The general biographical dictionary : containing an historical and critical account of the lives and writings of the most eminent persons in every nation ; particularly the British and Irish ; from the earliest accounts to the present time ..

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1

THE GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

A NEW EDITION.

VOL. XVL

Printed by; Ni«iiOLS, Son, and Bbntlbv,
Ked Lig£ Passaf e, Fleet StM»ct» Loiidoii.

f

THE GENERAL

BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY :

CONTAINING
AN HISTORICAL AND CBITICAL ACCOUNT

or TBI

LIVES AND WRITINGS

OF TRK

MOST EMINENT PERSONS

IN EVERY NATION;

PAKtlCUIASLT THE BRITISH AND IRISH i
TROM THE EARUEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.

A NEW EDITION,

REVISED AND ENLARGED BY

ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.

VOL. XVL

LONDON'.

IffgaiTEMi FOft J. NICHOLS AND SON} F. C. AND J. HTINQTON { t^ fAYNfi|
OTRIDGE AND SON ; O. AND W. NICOL $ WILKU AND EOB1N80H | I. WALKBft f
K. LEA ; W. LOWNDES ; WHITE, COCHSANBy AND CO. | t. EQERTON |
LACElNGTONy ALLEN, AND CO.; J. CABPENTSE{ LOMGlfANy BVR8T, EBS8»
•RUE, AND BROWN ; CADELL AND DA VIES | C. LAW } J. BOOXW f J. CVTHBIX t
CLARRE AND SONS ; J. AND A. ARCH } J. HARRIS ; tMCXf 9SlMMY, AND CO.
I. BOOTH; J. MAWMAN; QALB, CURTIS» AND PENNBR) R. H. EVANS f
I. BATCH ARD; R. BALDWIN; CRADOCK AND JOY ; B. BENTLEY ; I. FAULDBR ;
OOLE AND CO. ; J. DEIOHTON AND BON, fiRifBfttbOS; CONSTABUI AND «0.
9PINB9R0H; AND WILtON AND SON, YORK*

1814.

A NEW AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.

VriOTTO, an eminent punter, scnlptor^ tOxi architecti
was bora in 1276, at a ~ mcfi, of pareobt

who were plain countr a boy, he viaa

Bent out to keep sbeep ii having a natural

inclination for design, le himself with

drawing bis flock after tl in the best man-

ner be could. Cimabuf iiat way, found

him at this work, and tl ;o good an opi>

nion of hia genius for.painting, that he prevailed with \m
father to let him go to Florence, and be brougbt up under
him. He had not applied himself long to designing, be^
fbre he began to shake oS the stiffness of the Grecian
wasters. He endeavoured to give a finer air to his beads,
and more of nature to bis colouring, with proper actions to
his figures. He attempted likewise to draw after the life,
and to express the different passions of the mind; but
could not come up to the liveliness of the eyes, the ten-
derness of the flesh, or the strength of the muscles in naked
figures. What he did, however, had not been done in
two centuries before, with any skill equal to his. Giotto's
reputation was so far extended, that pope Benedict IX,
sent a gentleman of bis court into Tuscany, to bring him
ajust report of his talents; and withal to bring him a de«
■ign from each of the Florentine painters, being desirons
tfi have some notion* of their skill. When he came to
VocXVI. B

a GIOTTO.

Giotto, be told him of the pope's intentions, which vrere^
to employ him in St. Peter's church at Rome ; and desired
him to send some design by him to his holiness. GiottK)^
who was a pleasant ready man, took a sheet of white paper,
and setting his arm close to his hip to keep it steady, h%
drew with one stroke of his pencil a circle so round and so
equal, tha[t .^^rolfnd as, Giotjkp'^ O'' afterwarids became
proverbial. Then,> presenting it to the gentleman, he told
him smiling, that *^ there was a piece of design, which he
might carry to his holiness." The man replied, *^ I ask
for a design f' Giotto answered^ ^^ Go, sir, I tell you his
hoUness i^^s.aotJbijpg else of me.'* T!be P^pf^t who under-
stood something of painting, easily comprehended by this,
how much Giotto in strength of design excelled all the
other painters of his time ; and accordingly sent for him
to Rome. Here he painted many pieces, and amongst the
rest a ship of Mosaic work, which is over the three, gates^
of the portico, in the entrance to St. Peter's church, and
is known to painters by the name of Giotto's vessel. Pp^
l&enedict was succeeded by Clement V. who transferred
Che papal court to Avignon; whither, likewise, Giotto was.
obliged to go.' After som^ stay there, having perfectly
satisfied the pope by maqy fine specimens, of bis art, he
was largely rewarded, and retfiriied to Florence full of
riches and honour in 13161 He was soon invited to Padua,
where he painted a new-built chapel very curiously ; thence
he Went to Verona, and then to Ferrara. At the same time
the poet Dante, hearing that Giotto was at > Ferrara, tfhd
£eing himself then in exile at ^ayenna, got him over to
Kavetina, where he executed several pieces ; and perhaps
it inight b|e here that he drew Dante's picture, though the
friendship between the poet and the painter was previotr^
^o this. In 1322, he was again invited abroad by Castruc-^
cio Castrucani, lord of Luca; and, after that, by Rgberl
ling of Naples. Giotto painted much at Naples, and
<;hiefly the chapel, where the king -was so pleased with
iiim, that he used very often to go and sit by him while be
ivas at work : for Giotto was a man of pleasant conversa-'
tion and wit. One day, it being very hot, the king said
to him, '* If I were you, Giotto, I wQuld leave off working*
this hot weather;" "and ^o would I, Sir," says Giottc^^'
V if I were you." He returned fropa Naples to Rome, and
from Rome to Florence^ leaving monuments of his art ia
almost every place through which he passed. There is ik

tj I O T T O. 3

fiicttire of hb in one of tbe churches of Florence, repre-
seottDg^ tbe death of the blessed Virgin, with the apostles
ftbout her : . the attitudes of which story, Michael Angelo
tis^d to say, could not be better designed.. Giotto, how-»
' ever, did not confine his genius altogether to painting : he
was both a scillptor and architect. In 1327 he formed the
design of a magnificent and beautiful monument for Guide
' Tarlati, bishop of Arezzo, who had been the head of the
Gfaibeline foction in Tuscany : and in 1334 he undertook
the famous tower of Sancta Maria del Fiore; for which
work, though it was not finished, he was niade a citizen of
Florence, and endowed with a considerable yearly pension*

His death happened in 1336: and the city of Florence
erected a malrble statue over his^tomb. He had the esteem
and friendship of most of the excellent men of the age in
which he lived : and among the rest, of Dante and Petrarch*
He drew, as already noticed, the picture of the former |
and the latter mencions him in his will, and in one of his
figUiiiUar epistles.

Giotto is said to have been the inventor of Mosaic work^
and of crucifixes. The former has been disproved in our
ArchsBologia. The latter rests on a story which we hope
has as little foundation. It is thus related : ^' Giotto, in*
tending one day to draw a crucifix to the life, wheedled a
poor man to suffer himself to be bound to a cross for an
hour, at the end of which he was to be released, and re-
ceive a considerable rieward for it ; but instead of this, as
aftn as he had £ustened him, he stabbed him dead, and
then fell to drawing : when he had finished his picture, he
•carried it to the pope, who liked it so well, that he was
resolved to place it over the altar of his own chapels
Giotto told him, as he liked the copy so well, he would
show him the original. What do you mean, said the
pope? Will yon show me Jesus Christ on the cross in
person? No, said Giotto, but I will show your holiness
the original ftam whence I drew this, if you will absolve
^e from aU punishment. The pope promised this, which
GicAto belreving, attended him to the place where it was :
as soon as they were entered, he drew back a curtain,
which hung before the dead man on the cross, atid told
kirn wfaflt 1^ had done. The pope, troubled at so barbarous
an actioii, repealed his promise, and told Giotto, that he
should surely be put to an exemplary death. Giotto, with
a seemiifg r6Big:uatioii> oulf b^ged l&aVe to^hr^' the

B 2

4 G I O T T O*

' pi^ce before he died, which was granted hiaiy and a gtiard
tet^pon him to prevent his escape. As soon as the pic-
ture was delivered into bis hancis> he took a brush, and
dipping it into a sort of stuff ready for that purpose, daubed
the picture all over with it, so that nothing of the crucifix
could be seen. This made his holiness stark mad, and he
swore, that Giotto should be put to the most cruel death,
unless he drew Another equal to the former; if so, h6
would not only give him his^life, but also an ample reward
in. money. Oiotto, as he had reason, desired this under
. the pope's signet, that he might not be in danger of a
second repeal. This was granted to him; and taking a
wet spunge, he wiped off all the varnish he had daubed on
the picture, so that the crucifix appeared the same in all
respects as it did before. Upon this, the pope remitted
his punishment. And they say, that this crucifix is the
original, from which the most famous crucifixes in Europr
are xlrawn." *

GIOVIO. SeeJOVIUS.

GIRALDI (LiLio Gregorio), in Latin Gyraldus, an
ingenious and learned Italian critic, was born at Ferrara
in 1479, of an ancient and reputable family. He learned
the Latin tongue and polite literature under Baptist Gua-
jrini; and afterwards the Greek at Milan under Demetrius
Chalcondyles« He retired into the neighbourhood of Al-
bert Picus, prince of Carpi, and of John Francis Picus,
prince of Mirandula; and, having by their means access
to a large and well-furnished library, he applied him^f
intensely to study. He afterwards went to Modena, and
thence to Rome, but being unfortunately in this city when
it was plundered by the soWiers of Charles V. in 1527, he
lost his all. in the general ruin; and soon after his patron
tard jnal Kangone, with whom be had lived some time. He
was then obliged to shelter himself in the house of the
prince of Mirandula, a relation of the great Picus, but had
the misfortune to lose this protector in 1533, who was
assassinated in a conspiracy headed by his nephew. Gi^*
raldi was at that time so afflicted with the gout, that he
had great difficulty to save himself from the hands of th^
conspirators, and lost all which he had acquired since the
iacking of Rome. He then returned to bis own country,
4nd lived at Ferrara^ where be found a refuge from hU

G I R A L D I. 9

misfottunes. The gout, which he is said to have heightened
by intemperance, tormented him so for the six or $eveft
last years of his life, that, as he speaks of himself, he.
might be said rather to breathe than to live. He veas stich
a cripple in his hands and feet, that he was incapable of
moving himself. He made, however, what use he could
of intervals of ease, to read, and even write: and many of
his books were composed in those intervals. He died at
length of this malady in 1552 ; and was interred in the ca-
thedral of Ferrara, where an epitaph, composed by himr
self, was inscribed oipon his tomb.

His works consist of seventeen productions, which were
first printed separately ; but afterwards collected and pub-
lished in 2 vols, folio, at Basil 1580, and at Leyden 1696«
The most valued pieces among them are, '^ Historia de
Deis Gentium,'* — ^^ Historian Poetarum tarn Grsecorum
quam Latinorum Dialogi decem,''— and, ^^ Dialogi duo de .
Poetis nostrorum.'' The first of these books is one of the
last he. composed, and full of profound erudition. ^,The
other two, which make up the history of the ancient and
modern poets, are written with great exactness and judg-
ment. Vossius speaks highly of this work, as the produc-
tion of great judgment and learning, as well as industry,
and observes, that though hi? professed design is to collect
memoirs concerning their persoris, characters, and writ-
ings in general, yet he has occasionally interspersed many
things, regarding the art of poetry, which may. be useful
to those who intend to cultivate it. Joseph Scaliger, in-
deed, would persuade us, though not very consistently,
that nothing can be niore contemptible than the judgment
he passes on the poets he treats of : for in another place be
allows all the wovks of Giraldus to be very good, and that
no man knew better how to temper learning with judgment.

There is a work also by Giraldus, <^ De annis & mensi-
bus, csBterisque temporis partibus, una ,cOm Kalendario
Romano &. Grseco," written with a view to the reformation
of the kalendar, which was .afterwards effected- by pope
Gregory XIII. about 1582. There are likewise among his
works a few poems, the principal of which is entitled,
*^ Epistola in qua agitur de incommodis, quse in direptione
Urbaiia passus est ; ubi item est quasi catalogus suorum,
amicorum Poetarum, & defieaiur interitus Herqulis Cardi-
nalis Rangonis.'* This poem is annexed to the Florentine
edition of the two dialogues concerning his contemporairy'

d aiRALDL

?oet5; ftn4 contains a curious literacy history o£ that time,
'o other praises bestowed upon GiraJdus by authors of the
first name, we may add that of Casaubon, who calls him»
** vir solide doctus, & in scribendo accuratus,*' a maa:
solidly learned and an accurate writer. Thuanus says^
that ** he was excellently skilled in the Greek and Latia:
tongues, in polite literature, and in antiquity, which he>
has illustrated in several works ; and that, though highly
deserving a better fate, he struggled all his life with ilU.
health and ill-fortune.*' His books he bequeathed to his-
relatives John Baptist Giraldi and Pasetius.^

GIRALDI (John Baptist Cintio), an Italian poet, of
the same family with the preceding, was born at. Ferrara.
in 1504. His father, being ai man of letters, took great <
care of his education ; and placed him under Ctslio Cal-
cagnini, to study the languages and philosophy. He made
an uncommon progress, and then applied himself to the,
study of physic ; in which faculty he was afterwards a doc-
tor. #ALt 21 years of age, he was employed to read pubUc
lectures at Ferrara upon physic and polite literature. In :
1542, the duke of Ferrara made him bis secretary; which*
• office be held till the death of that priace in 1658. He
was continued in it by bis successor : but envy having dona
him som,e ill offices with his master, he was obliged to quit
the court. He left the city at the same time, and removed
with his family to M oodovi in Piedmont ; where he taught
the belles lettres publicly for three years. He then went
to Turin ; but the air there not agreeing with his constitu-
tion, he accepted the professorship of rhetoric at Pavia ;
which the senate of Milan, bearing of his being about to
remove, and apprized of his great merit, freely offered
him. This post he filled with great repute ; and afterwards
obtained a place in the academy of that town. It was here
he got the name of Ciutio, which he retained ever after,
and put in the title*page of his books* The gout, which
was hereditaj^ in his family, beginning to attack him se«
verely, he returned to Ferrara*; thinking that bis native air
might afford him relief. But he was hardly settled there,
when he grew extremely ill; and, after languishing about
three months, died in 1573.

His works itre all written in Italian, except some orations,
spoken upon extraordinary occasions, in Latin. They

* t

.i;Jtf(Hn^»^Niceros9 Tol, XKCC^^Roicoe'g Leo.^*-Sasii Ononu m Gyrtldqf.

GIRALDt f

insist chiefly of tragedies : a collection of which was pub«'
$shed at Venice 1583, in 8vo, by his son Celso Giraldi j'
who, in his dedication to the duke of Ferrara, takes occa-
sion to observe, that he was the youngest of five sohs, ahd
the only one wHo survived hii^ ikther. There are alsb soirid^
prose works of Giraldi: one particularly upoh comedy^'
tragedy, and other kinds of poetry, which was prihted aV
Venice by himself in 1554, 4to. Soitie make no scriifile
to rank him among the best tragic writers that litaly has^
produced ; but perhaps the work by which he nOw is'best^
known is his ** Hecatommiti,^' an hundred noviefts in th^'
nanner of Boccaccio, which have been frequently' printed.
There is a scarce volume of His poems printed' at' Ferrara^
ih 1537, at the close of which is a treatise of Caelio Cal-'
cagnini, <« De Imitatiorie," addressed to Giraldi.^

GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS, See BARRY.

GIRARD (Gabriel}, an ingenious French writer^ waa'
bom at Clermont in Auvergne in 1676, and educkied for
the' church. In his youth he had a canonry ifi the colle-'
giate church of Notre Dame de Monferrand, but resigned^
it to one of his brothers, that he might be at' liberty' to go'
to Paris and devote his time to literary purstiiCs. llbere^
hj the interest of some friends be Wa^ made 'alopidner to the*
duchess of Berri, daughter of the regent, and also ob*'
tained the place of king's interpreter for the Sckvoniah'
and Russian languages. In 1744 he was admitted a' mem-'
ber of the French academy. He died Feb. 4^ 1748; The^
work by which he is best known, and to which inde^d'he^
chiefly owed his reputation in Francie, is his ** Synonymea^
Frangais/' 12mo, of ^hrch a new edition, with some post*^
humous pieces by Girard, was published by M. Beauz6e^ in'^'
1^69, 2 vols. 12mo. No grammatical worJL was ever mora
popular in France, nor more useful in defining the nreciise'
meaning of words apparently syhohymotis ; ahd the ele« '
g^hce and moral tendency of the examples he produces '
have been much' admired. . Ttie abbd Rotibaud has siiice^
published " Les Nouveaiix Syrionymes Frangais,^* 1766^*
4 vols. 8 vo, which may be considered as a supplemenit to
Girard. Our author published also a grammar under the '
title of '^ Les vrais principes de la'langue Frangais/' 2']
vols. 12mo,'far inferior in ingenuity to his former, arid

1 Moreri.— NiceroD, vol. XXIX.--<3io^en4 Hut. Litt. d*Itii]ie, T^I. VI. p. 4^.
•*^axii Onomast. in Gjrraldui.

< G I I^ A II p. , ♦ ■

full of jpi&taphysical whims on the theory of language^ not
unmixisd with those infidel principles which were in his
time beginning to be propagated.'

QIRTIN (Thomas), an ingenious young landscape-
painter, was born Feb. 18, 1773, and received his first in-
structions from. Mr. Fisher, a drawing-master in Aldersgate-
street, and was, for a short time, the pupil of Mri Dayes.
He early made nature his model; but the first master that
strucl^ bis attention forcibly was Canaletti, and, in the
latter part of his life, he sedulously studied the colouring
of Rubens. He was the first who introduce4 the custom of
drawing upon cartridge-paper ; by which means he avoided
that spotty, glittering glare so commpn in drawings made
on white paper ; and some of his later productions have a;|
forcible and spirited an effect as an oil*picture,. and are
, more clear. In his first manner he made the outline wit:h
a pen,, but afterwards did away that hard outline, whiqh
gives ^o ^dgy an effect to drawings that are not, in other,
respects, destitute of merit; and, having first given his
general forms with Indian ink, finished his work by putting
on his different tints. This, if judiciously managed, is
certainly a great improvement in the art. It has beea
said, that he made great use of the rule, and produced'
some of hb most forcible effects by trick, but this was not
the case. His eye was peculiarly accurate ; and by that
he formed his judgment of proportions. Whoever inspected
his pallet woiilc) find it covered with a greater variety of
tints than almos||; any of his contemporaries employed.
Mr. Moore was his first patron, and with him he went a
tour into Scotland. The prospects h^ saw in that country
gave that wildness of imagery to the scenery of his draw-
ings by which they are so pre-eminently distinguished.
He also wei^t with ^r. Moore to Peterborough, Lichfield,
and Lincoln ; and, ipdeed, to many other places remark-
able for their rich scenery, either in nature or architecture. ^
That gentleman had a drawii)g that Oirtin made of Exeter ,
(Cathedral, which was principally coloured on - the spo^
wher<^it was drawn; for he was so uncommonly indefatiga-
ble, that^ when he had mfide a i^ketch of any place, h^
never wished to (juit it until be had given it all the proper
tdnts. H^ was early noticed by lord Harewood, Mr. LaS'
^|JleS| and Dr. Monro ; in whose collections are son&e of

I Pkt. Bilk

Q I R T I N. 9

those fine specimens of the arts by the study of which he
forioed his taste. The doctor has in his possession some of
his earliest, and many of his finest, drawings. He painted
two pictures in oil ; the first was a view in Wales, which
was exhibited, and much noticed, in 1801 ; and the se-
cond, the panorama view of London, which was exhibited;
in Spring-gardens. About twelve months before his death
he went to France, where be staid till May. His last, and
indeed his best, drawings were the views of Paris, which,
were purchased by lord Essex, and from which aqua-tinta
prints by other artists have since been mslde. This pro-*
mising young artist died Nov. 9, 1802, of an asthmatic »
disorder, which Mr. Edwards seems to attribute to irregu*
larity. *

GIRY (Lewis), advocate to the parliament of Paris,
and to the council, and inember of the French academy,
was born at Paris in 1596. His abilities and probity re-
commended him to some very honourable employments, and
he particularly enjoyed the confidence of cardinal Mazarin.
He was author of the following translations i *^ Dialogues
des Orateurs,'* 4to.; " TApologie de Socrate;'\ ** THist,
Sacr^e de Sulpice Severe ;'' " TApologetique de Tertul-
lien,^* for which he was received into the academy ; ^Ma
Cit6 de Dieu, de St. Augustin," I vol, 4to. ; ** Epitres
Choisies de St. Augustin," 5 vols. i2mo. He died in 1665,
' at Paris. His son, Francis, who was provincial of the
Minim order, gained! great reputation by some devotioqal
works; but deserves little credit for his principal publica-
tion, ^* Les Vies des Saints," fol. which although esteemed
ibr its piety^ is full of fables, and far from accurate as to
facts. P. Raffron, of the same order, has written his life,
12mo.* ^

GLABER (Rodoij>h), a Benedictine monk, first of St«
Cermaine d^Auxerre, and afterwards of Cluni, and a man
ef superstitious credulity, flourished in the eleventh cen-
tury, and wrote a " Chronicle or History of France," in
the L^tin language, tt consists of five books, of which th«
first relate^ to the events of the monarchy previously to
> Hugh Capet, and the four subsequent ones to those foU
lowing it, as far down as 1046. This work is defective as
a co^ippsitipn, and, at the same time, full of fat>uious

> Gcttt Mag. LXXlfr.aod LXXUI — Pilkinirton.— Edwardt'f Sapplcment to
Walpole. * Moreri.--*Dict. HiiU

10 . G L A B E R:

Stories^ yet it contains much valuable information relatire
to those remote ages. It was printed in the collections of
Pithou and Duchesne. He was author of a life of William,
aibbot of St. Benignus at Dijon. '

GLANDORP (JoHN)^ a learned philologist of the six«
teenth century, was born at Munster. He studied mider
Melancthon at Wittemberg, and became rery distinguished'
for his critical knowledge of Greek and Latin. In 1 533 he
disputed publicly against the anabaptists at Munster.
After visiting the principal German academies, be was
elected rector of the college at Hanover, but, Upon some
dispute, he quitted in 1555, and retiring to Goslar, was
followed by most of his scholars ; but- here again h^
had the misfortune to render himself unpopular, and was
obliged to leave the place in 1560, on which he went to
Marpurg, and was made professor of history. He died'in
1564. His works are, I. ^^ Sylva CarmimimElegiacorum;^*'
2. <' Descriptio Gentis Antoniae ;" 3. ^' Familiae Julias
Gentis ;^' 4. ^^ Disticha Sacra et Moralia ;*' 5. ^< Annotate
in Jul. Ceesaris Comment.;'* 6. << Annotat in Ciceronis
Epist. Famil.;" 7. <' Onomasticon Historian Romanaei.^"

GLANDORP (Matthias), a German physician, was
born in 1595, at Cologne, where his father f^as a surgeon.
His first application to letters was at Bremen ; whence he'
returned to Cologne, and devoted himself to philosophy,
physic, and chirurgery. He studied four years under
Peter Holtzem, who was the elector's physician, and pro-
fessor in this city ; and he learned the practical part of
surgery from his father. To perfect himself in these
sciences, he went afterwards into Italy, and made< some
stay at Padua ; where he greatly benefited himself by at-
tending the lectures of Jerome Fabricius ab Aquapendente,
Adrian Spigelius, and Sanctorins. He wad here made
M. D. After having visited the principal townd of Italy,
he returned to his country in 1 6 i 8 j and settled at Bremen ;
.where he practised physic and surgery with so much suc-
cess, that the archbishop of this place made him his phy-
sician in 1628. He was also made physician of the re-
public of Bremen. The time of his death is not precisely
known; some say 1640, but the dedication of his last woric
is dated Oct. 8, 1662. He published at Brei&en, <^ Spe-'

A Moreri.--.NiceK>D, vol. XXVIII.-^Stxii OAwmtirCtm.
' Mart rK— 3axii Oaomasiiceik.

G L A N D O R p. 11

CQlam Cfairargorum/' in'1619, 8vo ; reprinted in 162S, 4to;
^ Metbodus Medendse Paronychiae," in 1139; '^Tractatut
de Polypo Narium affecta gravissimo/' in 1628; and
*' Gazophylacium Poljpusiucn Fonticulorum & Setoqum
Reseratum/' in 1633. These four pieces were coliecCed
and published, with emendations, under the title of bis
Works, at London, in 1729, 4to, with his life prefixed^
and some curious tracts on Roman antiquities. It must
needs suggest an high opinion of, this young physician^
that though he died a young man, yet his works should
be thought worthy of a republication 100 years after;
when such prodigious improvements have been made in
philosophy, physic, and sciences of all kinds, of which he
bad not the benefit.^

. GLANVIL (BARTHOLOMEWJi, a writer of the fourteenth
century, was an English Minorite, or Franciscan, of the
faimily of the earls of Suffolk. He is said to have studied
et Oxford, Paris, and Rome, and to have been very fami-
liar with the writings of Aristotle, Plato, and Pliny; from
which, with bis own observations, he compiled his cele-
brated work " De Propirietatibu* rerum,*' a kind of gene-
ral history of nature ; divided into nineteen books, treating
of God, angels, and devils, the soul, the body, animals,
&iC. In some copies there is an additional book, not of his
writing, on numbers, weights, measures, sounds, &c. Some
*^ Sermons" of his were printed at Strasburgh in 1495.
But his work ^' De Proprietatibtis'' appears to have heeti
the chief favourite, and was one of the first books on which
the art of printing was exercised, there being no fewer
than twelve editions, or translations, printed from 1479 to
14^4. . The English translation printed by Wynkyn de
Worde is the most magnificent publication that ever^issued
from the press of that celebrated printer, but the date has
not been ascertained. A very copious and exact analysis
of this curious work is given by Mr. Dibdin in the second
volume of his *' Typographical Antiquities.''*

. GLANVIL (Sir John), younger son of John Glanvil of
Tavistocfein Devonshire, one of the justices of the com-
mon pleas, (who died in 1600), was educated at Oxford^
and after serving for some time in an attorney's office^
studied law in Lincoln's-inn, where he preserved the re^

1 Moreri.—- NiceroD, Ttfl.^tXXVIII. < Tanner's BibUotbeca.—Dupiar

j^DoDce'fl lUustratioDi of Shakspeare, voL li. p. 278.— Dibdin ubi supra.

13 G L A N V I L.

putation of I^gal ability for which his family had long been*
distinguished^ When he had been a barrister of some
years standing, he was elected recorder of Plymouth, and
burgess for that place in several parliaments. In the 5th
of Charles I. he was Lent reader of his uin, and in May
1639 was made Serjeant at law. Being cbos^en speaker of
the parliament which assembled in April. 1640, be shewed
himself more active in the king^s cause, than formerly^:
when he joined in the common clamour against the prero*
gative. In August 1641, being then one of the king's
Serjeants, he received the honour of knighthood; and
'when his majesty was obliged. to leave the parliament, sir
John followed him to Oxford. In 1645, being accused as
a delinquent, or adherent to the king, he was deprived of
bis seat in parliament, and afterwards committed to prison^
in which he remained until 1648, when he made a com^
position with the usurping powers. After the restoration
he was made king's serjeant ags^in, and would have probably ^
attained promotion had he not died soon after, on. Oct. 2^
1661. He w&s buried in the church of Broad Hiuton in
Wiltshue, the manor of which he had bought some years
before. His works consist chiefly of speeches and argu-
ments, most of which are in Rushworth's " Collections,*'
His ^* Reports of Cases of controverted Elections," were
published in 1775, by John Topham, esq. *

GLANVIL (John), a grandson of the preceding, was'
born at Broad Hinton in 1664, and became at the age of^
fourteen a commoner of Trinity-college, Oxford. He
studied law afterwards in Lincoln's-inn, and was admitted
to the b^r. Ha is known by some minor poems, the best
of which may be seen in Mr, Nichols's Collection. He
made the tirst English translation of Fontenelle's *^ Plu-
rality of Worlds.'' He died at Broad Hinton in 1735.* '

GLANVIL (Joseph), a distinguished writer, was bora
in 1636, at Plymouth in Devonshire, where he probably
received the first rudiments of his education, and was enr ^
tered at Exeter-college, Oxford, April 19, 1653. He was-
placed under Samuel Conant, an eminent tutor, and hav-
ing made great proficiency in his studies, he proceeded
B. A. Oct. li, 1655. The following year, he removed to
Lin coin -college, probably upon some view of preferment. .

1 Prince's Worthies of X>eTOii.—Ath. Ox. vol. IL— Fuller's Worthres.— Uoyd'i
.Memoirs, fol. 585. '

« Prince's Worihiei.— Alb. Ox. vol. II.— NichoU's Poems, vol. IV. .

G L A N V I L. 13

Taking tbc ilegree of M. A. June 29, 1658> he assumed
the priestljf office, according to the forms us6d by the sec-
taries at that time, and became chaplain to Francis Rouse,
•sq. then made provost of Eton-college, by Oliver Crom-
welly and designed for one. of his house of lords. Had this
patroQ lived a little longer, Glanvil's expectations would,
.00 doubt, have been fully answered ; since according tQ
Wood, he entirely complied with the principles of th©
.then prevailing party, to whom his very prompt pen must
needs have been serviceable. But Rouse dying the same
"year, he returned to his college in Oxford, and pursued
his studies there during the subsequent distractions in the
state. ' About this time, he became acquainted with Mr,
.Richard Baxter, who Entertained a great opinion of his
genius, and continued his respect for him aftei* the restor-
ation, .when they espoused different causes. The friend-
ship, was equally warm .on Glanvil's side, who, Sept. 3^
.1661j addressed' an epistle to his friend, professing him-
self to be an admirer of his preaching and writings; he
also offered to write something in hid defence, but yielded
to his advice, not to sacrifice his views of preferment to
their friendship.

, Accordingly, he had the prudence to take a different
method; and turning his thoughts to a subject not only
inoffensive in itself, but entirely popular at that time, viz.
a defence of experimental philosophy against the nbtional
way of Aristotle and the schools, he published it this year,
under the title.of" The Vanity of Dogmatizing, or con-
fidence in opinions, manifested in a discourse of the short-
ness and uncertainty of our knowledge and its causes, with
some reflections on Peripateticism, and an apology for
philosophy,*' 1661, 8vo. These meetings, which gave rise
.to the Royal Society, were much frequented at this time,
and encouraged by learned men of. all persuasions; and
this small discourse introduced him to the knowledo^e of
the literary world in a very favourable light. He had an
opportunity of improving by the weakness of an antagonist,
whom he answered in an appendix to a piece called
. "Scepsis Scientifica, or confessed ignorance the way to
science, in an Essay on the Vanity of Dogmatizing, and
confident opinion,'* 1665, 4to, Our author dedicated this
piece to the royal society, in terms of the highest respect
for that ipjst;itution ; and the f^ociety being then in a state
•f ia£uicy, i^nd having many enemies, as might be' ex-

14 G L A N V I L.

peeled in an undertaking which seemed to threateh tfae
ruin of the old way of philosophizing in the schools, the
** Scepsis" was presented to the council by lord Breret#tfiy
at a meeting, Dec. 7, 1664; when his lordship also pro-
posed the author for a member, and he was elected acconl-
ingly in that month.

In 1663, the house of John Mumpesson of TedwH>rth, in
Wiltshire, being disturbed by the beating of a drum in-
\isibly cv^ry night, our author turned his thoughts to thdt
subject, and in 1666 printed^ in 4to, " Some philosophi-
cal considerations, touching the being of Witches and
Witchcraft.'* In this piece he defended the possibility of
witchcraft, which drew him into a controversy that ended
only with his life : during the course of it, be propo^d lo
con6rm his opinion by a collection of several narratives
relating to it. But as he held then a correspondence with
Mr. Boyle, that gentleman, ob^serving with how much
warmth the dispute was carried on, gave him many cau-
tions about managing so tender a subject ; and hinted to
bim, that the credit of religion might suffer by weak argu-
ments upon such topics. In answer to which, Glanvil pro-
fesses himself much obliged for those kind admonition&y
and promises to be exceeding careful in the choice of his
. relations : however, he made a shift to pick out no less
than twenty-six modern relations, besides that of Mr*
Mumpesson's drummer. They were not, however, printed
till after his death, in a piece entitled " Sadducismus
Triumphans, in two parts,'' 1681, 8vo; and again in 168^,
with large additions, by ©r. Henry More, the editor of
both editions ; to whom our author had addressed a letter
on the subject : and in an appendix to the first patt con-
cerning the possibility of apparitions, there is added an
account of the nature of a spirit, translated by our author,
from the two last chapters of More's'^^ Enchiridion Meta-^
physicum."

His defence of the royal society having procured him
many friends, some of them obtained for him the rectory
of the abbey church at Bath, into which he was inducted
June the same year, 1666. From this time he fixed his
residence in that city ; and, continuing on all occasions tof
testify his zeal for the new philosophy, by exploding Aris-i'
totle, he was desired to make a visit to Mr. Robert Gross^
vicar of Chew, near Pensford, in Somersetshire, a great
zealot for the old established way of teaching in the sekK>lsi'

G L A N V I L. IS

Out avAckr wcepted the iovitation, and going to Pensfoid
in 1677, happened to come into the room just as the vicar
was entertaining bis company with the praises of Aristotle
and bis philosophy. After their first civilities were paid^
be Wjeot on widi bis discourse, and, applying himself to
Jilr. Glanvil, treated the royal society and modern philo-
sophers with soiQe contempt. Glanvil, not expecting so
sudden a» attack, was' in some measure surprized, and
did not miswer with that quickness and facility as he other-
if^ might probably have done. But afterwards, both ia
conversation and by letters, be attacked his antagonist's
assertion, that Aristotle had more advantages for know-
ledge than jthe royal society, or all the present age had or
ef}jSd haye, because, ** totam peragravit Asiam,'* be tra-
Teljled oyer all Asia.

Glanvil likewise laid the plan of a farther defence of the
iroyal society ; but bishop Sprat's history of it being then
^D the press, he waited to see how far that treatise should
andcipatf^ his design. Upon its publication, in 1667,
fijiding there was room left for him, he pursued bis reso«
lution, and printed his piece the following year, with this
^tle, expressing the motives of writing it : *^ Plus Ultra,
or the Progress and Advancement of Knowledge since the
(days of Aristotle, in an account of some of the most re-
iparkable late improvements of practical useful learning,
to encourage philosophical endeavours, occasioned by a
conference with one of the national way,'' 1668, l2mo*
|n some parts of this piece he treated the Somersetshire
yicar with rough raillery, and this the vicar returned, in m
piece whiph was denied the press both at Oxford and Lon^
don, for its scurrility. Glanvil somehow obtaining the
intents, printed them at London, with proper remarks of
bis own, under the title of ^* The Chew- Gazette," but of
these there were only 100 taken off, and those dispersed into
private hands, in order, as Glanvil said, that Crosse's
^ame might not be made public, ,&c. After this letter
iros pqbUi^ed> Crosse wrote ballads against our author and
the royal society; while other wags at Oxford, pleased
t^itb the controversy, made doggrel ballads on them both.

This aiflbir also involved Glanvil in a scurrilous dispute
^tb Heory St^ibbe, who was then, as Wood observes, a
memer practitioner at Bath ; and bearing no good -will to
the proceedings of Glsinvil, took Crosse's part, and encou-
iVfedJum la wfUe against the virtuosi, and ^t the same

16 fe L A N V I t.

time entered the lists himself, and the following pamphlets
passed between them. I. " The Plus Ultra reduced to a
Nonplus," &c. 1670, 4to, Stubbe. 2. *' A prefatory An-
swer to Mr. Henry Stubbe, the doctor of Warwick, where-
in the malignity, &c. of bis Animadversions are discovered,''
-1C71, 12n)o^ Glanvih 3. " A Preface against Ecebolius
Glanvil, F* R.S. subjoined to his Reply, &c. Oxford," 1671^
4to, Stubbe. The doctor also fell upon his antagonist, in
his " Epistolary Discourse concerning Phlebotomy," 1671,
'4to; upon which Glanvil immediately published "A farther
Discovery of Mr. Stubbe, in a brief reply to his last pam-
phlet," 1671, 8vo, to which was added, ^* Ad clerum So-
mersetensem Epistola nPOS4»aNH2I2." And the doctor
among other things, having censured the new philosophy, as
tending to encourage atheism our authorpublished his ^'Ph^
losophia Pia," &c. 1671, 8vo-, which closed the controversy.
When, however, Dr. Meric Casaubon entered the lists
in his " Letter to Peter du Moulin," 1663, and managed
•the argument with more candour and greater knowledge,
Glanvil chose to be silent; because not willing to appear
in a controversy with a person, as be says, of fame and
learning, who had treated him with so much civility, and
in a way so different from that of his other assailants.
While he was thus pleading the cause of the institution in
general, he shewed himself no unuseful member in respect
to the particular business of it. ' The society having given
out some queries to be made about mines, our author com-
municated a paper in relation to those of Mendip hills,
and such as respect the Bath, which was well received,
ordered to be registered, and afterwards printed in their
transactions.

In the mean time, he was far from neglecting the duties
of his ministerial function ; on the contrary, he distin*
guished himself so remarkably by his discourses from the
pulpit, that he was frequently desired to preach upon
public and extraordinary occasions, and several of these
«ermons were printed in a collection after his death. But
in justice to his memory we must not omit to miention one
which was never printed. His old antagonist Stubbe,
going from Bath on a visit to Bristol^ had the misfortune
on his return to fall from his horse into a riyer, which,
though shallow, proved sufficient to drown him : hid corpse
being interred in the abbey-church, our rector paid an
honourable tribute to his memory, in a fuDeral sermon qq

& L A N V i L. 17

the oecasion. He also wrote an ** Essay concerning
Preaching," for the use of a young divine ; to which he
added, <* A seasonable Defence of Preaching, and the
plain way of it." This was chiefly levelled against that
affectation of wit and fine speaking which began then to be
fashionable. This essay was published in 1678, and the
same year be was collated by his majesty to a prebend in
the church of Worcester. This promotion was procured
by the marquis of Worcester, to whom his wife was re-
lated ; and it was the more easily obtained, as he had been
chaplain to the king ever since 1672 ; in which year he
exchanged the vicarage of Frome for the rectory of Street,
with the chapel of Walton annexed, in Somersetshire, an
exchange which was easily accomplished, since both the
livings were in the patronage of sir James Thynne.

He published a great number of tracts besides what have
been mentioned. Among which are, 1. ^' A Blow at Mo-
dern Sadducism," &c. 1668, to which was added, 2. '^ A
Relation of the fancied Disturbances at the house of Mr.
Mumpesson ;^^ as also, 3. ^* Reflections on Drollery and
Atheism^" 4. *^ Palpable Evidence of Spirits and Witch-
draft," &c. 1668. 5, "A Whip for the Droll Fidler to
the Atheist," 1668. 6. ^^ Essays on several important
subjects in Philosophy and Religion," 1676, 4to. 7. " An
Essay concerning Preaching," 1678, 8vo, to which was
added> 8» *^ A seasonable Defence of Preaching, and the
plain Way of it." 9. " Letters to the Duchess of New-
castle." lOi Three single Sermons, besides four printed
together, under the title of ^f Seasonable Reflections and
Discourses, in order to the Conviction and Cure of the
scoffing Infidelity of a degenerate age;" As he had a
lively imagination, and a flowing style, these came from
him very easily, and he continued the exercise of his pen
to the last ; the press having scarcely finished his piece,
entitled "The zealous and impartial Protestant," &c. 1680,
when he was attacked by a fever, which baffling the phy-
sician^s skilly cut him off in the vigour of his age. He died
at Bath, Nov. 4th, 1680^ about the age of forty -four.
Mr, Joseph Pleydel, archdeacon of Chichester, preached
his funeral sermon^ when his corpse was interred in his
awn parish church, where a decent monument and inscrip-
tion was afterwards dedicated to his memory by Margaret
lus widow, sprung from the Selyvins of Gloucestershire.
She was his second wife ^ but he had no issue by either.
Vol. XVI. G

1

18 OLA N V I L.

Soon after bis deccasre, ffevcml of his tfemionSy noA
other pieces, were coUected and published with the title of
^^ Some Discourses^ Sermons, and Kemains/^ les^l, 4tOy
by Dr. Heory Horneck, who tells us that death snatehed
him away, when the learned world expected some of his
greatest attempts and enterprizes. Horneck gave a large,
and apparently very just character of Gianvil, who was un-
questionably a man of learning and genius, and although
he retained the belief in witchcraft, surmounted many of
the other prejudices of his time.'

GLASS (JaHN), a Scotch clergyman, and founder of &
sect, was born at Dundee, 163^8, and educated in the
New-college, at St Andrew^s, where he took his degrees,
and was settled minister of a country church, near the
place of his uativity. In 1.727 he published a treatise t0
prove that the civil establishment of religion was incon-
sistent with Christianity, for which be was deposed, and
became the father of a new sect, called from him Glassites; ^
and afterwards from another leading propagator, Sande-
tnanians. Some account of their teoets will be given under
the article Sandeman. Glass wrote a great number of
controversial tracts, wbkh have been* published ^t Edin-
burgh, in 4 vols. 8vo. He died att Dundee, in 1773, aged
seventy- five.*

(aLASS (JoHif), son of the sb^ve, was born at Dundee,
in 1725, and brought up a surgeon, in which capacity he
went sev^al voyages to the West Indies, but not liking
his profession, be accepted the command of a merchanl'a
ship belonging to London, and engaged in the trade to*
th€^ Brazilsr Being a man of considerable abilities, he
published in 1 vol. 4U), ** A Deoription of TenerifFe, with
the Manners aiul Customs of the Portuguese who are
settled there.*' In I76S he went over to the Brasilsy
taking along with him his wife and daughter ;^ and in' 1765
set sail for London, bringing along with him all his pro-
perty ; but just when the ship came within sight of the
coast of Ireland, four of the seamen enteted into a con-^
spiracy, murdered captain Glass, his wife, daughter, the
mate, one seaman, and two boys. These miscreants^
having loaded their boat with dollars, sunk the ship, and
landed at Ross, whence they proceeded to Dublin, where
ihey were apprehended and executed Oct. 1764.*

* Gen. Diet— Biog. Brit—Ath. On. vol. U.— .Priuctr's Wortbieir
9 PMceding edit, of tbis 0ict. * Ibid.

GLASS I U& Id

GLASSIUS (Solomon), an ^mioetit Getman divine and
tritjc, was born May 20^ 1593, at SondershauseuV ia
Tburingla, and after some education under a private tutor,
was sent in 1612 to Jena, where he was admitted to the
degree of D. D. and was made professor of divinity. Hm
was also appointed superintendant of the churches ^ and
schools in the duchy of Saxe-Grotba^ and exercised th«
duties of these offices with great reputation. He died at
Gotha July 27, k6B6. His principal work was published
in 1623, 4to, entitled ^^ Philologia Sacra,^'. which is pro-
nounced by Mosheim and Buddeus to be extremely useful
for the interpretation ojT Scripture,, as it throws much light
i^pon the language and phraseology of the inspired writers.
There have been several editions, the last at Leipsic, in
1776, by professor Dathius, under the title ^^ Philologia
Sacra bis temporibus accommodata.*' He was author, like*
wise, of " Onomatologia Messiae Propbetica ;" " Christo<»
]ogia Mosaica et Davidica;'^ >^ Exegesis Evangeliorum el
Epistolarum,'' and some other pieces.^

GLAUBER (John Rodolph), a celebrated chemist of
Amsterdam, and called the Paracelsus of his age, was born
in Germany in the beginning of the sixteenth century.
He travelled much in the pursuit of chemical knowledge,
and collected many secret processes ; and his experiments
contributed to throw much light on the composition and
analysis of the metals, inflammable substances, and salts.
In fact be passed the greater part of his life in the labora.^
tory. He did tuH always see the proper application of his
own experiments, and vainly fancied that he had disco-
vered the panacea, and the philosopher's stone, which
were at that time object(Sr of pursuit; and the disappoint-
tient of many persons who had been seduced by bis pro-
mises, contributed to bring the art of chemistry into con«
tempt. His theory is full of obscurity^ but bis practice
has perhaps been misrepresented by those who listened to
bis vain and pompous pretensions ; and who accuse him of '
a dishonourable traffick, in first selling his secrets ta
chemists at an enormous price, of again disposing of them
to other persons, and lastly, of making them public iiv
Ofder to extend his veputation. Glauber published about
twenty treatises ; in some of which be appears in the cha«
racter of physician, in others in that of an adept or metal-

* Frekeri Theatrum.^^Moreru-— Saxii Onoaiast.

C2

20 GLAUBER.

lurgist ; in the latter he most particularly excelled. How*-
ever, it would be unjust not to give him, the praise of
acuteness of mind, of facility and address in tl>e proseeu-
tion of his experiments, and of extensive chemical knovr«-
ledge. He was the inventor of a salt which to this day re^
tains his name in the shops of our apothecaries. The
works of Glauber have appeared in different languages y
the majority of editions are in German, some in Latin, and
others in French. A collection of the whole. in Latin was
published at Francfort in 1658, in 8vo, and again 1659^
in 4to. An English translation was published by Chriato-^
pher Pack, London, 1689, foK*

GLISSO^ (Francis), an English physician, was son of
William Giisson, of Rampisham, in Dorsetshire, and grand-
son of Walter Giisson, of the city of Bristol. He appears
to have been bom in 1596. Where he learned the first
rudiments of his grammar is not known ; but he was ad-
mitted June 18, 1617, of Caius college, in Cambridge,
apparently with a view to physic. He first, however, went
through the academical courses of logic and philosophy,
and proceeded in arts, in which he took both degrees, that
of B. A. in 1620, and of M. A. in 1624 ; and being chosen
fellow of his college, was incorporated M. A. at Oxford,
Oct. 25, 1627. From this time he applied himself parti-
cularly to the study of medicine, and took his doctor's de-
gree at Cambridge ia 1634, and was appointed regiuspro-*
fessor of physic in the room of Ralph Winterton ; which
office he held forty years. But not chusing to reside con-
stantly at Cambridge, he offered himself, and was admitted^
candidate of the college of physicians, London, in 1634,
and was elected fellow, Sept. 30, « the ensuing year.

In the study of his art, he had always set the immortal
Harvey before him as a pattern ; and treading in his steps,
be was diligent to improve physic by anatomical dissections
and observations. In 1639 he was appointed to read Dr.
Edward Wall's lecture, and in executing that office, made
several new discoveries of great use in establishing a ra«
tional practice of physic ; but on the breaking out of the
civil wars, he retired to Colchester, and followed the bu-
siness of his profession with great repute in those times of
public confusion. He was thus employed during the me-

<

1 Rtes's CyclopsBclia, from Eloy't Diet. Hist.

G L I S S O N.

21

morable siege and surrender of that city to the rebels iti
1648 ; and resided there some time after.

Amidst his practice he still prosecuted his anatomical
researches, and from observations iQade in this way pub-
lished an account of the rickets in 16^0, in which he
shewed how the viscera of such as had died of that disorder
were affected*. This was the more interesting, as the
rickets had been then first discovered in the counties of
Dorset and Somerset, only about fifteen years before. In
this treatise he had the assistance of two of his colleagues.
Dr. George Bate, and' Dr. Ahasuerus Regemorter; and
these with other fellows of the college, requesting him to
communicate to the public some of his anatomical lectures
which had been read before them, he drew those up in a
continued discburse, printed with the title *^ Anatomia
Hepatis,'' Loud. .1654, which brought him into the highest
esteem among the facuhy, and he was chosen one of the
electors x)f the college the year following, and was after-
wards president for several years. He published other
pieces besides those already mentioned; viz. 1. ^* De
Lympbseductis nuper repertis," Amst. 1659, with the
*^ Anatomica prolegomena & Anatomia Hepatis.'* 2, *^ De
naturae substantia energetica,. seu de via vits nature
ejusque tribus primis facultatibus," &c. Lond. 1672, 4td.
His last work was a ^^ Treatise of the Stomach and Intes-
tines,'' printed at Amsterdam in 1677, not long before his
deathj which happened that year in the parish of St/Bride^
London, in his eighty-first year.

Wood observes, that he died much lamented, as a per-
son to whose learned lucubrations and deep disquisitions
in physic not only Great Britain, but remoter kingdoms,
owe a particular respect and veneration, and it is certain
that he was exceeded in judgment and accuracy by none of
the English anatomists, who followed the steps of Harvey*
Boerhaaye terms him ^^ omnium anatomicorum exactii^si""
mus,'' ' and Haller speaks in praise of all his writings. Se-

• The title of it is, " De Rftcbitide;
tivemorbo puerilt qui vulgo the Rickets
dicitar," Lond. 1650. But though
this disease was then modern, yet a
treatise had been publi^thed before this
of our authar, in 1645, Svo, by Dr.
Whistler, afterwards president of the
college, with the title of « Ps&do-
f|^lanchD9iteocace," Uom the Tiscera

being judged to be the parts princi-
pally affected. In which opinion he
was followed by our author ; but the
cause and nature of the disorder was
belter explained afterwards by Dr.
John Mayow, iu a small treatise pub-
lished upon it in 16634 ^^vao, and agaii^
in 1681.

52 GLOVER,

i^eral of bis original cuanuscripts, which wei^ in sir Han^
Sloane's possession, are now in the British Museum.^
, GLOUCESTER. See ROBERT OF.

GLOVl^R (Richard), an English poet, the son of Ri^
ehard Glover, a Hamburgh merchant in Lobdon, was born
in St. Martin*s-lane, Cannon-street, in 1712. i Being pro-
bably intended for trade, he received no other education
than what the school of Cheam, in Surrey, afforded, which
he was afterwards induced to in^prove by an ardent love of
learning, and a desire to cultivate his* poetical tijents ac«
cording to the purest models. His poetical efforts were
,very early, for in his sixteenth year he wrote a poem to
.the memory of sir Isaac Newton, which was supposed to
Jiave merit enough to deserve ^ place in the view of that
.celebrated author's philosophy, published in 1728, by Dr^
•Henry Pembertoo, This physician, a man of inueh sci-
jence, and of some taste, appears to have been warmly at*
Jtached to the interests of our young po6t, and at a time
•when there were few regular vehicles of praise or criticisfii,
^ook every opportunity of encouragifig his efforts, and ap*
prizing the nation of this new addition to its literary ho^«
nours.

• At the usual period Glover became engaged in the
Hamburgh trade, but continued his attachment to litera<^
ture and the muses, and was, says Dr. Warton, one of the
best and most accurate Greek scholars of his time. It is
inentioned in. the life of Green, that he published "The
Spleen" of that poet, in which he is complimented on ac-
count of hia study of the ancient Greek poets, and bis wish
to emulate their fam^. Green bad probably seen some part
of " Leonidas," which was begun when he was young»j
and had been submitted in specimens to many of his friend$.
This poem was first published in 1737, in a 4to volume, con-
sisting of nine books. Its reception was highly flattering, for
in this and the following year it passed through three edi-
tions. It was dedicated to lord Cobfaam, one of his early pa-
trons, and whom, it is supposed, he furnished with many of
the inscriptions at Stowe, now erased. It was also strongly
recommended by such of that nobleman's political friends
as were esteemed the arbiters of taste. Lord Lyttelton, in
the periodical paper called " Common Sense,*^ praised it

1 Gen. Diet. — Wood's Fasti,, p. 238.— Aikin'sBiog. Memoirs of Medieiae.—
Cole's MS AtheiUB in Brit. Mus. — Birch's History of the Rojtl Society.

GLOVER* «S

ia tbe warmest teraui, not ooly fpr its poetkal beftDties^
but it3 political tendeocy, ^' the whole plan and purposa
of it being to show the superiority of freedofti oyer slavery ;
sod how much virtue^ public spiriti and the love of lii-
berty^ are preferable, both in tiiyeir nature and eiiects,. to
riches, luxury, and the insolence of power." The stiBi^
Qobbn^ati also addressed verses to our author, in which be
inveighs with much asperity against the degeneracy of the
tijmesy but, not very consistently, compares {Ingland to
Greece, and France to Persia. Other writers, particularly
Fidding, in the paper called '^Tbe Champion," took up thft
pen in favour of ** Leouidas," which being piiblished JusI
sfter the prince of Wales had been driven from St James's^
and began to Jkeep a separate court, it was praibied by the
whole of this new court, an^ by the adherents in general
of opposition, not beyond its merit, but too evidently from
a motive which could not always prevail,, and which ceaned
to animate their zeal in its favour, when Walpote, the sup^
posed author of all our national grievances, was compelled
to resign.

Amidst this high encouragement, the services of Pf.
I^emberton mu^t oot be foigotten. Soon after the appear^
aace of <' Leonidas," this steady frieud eodeavoured to ii«s
ihe public attention on it, by a long pamphlet, enidtled
f^ Observations on Poetry, especially Epic, oc^asipned bjr
the late poem upon Leonida^," 1738, 12 mo. In this^ with
many just remarks of a general kind, ihe author carries bja
opinion of Glover^s production beyond all reasonable
bounds. In the following year. Glover published ^^ Lour
^00, or the Progress of Comnierce," and the more ceie«
Wted ballad of ^^ Hosier's GhosV both written with H
view to rouse the nation to reseat the conduct of the Sp^*-
W'dsy and to promote what had seldom beei| known, a
^f^ar called for by the people, and opposed by the miiiis**
try« Puring the same polivicai dissentions, which, as «i^uaJ#
?ere warmest in the ,city of London, Glover presided at
several meetings called to •set aside* or censure l^ oooduci;
of those city magistrates or members of parliament who
voted for tliecoui-t. His speeches at those meetings, if
«e may trust to the report of them in the periodical jour*
uals of 1739 adid 1740, were elegant, spirited, and calcu^
lated to give him considerable weight in the deliberative
si^sembliesof iiis £eUow-^is&ens. The latter were, indeejd.

«9 f^y ej^nyiucedi of jam tabuu mi4 ^fsali M t^ AppQiol

24 GLOVER.

bim to conduct their application to parliament^ on the
subject of the neglect shewn to their trade by the ruli-jg-
administration. His services in this last affair may be seen
in a pamphlet published in 1743, under the title of "A.*
short Account of the late application to parliament made
by the merchants of London upon the neglect of their
trade ; with the substance of the evidence thereupon, as
summed up by Mr. Glover."

In 1744, he was offered employment of a very different
kind, being nominated in the will of the duchess of Marl-
borough, to write the duke's life, in conjunction iyith
Mallet. Hef grace bequeathed 500L to each on this con-
dition, but Glover immediately renounced his share, while
Mallet, who had no scruples of any kind where his inte-
rest was concerned, accepted the legacy, and continued
to receive money from the late duke of Marlborough on
the same account, although after twenty years of talk and
boast,- he left nothing behind him that could shew he had
ever seriously begun the work. Glover's rejection of tbi»
legacy is the more honourable, as at this time his affairs'
became embarrassed^ from what cause we are not told.^
It may be conjectured, however, that he had shared the
usual fate of .those who are diverted from their' regular
pursuits by the dreams of political patronage. From the
prince he is said to have received at one time a complete
set of' the classics, elegantly bound, and at another tiniie,
during his distresses, a present of 500/. But it does not
appear that when the friends of " Leonidas" came into'
power; they made any permanent provision for the author.

During the period of his embarrassment, he retired
itom public notice, until the respect and gratitude of his
humbler friends in the city induced them to request that
he would stand candidate for the ofHce of chamberlain of
London, which was vacant in 1751, but his application
was unfortunately made when the majority of the votes,
had already been engaged to sir Thomas Harrison. His
feelings on this disappointment did him much honour,
and were elegantly expressed in the speech he addressed
to the livery on the occasion. In it he made an allusion
to the favour of the prince of Wales, which was probably
well understood at that time. By the death of that most'
illustrious personage, he no doubt lost a powerful patron.

