *' except that I am hecome the
subject of conversation throughout the
whole city, and tha^ every one wishes
to see the man who is to be the Victim
of such a conflagration. You will act

your part properly, as you have al-
ways done ; and teach the youth in-
trusted to your care. I go, for you,
and for them, to be sacrificed if it
should so pleasle God. I rather choose
to perish, and, what is more afllieting,
to be for ever deprived even of your
society, than to retract what 1 have
already justly asserted, or to be the
means of affording the stupid adversa-
ries of all liberal studies an opportu-
nity of accomplishing their purpose.*^
Roscoe's Leo.

LUTHER. 501

kim a protestation, in which he declared that ^* he ho*
tioured* and would obey the holy church of Rome in ail
things ; that if he had said or done any thing contrary to
its decisions, he desired it might be looked upon as never
said or done ;*' and for the three propositions made to him
by the legate, he declared, " That, having sought only the
truth, he bad committed no fault, and could not retract
errors of which he had not been convinced, nor even heard ;
that he was firmly persuaded of his having advanced no-
thing contrary to Scripture and the dodtrines of the fathers;
that, nevertbeless, being a man, and subject to error, he
woirld submit himself to the lawful determination of the
church ; and that be ofiPered, further, to give reasons in
this place, and elsewhere, of what he had asserted, answer
the objections, and hear the opinions of the doctors of the
famous universities of Basil, Friburg, Louvain," &c. The
legate only repeated what he had said the day before about
the authority of the pope, and exhorted Luther again to
retract. Luther answered nothing, but presented a writing
to the legate, which, he said, contained all he had to an-
swer. The legate received the writing, but paid no regard
to it ; he pressed Luther to retract, threatening him with
the censures of the church, if be did not ; and commanded
him not to appear any more in his presence, unless he
brought his recantation with him. Luther was now con-
vinced that he had more to fear from the cardinal^s power
than from disputations of any kind ; and therefore, appre-
hensive of being seized if he did not submit, withdrew
from Augsburg upon the 20th. But, before his departure,
he published a formal appeal to the pope, in which he de-
clared, that ** though he had submitted to be tried by car-
dinal Cajetan, as his legate, yet he had been so borne
down and injured by him, that he was constrained at length
to appeal to the judgment of his holiness.^' He wrote like-
wise a letter to the cardinal, and told him that ^< he did
not think himself bound jio continue any longer at Augs-
burg ; that he would retire after he had made his appeal ;
that he would always submit himself to the judgment of
the church ; but for his censures, that as he had not de-
served, so he did not value them."

Though Luther was a man of invincible courage, yet
he was animated in some measure to these firm and vigo-
rous proceedings by an assurance of protection from Fre-
deric of Saxony ; being persuaded, as be sa^s in his letter

f(^2 L U T H fi R

to the legate^ t\M an appeal woluld be 1001^ agMesd^le t^
that elector^ than a recantation. On thU aceount, the
first tbing which the legate didi after Luther^s departure,
was to send an account to the elector of wba,t bad passed
at Augsburg. He complained that Lumber left bim with*
out taking leave, and without his knowledge; and although
be bad given bim hopes that be would retract and submit^
yet had retired without affording him the least .$atiBfaGtion.
He acquainted the elector that Luther had advanced aud
maintained several propositions of a most damnable nature,
and contrary to the doctrine of the holy see. He prays
him to discharge bis conscience, and to keep unspotted
the honour of his illustrious bouse, by either sending bim
to Rome, or banishing him from bis dominions. He as-
sured bim that this matter could not continue loog as it
was at present, but would soon be prosecuted at Rome ;
and that, to get it out of bis own hands, he bad written
to the pope about it. When this letter, Oct. 25, 15)8,
was delivered to the elector, be communicated it to Luther,
who immediately drew up a defence pf himself agsiinst it
In this defence be offers to the elector to leave his country,
if his highness thought proper, that he might be more at
liberty to defend.bimself against the papal authority, with-
out bringing any inconveniences upon his highness by that
means. But his friends advised bim very wisely to remain
in Saxony ; and the university of Wittemberg presented
^n address to the elector, praying bim to afford Lutber so
much favour and protection, that he might not be obliged
to recant his opinions, till it was made appear that ^ey
ought to be condemned. But this address was needless ;
the elector was resolved not to desert Luther, and told the
legate in an answer, t)ec. tbe 1 Sth, that he '* hoped be
would have deaJt with Luther in another manner, and not
have obliged bim to recant before his cause was heard
jind judged ; and that there, were several men in bis own
and in other universities, wlio did not think. Luther's doc-
trine eith'er impious or heretical ^ that if be had believed
it s-uch, there would .have been no need of admonishing
-hinl not to tolerate it ; that Luther not being convicted of
heresy, he coi/ld not banish him from bis states, nor send
bim to Rome ; and that, sinee Luther offered to submit
himself to the judgment of tbe universities, be thought
tliey ought to bear him, or at least shew bim the errors
which he taught ia his writings.'^ Luther, seeing bim^If

LUTHER. 30S

thus supported, continued to teach the same doctrines^ at
Witteraberg, and sent a challenge to all the inquisitors tjo
come and dispute with him ; offering them not only a safe
conduct from his prince, but assuring them also of good
entertainment, and that their charges should' be borne so
long as they remained in Wittemberg.

while these things passed in GeriYiahy, Leo attempted
to put an end to these disputes about indulgences, by a de-
cision of his own ; and for that purpose, November the
^th, published a brief, directed to cardi'nal pajetan, i;q
which he declared, that **' the pope, the successor of St.
Peter, and vicar of Jesus Christ upon earth, I^ath power to
pardon, by virtue of tfce keys, the guilt and punishmept
of sin, the gnilt by the sacrament 9f penance, and the
temporal punishments due for actual sins by indulgences;
that these indulgences are taken from the overplus of tKe
merits of Jesus Christ and his saints, a treasure? at the pope^s
own disposal, as well by way of absolution as suffrage; arid
that the dead and the living, who properly and truly ob-
tain these indulgences,' are immediately freed from the
punishii>ent due to tlieir actual sihs^ according to the dl-
"vine justice, which allows these indulgences "to be granted,
and obtained.'* This brief ordains, that '" all the world
shallhofd and preach this doctrine, under the pain of ex-
communication reserved to the pope ; and enjoins cardinal
Cajetan to send it to all the archbishops and bishops bf
Germany, and cause it to be put into execution by themi'*
Luther knew very well that after this judgment made by
the pope, he could not possibly escape being proceeded
against, and condemned at Rome; and therefore, upon
the 28th of the same month, published a new appeal from
tfie pope to a general council, in which he asserts the su-
perior authority of the latter over the former. The pope,
foreseeing that he should not easily manage Luther so loijg
as the elector of Saxony continued to support and protect
him, sent the elector a golden rose, such an one as he
used to bless every year, and send to several princes, as
marks oFhis particular favour to them. Miltitius, or Mil-
titz, his chamberlain, who was a German, was intrusted
with this commission ; by whom the pope sent also letters
in'Jan. 151'^,' to the elector's counsellor and secretary, in
which he prayed those ministers to use all possible interest
with their master, tjhat he would stop the progress of Lu-
ther's errors, and imitate therein the piety of li'/ ancestors.

50^ LUTHER.

It appears by Seckendorf 's account of Miititz*8 negotiadod,
that Frederick bad long solicited for this bauble from the
pope ; and that three or four years before, when bis elec-
toral highness was a bigot to the court of Rome, it had
probably been a most welcome present. But it was now
too late! Lu therms, contests with the see of Rome had
opened the elector^s eyes, and enlarged his mind ; and
therefore, when Miltitz delivered his letters, and dischai^ed
his commission, he was received but coldly by the elector,
who valued not the consecrated rose, nor would receive it
publicly and in form, but only privately, and by his proc-
tor ; and to the i;emonstrances of Miltitz respecting Lu-
- ther, answered that he would not act as a judge, nor op-
press a man whom he bad hitherto considered as innocent.
It is thought that the death of the emperor Maximilian,
who expired on the 12th of this month, greatly altered the
* fape of affairs, and made the elector more able to deter-
mine Luther's fata Miltitz thought it best, therefore, to
try what could be done by fair and gentle means,' and to
that end came to a conference with Luther. He poured
forth many commendations upon him, and earnestly in-
treated him that he would himself appease that tempest
which could not but be destructive to the cburch* He
blamed at the same time the behaviour and conduct of
Tetzel ; whom he called before him, and reproved with so
much sharpness, that he died of melancholy a short time
after. Luther, amazed at all this civil treatment^ which
he bad never before experienced, commended Miltitz
highly, owned that, if they had behaved to him so at first,
all the troubles occasioned by tbese^ disputes, had beeu
avoided ; arid did not forget to cast the blame upon Albert
archbishop of Mentz, who had increased these troubled by
' his severity. Miltitz' also made dome concessious ; as, that
the people had been seduced by false opinions about in-^
dulgences, that Tetzel had given the occasion, that the
^chbishop had employed Tetzel to get money, that Tetzel
had exceeded the bounds of bis commission, &c. This
mildness and sieeming candour on the part of Miltitz gained*
so wonderfully upon Luther, that, he wrote a most sub-
missive letter to the pope, on March 13, 1519. Miltitz,
however, taking for granted that they would not be con-
tented at Rome with this letter of Luther's, written, as it
Was, in general terms orily, proposed to refer the matter
^o some other jttdgment ; and it was agreed between tb^m

LUTHER. *a5

tlisit the eleetoT of Triers should be the judge, and Cob-
lentz the place of conference ; but this came to nothing ;
for Luther afterwards gave some reasons for not going to
Coblentz, and the pope would not refer the matter to the
elector of Triers.

. During all these treaties, the doctrine of Luther spread,
' and prevailed ; and he himself received great encourage-
< ment at home and abroad. The Bohemians about this time
sent him a book of the celebrated John Huss, who had fallen
a ibartyr in the work of reformation ; and also letters, in
which tbey exhorted him to constancy and perseverance,
owtiing, that the divinity which he taught was the pure,
sound, and orthodox divinity. Many great and learned
men bad joined themselves to him : among the rest Philip
Melancthon, whom Frederic had invited to the university
of Wittemberg in August 1518, and Andrew Carolosta-
dius, archdeacon of that town, who was a great linguist.
They desired, if possible, to draw over Erasmus to their
party ; and to that end we find Melancthon thus express-
ing himself in a letter to that great man, dated Leipsic,
Jan. 5, 1519: '< Martin Luther, who has a very great
> esteem for you, wishes of all things that you would*
thoroughly approve of him ;" and Luther himself wrote to
Erasmus, in very respectful and even flattering terms. The
elector of Saxony was desirous also to know Erasmus's opi-
nion of Luther, and might probably think, that as Erasmus
had most of the monks for his enemies, and* some of those
who were warmest- against Luther, he might easily be pre-
vailed on to come over to their party. It would, indeed, have,
been a considerable object, if they could have gained this
point ; for the reputation of Erasmus was so great, that if he
had once declared for Luther, almost all Germany would
have declared along with him.

But Erasmus, whatever he might think of Luther's opi-
nions, had neither his impetuosity, nor his courage. He
contented himself, therefore, with acting and speaking in
his usual strain of moderation, and wrote a letter to the
elector Frederic, in which he declared *^ his dislike of the
arts which were employed to make Luther odious ; that he
did no( know Luther, and so could neither approve nor
condeOin his writings, because indeed h& had not read
them ; that however he condemned the railing at him with
so much violence, because he had submitted himself to the
judgment of those whose office it was ta determiiie, and no

$qi9 ^ U T H E E.

jpjp \}fk^ end^vouried to convince him of his error ; that
^i^ ^ntagopi^t^ seeme^cl rather to seek liis deatti, than his
ai^lyatioi) ; ^ha^t tht^y luistook the matter in supposing, that
all ,errpr is heresy ^ tliat there are errors in all the writings '
oi^ both ancients and moderns ; that divines are of different
9pipioji$ ; tha,t it is more prudent to qse moderate, than
violent means ; that the ^lector ought to prqt^ct innoqenqy,
smd that this was the intent of Leo X.'* Erasmus wrote
also a iriencily letter in answer to Luther^ s, and told him,
t^at ^^ his bpaks ha><l raided such ap uproar at jUonmtiiy as
it was not p(\sfible ibr him tp describe ; that Be could not
IfSive believed divines coifld have been such madmen, if be
had ngt been present, and seen th,em with bis eyes ; that,
by d^ffendinghim, he had rendered himself suspected ; that
ipany abused hjin as the leader of thi^s facti9n, so they call
it ; tf)at there Wj^re many in England, and some at Louvain,
lio incpnsiderahle persons, who big|hly approved his opi-
nipps; that, tor bis own p^^rt, be endeavoured to car^y
niofself as evenly as he could wiili all parties, that he mid^t
more f^fFecti^ally serve the interests of learning and reli-
gion ; th^t, however, he thought more might be done hy
civil and modes^ o^^ans than by intjemperate heat and passion;
tivat it would be b^ette^ to inveigh against those who abuse
tb^ pope's authority, than against tne popes themselves;
that new opinions sibpuld rather l^e promoted in the way of
,.pf:9Ppsing doubts and difficulties, than hy affiripingand de-
cic^ng peremptorily ; th^t nQtiplng should be delivered with
faction and arrogance ; but that the mind, in these cases^
sbpuld be kept entirely free from anger, hatred, and vain-
glory. I say not this," says Erasmus, " as if you wanted
.jany admonitions of this kind, but only that you may not
want tijiem hereafter, any more than you do at present.".
When this letter was written, Erasmus and Luther had.
never seen /eac^ other : it is dated from Louvain, May 30,
1519 ; and it is hardly possible to read it without suspect-
ioff, that JErasiijtus was entirely in Luther's sentiments, if ^e
had. possessed, ^be courage to declare it. lie concludes in
tti^^e y^pti^ Wihich seem to imply as much : ^' I have dipped
into your cofptpiv^ntaries upon the Psalms; they ple^e
, me prodigiously, and I hope will be read with great advan-
tage. There is a prior of the i^onastery of Antwerp, who
says he was foriperly your pupil, and Ipve.s you mpst af-
fectionately. He is a truly Christian ,ms^u, and .alpi.ost the
only one.of his society who preaches Christ, tbe.res( being

L U T JH E R. gQl

^wo profit. I bjtv^ iMrrittefi |o IVI^»OC|hQn. T^^ Lord ifm$
pi)ur upon you bis spirit, t^t ypti .ni^ abound mqrQ ^0|i
more every day, to bi^ glpry in tb^ seryi^^e of tbe cbmoh.

Farewell."

Ill i|;i.9 Lutber bad a ha^^s dUppt^ at [jsipiic wUb
John Eckius. Eckius, as we b^v^ ob9^i'V^d, v^rote notisa
vpon Lutber's tb^ses, wbjqb Lutber fir^t, and aft;^rwa(di
Carolostadiud, luiswer^d. The dispute tb))$ depending, a
Cdu^fi^f\ce was propped ^t Leipsic, witb tbe consent of
George duke of Saxony, wbo 9¥as jcou^ifi-german to Fre*
deric tbe elector; and accordingly Lutb<sr went thilber ai
tbe end of June, accompanied by Carolostadius and M^*
lancthon. Melcbior Ad^m relates that Lutber couH not
obtain leave tp dispute {qv ^\}\e time, but was only a spec-
tator of what passed between Carolostadius and Eckius,
till Eckius got at last a4>rpteetion for bim from tbe duke.
It is certain, however, that they disputed upon the nio»t
4eUcate points ; upon purgatory, upon ioddlgences; and
eftpecially upon tbe authority of the pope. Luther ob*
Jected to this last, as being an invidious and unnecessary
subject; and that he would not have meddled witb it, if
£ckius had not put it auiong the. propositions which they
ivere to argue. J^ckius answered, and it mu^t he owned
witb some reason, that Lutber bad first given occasion to
that question, by touching iipon it himself, and teaching
several things contrary to the authority of the holy see. In
this dispute, after mjany texts of >scripture, and many pas-
sages from the fathers, bad boen cited and canvassed by
.both sides, ibey came to settle the sense of the famous
jHTords, ^' Thou art Peter, and upon this rock will I build
iny church.*' Lutber as^ert^d. That by rock is to be un-
derstood either power or faith : if power, then oiir Saviour
hath added to ixo. purpose, ^^ and I will give thee the keys,
&c.*' if faith, as it ought, then it is also common to all
0tber churches, and not peculiar to that of Rome* Eckius
replied. That these words settled a supremacy upon St.
Peter; that they ought to be janderstood of bis person, ac-
cording to the explication of the fathers ; that the contrary
(pinion was one of the errors of Wickliff and John Huss,
which were condemned ; and that he followed the opinion
of the Bohemians. Luther was not to be silenced with this,
but said. That although all the fathers had understood that
passage of St. Peter in the sense of Eckius, yet he would

508 LUTHER.

oppose tbem with the authority of St Paul and St. Peter
himself; who say, that Jesus Christ is the only foundation
and corner-stone of his church ; and as to his following the
opinion of the ' Bohemians, in maintaining a proposition
condemned with John Huss, that *^ the dignity of the pope
was established by the emperor/* though he did not, he
said, approve of the schism of the Bohemians, yet he
should make no scruple to affirm, that, among the articles
condemned with John Huss, there were some very sound
and orthodox. This dispute ended at length like all others,
the parties not the least nearer in opinions, but more at
enmity with each other^s' persons. It seems, however,
granted on all sides, that while Eckius made the best pos-
fiiible defence for his party, Luther did not acquire in this
dispute that success and applause which he expected;
and it is agreed also, that he made a concjession to Eckius,
which he afterwards retracted, that the pope was head of
the church by human though not by divine right ; which
made George duke of Saxony say, after the dispute was
over, " Sive Jure divino, sive humano sit papa, est tamen
papa :" " Whether he be pope by divine right or human,
he is nevertheless pope.'*'

This same year 1519, Luther's books concerning induU
gences were formally censured by the divines of Louvain
and Cologne. The former having consulted with the car-
dinal of Tortosa, afterwards Adrian VL passed their cen-
sure on the 7th of November; and the censure of the lal-
l;er, which was made at the request of the divines of Lou-
vain, was dated on the 30th of August. Luther wrote im-
mediately against these censures, and declared that be
valued them not : that several great and good men, such
as Occam, Picus Mirandula, Laurentius Valla, and others,
had been condemned in the same unjust manner; nay, he
would venture to add to the list, Jerom of Prague and John
Huss. He charged those universities with rashness, in
being the first that declared against him ; and accused
them of want of proper respect and deference to the holy
see, in condemning a book presented to the pope, or
which judgment had not yet been passed. About the end
of this year, Luther published a book, in which he con-
tended for the communion being celebrated in both kinds.
This was condemned by the bishop of Misnia, Jan. 24,
1520. Luther, seeing himself so beset with adversaries,
wrote a letter to the new emperor, Charles V. of Spain,

LUTHER. 509

who wa^Dot yet come into Germany, and another to the
elector of IVfentz ; in both which he humbly implores pro-
tection, till he should be able to give an account of him-
self and his opinions ; adding, that he did not desire to be
defended, if he were convicted ~ of impiety or heresy, but
only that he might not be condemned without a hearing*
The former of these letters is dated Jan. 15, 1520; the
latter, Feb. 4. The elector Frederic fell about this time
into a dangerous illness, which threw the whole party, into
great consternation, and occasioned some apprehensions at
Wittemberg ; but of this he happily recovered.

While Luther was labouring to excuse himself to tho,
emperor and the bishops of Germany, Eckius had gone to
Rome, to solicit his condemnation : which, it may easily
be conceived, was not now very diflSicult to be obtained, as
be and his whole party were had in abhorrence, and the
elector Frederic was out of favour,, on account of the pi:Q-
tectipn which he afforded Luther. The elector excused
himself to the pope, in a letter dated April 1 ; which the
pope answered, and sent, him at the same time a copy of.au
bull, in which he was required ^^ either to oblige Luther
to retract his errors, or to imprison him for the disposatof
the pope." This peremptory proceeding alarmed at first
the court of the elector, and many German nobles who
were of Luther^s party, but their final resolution was, to
protect and defend him. In the mean time, though
Luther?s condemnation was determined at Rome, Miltitz
did not cease to treat in Germany, and to propose means
of accommodation. To this end he applied to the chapter
of the Augustine friars there, and prayed them to interpose
their authority, and to beg of Luther that he would endea-
vour to conciliate the pope by a letter, full of submission
and respect. Luther consented to write, and his letter
bears date April the 6th ; but matters had been carried too
far on both sides, ever to admit of a reconciliation. The
mischief Luther, had done, and continued to do, to the
papal authority, was irreparable ; and the rough usage and
persecutions he bad received from the pope'js party, had
now inflamed his active spirit to that degree, that it was
not possible to appease it, but by measures which the
pope and the court of Rome could never be expected to
adopts At all events, the letter he wrote at this juncture
could not be attended with any healing consequences ; the
style and sentiments were too irritating for a less degree of

il6 L U T H E R.

j^ae th&n thkl Which i^k-esided ^t Lottie. In this epistle
Lather s^ys, '^ that ambng the monsters of the age, with
tn^iom hb bad beeri engaged for thr^^ years past, he had often
e^Ubd to tiflind the blessed feih^r Leo: that n'Ow be began
to triumph over bis enemies, and to diespise thetn : that,
thoti'^h he had hi^'eh obUged to appeal from his lioliness to
k ^en^rai cotincil, yet he had no aversion to him : tiiat he
hkd always wished at^d prayed for all sorts of i>lessing8
ir^on his person and see : that his design was only to de-
find the truth : that he had never spok«n dishonourably of
his holiness, but had tailed hnV) a Daniel in the midst of
Babylon, to ^denote the innocence and purity he had pre-
se!rv6d aihong so many corru'pt men : that the court of
BJotn'e was visibly more corrupt than either Baby'on. or
Sodom ; and that his holiness was as a lamb among wolves,
a £>^Witl among lions, and an Ezekie) among scorpions:
that thete' were not above three or fo»r cardinals of any
tekyning 6r piety : that it was against these disonlers of
ftte court of Rbrne he was obliged to appear : that <*ardinal
Cijfetan, who Wjte ordered by hJs holiness to treat with
him, bad sheiviS no inclinations to peace : that hi^ nun-
cio Mildtz had indeed come to tvfro eonferenees #itfc
hri^, and that he had promised Miltiti to be s'r^ent, and
istibhiit to the decision of the archbishop of Tri^ers; but
'that the dispute at Leipsic had hindered tto* ^xe<:i!rtioh of
'l!h1s p^ojcfct, and p^t things into gVeiiter coi»4niioii : that
Miltitz had applied a third time to tftte dikpterof his Order,
at ivhos^ iiistfg^tion he had <^Ht^^n to Iris hotkiess : nna
tliat he now thre^ biAiself a't b?s f^et, p^^in^ h^*n to im-
^pHife silence iipoh his enemfes : but that, tfs for k reeahrti-
tWfc On his pirt, be must n^t insftjft -tfpon ft, fi'rttesk he
'iWmld tncrei^e the troubles; nor firesferlbfe him rfrfe's for
tlie inferpretatioh of the word of God, because it ought
^t9kio bie liriii'tfed. Then he admbttish^^s thfe popfe not to
'^Silfer himkm to !te ^dtfced, by his ftattei^^i^s, into a per-
Ittksibn tttat he cAn command and reqtflte Irtl tfcirrgs, that
'Hti is ^bbv^ k co'ahcil atid the dmversl^l •church, that t^
iilbne has a right io interpret i^cripttiife ; bdt to believe
Woi^* rather who debase, than those vrtio ^kaflt hitti."

*Ihe continual impbrtunities of LtithePs adversiafi^ ^th

1Leb caused hiin at len^ih to publish a -formal cbndemna-

mh of iiirfi, in k bull dated Jurte 1^5, 1520. In tbfc be-

g?nhfng of thfe Mil, the \)(%pt directs hts Speech <o Jhesus

Dfi??*, -tb '8V.'T««e>, St. Piifl, aStf ill «* saints, ihvbkif^

I
L

LUTHER. 511

tlieir aid, in the ihost solemn expre^^ionlijigaihst' lhl& riew
errors and heresies,^ and for the presiervattbh 6i the faitti,
I^eace, and uniky oif the church. Then he expresses his
great grief for the late propagation 6t these errors iii Ger-
many; errors, either already condiem'ned by the coun-
cils and constitutions of the pope, or hew propositions
heretical, false, scandalous, apt to otlPend and ^edtice ttie
faithful. Then, after enumerating forty-one propositions
collected from Luther's writings, he does, by the advice of
his cardinals, and after mature deliberation, condeoin theni
as respectively heretical ; and forbids all Christians, undeif
the pain of exconimunication, and deprivation of all their
dignities, which they should incur ipsofacto^ io hold, de-
fend, or preach any of these propositions, or to sviflfer
others to preach them. As to Luth'er, after accusing him
of disobedience and obstinacy, because he had appealed
from his citation to a council, though he thought he miglit
at that instant condemn him as a notorious heretic, yet he
gave him sixty days to consider ; Assuring hiriS, that if in
that time he would revokfe his errors, and return to his
duty, and give hini real proofs that he did so by pumJc
acts, and by burning his books, he should find in hinl a
true paternal aflfection : otherwise he declares, that be
should incur the punishment due to heretics.