In 175S, he began to try his talents in dramatic com-
position, aad produced the tragedy of ^< Boadicea^*' which -

O L O V E H. «

was performed for nine nights at Drury-kne theatre. Dr,
Pemberton, with his accustomed zeal, wrote a pamphlet
p recommend it, and among the inferior critics, it Occa«
sioned a temporary, controversy. Great expectations were
formed of its success from the reputation of an author
who had acquired so much praise from his ^' Leonidas.'*
At the rehearsal, he. read his <' Boadicea" to the actors,
but his manner of conveying the meaning of his poem was
yery^inhappy ; his voice was harsh, and his elocution dis-
agreeable. Mr. Garrick was vexed to see him mangle his
own work, and politely offered to relieve him by reading
an act or' two ; but the author imagining that he was the
only person fit to unfold his intention to the players, per-
listed to read the play to the end, to the great mortifiea-
tion of the actors. In 1761 he published bis ^^ Medea/' a
tragedy, written on the Greek model, and therefore unfit
for the modern stage. The author, indeed, did not intend
it for representation, but Mrs. Yates considered the ex-
periment as likely to procure a full house at her benefit,
and brought it forward upon that occasion. It was after-
ward^ acted a f^vt nights, but without exciting much in-
terest.

From this period. Glover's a£Fairs took a more promising
turn, although in what way we are not told. At the ac-
cession of his preseat majesty, he was chosen member of
parliament for Weymouth, and made a considerable figure
in the many debates to which the confused state of affairs
in India gave rise. In 1772, we find him an intelligent
^nd active agent in adjusting the affairs of theHbank of
Douglas, Heron and Company, of Scotland, which failed
about that time ; and on other occasions, where the mer-
cantile interests of London were concerned, he distin-
guisbed hiraselfj not only by bis eloquence, but by that
general knowledge of commerce which inclines to enlarged
and hberal measures. In 1775, the West India merchants
testified the sense they entertained of his services in their
affairs, by voting him a piece of place of the value of 300/.
The speech which \A delivered in the house of commons,
Qn the application of these merchant^, was afterwards
printed, and appears to have been the last of his public
services.

In 1770, he refhiblished his ^^ Leonidas,'' in two vols.
12mo, extended from nine books to twelve, and the atten-
tion, noiv bestowed on it| recalling bis youthful ideas^

t6 CLOVES.

etrengtbened by tioie and obserratton, probably suggested
*' The Athenatdy*' which, however^ he did not Lhre to pubo*
lish. Soon after 1775, he retired from public bnsiiiess,
but J^ept vp an intitmkcy with many of the most eminent
. scholars of the day, by whom be was highly respected*
After experiencing, for some time, the infirmities of age,
be departed this hte at his bonse in Albemarle*street, No*
vember 25, 1785. Glovei' was twice married. ^Uis second

wife is now living, atid a daughter, married to U^lseyi

esq.

His character was drawn np by the latie Dr. Brocklesby
tor the (^ntleman^s Magazine, And as far as respects bis
^uniable disposition, was confirmed to us by Dr. Wartoo^
who knew him well. — ^ Through the whole of his life Mr;
Clover was by ail good men nevered^ by the ^ise esteem'*
ed, by the great sometimes caressed and even flattered^
and now his death is sincerely lamented by all who had the
happiness to contemplate the integrity of his character.
Mr. Glover, for upwards of 50 years p^iist through every
idicissitude i)i fortune, exhibited the most exemplary sim*
plicity of manners; having early attained that perfect
equanimity, which philosophy often recommends in the
doset, but which in es^periettce is too seldom exercised by
other men in tb^ test of trial. In Mr. Gkwer were united
a wide compass of accurate information in all mercantile
concerns, with high intellectual powers of mind, joined to
la copious flow of eloquence as an orator in the house of
commons. Since Milton be was second to none of our
English poets, in his disoriminaung judicious acquaintance
with all ancient as well as modem litersU^ure ; witness his
Leonidas, Medea, Boadicea, and London; for, having
formed his own character upon the best models of the
Greek wnters, he lived as if he ba^d been bred a disciple
of Socrates, or companion of Aristides. Hence his poll*
tical turn of mind, hence his unwarped affection and actire
zeal for the rights and libeitieB of hia country. Hence fait
heartfelt exultation whenever be had to paint the impious
designs x>f tyrants in ancient times frustrated, or in modern
defeated in their nefarious purposes to extirpate liberty, or
ts> trample on the unalienable rights of man, however re-
mote in time or space from his immediate presence. In a
few words, for thei extent of hiai various erudition, for his
unalloyed paliriotism, and for his daily exercise aiid oon«
•jtant practice of Xenophou's phjlosophy, in his private $•

GLOVER, 9f

«

well as in public Ufe^ Mr, Glover has left tiooe his equal
in the city, aod some time, it is feared, may elapse before
such another citizea shall arise, with eloquence,, with
character, aiid with poetry, like bis, to assert their rights,
or to vindicate with equal powers the just claims of free-
bom men. Suffice this testimony at present, as the.weiU
aarned meed of this truly virtuous man, whose conduct wa«
4^arefiiUy marked, aD;d narrowly watched by ih^ writer of
4be foregoing hasty skecchj for his extraordinary qualities
iiuring the long period in human life of upwards of 40
years ; artd now it is spontaneously q&red as a voluntary
.tribute, unsolicited and unpurcluvsed ; but as it ,appear3
justly due to the memory of so excellent a poet, statesman^
^d true philosopher, in life and death the same.^'

Glover's ^ Leonidias^* amply entitles him to a distin,-
^ished plane among the poets of his country, but the
|>uUic has not held it in uniform estim,atipn, From the time
of its first appearance in 1737, it went through six, if^nol
^ven editions ; but for nearly forty years there has not
been a xlemaad for another, ^Jthougb that published in
i77Q was highly improved and enlarged. Its history may
probably account in part for this singular finte, and public
^aste must explain the rest. On its lirst pi^blicatioo, it
9ms f«ad and praised with the utmost avidity. Besides the
eni^ffiiuois it drew from Lyttelton and Pemberton, its fame
^e^hed Ireland, where it was reprinted, and became as'
much in fa^ion as it had been in England. ** Pray who je
tbAt Mr. Glover,^' says Swift to Pope, in one of his letters,
fVwho writ the efuc poem called Leonidas, which is re-
priiM^ng here, and hath great vogue ?" UnfortunaU^y^ .''(,^>r
Jaowever, the whole of this tribute of praise was not pai4 ^^sM'^
to the intrinsic merit of tbe'poem. It became the adojited'
favourite of the party in opposition (to sir Robert Walpole)
who had long endeavoured to persuade the nation that
public liberty was endangered by the measures of that x
miokter, an4 that they formed the chosen band who occu«*
pied the straits of Thermopyls in defiance of the modern
Xerxes* Leonidas therefore was recommended, to rouse
an oppressed and enslaved people to the vindication of their
yights. That this should be attempted is less wonderful '
than that it should succeed. We find very few passages in
lilis poem which will apply to the state of public affairs in
England at that time, if we except the common-place cen«-
fttce^f^oortsaAd^caHrUersi and even that is appropriated

«« GLOVER.

-with so strict historical fidelity to the court of Xerxes, that
St does not seem easy to borrow it for any other purpose..
** Nothing else," however, Dr. Warton informs us, " was
read or talked of at Leicester-house,*' the illustrious owner
of which extended his patronage to all poets who fahfned
the sacred flame of patriotism. The consequence of aH
this was, that Leontdas, which might have laid claim to k
considerable rank among English poems of th^ highet-
order, was pushed beyond it, and when the purposes foir
which it had been extolled were either answered, or n6
longer desirable, it fell lower than it deservech This is
the more justly to be regretted, as we have no reason to
think the audior solicited the injudicious praise of his
friends and patrons, or bad any hand in building the airj
edifice of popular fame. He was, indeed, a lover of liberty,
which has ever been the favourite theme of poets, but h^
did not write for a temporary purpose. Leonidas had been
the fruit of very early ambition to be known to posterity,
and when be had outlived the party who pressed his poeni
into their service, he corrected and improved it for a gene*
ration that knew nothing of the partialities which first er-
tended its fame. If his object, however, in this epopee,
had been solely to inculcate a love of liberty, a love of our
country, and a resolute determination to perish with its
freedom, he could not have chosen a subject, at least from
ancient times, so happily adapted to elevate the mind.
The example was unparalleled in history, and thetefore
the more capable of admitting the embellishments and atr
tractions that belong to the epic province. Nor does it ap-
pear that he undertook a task to which his powers were in?
adequate, when he endeavoured to interest his readers ia
the fate of bis gallant hero and faithful associates. He is
not deficient either in the sublime or the pathetic, although
in these essentials he may not bear an uniform comparison
with the great masters of the passions. The characters are
varied with much knowledge of the human heart. Each
has his distinctive properties, and no one is raised beyond
the proportion of virtue or talent which may be supposed
to correspond with the age he lived in, or the station he
occupied.

His comparisons, * as lord Lyttelton remarks, are original '
and striking, although sometimes not sufficiently dignified.
His descriptions are minutely faithful, and his episodes are
in general so interesting^ that no critical exceptions would

GLOVER. 3§

probably induce the reader to part with them, or to sup^
pose that they are not indispenl^able to the main actioir.
He has likewise this peculiar excellence, that neither his
speeches or descriptions are extended to such lengths as,
in some attempts of the epic kind, become tiresome, and
are the strongest indication of Want of judgment. He
paints the rapid energies of a band of freemen, in a bar-*
baroas age, struggling for their country, Strangers to the
refined deliberation of later ages, and acqu$iinted with that
eloquence only which leads to prompt decision.

His " Athenaid" was published in 1787, exactly as it
was found among his papers. It consists of the unusual
number of thirty books, but evidently was left without the
corrections which he would probably have bestowed had
he revised it for the press. It is intended as a continua-
tion, or second part to " Leonidas," in which the Greeks
are conducted through the vicissitudes of the war with
Xerxes to the final emancipation of their country from his
invasions. As an epic it seems defective in many respects.
Here is np hero in whose fate the mind is exclusively en-
gaged, but a race of heroes who demand our admiration
by turns ; the events of history, too, are so closely follow-
ed, as to give the whole the air of a poetical chronicle.

Of his smaller poems, that on sir Isaac Newton 4s cer-
tainly an extraordinary production from a youth of sixteen^
but the theme was probably given to him. Such an ac-
quainiance with the state of philosophy and the improve-
ments of our immortal philosopher, could not have been
acquired at his age. " Hosier's Ghost" was long one of
the most popular English ballads ; but bis <^ London," if
intended for popular influence, was probably read and un-
derstood by few. In poetical merit, however, it is not
unworthy of the author of •' Leonidas." Fielding wrote a
very long encomium on it in his " Champion," and pre-
dicted rather too rashly, that it would ever continue to be
the delight of all that can feel the exquisiPte touch of poetry^
or be roused with the divine enthusiasm of public spirit,

Since the above sketch of Glover was abridged from a
more full account drawn up for another work, the attention
of the public has been recently called to his history by the
publication of a diary, or part of a diary, written by him.
This, which appeared in 1813, is entitled ^^ Memoirs of a
distinguished Literary and Political Character,, from the
resignation of sir Robert Walpole in 1742 to the establish-

so . Q L 0 V E It.

I

jneDt of loi'd Cbathftm's second administralion in i^57j^
It . was immediately followed by ** An Inquiry concerning'
,tbe Author of tbe Letters of Junius, with reference to tbe
.Memoirs of a celebrated literary and political character/^
the object of which is to prove that Glover was tbe author
of these Letters ; and although this is not the place to enter
ioto this controversy, we are inclhied to think with the
author of this ^^ Inquiry,*', that no one yet named as the
author of Junius, and whose claim has been at all supt
ported by facts, has much chance to stand in competitUm
with Glover."

GLOVEK (Thomas), a herald and heraldic writer, was
the son of Thomas Glover, of Ashford in Kent, the place
of his nativity. He was first made Portcullis Poursuivant^
and afterwards in 1571, Somerset herald. Queen Eliza«-
betb permitted him to travel abroad for improvement., In
15S2, he attended lord Willougbby with tbe order of the
garter, to Frederick II. of Denmark* In 1584, be waited
with Clarenceux on tbe earl of Derby, with that order to
tbe king of France. No one was a greater ornament to th€
fCoUege than this gentleman ; the suavity of his manners
wa/s equal to his integrity and skill: he was a most excellent^
and. very learned man, with a knowledge in his profession
which has never been exceeded, perhaps been paralleled ^
to this, the best writers of bis own and more recent times
bear testimony. He left two treatises, one '^ De Nobiii-*
late politica vel civili;" the other ^^ A Catalogue of Ho^
nour ^" both of which were published by his nephew, Mr«
Thomas Milles, tbe former in 1608, the latter in 1610,
both folio, to ^^ revive the name and learned memory of
his deceased firiend and uncle, whose private studies for the
public good deserved a remembrance beyond, forgetful
time.'' His answer to the bishop of Ross's book, in which
Mary queen of Scots' claim to the crown was asserted, was
never published. He made great collections of what had
been written by preceding heralds, and left of his own
labours relative to arms, visitations of twenty-four counties,
and miscellaneous matters belonging to this science, all
written by himself. He assisted Camden in his pedigrees
for his Britannia ; communicated to Dr. David Powell, a
copy of the history of Cambria, translated by H. Lloyd;
made a collection of the inscriptions upon the funeral mo«^

4

^ JohaaoB and Chalmers's Snglinh Poets, 1310*

fc^-

GLOVER. 31

numents in Kcmt; and, in 1584, drew tip a most curiotis
Mirfey of Herewood castte, in Yorkshire. Mr. Tboresby
had his coltection of the cotinty of York taken in 1584, and
his catalogue of northern gentry whose surnannes ended
in son. He died in London, says Stow, April 14, (Lant
and others, 10), I58S, aged only fmrty-fiTe years, and was
buried in St. Gileses church, Cripplegate, His loss was
severely felt by all our lovers of EiigUsh antiquities. His
'^ Ordinary of Arms'* was augmented and improved by
Edoiondson, who published it in the first volume of his
Body of Heraldry.*

GLUCK (Christopher), a musical composer of great
originality, was bom in the palatinate, on the frontiers of
Bdbemia,'in 1712, or as Dr. Burney says, in 1716. His
father, a man in poor circumstances, removed, during the
infancy of his son, into Bohemia, where he died, leaving
his offspring in early youth, without any provision, so that
bis education was totally neglected. He had, however, an
instinctive love for music, which is taught to all children,
with reading and writing, in the Bohemian schools. Hav-
ing acquired this knowledge, he travelled about from town
to town, supporting himself by his talents, till he had
worked bis way to Vienna, where he met with a nobleman
who became bis patron, took him into his service, and
carried him into Italy, where he procured him lessons in
counterpoint, at Naples, by which he profited so well^
that before he left Italy he composed several dramas for
different theatres. These acquired him reputation sufficient
to be recommended to lord Middlesex as a composer to
the opera house in the' Hay market, then under his lord-
ship^s direction. He arrived in England in 1745, and, in
that year and the following, produced his operas of '* Ar^
tamene*' and ^* La Cadiita de Giganti,^' with indifferent
success.

From London he returned to Italy, and composed seve-*^^
ral operas in the style of the times, and afterv^rds en-
gaged with the Italian poet Calsabigi, with whom he
joined in a conspiracy against the poetry and music of the
melo-drama then in vogue in Italy and all over Europe.'
In 1764, when the late emperor Joseph was crowned king'
of the Romans, Gluck was the composer, and Guadagni
the principal singer. It was in this year that a species of

I Koble's Coll. of AnMt-'Gent Mag. LXIIL p. dn.-^Falhir'& Worthies.

se G L O C Hi

dramatie music, different from that which tten feigned tti
It^ly, was attempted by Gluck in his famous opera of'
** Orfeo," which succeeded so well^ that it was soon after
performed in other parts of Europe^ particularly at Parma
and Paris, Bologna, Naples, and in 1770 at London. In
1769 he produced " Alceste^'* a second opera on the re-
formed plan, which received even more applause than thd
first; and in 1771 " Paride ed Helena;*' but in 1774, his
arrival at Paris produced a remarkable era in the ainnals of
French music, by his conforming to the genius of the
French language, and flattering the ancient national ta»te^.
All his operas proved excellent preparations for a better
style of composition than the French had been used to y
as the recitative was more rapid, and the airs more marked^
than in LuUi and Rameau ; there were likewise more
energy, fire, and variety of movement, in his aii's in gene^
tsAf and infinitely more force and effect in his expression of
all the violent passions. His music was so truly dramatic,*
that the airs and scenes, which had the greatest effect on
the stage, were cold, or rudef in a concert. The situa-'
tion, context, and interest, gradually etcited in the au-*
diencej gave them their force and energy. He seemed
indeed so much the national musician of France, that since
the best days of Rameau, no dramatic composer had ex-
cited so much enthusiasm, or had his pieces so frequently
performed, each of them two or three hundred timesw
The French, who feel very enthusiastically whatever music
they like, heard with great rapture the operas of Gluck^
which even the enemies of his genre allcfwed to have great
merit of a certain kind ; but though there is much real*
genius and intrinsic worth in the dramatic compositions of
this master, the congeniality of his style with that of their
old national favourites, LuUi and Rameau, was no small
merit with the friends of that music. The almost universal,
cry at Paris was now, that he had recovered the dramatic
music of the ancient Greeks; that there was no other
Worth hearing ; that he was the only musician in Europe
who knew how to express tiie passions ; these and other
encomiums were uttered and published in the journals and
newspapers of Paris, accompanied with constant and con-
temptuous censures of Italian music, when Piccini arrived,
and all the friends of Italian music, of Rousseau's doctrines^
and of the plan, if not the language, of Metastasio's dra-
mas, enlisted in his service. A furious war brdke out at

G L U C K. Si

Paris; and these disputes, says Dn Burney, of musical
critics, and rival artists throughout the kingdom, seem to
us to have soured and diminished the pleasure arising from
music in proportion as the art has advanced to perfection.
When every phrase or passage in a musical composition is
to be analysed and dissected during performance, all de*
light and enthusiasm vanish, and the whole becomes a piece
of cold mechanism.

The chevalier Gluck, after returning to Vienna from
Paris, and being rendered incapable of writing by a para-
lytic stroke in 1784, only lingered in a debilitated state
till the autumn of 1 7 87, when he died at the age of seventy-
three. Gluck had great merit as a bold, daring, nervous
composer; and as such, in his French operas, he was un-
rivalled. But he was not so universal as to be exclusively
admired and praised at the expence of all other composers
ancient and modern. His style was peculiarly convenient
to France, where there were no good singers, and where
no good singing was expegted or understood by the public
in general ; and where the poetry was set up against music,
without allowing equality, or even an opportunity of mani-
festing her most captivating vocal powers.^

GLYCAS (Michael), was one of the Byzantine histori-
ans, but biographers are not agreed as to the period when
he lived. Some years ago, professor Walchius published
in the Gottingen Transactions an inquiry into this subject,
but was obliged to confess that he could arrive at no pro-
bable conclusion^ Some place Glycas in the twelfth, and
some in the fifteenth century. No ancient record or writer
mentions even his name, and all that is known of him has
been gleaned from his works. It appears that he was a
native of Constantinople ; but passed a great part of bis
life in Sicily. Some have thought he was a monk, but this
is uncertain, nor. do we know whether he lived in public
life, or in retirement. His letters, however, show that be
was a grammarian, and was acquainted with theology, his-
tory sacrQjJ and profane, and other branches of know-
ledge ; and such was his reputation that he was frequently
consulted by monks, bishops, and the most celebrated
doctors of his time. His '^ Annals/' by which only he is
Dow known, codtain an account of the patriarchs, kiugs,
and emperors, and, in a word, a sort of history of the

1 Rces^s Cyclopaedia, by Dr. Burney. ^

Vol. XVL D

S4 <j L y C A s.

world as far as the emperor Alexis Comnenus, who died in
1118, including many remarks on divinity, philosophy,
physic, astronomy, &c. Leunclavius first translated this
work into Latin, and the whole was published by Father
Labbe, Paris, 1660, fol. Some of his letters have been
published in the ** Delicise eruditorum/* Florence, l^SS^
and other collections. ^

GMELIN (John George), a physician and eminent
botanist, was born at Tubingen August 12, 1709. He was
distinguished by his diligence and early attainments at the
school and university of Tubingen, and in 1727, took the
degree of doctor of physic, and went to Petersburgh,
where, in 1729, he was elected one of the members of the
academy, and in 1731 was appointed professor of chemis-
try and natural history. In 1733 he was selected for the
department of natural history, in a commission formed by
the Rnssiati government, for the purpose of exploring the
boundaries of Siberia; and set out on the 19th of August^
with G. F. Muller, and* Louis de I'lsle de la Croyere, and
a party of twenty-eight persons, consisting of draughtsmen,
miners, hunters, land surveyors, and twelve soldiers, with
a Serjeant and drummer. On his return to Petersburgh in
1743, he resumed the offices which he had before filled.
In the year 1749 he entered upon a new professorship, to
which he had been appointed, while on a visit to Tubin-
gen, but died of a fever in May, 1755. He published,
** Flora Siberica, seu Historia Plantarum Siberise,*' Peters*
burgb, 1747, 1749, in four parts, 4to, with plates: and^
in German, ** Travels through Siberia between the years
1733 and 1743/* Gottingen, 1751, 1752, in four parts, 8vo,
with plates. ^

GMELIN (Samcel Gottlieb), nephew to the preced-
ing, was born at Tubingen in 1743; where he was edu-
cated, atid took his medical degree in 1763. He gave
early proofs of genius, and during his travels in France and
Holland distinguished himself so much by his knowledge of
natural history, that he was appointed professor in the
academy of sciences at Petersburgh. Like his uncle, he
spent several years in travelling through the distant pro*
vinces of the Russian empire, for the purposes of scieutific
investigation, but ultimately with a less fortunate result.
Recommenced his travels in June 1768, and having tra-

^ Moreri.-— Sa»i OBOViant^ • Di«t. Hist. — Rett's Cyclopedia.

M E L I N. M

»

▼ened the proviBces of Moicow, Vorouetz, '^ew Ruma,
Azof, Casan, and AstracaD, he vbitedy in 1770 and 1771,
the differeet harbours of the Caspian ; and examined with
peculiar attention those parts of the Persian provinces which
border upon that sea^ of which he hasT given a circumstan-
tial account in his travels. Actuated by a seal for extendi
ing his observations, he attempted to pass through the west-
em provinces of Persia, which were in a state of perpetual
warfare, and infested by oumerous banditti. Upon this
expedition he quitted, in April 1772, Einzillee, a small
tniding place in Ghilan» vpon the southern shore of the
Caspian ; a|id, on account of many difficulties add dangers,
jdid not, until Dec. 2, 1773, reach SaJHian, a town situated
. upon the mouth of the river Koor. Thence he proceeded
to Baku and Cuba, in the province of Sbirvan, where he
met with a friendly reception frooft Ali Feth Khan, the
jK)vere%n of that district. After be bad bi^en joined by
twenty Uralian Cossacs, and when he was only four days
journey from the Russian fortress Kislar, he and his com^
paoions were, on Feb. 5, 1774» arrested by order of Usmei
Khan, a petty Tartar prince, through who$e territories he
was obliged to pass. (Jsmei urged as a pretence for this
arrest, that, thirty years before, several families had escaped
from his dominions, and had found an asylum in the
Russian territories; adding, that Gmelin should not he
released until these families were restored. As all arguing
was in vain with this savage, Gmelin was removed from
prison to prison,* and at length, wearied out with confine-
ment and harsh usage, expired July 27, at Acbmet-Kent,
a village of Mount Caucasus. Some of his papers had
been sent to Kislar during bis confinement, and the others
were not without great difficulty rescued from the hands
of the barbarians. The empress -Catherine, would have
rescued him by force, but this was rendered impossible at
that time, by the rebellion of Pugatchef. She, however,
expressed her regret and esteem for Gmelin by giving a
gratification to his widow, of one yearns pay of the salary
idle had assigned to her husband during bis travels, amount-
ing to 1600 rubles.

His works are : 1. ^^ Historia Fucprum," Petersburgh, in
1768^ 4to.; a subject to which botanisu had paid little at-
tention before him. 2. *^ Travels through Russia, for the
purpose of exploring the three kingdoms of nature,^' three
parts of which were published in his life-time. A fourth

0 2

56 G M E L I N.

was edited after the author^s death, by profetsor Pallas.
3. *^ Journey from Astracan to Czarizyn :*' and also a'
"Second Persian Journey,*' 1772 — 74; ibid. 1786. Pallas
prefixed GineUn*s Life to the fourth part of his travels. '

GMELIN (John* Frederick), of the same family,^!-
though what relation to the preceding is not mentioned,
was born at Tubingen in 1 748. He was the author of se*
veral performances on vegetable physiology, and the clas-
sification of plants; and likewise published numerous works
on the materia medica, and chemistry, mineralogy, and
every part of natural history. One of the most celebrated
is his edition of the " System of Nature of Li<fM>8eus.'* He,
however, is said to have introduced great disorder into the
science, by multiplying the species. He was also the au-
thor of a " History of Chemistry," forming a part of the
history of arts and sciences undertaken by the professors
of Gottingen. The world is indebted to him for the dis*
covery of several excellent dyes, extracted from vegetable
and mineral substances* He died in 1805. '

GOAD (John), an eminent classical teacher, the son of
John Goad, of Bishopsgate- street, was born th^re Feb.
1 5, 1 6 1 5. He was educated at Merchant Taylors^ school,
and elected thence a scholar of St. John^s college, Oxford,
in 1632. He afterwards received his master*s degree, be-
came fellow of hii^ college, and took orders. In 1643 he
was made vicar of St. Giles's, Oxford, and continued to
perform his parochial duties, although at the risk of his
life, during ' the siege of the city by the parliamentary
forces. In June 1646 he was presented by the university
to the vicarage of Yarnton, and the year following was
created B. D. When the loyalists were turned out by th^
parliamentary commissioners, Mr. Goad shared their fate ;
and although Dr. Cbeynel, who was one of the parlia-
mentary visitors, gave him an invitation to return to his
college, he refused it upon the terms offered. Yet he ap-
pears to have been ' so far connived at, as to be able to
keep his living at Yarnton until the restoration. He also
taught at Tunbridge school until July 1661, when he was
made bead master of Merchant Taylors' school. Over this
seminary he presided for nearly twenty years, with great
success and approbation, and trained for the college many

1 Diet. Hist.— Coxe's Trarelf in Itastia«-<-Tooke*s View of the Russian Empire.
« Diet. Hist,

GOAD. 37

youths who did honour to their teacher and to their coun«
tiy; but in 1681 a suspicion was entertained that be in-
clined towards popery; and it was said that the comment
which be made on the Church Catechism savoured strongly
of popish tenets. Some particular passages having been
selected from it, and laid before the grand jury of London,
they on March 4 of the above year, presented a complaint
to the Merchant Taylors' company, respecting the cate-
chism taught in their school. After be had been heard in
his own defence, it was decided that he was *^ popishly
and erroneously affected,*' and immediately was discharged
from his office ; but such was the;ir sense of his past services,
that they voted him a gratuity of 70/. It soon appeared
that the court of th^ company had not been deceived in
their opinion of his principles. After being dismissed, he
taught a school in Piccadilly, and in 1686, the reign of James
II. openly professed himself a Roman catholic ; which,
Wood says, he had long been covertly. He died Oct. 28,
1689, and was buried in the church of Great St. Helen's,
Bishopsgate-street, his memory being honoured by various
elegies. He published, besides some single sermons, 1.
" Genealogicon Latinum,'* a sinall dictionary for the use
of Merchant Taylors' school, 8vo, 1676, second edit. 2.
** Declamation, whether Monarchy be the best form oif
government ?" printed at the end of Richards's . ** English
Orator," 1680, 8vo. 3. " Astro- Meteorologica, or apho-
risms and discourses of 4he Bodies Celestial, their natures
and influences, &c." 1686, fol. This gained him great
reputation. The subject of it is a kind of astrology,
founded, for the most part, pn reason and experiment, as
will appear by comparing it with Boyle's " History of the
Air," and Dr. Mead's book " De Imperio Solis et Lunae."
4. " Autodidactica, or a practical vocabulary, &c." 1690,
8vo. Aft^r his death was published *^ Astro-meteorologia
sana, &c." 1690, 4to.'

GOAR (James), a learned French Dominican, was born
at Paris, of a reputable family, in 160J, and after a clas-
sical education, took the habit of bis order in 1619. He
then employed six years in the study of philosophy and
theology, after which b^ was sent to Toul to instruct the
young men of his order in these sciences. In the mean

» Alh. 0«. tqI. II.T-Podd*8 Church History.-r^Srang cr.— rWilwn'i HiiU ^f
Merchant Taylors' School.

38 G O A R.

time hi^ extreme partiality to the Greek, and his extensire
reading in Greek literature, inspired him with a great de-^
sire to visit the country of the modern Greeks, and inquires
into their sentiments and customs; and having obtained
leave of his superiors, he set out in 1631, as an apostolic
missionary, and was for the sake of local convenience, made
prior of the convent of St. Sebastian, in the island of Chios.
Here he resided eight years, conversing with the ablest
of the natives, *and inquiring into their history, religion^
and manners. Before returning to France he went to
Rome in 1640, where he was appointed prior of the con«^
vent of St. Sixtus, and being arrived at Paris, was maile
master of the novices, and began to employ his time iii
preparing his works for the press. This was an object sO
much at neart^ that when elected in" 1652 vicar-general of
his order, he accepted it with great reluctance, as likely to
interrupt his labours. It is supposed, indeed, that his
intense application^ and the various duties of this office,
impaired his health, and brought on a slow fever, which
proved fatal Sept. 23, 1653. His principal work wa$ his
collection of Greek liturgies, published under the title of
*^ Euchologion, sive rituale Graecorum," Paris, 1647, fol.
a very curious and rare work. There is, however, a se-
cond edition printed at Venice in 1730. Gear also trans-
lated some of the Byzantine historians for the collection
printed at the Louvre. *

GOBIEN (Charles le), a learned Jesuit, and secretary
to the Chinese missionaries, was born at St. Malo in 1653|
f^nd having been educated in the academies belonging to
his order, was made professor of philosophy and classics,
^bich he taught for eight years with reputation. He then
ipame to Paris, where he was appointed secretary and pro-
curator to the Chinese missionaries. He died May 1709.
He wrote many tracts on the progress of religion in China,
and entered warmly into the disputes between the mis-
sionaries on the worship of Confucius. The best known of
his works are, his ^ Lettres sur les Progrds de la Religion k
la Chine,'* 16d7, 8vo ; his " Hist, de TEdit de 1* empereur
de la Chine en faveur de la religion Cbretienne,*' 1698,
12mo, which makes the third volume of le Comte's Memoirs
of China; his '* Hist, des Isles Mariannes,** 1700, 12mo;

* Niceron, toI. XUC.<— Moreri. — ^Usher's Life and Leitersi p. 606.— Saxii
Onomait.

G O B I E N. 39

and eight parks or volumes of the ^' Lettres edifiantes et
curieuses^'' writtea by the Chinese missiooaries. Of these
letters there was afterwards a collection made, extending
to 34 vols. 12mo; and in 1780, the abbe de Querbeuf pub-
lished a new edition in 26 vols. They are still consulted
as affording information respecting the natural history,
geography, and politics of the countries which the Jesuits
had explored, although they are not unfrequently miMd
with improbable tales. '

GOCLENIUS (Cot^RAD), a learned philologist, was
born in 1485, in Westphalia. He acquired a high reputa-
tion for learning, and taught for a considerable time at the
college of Bois-le-Duc in Louvain, where he died Jan.
25, 1539.. Erasmus, who was his intims^te friend, highly
valued his character, and respected his erudition. He
.wrote notes on Cicero's 0£Bces« edited a new edition of
Lucan, and published a Latin translation of Lucian's ** H^-
motinus,'' a dialogue on the sects of philosophers.'

QODDARD (Jonathan), an English physician and
chemist, and promoter of the royal society, was the son of
a rich ship-bqilder at Deptford, and born at Greenwich
about 1617. Bfeing industrious apd of good parts, he made
a quick progress in grammar-learning, and was entered ^
commoner at Magdalen -hall, Oxford, in 1632, He staid
at the university about four years, implying himself tp
physic ; and then left it, without taking a degree, to travel
abroad, as was at that time the custom, for farther im-
provement in his faculty. At his return, not being quali-
fied, according to the statutes, to proceed in physic at
Oxford, he went to Cambridge, and took the degree of
bachelor in the faculty, as a member of Christ college, in
1638 ; after which, intending to settle in London, without
waiting for another degree, he engaged in a formal pro-
mise to obey the laws and statutes of the college of physi-
cians there, Nov. 1$40. Having by this means obtained a
proper permission, he entered into practice; but being
still sensible of the advantage of election into the college,
he took the first opportunity of applying for bis doctor^s
degree at Cambridge, which he obtained, as a me^nber of
Catherine^hali, in 1643 ; and was chosen fellow of the
college of physicians in 164Q. In the mean time, he had
the preceding year engaged in another society, for im-

1 MorerL— »Diet. Hist. * Foppen BibU Bel.— ^xii Onomast.

40 GODDARIX

proving and cultivating experimental philosophy. This
society usually met at or near his lodgings' in Wood-street,
for the convenience of making experiments ; in which h&
was very assiduous, as the reformation and improvement of
physic was one principal branch of this design. In 1647,
he was appointed lecturer in anatomy at the college ; and
it was from these lectures that his reputation took its rise.
As he, with the rest of the assembly which met at his lodg-
ings, had all along sided with the parliament, he was made
head-physician in the army, and was taken, in that station,
by Cromwell, first to Ireland in 1649, and then to Scot-
land the following year; and returned thence with his
-master; who, after the battle of Worcester, rode into Lon-
don in triumph, Sept. 12, 1651. He was appointed warden
of Merton^college, Oxon, Dec. 9th following", and was
incorporated Mv D. of the university, Jan. 14th the same
year. Cromwell was the chancellor ; and returning to
Scotland, in order to incorporate that kingdom into one
commonwealth with England, he appointed our warden,
together with Dr. Wilkins, warden of Wadham, Dr. Good-
win, president of Magdalen, Dr. Owen, dean of Christ
Church, and Cromwell's brother-in-law, Peter French, a
canon of Christ Church, to act as hrs delegates in all mat-
ters relating to grants or dispensations that required his
assent. This instrument -hote date Oct. 16, 1652. His
powerful patron dissolving the long parliament, called a
new one, named the Little Parliament, in 1653, in which
the warden of Merton sat sole representative of the univer-
sity, and was appointed one of the council of state the
same year.

A series of honours and favours bestowed by the usurper,
whose interest he constantly promoted, naturally incurred
the displeasure of Charles II. who removed him from his
wardenship, by a letter dated July S, 1660; and claiming
the right of nomination, during the vacancy of the see of
Canterbury, appointed another warden in a manner the
most mortifying to our aruthor. The new warden was Dr.
£dw. Reynolds, then kiog^s chaplain, and ^oon after bishop
of Norwich, who was appointed successor to si^ Nathaniel
Brent, without the least notice being taken of Dr. 6od-
dard*. He then removed to Gresham college, where he

* Our author, it is true, was strong- resentment upon him ; otherwiie». it
ly attached to Cromwell ^ , which, no was not desftnred by bis'behinrioQr in
flioubt, brought thi« mark oif the king's the collie. For this we have tht tos-

O O D D A R D. 41

had been cbotien professor of physic on Nov. 7, 1655, and
continued to frequent those meetings which gave birth to
the royal society ; and, upon their establishment by char*
xerin 1663, was nominated one of the first council. This
honour they were induced to confer upon him, both in
regard to his merit in general as a scholar, and to his par-
ticular zeal and abilities in promoting the design of their
institution, of which there is full proof in the '< Memoin^*
of that society by Dr. Birch, where there is scarcely a meet-
ing mentioned, in which his name does not occur for some
experiment or observation made by him. At the same time
^he carried on his business as a physician, being continued
a fellow of the college by their new charter in 1 663. Upon
the conflagration in 1666, which consumed the old Ex*
•change, our professor, with the rest of his brethren, re-
moved from Gresham, to make room for the merchants to
carry on the public affairs of the city ; which, however, did
not hinder him from going on with pursuits in natural phi-
losophy and physic. In this last he was not only an able
but a conscientious practitioner ; for which reason he con-
tinued still to prepare his own medicines. He was so fully
persuaded that, this, no less than prescribing them, was
the physician's duty, that in 1668, whatever offence it
might give the apothecaries, he was not afraid to publish
a treatise, recommending it to general use. This treatise
was received with applause ; but as he found the proposal
in it attended with such di6iculties and discouragements as
were likeJy to defeat it, he pursued that subject the follow*
ing year, in <^ A Discourse, setting forth the unhappy con-
dition of the practice of Physic in London,*' 1669, 4to.
Bot this availed nothing, and when an attempt was made
by the college of physicians, with the same view, thirty
years afterwards, it met with no better success. In 1671
he returned to bis lodgings at Gresham college, where he
continued prosecutingMmprovements in philosophy till his
death, which was very suddens He used to meet a select
number of friends at the Crown-tavern in Bloomsbury,
where they discoursed on philosophical subjects, and in his
return theooe in the evening of March 24, 1674, he was

timony of Wood, who wai bred at Mer* poblisbed io 1659, and wwtfL it bim to

toD^ aod alwayt mentions I)r. God- London, bound in blue Turiiey, with

dardy a< warden, in terms, of kindness gilt leaves ; as we Qnd it carefully nti

'and respect He was; indeed, tbe first down io tbe bistory of his own \\^

patran to that antiquary ; who, as such, publifibed by Mr. Heame.
dadiealod hU brother's sermons to him,

42 G O P D A R D.

seized with an apoplectic fit in Cheapside^ and dropped

down dead.

His memory was long preserved by certais drops, wbich
were his inventioo^ and bore his name ; but whidi, like
all such nostrums) are now forgotten. His receipts ** Ar-
cana Goddardiana," were published at the end .of the
5^ Pharmacopoeia Bateana,'' 1691. He bad several learned
treatises dedicated to him as a patron of learning, made by
persons well acquainted with him, such as Dr.. Edmund
Pickinson and Dr. Wallis, who highly praise his extensive
learning, his skill in his profession, knowledge of public
affairs, and generous disposition, his candour, affability^
and benevolence to all good and learned ipen. Of tlua
last there is one instance worth presenting ; and that is, his
ticking into his apartment, at Gresham, Dn Worthington,
who lodged with him for the conveniency of preparing for
the press the woirks of Mr. Joseph Mede, which be finished
and published in 1664. According to Dr. Seth Ward^
bishop of Salisbury, be was the first EngUshman who
made that noble astronomical instrument the telescope. '

GODEAU (Anthony), a learned French bishop and
writer, was descended from a good family at Dreux, and
born in 1605. Being inclined to poetry from his youtb^
he applied himself to it, an4 so cultivated his genius, that
be made his fortune by it* His first essay was a paraphrase
in verse of the Benedmie, which was much commended.
He was but twenty -four wben be became a member of that
society which met at the house of Mr. Conrart^ to con-
fer upon subjects of polite learning, and to comiaunieate
their performances. From this society cardinal. Richlieu
took the hint, and formed the resolution, of establishing
the French academy .for belles lettres ; and our author in a
few years obtained the patronage of that powerful eccle-
siastic. The bishopric of Grasse becoming vacant in 16S6,
cardinal Richelieu recommended him to the king, who im-
mediately conferred it upon him ; and as soon as the cerfe*
mony of consecration was over, be repaired to his dioces^
and applied himself to the functions of his office. , He^ held ,
several synods, composed a great number of pastoral ini-
structions for the use of his clergy, and restored eccle-
siastical discipline, which had been almost entirely neg-

1 Biog. Brit.— Ward's Gresham Profeuors.— Birch's Hist. aT the Royal So^
clety.— Ath. Ox, toK 1L

G O D E A U. 4}

tected. He obtained from pope Innocent X. a bull for
uniting the bishopric of Venoe to that of Grasse, as hitf
predecessor Wtliiani le Blore liad before obtained from
Clement YIII. This arrangement, considering the pro*
piaquity of the two dioceses, and the small income of both
together (about 450/.) was not unreasonable; but when
Godeau found the people and clergy averse to it, he gav€l
up his pretensions, and contented himself with the bishopric
of Vence onlj. He assisted in 3everal general assemblies
ef the clergy, held in 1645 and 1655 ; in which he vigor*
ously maintained the dignity of the episcopal order^ and
the system of pure morality, against those who opposed
both. One of his best pieces upon this subject, was pub^
lifthed in 1 709, with the title of *^ Christian Morals for thft
Instruction of die Clergy of the Diocese of Vence :" and
Was afterwards translated into English, by Basil Kennet;
These necessaty absences excepted, he constantly resided
upon his didc^e, where he was perpetually employed in
visitations, preaching, rending, writing, or attending uport
the ecclesiastical or temporal affairs of his bishopric^ till
Easter-day, April 17, 1671; when he was seized with a
fit of an apoplexy, of whfeb he died the 21st.

He was a very voluminous author, both in prose and
verse. Moreri, after giving a list of fifty' works, adds
many fugitive pieces of devotional poetry. One of his
principal workd is bis *^ Ecclesiastical History,*' intended
to be comprized in 3 vols fol. The first appeared in 1658^
containing the " History of the first eight centuries ;" but
as he did not finish the other two, they remained in manu-
script. He was, however, the first person who gave a
/* Church History** in the French language. He was the
author also of a '< Translation of the Psalms into French
verse,** which were so well approved, that those of the
reformed religion have not scrupled to use them at home
in tlieir families, instead of the version of Marot, which h
adapted and consecrated to the public service. Of this
work Basil Kennet has given a criticism in the preface to
"An Essay towards a Paraphrase on the Psalms,** 1709,
8vo. The Jesuit, Vavassor, wrote a piece on purpose to
prove that our author had no true taste for poetry ; and
BoUeau remarks several defects in his poetical perform*

anc^i*

> BupiU.«i4riecr0S, wit. XVIII. aad-XX.— MokrI;

I

[

44

GODEFROl.

GODEFBOI (Denys), an eminent lawyer, and one of
the most learned men of his age, was born October 17^
1549, at Paris. He was the son of Leon Godefroi, coun*
sellor to the Cb&telet He had acquired a great reputation
in the parliament, but embracing the reformed religion,
was obliged to retire to Geneva, and taught law both
there and in some German universities. In 1618 be was
sent by the elector palatine to Louis XHL who, among
other marks of favour, presented him with his picture, and
a gold medal. But being again obliged to quit the pala-
tinate, during war, be went to Strasburgb, where he
died September 7, 1622, leaving a great number of va-
luable works ; the principal of which are, 1. ^' NotsB in
quatuor Libros institutionum.*' 2. ^^ Opuscula varia juris.**
3. " Corpus juris civilis, cum notis.** These notes, are
fsxcellent : the best editions are those by Vitr6, 1626, and
by Elzevir, .1683, 2 vols. fol. 4. " Praxis civilis, et
antiquis et recentioribus scriptoribus.'* 5. *^ Index Cfaro-
nologicus legum et novellarum k Justiniano imperatore
compositarum.*' 6. ^< Consuetudines Civitatum et Pro-
yinciarum Gallice, cum notis,*' foL 7. ** Qusestionels po-
litico ex jure communi in Historia desumptas.'' S. *^ Dis-
sertatio de nobilitate.'* 9.' ^' Statuta regni Gallise cum
jure communi collata,** fol. 10. ^* Synopsis statutorum
municipalium,*' an edition, Greek and Latin, of the
** Promptuarium juris" of Harmenopules. ** Conjectures,**
and several ^^ Lectures upon Seneca,*' with a defence of
these Conjectures, which bad been attacked by Gruten
*' A Collection of the ancient Latin Grammarians,*' &c.
The following works are also ascribed to Denis Godefroi :
** Avis pour reduire les Monnoies a leur juste Prix et Va-
leur," 8vo: ^^ Maintenue et Defense des Empereurs, Rois,
Princes, Etats, et Republiques ; contra les Censures Mo-
nitoires, et Excommunications des Papes," 4to.. ^* Frag-
menta duodecim Tabularum suis nunc primum Tabulis
restituta," 1616, 4to. His '< Opuscula" have been col-
lected and printed in Holland, foL^

GODEFROI (Th£ODORE), eldest son of the preceding,
was born July 17, 1580, at Geneva, and went to Paris in
1602, where he turned Catholic, was appointed counsellor
of state 1643, and died Octobers, 1649, at Munster, in
which city he then resided as counsellor and secretary to

> Morari.— Kicerom ▼•!. XVII.— Diet Hiit

G O D E F R O I. 4$

the French eqibassy for the general peace. He left many
excellent works on law, history, the titles of the kingdom^
Slc, the principal of which are, I. '^ Le Ceremonial de
France,^' 4to, a work much valued ; reprinted in 2 vols,
fol. by his son Denvs Godefroi ; but this is unfinished}
and the 4to edition must be referred to for the funeral ct^
remontes. 2. <* Genealogie des Rois de Portugal issua
en Ligne directe masculine de la Maison de France qui
regne aujourd'huis," 4to. 3. " Mem. concernant la Pre*
seance des Rois de France sur les Rois d'Espagne, 4to«
4. ^^ Entreveue de Charles IV. Empereur, et Charles V.
Roi de France ; plus TEntreveue de Charles VII. Roi de
France, et de Ferdinand, Roi de Arragon." &c. 4to. 5*
'' Hist, de Charles. VI. par Jean Juvenal des Ursins ; de
Louis XII. par Seyssell, et par d'Auton, &c. ; de Cha.
VIII. par Saligny, et autres; du Chevalier Bayard, avec
le Supplement, par Expilly,'* 1651, 8vo. €. *^ De Jean^
le Meingre, dit Boucicaut, Marechal de France,'* 4tD.
7. " D'Artus III. Due de Bretagne,'' 4to. 8. " De
Guillaume Marescot,'' 4to. 9. ^^ De la veritable Origine
de la Msuson d'AutricheV 4to. 10. ** Genealogie des
Dues de Lorrain,*' 4to. 11.^^ L'Ordre et'les Ceremonies
observers aux Manages de France et d'Espagne," 4to.
12. ** G^n£alogie des Comptes et Dues de Bar," 4to. 13.
*^ Traite touchant les Droits du Roi tres Chretien, sur
plusieurs Etats et Seigneuries, poss^des par plusieurs
Princes Voisins,-' fol. under the name of. Pierre Dupuy.*

GODEFROI (James), younger brother of the preceding,
born in 1 587, at Geneva, was also a very learned lawyer,
and rose to the highest posts in that republic. He was
five times syndic, and died there 1652. He left several
works much esteemed; the following are the principal
ones: 1. << Opuscula varia, juridica, politica, bistorica,
critica,'* 4to. 2. ^^ Pontes Juris civilis ; de diversis Re*
gulis Juris,'' 1653, 4to. 3. ^^ De famosis latronibus in«
vestigandis ; de jure praecedentias ; de Salario ; animad-
versiones Juris civilis. De suburbicariis Regippibus ; de
statu Paganorum sub Imperatoribus Christianis. Frag-
menta Legum Julice et Papis collecta, et notis illustrata.
Codex Theodosianus," 1665, 4 vols. fol. 4. " Veteris
orbis descriptio Grsci Scriptoris, sub Constantio et Con«
stante Imperantibus, Gr. et Lat. cum notis,'' 4to. 5. << De

» Moreri.-— Niceron, vol. XVII.

46 G O D E F R O I.

CenotapUio ; de Dominio sen imperio maris et jure mtth-
fcagii coUigendi.'* 6. Cooimentaries and Notes on several
Orations of Libanius. 7. ^* L'Htst. Ecclesiastiqiie de Phi<-
lostorge, avec un Appendix.^' 8. ^< Les Merctire Jesuite,
ou Recueil des pieces concernant les Jesnites/* 1631, ^
vols.8va*

GODEFROI (Denys), son of Theodore, was born Au^
gust 24) 1615, at Paris. He made use of Ms father's Me^-
moirs, and like him studied the History of France. Louis
XIV. appointed him keeper and director of the chamber df
accounts at Lisle, in wbi^h city he died June 9, 1681. ' He
published ^ Le C4r6monial de France,^' written by his
father ; and the History of Charles VI. and Charles VIL
printed at the Louvre, each in 1 vol. folio \ that of th6
Crown Officers, from the time at which thitt of John le
Feron ends; <^ Memoires et Instructions pour servir dans
les Negociations et les Affaires concernant les Droits du
Roi,^' 1665, fol. which had been attributed to chancellor
Seguier, &c.' He left sev^al children who were eminent ;
among them,

GODEFROI (DekVs), Ae third of that name, honorary
auditor and keeper of the books in the chambre des comptes
at Paris, died 1719, and left Remarks on the Addition to
lii43 History of Louis XI. by Naud£; an edition of the
^* Satire Menip^e,'' 1 709, 3 vols. 8vo ; and other works.
John GoD£FROi, director of the chambre des comptes at
Lisle, was another son of the second Denys, who pub*-
lished in 1706 an elegant edition of the '^Memoires de
Philippe de Commines ;*^ and in 1711 a new edition of
the ^' Satyre Menip^e.'' He also left the ^^ Journal de
Henri III;** witli notes, and some new pieces, 2 vols. 8vo ;
a very curious book against that by Pere Guyard, a Ja-
cobin, entitled *^ La Fatalitd de St. Cloud ;" ** Mem. de
la Reine Marguerite," 8vo, &c. No author has given so clear
an account of the league, nor published so many curious
pieces respecting the parties engaged in it. He died in
February, 1732.'

GODESCHALCUS. See GOTTESCHALCUS.

GODFREY of VITERBO, the author of an ancient
elironicle, is supposed to have been born in the twelfth
century, at Viterbb, in Italy, and educated in his youth,
at least, at Bamberg. He was afterwards chaplain and

> Moieri.--Di€t. Hist. 3 ibid. 3 ibid.

G O 1> F R E Y. \ 47

\

secretary to king Conrad III. the emperor Frederick, and
his son Henry VI. He informs os that he spent forty years
in searching among the manascripts of the Greeks, Latins,
Jews, Chaldeans, and barbarians, for materials proper for
bis Chronicle, had made himself acquainted with all these
languages, and performed many voyages and travels in the
same pursuit This Chronicle, which does not, however^
gratify all the expectations that might be formed from such
learning and industry, begins with the creation of the
world, and ends with 11S6. It is written in Latin pros^
and verse, and entitled '* Pantheon.'* It was first printed
at Basil, by Basilius John Herold, 1559, reprinted at
Francfort in 1584, and at Hanover in 1613, in Pistorius's
collection of German writers ; and Mnratori , has inserted
in his great <x)Ueotion, that part which respects Italyv
Lambecius speaks of another work by Godfrey, which
exists in MS. in the imperial library at Vienna, entitled
*^ Speculum regium, sive de genealogia regum et impera*
torum a dikivii tempore ad Henricum VI. imperatorem.*^
Godfrey appears to have been a man of leari)ing and ob-
servation, and is thought to 'deserve credit as to hisrela*
tion of the events which occurred in his own time, and
with which his situation at court enabled him to be ac- -
quainted.'

GODOLPUIN (John), an eminent civilian, the third
son of John Godolpbin, esq. was descended from an ancient
family of his name in Cornwall, and born Nov. 29, 1617,
at Godolphin, in the island of Sctlly. He was sent to
Oxford, and entered a commoner of Gloucester-hall, in
1632 ; and having laid a good foundation of logic and phi-^
losopfay, he applied himself particularly to the study of
the civil law, which he chose for his profession ; atid ac-
cordingly took his degrees in that faculty, that of bachelor
in 1636, and of doctor in 1642-S. He has usually been
ranked among puritans for having written two treatises
published by him in 1650 and^l651, entitled, 1. ^' The
Holy Limbec, or an extraction of the spirit from the' Let ^
ter of certain eminent places in the Holy Scripture." Other
copies were printed with this title, '^ The Holy Limbec,
or a Semicentury of Spiritual Extractions,** &c. 2. ^* The
Holy Harbour, containing the whole body of divinity, or
the sum and substance of the Christian Religion." But

o
1 Moreri. — Voitiai de Hist. Lat.— S»xii OiMttast.

ii/ G O D O L P H I N.

whatever may be the principles maiDtaioed in these wor^
which we have not seen> it is certain* that when he went to
London afterwards, he sided with the anti-monarchical
party ; and, taking the oath called the Engagement, was
by an act passed in Cromweirs convention, or short par*
liament, July 1€53, constituted judge of the admiralty
jointly with William Clarke, LL. X). and .dharles George
Cock, esq. In July 1659, upon the death of Clarke, be
and Cock received a new commission to the same placp^
to continue in force no longer than December, following. -

Notwithstanding these compliances with the powers then
in beipg, he was much esteemed for his knowledge in the
civil law, which obtained him the post of king's advocate
at the restoration : after which, he published several books
in his own faculty then in good esteem, as '^ A View of
the Admiral's Jurisdiction/' 1661, 8vo, in which is printed
a translation by him, of Grasias, or Ferrand's ^' Extract of
the ancient Laws of Oleron ;" *' The Orphan's Legacy,
&c. treating of last wills and testaments," 1674, 4to. And
'^ Repertorium Canonicum," &c. 1678, 4to. In this last-
piece he strenuously and learnedly asserts the king's sii*
premacy, as a power vested in the^crown, before the
Pope invaded the right and authority, or jurisdiction. He
died April 4^ 1678, and was interred in St. James's church,
Cierkenwell. ^

GODOLPHIN (Sidney), earl of .Godolphin, and lord
high treasurer of England, descended from a very ancient
family in Cornwall, was the^ third son of Francis Godolphin^
K. B. by Dorothy, second daughter of sir Henry Berkley,
of Yarlington in Somersetshire. He had great natund
abilities, was liberally educated, and inheriting the un-
shaken loyalty of his family, entered early into the service
of Charles II. who after his restoration made him one of
the grooms of his bed- chamber. In 166S, when attending
his majesty to the university of Oxford, he had the degree
of M. A. conferred upon him. In 1678, ,he was twice sent
envoy to Holland, upon affairs of the greatest importance ;
and die next year was made one of the commissioners of the
treasury, which trust he discharged with^ integrity, and
being cbnsidered as a man of great abilities, was sworn of
the privy council. In 1680 he openly declared for th^
bill of exclusion of the duke of York ; and in the debate

1 Ath. Ox^Yol. n.-^Ceo. Diet.— Coote'i CaUlogue of Civiliaiitf.

G O X> O L P H I N. 49

in eoonoil^ wb^tbisr tbe 4uke abpiiUL return to Scotlai^
before the parliwDent ael^ he jgin^d in th^ ^vice for. bis
goingiaivny ; and though the re^t pf the council were of the
iamtTBty ofrinioQ^ yet the king acquiesced in his ^nd lord
Sundevland's 'reasons. In April 1664 be was i^ppointed
oneof |;1» secretaries of state, which he soon res^gi^ed for
ittm office of first commissianer of tbe treasury, and was
xaKated baron Godolpbtn of Bialton.in Cornwall. H0 had
hkhertaaat in the house of commons as representative fpr
Helston and for 8t. Mawe*s.

iOn the accession .of James II. be wm appoint lord
chamberlain to the queen, and on tbe removal of the earl
<tf Rochester, was again made one of the commissioners of
the treasury. On the landing 9f tbe prince of Qrange, he
iras one of the commissioners sent by king Jao^es to treat
with that prince, which employment be discharged with
great address and prudence. In tbe debate concerning the
vacancy of tbe throne, after the abdication of king James,
his lordship, out of a regard to tbe succession, voted for a
regency; yet when king William was advanced to tbe
throne, his majesty appointed him ione qf the lords com-
missioiiers of >tfae treasury, aad a privy-councillor, and in
16SK) he was appointed first lord of the treasury. In 1695,
he was one of tbe seven lords justices for .the administration
of the government, during the king's absence, as he was
likewise the j^ear. folio wing, and again in 1701, when he
•was restored to the place of first commissioner of tbe trea-
aury^f com .which he had been removed in 16.1>7. On tbe
iiceessi4Mi of Ijtteen Anne, he was constituted lord high
tveasurer, jwhich post he had long refused to accept, tUt
tbeieari of Maclborough pnessed him in so positive a man-
ner, that hedfioianed, he eoqld not^go.to the continent to
ceoNnaad.tiie aoaiiea, unless tbe treasury was put into his
h«ids ; for xhcu be was sure that remittances would be
punctually -made, to him. Under bis Jordsbip^s administra-
tion of this high office, tbe public credit was raised, the
war carriedon with success, and tbe nation satisfied with
his prudent management. He omitted nothing that could
engine the subject to bear tbe. burthen of tbe war wiUi
eheiirfukiesa; and it was owing to hia advice, thf^t tim
qaeen.coo^ihuted ope haodred thousand pounds out of
htfc civil list towacdfl:i(. . He jvas aW oae of those faithful
'and'abie connseUors, who advised her majesty to declare
4d couiiciLagainst tbe sellkig of offices and places in hei^

V01.XVL E

50 G O D O L P H I N.

household and family, as highly dishonourable to herselfi
prejudicial to her service, and a discouragement to virtue
and true merit, which alone ought and should recommend
persons to her royal approbation. And so true a frieod
was his lordship to the established church, that considering
how meanly great numbers of the clergy were provided
for, he prevailed upon her majesty to settle her revenue
of xht first-fruits and tenths for the augmentation of tlie
small vicarages. In July 1704 he was made knight of the
garter; and in Deceinber 1706, advanced to the dignity
of earl of Oodolphin and viscount Rialton. But notwith-
standing all his great services to the public, on the 8tb of
August 1710, he was removed from his post of lord high
treasurer.