Luther, now perceiving that afl hopes of ah accomm6-
dation were at an end, no longer observed the least reserve
or moderation. Hitherto he had treated his adversaries
with some degree of ceremony^ paid them some regard ;
and, not being openly separated from the church, did not
quite abandon the discipline of it. But hovv He kept no
measures witb them, broke off all his engagements to t\xh
church, and publicly declared, that he would no longer
(:ommunicate in it. The first step he took, after tlie pub-
lication of the pope's bull, was to write against it; whicn
he did in very severe terms, calling it, *' The execrable
pull of antichrist" tie published likewise a book called
** The Captivity of Babylon :" in which he begins with a
protestation, << That he became every day more knowing:
that hie was ashamed and repented of what he had written
Suboxit indulgences two years before, when he was a sl^vi

512 L U T HE R.

pap^y to be jwrt dhmOf but bad lately been conviticed.
that it was the kingdom of Babylon ; that he then, wished a^
general council would settle the communion in both kinds,
but now plainly saw, that it was commanded by jsicripture :
that he did absolutely deny the seven, saqraments, oyvnlng
no more than three, baptism, penance, and the Lord^s ^
supper,'' &c. About the. same time also, he published
another treatise in the. German language, to make the
court of Rome odious to the Germans y in which ^' he gives
a history of the wars raised by the popes against the em*
perors, and represents the miseries Germany had suBered
by them. He strives to engage the emperor and princes of
Germany to espouse his party . against the pope, by maip-
taining, that they had the same power over the clergy as
they had over the laity, and that there was no appeal fron>
their jurisdiction. He advised the whole nation to shake
off the pope's power ; and proposes a reformation, by .
which he subjects the pope and bishops to the power oC
the emperor, &c." Lastly, that )ie might not be wanting
in aruy thing which should testify his abhorrence of the pro-,
ceedmgs in the court of Rome, Luther detern^ined to traat
the pope's bull and decretals in the same manner as they,
bad ordered his writings to be treated : and therefore, call-
ing the students atWittemberg together, he flung them
into a fire prepared for that purpose ; saying, " Because
thou hast troubled the holy one of God, let eternal firQ
trouble thee." This ceremony was performed, Dec. 10,
1520.

The bull of Luther's copdemnation was carried into Ger-
many, and published there by Eckius, who had solicited
it at Rome; and who, together . with Jerom Aleander, a
person eminent for his learning and eloquence, was iur
trusted by the pope with the execution of it. In the mean
time, Charles V. of Spain, after he had adjusjted the affairs
of the Low Countries, went into Germany, and was
crowned emperor, Oct. the 21st, at Aixrla-Chs^pelle. The
plague preventing his remaining long in that city, he went
to Cologne, and appointed a diet at Worms, to mejet Jan.
the 6tb, 1521. Frederic, elector of Saxony, could not be
present at the coronation, but was left sick at Cologne^
where Aleander, who accompanied the emperor, presented
him with a brief, which the pope bad sent by him, and by
v^ich his holiness gave him notice of the decree he had
;aaade against the errors of Luther. Aleander told the

LUTHER. 513

electQr, that the pope' had intrast^ ^maelf and Eckio» -
with the aflFkir of Luther, which was of the utmost conte-
quiSnce to the whole Christian world, and, if there were
not a speedy stop put to it, would undo the empire : that-'
he did not doubcy but that the elector would imitate thie
emperor, and other princes of the empire, who had re^
ceived the pope^s judgment respectfully. He informed his-
highness also, that he had two things to request of him hi'
the name of the pope : *^ First, That he would cause all
Lmher^s books to be burnt; and, secondly, that he would
either put Luther to death, or imprison him, or send .him
to the pope/' The pope sent also a brief- to the uttiver*
sity of Wittemberg, to exhort them to put his bull in eve-' >
cmtion against Luther: but neither the elector nor the
university paid any regard to his t>riefs. Luther, at the;
same time, renewed his appeal, to a future council, in terms
very severe upon the pope, calling him tyrant, heretic, >
apostate, antichrist, and blasphemer; and in it prays the
emperor, electors, princes, and lords of the empire, to
favour his appeal, nor suffer the execution of the bull, till>
he should be lawfully summoned, heard, and convicted,
l^efore impartial judges. This appeal is dated Nov. ).7.
Erasmus, indeed, and other German divines, were of opi-
nion that things ought not to be carried to this extremity,r
foreseeing, that the fire which consumed Luther's books
would soon put all Germany into aflame. They proposed,
therefore, to agree upon arbitrators, or to refer the whple
cause to the first general council. But these pacific pro-
posals came too late ; and Eckius and Aleander pressed
the matter so vigorously both to the emperor and the other
German princes, that Luther^s books were burnt in several
cities of Germany. Aleander also earnestly importuned
the emperor for an edict against Luther; but he found
many and great obstacles. Luther's party was very power*
fttl ; and Charles V. was not willing to give so publib an
offence to the elector of Saxony, who bad lately refused
*the empire, that he might have it.

To overcome these difEcukies, Aleander gained a new
bull from Rome, which declared, that Luther had incurred,
by obstinacy, the penalty denounced in the first. He also
wrote to the court of Rome for the assistance of money
and friends, to be used at the diet of Worms : and, be-
cause the Lutherans insisted that the contest was chiefly
about the jurisdiction of the pope, and the abuses of th^/

Vol. XX. Ll

514 L U TiH.E R/

court of Rome, mmI tb»l they were ooi^ persiQcitMl for fibe
sake t>f delivering tip Germany to the tyranny of ihftt courti
he undertook to sbev^. That Luther bid broached ooaoy
errors relating to the mysteries of religion^ and revtf ed the
heresies ofWickiiffand John Hnss. 'i'he diet of WPrnw
was held in the beginning of i53I; where Aleander, io
the absence of Luther, employed his eloquence and ift<^
terest no successfully, that the emperor and princes of .the
empire were about to execute the pope's bull agaiofii
Luther with severity, and without delay. The only way
which the elector ojf Saxony and Lyther's fviends could
invent to ward off the blow, was to say, '* That it was not
evident, that the propositions objected to Were his ; xbat
his adversaries might attribute tl^m to him falsely; th«l
the books from which they were taken might be forged ;
atid, above all, that it was not just to condemn blip witfar
out suiDmouing and hearing htm.'' The empefor, tben^
jpore, with the* consent of the princes of the diet, sent
Stormius, an officer, . hoiin Worms to Wittemberg, to con-
duet Luthe^ safely to the diet. Sturmius carried with him
a ^' safe-conldttct" to Luther, signed by the emperor and
princes of the diet; and also a letter from the emperoir,
dated March 21, 15^1, and directed ^*To the honourable,
beloved, devout doctor, Mariin Luther, of the order of St.
Augustine;" in which he summoned him to appear at the
die^ and assured him, that he need not fear any violence
or ilUtreatmetit. Nevertheless, Luther's friepds were much
against his going ; some telling him, that, by burning his
books, he might easily know whkt censure would be passed
on himself ; others reminding hvA of the treatment they
had, upon a like occasion, shewn to John Husa, But
Lnther despised all dangers; and, in a strain which is exr
tremely characteristic of him, declared, that ^^ If he knew
there were as many devils at Worms as lile^ upon the
houses, he would go."

He arrived accordingly at Worms April 16, where a
prodigious multitude of people were assembled, for the
sake of seeing a man of whom so much bad now been
beard, f When he appeared before the diet, be had twof
questions put tq him by John Eckius : ^< First^ whether he
owned those books for his that went under his name; aodgi
secondly, Whether he intended to retract or defend what
was containcfd in them." l*hese queries produced an alter-
cation, which lasted sofue days ; biit which ef^ded at length

LUTHER. 515

in this siogle and p^reipptarj declaration of Lutheri that
^* unless be was convinced by texts of scripture or evident
treason (for he did not think himself obliged to submit to
thepofre or his coun^iU)^ be neither GonTd nor would re^
tract ^ny thing, because it was not lawful for him to act
against bis conscience/' This being Luther's final resolu*
tion^ the emperor declared to the diet^ That he was deter-
mined to proceed against him as a notorious heretic ; but
that he intended^ neverthelessi he should return to Wit«
temberg, according to the conditions laid down in hia
** safe-conduct*' Luther left Worms April the 26tb^ con-*
ducted by Stnrmius, who had brought him ; and being ar^^
rived at Friburg, be wrote ietters to the emperor 'andl
princes of the diet, to commend his cause to them, and to
excuse himself for not submitting to a recantation. These
letters were conveyed by Sturmius, whom he sent back,
on pretence that he was then out of danger ; but in reality^
as it is supposed, that Sturmtus might net be present at
the execution of a scheme which had been concerted before
Luther set out from Worms; for, the elector of Saxony^
foj^eseeing that the emperor was going to make a bloody
edict against Luther, and finding it impossible to support
and protect him any longer wiUiout involving himself in
difficulties, resolved to have him taken away, and con-
cealed. This was proposed to Lusher, and accordingly
when be went from Eysenac, May the 3d, through a wood,
in bis way to Wittemberg, he was suddenly set upon by
some horsemen in disguise, deputed for thac purpose, who
pretended to take him by force, and carried him secretly
into the castle of Witteml)erg. Melchior Adam relates,
that there were only eight nobles privy to this expedition^
which was executed with so much address and fidelity, that
no man knew what was become of him, or where he was*
This contrivance produced two advantages to Luther : as,
6rst, it caused peQ(de to believe that he was taken away by
the intrigues of his enemies, which made them odious, and
exasperated men's minda against them ; and, secondly, it
secured him against the prosecution which the pope and
the emperor were making against him.

Before the diet of Worms was dissolved, Charles V.
caused an edict to be drawn up, which was dated the 8th
of May^ and solemnly published on the i26th>in the assem-
bly of the electors and princes held in his. palace. In this
edicts after declaring it to be the duty of an emperor, not

516 L U T H E R.

only to. defend the Itorits of the empire, but to maintaiu
reltgioii and the true faith, stnd'to extinguish heresies in
their origiaal, he commands^ That Martin Luther be,
agreeably to the sentence of the pope, henceforward looked
upon as a member separated from the church, a schis-
maHci and an. obstinate and notorious heretic. He forbids
all persons, under the penalty of high treason, loss of
goods, and being put under the ban of the empire, to re-
ceive or defend, maintain or protect him, either in con-
Tecsation or in writing; and he orders, that, after the
twenty*one days allowed in bis safe-conduct, he should
be proceeded against according to the form of the ban
of the empire, in what place soever he should be: or,
at least, that he should be seized and imprisoned, till his
imperial majesty's pleasure should be further knowti. The
same punishments are denounced against all the accom-
plices, adherents^ followers, or favourers of Luther; and
also all persons are forbidden to print, sell, buy, or read
any of his books : and, because there had been published
literal books concerning the same doctrines, without his
name, and several pictures dispersed that were injurious to
the pope, cardinal, and bishopsj he commands the magis-
trates to seize and bum them, and to punish the authors
and printers of those pictures and libels. Lastly, it forbids
in general the printing of any book concerning matters of
faith, which hath not the approbation of the ordinary, and
some neighbouring university.

While the bull of Leo X. executed by Charles V. wa^
thundering throughout the empire, Luther was safely shut
up in his castle, which he afterwards called his Hermitage,
and his Patmos. Here he held a constant correspondence
with hb friends at Wittemberg, and was employed in com*
posing books in favour of his own cause, and against his
adversaries. He did not however so closely confine him-
self, but . that he frequently made excursions into the
neighbourhood, though always under some disguise or
other. One day he assumed the title and appearance of a
nobleman : but it may be supposed that he did not act his
part very gracefully ; for a gentleman who attended him
under that character, to an inn upon the road, was, it
seems, so fearful of a discovery, that he thought it neces-
sary to caution him against that absence of mind peculiar
to literary men; bidding him ^^ keep close to his sword,
without taking the least notice of books, if by chance any

^^

LUTHER. 517

sfaopld fall in bis way." He used sonAetimes even to go
out a iiuntipg Avitb those few who iwere in. his. Mcret;
which, iiovrevery we may imagine, he did more for health
than fl>r pleasure, as indeed may be collectted from bis
own ;Curioos account of it. ^^ I was,** says he, *^ lately
two days a hunting, in which amusement I found both
pleasure ai|d pain. We killed a brace of hare% and took
spm^ un)^py partridges ; a very pretty employment,
truly, for an. idle man ! However, I could not forbear
tbeoV>giziog widst dogs and nets ; for, thought I to my-
self,, do pot w^f in hunting innocent animals to death with
dogs, very much resemble the. devil, .who, by crafty wiles
and the instruments of wicked priests, is perpetually seek-
ing whom be mf^y devour? Again.: We happened to
take a leveret alive, which I put into my pocket, with an
i^tept^^ preserve it; yet we were, not .gone^ far, b^re
the d^gs seized upon it, as it was in my pocket, and. wor-
ried it. Just so the pope and the, devil rage furiously to
destroy the souls that J k^ve saved, in spite of all my en-
dearvoi^rs^.to ;preyent them. In short, I am tired of bunt-
ing these little innocent beasts; aud ^ad rather be em-
ployed, as I bavje been, fur. some time, in spearing bears,
wolves, ti^er^i^ ^a^d fo3^es<; that is, in opposing and .con-
fotSiudiog wicked and impious divines, who resemble those
savage animajs iu their; (}u?iUties.*' . ,

Weary at leugth of hi^ retirement, he appeared publicly
again at Wittemberg, March 6, 1522, after he had. been
absent about aeo months. He appeared indeed without
the ^iejctor^s l^ave> jbut immediately wrot0 him a letter, to
prevent his being 'O&nded. The diet of Charles V. severe

,as it,.was^ bad givAQ.Iittle.Qr ^o check to Luther^s doctrine;

. for the emperor v^as no sooner gone into Flanders, than
his, edict wa/i neglected and despised, tod the doctrine
seemed to spread even faster than before. Carolostadius,
in jC^t^er^s absence, had acted with even more vigour than
his leader,, and had attempted to abolish the use of mass,
to. r^ove^ ifD^^ ^^^ ^f ^be churches, to set a^de auri-
ci^lar.cpufe^sipp, invocation oC saints^ the abstain log from

. m^ats ; ,hf^d allq^^.the mpnks to leaye their monasteries,
to ilj^glect the^ yows and to marry, and thus, had quite

' change^d the doctiiioe and dijicipline of the.cburiob <it Wit-
teqrberg : all i^rbich, U^^eugh not against J^uther's ^seDM-
ments, was yet bl^lped^by bif9, as^bebg rashly and tia-
&^as9najjly 4Mne. /jTbe refojriuatipn.wa^i. «till coiifioed to

5is L U T H £ It.

Gemany; it bad ii0text«iiddd to France; and Henry Vllf.
•f cEagland made the ittost rigcrrous actg to prevent its eti-
teriag bis realm ; and to shew his zeil for the holy see,
wrote a treatise ** Of the seven Sacraments," agaiflst Ltl-
tber^s book " Of tlie captivity of Babylon ;" iwfcich he t>re-
sented to I^o X. in Oct. 1521. The pape received it
favoarably, and ciMnpHiiiented' Henry with the title of
^^ Dander of the Faith." Luther^ howeverj paid no
fcgsrd to bis dignity, but treated both his person and
performance in the most contemptuous matMter. Henry
eomplaiaed of tbi« rude usage to tfa« print^s 6( ^xdny ;
and Fisher, bishop of Rochester, nepHed, in' belialf
of Henry's treatise : but neither the king's eoinphiint,
nor Jtbe biahop'6 r^ply, were attended with «ny visible
ef&ets. ' • ^ '

Luther now made open war with the pope and'bisii<)ps ;
itnd, that he might make the people despise ip^r anjthdrity
As much as possible, l>e wrote one book agiiinst the pope^s
bull, and another agaiirst >the order falsely catteti ^^the
order of btsiiopft.'* The same year^ iSM-^ he Wrot6 a let- .
tcr, July the 2&tfa, to the assembly of the Staled <ef Bo-
. hernia, in wbiditi he assured them, thiit he was labouring to
estab^ah their doctrine in Oerm«0y| und esi^hofted them
D0t to return to thet conmwiniott of nhe church of Rome ;
and he published also this yeal*^ atranslation of tlve-^* New
Testament" in the German tongue, whioh was afterguards
corrected by himself and Melanethon% This transition
having been printed several-times, and iti general circular
tion, Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, the emperor^s bro-
ther, made a very severe edict, to suppress its publication,
and forbade all die sub|ects of his imperial majesty to bare
any copies of it, or of Luther's ot^her books. Some other
princes follo^^red his example, which provoked Ltitber to
write a treatise ** Of the secular power,'* in which he ac-
cuses them of tyranny and impiety. The diet of the cfin-
pire was;held at Nuremberg, at the end of the year ; to
wycfa Adrian VL sent his brief, dated No^. the 25tfa ; for
Leo X« died Dec. 2, 1521, and Adrifan had been 'elected
pope the 9th of Jan. following. In this briefj among other
things, he informs the di^t, that he hfad heard, with grief,
tinat Martin Luther, after the sentence of Leo X. which
wat ordered to be ejcectited by the edict of Worms, con*
tinued to teach' the. same enors, land daily to ptiblish books
full of boresies: that it appeared- stftusge to him» that so

L U or H B R. 519

)Mgo. Mid« so .religioiiB- a nation eoliM be- ted«€fi0d' by a
wMfaehed afloslate firiar : ^at notbiiigy bai#eir€r^ could be
AiorevfMemiciMB to ChitiaDcsidom : and that^ therefore, he
Mohoffts .tbi»n te.use their utouHrt endeareurs to make Lti-
^liier^.aod cbe aatbocs o£ tbese tumohs, return to their
duty^ oTy if.thej refuse and continue obatio^ite, to pre-
vCeedagatafit'tfaeai aocordiog toth6 laws of the empire, and
iihe aoTerky of .the last edfot.

The^jresdltttion of. tbia diet was publiabed in the form of
aa ^dicty JMaroh 6^ 152 S ;• but it bad vie effect in cheeking
the. Lotbeiaaa, wbo still went on- in tks same triumphant
.maaiien This year Lutlier wrote a great many tracts :
iMMmg the rest,. one upon the dignity and office of €he sti-
.fnvflie magiatxate; widi. whidi- Frederic eleetor of Sanony *
is said to have been highly pleased. He sent, abont the
samjte time, awiiting in tbe German hmgnage to the Wa!-
deases, or Sicards, in Bohemia and Moravia, who bad ap-
plied to him ^' about worsbipptog tbe body of Christ in the
«eiioharist«'' .He wroteialso> Another book^ which he dedt-
/eated t» tbe I senate' SiBidM people of Prague, ^^ concerning
tbef instilntioii of ininisters of the church.** He drew np a
form eiif.aa3Mg.masA. He. wrote a pieee entitled ^* Ad
£Kampleve£ Popish Doctnae 9tid XMvintty;'' which Du-
pio .qalls 'a- satire lag^inst.jBnias, and those who profess a
ineiiiastieilifie* -He wrote abo against the vows of virginity,
in bisprefroe la bis commentary on 1 Cor.vii.: and his ex-
borftatioos bene wece^ it seems^ followed with^effects ; for,
soon after, nine* nuns eloped from a nunnery, and were
bvougbt to Wiltemberg* Whatever offenee this proceed-
ing mi^t give to the papists, it was highly extolled by
Lttthev ; who, in a book "written in tbe German language,
compares the deliverance of these nuns from the slavery of
a monastic life, to that c£ the souls which Jesus Christ has
delivered by his death. This year he had occasion to la-
ment the death of two of bis followers, who were burnt at
:Bruftsel%.€md were the first who suffered martyrdom for
bis doctrine. He wrote also a consolatory epistle tp three
ooUe ladies at Misnia, who were banished from the dake
of Saxony's court at Fribargy for reading bis books.

In the beginning of 1504, Clement VII. sent a legate

into Germany to tbe diet which was to be held at Nurem^

/berg. This pope 'had lueoeeded Adrian, who died in Oct.

162^3, and had, a little before bis deatb, canonized Benno^

who wa^ bishop, of Meissen in th^ time of Gregory VII.

MO L U T H S IL

and. oii^ of ihe.niast zesloms .defendtefii of ^Ihe bif y «ee.
Luther^, imtgitiiiig .that this was idoutt diieody* to oppose
him, drew up a piece with this title, .^* Agmst. the new
Idpl and Devil set up at Meissen ;*' in whidi'he treats the
t|ieinory of Gregory with great freedom, and does ttot spare
even Adrian. Clement VII.*s legate, thevefere, tepiesenl-
ed to the diet.st. Nofemberg the necessity of enfovcmig the
execution of the edict of Worms^ which bad been strangely
iiegleoted by the princes of theen^pire; but, notwilbstand*
ing the legate's solicitations^ which were very piessio'g, dw
decrees of that diet were: thought so inefeoluial, that they
were condemned at Rome, and rejected by the empetor.
It was in this year that the dispute between lAitherand
Erasmus began about free-will, . Bimsmus had been much
courted by the papists to. write against. Lusher ; i>ut had
hitherto aToided the task, by sayings ** that Luther waa
too great a man for him to write against, andi that bo bad
learned more from one .short page of Luther,* than from alt
the large books of Thomas A<{ainas;?' . Beiides, Erasmus
was all along of opinion,^ that wridog would; not iie feond
an eSectnal way to end . the differenoes, a»de«tid>lish the
peace of the church. Tired out^ however, at length, wiifc
the importunities of the pope and the catholic princes, and-
.desirous at the same time to clear himself feoa the sospicioo
of favouring a cause which >he would Jiot^aeeflaito^ favour,
he resolved to .write against Luther, though^* aa.4ie telb
Melancthou, it was with some .relttctanBe';'jaMl ; he chose
free- will .for the subject. His book was entitled ^< A itia-
.triba, or Conference about Free-will," and was written
ifitb mucb moderation, and, without personal reflections-
He tells Luther in the preface^ '' that he ought not lo takir
bis diflPeriog from him'in opinion ^ill, because he had allowedh'
.himself the liberty of differing from the judgment of popesi
oqm^iU, universities^ and. doctors of the. church." Loiher'
jwa«^ soaie time before he answered Erasmus's book), but'
at last published a treatise;** De servo arbitrio, oq . Of tbe^
ServjtiKle of Man's Will ;V' and though . Melancthoa bed
promised Erssmus, that Luther should anawer him with
civility and moderation,:: yet Luther bad so littl^Tegard to
.MelanctlM>n*s promise, that he never .wiote;any thing more
severe. He*accused Erasmua of being :caceless about leli-
gioe, and little solicitous jirhat became ofat^ provided the
world continued in peace; and that bis notvonsiwere rather
philosophical than Clirtstian. Eoisokus imniediately re*

LUTHIR. liii

I^Md to Lntheif) in a piecfe called <* Hypeiasf^tttet ;'' in
^le &istt |KMBi>ofivhich be answers his argument^ and in the
•Mond bi9 penoaal reflections.

-. ■>. I& October: 1 5^24, Luther threw off the monastic habk ;
wtiiob»> though not premeditated and designed, was yet<a
▼ecy^iraper peeparatiiw to a step be. took the year after;
weLflMan, his marriage with Qatherine deBore. Caihe*
irine de.fiom was a gentleman's daogitter, who hsid been a
nany.aiid was one of those lybamiwe meotioBed a^ esci^ng
from the nannery in i523« r Luther iiad a design lo^iianry
her *toGlaciits,! a minister of Ortamunden; but sbe did not
Itj^ <H«diN^ and l#nther. married her hiasaelfv J^t^ne IS,
idBf^i . Thisoonduet of hta was blamed -npt only by the
oatbolicsi: biity as Mehmcthou ' says, by -those of his own
party* He waa.even for some time ashamed of it himself^
and, owna^.^'tbat; his marriage had made him. so deapicahle,
that be hoped his humiliatioR would rejoice the angeis,
and Ke;x. the..devils.''. Mehacthon found hkn so afflicted
with what be/had. done,: that he wrote some letters of con*
sobtioo to, him: be addsrhowever, that '<tbia' accident
may possiUy not .be wiihottt its use, as it tends to humble
him.a liule: forit is dangenrous/' aays he, ^^ not only for a
priest, but for aoy mauy to bectoo much elated and ptifFed
\kp \ great aucoesa ginog occasion to the sin-i^ a high
miud,.:noiOBly^'as the orator says, in fools^ but sometimes
even in ivise moo.'' It waa not tsoi much the marriage^ as
tbe,oincumstances of the time^*aad the precipitation with
furfaiobJt was .done) 'that .ocdaaioned the censures parsed
upoo Luther. He married very^auddeniy> • «md at a time
when Germany waa groaning under uhe^ miseries of war,
which waa said at least to be owtog to Lutberamsln. It
was thought; also an .indecent thing in a nfan of forty* two
years of age^ who was then, as he declared, restoring 'the
gospel ind reforming maukiad, ' to involve himself m mar*
riage with.a/Womain of six. and twenty, upon any pretext.
Brut Luther^ as. soon as he bad recovered himself a little
from this abasbmenti iassumed bis former air of intrepidity,
and boUly supported what. he :bad: done with reasons.. f< I
t-oofc.a wife,'* saya be, ^* in obedience to my^ father- s com-
mands, and hastened the couaummatien, in order to pre*
ivent impediments^ and stop^bj^ tougues- of slanderers." It
apfpcacs from his own confessions, that this ii^former.was
very fond of Mrft.:de Bore, and used to call her his Gathe-
rine.; which occasioned $(^me slai;Kljeroti9.. reflections : and

&'3& . t t^ ft H £ IL

/th^refom^.Mys be, ** I married of 4 MiddelH not 4)nly thai |
inigfat not be obliged to hear «be clateoors whtcb I kii««ir
would be raised against me, bol to atop liie moutba of tfaoae
^hb reproached lae with Cajibertflfe de Bore/' Luth^
aIso givei us to underBtand, that be did it partly as coDCor^
riag wkb hts grand ach^fne of opposiqg the eatb^^*
^ ^e,'' saya he, '^ because they are thus inad> I faiaTe ao
prepai'ed myaet^ ehaivbefona I die, L may be. found by
^Oo^ in the state in which I was created, and, if po^aiUe,
rctam nothing of my former* popish life. Therefore let
them rave vet more, and this vriU be cheif iast iarowelt;
Sot my mind pvesagea, that- 1 aball soon be called by God
unto bis gtrace : therefore, at my father's cemmands, I hx^
takcta a wife/' In another letter be speaks thna : ^fl bopie
I shall live a little longer, and i would not detiy thi^ last
obedience to my father, who required it in hoperolsssM^
and also to confirm tlie doctrines I have tangbt."