He died at St. Alban*s of the stone, on the 15th of Sep-
tember 1712, and was interred in Westminster-abbey. Bj
> his lady, Margaret^ daughter of Thomas Blague, esq. be
bad is'due Francis, second earl of Godolpbin, on wnose
death the title becanie extinct.

Bishop Burnet says, ^ that be was the silentest and mo-
destest man, whb was perhaps ever bred in a court. He
bad a clear apprebensioR, and dispatched business with
' great n[)ethod^ and with so much temper, that he had no
'personal enemies. But his silence begot a jealousy, which
•hung long upon him. His notions were for the court;
but his incorrupt and sincere way of mouiaging the con-
cerns of the treasury created in all people a very high

* esteeda for him;. He had true principles of religion and
virtue^ and never heaped iurp wealth* So that, all things

' being laid together, he was one of the worthiest and wisest
men, who was employed in that 4tge.'' In another place
the same historian obftierves, ^ that he was a man of the
clearest head, the calmest temper, and the most incorrupt
of dl the ministers he hod ever known ; and that afjter hav-
ing been thirty yeaiis in the treasury, and daring nine of
those lord -treasurer, as he; was nevet* once inspected of
corruption^ tpr of suffering his servants to grow rich under
^im^ so in all that time his estate was not increased by hiin

* tO'the* value of four thousand pounds.*' It is also said, ^hat
'he had a penetrating contemplative- genius, a slow, but
unerring apprehensioti^ and an exquisite judgment,; wkh

'few words, though always to the purpose. : He was tern-

'operate in his diet. His superior wisdom and spirit riaade

kitn despis^^ the low arts of vain^glorit6us courtiers; for :be

6 6 D O L P H t N. li

fiever kept sailors unprofitably in suspense^ nor promised
any thing, that he was not resolved to perform ; but as he
accounted dissimulation the worst of lying, so on the other
hand bis denials were softened by frankness and conde-
scension to those whom he could not gratify. His great
abilities and consummate experience qualified him for a
prime minister ; and . his exact knowledge of all the
branches of the revenue particularly fitted him for the
management of the treasury. He was thrifty without the
least tincture of avaricci being as good an ceconomist of
the public wealth, as he was of his private fortune. He
bad a clear conception of the whole government, both in
church and state ; and perfectly knew the temper, genius,
and disposition of the English nation. And though his
stern gravity appearied a little ungracious, yet bis steady
and impartial justice recommended him to the esteem of
almost every person ; so that no man, in so many different
public stations, and so great a variety of business, ever
bad more friends, or fewer enemies. Dean Swift's charac-
ter of him is not so favourable, and in our references may
be found many other opposite oj^inions of his merit and
abilities. He had a brother of some poetical talent, noticed
by Mr. Ellis.*

GODWIN (Mary), better known by the name of
WooLLSTON£CRAFT, a lady of very extraordinary genius,
but whose history and opinions are unhappily calculated to
excite a mixture of admiration, pity, and scorn, was born
in or near Loudon, April 27, 1759, of poor parents, who
then resided at Epping, but afterwards removed to a farm
near Beverley in Yorkshire, where this daughter frequented
a day-*school in the neighbourhood. From this place her
father again removed to Hoxton near London, and after-
wards to Walworth. During all this time, and until Miss
Woollstonecraft , arrived at her twenty-fourth year, there
appears little that is interesting, or extraordinary in her
history, unless it may be considered as such that she early
affected an original way of thinking, acc6mpanied with
correspondent actions, and entertained a high and romantic
sense of friendship, which seems greatly to have prevailed
over filial affection. In her twenty-fourth year, she formed
the plan of Conducting a scbiool at Islington, in conjun^->

I Birch'f LiveLHrRapin's Koglan^t Contmuati.on.— Swift's Works; ite ht*

.12

52 G o D wan.

tioa with her skters, whir.h iii the cpur^ of H ^few fdonthii
she removed ^to Newington-^grreeii) where sbe^as hdnonfed
by the friendship of Dr. Price. Of her opitiiotiB on reli-
gious subjects at this tune, weh«ve the following singuhir
account from her biographer : ^ Her religtoti was^ iHi
reality, litUe allied to any system of forms, aiid'Wtfs rather
founded in taste, than in the niceties of .poiemictd discus-
sion. Her mind constitutionally attached itself to -the
sublime and amiable. She found an inexpretoible delight
in the beauties of nature, and in the splendid reveries of
ihe imagination. But nature itself, she thought^ would be
no better than a vast blank, if the mind of the observer
did not supply it with an animating soul. When she
Walked amidst the wonders of nature, she was accustomed
to eonveirse with her God. To her mind be was pictured
as not less amiable, generous, and kind, than great, wise,
'and exaUed. In feet she had received few lessons of reli"«
gion in her youth, and her religion wad almost entirely of
her own creation. But she was not on that account the
less attached to it, or the less scrupulous in discharging
what she considered as its duties. She could itot recollect
the time when she bad believed the doctrine o( future
punishments,'^ &c.

In 1785, a Mrs. Skeggs, with wbbm she had contracted
an ardent friendship, and who resided at Lisbon, being
pregnant. Miss \^oollstonecraft, shocked with the ideatbat
she might die in childbed dt a distance froih her friends,
passed over to Lisbon to attend her, leaving the schot^
under the management of her sisters ; an exeirtion of friends-
ship the more entitled to prmse that it prored hurtful to
her school, which soon after her return she was compelled
to abandon. Perhaps, however, this was not wholly, ^a
matter of compulsion, for we are told that *^ she had a
rooted aversion to that sort of cbbabitation ^ith her sisters,
which the project of thet school impoised." She now ap-
pears to have meditated literary employment as a source of
profit, and exhibited a specimen of her talems in a l2mo
pamphlet, entitled ^^ Thoughts on the Education of 0augh«-
ters," for the cdpy-right of which she obtained the sum of
ten guineas from the late Mr. Johnson, booksellery of St*
Paors church-yard, who afterwards proved one of her most
liberal patrons. After this she was employed for somo;
months, as a govenieeis, in the family of an Irish noble-
nan, at the end of which she returned again to literary

GODWIN, ^

pofBiisti^ and fitom 1787^ wheti she cayni^ tQ. reside in Lou-
doo, pfodiioed << Mary^ a Fktiqthy^ <^ Origind Stories
from real Kfe," made sQUie tranalatioof ftom the Fren<;by
and compiled <^ The Female Reader/' oo the model of
Dr. Enfidd's ** SpeaJ^er/* She wrote aUo some article*,
in the '^ Analytieal Review^'* which was established by h&e
puUiaber) in 178&

In the Frenoh revidlation which took place, in the follow-
ing year, and which let loose all l(inds of principles and
opinions eascept what had stood the test of experience,
M»8 Woollstonecraft found much that ws;$ congenial with
her own ways of thinkings and much which it will appear
soon she determined to introduce in her conduct She
W.as therefore among the first who attempted to answer Mr.^
Borke's celebrated/' Reflections on the Frepch Revolution,''
and displayed a share, of ability which made her reputation
more general than it had yet been. This was followed by
her '^ Viisdication of the Rights of Woman," in whi^b she
unfolded many a wild tbecnry on the duties and character of
her sex. How well she was qualified to guide them ap-
peared now in the practical use of her own precepts, of
which the first specimen was the formation of a violent at-
tachment for a veiy eminent artist, which is thus embel-
lished by her biographer : '' She saw Mr. Fuseli frequency;
he amused, delighted, and instructed her. As a painter,,
it was imposBible she should not wish to see bis works, and
consequently to frequent his house. She visited him ; her
visits were returned. Notwithstanding the inequality of
their years, Mary was not of a temper to live upon term^
of so much intimacy with a man of merit and genius, with-
out loving khfL The delight she eojoyed in his society,
she transferred by association to his persim. What she ex-
perienced in this respect^ was> no doubt heightened, by the
slate of celibacy and reslraini in which she had hitherto
Kved, and to which the rules of polished society condetim
an onmarriedi woman. She conceived. a personal and ar-r
dent affection for him^ Mr. Fuseli was a married man, and
his wife the acquaintance of Mary. She readily perceived
the restrictions which this circumstance seemed to impose
upon her, bnt she made light of any diificulty that might
arise out of them;" Notwithstanding this contempt for
difficulties, Mr. Fuseli was not to be won, and in order to
get rid of a passion which he would not indulge, she went
9ver to France in 1792. Here within a few months she

fi4 GODWIN.

found a cure in that " species of connection," says her
fiiographer, ^^ for which her heart secretly panted, and
which had the effect of diffusing an immediate tranquillity
and cheerfulness over her manners." This was an illicit
connection with a Mr. Imlay, an American; and we are
gravely told, thfit ^' she was now arrived at the situation^
which, for two or three preceding years, her reaso7ihsA
pointed out to her as affording the most substantial pro-
spect of happiness." Her reason, however, unfortunately
pointed wrong in this instance, as she was afterwards most
basely and cruelly abandoned by the object of her affec*
tions, whose conduct cannot be mentioned in terms of in-
dignation too strong. She now made two attempts at sui-
cide, on which we shall only remark that they were totally
inconsistent with the character given of heir by her biogra-
pher,'as possessing "a firmness of mind, an unconquerable
greatness of soul, by which, after a short internal struggle^
she was accustomed to rise above difficulties and suffering.^'.
Having overcdme two ardent passions, she formed a
thirdy of which her biographpr, Mr. William Godwin, was
the object. A period only of six months intervened in
this case ; but, says Mr. Godwin, with a curious felicity of
calculation, although ^^ it was only six months since she
had resolutely banished every thought of Mr. Iralay (the
former lover), it was at least eighteen that he oM^Af to have
been banished, and would have been banished, had it not
been for her scrupulous pertinacity in determining to leave
no measure untried to regain him.** This connection,
likewise, was begun without the nuptial ceremonies ; but,
after some months, the marriage took place ; the principal
reason was that she was pregnant, and ^< unwilling to in-
cur that seclusion from the society of many valuable and
excellent individuals, which custom awards in cases of this
sort.*' But it did not produce the desired effect. Some
who visited her, or were visited by her, and who regarded
her as the injured object of Mr. Imlay's indifference, were
not pleased to bestow their countenance on one who was
^o eager to run into the arms of another man, and alike
info^rmally. Mr. Godwin takes this opportunity of cen-
suring the prudery of these nice people in terms of severity
—with what justice our readers may determine. The hap-
piness of this connection, however, was transient. In Au-
gust 1797, she was delivered of a daughter, and died Sept.
iO, of the same year. From the account given of her, by

GODWIN. 55,

lier biographer, in which we must condemn the laboured,
vindication of principles inconsistent with the delicacy of
the fem^e sez, and the welfare of society, Mrs. Godwin
appears to have been a woman of strong intellect, which
might have elevated her to the highest rank of English fe-
male writers, had not her genius run wild for want of cul-
tivation. Her passions were consequently ungovernable,
and she accustomed herself to yield to them without scru-
ple, treating female honour and delicacy as vulgar preju-
dices. She was therefore a voluptuary and sensualist,
without that refinement for which she seemed tp contend
on other subjects. Her history indeed forms entirely. a
warning, and in, no part an example. Singular she was, it
must be allowed, for it is not easily to be conceived that
such another heroine will ever appear, unless in a novel,
where a latitude is given to that extravagance of character
which she attempted to bring into real life.

Besides the works already noticed, she published ^^ A
moral and historical view of the French Revolution," of
which one volume only was published, and ^' Letters from
Norway.^' The latter contains nxuch elegant description
and just rem^.rk. The former could be noticed only at the
time of its publication. The gay illusions of the French
Cieyolution soon disappeared. After her death some mis-
cellanies, letters, and an unfinished novel, were published'
by her husband, in 4 vols,. 12mo, with a Life of the au-
thoress. Much of both had better been suppressed, as ill
calculated to excite sympathy for one who seems to have
rioted in sentiments alike repugnant to religion, sejise, and
decency.*

GODWIN ^Thomas), an English prelate, was born in
1517 at Oakingham in Berkshire; and being put to the
gramnuir-school there, quickly made such a progress as
discovered him to be endowed with excellent parts. But
his parents being low in circumstances, he must have lost
the advantage of improving them by a suitable education,
had they not been noticed by Dr. Richard Lay ton, arch-
deacon of Bucks, a zealous promoter of the reformation,
who, taking him into his house, and instructing him in
classical learning, sent him to Oxford, where he was en-
.tered of Magdalen college about 1538. Not long after,
be lost his worthy patron ; but his merit, now become con-

^ lL\f% 9S abOTe.---]Vlonthly and Critical K^viewis. — British Critic for 1*798.

$6 O O D W 1 N,

spiciious in the tniversity, Ikkd procured him other friends ;
so that he was enabled to take the degree of fr. A. Jtily \^^
1543. The same merit released his friends from any far*
ther expence, by obtaining him, the year ensuing, a fellow-
ship of bis college ; and he proceeded Mk A. in r547. But
be did not long enjoy the fruits of his merit in a college
life ; his patron, the archdeacon, had taken csire to breed
up Godwin in the principles of the reformation^ and tins
irritating some popish members of the college^ they made
his situation so uneasy, that, the free-school at Brackley in
Northamptonshire becoming vacant in 1549, and being in
trhe gift of the college, he resigned his fellowship, and ac-
cepted it. In this station, he married the daughter of
Nicholas Purefoy, of Shalston, in the county of Bucks, and
lived without any new disturbance as long as Edward VI.
was at the helm : but, upon the accession of Mary, bis re-
ligion exposed him to a fresh persecution, and he was ob-
liged to quit his s<:bool. In this exigence, although the
church was his original intention, and he had read muchr
with that view, yet now it became i^ore safe to apply to
the study of physic; and being admitted to his bacbelor^s
degree in that faculty, at Oxford, July 1555, be practised
in it for a support till EHzabeth succeeded to the throne,
when he resolved to enter into the church. In this he was
encouraged by Bullingham, bishop of Lincoln, who gave
)iim orders, and made him his chaplain; his lordship also
introduced hini to the queeuy and obtained him the ft^vour
6f preaching before her majesty ; who was so much pleased
with the propriety of his manner, and the grave turn of
hi^ oratory, that she appointed him one of her Lent-
preachers. }le h^d discharged this duty by an annual ap-
pointqoent, with much satisfaction to her majesty, for a
series of eighteen year£^. In 1565, on the depriyation of
Sampson, be was made dean of Christ church, Oxford,
and had also the prebend of Milton-ecclesia in the church
of Lincoln conferred on him by his patron bishop Bulling-
ham. This year also he took his degrees of B. and D. D.
at Oxford. In 1566, he was promoted to the deanery of
Canterbury, being the second dean of that church : and
queen Elizabeth making a visit to Oxford the same year,
be attended her majesty, and among others kept an exer-
t^ise in divinity against Dr. Lawrence Humphries, the pro-
fessor ; in which the famous Dr. Jewel, bishop of Salis-
l^ury, was moderator.

6 O B W I ^ II

In June (olbofmag he was appcnnteati by arefaiii8bop> Piar<*
ker, oiie of his commissioners to visit the diocese of Nor«
wtch ; and that primate having established a benefaotioa
for a sermon on- Rogation Sunday ait Tfaetford in Norfolk
and other places^, the dean, white engaged in this commi»^
sion, preached the first sermon of that foundation, on^ Sun*
day Booming J^ily 20, 1567, in the Geeen*-yard adjoin^^
to the bishop'^ palace at Nopwick In 157$ he quitted his
pn^nd of Miiton-ecclesia, oif being presented by Coopeiv
then bishop of Lincohi^ to tfadt of Leigbton^Bosand, . the
endowment of which is^ considered the b^t in the church of
Lincoln. In 1576 he was one of the ecclesiasticab c6m««
missioners, empowered by the queen- to take cognizknics
of aH olienced against the peace and good ordof of the
dhnreb, and- to fmme such statutes as miglit conduce toata
pposperijty.

The see of Balfa and Wells had in 1584 been vaicaht
since the death of Dr. Gilbert Berkley in Nov. 1 53 1. To
this bishopric the queen now nominated^ dean Godwin, who
aeGo^di^g'^y.was cotisecrated Sept. 13, 13841, |le immo'*
diately resigned the deanery of Canterbary ; and as he ar-*^
rited at the epfsoopal dignity ^as well qualified,^' says his
conten^porary^sif John Harrington, ^^for a bishop a^ might
be, unreproveabie, withmu simony, gin^n tO' good hospi*
tality, quiet, kind, and afiabte,** it is to be lamented that
be was unjustly opposed in the enjoyment of what he de*
served. At the time of bfs promotion tbiere .prevailed
smong the Qoortrets no small dislike to the bishops;
prompted by a desire to spoil them of their revenues. To
eover tbeir unjust proceedings, they did not want plausi-*
ble pretences, the eflP^tets of which Godwin too severely
experienced. He was a widower, drawing towards se-*
veiity, and much enfeebled by the gout, when he came
to the see ; but in order to the management of his family,
aud that be might devot^ his whole time to the discharge
of his high office, he married a second wife, a widow, of
years suitable to his own. An illiberal misrepresentation^
however, of this sdfFair was but too readily believed by the
queen, who had a rooted aversion to the marriages of tlie
clergy, and the crafty slanderers gratified their aim in the
disgrace of the aged prelate, and in obtaining paft of bis
property^. This unfortunate aifair,^ which affected his

* A part of their slanders was that girl of tweaty. The earl of Bedford
the old bishop had married a young happened to be at court when thii

*S GO D W I N.

public obaimcter as well as his private happiness, coniri*
buted not a little to increase his infirmities. He continued^
however, attentive to the duties of bis function, and fre*
^uently. gave proof that neither his diligence nor his obr
^rvation were inconsiderable. During the two last years
of bis life, his health more rapidly declined, and he was
also attacked with a quartan ague. He was now recom-i
mended by his physicians to try the benefit of his native
Hir; Accordingly he came to Oakingham with this inten*
tion, but breathed his last there, Nov. 19, 1590. He was>
buried in the chancel of Oakingham church, where is a.
adodest inscription to his memory, written by his son, the
subject of the next article.

The memory of bishop Godwin will ever be respected..
His own merit brought him into public notice, and when
he rose in the church he adorned it by his amiable qualities.
Though he was a distinguished scholar, yet he did not
publish any of his labours. Among the Parker MSS. in
Bene't ^college, Cambridge, is a sermon which he preached
before the queen at Greenwich in 1566, concerning the
authority of the councils and fathers. ^

GODWIN (Francis), son of the preceding, was born at
Havington in Northamptonshire, 1561; and, after a good
foundation of grammar-learning, wa9 sent to Christ Church
college, Oxford, where he was elected a student in 1678,
while his father was dean. He proceeded B. A. in 1580,
and M. A. in 1583 ; about which time he wrote an enter*
taining piece upon a philosophical subject, where ima-
gination, judgment, and knowledge, keep an equal
pace ; but this, as it contradicted certain received notions
of bis times, be never published. It c^ame out about five
years after bis death, under the title of ^^ The Man in the
Moon ; or, a discourse of a voyage thither ;*' by Domingo
Gonsales, 1638, 8vo. It has been several times printed,
and shews that he had a creative genius. Domingo Gon-
sales, a little Spaniard, is supposed to be shipwrecked on
an uninhabited island, where he taught seversd ganzas, or
wild geese, to fly with a light machine, and to fetch and
carry things ''for his conveniency. He, ajfter some time^

Ktory was told, and said to the queen, woman is above twenty, but I know a
'* Madam, I know not how much the son of hers is but little under forty."

1 Oodwin de Prssulibus. — Ath. Ox. vol. I. — Biog. Brit — ^Todd's Deans of
Canterbury.«-Strype*s Life of Parker, p. SBi, f 44, and of Wbitgift, p. 315.*^
Harrington's Brief Vjem— Faller's Worthies.

G O D W I Nt n»

Yentared to put himself into the machine^ and they carried,
liim with great ease. He happened to be in this aisrial
chariot at the time of the year when these ganzas, which
were birds of passage, took their flight to the moon, and waa
directly carried to that planet. He has giyen a very inge-^
nious description of what occurred to him on his way, and
the wonderf u 1 things which he saw there. Dr. Swift seem^
to have borrowed several hints from this novel, in his Yoy*^
age to.Laputa; but it is more to Dr. Gk)dwin?s praise that
he appears to have been well acquainted with the Coper*
mean system. He suppressed areo another of. bis inven*
tions at that time, which he called '^ Nuncius inanimatus,^^
or the '' Inanimate Messenger.'^ The design was to com*>
municate various methods of conveyii^ intelligence se*
cretly, speedily, and safely ; but although he asserts that
by an agreement settled between two parties, a message
may be conveyed from the one to the other, at the distance
of many miles, with an incredible swiftness, yet he does
not reveal the secret. It appears, however, to have given
rise . to bishop Wilkins^s >* Mercury, or secret and. swift
Messenger.'^ It is said that he afterwards comniunicated
the secret to his majesty, but why it was not acted upon is
not mentioned by his biographers. The pamphlet was
published in 1629, and afterwards, in 1657, was translated
by the learned Dr. Thomas Smith, and published witi^
^^ The Man in the Moon.**

He had probably been sometime master of arts, when he
entered into orders, and became in a short time rector of
Samford Orcais, in Somersetshire, a prebendary in . the
church of Wilts, canon residentiary there, and vicar of
Weston in Zoylaad, in the same county ; he was also coU
lated to the sub-deanery of Exeter, in 1587. In the mean
time, turning bis studies to the subject of the antiquities of
his own country, he becan^e acquainted with Camden;
and accompanied him in bis travels to Walos, in 1590, in
the search of curiosities. He took great delight in these
inquiries, in which he spent his leisure hours for several
years; but at length he con6ned himself to ecclesiastical
antiquities and liistory. After some time, finding, with
regard to these, that he could add little or nothing to Fox*8
work on that subject, he restrained his inquiries to persons;
and here he spared no pains, so that he bad enough to
make a considerable volume in 1594.

He became B. D. in 1593, and D. D. in 1595; in whick

#0 aoBwrMi

if^i fetigtoingtl^a ifiem%% of Weiton» he wm a^poiofead
aeclbr of Btsb6p7s Liddiard^ id the same coui^. He
aItU coptiooed aMtduoua in pursuing eeelesiasticai bio««
gsi^y ; and^ hiudog made an handsoine additimi to bii
foroier eqUeotiona, pubHshed the whole in 1601, 4tci,
toder tbe title^ <' A Catalogiie of the Bisbi^s of Eng*-
laod^ sifioe the firat plantiiig of the Ghristiaa reUgioo ii»
thia isbu!^'; together wiA a brief hiatory df their Kycs and
aomnorabl^ action^ so near as can be gat;bered of ai^

£dty/* It apipeta^ by ti^ dedica^o'n to lovd Buckfaaral^
at our author was at this tme chaplain to this nobleooab^
#hOy being in hi|^ credit with queen EUzahetfa, imme-
diateiy procured hi'm^ the bisrhopvio of Llaiuiaff. This waa
said to be a royal reward for his^ Catdogue^ and thia suc^
cess of it encouraged him to proceed. The dengii vi^s so
aradi iqpprored; that aftervwarda hef6und a patron in Jamei
Ik ;^ aad sir John HarrifKgtoni a favourite of prince Ytevtry^
mote a treatise by way of supplement to i^ for thaa
pdnce's use. This was. drawn purely for that purpose^
wiithotit any intentioo to publish it ; but it appeared after^
wards with the title of ^^ AbrieE view of the state of the
Church of Englandl*' It is carried on only to the yea^
1608 (4)vben it was written) from the close of our autbor^s
^orkis. Our author therefbre devoted all the time he could
spare from the dudes of his function towards completing
and perfecting this Catalogue ; and ptibli^ed another edi«i
tion in 161 5, with great additions and aiteratfiDhs. But/
this being very erroneously printed, by reason of his dia*
tance from tbe press, he resolved to turn that misfortane
into an advantage ; and accordingly sent itabrosudtheyear
after, in a new elegant Latin dress ; partly for the use of
foreigners, but more perhaps to please the king^ to whom
k was dedicated, and who in return gave him the bishop*
ric of Hereford) to which he was translated rn 1617. His
work has since been reprinted, with a continuation to the
time of publication, 1743, by Dr. Richardson, in an ele*
gant folio volume, with a fine portrait of Godwin, and
other embelliabments.

In 1616 he published in Latin, ^' Rerum Anglioarum
Henrico VIIL &c." which was translated and puUcshed by
' bis son, Morgan Godwin, under the title of ^- Annales of
England, containing tbe reigns of Henry VIIL Edward VL
and queen Mary," fol. These, as well as his lives of the
bishops, are written in elegant Latin, and with much im*

GODWIN. n

jMUrliidi^. lo I6S0» he published a smatt tmlwe, ^M-
titled '^ A compotation of ike mdlie of Ae itOmaii Setteree
Md Akl^.T^au^' After ibis be fell into a low and laii^
gnidiiDg dUordef, and died in April 1633. He znnlmedy
urben a young iMUiy ^ diuighter of WoHtod, bidiopof
fizeter, by iiMboin be 'bad^nyany obHdfen. He appeaw to
bave been a man of gnealrleamiag and penoaal Ms^h, and
a aealons obampion for tbe dinrdb of England. His son,
fir. Morgan Goamn, was arcbdeacon of SiMHopriiiirey and
Uanslated, as we bare noticed. If is fadier^s ^ Anoales/'
He was gected by tlie parliamentary comniissioners, and
his family reduced to distress: be died in 1645, leaving
a son of his own names, wbo was edoeated at Oxford, and
afterwards became a minister in Virginia, under ^the go-
Temment of sir William Berkeley, but was at last beneficed
near London. When be died is not mentioned. He wtote
some pamphlets, while in Virginia, on the state of reli-
gion there, and die education of the negroes. The late
vev. ObaclcB Godwin, an antiquary, and benefiictortofialiol
college, Oxford, who died in 1 77*0, appears to have been
a soft of Charles Godwin, of Monmouth, another son of
bbhop Francis Godwin. *

GODWIN (Dr. Thomas), a learned English writer, and
te excellent schoolmaster, was bom in Somersetshire, in
1587 ; and, after a suitable edacation in grammar- learn*
ing, was sent to Oxford. He was entered of Magdalen-
*batl in 1602 ; and took tbe two degrees -in arts 1606 and
1609. This last yeair he removed to Abingdon in Berk-
.^re, baling obtained the place gf chief master of the free-
school there ; and in this employ distinguished himself by
his industry and abilities so .much, that he brought the
school into a very flourishing condition ; and bred up many
youths who proved ornaments to . their country, both in
church and state. To attain this oonunencfaible end he
wrote his << Roman® Historiee Anthologia,'' an English
exposition of the Roman antiquities, &c« and printed it at
Oxiord in 1613, 4to. The second edition was published
in 1623, with considerable additions. He also printed for
the use of his school, a ^ Florilegium Phrasicon, or a sur-
vey of the Latin Tongue.'' However, his inclinations
leading him to divinity, he entered into orders, and be<-
oajne chaplain to Montague bishops of Bath and Welfe^

1 Geo, l>iet**»Bios.^Brit.— Harrington'i Brief Vi«w.*->Atii. Oir. vol. I.

M GODWIN-

> He proceeded B. D.. in 1616, in which year he puiblisbed

' at Oxford, '< Synopsis Antiquitatum Hebraicaruin; &c." d
collection of Hebrew antiquities, iii thr'^e books, 4to. This

. lie dedicated to his patron;, and, obtaining sotne time af-
ter from him the rectory of Brightweil in Berkshire, he

• resigned his school^ the fatigue of which had long been too
great for him. Amidst his parochial diities, he prosecuted
the subject of the Jewish antiquities ; and, in 1625, priated
in 4to, *^ Moses and Aaron^ &c.*' which was long-esteemed

\]|B usefiil book for explaining the civil and ecclesiastical
rites of the Hebrews. He took his degree of D. D. in 1637,
but did not enjoy that honour many years ; dying upon his
parsonage in 1642-3, and leaving a wife, whom be had
married while he taught school at Abingdon.

Besides the pieces already mentioned, h.e published
^* Three Arguments to prove Election upon Foresight by
f^dth ;^' which coming into tbe hands of Dr. William
Twisse, of Newbury in Berkshire, occasioned a contro-
rersy between them, in which our author is said not to bave^
appeared to advantage. ^

GOERE'E (William), an eminent and learned book-
seller, was born Dec. 11, 1635, at Middleburg. Losing
his father early in life, he was so unfortunate as to have a
harsh father-in-law, who, being no scholar himself, would
not permit the young man to devote his time to study, but
forced him to choose some business. Goer^e fixed on that
of a bookseller, as one which would not wholly ekclud^
him from the conversation of the learned, nor from the
pursuit of bis studies ; and he accordingly found tim^
enough, notwithstanding his necessary occupations, to cul-
tivate his genius, and even to write several valuable books^
in Flemish, on architecture, sculpture, painting, engrav-
ing, botany, physic, and antiquities. He died May 3,
171), at Amsterdam. His principal works are, ^^ Jewish
Antiquities,*' 2 vols.fol.; *^ History of the Jewish Church,
taken from the Writings of Moses," 4 vols. fol. ; " Sacred
and Propbane History,'* 4to ; ^^ Introduction to the prac-
tice of universal Painting," 8vo ; ** Of the Knowledge of
Man with respect to his Nature, and Painting," 8vo;
•• Universal Architecture," &c.*

GO£TZ£ (George^ Henry), a learned and zealous
I^utberan, was bom at Leipsic in 1668, studied at Wit*

< A<b. Ox. to). lI.^OeD. Diet. « M orerL—Dict. Hilt.

G O E T Z E. «5

' iemberg suid Jeoa^ and exercised his fiinctioDs as a minis*
ter in various parts of Germany. He was the author of
many very singular works in Latin and German, of which
Moreri gives a list of 152, but the greater part of these aro
dissertations; or theses, on various subjects of divinity, sa*
cred criticism, and ecclesiastical history. He was lastly
superintendant of the churches at Lubec, and died in that
city, March 25, 1729. The most distinguished among his
Latin works are^ ^ Selecta ex Historia Litteraria," Lu-
becsB, 1709, 4to ; ^' Meletemata Annebergensia,*' Lubecse,
1709, 3 vols. 12mo, containing several dissertations, which
have appeared separately. ^

QOEZ (Damian De), a Portuguese writer of the six-
teenth century, was born at Alanquar near Lisbon, of a
noble family, in 1501, and brought up as a domestic in
the court of king Emanuel, where he was considered both
as a rnaii of letters and of business. Having a strong pas-
sion for travelling, he contrived to get a public commission;
and travelled through almost all the countries of Europe,
contracting' as He went an acquaintance with all the learn*
ed. At Dantzic he became intimate with the brothers
John and Oiaus Magnus; and he spent five months at Fri-
burg with Erasmus. He afterwards went to Padua, in
1534, where he resided four years, studying under Laza-
rus Bonamicus ; nut, however, without making frequent
excursions ii^td different parts of Italy. Here; he obtained
(be esteem of Peter, afterwards cardinal Bembus, of Chris-
topher Madruciuts, cardini^l of Trent, and of James Sado-
Jet. On hid return to Louvain in 1538, he had recourse
to Conrad Goclenius and Peter Nannius, whose instruc-
tions were of great use to him, and applied himself to

'music and poetry; in the former of which he made so
happy a progress, that he 'was qualified to compose for the
f;hurches. He married at Louvain, and his design was to
settle in this city, in order to enjoy a little repose after
fourteen years travelling ; but a war breaking out between
Charles V. and Hent'y II.' of France, Louvain was besieged
in 1542, and Goez, who has written the history of this
liege, put himself at the head of the soldiers, and contri-
buted much to the diefence of the town against the French,
when the other officers had abandoned it. When he was
old, Jphn XIL of Portugal, recalled him into his country,

1 Moreri— Niceron, toL XX1II»

J4 fy^O E Z.

in Older i;o «rnte |the*hMt!i>ry pf it:; buM> it l^jecme fiiiit
tieeeisairy 4»o lunvkDge the Ai^i^esof the kM^dpi^^ ^hnah
be found mtbe gmalee^ oonfpsiqny be had little leis^^ io
ftooomidisb bi« work. The faypuvs al^o which tt^eking
bestowed tipon him created him 00 fnucb envy, that his
tiaaquillity was ai an end, aud he <(ame to be i^ccoaed ;
aodf though he cleared himself from all iipputatiaos, was
conBued to the town of Lisbon. Here, it is said that he
was one day found dead in hi9 own house ; and in such a
, manner as to make^i^ doubted whether he was strangled by
his enemies, or died of an apoplexy ; but other accounts
inform us, with more probability, that he fell into the fire
in a fit, and was dead before the accident was discovered.
Tliis happened in 15^0, and he was interred in tbecburoh
of Notre Dame, at Alanquar. He wrote ^^ Fides, Religio,
Moresque ^thiopum;'' *^ De Imperio et Rebus Lusita*
norum ;'' ^^Hiapania;'* ^^Urbis PUssiponensisDescriptio;**
^< Chronica do Rey Dom Emanuel ;"' <* Historia do Prin-
CHpe Dom Juab-/' and other works, which have been often
priiited, and are much esteemed. Antonio says, that,
though be is an exact writer, yet he has not written the
Portuguese language in its purity; which, howeirer, is opt
to be wondered at, considering bow much time he spent »
out of his own country. '

COFF (Thomas), a divine and dramatic writer, was
born in £ssex, about 1592, and was educated at West-
minster-sehoel, frgm which, at the age of eighteen, h^
entered as a student of Christ Church college) Oxford.
Here be completed his studies, and, by dint of i^)plica-
lion and industry, became a veiy ai^le scholar* pbtaioed
the character of a good poet> and,- being endpw^d wiih
the powers of oratoiy, was, after his taking orders, esteeoHKl
ao e^eelleat pceaeher. He had the degree of B. D. con-
ferred on him before he quitted the university, and, in
1623, was preiierred to the living of East Clandpn, in
Surrey. Here, notwithstanding that he had long been a
professed enemy to tfa^ female sex, and even by some
esteemed a wpman-bate^ ^e unfortunately tied himself to
a wife, the widow of his predecessor, who was a Xantippe,
and he being naturally - of a mild disposition, became at
last unable to cope with so turbulent a. spirit, backed as

1 Antonio Bibl. iIisp,«i«>01eoiMit Bibl. CantnSC^-^baufepie.—NicereBj rol.
%XVL

G O F F. «l

Ae wvs by the cUidrta Ae had by ter former husband. It
was bdieved by many, that the uneasiness be met with in
dooiestic life shortened bis days. He died in July 1629/
being then only thirty •ftre years of age, and was buried on
the 27th of the same month at bis own parish church. He
wrote several pieces on different subjects, among which
are. five tragedies ; none of which were published till some
yeairs after his death. Philips and Winstanley have as<*
oribed a comedy to this author, called ** Cupid's Whirli^
gig ;'* but with no appearance of probability ; since the
gravi^ of his temper was such, that he does not seem to
have been capable of a performance so ludicrous. In the
latter part of his life he forsook the stage for the pulpit^
and wrote sermons, some of which appeared the year he
died. With the quaintness common to the sermoiis of
James Ist's time, they have a portion of fancy and vivacrity
peculiar to himself. To these works may be added, his
^ Latin Oration at the Funeral of sir Henry Savile/' spo-
ken and (printed at Oxford in 1622 ; another in Christ
Church cathedral, at the funeral of Dr. Godwin, canon of
that church, printed in London, 1627.^ -

GOGUET (Antpny-Yves), an ingenious French writei^
was born at Paris in 1716, where bis father was an advo^
cate, and himself became a counsellor to the parliament.
By close study, and by great assiduity in his pursuits, be
produced in 175S a work that obtained a temporary repu-^
tation, and was translated into English, entitled ^'Origine
des Loix, des Arts, des Sciences, et de leur Progres che2
les' aneiens Peuples,'' 3^ols. 4to; reprinted in 1778, in
six volumes 12mo. This work treats of the origin and pro«-
gress of human knowledge, fi^om the creation to the age of
Cyrus, but displays more genius than erudition, and is
rather an agreeable than a profound work. He died of
die small-pox. May 2, 1758, immediately after the public-
cation of his work; leaving his MSS. and library to his
friend, Alexander Conrad Fugere, who died only three^
days after him, in consequence of' being deeply affected
by the death of Goguet, who was a man 4>f much personal
wordi. Goguet had begun another work on the origiti
«nd progress of the laws, arts, sciences, &c. in France,
from the commencement of the monarchy, the l68s of
which the admirers of his first production much regretted.'

t Ath. Ox. ToL I—Biog. I>rain.--<Q«>t Mag. Tol. UCVIIL p. 518. • Diet Hirt.

Vol. XVi. F

Ǥ G O L D A g T.

GOLDAST (Meixhior HaiminsfeLi:)), a labatioxtm
writer in civil law and history, was born at Bischoffsel in
Switzerland, ii^ 1576, and was a protestant of the coofe8«
sion of Geneva. ' He studied the civil law at Akofff under
Conrade Rittersbusiusy witb whom be boarded ; amd re«*
tiKQfed in 1598 to BiscbofFsel, where for some time he had
no other subsistence 43ut wba|; he acquired by writingp
books, of which, at the time of publication he used, to send
copies to the magistrates aud people of rank, from whom
he received something more than the real value; and some
of his friends imagined th^y did him service in promoting
this miserable traffic. In 1599 he lived at St. Gal, in the
bouse of a Mr. Schobinger, who declared himself his pa-
tron ; but the same year he went to Geneva, and lived at
the bouse of processor Lectius, with the sons of Vassan,
wly)se preceptor he was. In 1602 he went to Lausanne^
from a notion that he could live cheaper there than at Gre,*
neva. His patron Schobinger, while be advised him to
this step^ cautioned him at the same time from such fre^
quent removals as made him suspected of an unsettled
temper. But, notwithstanding Schobinger^s cattftion, he
;returned soon after to Geneva j and, upon the recommen'-
dation of Lectius, was appointed secretary to the duke of
Bouillon, which place he quitted with his usual precipita*
tion, and was at Francfort in 1603, and had a settlement
at Forsteg in .1604. In 1605 he lived at Bischoffsel; where
be complained of not being safe on the score of his reli-
gion, which rendered him odious even to his relations. He
was at Francfort in 1606, where he married, and continued
till 1610, in very bad circumstances. Little more is known
of his history, unless that he lost his wife in 1630, and
died himself Aug. 11, 1635. He appears to have been
a man of capricious temper, and some have attributed ta
bim a want of integrity. The greatest part of the writingis
published by Goldast are compilations arranged in form, or
published from MSS. in libraries ; and by their number be
may be pronounced a man of indefatigable labour. Conrin^
gius says he has deserved so well of his country by publishing
the ancient monuments of Germany, that undoubtedly the
Athenians would have maintained him in the Prytaneum,
if he had lived in those times ; and adds, that he neither
bad, nor perhaps ever will have, an equal in illustrating
the affairs of Germanyi and the public law of the empire.

G 0 L D A S T. 6»

The following are €he most considerable anlong his va-
rious works : A collection of different tracts on civil and
ecclesiastical jurisdiction, entitled << Monarcbia Sancti Ro-
mani Imperii/' &c. 161 1^ 1613, and 1614, 3 vols. fol. ;
'^Alamaniae Scriptores," 1730, .5 vols, fol.; '^ Scriptores
aliquot rerum Suevicarum,*' 1605, 4to; ^' Commeittarius
de Bohemise regno,'' 4to ; *^ Informatio de statu Bobeoiin
quoad jus," 4to ; ** Sybilla Francica,*' 4to ; which is a col-
lection of pieces relating to the Maid of Orleans : ^^ Parae^
nettcorum veterum pars prima," 1604, 4to* A curious
collection of letters was published in 1688, under the title
<' Virorura clarissimorum ad Melchior Goldastum Epis-
tolae," 4to, Francfort*

GOLDING (Arthur), a man of some poetical turn,
but principally known as a translator, in the sixteenth cen-
tury, was a native of London. In 1563 we find him living
with secretary Cecil at his house in the Strand, and iu
1577 in the parish of AUhaliows, London Wall. Amongst
his patrons, as we may collect Arom his dedications, were,
sir Walter Mildmay, William lord Cobham, Henry earl of
Huntingdon, lord Leicester, sir Christopher Hatton, lord
Oxford, and Robert earl of Essex. He was connected
with sir Pliilip Sydney, for he finished an English transla-
tion of Philip AAomay's treatise in French, on the '^ Truth
of Christianity," which had been begun by Sydney, and
was published in 1587. His religious turn appears afso
from his translating many of the works of the early refor-
mers and protestant writers, particularly Calvin, Cbytraeus,
Beza, Marlorat, Hemingius, &c. He also enlarged our
treasures of antiquity, by publishing translations of Justin
in 1564; and of CsBsar in 1565. Of this last, a translation
as far as the middle of the fifth book by John Brend^
had been put into his hands, and he therefore began at
that place, but afterwards, for uniformity^ re-translated the
whole himself. He also published translations of Seneca's
Benefits, in 1577; of the Geography of Pomponius Mela;
the Polyhistory of Solinus, 1587, and of many modern
Latin writers, which were then useful, and suited to the
wants of the times. Warton thinks his only original work
is a '< Discourse of the Earthquake that happened in Eng-
land aud other places in 1580," 12mo ; and of his original

poetry, nothing more appears than an encomiastic copy of

-• . • ,

> Gen. Diet.— Moreyl-«»Niceroo, toI. XXIX*— Clement Bibh Cttricuse.<«M
Sftiii Ononast.

F 2

6» G O L i) I N G.

verses prefixed toBafet^s "Alvearie" in 1580. His chief
poetical translation is of ** Ovid's Metamorphoses,'* the
first four books of which he published in 1565, and the
tvbde in 1567. Pape, who read much in old English
translations, used to say " it was a pretty good one consi-
tlering tfhe time when it was written." The style is cer-
tdnly poetical and spirited, and his versification clear ; his "
Ttiahn^r ornamental and diffuse ; yet with a sufficient ob-
*servance of the original. He has obtained a niche in thfe
** Bidgraphia th-amatica" for having translated a drama of
Beza's, called " Abraham's Sacrifice," 1577, ISmo.*

GOLI>MAN (Nicholas), a mathematician, was born
at Breslaw, in Silesia, in 1623„ and died at Leyden ih
166S. The woAs by which he is generally kftown a^e
*«Elemerita Architecturae Militaris,''' 1643, 8vo; " De
Uso Ptoportionarii Circuli ;" " De Stylometricis,'* I'eeS ;
itnd'anothertreatise " On Architecture," published in 1696,
T>y 'Christopher' Sturm, with numerous engravings, and the
life of the author. He had also improved the description
<rf Solomon's Temple by Villapatid'us, but this was never
^published.*

'GOLDONI (Charles), an eminent modern Italian dra-
matist, was born at Venice in 1707. In his infancy the
'drama was his darling amusemenj:, and all his time was
devotied to -the perusing comic writers, among whom wa^
Cicogntni, a Florentine, little known in the dramatic com*
monwealth. After having well studied these, he ventured
to sketch but the plan of a comedy, even before he went
'to school. When be had finished his grammatical studies
at Venice, and his rhetorical studies at the Jesuits' college
in Perugia, he was sent to a bbardihg-schoolat Rimini, to
* study philosophy, but be paid far more attention to the
theatres, entered into a familiar acquaintance with the
actors, and when they werQ to remove to ChiOzza, made
his escape in their company. This was the first fault he
committed) which, according to his own confession, dreW
a great many others after it. His father had intended him
to be a physician, like himself: the young man, however,
was wholly averse to the study. He proposed a;fterwards
to malLe him an advocate, and sent him to be a practitioner
in Modena ; but a horrid ceremony of ecclesiastical juris-

* Warton's Hist, of Poetry.— Phillip»»» Theatrum, edit, by sir E. Brydges.«»
^pence's An^edbtes, MS. * toorari.

G O L D O N I. 6»

dictioDy at which he was present^ mspiced him with a me*
lancholy turq, and he determined to become a Capuchin,
Of this, however, he was cured by a visit to Venice, where
he indulged in all the fashionable dissipation of the place.
He was afterwards prevailed upon by bis mother, after the
death of \\\^ father, to exercise the profession of a lawyer
in Veaice> but by a sudden reverse of fortune he was com-
pelled to quit at once both the bar and Venice. He then
went to Milan, >ybere he was employed by the resident of
Venice in the capacity of secretary, and becoming ac-
quainted with the manager of the theatre, he wrote a farce
entitled ** II Gondoliere Veneziano," the Venetian Gon-
dolier ; which was the first comic production of bis that
was performed and printed. Some time after, Goidoni
quitted the Venetian resident, and removed to Verona^
where he got introduced to the manager of the theatre, for
which he composed several pieces. Having removed along
with the players to Genoa, he was for the first time seized
with an ardent passion for a lady, who. soon afterwards be-
came his wife. He then returned with the company to
VenicCi where he displayed, for the first time, the powera
of his genius, and executed his plan of reforming the Ita-
lian stage, He wrote the *^ Momolo,^' '^ Courtisan," the
*^ Squanderer," and other pieces, which obtained upiver-
sal admiration. Feeling a strong inclination to reside some
time in Tuscany, he repaired to Florence and Pisa, wher^
he wrote "The Footman of two Masters," and "The Son of
Harlequin lost and found again." He returned to Venice^
and set about executing more and more his favourite
scheme of reforp. He was now attached to the theatre of
S. Angelo, and employed himself in writing both for the
company, and for his own purposes. The constant toils
he underwent in these engagements impaired bis health*
He wrote, in the course of twelve mouths, sixteen new
comedies, besides forty >two pieces for the theatre ; among
these many are considered as the best of bis productions.
The first edition of his works was publishigfl in 1753, in 10
vols. 8yo. As he wrote afterwards a great numher of new
pieces JPor the theatre of S. Luca, a separate edition of these
was publisjiieds undjer the title of " The New Comic
Theatre :" among thepe was the " Terence,'* called by the
author his^v^z^n/!^, and judged to be the master-piece of
bis works. He made another journey to Parma, on the
invitation of duke Philip, and frpm thence he passed to

70 G O L D O N r.

Rome. He bad composed 59 other pieces so late as 17^1,
five of which were designed for the particular use of Mar-
que Albergati Capacelli^ and consequently adapted to the
theatre of a private company. Here ends the literary life
of Goldoni in Italy, after which he accepted of an engage-
ment of two years in Paris, where he found a select and
numerous company of excellent performers in the Italian
theatre. They were, however, chargeable with the same
faults which he had corrected in Italy ; and the French
supported, and even applauded in the Italians, what they
would have reprobated on their own stage. Goldoni wished
to extend, even to that country, his plan of reforma-
tion, without considering the extreme difficulty of the un-
dertaking. His first attempt was the pi^ce called ** The
Father for Love ;*' and its bad success was a sufficient
warning to him to desist from his undertaking. He con-
tinued, during the remainder of his engagement, to pro-
duce pieces agreeable to the general taste, and published
twenty-four comedies ; among which ** The Love of Ze-
linda and Lindor" is reputed the best The term of two
years being expired, Goldoni was preparing to return to
Italy, when a lady, reader to the dauphiness, mother to
the late king, introduced him at court, in the capacity of
Italian master to the princesses, aunts to the king. He
did not live in the court, but resorted there, at each sum-
inons, in a post-chaise, sent to him for the purpose. These
journeys were the cause of a disorder in the eyes, which
afflicted him the rest of his life ; for being accustomed to
read while in the chaise, he lost his sight on a sudden,
and in spite of the most potent remedies, could never af-
terwards recover it entirely. For iibout six months lodg-
ings were provided him in the chateau of Versailles. The
death, however, of the dauphin, changed the face of af-
fairs. Goldoni lost bis lodgings, and only, at the end of
three years, received a bounty of 100 Louis in a golci box,
and the grant of a pension of four thousand livres a year.
This settlement would not have been sufficient for him, if
he had not gained, by other means, farther sums. He
wrote now and then comedies for the theatres of Italy %nd
Portugal ; and^ during these occupations, was desirous to
shew to the French that he merited a high rank among
their dramatic writers. For this purpose, he neglected
nothio|; which CQald be of u^e to render himself master of

Q O L D O N I. »l

^e French language. He beardj^ spolre, and conTersed
so much in it, that, in his 6 2d year, he ventured to write a
comedy in French, and to have it represented in the court
theatre, on the occasion of the marriage of the king« This
piece was the ^^Bourru Bienfaisant;^' and it met with so
^reat success, that the author received a bounty of 150
Louis from the king, another gratification from the per-
formers, and considerable sums from the booksellers who
published it. He published soon after, another comedy in
French, called <* L^Avare Fastueux.'* After the death of
Lewis XV. Goidt)ni was appointed Italian teacher to the
princess Clotilde, and after her marriage, he attended the
late unfortunate princess Elizabeth in the same capacity.
His last work was the '^ Volponi," written after he bad re-
tired from court. It was his misfortune to live to «ee
his pension taken away by the revolution, and, like thou-
sands 4n a similar situation, he was obliged to pass his old
age in poverty and distress. He died in the beginning of
1793. As a comic poet, Goldoniis reckoned among the
best of the age in which he flourished. His works were
printed at Leghorn in 1788—91, in 31 vols. 8vo. He baa
been reckoned the Moliere of Italy, and he is styled by
Voltaire " The Painter of Nature.'* Dr. Burney says that
he is, perhaps, the only author of comic operas in Italy
who has given them a little common sense, by a natural
plot, and natural characters ; and his celebrated comic
opera of the " Buona Figliuola,'* set by Picctni, and first
performed in London Dec. 'dth, 1766, rendered both the
poet and composer, whose names had scarcely penetrated
into this country before, dear to every lover of the Itaiian
language and music, in the nation.^

GOLDSMITH (Oliver), an eminent poet and miscel-
laneous writer, was born on Nov. 29, 1728, at a place
called Pallas, in the parish of Forney and county of Long«-
ford in Ireland. His father, the rev. Charles Goldsmith^
a native of the county of Roscommon, was a clergyman of
the established church, and had been educated at Dublin
college. He afterwards held the living of Kilkenny W^at
in^tbe county of Westmeath. By bi« wife, Anne, the
daughter of the rev. Oliver Jones, master of the diocesaa
ichool of Elphin, he had five sons, an4 two daughters*

^ Sketch by Mr. Damiaoi. — Rees's Cyclop8edia.«*Life of Qoldont, trans*
Uted by Mr. Black, publUhed in 18U> 2 tols. 8yo*

W GOLDSMITH.

His eldest son, Henry, went into the church) and b the
gentleman to whom our poet dedicated his " TravellcnV
Oliver w^. the second son, and is supposed to have faith«.
fully represented his father in the character of the Village
Preacher in the " Deserted Village,*' Oliver was origi-
nally intended for some mercantile employment^ as bis
father found his income too scanty for the expences of the
literary education which he had bestowed on bis eldest son.
With this view he was instructed in readingt writing, and
arithmetic, at a common school, the master of which was a^
old soldier, of a romantic turn, who entertained his pupil
with marvellous stories of his travels and feats, and is ^up<^
posed to have imparted somewhat of that wandering and
unsettled turn which so much appeared in his pupil's fu-*
ture life. It ig ^^ertain that Oliver had not been long at
this humble school before be proved that he was ^^ no vuU
gar boy." He made some attempts in poetry when he wai
scarcely eight years old, and by the inequalities of hi«
temper and conduct, betrayed a disposition more fayou|r«
able to the Rights of genius than the regiularity of business*
This after some time became so obvious, that his friendsj
who had at first pleaded for his being seni; to the univer**
aity, now determined to contribute towards the expeuce^
and by their assistance, he was placed at a school of repu-
lation^ where he might be qualified to enter the college
with the advantages of preparatory learning.

in June 1744, when in his fifteenth year, he was sent
to Dublin college,, and entered as a sijser, under the rev«
Mr. Wilder, one of the fellows, but a man of harsh temper
and violent passions, and consequently extremely uiifit to
win the affections and guide the disposition of a youth
aimpley ingenuous, thoughtless, and unguarded. His pupil,
however, made some progress, although slow, in academic
cal studies. In 1747, he was elected one of the exhibi-*
tioners on the foundation of Erasmus Smyth ; and in 1749»
^wo years after the regular time, he was admitted to the
degree of bachelor of arts. His indolence and irregularis
ties may in part account for this tardy advancement to the
reputation of a sdiolar, but much may likewise be attri-
buted to the unfeeling neglect of his tutor, who contended
only for the preservation ^ certain rules qf discipline, whilo
he gave himself little trouble with the cultivation of the
mind. On one occasion he thought proper to chastise
Oliver before apar^ of young friends of both sexes, wbomt

GOLDSMITH. 7«

wUb hia i^usj imprudence, be was entertainiog. with a
99pp^ and dance in his rooms. Oliver immediately dis^
posed of bis books and cloaths, left college, and com«
meoced a wanderer^ without any prospect^ without friends,
a^d without money. At length, after suffering such eic-
Iremity of hunger, that a, handful of gray peas which a girl
gave him at a wake, appeared a Tuxurious meal, he con-
trived to acquaint his brother with bis situation, who im-
Qiediately clothed bim, and carried h^m back to college,
(effecting at tbe same time a reconciliation between him
and his tutor^ which, it may be supposed, was more convey
oient than cordial on either side.

Soon after this event, bis father died, and his friends
wished bim to prepare for holy orders ; but to this he de«
clared bis dislike ; and finding himself equally uncomfort-
able as tutor in a private family, to which he had been re-
isompiended, be again left the country with about thirty
pounds in bis pocket. After an absence of six weeks, be
reti^rned to his mother^s bouse, without a penny, having
expended the whole in a series of whimsical adventures, of
which the reader will find a very ei\tertaining account in
the Life prefixed to his Works. His mother and friends
l^iiig reconciled to him, bis uncle the rev. Thomas Con-
tariae, resolved to send bim to the Temple to study law ;
hsk^ in bi9 way to London, he met at Dublin with a sharper
who tempted him to play, and stript him of fifty pounds,
with which fa^ bad been furnished for his voyage and jour-
ney. His youth must furnish the only apology that can be
ipade for this insensibility to the kindness of bis friends,
who could ill afford the money thus wantonly lost. Again,
however, they received him into favour, and it being now
decided that he should study physic, he was sent to Edin^
burgb, for that purpose, about 1752 or 1753, but still big
itkougbtle^s and eccentric disposition betrayed him into
many ludicrous situationik He formally, indeed, attended
^e. lectures of the medical professors, but his studies were
^either reguW nor profound. There was always some-
itog he hk^ better than stated application. Among his
£eUpw-9t9d«Qt4» he wished to recommend himself, and he
was not unsucces^fvil, by his stories and songs, as a social
i99mjfVoiQUf and a m^n of humour ; and this ambition to
Aiw in compKny by such means, never wholly left him
iffa^ hfe came to iassociale with men who sur^ not charmed

74 GOLDSMITHf.

After be had gone through the usual course of lectures^
his uncle, who appears' to have borne the principal ex*
pences of bis education^ equipped him for the medical
school of Leyden, at which, however, he did not arrive
without meeting with some of those incidents which have
given an air of romance to his history. At Leyden he stu«
died chemistry and anatomy for about a year ; but a taste
for gaming, which he appears to have caught very early,
frequently plunged him into difficulties, without any of
the benefits of experience. Even the money which he was
Compelled to borrow, in order to enable him to leave Hol-
land, was expended on some costly flowers which he bought
of a Dutch florist, as a present to his uncle ; and when he
iset out on his travels, he ^ had only one clean shirt, and
no money in his pocket/* In such a plight any other man
would have laid his account with starving ; but Goldsmith
bad *^ 2L Icnack at hoping,*' and however miserably provided,
determined to make the tour of Europe on foot. In what
manner he performed this singular undertaking, he is sup-
posed to have informed us in ^^ The History of a Philosophic
Vagabond," in chap. xx. of the "Vicar of Wakefield.*'
He had some knowledge of music, and charmed the pea«
6ants so much as to procure a lodging and a subsistence.
He also entered the foreign universities and convents, where^
upon certain days, theses are maintained against any ad*
ventitious disputant, for which, if the champion opposes
with some dexterity, he may claim a gratuity in money, a
dinner, and a bed for the night. At one time, he is said
to have accompanied a young Englishman as a tutor ; bat
his biographer doubts whether this part of the Philosophic
Vagabond's story was not a fiction. It is certain, however,
that in the manner above related, and with some assistance
from his uncle, he contrived to travel through Flanders,
and part of France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. It
wasr probably at Padua that he took a medical degree, as
he remained here about six months, but one of his earliest
biographers thinks he took the degree of bachelor of medi-
cine at Louvaine. His generous uncle dying while he was
in Italy, he was obliged to travel through France to Eng-
land on foot, and landed at Dover in 1756.

He arrived in London in the extremity of distress, aqd
first tried to be admitted as an usher in a school or academy^
and having with some difficulty obtained that situation, he
remained for some time in it, submitting to mortifications.

GOLDSMITH. 75

r'

of ^hich he has given^ probably, an exaggerated account
in the story of the philosophic vagabond. He tiext pro-
cured a situation in the shop of a chemist, and while here»
was found out by Dr. Sleigh, one of his fellow-students at
Edinburgh, who liberally shared his purse with him, and
encouraged him to commence practitioner. With this view,
he settled^ if any measure of our poet deserves that epi-
thety in Bankside, Southwark ; and afterwards removed to
the Temple or its neighbourhood. In either place his
success as a physician is not much known ; his own account
was, that he had plenty of patients, but got no fees.

About this time, however, he appears to have had recourse
to his pen. His first attempt was a tragedy, which he
probably never finished. In 175S he obtained, by means
of Dr. Milner, a dissenting minister, who kept a school at
Peckham, which our author superintende J during the doc-
tor's illness, the appointment to be physician to one of our
factories in India. In order to procure the necessary ex«*
pences for the voyage, he issued proposals for printing by
subscription *^ The present state of Polite Literature in
Europe,** with what success we are not told, nor why he
gave up his appointment in India. In the same year, how-
ever, he wrote what he very properly calls a catch-penny
^^ Life of Voltaire," and engaged with Mr. GrifEtbs as a
critic in the Monthly Review. The terms of this engage-
ment were his board, lodging, and a handsome salary, all
secured by a written agreement. Goldsmith declared he
usually wrote for his employer every day from nine o'clock
till two. But at the end of seven or eight months it was
dissolved by mutual consent, and our poet took lodgings
in Green Arbour court, in the Old Bailey, amidst the dwel-
lings of indigence, where be completed his ** Present State
of Polite Literature," printed for Dodsley, 1755, 12mo.

He afterwards removed to more decent lodgings in
Wine OflSce-court, Fleet-street, where he wrote his ad-
mirable noyel, " The Vicar of Wakefield," attended with
the affecting: circumstance of his beino: under arrest. When
the knowledge of his situation was communicated to Dr.
Johnson, he disposed of his manuscript for sixty pounds,
to Mr. Newbery, and procured his enlargement. Although
the money was then paid, the book was not published until
some time after, when bis excellent poem ** The Travel-
ler^' had established his fame. His connection with Mr.
Newbery was a source of regular supply, as he employed

ifr O O L D S M I T H

bim in coitBpiUng or revising many of bis pablicaXions, paif«
ticularly, " The Art of Poetry/' 2 vols. 12010; a " Life
of Beau Nasl^," and ^' Letters on the History of England/*
2 vols. 12mo9 which have been attributed to Lord LytteU
t;oDg the earl of Orrery, and other noblemen, but were
really written by Pr. Goldsmith. He bad before this beea
eosployed by Wilkie, the bookseller, in conducting a
^^ Lady's Magazine/' and published with him, a volume
of assays, entiled " The Bee." To the Public Ledger, a
xiewspaper, of which Kelly was at that time the editor, he
contributed those letters which have since been published
under the title of " The Citizen of the World.'*

In 1765 be published " The Traveller," which at once
established his fame/ The outline of this he formed when
in Switzerland, but polished it«with great care, before he
submitted it to the public. It soon made him kpown and
admired, but bis roving disposition had not yet ieft him*,
fie had for some time been musing on a design of pene-i
trating into the interior parts of Asia, and investigating
the remains of ancient grandeur, learning, and manners.
When he yv^^s told of lord Bute's liberality to men off
genius, he applied to that nobleman for a salary to enable
bim to execute his favourite plan, but his application was
Vnnoticed, as his name had not th^Q been mad^ known by
bis Traveller. This poem, however, having procured bim
the unsolicited friendship of lord Nugent^ afterwards earl
of Clare, he obtained an introduction to the earl of
^Northumberland, then lord Lieutenant of Ireland, who in-*
vited our poet to an interview. Goldsmith prepared a
complimentary address for bis excellency, which, by mis-
take, he delivered to the groom of the chambers, and
when the lord lieutenant appeared, was so confused that
he came away without being able to e;isplaio the object of
his wishes. Sir John Hawkiuis relates, that when the lord
lieutenant said he should be glad to do bim any kindness,
Goldsmith answered, that ^' he had a brother in Ireland, a
clergyman, that stood in need of help; as for himself, he
bad no dependence on the promises of great men; be
looked to the booksellers ; they Vi^re his best friepds, and
be was npt inclined to for«ake them for others.'* — ^This was
Yery characteristic of Goldsmith, who, as sir John Haw-
kins adds, was ^^ an ideot in the affairs of the world," but
yet his affectionate remembrance of his brother on such an
occasion merits a less barsb epithet. Goldsmith was grater

GOLDSMITH. n

ful for the kindness be had received from this brother, and
nothing probably would have given him greater pleasure
than if he had succeeded in transferring tne earl's patron-
age to him. From this time, however, although be some*
times talked about it, he appears to have i^eiinquished the
project of going to Asia. " Of all men,'* said Dr. Johnson,
'< Goldsmith is the most unfit to go out upon such an in-
quiry ; for be is utterly ignorant of such arts as we already
possess, and consequently could not know what would be
accessions to our present stock of mechanical knowledge.
He woald bring home a grinding barrow, and think. that
be had furnished a wonderful improvement."

In 1^64, Goldsmith fixed his abode in the Temple, and
resided, first in the library staircase, aftef wards in the
King^s-bench walk, and ultimately at No. 2, in Brick-
court, where he had chambers on the first floor elegantly
furnished; and where he was visited by literary friends of
the most distinguished merit. When Dr. Johnson^s Lite^
rary club was founded, he was one of the first members,
and his associates were those whose conversations .have
given such interest to.Bosweirs JLife of Johnson.

Having now acquired considerable fame as a critic, a
tiovelist, and a descriptive poet, he was induced to court
the dramatic Muse. His first attempt was the comedy of
the ** Godd-natured Man,*' which Garrick, after much
delay, declined, and it was produced at Covent-garden the-
atre, in 1768, and kept possession of the stage for nine
nights, but did not obtain the applause which his friends
thought it merited. Between this period and the appear-
ance of his next celebrated poem, he compiled " The Ro-
man History,** in 2 vols. 8vo, and afterwards an abridge-
ment of it, and " The History of England,*' in 4 vols. 8vo,
both elegantly written, and highly calculated to attract and
interest young readers, although it must.be owned, he is
frequently superficial and inaccurate. His pen was also
occasionally employed on introductions and prefaces to
tK>oks compiled by other persons ; as " Guthrie's History
•of the World,** and Dr. Brooks's "System of Natural
History/' In this last preface, he so far excelled his au-
thor in the graces of a captivating style, that the booksel-
'lers engaged him to write a *' History of the Earth aad
Animated Nature," which he executed with much ele-
^nce, but with no very deep knowledge of the subject.
•He idso drcfw up a " Life of Dr. Parnell," prefixed to fin

78 GOLDSMITH.

edition of his poems, which afforded Dr« Johnson an op«
portunity of paying an affectionate tribute to his memory,
when he came to write the life ofParnell for the English
Poets. He wrote also a ^* Life of Bolingbroke," origin^
ally prefixed to the *^ Dissertation on Parties," and after*^
wards to Bolingbroke's works. In one of his compilations
he was peculiarly unfortunate. Being desired by Griffin^
the bookseller, to make a selection of elegant poems from
our best English classics, for the use of boarding-schools,
he carelessly marked for the printer one of the most inder
cent tales of Prior. His biographer adds '^ without read-
ing it,^' but this was not the case, as he introduces it with
a criticism. These various publications have not been
noticed in their regular order, but their dates are not con*
nected with any particulars in our author's history.

In 1769 he produced his admirable poem '^ The De-
serted Village," which he touched and re*touched with
the greatest care before publication. How much it added
to his reputation, it is unnecessary to mention. No poem
since the days of Pope has been so repeatedly read, ad-
mired, and quoted.

At the establishment of the royal academy of painting
in 1770, his friend sir Joshua Reynolds procured forjiim
the appointment of professor of ancient history, a com-
plimentary distinction attended neither with emolument
nor trouble, but which entitled him to a seat at some of
the meetings of the society. His situation in life was now
comfortable, at least ; and might have been independent,
had be mixed a little prudence with his general conduct ;
but although this was not always the case, it is much to
his honour that his errors were generally on the right side.
He was kind and benevolent, wherever he had it in his
power, and although frequently duped by artful men, his
^eart was never hardened against the applications of the
unhappy. And such was the celebrity of his writings, that
be was even looked up to, as a patron and promoter of
schemes of public utility. His biographer has published a
very curious letter from the notorious Thomas Paine, ia
which he solicits Goldsmith's interest in procuring an ad-»
dition to the pay of excisemen.

In the month of March 1773, his second comedy, '^ She
Stoops to Conquer," was performed at Covent-garden^
and received with the highest applause, contrary to the
opinion of the manager, Mr, Colmaii, It is founded upojx

GOLDSMITH. 19

an incident wbich, bis biographer informs us, happened
to the author in bis younger days, when be mistook a gen-
tleman's house for an inn. In the same year be appeared
before the public iu a different character. A scurrilous letr
ter, probably written by Kenrick, was inserted in the Lon-
don Packet, a paper then published by the late Mr. Tho-
mas Evans, bookseller in Paternoster- row. Goldsmith re-
sented no part of the abuse in this letter but that which
reflected on a young lady of his acquaintance. Accom-
panied by one of bis countrymen, he waited on Mr. Evans^
and stated the nature of his complaint. Mr. Evans, who
had no concern in the paper, but as publisher, went to
examine the file, and while stooping for it, Goldsmith wa»
advised by his friend, to take that opportunity of caning
bim, which he immediately began to do; but Evans, a
stout and high-blooded Welcbman, returned the blows
with so much advantage, that Goldsmith's friend fled, and
left him in a shocking plight. Dr. Kenrick, who was then
in the house, came forward, and affecting great compas«
sion for Goldsmith, conducted him home in a coach. Thia
foolish quarrel afforded considerable sport for the news-
papers before it was finally made up.

One c^ his last publications was the ^^ History of the
Earth and Animated Nature*' before mentioned, in 8 vols*
8vo, for which he received the sum of 850/. and during the
time be was engaged in this undertaking, he had received
the copy -money for his comedy, and the profits of his third
nights; but, his biographer iuibrms us, *^ he was so liberal
in his donations, and profuse in his disbursements ; be was
unfortunately so attached to the pernicious practice of
gaming ; and from his unsettled habits of life, bis supplies
being precarious and uncertain, he had been so little
accustomed to regulate bis expences by any system of
(Economy, that his debts far exceeded his resources ; and
he was obliged to take up money in advance from the
managers . of the two theatres, for comedies, which he
engaged to furnish to each ; and from the booksellers, for
publications which he was to finish for the press. All these
engagements he fully intended, and doubtless would have
been able, to fulfil with the strictest honour, as he had
done on former occasions in similar exigencies ; but his
premature death unhappily prevented the execution of his
, plans, and gave occasion to malignity to impute thos(&

so GOLDSMITH.

feiiures to deliberate intention^ which were tncrely the re-
sult of inevitahle mortality."

Some time before bis death, although they were not
printed until after that event, he wrdte his poems " The
Haunch of Venison," « Retaliation," and «ome other of
his smaller pieces. Biit the chief project be had at heart
was, an " Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences," in
the execution of which it is said he had engaged all his li«-
terary friends and the members of the Literary Club ; but
this was prevented by his death, which is thus related by
his biographer :

" He was subject to severe fits of the strangury, owinff
probably to the intemperate manner in which he confined
himself to the desk, when be was employed in his compi-
lations, often indeed for several weeks successively, with-
out taking exercise. On such occasions he usually hired
lodgings in son^e farm-house a few miles from London, and
wrote without cessation till he had finished his task. He
then carried his copy to the bookseller, received his com-
pensation, and gave himself up, perhaps for months with-^
out interruption, to the gaieties, amusements, and soci«
eties of London. And here it may be observed once
for all, that his elegant and enchanting style in prose
flowed from him with such facility, that in whole quires of
his histories, * Animated Nature,' &c. he had seldom oc-
casion to correct or alter a single word ; but in his verses,
especially bis two great ethic poems, nothing could ex-*
ceed the patient and incessant revisal which he bestowed
upon them. To save himself the trouble of transcription^
he Wrote the lines in his first copy very wide, and would
80 fill up the intermediate space With reiterated correc-
tions, that scarcely a word of his first effusions wais left
unaltered.

** In the spring of 1774, being embarrassed in his cir-
cumstances, and attacked with his usual malady, his in-
disposition, aggravated too by mental distress, terminated
in a fever, which on the 25th of March bad-become exceed'-
ingly violent, when he called in medical assistance. Al*
thobgh he had then taken ipecacuanrha to promote a vomi^
he would proceed to the use of James's fever-powder, cou^
trai^r to'the advice of the medical gentlemen who attended
him. From the application of these powders he had re-
ceived the greatest benefit in a similar attack nearly two
years before -, but then they bad beeo administered by Dr*

GO L D S M I T H. %i

James himself in person. This happened in September
1772. But now the progress of the disease was as unfa«
vourable as possible; for^ from the time above-mentioned
every symptom became more and more alarming till Mon-
day April 4th, wbea he died, aged forty-five."

His remains were privately interred in the Temple
barial-ground, on Saturday April 9 ; but afterwards, by a
subscription raised among his friends, and chiefly by bis \

brethren of the club, a marble monument was erected to
his memory in Westminster-abbey, with an inscription \}f
Dr. Johnson, the history of which the reader may find in
Boswell*s Life, vtrhere are likewise many curious traits of
our poet^s variegated character.

** He. was," adds his biographer, ** generous in the ex*
tiQ^me> and so strongly affected by compassion, that he has
been known at midnight to abandon bis rest in order to
procure relief and an asylum for a poor dying object who
was left destitute in the streets. Nor was there ever a mind
whose general feelings were*more benevolent and friendly."
He is« however, supposed to have been often soured by
jealousy or envy, and many little instances are mentioned
of this tendency in his character ; but whatever appeared
of this kind was a mere momentary sensation, which he
knew not bow like other men to conceal. It was never the
result of principle, or the suggestion of reflection ; it never
embittered his heart;, nor influenced his conduct Nothing
could be more amiable than the general featuses of his
mind ; those of his person were not perhaps sa engaging. '
His stature was under the middle size, his body strongly
built, and his limbs more sturdy than elegant; his com*
plexion was pale, his forehead low, his face almost rounds
and pitted with the small-pdx ; but marked with strong
lines of thinking. His first appearance was not capti-
vating ; but when be grew easy and cheerful in company,
be relaxed into such a display of good^humour, as soon
removed every unfavourable impression. Yet it must be
acknowledged that in company he did not appear to so
much advantage w might have been expected from his
genius and talents. He was too apt to speak without re-
fleclipn, /and without a sufficient knowledge of the subject;
which made Johnson observe of him, ' No man was more
foolish when he had not a pen in his band, or more wise
when he had.' Indeed, with ail his defects (to conclude
aearly in the words of that great critic), as a writer be wad

V0L.XVL G /

M GOLDSMITH.

of the tnoBt distinguished abilities. Whatever he com*
posed he did it better than any other man could. Aud
whether we consider him as a poet^ as a comic writer, or
as an historian (so far as regards his powers of composition)
he was one of the first writers of hi& titiiey. and will ever
stand in the foremost class.''

Although this character may be thought in some respects
exaggerated, it cannot be denied that the indelible stamp
of geniuar rests on his^^ Vicar of Wakefield;'' and on his
poems, " The Traveller," " Deserted Village," aad " Ed-
win and Angelina." In description, pathos, and evea
Sublimity,; he has not been exceeded by any of the poets
of his age, except that in the latter quality he must yield
to Gray.*

, GOLIUS (James), professor of Arabic at Leyden, d%^
scended from a considerable family in that city, was born
at the Hague, in 1596. At Leydea he made himself
naster of all the learned languages, and proceeded to
physic, divinity, and the mathematics. His education
being finished, he topk a journey to France with the
duchess de la Tremouille; and was invited to teach the.
Greek language at Rochelle, which he continued to do,
until that city was in the following year reduced again to
Ibe. dominion of the French king, after which he resolved
to return to Holland. He had early taken a liking to Er-*
penius, the Arabic professor at Leyden ; by the help of
whose lectures he made a great progress in the Arabic
tongue, and having in 1622 an opportunity of attending
the Dutch ambassador to the court of Morocco, he con*
suited with Erpenius, who directed him to observe care-
fully every production, either of nature, art, or custom,
which were unknown in Europe ; and to describe them,
setting down the proper name of each, anct the derivation
gf it, if known. He also gave him a letter directed to that
prince, together with a present of a grand atlas^ and a
New Testament in Arabic. These procured him a very
gracious reception from Muley Zidan, then king of Mo-
rocco,, who expressed great satisfaction in the present, and
afterwards read them frequently. '

,_ 1 Life prefixed to hii Works London, 1801, and. 1307, 4 volt. 8vo, priooiy
pally written by Dr. Percy, bishop of Droaiore.*->JobD8on and Chalmers't
iSni^lish Poets, lS10.4^Life of Goldsmith by Sir fi, Bvydgei, in th» Cenfura Liu^

G o L I u s. ay

' In the tneati time (Gralius tnade so good use of EfpemusV
odrice, that be attained a perfect skill iii the Arabic
ibngue ; and in indulging^ his curiosity respecting the
(Customs and learning of that country, contriTed to ntiake^
hiitiself very agreeable to the doctors and courtiers. By
this means he became particuhirly serviceabl^e to the am-
bassador, who growing uneasy because his affairs were not
dispatched, was advised to present to his majesty a petition
written by Golius in the Arabic character and language^
mid in the Christian style, both circumstances rather novel
in that eomitry. The king was astonished at the beauty of
the petition, both ais to writing and style; and having^
learWed from the ambtassador that it was done by Golius^
desired to see him. At the audience, the king spoke to-
bita in Arabic, and Golius said in Spanish, that he under«
stood' fais majesty very well, but could not keep up a con*
versation in Arabic, by reason of its guttural pronunciation,
to which his throat was not sufficiently inured. This ex<^
cuse was accepted by the king, who granted the ambas*
sador^s request, and dispatched him immediately. Before
his departure, Golius had an opportunity of examining the
curiosities of Fes^, and took a plan of the royal palace,
which was afterwardii communicated to Mr. Windus, and
inserted in his "Journey to Mequinez," 1721, 8vo. Go-
lius brought with him to Holland several books unknown in
Europe ; and among dthers, \* The Annals of the Ancient
Kingdom of Fes and Morocco,^ which he resolved ta
translate. Re communicated every thing, to Erpenius,
who well knew the valuie of them, but did not live long
enough to enjoy the treasure ; that professor dying in Nov.
1Q24, after recommending this his best beloved scholar to the
curators of the university for his successor. The request
was complied with, and Golius saw liimself immediately
in the Arabic chair, which he filled so ably as to lessen
their sense of the loss of Erpenius. Being, however,, still
desirous of cultivating oriental languages and antiquities^
be applied to his superiors for leave to take a journey to
the Levant'; and obtained letters patent from the prince of
Orange, dated Nov. 25, 1G25. He set out immediately
for Aleppo, where he continued fifteen months; -after
whieli^ making excursions into Arabia, towards Mesopo-^
tamia; he went by land to Constantinople, in company
with Cornelius Hago, ambassador from Holland to the
Parte. Hens the governor of the coast of Propontis gave

62

84 G O L I U S.

I)im the use of his pleasant gardens and curious library y in
which retirement he applied himself wholly to the readinig
pf the Arabic historians and geographers, whose wrking»
were till then either unknown to, or bad not been perused
by him. Upon his return to the city, discovering occa-
sionally in conversation with the great men there a prodi-
gious memory of what he had read, he excited such admi-
r/ition, that a principal officer of the empire made him an
offer of a commission from the grand signor to take a sur-
vey of the whole empire, in order to describe the situation
of places with more exactness than was done in such maps
as they then had ; but he pretended that this would inter-
fere with the oath which he had taken to the States,
although his real fear arose from the danger of such an
undertaking. In this place also he found his skill in physic,
of infinite service in procuring him the favour and respect
of the grandees ; from whom, as he would take no fees, he
received many valuable and rich presents, and every liberal
offer to induce him to settle among them. But after a re-
sidence of four years, having in a great measure satisfied
^ bis thirst of eastern learning, and made himself master of
the Turkish, Persian, and Arabic tongues, he returned in
1629, laden with curious MSS. which have ever since been
valued among the richest treasures of the university library
at Leyden. As soon as he was settled at home, he began
to think of making the best use of some of these manuscripts
by communicating them to the public )> but first printed an
** Arabic Lexicon,'* 1653, folio; and a new edition of
*^ Erpenius's Grammar, enlarged with notes and additions ;^*
to which also ' he subjoined several pieces of poetry, ex-
tracted from the Arabian writers, particularly Tograi and
7. Ababella. One purpose on which he employed his know-

ledge and influence cannot be too highly commended. He
had been an eye-witness of the wr<3tched state of Chris-
sanity in the Mahometan countries, and with the com-
passion of a Christian, resolved,, therefore, to make hid
^ . skill in their language serviceable to them. With this
laudable view he procured an edition of the ^^ New Tea- <
tament*' in the original language, with a translation into
the vulgar Greek by an Archimandrite, which he prevailed
with the States to. present to the Greek churchy groaning
under the Mahometan tyranny ; and, as some of these
Christians use the Arabic tongue in divine service, he took
care to have dispersed among them an Arabic translsiitioiv

G O L I U S.

85

oF the confession of the reformed pfotestantg, together
with the catechism and liturgy *.

Intent as he was in promoting religion and learning
abroad, he did not neglect his duty at home, which was
now increased by the curators during his absence confer-
ring upon him, in addition to the former, the professorship
of mathematics, to which he was chosen in 1626. HC'dis-
charged, however, the functions of both with the highest re-
putation for forty years. He was also appointed interpreter
in ordinary to the States^ for the Arabic, Turkish, Persian,
and other eastern languages ; for which he had an annual
pension, and a present of a chain of gold with a very
beautiful medal, which he wore as a badge of his office.^
He went through the fatigue of all these duties with, the
less difficulty, as he always enjoyed a good state of health,
which he carefully preserved by strict temperance; and
his constitution was so firm, thatjn 1666, at the age of
seventy, he travelled on foot from the Meuse to the Waal,
a journey of fourteen hours. He died Sept. 28, 1667, as
much respected for his virtue and piety, as far his talents
and learning.

Although entitled to the character of an universal scholar,
his <:hief excellence lay in philology and the languages ; iri
wbieh his application and skill were such, that though he
•did not begin seriously to study the Persian language till
he was fifty- four, he made himself so much a master, as to
write a large dictionary of it, which was printed at London,
in Castell's ^^ Lexlcpn Heptaglotton." He was not less
acquainted with the Turkish language ; and made such a
progress in «he Chinese, that be was able to read and
understand 'their books; though he began late in life to
this study. Besides the books which he finished and
printed, he left several MSS. of others, which would have
been no ways inferior to them, had he lived to complete
them. He had begun a Geographical and Historical Die*
tionary for the £astern countries ; wherein the names of

* For thif purpose he employed an
AnnenwD, who understood the volj^r
Arabic, at well as the phrases conse-
crated io religion ; and could accom-
modate Golius'fl style to the capacity
of .erery body ^ otherwise his expres-
sion mifht probably hare been too
sublime and abstruse. Golius' kept
this Armenian two years and a half at
his house ; and pron&ised him tbt same

pension that the States had granted to
the Archimandrite, who translated tha
New Testament into vulgar Greek.
Yet he did not know whether the States
would be at the expence, nor did ha
propose the matter to them till thii
work was finished; however, they
agreed to his proposal, and likewise
made a hundsome present to himself.

86 G O L I U 6.

men and places throughput the ^ast w^ve expleiQed* He
had long given expectations of a new edition of jthe ^* Ko-
ran/' with a translation and confutation -pf it.

Amidst ail this profound literature, his religiop 19 said
to have been plain and practical. He l^oiented ajnd ab-*
borred the factions and disputes, especially ^bout indif-
ferent matters, which disgraced Christianity, and there-
fore had no inclination to enter into the controversies of
bis time. He married a lady of a very good family, and
. well allied, with whom he lived twenty-four. years, aad
who survived him, together with two sons, who studied
the civil law at Leyden, and became considerable men in
Holland.

His publications, besides those already noticed, were,
1. *' The History of the Saracens, by Elmacin." Erpenius
began the version, which Golius completed, and it was
translated into English by Simon Ockley, Arabic professor
at Cambridge. 2. ** The Life of Tamerlane," v\:ritten in
Arabic by an author of great reputation, Leyden, 1636.
He had proposed a second edition of this some time be*
fore his death, and to print the text with vowels, with a
translation and commentary. 3. ^^ Alfragan's Elements of
Astronomy,'' with a new version, and learned commentaries
upon the first nine chapters, but he did not live to carry
these farther, and what we have was published after bis
death, in 1669, 4to.*

GOLIUS (Peter), brother to the preceding, excelled
likewise in the knowledge of the Arabic language, and
taught it in the seminary belonging to the Carmelites at
Home, into which order^ much against his brother's wUl^
he entered very early^ and now was of great service to
those monks who were intended to be sent on missions
into the east. Being himself appointed to this seryice, be
visited every part of Syria and Palestine, and founded a
monastery of his order on mount Libanus, over which he
presided till he was recalled to Rome. While abroad he
wrote a letter to his brother, informing him that instead
of the opposition and persecution which he expected, he
bad met with nothing but civilities and caresses from per*
sons of distinction, when they found that he was the
brother of James Golius, whom they still remembered with
the highest regard. At Rome he .was employed as one of

' Gea» Dict.-*-^roiiovii Funebr. Oratio Jac. GoIiL— Moreri.«— Saxli Ooomast.

G O L I U S. %1

th« principal MtistantB of Sergius RMus, archbishop of
Dafliagciifi, in preparing bis edition of the Arabic Bible^
irhich wa^ p«A>lisbed in 1 67 1 by the direction of the col-
lege ^^ De Propaganda.'' After k was completed, Golitit
was appointed visitor of the missions of the East Indies^
and died at Surat about 167S. He was author of transla-*
tions into Arabic of Thomas i Kempis' Imitation of Jesus
Christ ; of seritions on the Evangelists ; an ** Historic Dis-
course of St. G*«egory of Decapolis ;'' several small devo-
tional pieces, and a translation from Arabic into Latin, of
a " Cdlection of Parables and Proverbs." *

GOLTZIUS {HfiKaY), a celebrated engraver and painter,
was born in 1658, at Mulbrec, in the duchy of Juli^rs^
and learned bis art at Haerlera, where he married. An
asthmatic disor-der afterwards inclining him to travel iti
Italy, his friends remonstrated against this» but he an-
swered, that <' he bad rather die learning something, than
live in such a langaishing state." Accordingly, he passed
tlirongh most of the chief cities of Germany, where he
visited the painters, and the curious ; and went to Rome
and Naples, whet^ be studied the works of the best mas-
ters^ and designed a great number of pieces after them.
To prevent his being known, he passed for his man's ser-
vant^ pretending that he was maintained and kept by him
for his skill in painting ; and by this stratagem he came to
bear what was said of his works, without being known,
which afforded him no small amusement as well as instruc*
tion. His disguise, his diversion, the exercise of traveU
ling, and the different air of the countries through which*
be travelled, had such an effect upon his constitution, that'
he recovered his former health and vigour. He relapsed,
however, some time after, and died at Haerlem in 1617.
Mr. Evelyn has given the following testimony of his merit
a« a graver: "Henry Goltzius,'*" says he, *• was a Hol-
lander, and wanted only a good and judicious choice, to have
rendered him comparable to the profoundest masters that
ever handled the burin ^ for never did any exceed this rare
workman ; witness those things of his after Gasporo 'Celio,
&G. ; and in particular his incomparable imitations after
Lucas Van Leyden, in The Passion, the Christus Mortuus,'
or Piela ; and those other six pieces, in each of which bo
so accurately pursues Durer, Lucas, and some others of

1 Moi«ri.««-Foppen Bibl. Bel(.

81 . G O L T Z I U S.

the old masters, as makes it almost impossible to discern
the ingenious fraud.'' . As a paiuter he drew bis resources
from the study of the antique, of Raphael, Polidoro, and
Michael Angelo ; the last of whom appears to have been his
favourite, but whose faults he exaggerated in an out*
rageous manner, seldom attaining any of his beauties,'
Hence bis style of design is inflated and^. caricature ; and
bis expressions participate of the same taste ; but his
sense of hue in colour is ril:h, vigorous, and transparent.
It is as an engraver, however, that be deserves the highest
commendation, having never been surpassed, and seldpm
equalled in the command of the graver, and in freedom of
execution. ^

GOLTZIUS (Hubert), a German antiquary, was born;
at Venloo, in the duchy of Gueldres, in 1526. His father
was a painter, and be was himself bred^ up in this art,
leamiiig the principles of it from Lambert Lombard ; but
he seems to have quitted the pencil early in life, having a,
particular turn to antiquity,, and especially to the study of
medals, to which he entirely devoted himself. He con-'
sidered medals as the very foundation of true history;
and travelled through France, Germany, and Italy, in
order to make collections, and to draw iirom tbem what
lights he could. His reputation was so high in this respect/
that the cabinets of the curious were every where open to
him ; and on the same account he was honoured with the
freedom of the city of Rome in 1567^ He was the author
of several excellent works, in all which he applies medaU
to the illustration' of ancient history, and for the greater
accuracy, had them printed in his own house, and cor-t
rected tbem himself He also engraved the plates for the
medals with his own hands. Accordingly, his books were
admired all. over Europe, and thought an ornament to any
library; and succeeding antiquaries have bestowed the
highest praises upon tbem.^ Lipsius, speaking of the
*' Fasti Consulares," says, that '^ be knows not which to
admire most, his diligence in seeking so many coins, bia
happiness in finding, or his skill in engraving them.'-
Some, however, have said that although his works abound
^vith erudition, they must be read with some caution. Tb^
f^t seems to be, that all his works have many coini^ not yet

» {Itrutt'ff DictiQiiar7.--PicU Hist,

G O L t Z I U S. B9

foiind in cabinets, because bis own collection was unfor-<

tanatelj lost, yet the medals which he describes, and

which were, once looked upon as fictitious, are yearly

found really existent, and of undoubted antiquity. A

French writer compares him to Pliny the natural historian,

who was thought to deal much in falsehood, till time drew

the truth out of the well ; so that as knowledge advances^

most of bis wonders acquire gradual confirmation. Yet it

is certain that he was often imposed upon, and the caution

above given is not unnecessary. His coins of the Roman

tytants, for instance, are clearly false ; for they bea^ prek.

and COG. on the exergue^ which marks never occur on the

real coins. It has been also said that many errors of this

nature must be committed by a man, whose love and vene-*

ration for Roman antiquities was such, that he gave to all

bis children Roman names, such as Julius, Marcellus, &c.

so that he might easily receive for antiques what were not

so, out of pure fondness for any thing of that kind. Upon

this principle, it is probable, that he took, for his second

wifip, tb^ widow of the antiquary Martinius Smetius ; whom

he married more for the sake of Smetius's medals and in«

ficriptions than for any thing belonging to herself. She

was his second wife, and a shrew, who made his latter days

unhappy. He died at Bruges March 14, 1583.

. His works are, 1. ** Imperatorum fere omnium Vitae, ac

vivae Imaging, a C' Julio CaBsare ad Carolum V. ex vete*

ribus numismatibus," Antwerp, 1557, fol. afterwards trans*

lated into French, Italian, and Spanish* 2. '^ Fasti ma*.

gistratuum et Triumphorum Rpmanorum, ab urbe condita

usque ad Augusti obitum,^' Bruges, 1566 and 1571, folio*

3. ** De origine et statu populi Romani,^' &c. Bruges, 1566,

fol. Antwerp, 1618. 4, *^ Thesaurus rei Antiquarii," Ant.

iS79 and 1-618, 4to. 5. " Vita et res gestae C. Juliidae-

saris.'V 6r " Vita et res gest^ Augusti Caesaris," Bruges,

1580, fol. and Antwerp, 1617. 7. ^^ Historia Siciliae et

Magnae GrsBciae ex antiquis Qumismatibus,'* Antwerp, 1 644,

fol. which Mr. Pinkerton recommends as an introduction

to the study of the Greek coins. His whole works were

republished at 'Antwerp in 1644 and 1645, in 5 vols. fol.

by Balthasar Moretus, whose predecessors, the Plantins,

bad purchased Goltzius's printing-materials and plates.^

#

^ Melchior Adam io Titit Philos. — Pinkerton^s Essay oil Medals, Pref* p. 1^
sad 18.«p]llorejri>^-*Foppen Bibl, Self •-«'Saxii OnomattMon.

M G O M A R. .

y

GOMAR (FRAt^cis), eneoi the^great.oppofi^ii(» of Ar^
tnioivHs, and fron wiioxn the Caiviniste mere at one time
called Gomarists^ V9bs born at Bruges, Jan. 30, 1563. His

' father and mother, who were prote&tants, retired into the
palaftinate in 1578, and sent him to Strasburgh to study
under the celebrated John Sturmius. Three years after be
went to prosecute his studies at Newstad, where tkte pro«
feasors of Heidelberg found a vefn^e when Lewis, the ^ec*
tor palatine, had banished thetn because they were not
L.ti$berans« In 1582 he came to England, and heard at
Oxford the divinity lectures ^f Dr. John Rainoide, and at
Cambridge those of Dr. William Wbitsrker, and at this
latter university be was admitted to the degree of bachelor
of divinity, June, 1584., The'clector Lewis dying in 1583,

N prince Cadoiir, his brother, reoitared tbe professors of
Heidelberg, to wkicfa place Gomar returned from Cam*
bridge^ and spent two years. In 1 587 be accepted an in-
vitation from the Flemisfaf church at Francfort to be their
minister, and exercised the functkms <of that office until
1593, When his 3pck were dispersed by persecution. The
following year he was appointed professor of divi<nity at
Leyden, but before entering upon the office, he took bis
degree of doctor at Heidelberg. Here be remained quietly
until 1603, when liis colleague Arniinius began to place
himself at the bead of a party, known by his name ever
since, and Gomarus resisted him with a e^al which hi*
enemies have construed into bigotry and intolerance. Tbe
truth seems to have been that Arminiqs and his followers,
while they disputed with equal warmth, chose to repre-
sent the subjects of tbeir disputes as matters of indifference
which need not interrupt diurch-fellowship, while Goma-^
rus considered them as essentials. Vorstius having sue-*
eeeded Arminius, Gomarus fore3aw only a renewal of the
controversy under such a colleague, and retired to Mid->
dleburgh in 1611, where he preached and read lectured
until 1614. He was then invited by the university of Sau-
mur to be professor of divinity, and four years after he
exchanged this for the professorship of divinity and He*
brew at Groningen, where be remained during the re^t of
bis life. The only times when he was absent were, once
when he attended the synod of Dort, where the errors of
Arminius were condemned ; apd again when he went jto
Ley den in 1633 to revise tbe translation of the Old Test^
meat. He died Jan. 11, 1641. His various works, most

G O M A K. ^ M

of which had ibeen publidied jieparatdy, were printed to-
gether at AinsMsrda9i io d644,.foi. He was a man of ac-
kuowi«dged abilities^, especially in the Oriental langui^es^^
GOMBAULD (John Ogier de), a French poet, was
born in 1567^ M St. Ju»t de Lussac, near Brouage in
Saintongue. He vm$ a gentleman by birth, and his breed-
ing was suitable to it» After a foundation of grammar-
learning, be finished his studies at Bourdeaux ; and having
^one through most of the liberal sciences, under the best
masters of his time, be betook himself to Paris, in the
view of making tbe most of his parts ; for, being the cadet
of a fourth marriage by his father, his patrimonial financ<M
were a little short At Paris, he soon introduced himself
to the knowledge of the polite world, by sonnets, epi-
grams, and other jsmall poetical pieces, which were gene-
rally a4>plaiidfed; biut, reaping -little other benefit, he was
^li^ed to uae ihe strictest osconomy, to support a tolera-
ble figure at court, till the assassination of the king by
Ravillac, in 1610, provoked every muse in France. The
subject was <to the last degree interesting, and our poet
exerted his talent to the ^utmost in some verses which
pleasfd the ^ueen-regent, Mary de Medicis, so highly,
that 4(hp rewarded him with a pension of 1200 crowns ; nor
was there a ma^i of his condition, that had more free access
to her, or was more kindly received by her. He was also
in the i^ame favour with the s«icceeding regent^ Anne of
Austria, d,uring the miaorlty of Lewis XIV.

lo thfi fiiean time, lie was constantly seen at those meet^
ings of all the persons of quality and merit, which were
kept at thov bouse of Mad. ftambouiilet. This was like a
$mall choice court, less numerous indeed than that of the
Louvre, but, bad charms which entirely engaged the
heart of Gpmbauld ; and be frequented it with great plea-
Mire, as well as with more assiduity than any other, the
Lwv^e not excepted. Thus he passed his time in a way
the most agreeable to a poet, and at length devoted him-
self entirely to the belles lettres. He published several
tbiogs, of which the most admined was his /^ Endytoion,**
a romance in prose. It was printed in 1624. 2. ^ Ama-
r^tha, a Pastoral." S. A volume of <^ Poems." 4. A
voluoie of *^ Letters," all pufalisibed before 1652. He was
now aOfCOiinted one of those choice spirits, who make up

in OOMBAULD.

the ministry in the republic of lettersi und form the
schemes of its advancement. In this employ We iind bini
' atnong. those few men of wit, whose meetings in 1626 gave
rise to the Academy of Belles Lettres, founded by cardinal
Bichelieu ; and, accordingly, be became a member of that
society at its first institution. He was one of the three
who was appointed to examine the statutes of the new
academy in 1643, and he afterwards finished memoirs for
compIetiiSg them. On March 12, 1-635, he read a dis*-
course before tbe academy upon ^^ Je ne sgai quoi,'* which
was the sixth of those that for some years were pronounced
at their meetings the first day of every week.

He lived many years in the enjoyment of these honours,
and had his fortune increased by an additional pension
from M. Seguier, chancellor of France. I'hese marks of
esteem do honour to bis patroris, for he openly professed
the reformed religion, although in such. a manner as to
avoid giving offence/ or shocknig the prejudices of those
with whom he associated. He had always enjoyed very
good health; but, as he was one day walking in his room^
which was customary with him^ bis foot slipped ; and, fall*
ing down, be hurt himself so, that he was obliged almost
constantly to keep his bed to the end of his life, which
lasted near a century. However, in 1657, when at the
age of 90, he published a large collection of epigrams ;
and, many years after, a tragedj" called ^^ Danaides.^*
This was some time before his death ; which did not hap<^
pen till 1666. In manners he was modest and regular,
sincere in his piety, and proof agaiiist all temptations. He
was of a hot and hasty temper, much inclined to anger,
though be had a grave and reserved countenance. He was
also a man of wit, and not always very guarded iti the use
of it. Having shown one of hi« performances to cardinal
Richelieu, he said ^^ Here are some thiugs 1 do not under*-
stand.'" — '^That is not my fault," answered Gombauld,
and the cardinal wisely affected not to hear him. His post*
humous works wer6 printed in Holland in 1678, with this
title,- ^^ Trait^s & Lettres de Monsieur Gombauld sur la
Religion." They co^ntain religious discourses, and were
9iost esteemed of all his works by himself: be composed
them from a principle of charity, ^ith a design to convert
the catholics, and. confirm the protestants in their faith. \

} 6ra« DicUwMor«ri«^fiiof. CaUicai V^ L^NicesoD, vol. XXXIV.

GOMBERVILLE. 9i

GOMBERVILLE (Marin le Roi), Sieurde, an ingeni-
Qos French writer, was born at Cbeyreuse, in the diocese
of Paris, or as some say in Paris itself, in 1599. He wa»
early distinguished by some successful publications which,
had given him a literary reputation, and made him be en-
rolled among the number assembled by cardinal Richelieu
for the purpose of founding the French academy in 1635.
His first publications were romances and works of a light
nature, but at the age of forty-five he formed the resolu-
tion of consecrating his pen t6 religion, and adopted a
penitentiary course of )ife, which some think was more
strict at the commencement than at the termination of it.
He died June 14, 1674. One of the most curious of his
works, <* La doctrine des Mccurs, tir^e de la philosophie
des Stoiques, representee en cent tableaux,^' 1646, fol. is
perhaps now more admired f6r the plates than for the letter-
press.^ They are engraved by Peter Daret from d^sign^
by Otho Vsenius. In this work Gomberville assumes the
disgnised name of' Thalassius Basilides (Marin |e Roi)
His romances were " Caritce,'* " Polexandre," ** Cythe-t
rea,'* and " La jeune Alcidian^,'' published in 1733 by
roadame Gomez, who says that Gomberville left merely an
outline of it. His other works were, 1. ^^ Relation de la
riviere des Amazones,^' 1682, 2 vols. i2mo. 2. ^^ Memoires.
de Louis de Gonzague, due de Nevers,*' '1665, 2 vols. foU
3. << Discours des vertus et des vices de Thistoire,^' I620>
4to, and various pieces of sacred poistry, &c. *

GOMERSAL (Robert), a divine and poet of the seven-«
teenth century, was born at Lond6n in 1600, whence, he
was sent by his fetberin 1614 to Christ church, Oxford,
where, soon after his being entered, he was elected a stu^
dent on the royal foundation. At about seven years stand-
ing, he here took ^is degrees of bachelor and master of
arts, and before he left the university, which was in 1627^
he had the degree of bachelor of divinity conferred on him.
Being now in orders, he distinguished himself as a preacher
at the university. For some time, during the plague at
Oxford, he resided at Flower in Northamptonshire, and was
afterwafds vicar of Thorncombe in Devonshire, where it is
probable that he resided till his death, which was in 1646,
He was accounted a good preacher, and printed a volume,
of ^^ Sermons,*' Lond. 1634, which were well esteemed.

> NUtreo, ▼©!. XXXVm.— MOreri.

r»

94 G OTVI ER S A L.

As a devotee to the Muses, be publisbed several poems $
J^articularly a sort of heroic attempt, called the ^^ LeviteV
Revenge^" being meditations^ m v^se, on the Idth and
20th chapters of Judges^ and a tragedy called ^* Leiomck
. Sforza, duke of Milan/' 1632, 12mo. Both were reprinted;
with a few occa»ional verses iir 1633, 12^10) reprinted
in 1638. >

GOMEZ DB CiviDAD RtAL (Alvabez), a Spanish La-
tin poet, was born in 1488 at Guadalaxara in Spain, and
was page of honour to archduke Charles, afterwards em-
peror. He possessed a great facility in writing Latin verse,
which is seen by his ** Thalia Christiana^'' or the triumph
of Jesus Christ, in (wenty-five books : ** Musa Paulina,"
or the epistles of St. Paul, in elegiac verse : the Proverbs^
of Solomon, and other works of a similar kind; but his
poem on the order of the golden fleece, published in 1 5^,
8vo, entitled " De PrincipisBurgundi Militia quam. VeU
leris aurei vocant," is perhaps the only one now read, and-
more suitable to his talents than the preceding^ in which
he introduced a tasteless mixture of pagan and Christian
personages. He died July 14, 1538.'

GOMEZ DE Castro (Alvarez), was born ^t St. Eulaiia,
near Toledo, in 1515, and was educated at Alcala, where
he obtained a high character for diligence and learning.
He was patronized "by Philip 11. who engaged him to pre-
pare an edition of the works of Isidore, wbich death pre*
vented him from completing. It was afterwards finished
and published by John Grialus. hm was author of many
works ; but the most esteemed is a ^' Life of Cardinal
Ximenes,V 1569, folio, and afterwards inserted in a collec-
tion of the writers on Spanish history. Gomez died in 1 580,*

GOMEZ (Magdalen Angelica Poisson db), a French
lady, whose romanced and tales are known iti this country
by translations, was the daughter of Paul Poisson, a piayer,
and was born at Par^s in 1684. She was courted by M. de
Gomez, a Spanish gentleman of small fortune, who, know-
ing her talents, foresaw many advantages from an union
with her, while she, in accepting him, appears to have
been deceive^d concerning his circumstances. Her works,
however, procured some pensions, by which she was ena-
bled to live at St. Germain-en-Laye till 1770, in which

1 Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Biog. Dram. — Gilchrist's edition of Corbet's Poems, p. 67.

• Antonio Bibl. Hisp.r^Moreri. — Dicr. Hist.

^ Ant. Bibl. Hisp.—j^tfreri.— Clement Bib). Ciirieuse.

G O M £ Z. 95

jear she died» respected by alt who knew her. This tady
left some tragedies^ which may be found in her ^^ Miscel->
laneous Works^'' 12019^ but were all unsuccessful^ and a
great number of romances. *^ Les Journ6es Aoausantes/*
H vols. ; " Crementine/* 2 vols. ; " Anecdots Persanes/' 2
vols. ; " Hist, du Comte d'Oxford,*' one vol. ; ",La Jeune
Alcidiane,** 3 vols, (see Gomberville) ; ^< Les Cent Nou-*
veiles Nouvelles,^' 36 parts comprised in 8 vols. These
are all well written, and with great delicacy, and were at
one time very popular in France..*

GONDI. See RETZ.

GONET (John Baptist), a learned Dominican,; was
born at Beziers in 1616* After having gone into the churchy
and been admitted to the degree of doctor of divinity by
the university of Bourdeaux in 1640, he held the profes-
sorship of theology in that university till 1671, when he
was appointed provincial amopg the Dominican friars. He
died at Beziers in 1681. He was author of a system of
divinity, entitled " Clypseus Theologiae Thomisticse, contra
novos ejus impugnatores,*' Bdurdeaux, 1666, in eighteen
volumes, 12mo, afterwards enlarged in five volumes, folio.
He was likewise author of a ^' Manuale Thomistarum, seu
brevis TheologiaD Cursus,'' which has passed through dif-
fbrent editions, of which the best was published at Lyons
iii 1681 ; and *^ Dissertatio Theologica de Probabilitate." •

GONGORA (Lewis de), a Spanish poet, was born al
Cordova, in 1562, of a very distinguished family. H9
atiidied at Salamanca, and was known to have a talent for
poetry, though he liever could be prevailed on to «publisb
any thing. Going into orders, he was made chaplain to
the king, and prebendary of the church of Cordova, ia
which station he died, in 1627. His works are all posthu-*
mous, and consist of sonnets, elegies, heroic verses, a
comedy, anragedy, &c. and have been published several
times under the title of ^^ Obras de Dom. Louis de Gon*
gora-y- Argore," 4to* The best edition is that with notes
by D. Garcia de Salcedo Coronel, Madrid, 1636 — 1648,
3 vols. 4to. The Spaniards have so high an idea of thi^
poet, as to entitle him prince of the poets of their nation,,
and notes and commentaries have been written on his
works ; but he is not free from affectation in the use of
figures, a false sublime^ and an obscure and embarrassed
diction.' '

> Diet. Hist. * Gen. Diet.-— Morcri.

* Anlanie liibl. Hitp.— I^ortri. — Diet. Hiiu

1

99 • G d N 2 A G A.

GO^ZAGA (LucRETiA), a lady of the sixteenth cett-
tury, remarkable for her wit^ and high birth, is chiefly
known, and that very imperfectly,, from a collection of
her letters, printed at Venice in 1552. By these she ap«
pears to have beeti learned, and somewhat of a critic in
Aristotle and ^schylus. All the wits of her time are full
of their encomiums on her : and Hortensio Landi, besides
singing her praises most zealously, dedicated to her a
piece, " Upon moderating the passions of the soul,'* writ-*
ten in Italian. If, however, it be true that this Horatia
Landi wrote the whole of the letters attributed to Lucretia,
it is difficult to know what to believe of the history of the
latter. Her marriage at thq age of fourteen with Johi>
Paul Manfroni was unhappy. He engaged in a conspiracy
against the duke of Ferrara; was detected and imprisoned
by him ; but, though condemned, not put to death. Lu-
cretia, in this emergency, applied to all the powers ini
Europe to intercede for him ; and even solicited the grand
signior to make himself master of the castle, where her
husband was kept. During this time, although she was not
permitted to visit him, they could write to each othen But
all her endeavours were vain ; for he died in prison in 1 552^
having shewn such an impatience under his misfortunes a»
made it imagined he lost his senses. She never would
listen afterwards to any proposals of marriage, though se«>
veral were made her. Of four children, which she had»
there were bpt two daughters left, whom she placed in
nunneries. All that came from her pen was so much es«
teemed,^ that a collection was made even of the notes she
wrote to her servants : several of which are to be met with
in the above-mentioned edition of her letters. She died
at Mantua in 1^76.^

GOODAL (Walter), a Scotch antiquary, the eldest
son of John Goodal, a farmer in Banfshire, Scotland, was
born about. 1706. In 1 723 he entered himself a student ia
King^s college. Old Aberdeen, but did not continue there
long enough to take a degree. In 1730 he obtained em-
ployment in the Advocates' library, Edinburgh, of which
he was formally appointed librarian in 1735. He now as«
sisted the celebrated Thomas Ruddiman in compiling the
catalogue of that library, upon the plan of the *^ Biblio-
tfaeca C^rdinalis Imperialis,'' and it was published in foU^

» Gen. Diet. — ^Tiraboscbi. — ^Moreri.

G O O D A L. 97

in 1742. About the same time he projected a life of Mary
queen of Scots, to whose cause he was inflexibly devoted ^
but this design appears to have been relinquished for his^
publication, entitled ** An Examination of the Letters said
to be written by Mary to James earl of Boihwell/' 1754,^
2 vols. 8vo, in which he endeavoured to prove these letters
to be forgeries. In this work it is said that he had done
more, had he had less prejudice, and greater coolness. He
certainly had diligence of research, sagacity of investiga-
tion, and keenness of remark ; but his zeal sometimes car-
ried him out of his course, his prejudice often blunted his
acuteness, and his desire of recrimination never failed to
enfeeble the strength of his criticism. In 1754 he pub-
lished an edition, with emendatory notes, of sir John Scot's
^^ Staggering state of Scots Statesmen,** and wrote a pre-
face and life to sir James Balfour's ** Practicks.** He con-^
tributed also to Keith's ** New Catalogue of Scotch
Bishops," and published an edition of Fordun's ^' Scotir
chronicon," which was not executed with judgment. His
introduction to it was afterwards translated into English,
and published at London in 1769. He died July 2^9 1766,
io very poor circumstances, owing to a habit of intemper-
ance.'

GOODMAN (Christopher), a noted puritan, who has
been sometimes classed among the reformers of religion in
Scotland, was born at Chester about 1520, and in 1536
entered a student of Brazennase college, Oxford, where he
took both degrees in arts. In 1547 he was constituted one
of the senior students of Christ chufch, of the foundation
of Henry VIlI. About the end of the reign of king Ed-
ward VI. he was admitted to the reading of the sentences,
and chosen divinity lecturer of the university. On the
accession' of queen Mary he was obliged to quit the king-
dom, with many other prptestants, and retire to Francfort.
Here he became involved in the disputes which arose
among the English exiles respecting forms of divine wor-
ship, some adhering to the model of the church of Eng-
land, as far as appeared in the Book of Common Prayer,
and others, among whom was Goodman, contending for a
more simple form. After these disputes had occasioned a
separation among men whose common sufferings might

have made them overlook lesser matters, Goodman went

/ ■' • . • •,..»•••.*'

1 Life of Rn^dimaQ^ by Mr. George Chalmen, pp. 127, 167.

Vou XVI. H

99 GOODMAN.

to Genevfty where he and the celebrated John Knox were
chosen pastors of the English church, and remained therci
until the death of queen Mary. While there he assisted
Knox in compiling ** The Book of Common Order," which
was used as a directory of worship in their congregations,
and he is said to have taken- a part in the Geneva transia*
tion of the Bible. On the accession of queen Elizabeth^
he went into Scotland, where, in 1560, he was appointed
minister at St. Andrew's, and in other respects by his pub-
lic services assisted in establishing the reformation in that
nation. About 1565 he removed to England, and accom-
panied sir Henry Sidney in his expedition against the rebels
in Ireland, in the character of chaplain. In 1571 he was
cited before archbishop Parker, for having published, du-
ring his exile, a book answering ^he question ^' How far
iuperior powers ought to be obeyed of their subjects, and
wherein they may be lawfully, by God's word, obeyed and
resisted ?" This had been written against the tyrannical
proce^edings of queen Mary ; but, as his positions were of a
kind too general not to be applicable to sovereigns of ano-^
ther description, and become an apology for rebellion, he
consented to a recantation, and an avowal of his loyalty to
queen Elizabeth. He lived many years after this, and was
preacher at Chester, where he died in 1601, or 1602.
Besides the above mentioned, he wrote ^' A Commentary
©n Amos," but not, as Wood says, **The first blast of the
Trumpet against the monstrous regiment of Women,'*
which was written by Knox.^

GOODMAN (Godfrey), an English prelate, and the
only one who forsook the church of England for that of
Home since the reformation, was born at Ruthvyn in Den-
l>ighshire, 1583. He was educated at Westminster school,
whence, in 1600, be went to Trinity college, Cambridge.
After taking orders, he got the living of Stapleford Abbots
.in Essex in 1607. Becoming acknowledged at court as a
celebrated preacher, he obtained in 1617, a canonry of
Windsor; in 1620, the deanery of Rochester, and in 1625
was consecrated bishop of Gloucester. In 1639, he re-
fused to sign the seventeen canons of doctrine and disci-
pline drawn up in a synod, and enjoined by archbishop
Laud^ who, after admonishing him three times, procured

■ Ath. Ox. ToL I.— -Sirype's Life of Parker, p. 43, 49K— &k»>ttni lifCt of
the Scotch RclbaDeiB.-*P€ok't Detid«r«ta, vol. !•

GOODMAN. 99

liim to be suspended, and it appeared soon after Chat he
was in all principles a Roman catholic. After this, and
during the rebellion, be lived privately in Westminster,
employing much of his time in researches in the Cottonian
library. He died, in the open profession of popery, Jan.
19, 1655. He wrote, U *^ The Fall of Man, and Corroption
of Nature, proved by reason/' 1616, 1624, 4to. 2. ** Ar-
guments and Animadversions on Dr. George HackwiPs
Apol<^[y for Divine Providence." 3. ^* The two mysteries
of Christian Religion^ viz. the Trinity and Incarnation,
explicated," 1653, 4to. 4. ^^ An Account of his Suffer-
ings,'' 1650. 5. "The Court of King James by Sit An-
thony Weldon reviewed," a MS. in the Bodleian. ^

GOODRICH (Thomas), an eminent English prelate,
was the second son of Edward Goodrich of East Kirby in
Lincolnshire. He was admitted pensioner of Bene*t col-
lege, Cambridge, soon after 1 500, became fellow of Jesus
college in 1510, commenced M. A. in 1514, and the fol-
lowing year wais proctor of the university. Being of a
studious turn, he n^ade gneat proficiency in several branches
of learning, particularly in the civil and canon laws. In
1529, he was appointed one of the syndics to return an
answer from the university of Cambridge, concerning the
lawfulness of king Henry VIII.'s marriage with queen Ca-
therine : and from his readiness to oblige Che king in that
business, was recommended to his royal favour. He was
presented to the rectory of St. Peter's Cheap in London,
by cardinal Wolsey, at that time commendatory of the
monastery of St. Alban's ; and soon after was made canon
of St. Stephen's, Westminster, and chaplain to the king*
On the death of Dr. West, bishop of Ely, his nephew and
godson Dr. Nicholas Hawkins, archdeacon of Ely, at that
time the king's ambassador in foreign parts, was designed
to succeed him ; but he dying before his consecration
could be effected, the king granted his licence to the prior
and convent, dated March 6, 1534, to choose themselves a
bishop; who immediately elected in their chapter-house
the 17th of the same month, Thomas Goodrich, S.T.P.
-which was confirmed.by the archbishop April ISth follow-
ing, in the parish church of Croydon.
Being a zealous promoter of the reformation, soon after

I FoUer't Clmrch Hilt. Book XI. p. 170.— Wortfaiei.— *Gent Mag. voU
UCXVIII.— Lloyd's Memoirs, foiioi p.SOK— Vther^s Life and Letters, p«
5S3«^IMd's Clu Hwt. toI. UL

H 2

100 GOODRICH.

his arrival be visited the prior and convent of Ely ; and
next year sent a mandate to all the clergy of his diocese,
dated at Somersham June 27, 1535, with orders to erase
the name of the pope out of all their books, and to pub-^
lish in their churches that the pope had no further, autho-
rity in this kingdom. Thia mandate is printed in Bent-
ham's ** History of Ely Cathedral," together with his in*
juncdons, dated from Ely, Oct 21, 1541, to the clergy,''
to see that all images, relics, table-monuments of miracles,
shrines, &c. be so totally demolished and obliterated, with
all speed and diligence, that no remains or memory might
be found of them for the future.** These injunctions were
so completely executed in his cathedral, and other churches
in the diocese of Ely, that no traces remain. of many fa-
nous shrines and altars, which formerly were the objects
of frequent resort, nor any signs at all that they had ever
existed. .