'Luther, notwithstanding, was not himself altogether sa-
tisfied with these reasons. He did not think the a^iie
bad taken could be suffietently justified 4ipantbeprinci|^es
of 'human prudence; ^and therefeise we find him, '-in*o4:her
places, endeavouring to aocoumfov it froo^ a 60perast»ral
impulse. '* The wise man amongst us are gneatlypro*
voked," says he ; *^ they are forced to ownthe ching to b^
of God, but the disguise of the pemons ui|der wMcJi iti!»
scansacted, namely, of the youn^ wom«n JBmA .myself,
hiakes them tbinK &nd aay overy thing that^is wiokod;*^
And ejsewfaere : ^^ The Lord bvongbt me suddenly, when
I was thinking of other mattens,- to a marriage with Catb#«»
fine do Bore, the noa."*' His party jieem ^so *to have fs*
voured this anpposttton. Thus says Melanothon : ^^ As lor
the unreasonableness and want of oonsideraaion in this
marriage, on which account onr adversaries will chiefly
slander us, we must take • heed lest that disturb us : for
perhaps there is some secret, or something divine couched
tinder it, concerning which it does not beoomous to In-
quire too curiously; nor ought we to regard theacoffi of
those who exercise neither piaty^towards Qod, nor virtue
towards men." But whotiier there was any thing divine in
it or not, Luther found himfself ettremely hap{^ , in bis
new state, and especially after -bis wife bad brought him a
son. ** My rib Kate," says he ill the joy of his heart, <* de-
sires her oompliments to yon, and thanks yon for the fa-
vour of y (Htr kind letten She is very well, through God's

t U *t fe[ E R. 523

tttetcy. She is obedient and complying witb me iii all
things, send ttiofe agreeable, I tbank God, than I could
liave expected ; so that I would not change my poverty for
the vreaith of Crtesus.*' He was hdard to say, Seckendorf
tells us, ** that he wbiiid not exchange his wife for the
kingdom of Ffance, nor for the riches of the Venetians,
tmd' that fot three reasons : first, beciause she had been
given him by God, at the time ivhen he implored thews'-
sistance of the Holy Ghost in finding a good wife : secondly,
because, though she was not without faults, yet she had
fewer than other women: and, thirdly, because she reli-
giously obserVed the Conjugal 'fidelity she owed bim.**
There was at first a report, that Catherine de Bore was
brought to bed soon after her marriage with Luther; but
£rasmus, who wrote that news to one of his friends, ac-
knowledged the falsehood of it a little after, in one of bis
letters, dated the 13th of March, 1526 : " Luther's mar-
riage is certain ; tfae*report of his wife^s being so speedily
brought to bed is false ; but I hear she is now with child.
If the common story be true, that antichrist shall be born
ef a monk and a nun, as some pretended, how many thou-
sands of antichrists are there in the wort\|l already ? I was
in hopes that a wife would have made Luther a little
tamer : but he, contrary to all expectation, has published,
indeed, a most elaborate, but as virulent a book against
'ine, as &ver he wrote. What will become of the pacific
Erasmus, to be obliged to descend upon the stage, at a
time of life when gladilitors are usually dismissed from the
service ; and not only to fight, but to fight with beasts !'*

In the mean time the disturbances in Gennanylncreased
every day ; and the war with the Turks, which brought
the empire into danger, forced Charles V. at length to call
a diet at Spires by his letters, May 24, 1525. After he
had given the reasons why the diet was not held the year
before, as it was appointed, he said, *'Thac it was not be-
cause he thought that the imperial diets ought not to meddle
with matters of religion ; for he acknowledged, that, on
the contrary, it was his duty to protect the Christian reli-
gion, to maintain the rights settled by their ancestors, and
to prevent novelties and pernicious doctrines from arising
and spreading ; but that, being Certified that the edict of
'Worms was not executed in some parts of Germany, that
there had been commotions and rebellions in some places,
that the princes and members of the empire bad many

.524 LUTHER.

♦ 7 .

quarrels among themselves^ that the Tiirk was ready to
break in upon the territories of the empire^, and that there
were many disorders which needed a reformation, be had
therefore appointed an imperial diet to .meet at Augsburg
Upon the ist of October,'* . Few of the princes^ howevc^r,
being able to meet at Augsburg, on account of the popular
tumults which prevailed, the diet was prorogujed, and fixed
ag,ain at Spires, where it was held in June 1^.26.. The
emperor was not present in person: but Ferdinand hfs
brother, and six odier deputies, acted in bis name*.. , Tb.e
elector of Saxony, and the landgrave of Hes^e^ whq w^srp
of Luther's party, came to it* At the opening of it, upop
the 25tb, the enlperor's deputies proposed suc^. thiogj^ a^
were to be the subject of consultation, and said, ^^ That it
was the emperor's design, that the members of this diet
should prescribe the means of securing thq Christian jreli-
gion, and the. ancient discipline of the church derived to
us by tradition; the punishments they should sujTer, whp
did any thing contrary ; and how the popish princes might
assist each other best, in executing the edict. of Worms."
The deputies nominated to debate this matter, were» among^
others, the landgrave of Hesse, Sturmius deputy of Stras-
burg, and Cressy deputy of Nuremberg, who embraced
Luther's doctrine ; so that they could form no resolutio.n
conformable to the edict of Worms, but disputes ensued,
and things were likely to end in a rupture. The elector
of Saxony, landgrave of Hesse, and their party, . were
ready to withdraw ; but Ferdinand, and the emperor's de-
puties, foreseeing that if the diet broke Up with these ani-
mosities, and came to no conclusion, all Germany would
be in danger of falling into quarrels, took* pains to pacify
them, and brought them at last tQ make the following reso-
lution : viz. " That it being necessary, for the welfare of
religion and the public peace, to call a national council in
Germany, or a general one in Christendom, wh^ch sh.ould
be opened within a year, deputies should be sent to the
emperor, to desire him to return to Germany as soon as
he could, and to hold a council ; aivd that, in the mean
time, the princes and states should, so demean themselves
concerning the edict of Worms, as to be able to give an
account of their carriage to God and the emperor.''

Before this resolution of the diet appeared^ the elector
of Saxony, and landgrave of Hesse, proposed to the depu-
ties of Strasburg and Nuremberg, tc make a. league in the

L U T H E R. 525

defence of those who should follow the new doctriue, and
to bring the cities of Francfort and Ulm into it ; but the
deputies could then give no other answer, than that they
would consult their cities about it. Afiairs were now in
great confusion in Germany ; and they were not less so
in Italy ; for a quarrel arose between the pope and the
6'mperor^ during which Kome was twice taken, and the
pope imprisoned. While the princes were thus employed
in quarrelling with each other, Luther persisted in carrying
on the work of the Reformation, as well by opposing the
papists, as by combating the anabaptists and other fanatical
sects ; which, having taken the advantage of his contest
with the church of Rome, had sprung up and established
themselves in several places. In 1527, Luther was sud-
denly seized with a coagulation of the blood about the
heart, which had like to have put an end to his life ; but
recovering from this, he was attacked a secbnd time with a
spiritual temptation^ which he calls, ^* Colaphum Satanee,
•—a blow of Satan.'* He seemed, as be tells us, to perceive
at his left ear a prodigious beating, as it were of the waves
of the sea, and this not only within, but also without his
head ; and so violent witlial, that he thought every moment
he was going to expire. Afterwards, when he felt it only
in the inner part of his head, he grew almost senseless,
was all over chilly, and not able to speak : but, recovering
himself a little, he applied himself to prayer, made a con-
fession of his faith, and lamented grievously his unworthi-
ness of martyrdom, which he had so often and so ardently
desired. In this situation, he made a will, for he had a
son,^ and his wife was again with child, in which be recom-
mended his family to the care of heaven : *^ Lord God,''
says he, ** I thank thee, that thou wouldst have me pootr
upon earth, and a beggar. I have neither house, nor land,
j)or possessions, nor money, to leave. Thou hast giv^n me
a wife and children ; take them, I beseech thee, under thy
care, and preserve them, as thou hast preserved me.'* He
was, however, permitted to recover from this terrible con-
dition ; but be often spoke of it afterwards to bis friends
as one of the severest buflPetings he had ever received from
Satan. Perhaps our medical readers will be disposed to
consider it in a very different light

The trouble^ of Germany still continuing, the emperor
was forced to call a diet at Spires in 1529^ to require the
assistance of the princes df the empire against the Turks,

526 LUTHER.

wbo had taken Bada^ and to find out some meand of allay-
ing the contests about religioui which increitded daily. In
this diet we^a long and violent dehates, after which the
decree of the former diet of Spire* was again pgreed to, iiv
^bicb it was ordered, that Goncennag the execution of
the edict of Worms, the princes of the empire should act
in sueh a manner, as that they might give a* good account
of their management to God and the .emperor. But, be-
cause some bad taken occaision from these general terms^
to maintain all sorts of new doctrines, they made a new
decree in ihiadiet, to explain that of the former ; by which
it was appointed, *' That in those places where the edict
€)f Worms bad hitherto been observed> they should still
keep to the execution of it, till a council shoiild be called
by the emperor ; that those, who had tajien up new opi-
nions, and could not be brought to quit them without the
hazard of some sedition, should be quiet for the future^
and not admit of any alterations till the meeting of the
council ; that the new doctrine about the eucbarist, which
had been started of late, should not be entertained ; that
the mass should not be left oflF, nor the celebration of it
be hindered, even in those places where the reformed doc-
trine prevailed ; that the anabaptists should be proscribed ;
that the ministers of the word of Ood should preach it
according to the interpretation of the church, and should
abstain from speaking of any other doctrines, till the coun-
cil should meet ; that all the provinces of the empire should
live in peace, and not commit acts of hostility upon one
j^notber, under a pretence of religion ; and that one prince
should not protect the subjects of another/*

The elector John of Saxony (for Frederic was dead), the
elector of Brandenburg, Ernest and Francis dqkes of Lu-
penburg, tbe landgrave of Hesse, and the prince of An-
halt, protested against this decree of tbe diet. I'beir rea-
sons were, *^ That they ought not to do any thing to in^
fringe upon the determination of the former diet, which
had granted liberty in religion, till tbe holding of the
council ; that that resolution, having been tak/^n by tbe
unanimous consent of all tbe membcfrs of the empire,' could
not be repealed but by tbe like consent ; tbat« in the diet
of Nuremberg^ tbe original cause of all the differences in
religion was searched into, and that, to sdlay tben^ they
had offered to the pope eighty articles, to which bis boli-
nesa had given no answer; that the effect of their con»uk-

LUTHER. 5«7

tatioDg had Always been^ that tbe best way to end dispui^a
and reform abuses was to hold a council^ that they could
not suffer opinions to be forced from them^ which they
judged true and agreeable to the vvQrd of God, before ihm
council was held ; that their ministers had proved^ by ii^<^
vincible arguments taken out of Sqripture, that the popish
misiss was contrary to the institution of Jesqs Christ, and
the practice of the apostles, so that they could not agrB^
to what was ordered io the diet ; that t}iey knew tb^ judg**
meat of their churches concerning the presence of tbe body-
and blood of Christ in the eucharist ; but that they ought
npt to make a decree against those who were of a cofitrary
opinion, because they werie aeitber summoned, nor heard s
that they could indeed venture to approve of tbe clawe.
about preaching the gospel according to tbe interprc^tioa
received. ,ip the church, since that did not determine t^
matte^*, it being yet in dispute wh&tt was the true church ^
that there wa&f nothing mo^e certain than, the word pf Gq4
itself, which explains itself,, and therefore they would take
care, that nothing else should be taught but the Old and
New Testaipoent in their purity ; that they are the only ifi*
fallible rule, and that all human traditioiis are uucertaip ;
that the decree of the former diet was made for the pre*
servation of peace, bat that this last would infallibly beget
wars and troubles. For these reasons they could. i>ot ap*
prove pf the decree of the diet, but yet wQuld do nothing
that should be blame- worthy, till a council, either general
or national, should be held." Fourteen cities, viz. Stras*
burg, Nuremberg, Ulm, Constance, Retliogen, Wind«
sheim, Memmingen, Lindow, l^empten, Hailbron^ Isny,
Weissemburg, Nortlingen., S. Gal, joined in this protes-
tation, which was put into writing, and publiahed the IBth
of April, 1529, by an instrument, in which they. appealed
from all that should be done, to tbe epiperor, a fiitur^
coui]cil, either general or national^ or to unsuspected
J9dges ; and accprdinglv they appointed deputies to send
to the emperor, to petition that this decree- might be re-*
yoked. This was the famous protestation^ which gave the
name of Protestants to tbe refsMrmers in Germany.

After this, the protestant princes laboured to make a
firm league among theoisetvas, and with the free cities,
that they might be able to defend each other against the
emperor, and the catholic princes. This league bad been
{li^veral times proposed before; but, after the piot«e&tatioa

6fi$ LUTHER.^

jast telated, they judged it necessary not to dday ft" ifij^^
longer, and so drew up a form of it at Nuremberg. The*
deputies of the princes and cities being met at Svirab&ck, '
the ' affair was there proposed ; but the deputies of the
elector of Saxony alledging, that since this league was'
made for the security of the true Christian doctrine, they*
ought all unanimously to agree dbout ' this doctrine; they^
ordered, therefore, that a summary of their doctrine, con- ^
tained. in several heads, should be read, that it might be*
received, and approved unanimously by the whole assem-'
Wy. The deputies of the protestarus at the clitet of Spires-
soon after, viz. Sept. 12, waited upon thd emperor at Pla-
centia, where he stayed a little, as he returned from bis'
coronation at Bologna ; and assured him, that " their mas-
ters had opposed the decree of that diet for no other rea- *
son', but because they foresaw it would occasion many
troubles ; that they implored his imperial majesty hot to
Aivik ill of them, and to believe, that they would bear their
part in the war against the Turks, and other charges of
the empire, according tO their duty ; that they begged his
protection, and a favourable answer to the memorial they
had presented him.*' The emperor, content with their sub-
mission, promised them an answer, when ht had commu*
nicated it to his council : and Oet. 13, sent them word in
writing, that " the decree of the diet seemed to prevent
all innovations, and preserve the peace of the empire;
that the elector of Saitony, and his allies, ought to approve'
of it ; that he desired a council as much us they, though
that would not have been necessary, if the edict of Worms'
bad been duly executed ; tbat what had been once enacted'
by the major part of the members of the diet could not be
disannulled by the opposition of some of them ; that be
bad writifen to the elector of Saxony and others, to receive
and execute the decree of the diet ; and hoped they would
the sooner submit to bis order, because an union . and
peace were necessary at this time, when the Turk was in
Germany.*'

The deputies having received this answer, drew up ad
act of appeal/ and caused it to be presented to the em-»
peror ; which enraged him so extremely, that he confined
them to their lodgings, and forbade them to write into
Germany upon pain of death. One of the deputies^ who
happened to be iabsent when this order was giten, wrote
immediately to the senate, of Nureinberg an account of

LUTHER. Si»

what luid paifeit ; Md this wan tmnscbitted to the electoV
of Sftxonjr, the laDdgrave of Hesse, and other confederates,
who met at Smalkald in November. Here it was first of
M proposed, to agree upon a confession of faith ; whicK
accordingly was prepared, and afterwards offered at the
diet of Auesburg, iii Jane 1530. The emperor would not
suffer it tohe- read in a fiiH diet, but only in a special as^
aembly of the princes and other members of the empire^
after which the assembly was dismissed, that they might
eoDSult what resolutions should be formed. Some thought
that the* edict of Worms should be put in execution ;
others were for referring the matter to the decision of li
ccirtain number of honest, learned, and indifFetent persons j
a third party were for haying it confuted by the catholic
divines, and the confutation to be read in a full diet be-
fore the proteatants ; and theise prevailed. The protestants
afterwards presented an kpfolo^y for their confession; but
the eoiperor would not receive it ; they were, however,
both inade public. This . confession of faith, which wai
afterwards called '* The confession of Augsburg,^ was drawn
up by Meiancthon, the most .moderate of all Luther^ fol-
lowers, as was also the apold^ry. He revised and corrected
it several times, and, as Dupm tells us, could hardly please
Luther at last Maimbourg says, however, that Luther
was exceedingly pleased with it, when Meiancthon sent
him a copy of it ; and Seckendorf allows that Luther was
TOty glad of the opportunity which was offered of letting
the world know what he and' his followers tanght. It was
ligned by the elector of Saxony, the marquis of Branden-
burg, Ernest and Francis diikes of Brunswick '^nd Lun^n-
b«rg, the landgrave of Hesse, the princes of Anhalt, and
the deputies of the cities of Nuremberg and Retlingen.

Luther had now nothing else to do but to sit down and
contemplate the mighty work he had finished ; and the
remainder of his life was spent in exhorting princes, states,
and universities, to confirm the reformation which bad
been brought ia.bout through him, and in publishing from
time to time such writings as might encourage, direct, and
aid them. The ennperor threateaed temporal punishments
with armies, and the pope eternal with bulls and anathe-
mas ; but Luther cared for none of their threats. His
friend and coadjutor Meiancthon was not so indifferent,
owing to the moderation and diffidence of his temper; and
b^nce we find many of Luther^s letters^ written on purpose

Vot.XX. Mm

*30 L U T If E Bt

to comfort bim under hisanneu^^ I V I:|iB,'^8aj;9.bei in
one of these letters, ** much weaker tban ^yoo: in private
ConBictSy if I may call those conflic^ts private which I haVft
with the devil ; but you are much weaker, than 'me iti pub^*,
lie. You are all diffidence in thei public cauae; I, on the
contrary^ am very sanguine, because lam confident it is a
just and a true cause, the ca^ise pf God and . of Christy
iwhich need not look pale an4 trernble ; whereas the cate
is very different with me in my private conflicts, wbo am a
very miserable sinner, and therefore have great reason to
look pale and tremble. Upon this account it is, that I
cau be almost an itidifferent speptator amidst all the noisy
threats and bullyings of the papists ; for if we fall, the
kingdom of Christ falls with us ; and, if it should fall, I
had rather fall with Christ, than stand with Csesar.*' So
again a little farther : ^^ You, Melancthon, cannot bear
these disorders, and labour to have things transacted by
reason, and agreeable to that spirit of calmness and mo*
deration which your philosophy dictates. You might as
well attempt to be mad with reason. 'Do not you see that
the matter is entirely out of your power and management,
and that even Christ himself forbids your measures to take
place ?" This letter was written in 1530.

In 1533 Luther wrote a consolatory epistle to the citi*
zens of Oschatz, wbo had suffered some hardships for ad«-
hering to the Augsburg confession of faith; in which,
^mong other things, he says, ^' The devil is the host, and
the world is his inn, so that wherever you come, you shall
he sure to find this ugly host.** He had also about this
time a warm controversy with George duke of Saxony, who
bad such an aversion to Luther's doctrine, that he obliged his
subjects to take an oath that they would never embrace it
Sixty or seventy citizens of Leipsic, however, were found
to have deviated a little from the catholic doctrine, in some
point or other, and they were known previously to have
consulted Luther about it ; on which George complained
to the elector John, that Luther had not only abused his
person, but also preached up rebellion among his subjects*
The elector ordered Luther to be acquainted with this, and
to be told at the same time, that if he did not clear himself
of the charge, he could not possibly escape punishment*
Luther, however, easily refuted the accusation, by proviQg
that he had been so far from stirring up his subjects against
him on the score of religion, that, on the contrary, h» bad

^shorted them rather to updergo the greatest, hardships.
p^ixA eveli to suffer themselves to be banished'. • ' • * ' *^*
in 1534 the Bible translated by him into G^rniat) wd^
fii'st printed^ as the old privilege, dated at Btblropofiitf,
.vnder the elector's own hand, shews, and was published
the year after* He also published this year a book ^* again A
masses and the consecration of priests," in which be related
^ conference he had with the devil upon those points ; fot
it is remarkable in Luther's whole history, that he never
had any conflicts of any kind within, which he did xidt
attjribute to the personal agency of the devil. In Feb.
]53|7, an assembly was held at Smalkald about mattefs a(
^religion, to which Luther and Melancthon were called. A%
this ineeting Luther was seized with so dangerous 'an t^l-
ness, that there was no hope of his recovery. He wab
afflicted with the stone, and had a stoppage of urine fdr
eleven days. In this condition be insisted on travetlin^,
notwithstanding all his friends could do to prevent him*:
bis resolution*, however, was attended with a good effeot,
for the night after his departure he began to be better. A%
he was carried along he made his will, in whicli be bd-
queathed his detestation of popery to his friends Hrfci
brethren ; agreeably to what he bf^en used tassly, <f Pestis
,eram vivus, a)ori.ens ero morstua, papa ;'' that is^ '< Iowa's
l^e plague of popery in my life, and shall be its desti-uo-
' tion in loay desith." ? ,/

' ' This yeat thb court lofRome^ finding it impossible to
^deal with the protestants by force, began to have recour^
to stratagem. They affected therefore to* thihk, that
'though Luther had indeed carried things to a violent ex-
tre^ne, yet what he had pleaded in defence of these meii-
sure^ was ndt entirely without foundation^ They talked
*^tth a seeming shew of moderation; and Pius II L who
* ducceeded.Clement VII. proposed a reformation first aimni^
themselves, and even went so far as to fix a place ibr'a
council to meet at for that purpose. But Luther treated
this farce as it deserved to be treated ; unmasked and de-
tected it immediately ; and, to ridicule it the more strodglr,
caused a picture to be drawn, in whii^h was represented -tUe
pope seated oti high upon a throne, some carditials sbokit
'him with fox's tails, and seeming to evacuate ttpivards and
'downwards, ^' sursom deorsum repurgatie,'*- as Met<^i#r
Ad;im etpresse^ it. This wa^ fixed again^ theuitia^page,
to let the readers see at once the soop^asid design ^a)}e

v

§9$ LtlflktU,'

hook ; which wis,, to expose tbajb QQaniog. and artifice with
which those subtle politicians affected to cleanse and pjariQr
tbeo^tflves from tbeii; ecrprs. and superstitions/ Xyther pub-
lished about the same time ^^ A Cant'utatioo 6i t^e px^
tended grant of Constantine to Sylvester bishop of Rome,
Md also *^ Some letters of J[ohn HussV^ ^yritteh from lu^
prison at Constance to the. Bohemians.
. In this manner be was emp.loy^d till his death, wiii^p
happened in 1546. That year» accompanied by Melap<>*
|hop, he paid a vi^it to bis own qouutry, which^fae had n^
seen for- many years, aiid returned again in safe;ty. B^
.soon aft^rhe was.call^ thitbef^agaiQby the earls of ^^w-
lelt, to compose some differences which bad arisen aboiit
their boundaries* 0e had. not bieen used to such matters ;
but because he was borji at Isleben^ a to^n in the territory
of Sff^nsfelt, he. was willing to do his country what service
be couldf even in tb^ w?ty» Pre;aching . h\s last sermon,
thereforei at wtitteml^gy^ Jan. 17, he set-off the 23d ;
•nd at HaU in> Saxooy Jodged with JpsU^s Ji^^Vfls, wi|b
whom he stayed three days, because the waters were oiji.
The SSth he passed oiver the river v^ith his three, sons^ and
Jonas } and being in ^onsi^ 4*4^^1^ be, said to thedoctor*
*^ Do not yon think it woidd rqpice the devil exceedin2lj%
if I and y ou» and my three sons, sboi^ld be drowned i^
When he entered the territories of the earl of Mansfelti he
was received by 100 borseoien or inor^ and pnducttn in
a very honourable manner ; but was ^t the same tune 9fi
very ill that it was.f4Qaced he wpuld die. He said that t^ese
£u of aickness often came ^pp^ turn when hfi faiad any great
boainess to undertake : of this, however, he did not . rie->
cover, but died Feb< IS, in bis sixty- third year*, guttle
before he dirpired be admonished tbqse that were abont
him to pray to God for the propagation of . the g9SD(4 ;
^ because,*' said hc^ ** the co^mcil of Trent, which baqL)fat
onoe or twice, and the p^^t will devise strangp.]Uupipi .
against it.'* Soon after, his body was pjut ^ito a j|j^s(den
coflfi^ aad carried with funerid pomp to the cfiurch ,at
•bleben, when Jonas preached a sermon uaon the occasion.
The earla of Mansfelt desired that bis boqy should be in-
termed ia their territories j but fh^ elec^r of Suony in-
eisted npoo bis being brought back.lto Wjitemberg^ whid^
/was accordioj^y done; md there he ^a^ huned.with the
greatest pofip tbat periiaj^ ever happened to. any priva^
flsan« Prince^ <^tls, noUet^i ai^ stu^rats without liniB*

LUTHER. IM

b^^ attended the procession i. and Melancthon made his
fttneral oration.

A thousand falsehoods were invented hy the jj^apisti
about his death. Some said that he died suddenly; otnenr,
that he killed himself; others^ that the devit stranjrled
him; others^ that his corpse stunk so abomtnabiy that they
were forced to leave it in the way as it was carried to be
interred. Similar slanders were even invented about his
death, while he was yet alive; for a.pamptilet was pub-
lished at Naples, and in other placies of Italy, the year
l>efore, wherein was given the following account : <* uu-
ther, being dangerously sick, desired to communicate, aikd
lUed as soon as be had received the viaticusi. As he wai
dying, he desired his body might be laid upon the altaf^
to be adored ; but that request being neglecred| he was
buried. When, lo ! at hia interment there arose a furious
tempest, as i/ the world was at an end ; and the terror was
ijniversal. Some, in lifting their hands to to heaven, per^
(Cr^ived that the host, which the deceasM had presumed t6
ti^e, wa^ suspended in the air ; upon whi^h it was gathered
up with great veneration, and laid in a; ^aqred ptace, and
th6 tempest ceased for the pre^ebt ; but it arose fitkt night
following with greater fury, and filled the whole town wi^th
consternation; and the niext day Luther^s sepulchre wkii
^^ound open and empty, and' a sulpbuireOtt^ stench |]^ro-
l^eeded froni it, which nobody ^Uld bear. The assist-
ants fell sick of it, aild many of them' repented, and re-
turned to the catholic church.*^ 'We hafve related this^^ as ^a
^specimen of the innumerable fklsehoods that the papists
liave invented abouiLulher; in which, aS Ba^le observes
very truly, they have shewn tto regard either tb probabitity,
^6r to the rules of the art of slandering, biiC h^ve'assnmed all
^the confidence of those who foDy belietre thiat the public will
Iblindly and implicitly receive tneir stories, be they ever so
' absurd and incredible. Luther, ' however, to give the most
effectual refutation of tbi9 account of bis death, pubfisfaed
an advertisement of his beitig alive; and wrote a book at
the same time to prove that ^ Papacy was founded by the
devil.** Amidst all this malice of the papists towards Lu-
ther, we must not forget a generous acdon of the enlperor
Charles V. which is an exception to it. White CharWs
troops quartered at Wittember? in 1547, whi<5h was one
year iafter Lather's death, a soldier gave Luther!s effigies^
in the church of th^ castle, two stabs with his daggetj and

534 LUTHER.-

- • . *

iiie Spaniards earnestly desired that bis tomb' migbtba
.puUed dovfn, and his bones dug up and burnt : but the
eoQperor wisely answered, ^^Jf have nothing farther to do
with Luther; he has hencefortt^ another judge, whose ju-
risdiction it is not lawful for (ne to usurp. Know, that I
make not war with the dead, but with the living, who still
make war with me/' ]$e would not therefore suffer bi$
tomb to be demolished ;. and he forbad any attempt of that

liature upon pain of deat)).