. In 1540 he was appointed by the convocation to be one
of the revisers of the translation of the New Testament^
and St. John's gospel was allotted to his share. He was
also named one of the commissioners for reforming the ec-
clesiastical laws, both by Henry V HI. and Edward VI. as
well as by the university of Cambridge ; and had a hand in
compiling the ** Common Prayer Book" of tlie church of
England, 154S; and likewise ''The Institution of a Chris-
tian Man,'* which was called the Bishops' Book, as being
.composed by archbishop Cranmer, and the bishops
Stokesly, Gardiner, Sampson, Repps, Goodrich, Latimer,
Shaxtou, Fox, Barlow, &c. Besides this, he was of the
.privy council to king Henry VIIL and Edward VI. and em*-
ployed by them in several embassies, and other business
of the state. In 155 hy he, was made lord chancellor of
England, in the room of lord Rich, which office he dis-«
charged with singular reputation of integrity, though in
matters of religipn he was suspected by some, of too much
disposition to temporize ia favour of popery,^ upon the
accession of queen Mary ; and Dodd, though . somewhat
faintly, claims him as a popish bishop. It is certain he
was.suffered to retain his bishopric, to hb death, although
the seals were taken from him. He was esteemed a patron
of learned men ; and expended large sums in building jind
embellishing his palaces, particularly at Ely, where the
long gallery carries tokens of his munificence. He died at
Somersham May 10, 1554 ; and waa .buried in the middle

G O O D R I C If . 101

<rf the presbytery of his cathedral church, under a marble,
with his effigies in brass, mitred, in his pontifical habit,'
and the great seal, as lord chancellor, in one of his hands,
and an inscription round it'

GOODWIN (John), one of the most violent of the re-
publican sectaries in the time of Charles I. but whom no
sect seems to own, was born in 1593, and educated at
Queen's college, Cambridge. In 1633 he was presented
to the living of St. Stephen's, Coleman-street, from which
he was turned out by what was called the *' committee for
plundered ministers,'' because he refused to baptise the
children of his parish promiscuously, and refused to ad-
minister the sacrament to his whole parish. He was an
independent, and carried on many warm disputes with the
presby terian party. What was more singular in these days,
was his embracing the Arminian doctrines, which he de-
fended with great vigour both by the pulpit and press ;
and such was the general turbulence of his temper, -and
conceit in his own opinions, that he is said to have been
against every man, and every man against him. Being a
decided republican, he peculiarly gratified the satage spi-
rit of the times by promoting the condemnation of the
king, which he afterwards endeavoured to justify in a
pamphlet called ^* The Obstructors of Jiistice," the wicked-
ness, absurdity, and impiety of which Mr. Neal has very
candidly exposed. At the restoration it was thought he
would have been excepted from the act of indemnity, but,
although he afterwards was permitted to live, a proclama-
tion was issued in 1660 against the above pamphlet, and
in that he is stated to have been ** late of Coleman-street,
clerk," and to have fled. His pamphlet was burnt by the
hands of the hangman. Returnipg afterwards, he kept a
private conventicle in Coleman-street, where he died in
1665. His works, now in very little repute, are chiefly
theological, among which the following may be mentioned:
" Redemption Redeemed," in folio. " The divine Autho-
rity of the Scriptures," 4to ; " An Exposition of the Ninth
Chapter of the Epistle of St Paul to the Romans," 4to.'

GOODWIN (Thomas), a famous nonconformist of the
independent class, was born in 1600 at Rotesby in Norfolk,

1 Benthmm't Hist of Bly.'-^Matter's Hist of C. C. C. G.^Burnet'e Reforma.
tioii,Tol II. p. S75.— Strype's Cranmer, pp. 30, 51, 134, 185, S38, S30, 233,
857, 303, 504, 41 2.— Strype's Parker, p. 16, 30, 360.

> Calamy.— Meal't Purium.'r-Bar low's Remaiot, p. 123.

1©2 GOODWIN.

\

and was sent, when he was thirteen years old» ta Christ
Church college, Cambridge, where he took his bachelor^s de-^
gree in 1617, and applied himself with so much diligence to
his studies, as to attract much notice in the university. Ja
1619 he was removed to Catherine-hall, of which be be-
came a fellow. Having taken orders, he was, elected lec<*
turer of Trinity church, in Cambridge, in 1628 ; in 1630
he took his degree of B.D. and in 1632 he was presented
by the king to the vicarage of the same church. In these
employments he was greatly admired and followed by the
puritans, who began to look up to him as a leader, but be-
coming dissatisfied with the terms of conformity, be re-
linquished his preferments, and quitted the university in
1634, and to avoid the consequences of his nonconform
ipity, went afterwards to Holland, where be was chosen
pastor to an independent congregation at Arnbeim. When
the parliament bad usurped all church authority, he re-
turned to London, and became a member of the Assembly
of divines, with whom, however, he did not always agree*
But his attachment to the independent party contributed
to render him a favourite with Cromwell, through whose
influence he was, in J 649, made one of the commissioners
for the approbation of public preachers, and also appointed
president of Magdalen college, Oxford. Here he formed
a meeting upon, the independent plan, or rather converted
the college into a meeting of that description, but was not
inattentive to the interests of learning. His intimacy and
favour with Cromwell seems to have been fatal to his good
sense, and probably the usurper's hypocrisy deceived him*
When he attended Cromwell upon his death-bed, he was
overheard to express himself with presumptuous confidence
on the protector's recovery ; and when the event proved
him mistaken, be exclaimed in a subsequent prayer to
God, " thou hast deceived us, and we are deceived." But
he was not the only one of the nonconformists of that
age who fancied themselves endued with extraordinary
powers. After the restoration he was ejected from Ox-
ford, and retired to London, where he was permitted to
continue in the exercise of the ministry till his death in
1679. He was buried in Bunhill-fields, where a monument
was erected to his memory, with a long Latin inscription.
He was certainly a considerable scholar, and a learned and
eminent divine. In the register at Oxford he is described
<^ in scriptis in re theologica quamplurimis Orbi notus.^'

GOODWIN. 103

He was a high Calvinist ; but, while he zealously enforced
what he conceived to be the doctrines of CbristiaQity, he
did not forget to enforce by every incitement in his power
the necessity of pure moral conduct He was author of
numerous pious and controversial pieces^ sermons, expa«
sitipnsy &c. some of which were printed during his life-time^
and inserted, after his death, in a coll^ection of his works
published in five volumes folio. ^

< GOOGE (Barnaby) was a celebrated poet and transla-«
tor, who lived in the sixteenth century, but of whom little
*is known, unless that be was educated at Christ's College^
Cambridge, whence he removed to Staples Inn. ' Mr*
Ellis conjectures that he might have been born about 1538*
We have no doubt that be was the same Barnaby Googe
who ,was a relation and retainer to sir William Cecil, queen
Elizabeth's minister, and who was gentleman -pensioner tQ
the queen. Mr. Churton thinks, with great probability^
that he was the father of Barnaby Googe, master of Mag«
dalen college, Cambridge, who was incorporated at Ox«
ford in August 1605, when king James was there. In 1563
he published a very elegant little volume, now of the
greatest rarity, entitled ^^Eglogs, Epitaphs, and Sonnetes;*?
One of the sonnets, superior, as the rest are, in point of
harmony, to most of the productions of those days, is ad<»
dressed to Alexander Nowell, aftervyards the. celebrated
dean of St. Paurs, and reprinted in Mr. Churton's ela«
borate life .of that divine^ It is said there are only two
copies of this volume in existence, one in the possession of
Mr, Heber, who purchased it at George Steevens's sale, and
the other in the library of Trinity college, Cambridge*
Cooge's principal translation was the ^^ Zodiakeof Life,**
from Marcellus Palingenius Stellatus, a very moral, but
tiresome satire, perfectly unconnected with astronomy, the
author merely distinguishing each of the twelve books of
his poem by the name of a celestial sign. The first three
books appeared in 1 560, and the first six in 1561; the whole
was printed complete in. 1565, 12mo. In 1570 he translated
from. Naogeorgus, a poem on Antichrist ; in 1577, Here*
baches oBcooomical treatise on agriculture; and in 1&79»
Lopes de Mendoza's Spanish proverbs, and afterwards
Aristotle's ^^ Table of the Ten Categories." The few spe-^

» Calamy.— rAth. Ox. vol. IL— Ncal'i Puritanf .

104 G O 1R D O N.

cimeiis published from these very rare works are highly^
favourable to the author^s talents and principles. ^

GORDON (Alexander), a native of Scotland, was an
excellent draughtsman, and a good Grecian, who resided
many years in Italy, visited mostparts of that country, and
had also travelled into France, Germany, &c. In 1736
he was appointed secretary to the society for the encoil-
ragement of learning, witt^ an annual salary of 50/. which
he resigned in 1739. In ihe same year (1736) he suc-
ceeded Dr. Stukeley as secretary to the society of anti*
quaries, which office he resigned in 1741 to Mr. Joseph
Ames, and was for a short time secretary to the Egyptian
club, composed of gentlemen who had visited Egypt, viz*
lord Sandwich, Dr. Shaw, Dr. Pococke, &c. In 1741 he
went to Carolina with governor Glen, where, besides a
grant of land, he had several offices, such as register of
the province, &c. ; and died about 1750, a justice of the
peace, leaving a handsome estate to his family. He pub-'
lished, 1. <^ Itinerarium Septentrionale, or a Journey
through most parts of the counties of Scotland, in two^
parts, with 66 copper-plates, 1726," folio. 2. "Addi-
tions and Corrections, by way of supplement, to the Itine-
rarium Septentrionale ; containing several dissertations on,
and descriptions of, lloman antiquities, discovered in Scot-
land since publishing the said Itinerary. Together with
observations on other ancient monuments found in the
North of England, never before published, 1732,^' folio.
A Latin edition of the '^ Itinerarium^' including the Sup-
plement, was printed in Holland, in 1731. 3. "The Lives
of pope Alexander VI. aiid his son Cse^ar Borgia, compre-
hending the wars in the reign of Charles VIIL and Lewis,
XII. kings of France ; and the chief transactions and revo-
lutions in Italy, from 1492 to 1516. With an appendix of
original pieces referred to in the work, 1729,*' folio. 4.
*< A complete History of the ancient Amphitheatres, more
particularly regarding the Architecture of these buildings,
and in particular that of Verona, by the marquis Scipio
MafFei; translated from the Italian, 1730,*' 8vo, after-
wards enlarged in a second edition. 5. ** An Essay to-
wards explaining the Hieroglyphical Figures on the Cof-
fin of the ancient Mummy belonging to capt. WiUiam

^ Phillips's Tbeatram edited by sir E. BiydgM.— Churton's Irfe of Nowell,— «
WartOD's Hist, of Poe;ry.— Strype's Life of Parker^ p. 144.— Ellii^s Specsimeoi.
•-^Censttra Iiteraria> vd. II. and V.

i

GORDON. 105 i

LethieulHer, 1737," folio, with cuts. 6. "Twenty-five
plates of all the! Egyptian Mummies, and other £gyptiaii
Antiquities in England," about 1739, folio. ^

GORDON (Bernard), a French physician of the thir-
teendi century, is said to have conferred honour on the
medical faculty of Mt>ntpellier, where he began to teach
and to {Practise m i^^5. As was the custom of the time^
he tot>k bis surname^from the place of his birth (Gordon, in
Rouvergne), and AtUed himself Bernardns de Gordonio,
and not Gordoniis, as it is commoiily written. According
to the accounts of some writers, who place the death of
this physician in 1305, be taught at Montpellier only twenty
years ; but others say that he was living in 1318. He left
aiconstderable number of treatises, which were published
together at Ferrara in 1487, at Venice in 1494, at Paris in
1542, and at Lyons in 1550.*

GORDON (James), a Scotch Jesuit, of the noble fa-
mily of Gordon, was born in 1543, and educated at Rome,
where he became a Jesuit, Sept. 20, 1563, and was created
D.D. in 1569.' He was professor of Hebrew and divinity
for nearly fifty years in several parts of Europe, Rortie,
Paris, Bourdeaux, Pont a Mousson, &c. and acquired
great reputatfon for learning and acuteness. He was em-^
ployed as a missionary in England and Scotland, and was
twice imprisoned for his zeal in making converts. He was
also frequently employed by the general of his order in
negociating their affairs, for which he had every requisite
talent. Alegambe describes him as a saint, without a par-
ticle of human frailty, but Dodd allows that he lived very
much in a state of dissipation^ yet was regular in all the
austerities of bis profession. He died at Paris, April 16,
1620. His only writings are ^^ Controversiarum Fidei Epi-
tome,'' in three parts or volumes, 8vo, the first printed at
Limog^ 1612, the second at Paris, and the third at Co-
logn io 1620. There was another James Gordon, of the
family of Lesmore, also a Scotch Jesuit, who was born at
or near Aberdeen in 1553, and died at Paris, Nov. 17,
1641. He wrote a commentary on the Bible, ** Biblia
Sacra, cum Comiiienttfriis, &c.'* Paris^ 3 vols. fol. 1632^
which Dnpin seems to think an useful ahd judicious work.
He wrote idsp some historical and chronological works,

*~Nic1iolt^ Bowyeir.

* ten^ Cyclopedia, from El07.^MftGlL«ii>M>i Sootch WnUn, yl I. p. 439.

106 GORDON.

enumerated by Alegambe, aad a system of moral lheo««
logy, &c.*

GORDON (Thomas), a native of Scotland, and once.
distinguished by bis party writings on political and religious
subjects, was born at Kirgudbrigbt in Galloway, about the
end of the seventeenth century. He had an university
education, and went through the common course of aca«
demical studies ; but whether at Aberdeen or St. Andrew's
i$ uncertain. When a young man he came to London^
and at first supported himself by teaching the languages,;
but afterwards commenced party writer, and was employed
by the earl of Oxford in queen Anne's time; but we know
not in what capacity. He first distinguished himself in the
Bangorian controversy by two pamphlets in defence of
Boadly, which recommended him to Mr. Trenchard, an
author of the same stamp, who took him into his house, at
first as his amanuensis, and afterwards into partnership, as
an author. In 1720, they began to publish, in coBJuncr
tion, a series of letters, under the name of *^ Cato," upon
various and important subjects relating to the public.
About the same time they published another periodical
paper, under the title of ^^ The Independent Whig,'* which
was continued some years after Trenchard's death by Gor*
don alone. The same spirit which appfears, with more
decent language, in Cato's letters against the administra-
tion in the state, shews itself in this work in much more
glaring colours against the hierarchy in the church. It is»
in truth, a gross and indecent libel on the established re-
Iigion» which, however, Gordon was admirably qualified
to write, as be had no religion of his own to check his in-
temperate sallies. After Trenchard's death, the minister,
sir Robert Walpole, knowing his popular talents,. took him
into pay to defend his measures, for which end hd wrote
several pamphlets. At the time of his death, July 28, 1750,
'\ie was first commissioner of the wine-licences, an of-
fice which he had enjoyed many years, and which di-
minished his patriotism surprisingly. He was twice mar-
ried. His second wife was the widow of his friend Tren-
chard; by whom he had children, and who survived him.
Two collections of his tracts have been preserved : the
first entitled, ^< A Cordial for Lo\y-spirits,'' in ^hree volumes;
and the second, << The Pillars of Priestcraft and Ortho-

> Alagtmb* Bibl Script Societal. Jetui.— Dodd's Church Hiftsiy, vol. II.

GORDON. 107

doxy shaken,^' in two volumes. But these^ like many other
posthumous pieces, had better have been suppressed. His
translations of Sallust and Tacitus, now, perhaps, contri-
bute more to preserve his name, although without confer*^
ring much reputation on it. His Tacitus appeared in 2
vols. fol. in 1728, with discoursiss taken from foreign com**
mentators and translators of that historian. Sit Robert
Walpole patronised a subscription for the work, which
was very successful; but no classic was perhaps ever so
miserably mangled. His style is extremely vulgar, yet
affected, and abounds with abrupt and inharmonious pe<«
riods, totally destitute of any resemblance to the original,
while the translator fancied he was giving a corre<^t imi-*
tatioh. *

GORDON (William), an Anglo-American divine and
historian, and minister ait Roxburg in Massachusetts, was
born at Hitchin, in Hertfordshire, in 1729, and educated
a^ a dissenting academy in or near London. He was afters-
wards pastor of an independent congregation at Ipswich^
where he officiated for several years. In 1772 he went to
America, and settled at Roxburg. When the revolution
commenced in America, he took a very active part. against
his native country, and was appointed chaplain to the pro-
vincial congress of Massachusetts. In 1776 he appears first
to have conceived the design of writing the history of the
revolution and war, and began to collect materials on the
spot, in which he was assisted by the communication of
state papers, and the correspondence of Washington and
the other generals who had made a distinguished figure in
the field. In 1786 he came to England, and in 1788 pub*
lished, in 4 vols. 8vo, " The History of the rise, progress,
and establishment of the Independence of the United States
of America.*' This, however, is rather a collection of facts,
than a regular history, for the writing of which, indeed,
the author had no talent ; his style is vulgar and confused,
and his reflections common-place. The best parts of it
occur where he made most use of Dodsley^s Annual Re*
gister. The colouring he attempts to give, as may be
expected, is entirely unfavourable to the English, nor does
he endeavour to disguise his partialities. He is said to
have published also some sermons ; a pamphlet recom-

1 Bio|^. Brit. art. Trenchard.^WhistOD's MS notes M the first tditioa of
this Dictionary.

10$ O O R D o N:

mending a society for the benefit of widows, another istgainst
the doctrine of universal redemption, and an abridgment
of Edwards, *^ on religious affections.*' He appears not
to have returned to America after the publication of his
history, but to have resided partly at St. Neots, and partly
at Ipswich, at which last he died in 1807.^

GORE (Thomas), a heraldic writer, was bom of an an^
cient family at Alderton, in Wiltshire, in 1631, and was
educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. Thence he went
to Lincoln*s-inn, but probably with no serious purpose to
study the law, as he retired afterwards to his patrimony at
Alderton. ]9ere his property entitled him to the honour
of being appointed high sheriff of Wiltshire in 1680, at
which time some unjust aspersions on his character ibduced
him to write a defence entitled '^ Loyalty displayed, and
falsehood unmasked/' &c. Lond. 1681, 4to. He died
March 31, 1684, at Alderton, leaving a variety of curious
MSS. and printed collections on his favourite study of he-
raldry. His publications were, 1. " A Table shewing how
to blazon a coat ten several ways," 1655, a single sheet
copied from Feme. 2. ^^ Series Alphabetica, . Latino*
Anglica, Nomina Gentilitiorum, sive eognominum pluri-
marum familiarum, quas miiltos per annos in Anglia ilo-*
ruere,*' Oxoii. 1667, 8vo. A copy of this rare book is ia
the British Museum. 3. << Catalogus in certa capita, seu
Classes, alphabetico ordine concinnatus, plerorumque om-
nium Authorum (tarn antiquorum quam recentiorum) qui
de re Heraldica, Latine, Gallice, Ital. Hisp. &c. scripse-
runt,'* Qx. 1668, reprinted with enlargements, 1674. 4.
•* Nomenclator geographicus," &c. Ox. 1667, 8vo.*

GORELLI or GREGORIO, the son of Raynier, of the
family of Sinigardi, of Arezzo, in Italy, lived in the four-*
teenth century, and was notary of Arezzo, an office of
considerable rank. In his fiftieth year he formed the de*
sign of writing the history of bis country in Italian verse,
and unfortunately took Dante for his model, w^om be was
unable to follow. The events he relates concern the pe-
riod from 1310 to 1384, and may be consulted with advan-
tage by those who will overlook the badness of the poetry.
When he died is not known. Muratori has inserted hi^s
history in his collection of Italian historians.*

1 Siipplementaiyyol. to the Diet. Hist. 1819, which oonsiits chieflf of Attie*
neaD lives, probably contributed by an Americao.
* Ath. Ox. vol. II.— Gent. Maf. vol. LXII. * Morert.

G O R G I A S. . IW

GORGIAS (LeoN/Tinus), a native of Leontium^ in Sicily^
who floarislied in the fifth century B. C. was a celebrated
orator of the school of Empedocles. He was deputed in
the year 427, by his fellow-citizens, to request succour
of the Athenians against the people of Syracuse, whom he
so charmed with his. eloquence that he easily obtained
what he required. He also made a display of his eloquence
at the Olympic and Pythian games, and with so much
success, that a statue of gold was erected to him at Delphi,
and monej^was coined with his name upon it. In the lat-
ter part of his life he established himself at Athens, and
lived till' he had attained the age of one hundred and five
years. He is reputed, according to Quiottlian, to be the
author and inventor of extemporaneous speaking, in which
art he exercised his disciples. Hermogenes has preserved
a fragment of his, from which we may infer that his man-
ner was quaint and artificial, full of antithesis and pointed
expression.^

GORIO (Anthony Francis], a learned antiquary of
Florence, was born in 1691, and died Jan. 21, 17i7, in
that city. He was the author of an account of the grand
duke's cabinet, entitled <^ MussBum Florentinum," Florene.
1731, continued to 11 vols, fol.^ *' Musieiim Etruscum,**
1737, Svols.fol. ; *' Musseum Cortonense,*' Romie, 1750,
foi. He also published the ancient Inscriptions which are
found in the cities of Tuscany; Florence, 1727, 3 vols. fol. ;
and other books on Tuscan antiquities.^ His '^ Musaeum
Fiorentinum*' contains in vol. L *^ Gemmae,*' dedicated to
Gaston, 100 plates; vol. II. 1732, '^Gemmae," 100 plates;
vol. III. 1734, << Statuae," dedicated to Gaston, 100
plates; vols. IV. V. and VI. 1740, « Numismata," dedi-
cated to Francis III. 115 plates. It is divided into three
parts; one consisting of figures, two of dissertations; some-
times bound in 2 vols, and sometimes in three. In 1 748,
50 portraits of the eminent professors of painting were en-
graved, with no farther explanation than their names, the
year in which they were born and died ; but this part is
freqiiently wanting, because these portraits may be found
in the History of the Painters, 4 vols, with their lives, by
Francis Mouck^. Vol. VII. is the first volume of the
painters, 1752, 55 portraits. Vol. VIII. the second vo-
lume of the painters, 1754, 55 portraits. Vol. IX. the

1 Fabric. Bibl. Gnec-^Moreri.— Saxii Onomait.

110 G O R I O.

Ihifxl votame of the painters, 1756) 55 portraits. Vol. X.
the fourth volonae of the painters, 1762, 55 portraits%
VoU XI. contains 100 portraits of painters, which may be
found in the abbi Pozzi, and their lives by the abb<
Orazis Marrioi, Florence, 1764, 2 tom^eacb, divided int^
jtwo parts; the whole bound in 1 vol.'

GORION. See JOSEPH BEN GORION.

GORLiEUS (Abraham), an eminent antiquary, waa
^born at Antwerp in 1549, and gained a reputation by col^
lecting medals and other antiques. He was chiefly fond (^
the rings and seals of the ancients, of which he published
« prodigious number in 1601, under this title, <^Dacty«-
liotheca, sive Annulorum Sigillariumi quorum apud priscdf
tarn Grsecos quam Romanos usus ex ferro, aere, argento^
.&. auro, Promptuarium.*' This was the first part of the
work ; the second was entitled *^ Variarum Gemmarum,
quibus Antiquitas in signando uti solita, sculpturse." This
work has undergone several editions, the best of which is
that of Leydien, 1625 ; which not only contains a vast
mumber.of cuts, but a short explication of them by Gn>*
jDOvius. In 1608 he published a collection of medals;
.which, however, if we may believe the ^^ Scaligerana,'' it
is not safe always to trust. Some have asserted, that
be never studied the Latin tongue, and that the learned
pjreface prefixed to his ** Dactyliotheca,'* was written, by
another. Peiresc, as Gasse^dus relates, used to say, that
*^ though GorlsDus never studied the Latin tongue, yet be
understood all the books written in Latin concerning medak
find coins;" but this cannot be reconciled with the accounts
of him in other authors, nor indeed with probability,
porlaeus resided principally at Delft, and died there April
15, 1609. His collections of antiques were sold by his
heirs to the pirnce of Wales.'

GORRIS (John de), in Latin Gorreus, a physician,
was born at Paris in 1505. He took the degree of doctor
x>f physic in that city about 1540, and was appointed dean
of the faculty in 1548. He is said to have possessed both
the learning and sagacity requisite to form an accomplished
physician, and to have practised with great humanity and
success. His works, which were published in 1622, folio,
by one of his sons, contributed to support this reputaUoQ.

1 Diet. Hilt— >Saxii Onomast.— Archeologia, toI. VII,

s Gen. DicU— MQreri.«-JPoppeii Sibl. Bel^.^-SaiU QMontt.

G O R R I S. 114

Hie greater part of theai consists of commentaries on dif-
lereBt portioifs of the writings of Hippocrates, Galen, and
Nkander. During the civil war, which was fatal tonu-
tnerous men of letters, John de Morris was stopped by a
party of soldiers, when on bis journey to Melun to visit
the bishop of Paris, and the fright which he sustained is
said to ]iave deprived him of his reason. This occurred ia
1561, and he lived in this deplorable condition until hia
death at Paris, in 1577. His. father, Peter dj^ Gokr}£^
was a physician at Bourges, attained considerable emi-
nence^ and left two works, one on the general ^^ practice
of medicine,^' dated 1555; the other, ^* a collection ci
brmvl3Sf\ 1560, both in Latin.'

OORTER (John de), a physician, was born in 1689^
at EuJibuysen, and after having been a disciple of the ce-
lebrated Boerhaave, became a distinguished teacher of
medicine at Harderwick, in consequence of which he was
elected a member of the academies of Petersburg, Rome,
and Haerlem, and obtained the title of physician to Eii-
satbetb, empress of all the Rassias. He died Sept. 1 1,
1762. He was the author of several works, which are
written with excellent method, and contain many interest-
ing and original observations, relating to physiological and
practical subjects, as well as to the practice of the ancients.
The principal are, 1. " De Perspiratione insensibili,"
Leyden and Padua, 1725, 4to, often reprinted. 2. *^ De
Secretione humorum in sanguine," ibid. 1727. 3. ^' Me-
dicinae Compendium," 1731 — 1737, 2 vols. 4to. 4. "Exer-
•citationes quatuor medicae," Amst. 1737, 4to, &c. His
jon, David de Gorter, professor of physic and botany in
Ae Dutch university of Harderwick, was author of Several
'local Floras of that neighbourhood, and of Elenienta Bo-
tanica. He died in 1783, aged sixty-six.'

60SSELINI (Julian), an Italian poet and miscellaneous
writer, was born at Rome in 1525, where he pursued his.
studies in the bouse of the cardinal de Santa Fiora, but in
liis seventeenth year was taken into the service of Ferdi-
nand Gonzaga, then viceroy of Sicily, and governor of
Milan, to which city he accompanied that nobleman in
1546, and became his secretary. He was afterwards taken
:to the court of Spain, where he obtained the esteem and

^ NiceroD, toI. XXXVIII.— Rees's Cyc1o|)edia.— Saxii OnooMst.
' Diet. Hitt.— Rces'fl Cyclopedia*

I

112 G O S S E L I N I.

favour of Philip IL Under the duke of Albuquerque be
was imprisoued on a charge of' conspiracy against the life
of John Baptist Monti, but vindicated his own cause, and
was not only released, but admitted to public employment
under the succeeding governors of Milan. ^ He died Feb.
12, 1587, leaving behind him several works, that obtained
for him high reputation ; of these the principal are, ^^ The
Life of Ferdinand Gonzaga," 1579, 4to. <' Three Con-
spiracies,*' &c. 15Sd, 8vo. << Rime,'* or a collection of
poems, several times reprinted. ^^ Discourses.** ^^ Let-
ters,** &c. ; and he translated inta Italian a French work
.entitled ^^ A true account of things that have ha^jpened
in the Netherlands, since the arrival of Don Juan of
Austria.** » "

GOSSON (Stephen), a divine and poet, was bom in Kent
in 1 554, and was admitted scholar of Christ-church, Oxford,
in April 1572, but left the university without completing^
bis degrees, and came to London, where he commenced
poet, and wrote some dramMic pjeces which were never
published. He then retired into the country, as tutor to
a gentleman*8 sons, and became by some means a bitter
enemy to the' drama and all its concerns. This occasioned
some dispute with the father of his pupils, whose service
he thereifore quitted, and took orders. His first promotion
was to the living of Gresit Wigborow, in Essex.; and his
next in 1600, the rectory of St.Botolph, Bishopsgate-street,
where he died Feb. 13, 1^23. He was a contemporary of
Speuser and sir Philip Sidney, whom, he imitated, and
was thought to have excelled in pastoral poetry. His un-
published plays were, I. ^^ Cataline's Conspiracies.** 2.
" The Comedy of Captain Mario ;'* and the " Praise at
parting.*' In opposition to theatrical amusements be wrote,
f^ Play confuted in five several actions,** 1580, and *^ The
School of Abuse,** 1587; the latter a professed invective
against poets, players, and. jesters, but with much good
sense and gooxi temper He wrote also the '^ Ephemerides
of Phialo,*' 1579, and a sermon entitled << The Trumpet
of War." «

GOTHOFRED. See GODEFROI.

GOTTESCHALCUS, surnamed Fulgentius, and ce»
lebrated for propagating and exciting a .controversy on
the doctrines of predestination and free grace, was bora

' Gen. Diet.— Moreri.— -Tiraboschi*

* Atb. Ox. ToU I.— Gtot. Mag. ?ol. LXV.— Biog . Drainatio««

© O T T E S C HA 1- C U S. lis

«a6erUa«lf, in the beginning, prdbably^ of the ninth t;e6-
/tiify, Fsom au-ly Ufe be ha4 be^n a monk, and bad de-
voled faudtetf to tbeolegieal inquiries. He was pecftliaitly
i»fi^ Qrf tim ^ratings (of St. Apgttstiiie> and efitered with
jo^efa sKial 'inte his sentinents. About the year 846, iie
left 'his nteoasterj^ at FuMa, and went into Dalmatia and
Panootiia, where be spread the doctrhies of St. Augustine,
under a firetence, as his eneuiies said, of preaching the
go8|)el to the iniideis. At his return, he reaiataed sokne
iime m Looibardy, and in the year 847 held a confeience
wiA Notingus, or Nothingus, bishop of Vietine^ concern*
ing predestination, who prevailed on Rabamis, archbishop
t)f MeitttZy to tiadertake the^ confutation of what was called
a siewir ireresy. This the archbishop undertook, and was
iopported by a syaod at M^Boiz, which condemned Gottes*-
chaiciis. He was farther prosecuted by Himeniar, arch"
hisfaop of fijieifiis, was degraded from the priesthood, and
^idered «o be beaten with rods^ and imprisoned. But
-as n^^biog was proved against him, except bis adhe^
iHeDoe ^ the sentiments of Augustine, which were still
heldln.esiimalaott ia dse .church, tbiis shews, in the opitiion
iof Dnpih, diat he was an injured man. He was, however,
«a aemetaely whipped in the presence of the emperor Charles
and the bishops, ^at his resohition failed him^ and be
complied with their commands so far as to throw into the
£re a wrttiog in which he had made a coUection of scrip-
tuce tekts in order 4o prove his opinion. After this he
was kept a close prisoiser by Hincmar in a monastery,
wkeeehe ooatinued to maintain his opiotans until his death
in ihe aanle prison in the year 870. Hincmar, hearing
that be lay at the point of death, sent him a formulary,
which he was to subscribe, in order to his being received
iatothe eottimonion of tbe church ; Oottesbhalcus, however,
jpgecled thec^er witb indignation, and therefore, by ord^i«
ql Hinemar^ was denied Christian burial. But even in that
a^ tiiere were men who loudly remonstrated against the
faarbafily.with whiob he had been treated. Remigius, arch*
hUkisp fOf Lyons, distinguished himself among these ; and^
im a^sftuneil held at Valence, in Daupbiny, in the year
^65^ hol^h Ootteschalcus and his doctrine were vindicated
jmd def^hded, and two subsequent councils confirmed the
decrees x>f »this connciL The churches also af Lyons^
Vienne, and Aries, vigorously supported the sentiments of
Gotteschalcus, whom nothing biit the secular influence of
Vol. XVI. I ^

114 GO T T ESCHALCUS.

Hincmar could have detained in prison, while bis catne

• was thus victorious. The only wntii>g8 of this confessor
that have reached the present limes are, two ^** Confessions

. of Faith,'' inserted in archbishop Usher's^ ** Historia Qot-
teschalci," printed at Dublin in 1641 ; an epistle to Ra-
tramnus, published in Cellot's '< Historia Gotteschalci/' at

eParis, in 1655, and some fragments of other jMeces, no-
ticed by Cave. In 1650, the celebrated Maguin publish-

red, at Paris, a collection of the treatises produced on both
sides of this controversy, entitled ^^Veterum Auctorum
qui nono saeculo de Prs&destinatione et Gratia scripserant,

. &c/' 2 vols* 4to. *

GOTTI (Vincent Lewis), a learned cardinal, was born

'at Bologna Sept. 5, 1664. He was the son of James Gotti^
a doctor of laws, and professor in the university of Bologna*
In 1680 he became of the Dominican order, and having

.completed his course of philosophy at Bologna, was sent to
study theology for four years at Salamanca in Spain. U^
on his return in 1688, he was appointed professor of phi-
losophy in the university of Bologna, and was also made
prior and provincial of his order, and inquisitor of Milan.

,In 1728, pope Benedict XIII. created him a cardinal, and
three years afterwards appointed him member of the con-
gregation for examining bishops -, and such was his reputa-
tion, that in the last conclave, held during his time, a con-
siderable number of the cardinals were for his being raised
to the papal throne. Soon after this he died at Rome in
.1742. His works are much valued by the catholics m
Italy, and display considerable erudition. Of these the
principal are, 1. ^^De vera Christi Ecclesia," Rome, 17 19,
3 vols, and reprinted with additions at Milan in 1734. 2.
<^ Theologia Scholastico-dogmatica, juxta mentem divi
Thomae Aquinatis, &c.*' 6 vols. 4to. S. ^' Colloquia Theo-
logica-polemica, in tres classes distributa, &c." Bologna,
4to. 4. '^ De Eligenda inter Dissidentes Christianos Sea*
tentia,*' written in answer to a piece with the same title,
by Le Clerc ; and an elaborate work in defence of the truth
of the Christian religion against atheists, idolaters, Maho-
metans, Jews, &c. 1735 — 1740, in 12 vols. He was em-
ployed at the time of his death in writing '* A Commentary
on the Book of Genesis.'' A long life of him, ^' De vita et
atudiis, &c.'' 4to, was published at Rome in 1742.'

1 Cs¥e<F-Diipiiii— Moreri.«-]IIiki«r'f Chnrcli Hitt. toU III. p. 242. * Morta.

G O TT SX H E D. lis

(srOTTSCHED (John Christopher), a German poet,
father, however, in theory than practice, was born at Ko-
Digsberg'in.1700, and attained the office of professor of
philosophy, logic, and metaphysics at Leipsic^ where be
. died in 1766. His works, both original and republished,
contributed in a considerable degree to diffuse a taste for
.-elegant literature in Germany, as well as to refine the
: German language. Among these we find, 1. <^ An Intro-
, duction to Dramatic Poetry, or a Review of all the trage-
t dies, comedies, and operas, which have appeared in Ger-
many from 1450 to the middle of the eighteenth century,'*
Leipsic, 1757. 2. "The German Poets, published by
John Joachim, a Suabian^'* ibid. 1736. He also compiled
■ various books of instruction in style and elocuti«n adapted

• to the then state of the German schools ; and might have
' deserved the praise of an acute critic, had he not unfortu-
nately illustrated his principles by his own poetical effu-

^sions, in which there is only a mediocrity of taste and ge-
nius.' He died in December 1766. — His wife, Louisa
Maria, had also very considerable literary talents, and had
studied philosophy, mathematics, the belles lettres, and
music, with success. She published a metrical translation
of Pope's " Rape of the Lock ;^' and since her death, in
: 1762, a collection of her letters has been published, which
is held in high esteem. Frederick the Great of Prussia,
who preferred Gellert to Gottsched, speaks with greater

• respect of this lady than of her husband, but seems to think
that both discovered more pedantry than taste*^

GOUDELIN (Peter), a Gascon poet, was born at Tou-
louse iti 1579, where his father was a surgeon. He was
educated for the law, but the muses charmed him fron
that profession, and he devoted himself to their service.

• His verses and the wit of his conversation procured him
easy access to the tables of the great, but he profited so

' little by their patronage, that he would haVe been left to
starve in bis old age, had not his fellow citizens bestowed
' a pension on him from the ^blic funds, wjiich he enjoyed
! until bis death, Sept. 10, 1649. Suc)i was his reputation
that they also placed his bugt in the gallery of the town-
hall, among those af other illustrious men whom Toulouse
had produced ; and his works were long cited with delight
and admiration. They were published in a single volume,

• • .'Diet. Hilt. - •

J 2

116 C O U D E L I N, "~^

jmmI oftan fu&Bto^ .at Toulouse^ and at AmsteFdam in 170O.
Hb rpoem .ob ^ttie 4eath of Henry <!¥. is ^ne -of bis best/ aiid
•nefof the Ukv Jtbat has borne a itraodatioti from fbe 19^j^«
lOcna language. ^

'GOUlilNIEL i(Ciw^i?DE% on^ iof tfce «arly and most ce-*
l^hrated .cooiposers of mwc to tbe fnetHrksd Frencdi 'tratis*
latioiis of tile psaloas for the use of the prot6«t«lnas, xrad a
oatiTe of Franobe-Comt^, wbo iost his Mfe ^t -Lyons^ -on
abe day of tke massacre of Fajrh in 1 5t2, ifbr bating set to
music tber psalfns of Cieaaefit Marot. Goudimel bei^^en
luudi celetbrated by the protesftants in France for fhis ami-
'Sic, vbicb w^s .never used ia 47be church of Geneva, and by
the catholics in' Italy for instructing Fdestriiia in 4be art «f
QOB^fiasirion, though k is doubtful «wbether this gresBt bar*
aaonisit and (Goudimel bad ever the least acquaintance or
mtercouvse tc^etfaer. He set the ^^ .Chansons ^^ritueUes'*
of ^be cekbrated Marc^ Ant. De Muret, in four parts, which
m0te printed at Paris, 1555. We may suppose Goudimel,
at ^s time, to have beein a catholic, as the learned Mu^et
is never ranked aoEiong hieretics by French biographers.
Ten yioars. a&Br, wheii be set tbe psalms of Clement Marot^
tbisvension wasstiU cegarded mth less horror by the cat^-
liqs tbaa in later times ; for the music which Goudimei bad
jfist to it was printed at Paris by Adrian Le Roy, and Robeirt
BoUard, with a privilege, 1565. It was reprinted in Hot-
iand, in 1^7, for the use of the protestants. His works
jwre beooine so scarce, that bis name and reputation ai^
preserved by protestant historians, more in pity of his mis*
fortunes, than by any knowledge of tlieir excellence. The
emrliest mention of Goudimd, as a composer, is in a woiik
/entttlfid ^^ liber quartus Eeclesiasticarum Cantionum 4}ua*
tuor TOCittD vulgo Motets vocant,*' printed at Antwerp, by
£usato, 1554, eighteen years before his death. These
motets resemble in gravity of style, simplicity in ike sub-
jects of fugue, and purity of harmony, the ecclesiastical
compositions of our venerable countryman Bird* Some of
bis letters are .printed anKMig the poems of bis intimate
frioid Melissus, published under die title of ^'Melisai
Scbediasmatum Reliquise/' 1575, 8vo.'

GOUGE (William), a very celebrated puritan divine,
was born at Bow near Stratford^ Middlesex^ Nov. 1^ .1575^

'1 Mpreri.— Diet Hist.

< Gen. Diet.— Dr. Barney, m Refit's Cjrdsp«di«,— Hawkins'* Hist, of Music*

r

G a U G R lit

aod edHfiQtoii at Eton iehotA, ^b^nce he nieat in 1595 to
King's coUeg(e> Gambridgie. He vifat endowed wtA con^
sideivdble powers of mkid, and by close appiioation to sNidy,
acGumnlated a great fund of learning. Sucb was bis ar^
doar and regularity in his ikerary pursuits, that during^ his
first thrae yearS) he dept only one dight out of eollege^
and for nine years* never missed college prayers at half-
pB9t frve in the morningt ufitess when froiti home* it wm
hia invairiabie rule to read fifte^ chapters io die Bible
eFery day, at three times. When bhosen reader of logio
and philoiopby in the college, he was equally precise< id'
regiUttffi^ of duty and attendanoe. Hamsg tsri^en bie de«
greesy aad beenadoutied into orderS) he was iu 1606 pi^*
ferred po* the rectory of St. AnneV ^cfcfriars^ London^
where he^ became extremely popular ; and* ha?ioge insti*
tuted a leetimneon Wednesday morakigS|» it vra$ fi^iiented*
by ntany persona of die first itmk Having, howie»ver, imw
bibed jHMiieof the pjrejudififta whidi wereahen so coMmm^
agaiimt the. church of Englatod^- he was oceaiibwUr cii^U**
sated, and at ^nH time threattened witba prosecudon m*
the StaiMshamfaer for having beeone^ a* meanber ctf li soeietj^
for the piHchase of imjMtopriatioiis ; but' this'did not^takd^
effidct^ aiididie subiequeat disturbancea i<dieTed,hifiS (\rom^
any £iiitbei* molestation. In 164S> he was nooiioaited one-
fit fht asiembly of divines, and took an active piArtin> die^
various pnooeedinge instituted by the then poling powon^*
for the cefonnatioa of the church* But «i^eti in 1^46, be
sav the: fevgcfas to whidi their reformations 'tevid^d^ be
united with a large body of Im bretbrisn in dedaring against
patting the hing to d^th. For forty^five yeairsj stsy^
Gyas^r, . he wan* the laborious, the exemplary, attd^: ih^^
nracb leifedi mtndster of St Anne*s Blacbfriaie,)^ wtbere^Me^
ever tboc^tor spoke- ill of him, but sueh as wei^inoliiDeid''
to thMi or speak ill of religion itself. He died 9ee^ P2f
l$6&* He appears, indeed^ to have had the' suf&ages^ of
ali his^ contemporaries, and is boeottrtAvly men^tkined' by
many foreign divines*^ He was at one time 08ewd tbe
prarofitship of King^s^ college^ but' declined it; Ma uauii^
saying was^ that it waa bis highest ambitkm ^ 4ol go firofii'
Biaokfefars* .to beaitiea%** Be published several pious tmet^
and aomie serHipns^ which buhop WiUdns elas^ofr.ani4^iijgf
the most excellent of his time ; but his principal work
was <^ A Commentary on th^ Epistle to tjie Hebrews^'*

Hi GOUGE.

1655, fol. He had also a share in the commentairy on the
Bible, usually called ^'The Assembly's Annotations.*' ^

GOUGE (Thomas), son of the preceding, was bom at
Bow, Sept. 19, 1605^ and was educated at Eton school,
whence he was chosen to King's college, Cambridge, in
1626. Here, after taking his degrees, he was chosen fel-
low of his college, and afterwards presented with a 'living
at Colsden near Croydon, in Surrey, where he continued
about three years. In 1638, he was removed to the living
of St. Sepulchre's, London^ and the year after married one
of the daughters of sir Robert Darcy. During a period of
twenty-four years he diischarged the duties of his profession
" with the most exemplary zeal. Besides preaching twice
every Sunday, and often on we^k-days, he visited his flock,
catechised their children, inquired into «nd relieved the
wants of the poor, and devised plans for their employment.
Such of the poor as were able to work, he employed in
spinning flax and hemp, whi^h he bought for the puipose,
and paying them for dieir work, got it worked into cloth,
which he sold, as well as he could, chiefly among bis
friends, bearing himself whatever loss was sustained. By>
this wise and humane scheme he diverted. many from
^^gs\^gf cmd demonstrated to them, that by industry they
might soon become independent of charity ; and he thus
is said to have given the hint which produced the humane
and benevolent institutions of Mr. Firmin, which have
been referred to in the memoir of that excellent citizen.
When the act of uniformity took place, he quitted- his
living of St. Sepulchre's, being dissatisfied respecting the
terms of conformity ; but after this he forbore preaching,
saying there was no need of him in London, where there
were so many worthy ministers, and that be thought he
Blight do as much or more good another way, which could
give no offence. Accordingly his time was now zealously
devoted to acts of beneficence and charity. He employed
his own fortune, which was considerable, in relieving the
wants of his poorer brethren, who, on account of their
noncoafoirmity, were deprived of their means ef subsist-
ence ; and be was a successful applicant to the rich, from
whom he received large sums, which were applied to that
humane purpose. In 1671, he set about a plan for intro^

I CUurke'i Li?e8 at the eii4 of |iis Hartyrokfyi^-Foneral Senoon by Jcnkyiu
4to*«^Wood'i Fasti* vol. I.

GOUGE. 119

4atifig knbwledge and religion into the different parts of
Wales» which at that period were in the most deplorable
d^kness. He established schools in different towns where
the poor were willing that their children should be taught
the elei^ents of learaingi and he undertook to pay all the
expences which were incurred in the outset of the business.
By degrees these schools amounted, to between three and
four hundred, and they were all annually visited by Mrr
Gouge, when he carefully inquired into the progress made
by the young people, before whom he occasionally
preached in a style adapted to their age and circumstances
in life, for, being in his latter days better satisfied with the
terms of conformity^ he had a licence from some of the
bishops ta preach in Wales. With the assistance of his
friends, whose purses were ever open at his command, he
printed eight thousand copies of the Bible in the Welsh
language ; a thousand of these were distributed freely
among those who could not afford to purchase them, and
the rest, were s^nt to the cities and chief towns in the prin«
<upality, to be sold at reasonable rates. He procured like-
wise the English liturgy, the '^ Practice of Piety," the
^' Whole Duty gf Man,'' the Church Catechism, and other
practical pieces, to be printed in the Welsh language, and
distributed among the poor. During the exercise of this
benevolent disposition, he meddled nothing with the con-
troversies of the times, and partook in no shape of the ran-
cour of many of his ejected brethren against the church of
England, with which he maintained communion to the last,
and, as he told archbishop Tillotson, ^^ thought -himself
obliged in conscience so to do.*' He was accustomed to
say with pleasure, *^ that he had two livings which he would
not exchange for two of the greatest in England." These '
were Wales, where he travelled every year to diffuse the
principles of knowledge, piety, and charity : and Christ's
Hospital, where he catechised and instructed the children
iu the fundamental principles of religion. He died sud-
denly Oct, 29, 1G81, in the seventy-seventh year of his
age. His death was regarded as a public loss. A funeral
sermon was preached on the occasion by Dr. Tillotson,
afterwards archbishop of Canterbury ; who, at the conolu-
sipa of an animated eulogium on his piety and virtue, ob-
serves, tj^at ^Vall things considered, there have not, since
the primitive times of Christianity, been many among the
sons of men, to Whom that glorious character of the Son of

IQCk G O U G K.

God might be better applied^ that " he went about ji0ing
good.*' And Mr. Ba:!(teF, ia his Narrative of his dwn LiU
and Times, says of Mr. Gouge, ^' I never heard vaxy one
person, of whatever rank,, sort,, or sect soever, sp^afe.one
word to his dishonour, or ^ame any fault that they elnu^gedf
on his life or doctrine ; no, not the prelatists theoMelvesy
aave only that he oonfprmed nofe to their impositions; atid-
that he did so much good with so much industry.*' Tbi»
^ninent divine published a fqw practicid pieces, of twbicb
the following may be mentioned^ : ^f The Prinoipli^s 06 Re-
ligion expluned;" ^^ A Word to Sinners;'* '^ Cbristiaa»
Sinections to walk with God ;" ^} The surest and safest
Way of Thriving^ viz. by Charity to the Poor;'? «The
Young Man's Guide through the Wildernessofthib World*'*
Tbe^e were collected in an 8vo- volume ia> 1706, and^ pnb-
lisbed at London, with a fine portrait, by Van dOP GiK^ht^
and archbishop Tillotson's Enneral SermoR and Life of hint-
prefixed*'

. GOUGH (RicHARD)t the Camden of> the eighteenth
century^ and one of the most illustrious- antiquaries Eng-
l^yod has produced, was the only son'Of Hanry Gough) esq^
of Perry-hall. This gentleman, for whom his ^on^Mrpre-
served a reverential aflbction, was born Apsil 2, 16S1, and.
in bis. eleventh year, went with his. node sir Riehar<l
Gough, to China, where he kept hir aceounts^ In 1707,
ha commanded the ship StreaJt^am, of which his younger
brother Richard was purser in 1709. He cominued to
command this ship till 1715, when be retired- with^ a de-
cent competency, and was elected a director of the £«st
India company about 1731. In this situation, his know-
ledge of the company's afiairs, the result of hjs many
voyages in their service, and bis zeal for their interests,
joined to habitual activity and integrity, gave him great
vi^eight. He became also a reprefsentative in parliament in
1734, for the borough of Bramber, for which he sat until.
hi$ death. His political career was marked by independence
of spirit Although attached to, and in the confidence of,
sir Robert Walpole, he refused several offices from that
n^inister, and yet supported him to the last He died in
17i51, and was bpried in the rector'9 vault in St.- Andrew's
church, Holborn. in 1717, he purchased of the lady of
sir Richard Shelley, one moiety of the Middlemore estafe

1 Life by TiUoUoo. abi S9pnk<-»Calsaij«— Clarke's lirsB of Ssiidiy QwMit
PersoDBi 1783| folio.

G O U G IL

Ul

ip. 'Wajwtiiikrilim (die other moifety of wWch he before
pQ8Mfi«ed% wbioh afterwards descended to hie soe wA bete
Biic^d, tiQfgetber mtb« the property at Enfield^ whiAfa* he
purehe^di in 1723» In 1719 he married Elisabeth^
4iit4gbt)er of A^Kgan Hyindei. esq» of London^ aneoiineQt^
biseweiw

By tbi»le4y» who died May 27, 1774, be had an onlsr*
soe^ the sufaijeet of this article, who was born Oct.dl, 1735,
ip ^ large bouse in Wiacbester-street^. on the sitae of the
monasteiy.of the Austin- friars^ He receiFed the fihit nt*^
diments of £.a{dn and Greek under the tuition of one Bac«
oewitz, a Courlander ; and afterwards, on his deadly vraa*
eommitted to the care of the rev. Roger Pickerings a< «Bs^
senting minister, a man unfortunate in life, but au acooiii«>
phshed scholar, who died in 1755*; f^hen Mr. Gough
finuihed hia Greek studies under Mu Samuel Dyer^ the
frieud of Dr. Johnson ^)d of the oontemporairy liteiMbL
Under these ins4arM9tpni> Mr. Goug^ baa eot left qsi tm
question his pr^oiency, nor that early ambition to know
and to ceoHmunieaie, which forms tbeiostructireeditGdr and;
autbor^ At the very early age of eleven he commenced «
task whtcbi wioiild have, reflected credit on any perbd eif
li£s^ i^nri he completed it with a perseveranoe of, which,
there ia.pjmoihably no other instance ia our literary anoalii«
Thie «a» *^ The Hisliory of tl|e Bible, translated' from tbe^
French^'' (of 49 Aaisterdam edition, of 1700} ^* by. B..O.
junior/* printed atv London in 1747. Of this curiotts
voiumc^ consiatiog of 160 sbeetsvio folio^ his mother,
delighted, at such a display of liuidable applicatioo^ bore
the enpew^e of printing twenty •five copiee, aa presenta.
to ai few friends; and when completed at the presa^.
it wM.m^rliedy by way of colophon, ^^ Done at tiaelve yeava.
and. Sk half old^*' after which, i» the copy now before us,,
follow^ >^ A short Chronology of the HoJy Scripture,** m-

* ''From this iqpst aecomplishedf

ai w

ell as learned man," tsays Mr.

GMigbittafragniciitoffakowniMnioin,
*' IliNiffl^lkyluwfpiedge myaelf to bare
derived i^eat advantage ; and had be
been left to indulge the liberality of
hie . tfempei^ uacontroaled by femate
and mateinal partiality ar^ peeulia*
rity, I might have been forwarded in
that styl* of 'lite to which it was bis
ambition to train me, and to which I
•ver after wanted both the spar and

the guide." This may probably al-
lude to some early view Mr. Gough
entertained of risiofg inpvMiciffe; and'
he .afterwards gives iiints , of. bttna lo«a
restrained and contronled in the pjor?
suits to which he subsequently was led
by .inelination, and wfcicb beOMn« ba«
bitual. In another place he safs#
*' The year 1T74, by the death of mjr
mother^ made mfi eanpletelj mnter
of myself.*'

12? G O U G H.

three sheets. The style is throughout juvenile and simple ;
and such were even at this early age our author's notions
of literary honour, that be would receive no aid without
acknowledgment, and therefore p^ge 24, which contains
mn account of the furniture and inhabitants of Noah's ark,
is introduced with these words i ^^ The printer gives you
this explanation." It is impossible not to contemplate this
volume with a strong impression of the excellent and
amiable disposition which conducted a mere boy, unwearied
and pleased, through so laborious a task. Mr. Gough
himself, in his mature years, appears to have looked at it
with complacency ; and the copy in Mr. Nichols's pos^
session is filled with corrections and improvements of the
language.

' It is not difficult to conceive that his parents and friends
would be desirous to encourage a turn of mind which indi->
cated 80 powerful a sense of the value of time and instruc-
tion ; and accordingly we find him in about three years
completing a translation of ^^ The Customs of the Israelites^
translated from the Frenchrof the abbot Fleury, by R. G.^'
1760, 8vo. This was also printed for distribution among^
friends. He had about this time fully prepared for the
press, even to the title-page and preface, a work of great
labour and research, under the title of ^ Atlas Renovatus,
or Geography Modernized ; being a particular deseriptioa
of the world as far as known to the ancients, and the pre«
sent names of such places as now subsist ; containing alt '
the cities, towns, villages, castles, &c. mentioned in an-* '
ctent authors, with all the remarkable occurrences that
happened at l^e several places ; the birth-places of famous
men, the memorable sieges and battles, &c. the bounds,
soil, air, manners, government, religion of each country.
The whole being the most complete system ever composed be*
/ore. . To which is annexed a list of the Roman ways, and
a copious index to facilitate the whole. Drawn upon the
plans of Hornius's and Cellarius's maps." This is a folio
volume, dated 1751, fairly written, and now preserved in
Mr. Nichols's library, as a memorial of his consummate
industry. Such a compilation, indeed, at the age of six*
teen, is probably without a parallel ; for much of the de-
sign, arrangement, &c. is perfectly original, and sycli
intenseness of^pplication could not have been recommended
by any master.

G O U G H. 1M:

After the death of his father (July 1% 1751) Mr. Goilgb
was admitted, in July 1752, feUoiv*coininouer of Bene't<^
college, Cjunbridge. The college tutor at this time was
Dr. Joba Barnardiston, afterwards master; but Mr, GougVs
private tutor was the rev. John Cott, fellow of the college,'
and afterwards rector of Braxted, in Essex, ^^ to whom,*'
says Mr. Gough, ** I regularly repeated my lesson, with-,
out a grain of instruction on his part.'* To the university
Itfr. Gough brougbt a considerable fund of classical litera**
ture, and having already imbibed a curiosity after matters
of antiquity, found his enthusiasm heightened by a con*
nexion with a college eminent for producing a succession
of British antiquaries ; and it is certain that he here laid
the plan of his ^^ British Topography */' He applied, in
the mean time, to academical studies, with an ardour
which even at this age was become habitual, and the knom^
ledge he acquired in philosophy and the sciences was often
displayed in his future labours ; some of which prove that
he had paid no.little attention to subjects of theology atid
sacred, cnticitm ; and indeed it was inferred by the friends
w1h»Idb0W his acquisitions most intimately, that he might
have passed into any of the Learned profes«ons by a very
easy taransition. Before he left the university he had pre-
pared for-lhe press, although they all remain still in MS.
the following works : I. ^ Notes on Memnon, annexed'to
the .abb6 Gedoyn's French translation.*' 2. <^Astro-my-
tkologf^.otf a short account of the Constellations, with the
names of the principal stars in each, and their connexion
with mythelogy." 3. <^ The History of Bythynia, trans-
lated from the French of the abb6 Sevin." 4. <^ Memoirs
of celebrated Professors of the belles lettres in the aca«
demy of inscriptions, &c. at PaHs, translated and abridged
from the.Elogia, &e." 5. <* Reflections on the Egyptian
Government; and also on the Jewish, Persian, Cretan,
Carthaginian, Spartan, Athenian, and Roman Govern-
xnents." 6. *^ Memoirs of the Life and Character of Mith-
ridates, king of Pontus, extracted from various and ge-
mine authors." All these, with many voluminous common-
place bookS} were executed before our author had reached

«

* « While at college I had begun son's « English Topographer,'* till f

to make additions to the list of writers fancied I might commence topographer

OB the Topography of 'Great Britain myself. E formed a quarto volume/*

and Ireland, prefixed to Gibson's &c. Fragment of his Memoirs, writ-

(amden, I inserted these in Rawlin* ten by himself.

12%

GO U GIL

his lnirenty-fii>st y^ar. Of amusement's he imiftt cff coiuAse
hare.beeii' spano^, and this incessant pursuit. o£ kaow^
ledge^ while it acciimiilat:ed a- large fund- for tbe use of
fatiire labouris^ preserved him frdm those associaftitiiis
are so dai>g«rous^ta morals^ and enabled Um: to .pa» »longr
life not oiAy untainted with vice, but unifeanly guided by
»*sen«e of piety.

Amidst all his academicallabcrnvS) hpwerer^^his peeidi&r
attachment was to? thiat pursuit onii4iioli his fame*i« foanded,
the stably of the history and antiqpiitjr of his native country,'
which, he always acknowledged, was< fosteved mtlfin liie<
wails of a colI^;e that had trained arcfabtsiiDp Parker^ the^
g^eat reviver of trhe* study of anttqui^*. In? July 1TS6,
he finally left CamtSridge wttbouttsJdng a degiteey and en-,
tered ont an; excursion to Peterborough, Groifiland, and
(Stannfoord* Int bis. history of Groyland, pnhtisdied^ ^^owg-
after, he infoi«is>iis that his cai«er of antiquanxii pwrsake
began there, and at that time. Similar encurssona he
afterwards made ; regularly thmogli tiie different parts^ ofi
Eag^nd,. Walies^ . a»d Scotland, flrom 17*59 t(» 17QPI, oq1<*-
leeting materials,, noting observations, and' examiniog wttb^
historical and: critical precision all the remarkable' sites* of^
national antiqnities ; and until within tlvo yseaiw 06 Ui'
death, he repeated his visits to spots of particulatr krtitweet
and curiosity.. Buring this penod he fi>rmed anteictensife
acquaintance with the antiquaries of hts- time, i^htohpro««
dttced an equally extensive eorrespondeace^ la some otf -
these tours'be made several drawings, whtchi, although he
was not a. professed draftnnan, were not diseredilaUe ^t<r
has > taste and accuracy, and he alao • amused himself ooca^
sionally. wi^ etefaing, which be did in^a'^sefy-iieflit ma»ner4 •
A volume of these etchings^ now in our .possessienj by/the
kindness of his biographer,, we'treasure ak a most pleasing
and curious memorial* The result oflalLhis twenty* yeani -
e»:ursions affpeaced afterwanis in hi$t new edition of Cami- '
den's ^< Britannia.'' . 1 .

• << W9» it to be wondered at that
(the pursuit of our uatioual antiquities)
shbuld be foi^tere^ within these venerable
watls, which owed their support and
ipjeiidoar toti^rehhtfbep I^tfeer, and had
naned a 9M8ee»uo» of British Anti«
qaaries tQ< tii|>piicaent tkBe i or that>
withwt aay tmv to a degirea ar a pro-
fessiooi I should exceed the

uHiaUfT sp^t io'a oolleyel or thstiiM)
I was to return home again tor books
and study, without any prospect sT
•being able to gratify my wish of ▼!•
sitiag iMeigii' owKilnesi that desiite
shouMU by reooiU inf ^iBie poverfoHjr
to raoiMe- orer my ^wn V* Frtigabnt
QiMmaoin, as abare*

!& D U G X. US

fiKs fifst n^gokr publicatioii was oaonymoiM, <^ The
Hisfeiinjr df Oarafiaimi ; oar an examination of what has been
.BfbafNeedieD thai; subject by Geaelmer And Dr. Stubeleyv^'
JM^ «4Mi a very ebiborate and <crittcal disquwiden. In
Fehnaary 1767 be was elected a £&Uowof the society ^fae-
Aiqeasies of LoitdQ% and in 177 1^ on the 'death of Dri Gns-
fg9tty SbarfMs, maaler cf the temple, he was noaaiiiated
4irecalar ef the society^ which office he held till I>ec. If,
ll^^y when he quitted the soeiety altogether. Two years
he£M^ he >qnilted cthe royal society, of which he had .'been
ehoaeo fellow ip MarcAi ft77S* lo 1767 Jne commenced his
^MunsrsfMUidieEiee with the iGentleiiian's Magaaine^ by -an ac*
eouot-of the Tillage of Aldfriston, under the signatcue of
D. H. Ae final letters of his name, which signatune he Pe«
tainad tft the ilaat, bait not altogether uvifornly, nor is
anotber aigsature in some later Tolames, with the same
ktters^ to be mistaken for his. On the <leath of his fel*
lew-e«l)e^taB, Mr. Duncombe, in i7S€, l^be d^fiartmeat
citlm xemew m that miscellaoy was for the oMMt part oooi-
mitted to hint. ^^ If," as he says hiaciselfy *' he criticised
miA warmth and severity certain innovations atfeemp^d in
€ikva:cik and state, he wr<Me his sentuneBts with siocerity
aaid impadrtiality-^in the fnlloess of a beast deeply im-
pressed with a sense of the excellence «nd happiness ef
the Enghsb constitution both in church and state." Such
indeed were Mr« Gough's steady principles during that
period of itttelleot«al delusion which followed the French
sefoletion; and'^hegave his aid with no mean effect, to
.a saeiecotts body of writers and thinkers^ many of whom
(and ^e wish his name <ould hare been added to the
number) have lived to enjoy the full gratification of their
hcqses^. We cannot, howevac*, quit, ^is subject without
noticiiig that extensive knowledge which Mr, Gough dis-
played ifi his critical labours in the Magazine ; he seems
never to have undertaken any thing of the kind without
such an acquaintance with the subject as siiowed that his
studies had been almost universal, a^nd even occasionally
directed to those points of literature which could be least
expected to demand his attention ; we allude to the sub-
jects of theology and criticism, both sacred and classical.
The perusal of the classics in particular appears frequently
to hav« relieved his more regular labours.

126 G O U G H.

la 1768 be published in 1 vol. 4to, his '^Anecdotes of
British Topography^," which was reprinted and enlarged
in 2 vols. 1780. To have published a third edition. With

' the improvements of twenty-six years, would have afforded

..him a high gratification; and in fact a third edition was
put to press in 1806, and was rapidly advancing, when the
destructive fire (of Feb. 8, 1808,) in Mr. Nicholses print-
ing-office, and the then declining state of theauthor^s
health, interrupted the undertaking. The corrected copy^
with the plates, was given by him to Mr. Nichols, who has
since relinquished his right ; and it is hoped that the de-
legates of the Oxford press will speedily undertake a new
edition. On the utility of this work to British antiquaries
it would be unnecessary to make any remark. It points
the way to every future effort to illustrate local history.

In 1773 he first formed the design of a new edition of
Camden's Britannia, which he had partly begun to trans-*

- late before, and accomplished in abotit seven years, and
wlfich was at length published in three large folio volmAes,
in 1789. Whatever incorrectness may appear in this la-
boriotis and extensive undertaking, no trouble or expence
was spared by the liberal editor in obtaining information.
Added to his own personal inspection of every county,
proof sheets of each were forwarded to those gentlemen
who were likely to be most actively useful. Nor could
any man be more fastidious than Mr. Gough in revising
and correcting his labours ; and whatever discoveries some
critics may affect to have made, it is certain that he always
found it more difficult to satisfy himself than his readers^
and that a strict scrutiny by any person qualified for the
task was to him the highest obligation. This may be safely
averred, while at the same time it is allowed that he knew
how to repel petulant remarks with a proper sense of whiat
was due to his character, the extent o'f his industry, and
the munificence of his expences. Of this valuable work
it may not be superfluous to observe that Mr. Gough traris-
lated it from the original, and supplied his additions mth

.so little, interruption of the ordinary intercourse of life^

* « It was printed at Mr, Kichanl- The sale was rapid beyond - expecto-

son's press — on credit; my allowance tioo;,and I was on the balance be-

pot permitting^ any advance of money tween me and honest Tom Piayne»

before publication. Mr. Richardson*' gainer of sef en pounds." Ptacmeil

(this was the nephew to the celebrated of Meiuoirs.
writer} '* refused interest on his labour.

G O U G H- 127

that none of his family were aware that he was at all en-
gaged in so laborious an undertaking. The copyright be
gaye (without any other consideration than a few copies
for presents) to his old and worthy friend Mr. Thomas
Payne, who defrayed the expence of engraving the cop-
per plates ; and afterwards disposed of the whole of his
interest in the work to Messieurs Robinsons. Mr. Gough
superintended the /rx^ volume of a new edition ; but in
1806, finding that the copyright had devolved from Mes-
sieurs Robinsons to another person, he declined proceed-
ing any farther than to complex the first volume, which
they bad begun to print. Of this he announced his deter-
mination in th§ newspapers, that no improper use might
be made of his name ; and added, that it was now ^* of im-
portance to his health to suspend such pursuits."

Having heard of the difficulties under which Mr. Hutchins
laboured respecting his ** History of Dorsetshire," Mr.
Gough set on foot a subscription, and was the means of
advancing a very valuable county history, which he super-
intended through the press. It was published in 1774,
2 vols. fol. Twenty years after, he contributed his aissist-
ance to a second edition, three volumes of which have
been' published, and a fourth is in a state of great for-
wardness, under the superintendance of Mr. Nichols. In
1779 Mr. Gough was the improver and editor of Martinis
<' History of Thetford,'' 1 7 80, 4to ; published a new edition
of Vertue^s Medals, Coins, and Great Seals, by Simon ; and
in the same year contributed to Mr. Nichols's ^' Collection
of Royal and Noble Wills.^' The .preface and glossary are
by him. In 1786 he published the first volume of the
/' Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain, applied to iU
lustrate the history of Families, Manners, Habits, and Arts,
at the different periods from the Norman Conquest to the
Seventeenth Century.'' This splendid folio volume, which
contains the first four centuries, was followed in 1796 by
a second, containing the fifteenth century ; and, in 1791^,
by an introduction to it, with which he thought proper to
conclude bis labours, instead of continuing them to the
end of the sixteenth century, as originally intended. Of
this truly magnificent work it is but justice to say, with his
biographer, <' that it would alone have been sufficient to
perpetuate his fame and the credit of tl|p arts in England,
where few works of superior splendour have appeared.^*
The independent master of an ample fortune, he was in

US G O U G H.

nU respects {M^e-enunentljr qualified for tfae Idboavs of tin
4U[itiq.u«ry, which rarely ^meet with an adequate renfonerH*
lioii. Indeed this work must iiave convinced )ibe ^R^Mid
that be possessed not only the most indefatigable perse-
■ Vterance^ but an ardour which no expence coiild possibly
deter. One great object of Jiis wishes was to pitepanne
^^ The Sepuldbral Monuments" for a new edition. Wiwh
ihis constantly in v«iew, he spared neither troofale oor ex-
pellee in obtaining an aai|irie store of new and accarate
doamogs by tbe (first artists, aH wirioh, with the nuoAerous
Md beautiful plates already engraved; fonm pant of 1ms {lo-
Ue bequest %o tiie .univetisity «of Oxford. Among bis kuiedt
Mfttrate pvcUieations weve, an Aooewtit of the beMitiftil
Msaul 'preseated to Henty VL by 4;be dwcbcus of Bedford^
purchased at die dvcbess of Portland's sale by Janes G4-
; wa^ds^ esq. in whose possession it remains ; ^ Tbe History
«f Plediy^ in Essex/' 1 803, 4to ; and tbe same year, and
in the same form, tbe '^ Plates 4>f the Coins of ike Seleii-
• eidss." A few c^faer sepanU)e publications^ previous- lo
these, will be noticed at the end of this article.

Mrw' Goiugh drew up, at tbe united reqi»est of tbe pres4-
ident and fiellows, the Histi»ry of the Society of Antiqisaries
4»f Xoodon, prefixed to tbe first volume of their *^ Arebseo-*
logia," in 1770, and to the eleven succeeding vcritunes of
that irork, as well ^s to the ^ Vetustn MooifNBienta," eon-
tributed a great many curious articles *. He was equally
liberal in his communications to Mr. Nichols's *^ Biblio*
tbecft Topograpbica," and to bis ^ History of Leicester-
shire." Mr. Nichols relates with just feeling, that << for a
ioiig series of years he had experienced in Mr. Gough tbe
kind, disinterested friend ; the prudent, judicious adviser,
the firm, unshaken patron. To bim every material event .
iu liie was codfideotially imparted. In those that were
prosperous, no man more heartily rejoiced ; in such as
.viene less propitious, no man more sincerely condoled^ or

* His Papers in the *' Archsologia^' On an antient Mosaic Pavement at

are, On the Giants' Grave in Penrith Ely, p. 121; On a Roman Horolo-

Cliui«h.3|Gard, to\. If. p. ISS ; On the gium, p. 172; On P^nts, p. 163; On

Bese Matrei^ vol. III. p. 105; On the Analogy between certain . Moiw-^

Four Roman Altars found in Graham's ments, vol. XI. p. 33; On a Greek

Dyke, p. 116; On the Invention ot Inscription in London, p. 48.

Card-playing* vol. Vltf. p. 152; On la the «* Vetusta MonumtUta/' lie

the Parian Chronicle, vol. IX. p. 157; wrote the Descriptions of vaUII. Platea

On the Stamps of the antient Oculists, XXXVI. XXXVll. XXXIX. XL. XlA.

p. 8S7; On aotieat Mansioftwhouses XLII. XLIII. XLV. L. LlU. LlV.

in Northampton and Doreet Shires^ LV. Vol. I|L PSb|lM I-*-V. iKU^

tol. X. p. 7 i On Belalucader, p, 1 1 3 j XVII. XXV.

G O U G H. 123

itobre readily endeavoured td alleviate.'^ The deep con<*
cern which be feH at the dreadful fire that destroyed Mr.
Nichols's valuable property in 1806, was shewn in a series
of the kindest consolatory letters, which were among the
last be ever wrote. In one, dated September of that year,
he requested Mr. Nichols to execute a confidential com*
mission, '* which,'' he emphatically adds, *^may be the
last office you will have to do for your sincere friend.'^
This was nearly prophetic, for there was little now to be
done that could contribute to his comforts. '^ The bright
gem of intellect," says bis affectionate biographer,
*^ though frequently clouded, had intervals of its formei:
splendour ; and the frequent emanations of benevolenee
displayed through a long and painful illness, whilst they
comforted and delighted those around him, added poig«
tiancy to the regret they experienced for those bitter suf^
ferings which threatened to overwhelm a noble mind with
total imbecility ; from which, however, he was mercifoliy
relieved, without any apparent struggle at the last, oa
Feb. 20, 1809, and was buried on the 28th, in the church*
yard of Wormley, in Herts, in a vault built for that pur-
pose, on the south sideof the cbanceF, not far from the
altar which for several years he had devoutly frequented.^*
The funeral, although, in conformity to his own directions^
as little ceremonious as propriety would permit, was fol-
lowed from Enfield to Wormley by crowds whose lamenta*
tions and regrets were unequivocally shown. The poor
and the af&icted had indeed lost in Mr. Gough a father,
protector, and benefactor. Enfield and its neighbourhood
must loi^ cherish a lively and graiteful remembrance of his
benevolence, which was at once extensive, judicious, and
unostentatious. It was in him a principle and a system ;
it began early, and continued to the last ; it embraced not
only the present, but the future, and he had provided that
bis charity should continue to be felt long after the heart
that. dictated it had ceased to beat. His faithful domestics,
when unable to continue their services, continued to re-*
ceive their pay, in the shape of annuities ; and as he pos**
sessed the attribute ascribed to '^ the merciful man,'* the
generous steed, exempt by age from labour, and the cov«
Jio longer useful in the dairy, were permitted to close theiff
useful lives in a luxuriant meadow reserved for that express
purpose. The genuine personal character of Mr. Gough
eotttd only be appreciated by those who witnessed him ia
Vol. XVI. K

130 O O U G H.

bis domestic and familiar circle. Tbougb bigbly and de-
servedly distinguisbed as a scbolar, tbe pleasantry and the
easy condescension of bis convivial hours still more en«*
deared him, not only to his intimates, but even to those
with whom the forms and customs of tbe world rendered it
necessary that be should associate.

In 1774^ soon after tbe death of bis mother, an event
by which he came in possession of an excellent family re-
sidence at Enfield, with the large estate bequeathed to him
in reversion by bis father, be iadded greatly to all his other
comforts, by marrying Anne, fourth daughter of Thomas
Hall, esq. of Goldings, Herts ; a lady of distinguisbed
merit, who after a long and affectionate union, has to
lament tbe loss of him whose object through life was to
increase her happiness.

It is, however, as the learned and acute antiquary that
he will be banded down to posterity ; and from the epitaph
written by himself, he appears desirous to rest his fame on
his three publications, tbe " British Topography,*' the
edition of " Camden," and tbe " Sepulchral Monuments ;*^
sufficient indeed to place him in the very first rank of the
antiquaries of tbe eighteei^th century. But while he gave
a preference in point of value, labour, and utility to those
works, be was ia no respegt ambitious of personal honours.
He took no degree at Cambridge, and resisted the solici-
tations of many members of the university of. Oxford to
'receive an honorary degree; and when be withdrew from
tbe Royal Society and that of the Antiquaries, from causey
on which we shall not enter, but must ever regret, be no
longer appended to his name the usual initials of fellow-
ship. In politics, he was a firm friend to tbe house of
Brunswick, and a stranger to the mutability of his con*
temporaries. *^ That independence," he informs us him-
self, *^ which he gloried in possessing as his inheritance,
and which be maintained by a due attention to his income,
discovered itself in bis opinions and bis attachments. A9
he could not hastily form connexions, he may seem to have
indulged strong aversions. But be could not accommodate
himself to modern manners or opinions ; and he bad re-
sources within himself, to make it less needful to seek
them from without. And perhaps the greatest inconve-
nience arising from this disposition was the want of oppor-
tunities! to serve his friends. But he saw enough of tbe
generi^I temper of mankind, to convince him that fayour^

G O U G H. 131

should not be too often asked : and that as to be too much
under obligation is the worst of bondage, so to confer
obligations is the truest liberty.'' Such sentiments and
fiuch conduct do no discredit to men like Mr. Gough. His
talents, bis rank in society, and bis years, gave him claims
to respect, which were, what he thought them, undeniable ;
and feven where he shewed any symptoms of resentment,
they were never beyond the limits which his superior cha-
racter and long services amply justified.

His library, with the exception of his legacy to the Bod-^
leian, was sold, agreeably to his own direction, by Messrs.
Leigh and Sotheby, in twenty days, April 5 — 28, 1810,
and produced 3552/. 3^. His prints, drawings, coins, nie<»
dais, &c. were sold July 19, 1812, and the two following
days, and produced 517/. 6s, 6d. By his last will, he be-
queathed to the university of Oxford all his printed books
and manuscripts on Saxon and Northern literature, for the use
of the Saxon professor; all his manuscripts, printed books,
and pamphlets, prints, and drawings, maps, aud copper-
plates relating to British topography, (of which, in 1808,
be had nearly printed a complete catalogue) ; his inter-
leaved copies of the ** British Topography,'* " Camden^s
Britannia," and the ^* Sepulchral Monuments of Great
Britain,*' with all the drawings relative to the latter work ;
and all the copper- plates of the '^ Monuments" and the
"Topography;" with fourteen volumes of drawings of
sepulchral and other monuments in France. All these he
wills and desires may " be placed in the Bodleian library,
id a building adjoining to the picture gallery, known by
the name of the *^ Antiquaries closet." These were ac-
cordingly deposited in the closet, and a catalogue has since
been printed in a handsome quarto, under the care of the
rev. B. Banidinel, librarian of the Bodleian. A more va-
luable or extensive treasure of British topography was
never collected by an individual. The MSS. are very nu-
merous, and many of the most valuable printed books are
illustrated by the MS notes of Mr. Gough and other emi-
nent antiquaries. The remainder of his will, for which we
refer to our authority, is not less in proof of his liberality,
affection, and steady friendship. Such was the life of Mr.
Gough, of which he says, in a memoir already quoted,
*^ If I have rietieved the wants and distresses of the unhappy
without ostentation, have done justice without interest,'
have iserved the common cause of literature without vanity,

K 2

\^ G O U G H.

{aaiotained my own independence without pride or fntd«?
ence, bs^ve moderated my attacbinent to external objecls^
and placed my affections on the virtuoui^ and honest cha-»
^acterj, and may trust to have so passed tbrough things
^^;mporal as finally not to lose things eternal — I shall have
Uvf^d enough,^^

• A few of ]V|r. Gough's publications yet remain to be no-
ticed : 1. Nevtr editions of ^^ Description des Royaulmes d'An-
gleterre et d*Ecosse, composed par Etienne Perlin," Paris^
][558 ; and of ^^ Histoire de Ten tree de la Heine Mere dans
1$ Grandt Bretagne, par de laSerre," Paris, 1639; \yhich
he illustrated with cuts, apd English notes ; and introduced
by historical prefacec^ in 1775. 2. '^ A Csitalpgue of the
Coins of Canute, king of Denmark and jglngland, with
lyi^i^^iMSly" 1777, 4^0. 3. " An Essa^y on the Rise, and
l^rogre^ of Geogrs^phy in Gipeat ]p!i^itain and Ireland ; illus^^r
trs^^edt with specimens of our oldest ^»aps," 17^0, 4to ; and
^* CaitiJogue of Sarum anid Yorl^ Missals," 17^0, both ex-
tracted from the seqond ^^itipn of fajs^ ^* Britis^h Topogram
phy." 5. " A gomparative view of th^. ar\pieot ]V{p(MimeQts
of jlndiV he. 1785, 4to. 6. ^^ U&t of ^h^ i^embers of
^e Society of Antiquaries o( j^ondon, from thieir revival
in 1717 to June ]|796; arriang^4 in cbroix<?logical and al-
phabetical order," 1798^ 4to. 7. In the sanxe year he
amended a^d considerably enlarged, from the Paris edition
qi 17&9, ac^ finglish tranij^tion of the '* Arabian Night»
Entertainments," to ^hicb he. added notes of illustration,
an4 9r preface,^ in which the supplementary tales published
% Pom- Chavis, are prove4 to be a palpable forgery,
8. ". A Letter to the Loi;d 5i^o.P of l^on^xxy by a Lay-
iopa^n^" 1799, dvo, on various subjects connected with the
prosperity c^ %\^ church. 9. " Rev. Kentiett Gibson^a
CQipm^nt upoa part of the §fth journey of Antoninus
^pugh Biit^Q/' ^c« I^OQ, 4to. 10. '^ liiUcriptioii of th^
]Byeauch^mp chapel^ adjoining to the chui;ch of Sit. Mary at
Warwick," l^acH, 4to« As to his assistai^e to his friendu
engaged in liter^f^y pursuits, . it was. more extensive tbaa
probably will ev/^c be known; but some, particulars are
stated by his biographer, to which wa re^r, and many other
acknowledgments n^ay be found in yario.u3 works published
within the last forty 3^ars. It i^ to be regretted that no
portrait of Mr. Gough exists, nor is it known that he ever
would oonsent to sit to any of the many artists with whom
he was ^onne<?te,d, and to some of whom be was a ateady
patron. His person was ahor^ iucUning to corpulence.

G O U G H. ISt

His features bespoke the enet-gy and activity of his miti^.
In youth be was {Peculiarly shy^ which he attributed to &
late entrance into the World, and an irresistible habit bf
Application to books. As his intercourse with society ad-
vanced^ his manner became niore easy, and his convena«
tioU was always lively, often with a pleasant flow of hu-
mour, and his disposition communicative. ^

GOUJET (Claude Peter), a canon of St James d^
I'Hopital, and an associated academician of Marsek4es>
Roueti, Angers^ and Auxerre, was born at Paris, \ Oct. 19^
1697. His father was a taylor, with a tradesman-like
averision to learning, in the pursuit of which, however, he
foil^nd it impossible to prevent hts son from einploying bib
fearly years, tie beg^n his studies at Paris, and carried
tbetti on principally in the Jesuits* college^ and in the
tbngregation of the oratory. In 1720 be obtained a ek-
lionry of St Jauies de THojiital. He died at Paris, Feb*
2i 1767. His whole lifb appears to haVe bten a tcetie of
literary laboUr^ always Useful^ and ofteh condubted with
great judgmeht. In otdbr to pursue his studies withoet
interruption at home, or the necessity of having recourse
to foreign assistance) he acCtinlulated a fine libiltry of
10,000 volumes, in all branches df IttefatUre> but; parti-
cularly litisrary hrstory and biography. For fifty years he
continued to publish one toluihinou« compilatibn after
andther; and by close application^ sb impaired his sight
that he was almost blind ^eme titue before his death. The
last editbt of Moreri divides hi6 publications into transla-
tions, wbrks of piety, Wdrkii of literary history, lives and
eloge^, papers in the literaty Journals, and lastly prefaces ;
in all antounting to eighty-three articles. Of these the
most useful appear to be^ l. ** Les^ Vies des Saints/' Parity
1730, 7 vols. 12mo, dften reprinted in 4to, and other
forms. 2. ^< Bibliotheque des autetirs ecclesiastlques du
XVIII. siecle, pout* servif de .eoniinuation a celledeM.
du Pin, &c." ibid. 1736,- S fols. 8i^o. S. « Supplefttent'*
to Moreri*s Dictionary, ibid. 1735, 2 vols. fol. He alio
pointed dut many hundred errbrs ifi the early (editions df
that wdA. ♦. « Nouvfeau Supplement'* td (he same dic-
tionary, ibid. 1749, fol. With a volume df «< Additiofis,"
1750^ fol. 5. « Bibliotheque F^ati^oi^e^ bn himidire de la

1 Nichols's Bowyer, vol. VI. where, aad id the other Tolnmet of that intt*
rettiog serie* of litorftrt history, will be found miny particulars relative to Mr.
Gough'k connexioiit, «q4 a very oojuiderable eoUection of his epistolary conrt<^
spondenoe.

134 G O U J E T.

Ktterature Fraii5aise," from the invention of printing, 21
▼ol& 12mo9 ibi^* ^'^^^ — 1759. This is the most useful of
all bis works. It was undertaken at the request of M.
D^ Argenson, the secretary of state. It in some measure
resembles Niceron, whom he also assisted in his useful
^^Memoires,^' and wrote bis life. 6. '^ De Tetatdes Sciences
en France, depuis la mort de Charlemagne jusqu'aeelle
du roi Robert," 1737, 12mo« This learned . dissertation
chained the prize of the academy of belles lettres, and the
members of this academy are said to have done for Goujet
what they had never done for any other man. Withput
any solicitation, or knowledge of the matter on his part^
they sent a deputation of six of their number to him, re*
questing the honour of choosing him, in the room of the
deceased abb6 de-Vertot. 7. A new edition of Richelet^s
Dictionary, Lyons, 1756, 3 vols. fol. 8. " L'Histoire du
College Royal de France,*' 4to. 9. ^^ Hist, du Pontificat
de Paul V«" Amsterdam (Paris) 1765, 2 vols. 12mo. This
was his last work, in which he is much less favourable to
the Jesuits than might have been expected from one edu-
cated among them. *

GOUJON (John), an eminent sculptor and architect
of Paris, lived under Francis I. and Henry II. and is sup-
posed to have designed the fronts of the old Louvre. This
artist's figures, in demi-relief, have never been surpassed ;
nor can any thing of that kind be more beautiful than his
Fountain of the Innocents, in the street of St. Denis at
Paris. The cariatides which support a tribune in the hall
of the Hundred Swiss at the Louvre are no less so. Many
more of his works may be seen in that city, which are the
admiration of connoisseurs, and remind us of the simple
and sublime beauties of the antique style ; for which rea-
son he is justly called the Corregio of sculpture. *

GOULART (Simon), a protestant divine, and volu*
mtnous writer, was born at Senlis, Oct. 20, 1543, and
studied divinity at Geneva, where he was ordained in Octo-
ber 1566, and i^a^ appointed one of the ministers of that
city, a situation which he filled for the long space of sixty*
two years. His residence at Geneva was never discontinued
but on account of three journies be took to France, on
matters relating to the protestant churches, the one in
1576, when he went to Forez; the second in 1582, to

r

1 Moreri.— Diet. Hist • Diet. Hiat

G O U L A R T. 135

Cbampagnei and the third in 1 600, to Grenoble. The rest
of bis life he devoted to his pastoral duties, and to his nu-*
inerous works, which prove him one of the most indefati-
gable writers of his time. He died Feb. 3, 1628, in his
eighty-fifth year, and in full possession of his faculties.
He preached but seven days before his death. Scaliger,
who had a great esteem for him, says he was an ingenious
man, who learnt all he knevy without the assistance of a
master.

Among the works which be edited and commented upon,,
were those of Plutarch, St Cyprian, Seneca, &c. , He
made a collection of ** Hemarkable Histories,^' in 2 Vols,
8vo, and wrote several pieces relating to the history of his
own times, particularly a *^ Collection of the most memo*
rable. events which bccurred during the League, with notes
and original documents," in 6 vols. 4to. Many of his
pieces were anonymous, but to these he usually affixed the
initials S. G. S. signifying ^* Simon Goulart Senlisien.'' He
was so well acquainted with the secrets of literary history^
and of anonymous publications, that Henry III. of France,
wishing to know the author of a piece published under the
assumed name of Stepbanus Junius Brutus, and intended
to propagate republican doctrines, sent a person to Geneva
to consult Goqiart, but the latter refused to communicate
the fact, for fear of exposing the author to serious injury.
He had a son, who was a minister of the Walloon church
at Amsterdam, and a strenuous assertor of Arminian tenets,
but did not attain bis father^s reputation. *

GOULSTON, GOULSON, or GULSON (Theodore),
an eminent English physician in the seventeenth century,
was born in Northamptonshire, and was son of Mr. William
Goulston,^ rector qf Wymondham, in Leicestershire. He
became probationer fellow of Merton college, Oxford, in
1596, where he took the degrees of B. and M. A. and after-
wards applied himself to the study of physic, which he
practised first in Oxford, and afterwards at Wymondham,
where he was much resorted to for hi^ advice. On April
30, 1610, he took the degree of doctor of physic, and be-
came candidate of the college of physicians at London^
being well approved by the president, censors, and fellows;
and the year following he was made a fellow and censor
of that college. He wi^ sgon introduced into very e:isten«»

1 Cjen, Dict«-NictroD, voK^PUX.

IS« G O U L S T O N.

iite practice in the city of London, and distingui&hed hita^
self likewise to great advantage by his skill in the Latin
arid Greek languages, and divinity, and by his writings.
His affection to the public good and to the advancemetit of
the fabulty of physic was such, that by his last will and
testament he gave two hundred pounds to purchase a
rent-charge for the maintenance of an annual ]ectur6
within the college of physicians of London. This lecture
was to be read from time to time by one of the four
youngest doctors in physic of the college, and to be upon
two, or" three, or more diseases, as the censors should
direct ; and to be read yearly, at a convenient season betwixt
Michaelmas and Easter, upon some dead body (if pro-
curable) on three days successively, in the forenoon and
afternoon. He left likewise several books to Merton col-
lege, besides several other donations, which legacies wer^
punctually paid by his widow Ellen, who being possessed
of the impropriate parsonage of Bardwell in Suffolk, pro-
cured leave from the king to annex the same to the vi-
carage, and gave them both to the college of St. John's, in
Oxford. Our author died at his house within the parish
of St. Martin Ludgate, May 4, 1632, and was interred
^th great solemnity in the church of that parish.

The public has been indebted on several occasions to
the Gulstonian institution for ingenious dissertations, de-
livered as lectiires ; as tho$e of Dr. Musgrave ; Dr. For-
dyce's treii«ise on digestion ; Dr. Saunders, &c. Dr. GouU
ston wrote, L ^^ Versip Latina et paraphrasis in Aristotelis
rhetoricam," London, 1619, 1623, &c. in 4to. 2. "Aris-
totelis de Poetic^ liber Latin^ conversus, et analytic^
methodo illustratus,'^ London, 1623, 4tQ. 3. " Versio,
varisB Lectiones, et Annotatiohes criticce in opuscula varia
Galeni,*^ London, 164p, 4to^ published by his friend Mr.
Thomas Gataker, reotor of Rotberhithe, inSurrej'. '

GOULU (Jqhn), a'Frehch writer pf some note, was the
son of Nicholas Goulu, royal professor of Greek in the
university of Paris, in 1567, and author of a translation
from Greek into Latin of Gregentius's dispute with the Jew
Herbanus, which De Noailles, the French ambassador, bad
brbiight from Constantinople, and of other works, a col-*
lection of which was printed at Paris in 158Q. His son
was born at Paris Aug. 25, 1576, and educated for tdie bar ;

\ Aih. Oz. Tolf I.— Gen. Diet.

G O U L U. 137

buty having foiled in the first cause he pleaded, he felt the
disappointment so acutely as to relinquish the profession^
and retire into a convent. He chose the order of the
Feuillans, and entered amongst them in 1604. He was so
much esteemed in his order that he always enjoyed soma
office in it, and was at last made general. The name he
took when he became a monk, was Dom John of St. Fran-
cis. As he understood the Greek tongue, he translated
into French Epictetus's Manual, Arrian^s Dissertations^
some of St. BasiPs treatises, and the works of Dionysius
Areopagita; to which he added a vindication of this St.
Dionysius*s works. He also revised his father^s Latin
translation of St. Gregory Nyssen against Eunomius, and
published it. He also wrote a book against Du MouKn's
treatise of the calling of pastors, << De la Vocation des
Pasteurs ;'' the Life of Francis de Salts, bishop of Geneva;
and a Funeral Oration on Nicholas le Fevre, preceptor to
Lewis Xni. ; but it is said that he never delivered it^ He
did not, however, gain so great reputation by all those
writings as by his angry controversy with Balzac, already
noticed in our account of ^hat writer. Goulu died Jan.

6,^629.*

GOURNAY (Mary db Jars, lady of), a French female
wit, the daughter of William de Jars, lord of Neufoi and
Gournay, was bom either in Paris, or in Gascony, about
1565. From her infancy she had a strong turn to litera-
ture ; and Montagne publishing his first essays about this
time, she conceited an enthusiastic veneration for the
author. These declarations soon reached the ears of Mon-*
tagne, who returned her compliments by corresponding
regard for her talents. Her esteem by degrees growing
into a kind of filial affection for Montagne, when her father
died she adopted him in his stead, even before she had
seen him; and, when he was at Paris in 1588, she paid
him a visit, and prevailed upon him to accompany her and
her mother the lady Gournay, to their country mansion,
where be passed two or three months. In short, out
young devotee to the muses was so wedded to books of
])olite literature in general, and Montagne^s Essays in par-'
ticular, that she resolved never to hate any other associate
to her happiness. Nor was Montagne sparing to pay the-
just tribute of his gratitude, and foretold, in the second

) Qm. Dict.^-'Morerl.

ISS G O U R N A Y.

book of his EssayS| that she would be capable of great
eminence in the republic of letters. Their affectionate
regard extended through the family ; Montagne^s daughter,
the viscountess de Jamaches, always claimed mademLoiselle
<le Jars as a sister ; and the latter dedicated her piece, *^ Le
Bouquet de Pinde,^' to this sister. Thus she passed many
years, happy in her new alliance, until she received the
melancholy news of Montague's death, when she crossed
almost the whole l^ingdom of France to mingle her tears
and lamentations, which were excessive, with those of his
widow and daughter. Nor did her hlial regard stop here.
She revised, corrected, and reprinted an edition of his
^' Essays*' in 1634 ; to which she prefixed a prieface, full
of the strongest expressions of devotion for his memory.

jShe wrote several things in prose and verse, which were
•collected into one volume, and published by herself in
1^36, with this title, -^ Les avis et les presens de la
Pemoiselle de Qournai.^' She died at Paris in 1645, and
epitaphs were oopiposed for h^r by Menage, Valois, Patin,
La Motbe Vayer, and others. It is not, however, very
leasy to appreciate her real character from these. Living
at a time when literature was not much cultivated by the
females in France, it is prqbable that she earned her re-
putation at no great ^xpence of talents, and it is certain
that her writing? are little calculated to perpetuate her
fame. It appears equally certain that she was as frequently
the subject of ridipu|e fimpng the wits, as( qf admiration
among the courtiers. Those, however, who think her cha-
racter an object of curiosity, qiay find ^mple information
in our authorities. '

GOURVII^LE (JpHN l{£|iAyLD D£), a French politician,
was born at Rochf^foucauld in 1625, and was taken by the
celebrated duke of that name into his service as valet de
phambre, from which situation be cos^ to be his confidential
friend. He was also equally honoured by the great Conde,
and was employed by the superiqtendant Fouquet, in pub-^
lie business, and was involved in his disgrace. But such
w$is the value put upon his political talents and integrity,
that he was at pne time pvoposied to the king as successor
to Colbert in the ministry. JJe died in 1705, leaving
<< Memoirs of his Life from 1642 to 1698," 2 vols, l^mo,
written with frankness and siinplicity ; and containing very

> Gea. I>ict.-*Moreri in trt. J%n de Gonmai.— NiceroDi vol. XVI.

G O U R V I L L £• n^

lively characters of the ministers and principal persons of
his time, of which, it is said, Voltaire made much use ia
^is « Siecle de Louis XIV."

It was on Gourville that Boileau was said to have written
an epitaph, in which he described him as speakingr well^
though be knew little ; as being a gentleman in manners^
although of low birth ; and as caressing all the world, al-
though he loved nobody. He proved himself, however,
the most sincere of all Fouquet's friends ; not only lending
madame de Fouquet upwards of 100,000 livres for her sup-
port, but settling the same sum on her son. ^

GOUSSET (James), an eminent protestant divine, was
born Oct. 7, 1635, of a good family at Blois, and was
iCousin*gerqaan to the celebrated I^aac Papin. He was
appointed minister at Poitiers in 1662, and remained there
till the revocajtion of the edict of Nantes in 1685. He then
went to England, aivd afterwards to Holland, where he was
phosen ininister of the Walloon church at Dort Five yeara
after he was appointed professor of Greek and divinity at
Groningen, where he died Nov, 4, 17Q4, leaving a great
number of works, both printed and in MS. : the principal
are, a Hebrew dictionary, or " Commentarii Linguae He-
braicae ;^' a valuable work, the best edition of which is that
of Leipsic, 1743, 4to; a refutation, in Latin, of rabbi
Isaac's '^ Chi^zouck Emounak,'* or Shield of Faith, Dort,
1688, Svp, and Amsterdam, 1712, fol. This refutation
has been much praised by several among the learned ; but
others doubt whether it merits such high encomiums : the
book against which it was written may be foOnd in Wa-
gensal's ** Tela ignea Satanae." He also published " Con-
siderations th^ologiques et critiques centre le Projet
4'm?e nouyelle Version de la Bible," 1698, 12mo. This
last was written against Charles le Cene's project of it
translation of the Bible, which should favour the Arminiaa
doctrines. :

GOUSSIER (John James), a leari)ed French physician^
professor of mathematics, and a member of several learned
societies, was born at Paris March 7, 1722. His first pub»
lie services in the literary world wefe the arrangement and
preparation for the pre^s of M. la Condamine^s memoir
on the measure of the first three degrees of the meridian
in> the Southern hemisphere* In the Encyclopaedia he was

1 Morcri.— Diet. Hiit. « Niceron, wot. 11. and X.— Morcri,

liO G O U S S I-£ R.

chosen fbr the department of the mechanic arts^ and his
Dumereni articles are remarkable for accuracy and perspiw
cuity. He had a great turn for mechanics^ and ihveht^d
A&veral machines still employed in agriculture and che«
inistryj &c. in France. In connexion with the unfortunate
b^ron de Marivetz^ he published a learned and elaborate
work entitled " Physique du monde," five voluriifes of
i^hich he published duritig the life of his cdtleagiie, and
afterwards three others. The whole Was to havfe been
comprized in 14 Vols. 4to, but of these eight only have
appeared. In 1779 he published "Prospectus d'un trait6
de geomietrie physique particuliere du royaume de France,'*
4to. He died at Paris in 1 800. *

GOUTHIER, or GUTHIERES (James), in Latin Gt;-
THEitiuSy £i learned and judicious antiquary, and l^nvybt,
was born at Chaumont in Bassigny, and was admitted kd«
▼ocate to the parliament of Paris. After having attended
the bar with honour for forty years, he^retihed into the
couiitry, and devoted himself wholly to study. He died
in 1638. His principal works ate, 1. " De Vetere Jurfe
Pontificio urbis Romee," 1612, 4to, which gave so much
-satisfaction at Rome, that the senate conferred the rank of
Konian citizen on him and his posterity. 2. ** De Oflficiiis
domCls Augustae, publicsB et privatsfe," 1628, 4to, and
Leipsic, 1672, 8vo, &c. 3. " De jnre Manium,** Leip-
*ic, 1671, 8vo. He wrote also two small tracts, one " De
Orbkafe toleranda ;" the other, ** Laus caecitatis,'* &c.
These works are all esteemed, and ^otne Latin verses which
he wrote have been admired for their elegance. •

GOUVEST DE MAUB£RT. See MAUBERT.

GOUX (Francis le) De la BouLaye, a celebrated tra-
veller in the 17th century, wa^ the son of a gentleman af
Batig^, in Artjou, where h6 w£ls hbtn abbut 161Q. How,
or for what profession he was educated, does not appear,
but he seems to have been of a rambling disposition, and
ifpent ten yeats in visiting most parts of the world. He
published an account of his travels, 1653, 4to, which c<7d-*
tain sortie particulats that are not miinteresting. Whea
he returned from his first voyage, he was so altered, that
his mother would not own him, and he was obliged to cotti-
Hience a suit against her to recover his right of eldetdbip.
B6ing i^ent ambassador to the Turks, and the great mogul,
in 1668, he died in Persia during his journey. I

1 Diet. Bifl. 9 Moi9eri.^Dict. Hiit f Moreri.— Did. Hift.

G O U Y E. 141

GOUYE (Thomas), a French mathematician^ was bom
JSept. 18, 1650, at Dieppe, and entered among the Jesuits
in 1667. He early acquired reputation for his skill iix ma-
ibematics, and was admitted into the academy of sciences
in 16S9. He assisted constantly at the meetings pf that
academy, whose members entertained a high opinion of
his geniusu He died at Paris, in the professed house of
the Jesuits, March 24, 172^, aged seventy>five. His prin-
cipal work is entitled, ** Observations Physiques et Mathe*-
tnatiques pour servir h la perfection de PAstronomie, et de
la geogifa^phie, envoy6es de Siam, a 1' aoademi^ des sciences
de Paris, par les P. P. Jesuites missionaires ;*' with notes
and remarks, in 2 vols, the first, 8vo, the second, 4to.
These remarks may also he found in torn. 7. of the ^^ Me-
B^oires'^ qi the above academy. ^

GOVEA (Andrew), in Latin GoViEAKi^s, a learned
Portuguese, of the fourteenth century, was born at Bej^
and appointed principal of the college of St. Barbe at Paris,
where be educated three nephews, who became celebrated
for their learning. Martial Govea, ^he e>dest, was a
good Latia poet, and published a *^ Latin Grammar'^ at
Paris. Andrew, his next brother, a pviest, born m 14d^
succeeded his uncle as principal of St. Barbe, and gained
so grcsat a reputation there, that he was invited to acoept
the same office in the college of Gnienne, at Bour-deaux*
This invitatioD be accepted in 1534, and coatia»ued at
BourdeaucK till 1547, when John HL king of Portugal, re-
called him to his dominions, to establish a college at Cqim-
bra^ similar to that of Guienne ; and Govea took with him
into Portugal the celebrated Buchanan, Grouchi, Guerenti^
Fabricius, la Costa, and other men of learning, well qua-
lified to iusti^uct youth. He died June 1548, at Coimhpa>
leavingi no printed work, Anthony Govea^ the youngest
of these three brothers, and- the most eminent of all, wrote-
several pieces on phijo'sopby and law, and is mentioned
with great encomiums by l%uanu8^ Rons^rd^ and all'lhe
learned* He taught with reputation «t Bourdeaux, after-
wards at Gahors, and Valence in Dauphiny, and died in
1565, aged sixty, at Turin, to which place Phiiibert had
invited him. His principal works are, an ^' Apologetical
Discburse'' against Calvin, who bad accused' him of atheism
iu his treatise on scandal^ some works on law, fol.; ^< Va-

1 Moreri.— Diet. Hiit.

142 G O V E A.

liarum lectionum Libri duo/' fol. ; editions of Virgil stnc(
Terence, with notes ; " Epigrammatum Libri duo,'* and
'^ Epistoiss." The whole was printed at Rotterdam, lt6($f
fol. Manfred Govea, his son, born at Turin, became
distinguished for his knowledge of the belles lettres, civil
and canon law, and was counsellor of stale at the court of
Turin. He died in 1613, leaving " Consilia;" "Notes
on Julius Florus ;" some "Poetry," and a funeral oration
on the death of Philip II. king of Spain. ^

GOWER (John), one of the few poets who floarished
in the first periods of our poetical history, is supposed to
have been born before Chaucer, but of what family, or in
what part of the kingdom is uncertain. Leiand was in*
formed that he was of the ancient family of the Gowers of
Stitenham, in Yorkshire^ and succeeding biographers ap*
pear to have taken for granted ^hat that eminent antiquary
gives only as a report. Other particulars from Leiand are
yet more doubtful, as that he was a knight and some time
chief justice of the common pleas; but no information re*
specting any judge of that name can be collected either in
the reign of Edward II. during which he is said to have
been on the bench, or afterwards. Weever asserts that he
was of a Kentish family; and, in Caxton's edition, of the
<^ Confessio Amantis," he is said to have been a native of
Wales.

He appears, however, to halve studied law, and was a
member of the society of the Middle Temple, where it is
supposed he met with, and acquired the friendship of
Chaucer. The similarity of their studies, and their taste
for poetry,, were not the only bonds of union. Their poli-
tical bias was nearly the same. Chaucer attached himself
to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and Gower to Thomas
of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester, both uncles to king
Richard II. The tendency of the ^^ Confessio Amantis,''
iti censuring the vices, of the clergy, coincides with Chau«
cer's sentiments, and although we have no direct proof of
those mutual arguings and disputes between them, which
Leiand speaks of, there can be no doubt that their friend*
ship was at one time interrupted. Chaucer concludes his
Troilus and Cressida with recommending it to the correc-
tions of ^ moral Gower," and ^< philosophical Strode ;'* and

^ Moreri ia Goutrea. — Gen. DicL-^-Clement BibL Curieufe.— Freheri Th«a«<'^
inim.— ^xii Ooomast.

G O W E IL 14*

Gdwer^ ih the Coiifessio Amantis, introduces Yiinus prais^^
ing Chaucer *^ as her disciple and poete.'' Such was their
mutual respect ; its decline is less intelligible. Mr. Tyr*
whit says, *^ If the reflection (in the prologue to the Man of
Lawes Tale, ver. 4497) upon those who relate suchstoriei
as that of Canace, or of ApoUonius Tyrius, was levelled at
Gower^ as I very much suspect, it will be difficult to re*
concile such an attack to our notions of the strict friend-
ship which is generally supposed to have subsisted between
the two bards. The attack too at this time must appear
the more extraordinary on the part of our bard, as he is
just going to put into the mouth of his Man of Lawe a tale,
of which almost every circumstance is borrowed from
Gowen The fact is, that the story of Caoace is related
by Gower in his Confessio Amantis, B. III. and the story,
of ApoUonius (or Apollynus, as he is there called) in the
Vlllth book of the sam6 work : so that, if Chaucer really
did not mean to reflect upon his old friend, his choice of
these two instances was rather unlucky."

" There is another circumstance," says the same critic,
'^ which rather inclines me to believe that their friendship
suffered some interruption in the latter part of their lives.
In the new edition of the ' Confessio Amantis,^ which
Gower published after the, accession of Henry IV. the
verses in praise of Chaucer (fol. 190, b. col. 1, ed. 1532)
are omitted. See MS. Harl. 3869. Though perhaps the
death of Chaucer at that time had riendered the compliment
contained in those verses less proper than it was at first,
that alone does not seem to have been a suflicient reason
for omitting them, especially as the original date of thd
work, in the r6th of Richard II., is preserved. Indeed the
only other alterations which I have been able to discovery
are towards the beginning abd end, where every thing
which had been said in praise of Richard in the first edi-
tion, is either left out or converted to the use of his
successor."

As this is the only evidence of a difference between
Chaucer and Gower, we may be allowed to hope that no
violent loss of friendship ensued; As' to their poetical
studies, it is evident that there was a remarkable difference
of opinion and pursuit. Chaucer had the courage to eman-
cipate bis muse from the trammels of French, in which it
was the fashion to write, and the genius to lay the founda-
tipn of English poetry, taste, and imagination. Gower,

144 G O W £ R.

probably from bis closer intimacy with the French and La-
tin poets, found it more easy to follow the beaten track*
Accordingly the first of bis works was written in French
measure. It is entitled <' Speculum Meditantis. Un Trait*
iit6f selonc les aucteurs, pour ensampler les amants ma->
rietz, au fins qils la foy de lour seints espousailies, pour-
roBt per fine loyalte guarder, et al boneur de Dieu salve-
ment tener.'' Of this, which is written in ten books, there
are two copies in the Bodleian library. It is a compilation
of precepts and examples from a Variety of authors, in
&vour of the chastity of the marriage bed.

Hid next work is in Latin, entitled <^ Vox Clamantis.**
Of this there are many copies extant ; that in the Cot-
tonian library is more fully entitled ** Joannis Gower Chro-
nica, qusB Vox Clamantis dicitur, sive Poema de Insur-
rexione Rusticorum contra ingenuos et nobiles, tempore
regis Richardi IL et de Causis ex quibus talia contingunt
Enormia; libris septem." Some lesser pieces are annexed
to this copy, historical and moral. That in the library ot
All Souk college, Oxford^ appears to have been written^
or rather dictated, when he was old and blind. It has an
epistle in Latin verse prefixed, and addressed in these
words: Hanc epistolam subscriptam corde devoto, roisit
senex et csecus Johannes Gower, reverendissimo in Christo
patri ac domino suo principi D. Thorns Arundel Cantuar.
Archiepiscopo, &c. Pr. Successor Thomas, Thomas humi-
lem tibi do me.*' This, therefore, is supposed to have
been the kst transcript he made of this work, probably
near the close of bis life. Mr. Warton is of opinion that
it was first written in 1397.

The '^ Confessio Amantis,*' which entitles him to a place
among English poets, was finished probably in 1393, after
Chaucer had written most of his poems, but before he
composed the Canterbaiy Tales. It is said to have been
begun at the suggestion of king Richard It. who meeting
him accidentally on the Thames, called him into the royal
barge, and enjoined him ^' to booke some new thing." It
was first printed by Caxton in 1 49 S. In 15 1 6, Barclay, the
author of the Ship of Fools, was requested by sir Giles
Alyngton to abridge or modernize the Confessio Amantis;
Barclay was then old and infirm, and declined it, as Mr.
Warton thinks, very prudently, as he was little qualified
to correct Gower. This anecdiote, however, shews that
Gower had already become obsolete. Skelton^ in the

G O W E R. 145

** Bote of Philip Sparrow,** says, " Gower's Englitihe is
t)lcl." Dean Colet studied Gower, as well as Chaucer and
Lydgate, in ofdef to improve his style. In Puttenham's
age, about the end of the sixteenth century, their lan-
guage was out of use. In the mean time a second edition
of the Confessio Amantis was printed by Bartbelet in
1532, a third in 1544, atid a fourth in 1554. At the dis-
tance of two centuries and a balf> a fifth was published in
the late edition of the English Poets. The only stain on
his chafactef, which Mr. Ritson has urged with asperity,
but which is obscurely discernible, is the alteration he
made in this work on the accession of Henry IV. and his
consequent disrespect for the menifofy of Richard, to whom
he formerly looked up as to a patron.

The only other circumstances of his history are, that he
Was esteemed a man of great learning, and lived and died
in afBuence. That he possessed a munificent spirit, we
have a most decisive proof in hi« contributing largely, if
not entirely, to the rebuilding of the conventual church of
St. Mary Overy, or, as it is now called, St. Saviour*s
churcB, Southwark, and he afterwards founded a chauntry
in the chapel of St. John, now used as a vestry. He ap-
pears to have lost his sight in the first year of Henry IV.
and did not long survive this misfortune, dying ac ah ad-
vanced age in 1402. He was interred in St. Saviour's
church, and a monument was afterwards . erected to his
memory, which, although it has suffered by dilapidations
and injudicious repairs, still retains a considerable portion
of antique magnificence. It is of the gothic style> covered
with three arches, the roof within springing into many
angles, under which lies the statue of the deceased, in a
long purple gown ; on his head a coronet of roses, resting
on three volumes entitled Vox Clafnantis, Speculum Medi^
tantUj and Confessio Amantis, His di^ess has given rise to
some of those conjectures respecting his history which can*
not now be determined, as his being a knight, a judge, &c.

Besides these larger works, some small poems are pre-
served in a MS. of Trinity college, Cambridge; but, pos-
sessing little or no merit, are likely* to remain in obscurity.
Mr, Wartpn speaks more highly of a collection contained
in a volome in the library of the marquis of Stafford, of
which he has given a long account, with specimens. They
are sonnets in French, and certainly are more teiider, par
thetic, and poetical than bis larger poems. As an English

Vol. XVI. ^ L

1|6 J&OW E R.