After this longt but we trust, not uninteresting account
pf the gres^t founder of the Reformation, we sbalf select
only, on the jpart of the Homan catholics, the opinion of
father Simon, respecting hi^ talents as an interpreter of
scripture, for this is a part of his character which must
appear very important, as be was the first who boldly un<r
dertpok to reform an oy<srgrown system of idolatry and
'ftuper9titipn by thp pure word of God. " Luther," says this
critical author, *^ was the first protestant who ventured to
translate the 3ible into the vulgar tongue from the Hebrew
ie%i, although be understood Hebrew but very indif-
ferently. A9 he was of a free and bold spirit, he accuses
^t jerom of ignorance in the Hebrew tongue ; but he had
more reason to accuse himself of this fault, and for having
so precipitately undertaken a work of this nature, which
required o^ore time than he employed about it. Thus w^
:||nd tl^at he w^pbliged to review his translation, aqd m^k^
a second edition; opt, notwithstanding this review, the
most learned protestants of that time cpuld not approve of
either thi^ one of the otber^ and several of them took the
liberty tp mark the faults, which were very numerous.**
*In another place he speaks of him not sis a translator, but
fis a commentatof, in the following manner : *^ Luther, the
German protestant's patriarch, was notss^tisfied with makr
ins: a translation of the whole Bible, both from the Hebrew
and Cre^k, intq his mother tongue, but thought he ought
to explain the word of God according to his own method,
for the better fixing pf their mjnds whom he had drawn tp
his party. But this patriarch could succeed no better in his
commentaries upon the ^ible than in bis translation. B^
m^de both the one and the other with too little considera*
tion; and he very often consults only his own prejudices.
'That he might be thought a learned man, he spends time to
MO pijrpqse in confuting of pttier people's opinions;^' whicd
he fancies ridiculous. He mixes very improperfj theologt-

LUTH'ER. 5^S

I

/

' • • .

jc^l questions and several other thrngs wilfi his comaxen-
taries, so that ihey may rather be called lectures, and'
disputes in divinity, than real commentaries/ This may
bfe seen in his exposition on Genesis, where ttier^' are
ih^ny ic(le digressions. He thought, that by reading of
morality, and bawling against those who were not of his
opinion, he might very itiuth. illustrate the word of God j*
yet one may easily see by liis own books, that he was a'
turbulent and passionate man, who had only a little flashy
wit and quickness of invention. There is nothing great or
learned in his commentaries upon the Bible ; every things
low and' mean : and as be had studied divinity, he has
rather cbmposed a rhapsody of theological questions, than
a commentary upon the scripture text : to which we may
add, that he wanted understanding, and usuatlly followed
his senses instead of his reasbh.*'

' TThis is the language of those in the , church of Rome
who speak of Luther with any degree of moderation ; for
the generality allow hini neither parts nor learning, nor
any attainment intellectual or moral. They tell you that
he Was not only no divine, 'bot evert an outrageous enemy
and calum'n?atdr of all kihds of science } 'and that he com*
mitted gross, stupid, and abominable erroiis against the
principles of divinity and philosophy. They accuse him
,of having confessed', that aftet* struggling for ten years to-
gether with ' his conscience, he at last 'became a perfect
miasteroFie, iatid fell into Atheism'; and add, that he fre-
quently said he would renbunde bis portion in heaven^ pro-
vided Gdd'w6uld allow him a ^lleasant life for 100 years
upon earth. -' And, lest we should wonder that ^o' monstrous
and much unheard-of impiety should be found \n k mere
hiiman creaturie, they make no sicruple to say that' ^n In^
cabtis'be<gat him: These, and many mdre such scandalous
imputations. Bay le has been at the pains t?& colleitst, and
has treated th^ with aU- the contempt aiwl just indigna-
tion they deserve.

•'On the protest£mt side, the character gi^n of Luther
by Dr. R6bertson, seeitis, on the whole, ^e most just aAd
impartial thait has yet* appeared. '^' As his wasraised^lBy
Piwidenccf,"' says this -excellent hhtorlan,' ** to b6 the au*
dhir erf one of the greatest and niostr interesting irevolntibiis'
rfecofded'in history, th^re is ncJt art/ person, ^etli^ps,
whose ctittirstctidr has been drai^n with Su'ci^ opposite colbiirs.
In^Ki»*o^tt age, o^e partyj* dti*irck vflfh hdrroV aftd ififlam'ed

536 L U T H, E B.-

I

with rag^ w^evtibey sawwitl^ what a (^rif)g bfod he ovfqtr*
turned everything which they held to hh siK^redjr or vi^ved.
as beneficial, imputed to him not only the defects and
vices of a man, but the qualities of a dtiinoit Th^ other^.
warmed with the admiration aa^ mtitude whichiti*^ ^)^<^Pfl^
be.. merited, as the. restorer, of light and I^bexty. ty^, 4ba
Christian church, aacribed to him perfections above; the
condition of humanity, and viewed all his acti/^p^ wjkb i^ .
veneration bordering on that which should be pai4.oiiLy tot
those who are giiided by the immediate inspiration of boar:
Ven. It is his own conduct, npt the.undistipguishing cjen-^
sure or the extrt^vagant praise of. hi^ contemporariesy that
ought to regulate the opiifion^ pf ^he presenjt age concern^
i^g him. Zeal for what be regarded as truth i undaunted,
intrepidity to maintain his own system ', abilitiesy bptb ^^
tural and acquired, to defend hispriacipl^ ^ and hu wearied
industry in propagating theni;. are virtues which ^hinetao
conspicuously in every part of bi^ behjfivioury that even, hit
enemies must allow him tq have ppssessed them in an emi-
nent degree. To these may be added, with equa) justiee» .
such purity and even apsterity pf mianoers, as became fme
vfho assun^ed the character of ajrefqriper; i^ch sanctity ci
life as suited the doctrine which be delivered ; and such
perfect disinterestedness, as affords no slighi presiimptiea^
of his sincerity. Superior to all selfish.. 9onaideratio$|9y t.
stranger \o the elegancies of life, at)d despising ;ji|s .plea*
sures, he left tb^ honour^ a^d ^mqlume^ts .pf tb^ chjarch
to his discipleif, remaining satis^ed bifP'^lf ui his original
state of professo;: in th^ uq^v^si^y, ^^d pai^^pr of the townt
of Wittemberg,. with tb^ moderate .appointments anne^a^:
to these o^fice^. fiU extraordinary qi^^lities. . were . allayed
by 09 incpp^ideraWe mi;^t^re of human f railtif^s ^and hufmi^
passions. These, bQwev^eKi ^ere of ^uch, a nature,,itbit.
they cannot be ini^puted to male;?olenpe or corruption o£
heart, bat seefti to. have taken tbeir rii^ from the sanns,-
source with many of his virtues. His mine), fprcible aodv
vehement in^ a»Il ijtsi op^r^tions, , roused by grc^t .object^ jor
. agitated by violent p^iqns, broke out,, pnfpany occasions,
with an impetuo^^t^ 'which. astoqisbes. n{eq of feebler
spirits, or such as 1^^ plficed 4^ a more trapqii4 aituatioo,
9y caj;)rying some praise*wortby dit^po^itionf to exceas, bej
borderjed sometimes qp what was culpable, .^ad jwaa. often
l>^trayed into action^ whipb exposed him to censure. |{if ,
confidence that hia own opinions, were well^oijiQd^ ap*.

LUTHER. Ml

fMMcfaed to anogance ; Us courage in' aiserting ikm^ to
mhnesi ; his firmness in adhering to them, to obstinacy ^
and his zeal in confuting his adversaries^ to rage and scnf*
rility. Accustomed himself to consider eveiy thing at sub*
ordinate to truths he expecte4 the sa^ne deference for it
from other men ; and, whhout making any aUowances for
their thnidity or prejudices, h^ poured forth against sock
at disappointed him in this particular, a torrent of invective
mingled with contempt Regardless of any distinction of
rank or character when his doctrines were attacked, he
chastised all his adversaries indiscriminately, with the tams
rough hand : neither the royal dignity of Henry VIII, nor
the eminent learning and abilities of Erasmus, screened
them from the same gross abuse with which he treated
Tetzel or Eckias.

' ^ But these indecencies of which Luther was guilty,
mi^t not be imputed wholly to the nolence of hit temper.
They ought to be charged in part on the mannert of the
*age. ^ Among a rude people, unsicquiunied with those
maxims, which, by putting constraint on the passions of
individuals, have polished society, and rendered it agree-
able, disputes of every kind were managed with heat, and
strong emotions were uttered An their natural langiuage
fnthottt reserve or delicacy. At the tame time^ the works
of Ifarned men were all composed in Latin ; and they were
not pnly authorized, by the example of eminent writers m
that langu^;e^ to, use their antagonists with the otiost illibe*
ral tcnrnlity ; but, in a dead tongue, indecencies of every
kind appear less shocking than in a living language, whose
idiofns and phrases seem groai, because tiiey are familiar. .
• ^< In passing judgment upon the characters of men, we
ought to try them by the principlet and maxims of their
own age, i\ot.by those of another. For, although virtue
and vice are at all times the same, manners and customs
yary continually. Some partt of Luthei^s behaviour
which to us appe^most culpable, gave no disgust to hia
contemporariesL li was even, by some of thosie qualities
which we are now, apt to blame, that he was fitted for wt*
complishing the great work he undertook. To rouse man«
kind,^ wben su^ in ignorance or superstition, and to en*
counter the rage of bigotry armed wiih powep^ required
the- utmost vehemence of zea), as well as a temper daring
to«Kcesi. A gehtle caU'would neither have reached, nor
hftve eiii^ted those to whom it was addressed. A sfint

tutors amiable; hixt Ibss vigofotis t&ah Lutli6r% would have
'^Blinink back from' the dangers which 'he^ braved jmd sur-
Kiidttnted. Tbward the ctose df Luther^s lifej though whh-
t>iit any 'perbetyCible' diminution of his ze^l or abiUties, the
ibfirinities of his temper krcrealsed upon hi'hiy sb that be
"grew iki'ljrtMrei'peemH/'ihoire irascible; ami 'more impa-
tient of coDtradtctioni'^Havitig Kved to be a witness of
his own 'ataa£itifg9u?c€efsy;'to see a great part of : Europe
'Cmbracehis d(!^ctrii^s; and to dhake the foundation of the
paptiil throne, before which the mightiest' monarchs had
trembiedy'he discovered, on some occasions, symptoms of
*«^anity ' and •self-dpplausfe. He must have been, indeed,
taHNTe than man,- if, upon contemplating all tha£ he actually
Wcom^pUshedv he had never felt any sentiments of this
kind rising in bis breast."

c Bis works were k:o4iected after his death, and printed at
.Wi^tembe^g in se^nen volumes folio. -Catherine de Bore
«urvt^d her husband a few years, and continued the first
year of her widowhood at Wivtemberg, though Luther had
advised her to^seek another place of residence. 'She went
from thence ia IS47, when the toWn was surrendered to
the »mperor Charles V. Before her departure, she had
received ai pretext of 'fifty crowns from Christian III4 king
of Denmark;- and the elector of Saxony, and the 'counts
of 'Mansf^lt^ gave 'he# good tokens of their libehility. With
tbeae additions to- what Luther h^d left her, she was ena*
Ued to mMntkin^ herself and her family handsomely. She
returned to Wittiemberg; when the town was restored to
the elector, where she lived a very devout and piocis life,
till the plague obliged her to leave it again jn 1552. She
Mld> what «he had M Wittemberg, and retired to Torgau,
vfi^b* a resolution to end her life there. An unfortunate mia*
chance befel her in her journey thither, which proved fatal
to her* > The horses growing unruly, and attempting 'to
runaways she leaped out of the vehicle, and had a faH,'
of which she died about a quarter of a year after, at Tor-
giu, •I>!ec. 20, 1552. She was buried there in the great
church, where her tomb and epitaph are still to be seen;
and<ihe university of Wittemberg, which was then at Tor-'
fpfl bedaDsatheplag'Qe raged at Wittemberg, made ar
public prQgramipa concern ii^ the funeral pomp. -
• Luthera[imiti baa undergoniie same alieratioti sind^ the'
time of its founder. Luther rejected the epistle of St.
ifuqas^^as Jnoousisisent with the doctrine of Stl^iml; 1i|