I

• poet, however, bis reputation must still rest on the '^ Con-
fessio Amantis ;^' but, although he coDtributed in some de-
gree to bring about a beneficial revplution in our ]an*
guage, it appears to be the universal opinion of the critics
that he has' very few pretensions to be ranked among in«-
yeiitors. It seems Ip have been his ambition to crowd all
.his erudition into his f^ Confessio,'' and therefore the most
interjecting parts are his stories brought as moral examples
from various authors.,^

GOZZOLI (B£NOZZo), an artist, boni at Florence in
. 1400, was the disciple pf Fri Angelico, buttbe imitator of
Masaccio, tp whom he was little inferior ip most, and sa-
perior in some parts of the art^ He lived long at Pisa,
where his best wor^s still exist, and appear less loaded
. yrith the gaudy ej^travagance of that missal style which de-
luded the age. The Bible-histories, with which be filled
. one entire side of the Cs^mpo Santo at Pisa, are by Vasari
styled '^ a terrible work, performances to intimidate a le-
gion of painters.^' It is in that place where he displays a
pow^r of coiQposition, a truth of imitation, a variety of
character and attitude, a juicy, lively, lucid colour, and a
.pathos of expression that places him next to Masaccio.
The inequality of the work, however, s^ems to betray
more than one band. He died at Pisa in 1478, and a se-
.piulchre, erected to his memory by the gratitude of his
.employers, is placed near the above work, with an epitaph
in his praise. His works were engraved by Lasinio, and
published in 1805 and 1807.*

, GRAAF (Reonier be), a celebrated physician, was born
f^t Schoonhaven, • in Holland, where his father was an
eminent architect, July 30, 1641. After having laid a
proper foundation for classical learning, he went to study
jpbysic at Leyden ; in which science he made so great proi*
gress, that in 1668 ,ke published a treatise f^ De Succo
Pancreiatico," which did him the highest honour. Two
ye^Mfs alter he went to France, and was made M. D^ at
Angers ; but returned to Holland the year after, and settled
At v^lft, where, he had very extensive practice. He mar-
ried in 16VS, and died* Aug. 17, 1673, when he was only
thiity-twp years of age. He published three pieces upon
.ibe. organa of generation both in men and wom^tiy upon

1 Biog. Brit.-— WartOD's Hist, of Poetry.— Johnson and Chalmers's English
Poefcs, 1610.
/. ^ Pitiu0gtQfi«<»*!Biog. Universellc in Beaozza*

G R A A F. 147

which subject he bid a very warm controversy with S wain->
inerdam. His works, with his life prefixed, were pubf
lisbed in 8vo^ at Leyden, in 1677 and 1705; and were
translated into Flemish, and published at Amsterdam ia
1686.*

GRA AT, or GRAET BARENT, was an historical painter*
whose name is remembered principally upon account of
bis close imitation of the works of Bamboccio, and of his
having founded an academy at Amsterdam^ where he was
boru. The best artists of bis time resorted here to study
after living models; by which means much improvement
was obtained by those who cultivated taste and science ia
the arts* He died in 1709, aged eighty-one.*

GRABE (John Ebnest), the learned editor of the
*^ Septuagint,'' from the Alexandrian MS. in the royal
library at Buckinghamrhouse, was the son of Martyn SyU
vester Grabe, professor of divinity and history in the uni«
versity of Koningsherg^ in Prussia, where his son Ernest
was born Jan. 10, 1666. He had his education there, and,
took the degree of M. A. in that university ; after which^
devoting himself to the study of divinity, he read the worka
of the fathers with the utmost attention. These he took
as the best masters and instructors upon the important
subject of religion. He was fond of their principles and
customs, and that fondness grew>; isio a kind of unreserved
veneration for their authority. Jki&ohg these he observed
the uninterrupted succession of the sacred ministry to be
universally laid down as essential to the being of a true
church : and this discoveary so powerfully impressed his
mind, that at length he thought himself obliged, in con*
science, to quit Lutheranism, the established religion of
his country, in which he had been bred, and enter with-»
in the pale of the Roman church, where that succession
was preserved. In this temper he saw likewise many other
|>articular8 in the Lutheran faith aiid practice, not agrees
able to that of the fathers, and consequently absolutely
erroneous, if not heretical.

Being confirmed in this resolution, he gave in to the
electorid college at Sambia in Prussia, a memorial, con-
taiuing the reasons for his change, in 1695 ; and, leaving
Koningsberg, set out in order to put it in esecotien iit

t NiGeron, vol. XXXIV.— Foppeiii Bibl. BtL
* Pilking^ton.— Real's Cyclopasdia.

1.2

148 G R A B £.

«oine catholic country. He was in the road to Erfurt in
this design, when there were presented to him three tracts
ifi answer to his memorial, from the elector of Bran den*
burgh,, who had given immediate orders to three Prussiark
divines to write them for the purpose. The names of these
divines were Philip James Spener, Bernard Van Sanden,
and John William\Baier. The fii*st was ecclesiasiical coun-
sellor to the elector, and principal minister at Berlin ; and
the second principal professor at Koningsbergi The three
answers were printed the same year: the first at Berlin,
the second at Koningsberg, both in 4to, and the third at
Jana, in 8vo. Grabe was entirely disposed to pay all due
respect to this address from his sovereign ; and, having
peruised the tracts with care, bis resolution for embracing
popery was so much weakened, that he wrote to one of
the divines, Spener, to* procure him a safe-conduct, that
he might return to Berlin, to confer with him. This fa*
vour being easily obtained, he went to that city, where
Spener prevailed upon him so far as to change his design
of going among the papists, for another. In England^
says this friend, you will meet with the outward and nnin*
terrnpted succession which you want : take then your route
thither ; this step will give much less dissatisfaction to
your friends, and at the same time equally satisfy your
conscience. Our divinei yielded to the advice; and, ar*
riving in England, wasri^ceived with all the respect due
to his merit, and presently recommended to king William
in such terms, that his majesty granted hijn a pension of
100/. per annum, to enable him to pursue hts studies.

With the warmest sense ef those favours, be presently
shewed himself not unworthy of the royal bounty, by the
many valuable books which he published in England;
which, from this time, he adopted for his. own country ;
and finding the ecclesiastical constitution so much to his
mind, he entered into, priest's orders in that church, and
l^ecame a zealous advocate for it, as coming nearer in his
opinion to the primitive pattern than any other. In this
spim he published, in 1698, and the following year, "Spi-
eitegium SS. Patrum, &c.'! or a collection of tlie lesser
^orks and fragments, rarely to be met with, of the fathers
and herei^e& of .the three, first, centuries; induced to this
compilation, as he expressly declared, by th^e considera-
tion, that thei*e could be no better ejipedient for healing
the divisions of the Christian churchy than to reflect on

G R A B E. 149

the practice and opinions of the primitive fathers. Both
these volumes were reprinted at Oxford in 1700, 8.vo, ahd
some remarks were made upon tb<e first in a piece entitled
"A new and full method of settling the Canonical Authority
of the New Testament, by Jer. Jones, 1726," 8vo. From
the same motive he printed also Justin Martyr's " First
Apology'* in 1700; and the works of Irenaeus in 1702;
both which were animadverted upon by Thirlby, the editor
of^Justin Martyr, and Massuet, the editor of Ireneeus.
Upon the accession of queen Anne to the throne this year^
besides continuing his pension, her majesty sought an oc-
casion of giving some farther proofs of her special regard
for him ; and she was not long in finding one.

The *< Septuagint" had never been entirely printed from
the Alexandrian MS. in St. James's library, partly owing
^ to tbe great difficulty of performing it in a manner suitable
to its real worth, and partly because that worth itself had
been so much questioned by the advocates of the Roman
^opy> that it was even grown into some neglect. To peri
form this task, and to assert its superior oierit, was an honour
marked out for Grabe ; and when her majesty acquainted
him with it, she at the same time presented him with a
purse of 60/. by the suggestion of her minister Harley, to
enable him to go through with it. This was a most arduous^
UBdertakiug, and he sparied no pains to complete it. In
the mean time he employed such hours as were necessary
for refreshment, in other works of principal esteem. In
1705 he gave a beautiful edition of bishop Bull's work.^,
in folio, with notes ; for which he received the author's
pariicutar thanks ; and he had also a hand in preparing for
the press archdeacon Gregory's edition of the New Testa-
ment in Greek, which was printed the same year at Ox-
ford, revising the scholia, which Gregory, then dead, had
collected from various authors, and making the proper
references.

From his first arrival he had resided a great part of hii
time in that university, with which he was exceedingly de-
lighted. Besides the Bodleian library there, he met with
several persons of the first class of learning in tiieologi*
cal and sacred criticism, among whom he found th^t free-
dom of conversation and communication of studies which
is inseparable from true scholars; but still the Alexandrian
MS. was the chief object of his labour. He examined it
with his usual diligence, and ;:ompaiing it with a copy

ISO G R A B E.

from that of the Vatican at Rome, he found it in so rvMi^
places preferable to the other, that be resolved to print ift
as soon as possible. With this view, in 1 704, he drew tip
a particular account of the preferences of this to the Vati-*
can MS. especially in respect to the book of '* Judges,'*-
and published it, together with three specimens, contain-*
ing so many diflfei'ent methods of his intended edition,
wishing to be determined in his choice by the learned.
This came out in 1705, with proposals for printing it. by
subscription, in a letter addressed to Dr, Mill, principal of
£dmund-hatl, Oxford; and that nothing might be wanting
which lay in the power of that learned body to promote the
work, he was honoured with the degree of D- D. early the
following year, upon which occasion Dr. Smalridge, who
then officiated as regius professor, delivered two Latin
speeches, containing the highest compliments to his inerit.
The success was abundantly answerable to bis fondesi
wishes : besides the queen's bounty, he received anotbe?
present from his own sovereign the king of Prussia ; ancj
subscription^^ from the principal nobility, clergy, and gen-«
try, crowded daily upon him from all parts.

In the midst of these encourageqiients, the first volume
of this important work came out in 1707, at Oxford, in
folio and 8vo. This volume contained the Octateuch, and
his design was to print the rest, according to the tenor of
the MS. but, for want of some materials to complete the
historical and prophetical books, he chose rather to change
that order^ and to expedite the work as much as possible.
The chief materials for which he waited not yet coming to
hand, he was sensible that the world might expect to see
the reasons of the delay, and therefore published a disser-
t-ation the following year, giving a particular account of it,
under the title of " Dissertatio de variis viijis LXX Inter-^

Eretuqi ante B. Origenis aevum illatis, & remediis ab ipso
[eyapl^ri ejusdem versionis additione adhibitis, deque hu«
jus edition^ reliquiis tam manuscriptis tam pr^lo excusis.''
The hplps h^ >vanted, as above intimated, were a Syriac
MS. of the historical books of the Old Testaonent, with
Origenis ms^rks i^poi^ th^m ; besides two MSS. one bdong-*
jng to caifdinal Cbig^, and the other to the college of Lewis
le Grand. He receivecj iiU afterwards, and made collations
from them^^ as also for a volume of annotations upon the
whqle work, as well asf for the prolegomena; all which
xequirio^ some tune to digest into a proper method j|; the

G R A B E; 15]

iOMDd voloiiie did not come oat till 171 9, when the fourth
also aippeared, and was followed by the third the ensuing yean

In the mean time, he fell into a dispute with WbistOD^
who had not only in private discourses^ in order to support
bis own cause by the strength of our author's cbaracter^
but also in public writings, plainly intimated, <^ that the
doctor was nearly of his mind about the Constitution of
the Apostles, written by St. Clement, and that he owned
in general the genuine truth and apostolical antiquity of
that collection/' This calumny was neglected by our au-*
thor for some time, till he understood that the story gained
credit, and was actually believed by several persons wha
were acquainted with him. For that reason he thought it
necessary to inform the public, that his opinion of the
Apostolical Constitutions was quite different, if not oppo-
site, to Mr. Whiston^s sentiments about them ; this he did
in '^ An Essay upon two Arabic Manuscripts in the Bod-
leian Library, and that ancient book called the Doctrine
of the Apostles, which is said to be extant in them, whereia
Mr. Whiston's mistakes about both are plainly proved."

This piece was printed at Oxford, 1711, 8 vo. In tbe-
dedication, he observes, that it was the first piece which
be published in the English tongue, for the service of the
church. He was assisted in it by Gagnier, who, about ten
years before, had come over to the church of England front
that of France, and then taught Hebrew at Oxford ; and^
being well skilled in most of the Oriental languages, bad
been appointed the year before, by Sharp, archbishop of
Yotkf to assist Grabe in perusing these MSS. having en-^
gaged the doctor to write this treatise against Whiston's
notion. But as the result of the inquiry was, that the
Arabic ** Didascaliu" were nothing else but a translation of
the ffrst six entire books of the ^' Clementine Constitu-
tionsy^' with only the addition of five or six chapters not in
the Greek, Whiston immediately sent out *^ Remarks upon
Grabe^s Essay,'' &c. 1711; in which, with his usual perti-
nacity he claims this MS. for a principal support of hi^
own opinions, and declares, the doctor could not have'
served him better than he had done in this essay. Nor has
almost, says he, any discovery, I think, happened so for-
tunate to me, and to that sacred cause I am engaged in
f«pm the beginning, as this essay of his before us. How-
ever this may be, Grabe's essay was his last publication, '
being prevented in the desigu he bad of publishing many

152 G KA B:E)

othem by. his! death, wWdi happened Nov. 12, 1712> in
the vigour of his age. He was interred in Westniiu3ter-«
abbey, where a marble monumeot, with his effigy at full
length, in a sitting posture, and a suitable hi«cription un-
derneath, was erected at the expence of the lord-treasurec
Harley. He was attended in his last illness by Dr. Smal-
ridge, who gave ample testimony of his sincere piety, and
fully refuted the aspemons cast on bis moral character by
Casiiiiir Oudin. He desired upon his death-bed that his
dying in the faith and communion of the church of. England
might he made public. He thought it a sound anH pure
part of the catholic church, notwithstanding some defects
which be thought he perceived in the reformation. He
expressed also his most hearty wishes for the union of all
Christians, according to the primitive and perfect model.
He was, however, a little scrupulous about communicat-
ing publicly in the English church, at least unless he pould
place an entire confidence in the priest that was to offioi-
ate, or ejccept . in case, of necessity. Yet, with all these
scruples, which in our days will not be clearly understood,
he always professed more esteem for the church of Eng-
land than for any other part of the catholig church. He
had so great a zeal for promoting the ancient government
and discipline of the church, among all those who had se-
parated themselves from the corruption and superstitions
of the church of Rome, that he formed a plan, and made
i^ome. advances in it, for restoring the episcopal order and
office in the territories of the king of Prussia, his sove*
reign ; and he proposed, moreover, to introcTuce a liturgy
much after the model of the English service, into that
king's dominions. He recommended likewise the use of
the English liturgy itself, by means of some of his f rife nds,^
to a certain neighbouring court. By these methods, his
intention was to unite the two main bodies of Protestants
in a more perfect and apostolical reformation than that upon
which either of them then stood, and thereby fortify the
common cause of their protestation against the errors of
popery, against which he left several MSS, finished and
unfinished, in Latin, of which the tithes in English are to
be found in Dr. Hickes's account of his MSS. Among
these also were several letters, which he wrote with success
to several persons, to prevent their apostacy to the cburcti
gf Rome, when they were ready to be reconciled to it j
apd in his letters be challenged the priests to meet h^^m ix\

G B A B E. 153

eonferences before the persons whom they bad led astra}' ;
bat ihey knowing, says Dr. Uickes, the Hercules with whom
they mujst have conflicted, wisely declined the challenge.

He left a. great naniber of MSS. behind him, which he
bequeathed to Dr. Hick«s for his life, and after his decease
to Dr. George Smalridge. Th& former of these divines
carefully performed his request of making it known, that
he had died in the faith and comniunion of the church of
England, in an account of his life, prefixed to a tract of
our author's, which he published with the following title :
^^ Some Instances of the Defects and Omissions in Mr.
Whiston's Collections of Testimonies, from the Scriptures
aiid the Fathers, against the true Deity of the Holy Ghost,
and of misapplying and misinterpreting divers of them, by
Dr.Grabe. To which is premised, a discourse, wherein
some account is given of the learned doctor, and his MSS.
and of this short treatise found among his English MSS. by
George Hickes, D. D." 1712, 8vo. There came out afters-
wards two more of our author's posthumous pieces : 1 . << Li*
turgta Graeca Johannis Ernesti Grabii." This liturgy,
drawn up by our author for bis own private use, was pub-
lished by Christopher Matthew Pfaff, at the end of ^Mre*
nasi Fragmeata Anecdota," printed at the Hague, 1715,
Svo. 2. '^ De Forma Consecrationis Eucharistia^, hoc est,
Defensio Ecclesiae Gr8ec8B,"'&c. i. e. *^ A Discourse con-
cerning the Form of Consecration of the Eucharist, or a
defence of the Greek church against that of Rome, in the
article of consecrating the Eucfaaristioal Elements ; written
in Latin, by John Ernest Grabe, and now first published
with an English version." To which is added, from the
sama author's MSS. some notes concerning the oblation of
the body and blood of Christ, with the form and effect of
the eucharistical consecration, and two fragments of a pre-
face designed for a new ^ition of the first liturgy of Ed-
ward VL with a preface, of the editor, shewing what is the
opinion of the church of England concerning Uie use of the
fathers, and, of its principal members, in regard to the nmt*
ter defended by Dr. Grabe in this treatise, 1721, 8vo.

Tbirlby and Le Clerc are the only writers of reputation
who have endeavoured to undervalue Grabe's abilities,
which have received due tribute from bis other learned-
contemporaries. It is, however, with regret we find by a
letter lately published from the Harleian MSS. that the
ye^r before bis d^atb| he was sinking udder %k§ oomplU

I5i G B A B £)

cated Ipad of {penury and iU*^ealtb« We eia^nly bop^
that the lord treasurer, Hadiey, to whom the letter fra» ad-
dressed, administered such relief as was in bis pofwer ; and
this is the more probable from his having honoured bis re*
mains by a monument in Westminster-abbey. It remain*
yet tQ be noticed that bis '^ Collatio codtcis Cottoniani
Geue3eds cum editione Romana,'' which lay long unnoticed
in the Bodleian library, had ample justice done to it in
}778, hy the attention and accuracy of Dr. Henry Owenj
and that the whole of the Alexandrian MS. has since been
very accurately published in fac-simile by the late rev. Or.
Woide of the British Museum.^

GRACIAN (Baltasar), a celebrated Spanish Jesuit^
was born at Catalaiud, formerly Bilbilis. He taught the
belles-lettres, philosophy, and theology, in his society »
preached during some years, and was rector of the college
at Tarragona, where he died December 6, 1658, leaving a
considerable number of works in Spanish, published at
Madrid in 1664, but which are not much suited to the pre-^
sent taste, 2 vols. 4to. The chief of those that have been-
translated into French a?e^ <* Le Heros/' by P. de Gourhe-^
ville, a Jesuit j Rotterdam, 1729, 12mo; ^' Refiexion&
politiqqes sur les plus grands princes, et particulierement
sur Ferdinand le Catholiqtte,'* by M. de Silhouette, Am-
sterdam, 173], 12m6, translated also by P. de Courbeville>
under the title of ^^ Le Politique Dom. Ferdinand le Ca^
thpjique," Paris, 1732, 12mo, with notes. >* L' Homme'
Universel,** by P. de . Courbeville, 12mo. ** L' Homme"
detromp6, ou le Criticon," by Maunoy, 3 vols^ 12iDO,
•^ UHomme de Cour,'* by Amelot de la Houssaye^ with
notes, ] 2mo. P. de Courbeville has likewise translated it,
with the title of ^^ Maximes de Balthasar Gracian, aveO'
des Reponsesaux Critiques de L'Homme Universel/' Paris,
)730, 12mo. His ^^ Manual on the Art of Prudence,'* was
published in English,, in 1694, 8vo,'

G&SMK (John), a young man of Scotland whose ge<#
nius i^nd learning have been most injudiciously heightened,
was born at Carnwarth, in Lanarkshire, in 1748. He waa
the youngest of the four sons of a poor farmer^ and having
discovered an uncommon proficiency in the learning taught
at the school of the village, it was resolved to educ^e him'

1 Biog. Brit.— Gen. Dict,i-*Nidiolft'K Bowjer.-*>Ssxii ^noaast*
? M«reru«»Pict. Hist*

A

O n M tA E;# 155

for the church. At the age of foarteeu h0 was placed at
the school of Lanark, where bk progress in grammatical
learning is said to have been rapid, and, considering his
earJy disadvantages, incredible. In 1766 he was removed
fo the university of Edinburgh, where, we are likewise told
that in classii?al learning be surpassed the most industrious
and accomplished -students of bis standing, and spoke and
Composed in L^tin with a fluency and elegance that' had
few examples. And, of mathematics, natural philosophyi
and metaphysics, his knowledge was considerable. To this
was owing a certain proneoess to disputation and metaphy-
sical refinement, for which he was remarkable, and which
be-oft0n indulged to a degree that subjected him to the
imputation of iipprudence, and of free^tbinking. His torn
for elegant composition first appeared in the solution of a
philosophic question, proposed as a college-exercise, which
^ he chose to exemplify in the form of a tale, conceived and
executed with all the fire and invention of eastern imagi-
nation. This happened in 1769 ; and his first attempts in
poetry are of no earlier date.

About this time be was presented to an eKhibition (or
bursary, as it is called) in the university of St. Andrew^
which be accepted, but found reason soon after to decline,
upon discovering that it subjected him to repeat a course
of languages and philosophy; which the extent of his ac«
quisitions, and the ardour q( his ambition, taught him to
bold in no great estimation. In 1770, therefore, he re-
stimed bis studies at E^dinburgh, and, having finished the
usual preparatory (^ourse^ was admitted into the theologi-^
cal class : bqt the state of his health, which soon after be^*
gan to decline, did not allow him to deliver any of the ex-
ercises usually prescribed to students in that sdciety. In
autumn 1771, bis ilUhealtb, that bad been increasing
almost, unperceived, terminated in a deep consumption }
the complicated distress of which, aggravated by the indi-
gence of bis situation, be bore with an heroic composure
and magnanimity, and continued at intervals to compose
verses, and to correspond witb bis friends, until after a
tedious struggle of ten months, he expired July 26, 1772y
in the 24th year of bis age. His poenaa, consisting of ele-
gies and miscellaneous pieces, were collected, and printed
at Edinburgh, 1773, Svo. There are few of tbem entitled
to superior praise, and certainly none that can justify the
leqgth to which the detail of bis life and opinions has been

156 G R JE M E;

extended. Unfortunately als®, thiese poems were reprinted
in a late collection, and among them a specimen of his
Latin poetry, called a Sapphic ode, and styled *[ a correct
and manly performance for a boy of fifteen.** But so far
from being correct, it is not even a decent attempt, and the
lines are formed with such total ignorance of the Sapphic
measure, that it has justly been said, " a boy producing
such at one of our public schools could only be considerea
as intending to insult the master." It seems difficult, there-
fore, to form any judgment of the illiteracy of those ** most
industrious and accomplished students of his standing,*'
whom he surpassed in " classical learning.'**

GR.EVIUS, or GREVIUS (John George), a cele-
brated Latin critic, was born January 29, 1632, at Naum-
bourg, in Saxony ; and, having laid a good foundation of
classical learning in his own country, was sent to finish his
education at Leipsic, under the professors Rivinus and
Straucbius. This last was his relation by the mother*s side^
and sat opponent in the professor*s chair, when our author
performed his exercise for his degree ; on which occasion
he maintained a thesis, " De Moribus Gerraanorum.*' As
bis father designed to breed him to the law, he applied
himself a while to that study, but not without devoting
much of his time to polite literature, to which he was early
attached, and which he afterwards made the sole object of
his application. With this view he removed to Deventer
in Holland, attended the lectures of John Francis Grono-
vius,. whose frequent conversations and advice entirely
fixed him in his resolution. He was indeed so much pleased
with this professor, that he spent two years in these stijdies
under his direction, and frequently used to ascribe all hia
knowledge to his instructions. Being desirous in the mean
time of every opportunity of enlarging his acquaintance
with the ablest men of his time, be went from Deventer,
first to Leyden to hear Daniel Heinsius, and next to Am-
sterdam ; where, attendfng the lectures of A lexander Monus
and David Blondel, this last persuaded him to renounce
the Lutheran religion, in which he had been bred, and to
embrace Calvinism.

His reputation for literary talents and acquirements wad
so high before he had reached his twenty-fourth year, that
he was judged qualified for the chair; and, upon tbe'deatti

,. ' * Anderson's 4>oet8.— British Criiici to), VJIr .

J--

G R iE VI V fi. I5t

of Schnltingi actually hominsfcted to the professofsbip bf
Duisburg by the elector of Brandenburgh : who at the
same time yielded (o his desire of visiting Antwerp, Brus-
sels, Lorrain, and the neigbbouiing countries ; in order to
complete the plan he had laid down for finishing his studies
before he entered upon the exercise of bis office. Young
as he was, he appeared every way qualified for this office,
but held it no longer than two years ; when he closed with
an offer of the professorship of Deventer, which, though of
less value than Duisburg, was more acceptable to him on
many accounts. He had a singular affection for thef place
where first he indulged his inclination for these studies,
and he had the pleasure of succeeding his much-beloved
Groi>ovius, and that too by a particular recommendation,
on his removal to Leyden. It must be remembered also,
that be was a proselyte to Calvinism, which was the esta-
blished religion at Deventer, and scarcely tolerated at
Duisburg ; and in Holland also it might occur to him that
there was a fairer prospect of preferment, and in this he
was not disappointed, as in 1661, the States of Utrecht
made him professor of eloquence in that university, in the
room of Paulus JEmilius.

, Here be fixed his ambition, and resolved to move no more,
and rejected solicitations both from Amsterdam and Ley-
deo. The elector Palatine lik^wi^e attempted in vain to
draw him to Heidelberg, and the republic of Venice to
Padua, but he bad become in some degree naturalized to
Holland : and the States of Utrecht, being determined not
to part with him, added to that of eloquence the profes-
sorship of politics and history in* 1673. In these stations
be had the honour to be sought after by persons of different
countries ; several coming from Germany for the benefit of
his instructions, many from England. He had filled all
these posts, with a reputation nothing inferior to any of
bis time, for more than thirty years, when he was suddenly
carried off by an apoplexy, Jan. 1 1, 1703, in his 71st year.
. He bad eighteen children by his wife, whom he married
in 1656, .but was survived only by four daughters. One
of bis sons, a youth of great hopes, died 1692, in his 23d
year, while he was preparing a new edition pf Callima-
cbus, which was finished afterwards by his father, aqd
printed in 1697.

. . GjTtievitts did great service to the republic of letters,' not
80 much by original productions of his own, as by proc.ur-

4

15$ Q n JEV IM S.

* « ■

ing^ many editions of 9utborS| which he enriched \vith notes
and excellent prefaces, as Hesiod, Callimachus^ Suetonius,
Cicero, Fiorus, Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, «f ustin, C»«
sar, Lucian. He published also, of the moderns, Casau*^
bon^s "Letters," several pieces of Meursius, Huet^s " Poc-
roata,'* Junius " De pictura veterum," £remita " De Vita
aulica & civili,'' and otliers of less Tkote. But his chef
jd'ceuvre is his '' Thesaurus Antiquitatum Komanarum," in
12 vols, folio; to which he added afterwards " Thesaortrs
Antiq. & Histor. Italise,^" which were printed after hi« death,
J 704, in 3 vols, folio. There also came oot in 1707, " J.
G. Graevii Preelectiones & CXX Epistolds colleotic ab Alb.
Fabricio;'* to which was added '^ fiurmanni Oracio dicta
in Graevii funere,'' to which we are obliged for tlie parti^
culars of this memoir. In 1717 was printed " J. G. Grae^
vii Orationes quas Ultrajecti habuit,'* 8vo. A great num^
ber of his letters were published by Burman in his ** Syl-
loge Epistotarum," in 5 vols. 4to. And the late Dr. Mead,
who had been one of his pupils, was posi>es6ed of a collec-*
lion of original letters in MS. written to GrsBvlus by the
most eminent persons in learning, as Basnage, Bayle, Bur-
man, Le Clerc, Faber, Fabricius, Gronovius, Kuster, Lien*
boFch, Puffeadorff, Salms^iusi, Sp^nheim, Spinosa, Tollius^
iBeutley, Dodwell, Locke, Potter, Abb6 Bossuet, Bignp%
]9arduin, Huet, Menage, Spon, Vaillant, &c. from 1670 to
the year of his death.*

GRAFIGNY (Frances d^Isembourg D'HAPPONCotjRT,
Dame de), a French lady of literary reputation, was tb^
daughter of a mihtary oiEcer, and born about the year 1€94«
She was married, or rather sacrificed to Francis Hugot de
Grafigny, chamberlain to the duke of Lorraine, a man c^
violent passions, from which she was often in danger of her
life ; but after some years of patient suffering, she was al
length relieved by a legal separation, and her husband
finished his days in confinement, which his improper
conduct rendered necessary. Madame de Grafiguy now
came to Paris, where her merit was soon acknowledged,
although her first performance, a Spanish novel, did not
pass without some unpleasant criticisms, to wbidi, says
our authority, she gave the best of all possible answers, by

' > Botvtianni Oratio ubt supra. — Niceron, vols. II. and X.*— Gen. Diet.— ->Bnr..
manni Trajectum Eruditum. — Saxii Onomasticon. — Dr. Mead's coilection of
letters, meutioDed above, were sold at bis sale for twenty-x)iie g^uin^as, but we
have not learned who was the purchaser. They amouated to tbrte Ibottsand
tw« huadrad letters, all orisinals.

O R A F I G N y. 159

rwriting a batter, which ivss tor ** Lettres d*utte Peruvicnhe,^*
•2 vols. l2ino. This bad great success, being written with
spirit, and abounding in those delicate sentiments which
are so much admired in the French school, yet an air
of metaphysical speculation has been justly objected, as
jthrovving a chill on her descriptions of love. She aUo
wrote some dramatic pieces, of which the comedies of
^* Cenie'' & " La Fille d'Aristide" were most applauded.
Having resided for some tio^e at tlie court of Lorraine, she
became known to the emperor, who had read her ^^ Pe-
ruvian Letters'' with much pleasure, and engaged her to
.write some dramatic pieces proper to be performed before
.the empress and the younger branches of the royal family
at court. This she complied with, and sent five or six
:Sucb pieces to Vienna, and in return received a pension of
1500 livres, but with the express condition that she was
not to print thes^^dramas, nor give copies to any other
theatre. She long retained the esteem and patronage of
the court of Vienna, and was chosen aix associate of the
acadeo^y at Florence. She died, much esteemed by all
classes, at Paris in 1758, A complete edition of her works
.was published at Paris in 17S8, 4 vols. 12mo; and her
:*^ Letters of a Peruvian Pi^ncess,'* were published iii
.English, by F. Ashworth, 1782, 2 vols. JJvo.*

CRAETON (Richard), an English printer and historian,
was descended of a good family, and appears to have beea
brought up a merchant, and his works, as an author, evince
him to have had a tolerable education. He tells us him«^
self that he wrote the greatest part of Hallos chronicle
•(who died in 1547), and next year printed that work, en-
titled ^^ The anion of the two noble and illustre fameliey
of Lancastre and Yorke," foe. continued to the end of the
Feign of fienry VIIL from Hall's MSS. according to Ant.
\Vbod. It had been printed by Berthelat in 1542, but
br^Hight down only to 1532. In 1562 Grafton's ^^ Abridge
ment of the Chronicles of England,*' was printed by R.
Tottyl, and reprinted the two succeeding years, and in
1572. And as Stowe had published his ^' Summarie of the
flnglyshe Chronicles'' in 1565, Grafton sent out, as a
rival, an abridgement of bis abridgement, which he entitled
<f A M^Quell of the Chronicles of England ;" and Stowe,
not lo be behind with hisa^ published in the same year bis

i Diet, Hilt.

*J60 tJ R AFT ON.

*** Summarie of Chronicles abridged.** This rivalship was
accooipained by harsh reflections on each other in their re-
spex^tive prefaces. In 1569 Grafton published his " Chro-
nicle at large, and meere History of the affaires of Eng-
land," &c. some part of which seems to have been unjustly
Censured by Buchanan. In the time of Henry VIII. soon
after the death of lord Cromwell) Grafton was imprisoned
six weeks in the Fleet, for printing Matthews's Bible^ and
what was called "The Great Bible" without notes, and,
before his release, was bound in a penalty of lOO/. tbat be
should neither sell nor print, or cause to be printed, any
more bibles, until the king and the clergy should agrefe
upon a translation. As Whitchurch was concerned with
him in printing those Bibles, he very probably shared the
same fate. Grafton was also called before the council, oil
a charge of printing a ballad in favour of lord Cromwell ;
and his quondam friend bishop Bonner "being present, ag-
gravated the cause, by reciting a little chat between them,
in which Grafton had intimated his " being sorry to hear
of Cromwell's apprehension ;" but the lord chancellor Aud**
ley, disgusted probably at this meanness .of spirit in Bon-
ner, turned the discourse, and the matter seems to have
ended. In a few years after, Grafton was appointed prin-
ter to prince Edward, and he with his associate Whitchurch
had special patents for printing the church-service books,
and also the' Primers both in Latin and English.

• In the first year of Edward VI. Grafton was favoured
with a special patent granted to him for the sole printing of
air the statute books, or acts of parliament; and in Dec.
154S, he and Whitchurch were authorized by another
patent, to take up and provide, for one year, printers,
compositors, &c. together with paper, ink, presses, &c. at
reasonable rates and prices. Ames seems to be of opinion
that he was also a mentfoer of parliament, but Herbert, ap-
parently on good grounds, doubts this. It does not appear
with certainty in what circumstances he died. Strype sup-
poses him to have been reduced to poverty, and tliere is
not much reason to think that he died in affluent circum-
stances. No particulars, however, have been handed down
to us of bis sickness, death, or interment, nor do we find
any account qf him after 1572, when* by an accidental fall
he broke his leg.> He printed .seme of the earliest, most
correct, and splendid of the English Bibles, and many
otjher works of great importance in the infancy of the

G E A F T O N. 161

r^foi'iiiation. His ^< Chronicle'' has not preserve its re-
putation^ and has been usually sold at a price very inferior
to that of the other English Chronicles; but upon that
account, howeyer, it appears to have obtained a wider cir«
Gulation. '

GRAHAM. SeeMACAULEY.

GKAHAM (George), clock and watch maker, the most
ingenious and accurate artist in his time, was born at Hors-
gills, in the parish of Kirklinton in Cumberland, in 1675.
In 1688 he came up to London, and was put apprentice
to a person in that profession ; but after being some time
w^th his master, he was received, purely on account of , his
merit, into the family of the celebrated Mr. Tompion, who
treated him with a kind of parental affection as long as l^ie
lived. That Mr. Graham was, without competition, the
most eminent of his profession, is but a small part of his
Ghai*acter : he was the best general mechanic of his time,^
and had a complete knowledge of practical astronomy ; so
that he not only gave to various movements for measuring
time a degree of perfection which had never before been
attained, but invented several astronomical instruments,
by which considerable advances have been made in that
science: he also ojiade great improvements in those which
had before been in use ; and, by a wonderful manual dex-
terity, comtructed them with greater precision and accu-
racy than any other person ia the world.

.A great mural arch in the observatory at Greenwich was
made for Dr. Halley, under Mn Graham^s immediate inspec*!
tion, and divided by bis own hand : and from this incomparable
original, the best foreign instruments of the kind are copies,
made by English artists. The sector by which. Dr. Brad-
ley first discovered two new motions in the fixed stars, was
of his invention and fabric. He comprised the whole
planetary system within the compass of a small cabinet;
from which, as a model, all the modem orreries have beea
constructed^ And when the French academicians were
sent %o the north, to make observations for ascertaining
the figure of the earth, Mr. Graham was thought the fittest
person in Europe to supply them with instruments; by
which means they finished their operations, in one year;
wk^e those who went to the jiouth, . not being so well fur*** .

* Ames and Herbert's Typoi^aphjical Antiquities. «

Vol. XVI. IVI

t«3 C K A H A M.

nished) were very mnch embarrassed and retarded in tbeitf^
dperalions.

Mr. Graham was many years a member of the royal soei^ty«
to which he communicated several ing^iLous and important
discoveries, viz. from the 31st to the 42d volume of thdi
Philos.Transactions, chiefly on astronomical and philosophi-
cal subjects ; particularly a kind of horary alteratifOR of the
magnetic needle ; a quicksilver pendulum, and many cu-»
rious particulars relating to the true length of the simplei.
pendulum^ upon which he continued to make esrperiment^
till almost the year of his death, which happened Nov. 20^
1751, at his house in Fleet^street. He was inlerved inf
Westminster abbey in the same grave with his predeeestoi^
Tompion.

His temper was tiot less communicative than his genian
was penetrating ; and his principal view was the advance^
ment of science, and the benefit of mankind. As be wa^r
. perfectly sincere^ he was above suspicion ; as he was above
envy, he was candid ; and as be bad a relish for true plea^*-
sure, he was generous. He frequently lent money^ but
could never be prevailed upon to take any interest ; and for
diat reason be never placed out any money upon govern*^
ment securities. He had bank*notes, which were thirty
years old, in his possession, when he died } and his whole
property, except his stock in trade, was found in a strong*
box, which, though less than would have been headed by
avarice, was yet more than would have remained to pro*
digality. ^

GRAIN (John Baptist le), a French historian^ waa
born in 1^65, and, after a liberal education, beeame ooun^i*
seller and master of the requests to Mary de Medieis, queeti
of France. He frequented the court in his youtb^ and d^
voted himself to the service of Henry IV. by whom be wal^
much esteemed and trusted. Being a man of probity, andl
void of ambition, he did not employ his interest witk^
Henry to obtain dignities^ but 6pent the greatest part of
bis life in literaiy retirement. Among other w^rks wbiclit
be composed, are " The History of Henry IV," and " The
History of Lewid XIII. to the death of the Marshal d'An-^
ere," in 1617; both which were published in folio, tinder
the 'title of << Deteade6." The former he pi-esented «q
LewijB XIII. who read it over, and was infinitely charmed

I QtaL May. toI. liXI»— Butcbioioa'i Hiit of Cuab^iUftOi

G RvA I N* 168

mth tbe fraokaess of tbe author : but the Jesuits^ who
never were friendly to liberality of sentiment^ found means
to have 'this work castrated in -several places. They served
" The Hist(H-y of Lewis XIII." worse ; for, Le Grain hav-
ing in that performance spoken advantageously of the
prince of Cond^, hisi protector, they had the cunning and
malice to suppress those passages, and to insert others,
where they made him speak of the prince in very indeco«
rous terms. Cond6 was a dupe to this piece of knavery,
till Le Grain had ti$ne to vindicate himself, by restoring
this as well as his former works to their original purity.
He di€fd at Paris in 1643, and ordered in his will, that
none of his descendants should ever trust the education of
their children to the Jesuits ; which clause, it is said, ha(»
been punctually observed by bis family. ^

GftAINDORGE (Andrew), an ingenious Frencliman,
was a native of Caen in the. seventeenth century, and tha
discoverec of the art of making figured diaper.. He did not^
however, bring it to perfection, for he only wove squares
and flowers; but his son Richard Graindorge, living to^
tbe age of eigtity-two, had leisure to complete what his '
fsither bad begun, and found a way to represent all sorts
of animals, and other figures. This work he called Haute"
lice, perhaps because the threads were twisted in the
woof. They are now called damasked cloths, from their
resemblance to white damask. This ingenious workman
also invented the method of weaving table napkins ; and
bis son, Michael, established several manufactures in dif-*
ferent parts of France, where these damasked cloths are
become very common. Tbe same family has produced se-
veral other persons of genius and merit ; ^among these is
James Graindorge, a man of wit and taste, and well skilled
in antiquities : he is highly spokei\ of by M. Huet, who
was bis intimate friend. His brother Andrew, also,
doctor of physic of the faculty at Montpellier, was a learned
phtloi^opberj who followed the principles of JCpicurus and
Gassendi. He died January 13, 1676, aged sixty. He
left, ^' Traits de la Nature du Feu, de la Lumi^re, et des
Couleurs,^^ 4to j " Traits de I'Origine des Macreuses,'^
1680, l'2mo, and other works. M. Huet dedicated bi$
book '^ De Interpretatione" to this gentleman.*

U 2

1«* GRAINGER.

' GRAIN6ER (James)^ an English poet and physicianr,
was botn at Dunse, a small town in the southern part of
Scotland, about 1723. His father, a native of Cumber-
land, and once a man of considerable property, had re-
moved to Dunse, on the failure of some speculations in
mining, and there filled a post in the excise. His son,
after receiving such education as his native place afforded,
went to Edinburgh, where he was apprenticed to Mr. Law-
der, a surgeon, and had an opportunity of studying the
various branches of medical science^- which were then
begun to be taught by the justly celebrated founders of the
school of medicine in that city. Having qualified himself
for such situations as are attainable by young men whose
circumstances do not permit them to wait the slow returns
of medical practice at home, be first served as surgeon to
lieut.-general Pulteney^s regiment of foot, during the re-
bellion (of 1745) in Scotland, and afterwards went in the
same capacity to Germany, where that regiment composed
part of the army under the earl of Stair. With the repu-
tation and interest which his skill and learning procured
abroad, he came over to England at the peace of Aix-la«*
Chapelle, sold his commission, and entered upon practice
as a physician in London.

In 1753 he published the result of his experience in
some diseases of the army, in a volume written in Latin,
entitled ** Historia Febris Anomalse Batavce annorum 1746,
1747, 1748,^' &c. Id this work he appears to advantage
as an acute observer of the phenomena of disease, and as
a man of general learning, but what accession he had
been able to make to the stock of medical knowledge was
unfortunately anticipated in sir John Pringle's recent and
very valuable work on the diseases of the army. During
his residence in London, his literary talents introduced
him to the acquaintance of many men of genius, particu-
larly pf Shenstone, Dr. Percy the late bishop of Dromore,
Glover, Dr. Johnson, sir Joshua Reynolds, and others^
who by Mr. BoswelPs comprehensive biography, are now
known to have composed Dr. Johnson^s society, and it is
no small praise that every member of it regai-ded Dr.
Grainger with affection. He was first known as a poet by
bis ** Ode oti SoliQide,*' which has been universally praised,
and never beyond its merits; but professional success is
aeldom promoted by the reputation of genius. Grainger's
practice was insufficient to employ his days or to provide

(3 R A I.N G S R» US

for tbem, aid be is said to h$^e accepted the office, of ttitor
to a young gentleo^an who se^itled an annuity \ipon M91 ; tipr
did he disdain such literary employment as the booksellers
suggested. Smollett, in the coi^rse of a controversy which
will be noticed hereafter, accuses him of working for bread
in the lowest employments of literature, and ai the lowest
prices. This, if it be not the loose assertion of a calum-
niator, may perhaps refer to the assistance he gave in pre-
paring the second volujne of Maitland's ^^ History of Scot*
land,^' in which he was employed by Andrew Millar, who
has seldom been accused of bargaining with authors for
the lowest prices. Maitland had left materials for the vo*
lume, and as Grainger's business was to arrange them, and
contin^e the work as nearly as possible in Maitland's plan-
ner and style, much fame could not result from his best
endeavours.

In 1758 be published a translation of the *^ Elegies of
Tibullus,^' begun during the hours he snatched from busi-
ness or pleasure when in the army, and finished in Lon-
don, where he had more leisure, and the aid and encou-
rageoient of his literary friends. This work involved him
in the unpleasant contest with Smollett, to which we have
just referred. Its merits were canvassed in the ^^ Critical
Review^* with much severity. The nates are styled <^ a
huge farrago of learned lumber, jumbled together to Very
little purpose, seemingly. calculated to display^the trans-
lator's reading, rather than to illustrate the sense and
beauty of the original.^' The. Life of Tibullus, which the
translator prefixed, is said to contain *^ very little either to
inform, interest, or amuse the reader.'* With: respect to
the translation, ^' the author has not found it an easy task
to preserve the elegance and harmony of the original.'*
Instances of harshness and inelegance are quoted, as. well
as of the use of words which are not English, or not used
by good writers, as noiseless^ redoubtablet /eudf ^&c. The
author is likewise accused of deviating not . only frpm the
meaning, >but from the figures of the original. Of these
objections some are groundless, and some are just, yet
even the latter are by no means characteristic of the whole
work, hut.excepttans which a critic of more.Oiandour would
have had a right to state, after be h^ bestowed the praise
due to its general merit Ju this review, however, although
unqualified censure was all the Critic had in view, no per-
sonal attack is made on the author, nor are there any allu^
sions to his situation in life.

U6 ti^RAINGElt

This appeared in tbe *^ Critical Review** for Decetnlber
1758. In the subsequent ilamber for January 1759, the
reviewer takes an opportunity, as if answerits-g a corre-
apondent, to retract his objection agai nvt* the word n^ff«
iessj because it is found in Sbakspeare, ^t observes very
fairly, that the authority of Shakspeare or Mikon will not
justify an author of the present times for intradcicing harsh
or antiquated words. He acknowledges himself likewise
^o blame in having omitted to consntt the errata subjoined
'(prefixed) to Dr. Grainger's performance, where some things
are corrected which the reviewer mentioned as inaccuracies
in the body of tbe work. But this acknowledgment, -so ap*
pairently candid, is immediately followed by a wretched at-
tetupt at wit, in these words : '< Whereas one of the Owis
bekmging to the proprietor of the M(on)ihly R(erie)Wy
which answers to the name of Grainger, hath suddenly broke
from his mew, where he used to hoot im darkness and peace,
and now screeches openly in the faee of day, we shall take
the first opportunity to chastise this troublesome owl, and
*4iive liim back to his original obscmrity.^ The allusion
here is to Dr. Grainger's •* Letter to Tobias BmoHett, M.13.
looeasioned by his <;riticism on a late Translation of Ttbul-
kis,*' a perfoftmance some parts of which every friend to
the author must wish had not been published. In tfhis
letter, however, Grainger, after quoting a passage from
tbe plan or prospectus of the " Critical Review," in which
the authors promise to revive the true spirit of cjriticism,
to act without prejudice, &c. &c. endeavourS' to proye,
that they have forfeited their word, bycnotoriously depart-
ing from the spirit of just and candid criticism, and by in-
troducing gross partialities and malevolent censures. And
these assertions, which are certainly not without founda*
«tion, are intermixed widi reflections on Dr. SmoHettHt
loose novels, aud insinuations that his partialities arise from
causes not very honourable to the cfharacter of an indepen-
dent reviewer.

But whatever truth ma^ be iu all this, the letter was an
<iHrwise and hasty prc^action, written in the moment of tlie
strongest inritation. The review appeared in December^
tad the letter in January. There was no time to cod, and
perhaps no opportunity of consulting his friends, who could
liave told him that notbityg was to be gained hy an ^-
cbange of personalities with Smollett The 'latter required
He f;reat kngtfi -of time ot -consideration to prepare an an-

fiwer, whioh* appe^urjed 9i»}ordiiigly in ibe review for Fe*^
bruary, and in which every insinuation or accii^ation is
iQtFCKlucecl that coutd ieod to lessen Dr« Grainger in the
^yea of ihe puNic^ both as a writer and as a man. But
the objections which Grainger took are by lU) meaoB satis»
foctoiily answered, and the "review is stiU liaUe to «he
suspicion of partiality. No reader of candour ox of taste
ca9 peruse the Translation, without allowing that the aui(>
tbor deserved praise, not only for the attempt, but for the
elegant manner in which he has in general transmitted the
tender sentiments of Tibullus into our Ungua^. But this
the Reviewer has wholly overlooked, confining himself te
the censure of a few defects, part of which he has not
proved to be so, and part were typographical errors.

It has been supposed that some personal animosity
prompted Smollett to such hoaitlity, but of what nature,
or excited by what provocation, is not known. All wje cam
learn fropn the Lettei^ and the Answer is, that the parties
were once upon friendly terms, but that mutual respect
bad now ceased. One circumstance, indeed, we find,
.which may account for much of Smollett's animosity : he
siipposed Grainger to be one of the Monthly Reviewers,
«nd this was provocation enough to the mind of a man, wlie
from the commencement of the Critical Review toQk everjr
opportunity, whether in his way or not, of ^reviling the pro-
prietor and writers of > that journal. As the latter selddm
deigned to notice these attacks, no better reason, we are
ftfraid, can be assigned for Smollett's conduct than the
jealousy of rival merit and success, in both which respects
•the Monthly Review had a decided superiority. Whether
Grainger was a Monthly Reviewer is not an unimportant
question, in collecting the inaterials of his literary life ;
yet his biographers have hastily subscribed to Smollett's
assertion, without examining the Review in question. The.
article of his Tibullus in the Monthly Review may convince
any person that Grainger could have little or no interest or
influence with the .proprietors. Although woitten with
^lecency apd urbanity, it has nothing of partiality or kind^
4iess ; the reader is left to judge from the specimens ez)-
4;raoted, and what praise we find is bestowed with that
iaint reluclaoce, which is more blasting to the .hopes of an
authcr than open hostility. — Even the opinion of the
-Monthly Reviewer on HGrrainger's letter to Smollett, is ex-

1^ GRAINIER.

pressed with the brevity of one who wishes not to interfere .
in the contest.

Soon after the publication of TibuUus, Dr. Grainger
embraced the o6er of an advantageous settlement as phy-
sician on the island of St Christopher^ s. During his pas-
sage^ a lady on board of one of the merchant-men bound
for the same place^ was seized with the sma)i>-poXy attended
with some alarming symptoms. He was sent for, and not
only prescribed with success^ but took the remainder of
his passage in the same- ship, partly to promote the reco-
very of his patient, but principally to have an opportunity
of paying his addresses to her daughter, whom he married
soon after their arrival at St. Cbristopher^s. By his union
with this lady, whose name was Burt, daughter to Matthew
William Burt, esq. governor of St. Christopher^ s, he be-
came connected with some of the principal families on the
island, and was enabled to commence the practice of phy-
sic with the greatest hopes of success. It is probable^
however, that this was not his first attachment In his
preface to the translation of TibuUus, he insinuates that
his acquaintance with the passion of love gives him a pre-
ference over Dart, who had attempted to transfuse the ten-
der sentiments of that poet into English without the same
advantage.

The transition from London to a West India island must
have been very striking to a reflecting mind. The scenery
and society of St Christopher^s was new in every respect,
and Grainger seems to have studied it witlr those mixed
and not very coherent feelings of the poet and the planter,
which at length produced his principal work, ^^ The Sugar
Cane.*' On his return to England, at the conclusion of the
war, he submitted this poem to his literary friends, and
having obtained their opinion and approbation, publishecl
.it in a handsome quarto volume, in 1764. To the asto-
nishment of all who remembered his dispute with Smollett,
the ^^ Sugar Cane" was honoured with the highest praise
in the '< Critical Review." But Sraiollett was now on his
travels, and the Review was under the care of Mr. Hamil-
ton, the proprietor and printer, a man who took no plea-
sure in perpetuating animosities^ and who, with great re-
spect for Dr. Smollett's memory, did not deny that his
vindictive temper was of no great service to the Review;

Mr. Bos well, in his life of Johnson, informs us that when
the Sugar Cane ^ was read in manuscript at sir Joshua

GRAINGER: 169

Reynolds's^ tbe assembled wits burst out into a laugb, when^
after much .blank*verse pomp, tbe poet began a new para»
graph thus :

' Now Muse, let*s sing of rats J/

And what increased the ridicuie was, that one of the com-
pimy, . who slyly overlooked the reader, perceived that th$
word had originally been vnce, and had been altered to rats
as more dignified." ** This passage/' adds Mr. Boswell,
« does .not appear in the printed work. Dr. Grainger, or
some of his friends, tt shmdd seeml having become sensible
that introducing even rats^ in a grave poem, might be
liable to banter. He, however, could not bring himself
to relinquish . the idea; for they are thus, in a still more
ludicrous manner, paraphrastically exhibited in his poem
as it now stands :

' Nor with less waste the whiskered vermin race,
A countless clan, despoil the lowland cane*.**

Of this incident. Dr. Percy furnished Mr. Boswell with
ihe following explanation. ^' The passage in question was
not originally liable to such a perversion ; for the author
having occasion in that part of his work to mention the
havoc made by rats and.mice^ had introduced tbe subject
in a kind o^mock heroic^ and a parody of Homer's battle of
the frogs and mice, invoking the muse of the old Grecian
bard in an elegant and weiNturned manner. In that state
I had seen it ; but afterwards, unknown to me and other
friends, he had been persuaded, contrary to his better
judgment, to alter it so as to produce the unlucky effect
above mentioned.'' Mr. Boswell tells us that Dr. Percy
bad not the poem to refer to, when he wrote this explana-
tion ; and it is equally evident that Mr. Boswell bad not
read the whole passage with attention, or considered tbe
nature of the poem, when he objected to the introduction
of rats* If we once allow that a manufacture may be sung
in heroics, we must no longer be choice in our subjects;
as to the alteration of mice to ratSj the former was pro-
bably an error of the pen, for mice are not the animals in
question, nor once mentioned by the poet. But it is some-
what strange that Grainger should have ever thought it
prudent to- introduce an episode of the mock-htroxc kind
in E poem which his utmost care can scarcely elevate to so«
lemnity.

In the same year (1764) Dr. Grainger published '< An
JBssay «ii the more common West India Diseases ; and the

17(1 G R A I N 6 E ft.

irem^dies wbich^tliat coantry ksieU^ jfroivBces: To whk^
are Ad4e<i, aome hmts on the managiement of Negroes.*'
To this pamphlet he did not affix his name. Many of di^
remarks it container, particularly those which concern the
choice and t]>eataieni of the negroes, may be found id ^^Th^
Sugar Calne/' After a short residence in Engkad, he re<*'
tiurqed to St. Christopher's, to which, it appears by bia
poeiB} he became much attached; and continued his prac«-
ticeas a physician until bis death, Dec. 24, 1767, whidi
wa^ occasioned by one ctf those epidemic fevers that fre*
qaently rage in the West India islands.

Although k' is impossible to deny Grainger the credit of
poetical genius, it must ever he regretted that where be
willed mcMTt to excel, he was most unfortunate in the
choice of a subject. The effect of his ** Sugar Cane,**
either as to pleasure or utility, mlist be toeal. Connected
as an English enerchaiRt may be with the produce of the.
West Indies, it wiUl not be easy to persuade the reader of
Soglish poetry to study the cultivation of the sugar plant
merely that he may add some new imagery to the more
ample stores whioh he can contemplate ^without study or
trocible. In the West Indjses this poem might have charms,
if readers could be found ;• but what poetical fancy can
dwell on the 'Oeconomy of canes and copper- boilers, Or find
interest in the transactions of planters aod sugar- brokers?
His invocations to his muse are so freq^uent and abrupt, thaet
*^ the assembled wits at sir Joshua Reyndlds's'^ migbt have
found many passages as ludicrous us that wjiiph -excited
their mirth. The solemnity of these iuvocations ejuiitei
expectation, which generally ends in disappointment, and
at best the reader's attention is bespoke w^hout being re-
warded. He is induced to look for sometbing grand, and
is told of a contrivance for destroying monkies, or a recipe
to poison rats. He smiles to fintt the da^es called by the
happy poetical name of swmnsy and the plantieirs itrged to
devotion ! The iinages in this poem are in general low,
and the allusions, where tbe poet would . bye minutely de*
scriptive, descend to things tittle and Tamilian Yet this is
4n some measure forced upon him. His mu&e sings of
.matters so new and uncouth to her, that it is impos^ble
^^ her heavenly plumes'' should ^escape being ^^ soiled.'*
What muse, indeed, could give a receipt for a con^ost df
*^ weeds, mouldy duJig;, and s^e," or a lively descrifition
of tjbe :syQ»p(0!B)s and cui:eof the yaws; and >preierye iuu:

G R A I N Q E R. 'itl

4^gattce 'Or porky ? Wiere, howei«er, he quit^ fhe plain
track ^ n^chanical instraetions, we have maay of diose
effasiotis of faney whicfi wilt yet preserve this poem in our
collections. The description of the hiarricane, and of the
earthquake, are truly grand, and heightened by circnm-
«taiices of Jiorror that are new to Europeans. The episode
of Montano in the first book arrests the attention very
forcibly, and many of the occasional reflections are elegant
and pathetic, nor ought the taleof Junioand Theaua to be
omitted in a list of the beauties of this poem. The '^ Ode
to Solitude,'^ already noticed, and the ballad of ftryan and
Pereene," are sufficient to attest our au thorns claim lo
poetical 4ionours ; and the translation of Tibullus gives proofs
of clas»ical taste and learning. *

GRAMAYE (John Baptist), an eminent antiquary, was
a native of Antwerp, and bom in. Ifhe end of the six-
teenth century. He studied at Louvain, where he toofk
his inaster^s degree in 1596, and became professor ot rhe«
toric and law ia that university. He was afterwards his«
toriographer to the Low Countries, and for three years
employed himself in examining their records. He then
travelled through tbe greater part of Germany and Italy,
bin, wlifle proceeding from the latter country to Spain, he
was ui^foptunately made captive by an Algerine corsair, «ntl
carried to Africa. How he obtained his release does not
appear, %ut upon hrs return to his native land he was pre-
ferred by the archduke Albert to be dean of the collegiate
church of Leusa, in Heinault, and afterwards by the same
•patronage was made president of t\e college at Loifvain.
Some years after he travelled into Moravia and Silesia, and
in the latter province he was, by cardinal Dietrichstein,
placed at the head of a college. He died at Lubec in 1635.
He published many Latin poems, and theses on a variety
ef wbjects ; but his historical and topographical works have
been found of most value. These are, 1. ^' Asia, sive his-
-toria universalis Asiaticarum gentium, &c.'' Antwerp, 1 604,
4ito. ^. .'^Bruzeila cum suo coraitatu,'* Brux.,16a6, 4to.
3. ^^ Arscotum Ducatus cum suis Baronatibus,'' ibid. 1606,
•4to. 4.^ Then® et Brabantias ultra Velpem, qute olim
•HarfbaniiB pars," ibid. 1606, 4to. 5. " Grallo-Brabantia,'*
8 part» or Tols. ibid. 1 606. 6. " Antwerpiae Antiquitates,'*
ibid« 1610. 7. ** Antiquitates ducatus Brabaatiae/' ibid.