LUTHER. »3»

relation tojiistification; he aho* setaside the AfM0alyp$ei|
both which^are n6w r^ceiired as canonical in the Lutherati
t^hurch. Ldtber'reduced th^ dumber oiPsMtCrainents to twbf
Viz. baptism, and the eucharist; but he beiieved the iaw
panatiooy or ^onsubatantkition : that is^ that the matter of
the bread and wine remain with I the body atid btood of
Christ ; and it is in this article, that the main difference
between the Lutheran aiid English churches o<>ns«st8. Lu*
ther maintained the mass to be no sacrifice ; be exploded
the adoration of t^e host, auricular confession, meritorious
'works, indulgences, purgatories, the worship of images^*
&c. which had been introduced in the corrupt times of th^
Romish church. He also opposed the doctrine of free^-wtllt
maintained predestinatioti ; asserted that we are necessi^
tated in all we do; .that all our actions done in a state bf
«in, and even the virtues themselves of heathens, are crimes;
Chat we are justified qnly by the merits and satisfaction of
Christ. He also opposed the fastings in the Roman churoh^
'monasticat vows, the celibacy of the clergy, &c**
• LUTTI (Benedict), an Italian artist, ,fvas bom «t Flos,
rence, in 1666. He was the disciple of Dominico Gab*
biani, and at twenty *f6ur his merit was judged equal to
that of his master. He afterwards studied at Rome, under
jkhe patronage of the grand doke, and hoped to have pro«-
fited by the instructions of Clio Ferri ; but on ^bis arrival
he had to regret thie death of that master; He new, howi
ever, pufsued his studies with such success, that bis workt
became niuch valued in England, France, and Germany;^
The emperor knighted him, and the elector :6f Mentx
-sent with his patent of knighthood^ a ^ross set with dia'-
monds. Lutti was never satisfied with his own perform**
ances, and though he often retouched his pictures, yet
they never appeared laboured ; he always changed for the
better, and his last thought was the best. There were
three much«admire^ public works of his at Rome, viz. a
Magdalene in the church of St. Catharine of Siena, at
Monte Magna Napoli ; the prophet Isaiah, in an oval, St,
John de Lateran ; and St. Anthony of Padua, in the church-
of the Holy Apostles ; and at the palace Albani was a mi-
racle of St. Pio, which some reckon his master-piece. Fu-
seli speaks of his << Cain, flying from his murdered bro*»

* Melehior Adam.^^ckeod«rfft H»t. of Lutheraniim.— *DHpiB.-^en. Diet.
— Hobertioa's History of Cbarlei V«— Roiooe'f Life of Leo.— -Moibeim and
I^Uqer's Church History, ^c. ftc.

tM LUTTI.

Aer/* which h^ snys ba». something of the stiblimUy aod
the pathos that striae in the Pietro Martyre of Titian ; and
his *^ Psyche,'* in the gallery of the capitol, breathes rei»
finement of taste and elegance. His death is said to have
been hastened by a fit of cbs^grin, owing to his not haying
been able to finish a picture of St. Eusebius, bishop of
V^tselli, designed for Turin, for which he had received a
large earnest, and promised to get it ready at a set time.
But several disputes- happening- betwec^i .bim and those
who bespoke tte picture, brought on a fit of sickness, of
which be died at Rome, in 1.7^^, aged fifty-eight, and the
picture was afterwards finished by Pietro Biancbi, one of his
disciples. Lutti is blamed for apt having placed his figures
advantageously^ but. in such a manner as to tbcpw a part
of the arms* and legs out of the cloth. This fault he pos-
sesses in common with Paul Veronese apd Rubens, who^
to give more dignity and grandeur to the subject Aey
treated, have introduced into the fore-ground of their
pictures, groups ot persons on horseback,- tops of heads»
and arms and legs, c€ which no other part <^ the body «p-

pMTS.

Lutti was lively in conversation ; he had a pofiteness in
his behaviour, which, as it prompted him to treat every
body with proper civility, so it also procured him a return
of esteem and respect. He sppke well in general of all
bis contemporary painters, but contracted no particidar
aequaintance wiui any, thoush be was principal of the^kea-
demy of 8t Luke ; nor did ne court the protection of the
great, whom he never visited, and who very seldom visited
him ; convinced that the true protection of a painter is his
own merit! :

1 XyAriHenTiUe, rol I.— Strutt, and Pilkington.

INDEX

♦:

TO TBX

TWENTIETH VOLUME-

t1io6e marked thus' * are neW.
tliQse ndarked f are re-written^ with additioQS.

liAvsifBT, Hubert • # • « . .^ . )L

' ' ■ " " John Bap. Jos., • 4
t ' John Jofleph. ... 8

f Laniere, Nieholaa 9

**Lanuii^ Bernardino 10

f Lan8berg> Pmlip 11

^JjKozi, hevrh , . . / • ; ib,

*^t«azQni, Joseph. 19

^iMcher^ Peter Henry ib.

Lardner»Nath 17

tliOrrey/ Isaac de ....^6

^L4ffroque, Matthew de . . . . ib.

—* Daniel de 92

ris, Constantine • « • • • ^

-John •...;124

^na^ Peter ...^

^Laasaia, Manuel .126

HMasono, J. M.F. de 97

^Xdssns Oriandus S8

*Latch, John 39

lAthner, Hugh '. . . ;ib.

*-—. William , . .V. . . . .48

*Latini, lEh'unetto • • . .' ib.

^Latinos, Latinhis , . ;. 49

*Latome, James . « ..«. ..... .'50

iLaiid, l^ailiam .^b.

t^Auder, William <6

t(Auna7» Francis de .*..•.. 67
»■ »' ■ I Fteterde.*..;....^

Psfv

Ijaunoi^ John de ...^.....^

'*Lauriere> Euseb. James de 69

-^Lavater^ John Caspar, w^ . . 70

*Laviiigton« George f%

*Lav(Hsier, Ant. (aw 74

^Law, Edmund 88

* John ............. .88

*— William W

Lawes^ fibnry tS

t- William 9B

^Lawr^dce, Thomas ....... 99

^Lazius, Wol%ang 1(A

£eake, Richard lb.

■■ Sir John ....*.... .162

' t>—— St^hen Martin .... 107

* — John, M.D.. 109

fLeapor, Ifoiy IIO

Lebeufi John ....... ^ . . .111

Leblaney John Semard le . ib.
^Lecchi, John Anthony * ... 112

*Le Gene/ Charles 113

^Lederlin, John Henry .... 114
'^Le Dran, Henry Franeis . 115

fLedyeffd, John ib.

'*Lee, Edward 119

Nathamel 120

* Samuel 122

*Leechman» WilHam 123

*Lcger,Ant 125

b4«

INDEX

♦Lqgier, John 185

Legge, Geoi^ge 136

Leibnitz, Godfrey William 137

fLdgh, Charles 139

4 Edward 140

fLeighton, Alexander . . . ^ . 149

t Robert ,. ... 143

Leland> John 149

t' John, Rev 153

* Thomas. 156

fLely, Sir Pteter , .^69

Lemery, Nicholas 160

+ Louis 163

''^Lemos, Thomas de 164

f Lenfant, James 164

*Leng, John 167

fLenglet du Fresooy, Nich. 168
Lennard, Sampson '. 1 . . . . 170

^Lennox, Charlotte ib.

fLeo 1 172 '

X 173

VI. Emperor 180

John ib.

D'.0ndett6... 181

of Modena ib,

}e St. John ^ *. ib.

♦I>onard of Pisa 188

'^J^onardoy Leo .......... ib.

fLBpnicenuSj Nich. ....... 183^

:fLeomtz>.Cjynw. - . 184

♦Lerroout, Toomafl , . . ib.

tLesbonax 185

^JLtescaille, James uid Cath. ib.
^Lescba^sier, James. . . . . .r . ib.

;*Lesdiguieres, Francis ...... 186

. Lesley, John, Bp. of Ross . . 187
Leslie, Joho.Bp«of Clogh^l98
-Charles ib.

•*i

Lessing^.Qptthold EphraimSOl

L'Estrange, 2$ir Rqger ao5

. Lethieullier, Sjoaart • ^ ^ . . . 81 1

fLeU, Gregory ....813

tLeucippus ...•'.,•• « 816

tLeupqlavins, John 816

fLeusd^n, John ........;. 817

tLeuwenhoek, Anthony. . . . 818

fLever, Sir Ashton <, 819

*-*-- — Thomas ib.

^Levesque, Peitar Charles . . 881

*Levi, David 888

*Levret, Andrew. . , 884

^Levis, John ....>.....<• >b.

fLey, or Ldgh, Sir James.. 889

« John 831

Leybourn, William ib.

*Leydecker, Melchior 3>.

Lhuyd, Edward 239

t Humphrey 837

X UbaHius * 838

^Libavius, Andrew. 848

flicetus, Portuniiis tb.

^Liddel, Duncan 243

^Lieberkuhn, John Nathan. 845

fLieutaud . . : . 1 246

♦Lievens, Jan 847

Lightfoot, John 848

* John, botanist . 854

, Lilbume, Jphn 856

Lillo, George , . . . 868

Lilly, John \ 864

William .*. 866

'■- Lily, or Lilye, William 872

Limborch, Philip 274

f Linacre, Thomas 279

Xindsay, John 283

t rShr David ... ib.

^Lindsey, Theoplului} 286

fLinglebacb, John, 289

^Linguec, Simon Nich. Hen.290

.♦Lindley, John 293

tLinnseos, Charles 294

t' . . , — Charloa, son .... 306
fLiotard, John Stephen .... 311
fiipeniusi Martin ..*...., .318

f Lippi, FUippo 313

*Lippomani, Lewis 314

fLipsius/ Justus .;.... ...... ib.

♦Lisle, Claude de . < , . . . , .31^
+"TTT William de .,.,:.., ^ ib,
*■■ Lewis de . ^ . ; . , . , , . 380
.t ' Jo^f h NicholiBs de . ^ ib.
,*^— 77 Williaria^ antiquary . , 388

Lister^; Martin ^ .. ..328

Lithgow, Willia|» „♦ f ,,. "33^
Littleton, Adam /^^ ^; . . . ..3^

, — Ed\yipi^.,.U. ..328

. •_ — Thojoi^ ^389

— ^ Edward, JV<^ge . 331

Livingston, John , 335

. f Liviiis, Iptus ii».

.♦Lloyd, tbivid 339

♦ Nicholas . .^ 348

t—— Robert 34?

—-1— William ,-.^.347

-rir

I N D

Page

*Lobb, Theophihw 351

^LiObeira> Vaaques 352

*Lobel, Matthias de ib.

fLobineau, Guy Alexis .... 354

f Lobo, Jerome ib.

*Lock, Matthew . . *. 355

fLocke, John 358

Locker, John 373

fLockman, John 374

fLockyer, Nicholas 375

Lodge, Thomas ib.

*-^ William 377

♦Loftus, Dudley ib.

^Logan, James 380

* John 381

*Loggan, David 386

Lokman ib.

Lombard, Peter 388

fLomenie, Henry Lewis de . 389
fLommius, Jodocus ,.,,... 390

Lomonozof 391

fLong, James le 393

* Edward ; 395

Roger \ 396

♦—Thomas 398

fLongepierre, H. B. de 399

Longinus, Dion. Cassius . . 400
♦Longland, John 402

Robert 404

Longomontanus, Christ. . . 405
fLongueil, Christopher de . . 407

t Gilbert de 410

t Longuerue , Lew. Dufour de 4 1 0
♦Longueval, James 411

Longus ib.

♦Lorenzini, Francis Maria . 412

Lorit, Henry ib.

Lorme, Philibert de 413

Lorraine, Robert le . . ^ . . . 414

Lords, William de 415

+Lorry, Anne Charles ib.

♦Lort, Michael 416

*Lotich, Peter 417

♦Loubere, Simon de la 419

♦Louis, Anthony ib.

fi X. 543

Pagi

*Louvet, Peter 420

.fLove, Christopher 421

— — James 424

Lovelace, Richard 425

♦Lovibond, Edward 426

♦Low, George 428

fLowe, Peter 429

f Lower, Richard ib.

t Sir William ...... 431

♦Lowman, Moses .' ib.

Lowth, William 433

t Robert 434

*— — Simon 442

Loyola, Ignatius of 434

♦Lubbert, Sibrand 451

Lubienietski, Stanislaus . . 452

Lubin, Augustin 455

Eilhard 456

♦Luca, John Baptist ; 457

fLucan ib.

Lucas, Francis 460

Paul ib.

Richard ib.

Lucian 461

Lucifer 462

Lucilius, Caius 463

fLucretius 464

Ludlow, Edmimd 465

fliudolph. Job 471

Henry William . . 474

♦Ludwig, Christ. Theophilus476

Lugo, John 478

Francis 480

Luisino, Francis 481

fLuisinus, Francis ib.

Luitprandus lb.

Lulli, John Baiptist 482

Lully, Raimond 485

♦Lupset, Thomas ib.

♦Lupton, Donald 486

♦Lupus, Christian 487

Lussan, Mar^ret de 483

'Luther, Martin 489

Lutti, Benedict 539

END OF THE TWENTIETH VOLUME.

Printed by Nichols, Son, and Bentl^y,
lied Lion-passage, Fleet-street, London.

•

_J

t H. C OA