\ Johnson and Chalmerses English Poets, 1810*

172 G R A M A Y E.

1«10^ 4to. 8. « Taxandriai,** ibid. 1610, 4to. 9. " Antiqui-
tates Gaudenses/* Ant. 1611, 4to. 10. ^* Africa illustrata/'
Torn. 1622, 4to. 11. '^ Diarium rerum Argel® gesta-
rum," Col. 1623, 12ibo. These are bis obsertations da*
ring his captivity. 1 2. ^^ Respublica Namurcensis," Am^
1634, 24^. ]^. ^^ Specimen Litterarum et Linguarum
universi orbis,'* Athi. 4to. *

GRAMM (John), a learned philologist, antiquary, and
bifttcM'ian of Copenhagen, was born at Aalburg in Jutland,
Oct. 2S, 1685. His father, who was a clergyman, carefully
superintended bis education until he was £t to go to the
university. He went accordingly in 1703 to Copenhagen,
where he very soon distinguished himself as a classical
scholar and critic. In 1 705 he took his bachelor's degree
'With great credit, and in 1707 published the first speci*
men of his learned researches, entitled *^ Arcbytae Taren-
tini fragpientum s-^i td; fiadnfialutng, cum disquisitione chro-»
nologica de setate Arcbytae.'' This was followed by other
dissertations, which raised bis fame so highly that he was
made professor of Greek at Copenhagen, and was also
appointed counsellor of justice, archivist, historiographer,
and Ubrarian, to the king, whom he had taught when a
youtb. In 1745, he was made counsellor of state, and
died March 19, 1748, leaving an elaborate work, ^^ Corpus
diplomatum ad res Danicas facientium." This work, which
be undertook by order of Christian VI. is still in MS. and
probably consists of several folio volumes. Gramm laid
the first foundation of the academy at Copenhagen, and
contributed very frequently to the literary journals of his
time. He was a man of very extensive learning, but par-
ticularly skilled in Greek and Latin, and in history, and
of such ready memory that he was never consulted oo
books or matters of literature without giving immediate
information. He corresponded with many of the literati of
Germany, England, Italy, and France, but was most ad-
mired by those who were witnesses of his amiable private
character, his love of literature, and his generous patronage
of young students.*

GRAMONT (Gabriel Bartholomew, Seignbur de),
in Latin, Gramondus, president of the parliament of
Toulouse, and son of the dean of the counsellors to the

> Foppen Bibl. Belg. — Clement BibU Curieuse. '
* BiAtM de Vitis Philologonim^ toI. IIL

,*

e R A M o N T. ni

a

same parliament^ descended from an ancient family in
Rouergue^ who were long in possession of the estate of
Gramont. He wrote in Latin a History of the reign of
Louis XIIL from the death of Henry iV. to 1629. This
history, the best edition of which is 1643| fot. may be con*
sidered as a supplement to that of the president du Thou»
although much inferior both as to style and fidelity : the
author flatters cardinal de Richelieu because he hoped for
his favour; andabusesArnauldd'Andilly, and others, from
whoni he had no expectations. He died in 1654. In 1623
be publii^ed his M Historia prostratae a Ludovico XHL
Sectariorum in Gallia rebellionis/' 4to, which contains
^me curious and interesting facts, mixed with strong pre-
judices i^ainst the protestants, which lead him to such
excess, of bigotry as to vindicate the hcNrrible massacre of
St. Bartholomew. ^

GRAMONT. {Philibert, Count of), scm of Antony
duke of Gramont,. served as a volunteer under the prince
of Cond6, and Turenne, and came into England about
two years after the restoration. He was under a necessity
of leaving . France for having the temerity to pay his
addresses, to a lady to whom Lewis XIV. was known to have
a tender attachment. He possessed in a high degree every
qualification that could render him agreeable to the licen-
tious court of Charles IL . He was gay, gallant^ and per-
fectly well-bred, had an inexhaustible fund of ready wit,
and told a. story with extraordinary humour and effect.
His vivacity infused life wherever he came, and was ge-
nerally inoffensive. He had also another qualification very
well suited to. the company he kept. He had great skill
and success in play ; and seems to have been chiefly in-
debted to it for suppbrt. Several of the ladies engaged
his attention upon his first coming over; but miss Eli-
zabeth Hamilton, whom, he afterwards married, seems to
have been his favourite, though some say he endeavoured
to break ofi* the connection. She was the daughter of sir
Creorge Hamilton, fourth son of James first earl of Aber-
corn. His ^* Memoirs'* were written from his own infor-
mation, and probably in much the same language in which
they are related, by his brother-in-law, Anthony, who, fol-
lowing the fortunes of James IL entered the French ser*
vice^ and died at St. Germain's, April 21, 1720. He was

1 Gen. DiGt.«T»Moreri,«-*Clemeitt BibU Curieuse^

174 O R A M Q N T.

I

* 9

generatty called Coimt Haiinilton. CoHixt Oramont dieil
Jan, 10, 17Q7. There have lately been geveral editions of
the ^^ Memoira" printed here, both in French and Englisb,
and in a splendid form, illustrated with portraits. They
contain many carious particulars respecting the intrigaes
and amusements of the court of Charles II. but present
vpon the whole a disgusting picture of depraved manners. ^
GRANCOLAS (John), a Parisian, doctiDr of the Sor-
bonne^ to which honour he was adncritted in 1685, waa^
author of many works on eccle^astical rites, cerenionies,
and general history, the principal of which are, 1. ^ De
TAntiquit^ des Ceremonies des Sacreroens." 2. " Trait^
de Liturgies." 3, ^< L'Ancien Sacramentaire de PEglise.'*
4. ^ Traduction FVangoise de Cat^cheses de S* CyrilJe de
J^usalem." 5. ^' Commeiitaire historique sur le Btieviaire
Romain," &c. This last is much esteemed. 6. ^ Cri-
tiqite des Auteurs Eeclesiastiques," 2 vols. 8vo. 7. ^^ La
Science dea Confesseurs," 2 vols. J2mo. 8. ^^ Hist^ abv6«
g6e de TEglke de Paras,'^ 2 vols. i2Qio. This history was
suppressed because of ihe freedoms the author took with
the cardinal de Noailles. He died August' 1, 173^, at
Paris. The whole of bis. works are more valuable for the;
matter than tlie manner; ^

GRAND (Ax^THONY Lfi), a Franciscan friar, was born
at Douay, in the early part of the seventeenth oentmry,
and has been^styled the abbreviator of Descartes. He was
an eminent professor both of philosophy and divinity in the
university of Ikouay, where he associated much with the
English, and was sent by them as a missionary into £ng«
land. His residenee was chiefly in Oxfordshire, where he
led a retired life. He is said to have ^en the first who
ileduced the Cartesian system to the method of the schools,
and his work on this subject, which was frequeiuly printed
in England,, first in 1671, 12mo, and afterwards, much
enlarged in 4to, was also translated and published in folio^
He carried on a controversy for some time with a Mr. John
Serjeant on metaphysical subjects. H^ was sUive in Ox-
fordshire in 1695^ but no farther particulars of his history
are now known. Among his works we find the following
mentioned: 1. ^^ L'homme sans passion^ selon les semi«
m^is de Seneque,'' Hague, 1662, 12mo« %. <' Scydro*

> Moreri.-*Prefac« to the Meinoirs.-*CoUini's Peerage by sir £« Brydges.
9 li^oreri.

GRAND. 175

fliecKa, S6U Seniio quern Alpboosus de la Yida habnit^ €D«
ram Comite de Falmouth, de manarcdiiia,'' 1^69, leino*
B. *^ Apologia Renatt des Cartes eoBira Sam. ParkemiD^'*
London^ 16t9, 12nx>r 4. ^^ Historia naturs Tariia expe^^
riotientid ducidBtay'' dbid. 1G73, 8va, reptfiated there in
l€fH^j and at Norimb. 1678. 5. ^^ CompctrKliufn rerom
jucundarum, et meimnrabiltum naturae/' Notfioib. 16^1^
^vo. €. << Dissertatfo de carentia s«mu0 et cogniilioais in
Bfutis/' Leyden, 1675, 8yo. 7. ^<L'£pmtBe Sf>Lritttal» on
Ptmpire de la voiupd;^ snr les TertMs/' Paris^ ftvo. 8. <^ Hia-*
toria sacra^a mundo coodito ad Gondtantuiuiii magnuai/*
whicb is said to be hit best perforfnance. *■

GRANI> (Joachim Le), a French lustarical wnter, wm
bom Feb. 6, 1653, at St. Lo, in Normandy. . After study*
mg philosophy at Caen, he entered mto the coDgregatioa
of the oratory in 1671, whete he applied to the belies lettrei
and tfae4ilogy, hot quitted it ia 1676, and went to Paiia^
where he engaged in the edueafeion of two young mea of
Hank, the marquis de Vins, and the duked'fistrees, and
at the satne time applied himself to the study of histoiry
under the direction of father Le Coitite, who formed a very
high opinion of him. He first appeared as a visiter in 1688,
ill ^^ A History of the Divorce of Henry YIII. aM Caliban
rine of Arragon," in three vols. l2mo. The main objest
•ef this work is to refute certain facts and ai)guments con**
taiaed in the first two books of Burnet's History of the Re«*
formation. In 1685, when Burnet was at Paris, be had aa
intetview with Le Grand in the presence of Messrs. Thew
iMinot and Auzout, in which the latter proposed his doubts,
and the former answered them, both preserving a tone o£
elegance and mutual respect. The publication of the
4bove work, however^ produced a controversy, in the
course of which, in 1691, Le Grand addressed three lettera
to the bishop, to which he replied. How long the control*
versy might have continued is uncertain, as Le Grand was
iieceseraruy diverted from it in 1692, when he .received the
appoifittMnt of secretary to the abbe d'Estrees, in his em«
bassy to Portugal. In this situation he continued till 1697.
The leii(i)Ye which his diplomatic functions allowed waa
employed in translations of voyages and travels from the
P6rtuguese# In 1702 he accompanied the same ministat
i« SpcUti) trh^e he remained about two years as secretary.

17f GRAN D.

Soon after this, the marquis de Torci, minister of state, took
him into bis service, and employed his pen in drawing np
several memorials concerning the Spanish monarchy, and
other political topics, in which h^ acquitted himself with
great ability, but most of them were printed without his
name. He employed much of his time in writing a life of
Louis XI.; but, although this was quite finished in 1728, it
still remains in manuscript. In that year, however,, be
published his translation of Lobo's History of Abyssinia, with
many additions ; and about the same time his treatise ^* De
I4 succession a^ la Couronne de France.'* H& died of an
apoplectic stroke, April 30, 1733. He had been possessed
of church preferment,! and had held, for a time, the office
of censor royal of books. ^

GRAND (JoHK Baptist Le), was born at Amiens, June
S, 1737, and was surnamed d'Aussy, because his father
was a native of Auxy-le-Ch£lteau, in the department of
Pas«de- Calais. > He received his education in the college
of the Jesuits • at Amiens ; at the age of eighteen entered
into the society of his preceptors ; and, a few years after*
wards^ bad the honour of being elected to the rhetorical^
chair at Caen. At the age of twenty-six he was thrown oh.
the world by the dissolution of the order^ and was soon
employed in the elaborate work of the French Glossary,
projected by Lacurne de Sainte-Palaye, and in an.exami*
nation of the very rich library ^f the marquis de Paulmy.*
In 1770 he was appointed secretary in the direction of the.
studies of the military school. He afterwards co-operated,:
under the marquis de Paulmy, and again with the count
de Tressan,. in the 5< Biblioth6que des Romans ;'* after
which he became still deeper engaged in collecting, trans*
lating, extracting, and. commenting upon the ^^ Fabliaux^**,
or tales of the old French . poets of the twelfth and thir*
teenth centuries. In 1782 he published, in three volumes,
8vo, his '^Histoirede la Vie priv^e des Fran$ais;'' and ia
1788 his far more celebrated *^Tour to Auvergne,'' which
province he visited the preceding year, at the entreaty of
^is Jesuit brother Peter Theodore Lewis Augustin, who
was then prior of the abbey of Saint Andr6, in the town of
Clermont. This Tour he first published in one volume,
8vo; but he afterwards enlarged and republished it, in
179iy in three volumes of the same size. His contribution^^ :

> Nicttoo, Vol. XXVI.«*Morerk

GRAND. 177

to the Iiistityte were numerous^ and^ for the most part,
possessed of merit. For some years before bis death, be
had conceived the plan o( a complete history of French
poetry, and had even begun to carry it into execution ; an4
as he stood in need of ail the treasures of the national li-
brary, he was fortunately nominated, in 1796, conservator
of the French MSS. of this library ; and he now not only
renewed his intention, but enlarged his scheme : he in^
eluded in it the, history of the French tongue ; that of lite-
rature in all its extent, and all its various ramifications ; as
well as that of science, of arts, and their utility in different
applications — a monument too vast for the life and power
of an individual to be able to construct. He bad, however,
accomplished some part of his design, when, after a slight
indisposition which caused no alarm, he died suddenly in
l-SOi. : He was upon the whole a retired and taciturn scho«
lar. " His life," says his biographer, "like that of most
oth^r men of letters, may be comprized in two lines : What
were his places of resort ? The libraries. Among whom did
he live ? His books. What did he ever produce ? Books^
What did he ever say? That which appears in his books.'*

In 1779, he published his " Fabliaux,'^ or Tales of the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Paris, 1779, 5 vols. 8vo.
His object in this collection appears to have been an ar-
dent zeal for the reputation of his country, to which he
has successfully restored some tales claimed by other na-
tions, and particularly the Italians. Whether these tales,
which shock all probabilit}^ were worth his pains, the Eng-
lish reader may discover by a prose translation published
in 1786, 2 vols. 12mo, or by Mr. Way's metrical transla-
tion, 1800, 2 vols. 8vo. These were followed by ** Contes
devots. Fables et Romans anciens, pour servir de suite aux
Fabliaux," 1781, 8vo. He published also "Vie d' Apollo-
nius de Tyanes," 2 vols. 8vo.*

GRANDET (Joseph), was a pious and learned curate
of St. Croix at Angers, whose memory was long revered
in that city, and throughout the diocese, for the benefits,
both spiritual and temporal, which he procured to his
parish. He died in 1724, aged seventy-eight. He left
the following works : 1. " La Vie de M. Cret^, Cur^ de Nor-
mandie;" 2. " La Vie de Mademoiselle de Melun, princesse
d*£pinoy, Institutrice des Hospitalieres de Baug£ et de

' Memoirs of the Nationel Institute— Diet* Hist.

Vol. XVI. N

178 G R A N D E T.

Beaufort en Anjou ;'* 3. " La Vie du Comte de Moret/fils
natUrel de Henri IV. ;'* 4. " La Vie de M. Dubois de la
t'erte/' and the lives of sontie other persons held in great
esteen> in the Romish church.*

GRANDIER (Urban), curate and canon of Loudun in
France, famous for his intrigues and tragical end, was the
son of a notary royal of Sable, and born at Bouvere ne^r
Sabl^, in the latter paH of the fifteenth century, but we
Icnow not in what year. He was a man of reading and
judgment, and a famous preacher; for which the monks of
Loudun soon hated him, especially after he had urged the
necessity of confessing sins to the parochial priests at Eas-
ter. He was a handsome man, of an agreeable conversa*
tion,. neat in his dress, and cleanly in his person, which
made him suspected of loving the fair sex, and of beii»g
beloved by them. In 1629, he was accused of having had
a criminal conversation with some women in the very
churcli of which he was curate ; on which the oi&cial con-
demned him to resign all his benefices, and to live in
penance. He brought an appeal,, this sentence being an*
encroachment upon the civil powef; and, by a decree of
the parliament of Paris, he was referred to the presidial of
Poitiers, in which he was acquitted. Three years after*^
some Ursuline nuns of Louidun were thotight, by the vul-
gar, to be possessed with the devil ; and Grandler's ene-
mies, the capuchins of Loudun, charged him with being
the author of the possession, that is^ with witchcraft. They
thought, however, that in order to make the charge succeed
according to their wishes, it was very proper to strengthen
themselves with the authority of cardinal Richlieu. For
this purpose, they wrote to father Joseph^ their fellow-
capuchin, who had great credit with the cardinal, that
Grandier was the author of the piece etititl^d " La Cor-
donnierre de Loudun," or " The Wonwin Shoemaker of
Loudon,*' a severe satire, upon the cardinal's person and
family. This great minister, sfmOng many good qualities,
harboured the most bitter resentment against the authors
of libels against him; and father Joseph having persuaded
him that Grandier wa# the author of ** La Cordon niere de
Loudun," he wrote immediately to De LaubardemoBt^
counsellor of state, and his creature, to n^ake a diligent in-
quiiy into, the affair of the nuns. De Laubardemonit ac-

* Morerk-— Diet. HJst^

G R A N D I E R. 17*

tordingly arreted Grand ier in Dec. 1633; and, after h^
bad tboroijghly examioed the affair, went to meet the car*
dinal, and to take proper roeasutes with him. In July
1634, letters patent were drawn up and sealed, to try
Grandier ; and were directed to De Laubordemont, and to
twelve judges chosen out of the courts in the neighbour-
hood of Loudun ; ail noen of honour indeed, but very cre«
dulous, and on that account chosen by Grandi^r's enemies.
In Aug* 18, upon the evidence of Astaroth, the chief of
possessing devils ; of Easas, of Celst:^, of Acaos, of Eudon,
&c. that is to say, upon the evidence of the nuns, who as*-
serted that they were possessed with those devils, the com-
missanes passed judgment, by which Grandier wasdeclared
well and duly attainted, and convicted of the criiue of
magic, witchcraft, and possession, which by his means
happened on the bodies of some Ursuline nuns of Loudun,
and of some other lay persons, mentioned in his trial ; for
which crimes he was sentenced to make the amende honor^
dble^ and to be burnt alive with the magical covenants and
characters which were in tbe register-office, as also with
the MS. written by him against the celibacy of priests ;
and his ashes to be thrown up irnto the air. Grandier heard
this dreadful sentence witbouit any emotion ; and, when he
went to the place of execution, suffered his punishment
with great firviness and courage, April IS, 1634.

Tbe story of this unhappy person shews how easily an
innocent mian may be destroyed by the malice of the few,
working upon the credulity and superstition of the many :
for, Grandier, though centainly a bad man^ was as certainly
innocent of the crimes for which he suffered. Renaudot, a
famous physician, and the fir^t author of tbe French ga*
zette, wrote Grandier's eulogium, which was published at
Paris in loose sheets, it was taken from Menage, who
openly defends the curate of I^oudun, and calls tbe pos-
session of those nuns chimerical. In 1693 was pubUshed
at Amsterdam ^^ Histoire des Diables de Loudun;^' from
whkii very curious account it appears, that tbe pretended
}>os8ession of tbe UrsuUnes was an horrible conspiracy
against Grandier's life. As an author he is known only for
a funeral oration for Scsevola de St, Martha, which is said
io be an eloquent perfoi;mAnce.'

GRANDIN (Marti{^), a learned Frenoh divine, was
born at St. Quentin, Nov. 11, 1604, and was educated in

^ Moreri.— Gen. Diet

N 2

no G R A N B I N.

classical learning at Noyon and Amiens. At the age of
seventeen he came to Paris, where he studied divitvity
under the Jesuit Mairat, and afterwards taught a course of
philosophy in the college of cardinal Le Moine. He was
then admitted a doctor of the Sorbonne^ and in 1638
appointed professor of divinity, which office he retained
until his death, Nov. 16, 1691. He was a man of piety
and talents, and an elegant and correct speaker. His
course of theological lectures was published by M. du
Plessis d'Argentre, 1710 — 1712, in 6 vols. 4lo, under the
title of "Opera Theologica.'* »

GRANDIUS, or GRANDI (Guido), a philosopher and
mathematician, waaborn Oct. 1, 1671, at Cremona, where
his father, a branch of a decayed family, carried on the
business of an embroiderer. His mother, a woman of con.-
.siderable talents, taught him Latin, and gave him some
taste for poetry. Beiog disposed to a studious life, be
chose the profession of theology,, that he might freely in-
dulge his inclination. He entered into.the religious order
of Camaldolites, at Ravenna, in. 1687, where he was dis-
tinguished for his proficiency in the different branches of
literature and science, but was much dissatisfied with the
•Peripatetic phi l-)sophy of the schools. He had not been
here long before he established an academy of students of
his own age, which he called the Certanti, in opposition
»to another juvenile society called the Concordi. To his
philosophical studies he added those of the belles lettres,
music, and history. It appears to have been his early am-
bition to introduce a new system in education, and with
that view be obtained the professorship of philosophy at Flo-
rence, by the influence of father Carameili, although not
without some opposition from the adherents lo the old
. opinions. He now applied himself to the introduction of

• the Cartesian philosophy, while, at the same time, he b^e-
came zealously attached to mathematical studies. The

• works of the great Torricelli, of our countryman Wallis,
and of other celebrated mathematicians, were his favourite

« companions, and the objects of his familiar intercourse.

';His first publication was a treatise to resolve the problems
of Viviani on the construction of arcs, entitled '^ Geome-
trica Demoustratio Vivianeorum problematum,'' Florence,
16i^d^ 4to. ! He dedicated this. work to the grand duke,

» Moreri.— Diet. Hiit.

G R AN D I US. 181

Cosmo III. who appointed the author professor of philoso-
phy in the university of Pisa. From this time Grandius pur-
sued the higher branches of mathematics w'nh the utmost'
ardour, and' had the honour of ranking the ablest mathe-
maticians among his friends and correspondents. Of the
number may be named the illustrious Newton, Leibnitz,
and Bernouilli. His next publications were, ** Geometrica
demonstratio tbeorematum Hugenianorum circa logisticam,
seu Logarithmicam lineam,'* 1701, 4to, and '* Quadratura
circuli et hyperbolas per infinitas hyperbolas et parabolas
geometrice exhibita," Pi^, 1703, 8vo. He then published
'^ Sejaui et Rufini dialogus de Laderchiana historia S.'
Petri Damiani," Paris, 1705, aad ** Dissertationes Camal-
dulenses,'' embracing inquiries ifito the history of the Ca-'
maldolites, both which gave so much offence to the com-
munity, that he was deposed from the dignity of abbot of
St. Michael at Pisa; but the grand duke immediately ap^
pointed him his professor of mathematics in the university.'
He now resolved somd- curious and difficult problems for
the improvement of acoustics, which bad been presented
to the roy^l society in Dublin, and having accomplished
his object, be transmitted the solutions, by means of the
British minister at the court of Florence, to the Royal
Society at London. This was published under the title of
*^ Disquisitio geometrica in systema sonorum D.. Narcissi *
(Marsh) archiepi&copi Armachaui,'' in 1709, when he was'
chosen a fellow of the royal society. This was followed
by his principal work, ^* De infinitis iniinitorum, et in-
finite parvorum ordtnibus disquisitio geometrica," Pisa,
1710, 4to, and by many other works' enumerated by his
biographer, few of which appear in the catalogues of the
public libraries in this country. Among other subjects be
defended Galileo^s doctrine respecting the earth's motion,
and obtained a complete victory over those who opposed
it. He was deeply versed in subjects of political economy ;
and various disputes were referred to his decision respect-
ing the rights of fishery, &c. He was appointed commis-
sioner from the grand duke and the court of Rome jointly^
to settle some differences between the inhabitants of Fer-
rara and Bologna, concerning the works necessary to pre-
serve their territories from the ravages of inundation. For
these and other important publiciservices, he was liberaHy '
r^varded by his employers. He died at the ag^ of . se-
venty-two, in July 1743.V . ^ -. - -.

* Morcri.— Fabroni Vita Italoruim

182 , G R A N E T.

GRANET (Fhancis), deacon of the cfatirch of Aix, was
born in 1692, at Brignolles in Provence, of a mercantile
family. He was educated ia bis own country, but came
young to Paris, where bis literary taste and taletits pro-
cured him many friends, by whose assistance he increased
his stores of knowledge, and as his income was very
limited, entered upon a course of literary labours. He
was a contributor, as far as vol. XIX. to the ^^ Bibliotheque
f'ranfoise," a well-known journal printed in Holland ; and
when Desfontaines was obliged to discontinue his^< Noa-»
velliste du Pamasse,'' (in which Granet had written) and
obtained permission to carry it on agltin under another
title, he engaged Granet' s^services in this new undertaking^
called '< Observations sur les edrits modernes." It began in
173 Ji, and was published weekly until Sept. 174S, when the
King revoked the privilege. Busied as Granet was on thi«
work, he found leisure to undertake in 1738 the continua*
tion of ajeurdal entitled ^^ Reflexions sur les ouvrages de
litterature.*' This be extended as far as twelve volumes.'
It contains many extracts and remarks given with taste
and judgment, but others that are merely repetitions of
what he had written for the '' Observations sur les ecrits
x^Qdernes/* He bad also a trick of inserting letters to
himself, when he wished to publish satire without being
accountable forjt, but it is not thought that this disguise
was of much avail. It was perhaps his misfortune that he
was obliged by the narrowness of his circumstances to em*
ploy himself thus on the labours of others, and in preparing
new editions, when he might have executed original works
that would have done hiin credit. Indeed a few months
before his death he fainted to his friends that necessity-
only had forced him to this drudgery, wd that he had no
consolation but in the hope that he should one day'or othet
be at liberty to employ his talents in a more creditable
way. He had learned English, and in order to make that*
a source of profit, translated sir Isaac Newton^s *^ Chrono-
logy,*' which he published at Paris, in 1728, 4to^ with an
excellent preface, of which he took care to speak very
highly in the I4tb vol. of the ^* Brbliotheque Frangoise,'*
and, probably by way of blind-, speaks very dtfBerently
%het^ of some of his contemporaries, from what he had
advanced in bis preface. In short be appears to have per-
fectly understood the trade of reviewingk One of his best
editious is that of the works of M. da iCantioy, which wa^

G R A N E T. Hi

puUUbed 4t GeneviL, lO vols, fol. with a valuable prefacei
a life, aad a '* JLauiioiana/' consisting of very curious ar*
ticles. Moreri gives a nudierous list of other editions and
publications to which be wrote prefaces and notes. Hq
died at Paris April 2^ 1741, and a spirited eloge was writ^
ten on him by the abbe Desfontaines. '

GRANGE (Joseph pe Chancel de la), a French sa«
tiristand dramatic poet, was born 1676, in Perigord. He
wrote a little comedy in three acts, when but nine years old^
which was performed several days successively in the coU
lege of Bourdeaux, where he was a scholar; and at six-
teen, produced his tragedy of *^ Jugurtha ;'' but the work •
^hich has made him most known, is a satire against the
duke of Orleans, then regent, entitled, ^* .The Philip-
picks,'' in which be accused that nobleman of the most
atrocious crimes. To avoid the punishment this work de-
served, be 6ed to Avignon, in which city was a French
x>fficer, who had taken refuge there in consequence of
having committed a murder, and received a promise of
pardon if he could entice the author of the ^^ Pbilippicks'*
auto the French dominions. His attempt succeeded, and
I^ Grange was conducted to the isle of St^ Margaret ; but
finding means to make frieuds of his keepers, escaped in a
boat to Villa Franca, notwithstanding a violent^ storm.
The king of Sardinia gave him a considerable sum of mo«>
ney, and he went from thence into Spain; afterwards intp
Holland, where he remained till the duke of Orleans was
dead. He was then permitted to end his days in France^
where he died in 1758, at the castle of Anton iat, his family
seat. His works have been collected in 5 vols, small ISmo,
and his tragedies have been as much admired, as his lyric
efforts have been depreciated.'

GRANGER (James), a well-known biographer, but
who has been himself left without any memorial, was the
son of Mr. William Granger, by Elizabeth Tutt, daughter
of Tracy Tutt. Of the cooditiou of bis parents, or the
place of his education, we have not been able to recdvei:
any particulars. He studied, however, for some time at
Christ-church, 0:$ford, which lie probably left without
taking a degree ; and having entered into holy orders, was
presented to the vicarage of Shiplake, in Oxfordshire, a
living in the gift of the dean and chapter of Windsor. He

1 Moreri. — Diet, Hist. ' Dick Hist. .

1S4 G R A N G E R.

informs US, in the dedication of his "Biographical His-
tory," that his name and person were known to few at the
time of its publication (1769), as he had " the good for-
tune to retire early to independence, obscurity, and con-
tent" He adds, that " if he has an ambition for any
thing, it is to be an honest man and a good parish priest,'*
and in both those characters he was highly esteemed by all
who knew hinl. To the duties of his sacred office, he at-
tended with the most scrupulous assiduity and zeal, and
died in the performance of the most solemn office of the
church. Such was his pious regard for the day appointed
for religious observances, that he would not read the
proofs of his work while going through the press on that
day ; and with such an impression of what was bis duty,
found no great difficulty in resisting the arguments of hjs
bookseller, Tom Davies, who endeavoured to persuade
bim that this was a " work of necessity." It appears that
some time before his death he was anxious to obtain ^
living within a tenable distance of Shiplake, but did not
succeed. In 1773 or 1774 he accompanied lord Mounts
Stuart, now earl of Bute, on a tour to Holland, where his
lordship made an extensive collection of portraits. In
1772 he published a sermon entitled ** An Apology for the
Brute Creation, or Abuse of Animals censured." This
viras preached in his parishrchurch, Oct. 1 8, 1772, and, as we
are informed in a postscript, gave almost universal disgust;
** the mention of horses and dogs was censured as a pros-
titution of the dignity of the pulpit, and considered as a
proof of the author's growing insanity ;" but more com-
petent judges, and indeed the public at large, applauded
bim for exerting his humanity and benevolence in a case
which is so often overlooked^ the treatment of the brute
creation. Mr. Granger, who was a man of some humour^
and according to the evidence of his friend and corre-
spondent the rev. Mr. Cole, a frequent retailer of jokes,
dedicated this sermon ** To T. B. Drayman,*' for which
he gives as a reason that he had seen this man exercise
the tash with greater rage, and heard him at the same time
^wear more roundly and forcibly, than he ever heard or
saw any of his brethren of the whip in London. Mr. Gran-
ger appears to have taken some pains with this man, bu^
to little purpose. He was, however, afterwards killed by
9L kick from one of the horses whom be delighted to tor-
jmn%9 which gave Mr. Granger an opportunity of stren^tt^^*

on A N G E R. 185

euiffg his arguments with his parishioners by a warning
like this, which could not fail, fpr som^ time at least, to
make an impression on their minds, in 1773 he printed
another sermon, entitled ** The nature and extent of In*
diistry,^' preached before his grace Frederic, archbishop
of Canterbury, July 4, 1775, in the parish church of isbip-
lake. This was gravely dedicated, ^' To the inhabitants
of the parish of Shipiake who neglect the service of th«
church, and spend the Sabbath in the worst kind of idle*
ness, this plain sermon, which they never heard, and pro-
bably will never read, is inscribed by their sincere well*
wisher and faithful minister J. G." Both these discourses
were favourably received by the public, and many clergy-
men and others purchased quantities of them for distribu*
tion. His memory, however, is best preserved by his
**« Biographical History of England from Egbert the Great
to the Revolution," at which he employed himself for
many years, and lived to see two editions sold, and a taste
created for collections of portraits, which is indeed the
principal intention of the author, his biography including
only those persons of whom some engraved portrait is ex-
tant. It was first published in 4 thin 4to vols, in 1769, but
the second and subsequent editions have been printect in
8vo. The preparation of such a work could not fail to
yield the author much amusement, and likewise procured
him the correspondence of many eminent scholars and gen-^
tlemen who were either collectors of portraits, or conver->
sant in English biography. He had amassed cbnsiderable
materials for a continuation of this work, which was pre-
vented by his sadden and much-laipented death. ^ On
Sunday April 14, 1776^ he read prayers and preached ap-
parently in good health, but while afterwards at the com^.
mumon- table, in the act of administering the sacrament, v
he was seized with an apoplectic fit, and notwithstanding
immediate medical assistance, died next morning. This
affecting circumstance was happily expressed by a friend
in tbe^e lines :

'f More happy end what. saint e'er knew ?

To whom like mercy shown i
.His Saviour's death in rapturous view.

And unperceived his own.**

He was, if we mistake not, about sixty years old. His

brother John died at Basingstoke in 1810, aged 80. His

very numerous collection, of upwards of fourteen thousand

portraits^ was sold by Greenwood in 1778^ but the sile is

186 G K A N G E R*

wd to have been not very productive. That l^is e<Ie«-
brated work, the " Biographical History," is an amusing
one, cannot well be denied ; and its principal excellence
consists in the critical accuracy and conciseness with which
he has characterized the persons, who are included in hiis
plan ; but, as he includes all persons without distinction, of
vrhoni any portrait is extant, w^ find hioi preserying the
loemory of many of the nnost worthless and insignificant of
mankind, as well as giving a value to specimens of the art
of Engraving which are beneath all contempt. Mn Wal^
pole said that Granger had drowned bis taste for portraita
in die ocean of biography ; and though he began with elti'*
cidating prints, he at last only sought prints that he might
write the lives of those they represented. His work waa
grown, and growing so voluminous, that an abridgment
only, could have made it useful to collectors. Perhaps lu
more serious objection might be offered, which the author
could not have foreseen. While this work has excited a.
taste for collecting portraits not only harmless, but useful^
when confined to men of probity, it has unfortunately at
the same time created a trade very little connected with
the interests of literature or common honesty, a species of
purveyors who have n^ only lessened the value of books
by robbing them of their portraits, but have carried their
depredations into our publrc libraries, and have found en'-
couragement where they ought to have met with detectioa
and pnnishm^t'

GRANT or GRAUNT (Edward), a man of eminent
learning in the sixteenth century, was educated at Westr
minster-school, from whence he was removed either to
Cbrist*church or Broadgate's-hall, in the university of Ox;--
ford, where he took the degree of B. A. February* 27^
1 571, and that of master the 27th of March, 1 572 ; about
which time he was appointed master oi Westminster school^
where a great many peirsons who wcte afterwards eminent
in church and state, were educated under his care. In
1575 he published at London in 4to, ^^ Groooae Linguae
Spicilegium,'' which was afterwards ejMtomized by his
learned usher, Mr. William Camden, and printed at Lon*
don, 1597, in 8vo, under the title of "Institutio Grsecie

1 Granger*! Hist^— dorrespondenee published by Mr* Malcolin.-^oniHBua-
tioB of his History by the Rev. Mark Noble, 1S06, 3 toIb. Sv4iu-^Cole*B MS
Corretpoodeiioe, in the BfiUfh Mttseum. •— G«Bt Mae. voli. XLVI. Ll|.
l.XXiII. and LXXX.

GRANT. 187

Grammatices cooipendiaria in usum Regise Scbolrs' West-
monasteriensis." In 1577 our author was made pre-
beudary of the twelfth stall in the coilegiate church of
Westminster, in the room oF Dr. Thomas Watts ; and about
that tim0 being admitted B. D. of Cambridge, was incor*
porated in the same degree at Oxford in May 1519. He
was afterwards doctor of that faculty ^i Capibridge. He*
iiesigned his mastership of Westminatelr*«ciiool about tbe
month of February 1591, and was succeeded in March foK
lowing by Mr. Camden ; he was then presented to the Iiviii|^
q{ Barnet, in Middlesex, and to the rectory of Toppers-
field, in Essex, in 1598. He died August 4, 1601, atul
was interred in St.. Peter's church at Westminstar. He-
collected aod. published, the Letters and Poeois of Roger
Ascham, to which be subjoined a piece of his own, en«
^tled ^^ Oratio d^ Vita & Obitu Rogeh Aschami, ac die-
tionis elegant]^ cam adhortatione ad adolesceiitulos,**
Loadon, 1577, in 8vo. He was an excellent Latin poet,
as appi^ars from severd copies of vecses v. ricten by him,
and printed io various books 9 and was exceed^ingly well
versed in all parts of {jolite literature, fieatham says he
had been vicar of South Benfleet, in Essex, in 1584, but
resigned it soon, and that he was a prebendary of £iy in
J589.*

GRANT (Francis), lord Culleo, an eminent lawyer
an(i judge in Scotland, was descended from a younger
branch of the ancient, family of the Gran^ts, of Grant, in
that kingdom ; his ancestor in a direct line, being sir John
Grant, of Grant, who married lady Margaret Stuart,
daughter of the earl of Athol. He was born about 1660,
aud received the first part of his education at Aberdeen ;
but, being ii^teoded for the profession of the law, was sent
to finish his studies at Ley den, under the celebrated Voet,
with whom he becamie so great a favourite by his singular
application, that many years afterwards the professor men-*
tioned him to his pupils, as one that had done honour to
the university, and recommended his example to them.
On his return to Scotland, he passed through the exami-*
nation requbite to his being admitted advocate, with sndi
abilities as to attract the particular notice of sir George
Mackenzie, then king's advocate, one of the most inge-
nious men, as well as one of the ablest and most eminent
lawyers, of that age.

y^iog. BiitrM5«A, Pict^^-m. Ox«Y0U Ir-Tatuer.-^'Bentliain's Elf.

188. GRANT,

Being thus qualified for practice, be soon got into fuH
employ, by the distinguishing figure which he made at the
Revolution in 1688. He was then only twenty -eight years
of age; but, as the measures of the precedieg reign had
led him to st\idy the constitutional points of law, he disco-
Yered . a masterly koowledge, when the convention of
estates met to debate that important affair concerning the
vacancy of the throne, upon the departure of king James'
to France. Some of the old lawyers, in pursuance of the
principles in which they had been bred, argued warmly
against those upon which the Revolution, which had taken
place in England, was founded ; and particularly insisted'
on the inability of*tbe convention of estates to make any'
disposition of the crown. Grants opposed these notions*
with great strength and spirit, and about that time pub->»
lished a treatise, in which he undertook, by the principles
6f law, to prove that a king might forfeit his crown for
himself and his descendants ; and that in such a case the
states had a power to dispose of it, and to establish and
limit a legal succession, concluding with the warmest re-
commendations of the prince of Orange to the regal
dignity.

This piece, being generally read, was thought to have
had considerably influence on the public resolution^, and
certainly recommended him to both parties in the way of
his profession. Those who differed from him in opinion'
admired his courage, and were desirous of making use of
bis abilities; as on the other hand, those who were friends'
to the revolution Were likewise so to him, which brought him
into great jbusiness, and procured him, by special com-
missions, frequent employment from the crown* In all
these he acquitted himself with so much honour, that, as
soon as the union of the two kingdoms came to be seriously
considered in the English court, queeif Anne unexpectedly,
as inrell as without applicatiQn, created him a baronet in
1705, in the view of securing bis interest towards complet-
ing that design ; and upon the same principle her majesty
about a year after appointed him one of the judges, or (as
they are styled in Scotland) one of the sen«itors. of the col-
lege of justice.

. From this time, according to the custom of Scotland, be
was styled, from the name of his estate, lord CuUen, and
the same good qualities which had recommended him to
this post were very conspicuous in the discharge of it ; in

GRANT. 189

which he continued for twenty years with the highest re-
putation, when a period was put to his life, by an illness
which lasted but three days ; and, though no violent symp-
toms appeared, yet his physicians clearly discerned that
bis dissolution was at band. They acquainted him with
their opinion, which he received not only calmly, but chear-
fully ; declaring that he had followed the dictates of his
conscience, and was not afraid of death. He took a tender
farewell of bis children and friends, recommended to them
earnestly a steady and constant attachment to the faith and
duty of Christians, and assured them that true religioa
was the only thing that could bring a ms^n peace at the last.
He expired soon after, March 16, 1726, in his sixty-sixth
year.

He was so true a lover of learning, and was so much ad-
dicted to his studies, that, notwithstanding the multiplicity
of his business while at the bar, and his great attention to
his charge when a judge, he nevertheless found time to
write various treatises, on very different yet important sub-
jects ; some political, which were remarkably well-timed,
and highly serviceable to the government; others of a
most extensive nature, such as his essays on law, religion,
and education, which were dedicated to his late majesty
-when prince of Wales, by whose command, his then secre-
tary, Mr. Samuel Molyneux, wrote him a letter of thankis,
in which were many gracious expressions, as well in rela-
tion to the piece as to its author. He composed, besides
these, many discourses on literary subjects, for the exer-
cise of his own thoughts, and for the better discovery of
truth, which went no farther than bis own closet, and,
from a principle of modesty, were not communicated even
to his most intimate friends.

In his private character he was as amiable as be was re««
spectable in the public. There were certain ciircum-
stances that determined him to part with an estate 'that
was left him by his father ; and it being foreseen that he
would employ the produce of it, and the money he had
acquired by his profession, in a neW purchase, there were
many decayed families who solicited him to take their lands
.upon his own terms, relying entirely on that equity which
they conceived to be the rule of his actions. It appeared
•that their opinion of him was perfectly well grounded ; for,
being at length prevailed upon to lay out his money on the
estate of an unfortunate fan>ily, who bad a debt upon it of

190 GRANT.

more tfaan it was worth, bo first put their affairs into ord^r^
and by classing the different denaands, and compromising si
yariety of claims, secured some thousand pounds to the
heirs, without prejudice to any, and of which they never
could have been possessed but from his interposition and

' vigilance in their behalf, so far was he either from making
any advantage to himself of their necessities, or of his own
skill in bis profession ; a circumstance justly mentioned to
his bonoar, and which is an equal proof of bis candour^
generosity, and compassioo. His piety was sincere and
unaffected, and bis love for the church of Scotland was
shewn in his recommending moderation and charity to tbft
clergy as well as laity^ and engaging the foroter to insist
upon moral duties as the clearest and most convincing
proofs of men's acting upon religious principles; and his
practice, through his whole life, was the strongest argu^
ment of his being thorouglily persuaded of those truths^
which, from his love to mankind, he laboured to inculcate.
He was charitable without ostentation, disinterested in bis
friendships and beneficent to all who bad any ihiiig to do
with him. He was not only strictly just, but so free from
any species of avarice, that his lady, who was a woman of
great prudence, finding him' naore intent on the business
committed to him by others than on bis own, too]c the care
of placing out his money upon herself; a^nd, to prevent
bis postponing, as be was apt to do^ such kind of affairs,
when securities offered, she caused the circumstances of
them to be stated in the form of cases, and so procured his
opinioa upon his own concerns, as if .they bad been those
of a client. These little circumstances ase mentioned as
more expressive of his temper than aeiiws of another kind
could be ^ because, in matter^ of importance, men ei£her
act from kabity <vr from nK>tives that the world cannot pene-
trate ; but, in things of a trivial natare, ajre less upon their
guard, shew their true disposition, and stand confessed for
what they ace. He passed a long life in ease and .honour.
His sincerity and steady axtacha>eot to hts principles re-
conunended.him to all parties, even to those who difiered
from him most ; and his charity aifecl foodjeralion* coni^rted
this respect into affeotion, so that not many of his muk
had more friends, and pechaps nomt could boast of hmog
fewer enemies. He left behind hind three sons and fivi?
ilajLighters,-, his eldeH 4Qn> Arobihald firant, esq. in im

* father's li^«>time, represeated in pafAtamcat tdoe shire of

.1

> GRANT. 191

Aberdeen; and becoming by hia demise sir Archibftldl
Grant, bart* was chosen again for the same county in 17 it*
His second son, William, followed his fatl^r'a professiot^,
was several years lord-advocate for Scotland ; and, in 1757^
one* of the lords of session, by the title of lord Preston*
grange. Francis^ the third son, was a merchant, and three
»f the daughters were married to gentlemen of fortune. *

GRANVILLE, Greenvile, or Grenville (George),
viscount Lansdowiie, an English poet^ was descended of a
family distinguished for their loyaJty ; being second son of
Barnard Granville, esq. brother to the first earl of Bath of
this name, who had a principal share in bringing about the
restoration of Charles IL and son of the loyal sir Bevil
Greenvile, who lost his life fighting for Charles L at Lans-*
downe in 1643. He was born in 1667, and in his infancy
v?as sent to France, under the tuition of sir William EUys^
a gentleman bred up under Dr. Busby, and who was after-
wards eminent in many public station^. From this excel-
lent tutor he not (»nly imbibed a taste for classical learning,
but was also instructed in all other accomplishments suit'^
able to his birth, in which he made so quick a proficiency,
that after he had distinguished himself above all the youths
of FVauce in martial exercises^ be was sent to Trinity-col*
lege, Cambridge, in 1677, at ten years of age; and before
be was twelve, spoke some verses of his own €K>mposing to
the duchess of York, afterwards queen-consort to James Ih
at her visit to that university \€k 1679. On account of his
extraordinary merit, he was created M. A. at the age of
thirteen, and left the college soon after.

In the first stage of hi$ life, be seems irather to bave
made his Muse subservient to his am^bition and thirst after
military glory, in whfch there appeared such a force of
genius as raised the admiration 6f Mr. Waller. But his
ambition shewed itself most adtive on tlie duke of Mon^
gnouth^s rebellion ; and be requested his father to let him
arm in defence of his ^vereign; but being then only
eighteen years of age, he was thought too young for such
an enterprise. It was not without extreme reluctance that
he submitted to the tenderness of paternal restraint ; which
was the more mortifying, as his uncle the earl of Bath had
iDU this occasion raised a regiment of tobl for tbe king's
^tririte; with the behaviour and discipline of w4ncb bis

4

> Bio;, firlt.

f^

Vm GRANVILLE.

majesty was so well pleased, that, on reviewing ih^m tt
Hounslow, as a public mark of his approbation be epn^
ferred the honour of knighthood upon our author's elder
brother Bevil, who was a captain, at the head of the regi-
ment. Thus, forbidden to handle his pike on this impor-
tant occasion, he took up his pen after the rebellion wasi
crushed, and a<ldressed some congratulatory lines to the
king.

When the prince pf Orange declared his intended expe-
dition to England, our young hero made a fresh applica-
tion, in the most importunate terms, to let him prove his
loyalty. His letter to his father, on this occasion, which
is printed by Dr. Johnson, is an elegant composition ; but
this was likewise unavailing, as the danger was now in-
creased in a greater proportion than bis age. The king'd
affairs were.become so desperate, that any attempt to serve
bim could, only have involved him in his royal master's,
ruin. On this he sat down a quiet spectator of the revolu-
tion, iu which most of his family acquiesced, but was cer-
tainly far from being pleased with the change ; he saw no
prospect of receiving any favours from the.new administra-
tion; and resolving to lay a^ide all thoughts of pushing bis
fortune either in the court or the camp, be endeavoured
to divert bis melancholy in the company and conversation
of the softer sex. His adopted favourite was the countess
of Newburgb, and he exerted all his powers of verse in
singing the force of this enchantresses charms, and the
sweets of his own captivity. But he sang in vain, hapless
like Waller in his passion, while by his poetry hQ endea-
voured to raise his Myra to the immortality which Waller
iiad given to Sacharissa. In the mean time soni[e of his
friends were nauch grieved at this conduct in retiring from
t)usiness, . as unbecoming himself, and disgraceful to bis
family. One of these in particular, a female relation,
whos.e name was Higgins, took the liberty to send to hinoi
an expostulatory ode in 1690, in hopes of shaming him
out of hi^ enchantment; but this was his age of romance,
and he persisted in asserting that his resolution was un-
changeable, and that he would barter no happiness for
that of a lover.

In this temper he passed the course of king William^s
reign in private life, enjoying the company of his Muse,
which he employed in celebrating the reigning beauties of
that age, as Waller, whom he strove to imitate, ha d done

«R A N'V 1 LJL E. M3

4ho0e of di0 preceding. We have also peyelral dramatic
pieces written in this early part of Jife, of which the
<< Briti^ Enchanters/' he tells us bimsdf, was the first
essay of a very infant Muse ; being written at his first en-
trance into his teens, and attempted rather as a task in
hxmrs free from other exerciser, than with any view to pub-
lic exhibition. But Betterton, the celebratied actor, hav-
ing accidentally seen it many years i^r it was written,
^gg^4 i^ for the stage, where it found so favourable a
reception, as to have an uninterrupted run of at least forty
days* His other dramatic pieces were also well received ;
but although we are assured they owed that reception to
their own merit,^as much as to the general esteem and
respect which all the polite world professed for their author,
that intrinsic merit is not now discoverable. Addison,
however, joiued with Dryden in sounding Granville^s
praises ; the former, in the *^ Epilogue to the British En-
chanters;'' and the latter, in some verses addressed to him
upon his tragedy of ^' Heroic Love."

Upon the accession of queen Anne, he stood as fair in
the general esteem as any man of his years, now about
thirty-five. He had always entertained the greatest vene-
ration for the queen, and he made bis court to her in the
|K>litest manner in Urga^nda's prophecy, spoken by way of
epilogue at the first representation of the ^' British Enchan-
ters," where he introduced a scene representing the queen,
and the several triumphs of her reign. He entered heartily
into the measures for carrying on the war against France ;
and, with a view to excite a proper spirit in the nation, he
translated the second ** Olynthian" of Demosthenes, in
1702. This new specimen of his learning gained him
many friends, and added highly to his reputation; and,
when the design upon Cadiz was projected the same year,
he presented to Mr. Harley, afterwards earl of Oxford, att
authentic journal of Mr. Wimbledon's expedition thither,
in 1625; in order that, by avoiding the errors committed
in a former attempt upon that pli^ce, a more successful
plan might be formed. But, little attention being given
to it, the same mistakes were committed, and the same
disappointment ensued : with this diiFerence only, that
the duke of Ormond had an opportunity to take his Ire*
venge at Vigo, and to return with glory, which was not
Wimbledon^s fate.

By a laudable (sconomy Granville bad hi^erto pre^-*

Vol. XVI. fi

1S4 Q » A N V I L L E.

t

served himself from those embarrassments, which in nm^
advanced life he is said to have incurred,- and his father,
who was just dead, had made some provision for him,
which was increased by a smalL annuity left him by his
nnqle the earl of Bath, who died not long after. These

' advantages, added to the favours which his coustn John
Grenville had received from her majesty in being raised to
the peerage by the title of lord Grenville of Potheridge,
and his l>rother being made governor of Barbadoes, with a
fixed salary of 2000/. the same enabled him to come into
the house of commons, as member for Fowey in Cornwall,
in the first parliament of the queen. In 1706, his fortune
was improved farther by the loss of his ^eldest brother, sir

. Bevil^ who died that year, in his passage from Barbadoes, in
the flower of his age, unmarried, and universally lamented.
Hence our younger brother stood now as the bead-branch
of his family, and he still held bis seat in the house of com*
mons, both in the second and third parliaments of the
queen. But the administration being taken out of the
hands of his friends, with whom he remained steadily con-
nected in the same principles, he wa$ cut off from any pro-
spect of being preferred at court.

In this situation he diverted himself among his brother
poets ; and we find him at this time introducing Wycherley

• and Pope to the acquaintance of Henry St. John, esq.
afterwards lord viscount Bolingbroke. This friend, then
displaced, having formed a design of celebrating such of
the poets of that age as he thought deserved any notice,
had applied for a character of the former to our aujihor,
who, in reply, having done justice to Mr. Wycherley's
merit, concludes his letter thus : <^ In short. Sir, FU have
you judge for yourself. I am not satisfied with this imper-
fect sketch ; name your day, and I will bring you together;
I shall have both your thanks ; let it be at my lodging. I
can give you no Falernian that has out-lived twenty con-
sulships, but I can promise you a bottle of good claret,
that has seen two reigns. Horatian wit will not be wantii^
when you meet. He shall bring with him, if you will, a
youngpoet newly inspired in the neighbourhood of Cooper's-
hili, whom he and Walsh have uiken under their wing,^

'His name is Pope, he is not above seventeen or eighteen,
years of age, and promises miracles. If he goes on as he
has begun in* the pastoral way, asi Virgil first tried his

' strength, we may hop6 to see English poetry vie with the

G R AN V i L^L E. 19S

Itoman^ and this Swan of Windsor sing as sweetly as* die
Mantuan. I expecl^your answer.''

Sac&everelPs trial, which happened not long after,
brought on that remarkable change in the ministry in 1710,
when Mr. Granville's friends came again into power. He
was elected for the borough of Helston, but, being returned
at the same time for the county of Cornwall, he chose to
represent the latter; and on September 29, he was de-
clared secretary at war, in the room of Robert Walpole,
esq. afterwards the celebrated minister. He continued in
this office for some time, and discharged it with reputation ;
and, towards the close of the next year, 1711, he married
the lady Mary, daughter of Edward Villiers, earl of Jersey,
at that time possessed of a considerable jointure, as widow
of Thomas Thynne, esq. He had just before succeeded to
the estate of the eider branch of his family, at Stow ; and
December 31, he was created a peer of Great Britain, by
the title of lord Lansdowne, baron of Bideford, in the
county of Devon. In this promotion he was one of the
twelve peers who were all created at the same time; and so
numerous a creation, being unprecedented, gave much
offence, although but little in his case. His lordship was
now the next male-issue in that noble family, in which two
peerages, that of the earl of Bath, and that of lord Gren-
ville of Potheridge, had been extinguished almost toge-
ther : his personal merit was universally allowed ; and as to
his political sentiments, those who thought him most mis-
taken, allowed him to be open, candid, and uniform. He
stood always high in the favour of queen Anne; and with
great reason, having upon every occasion testified the
greatest zeal for her government and the most profound
respect for her person. For these reasons, in the succeeding
year, 1712, he was sworn of her majesty's pirivy-council,
made controller of her household, about a year after ad-
vanced to the post 6f treasurer in the same office ; and to
bis other honours, says Dr. Johnson, was added the dedi-
cation of Pope's " Windsor Forest." His lordship con-
tinued in his office of treasurer to the queen, until her
death, when he kept company with his friends in falling a
sacrifice to party- violence, being removed from his trea-
surer's place by George I. Oct 11, 1714.

His lordship still continued steady to his forn^er connec-
tions, and in that spirit entered his protest with tbem
against the bills for attainting lord Boiiugbroke and the

o 2

i9« ^t^^'vittlL

1

duke of Ormofid, in 1715. He evf^ti «nMfed dteply into
the scheme for raiting an imnn^l:ftiol|^in tlflfe Wetft of Eng^
land, and was at the head of it, if W^ ttiaj beliieve lord
Bolingbroke, who represents hitn pos^eils^ now with the.
tame political fire and frenzy for the Pretender as he had
shewn in his youth for the father. In conseqoenee, how-
ever, of being suspected, he was apprehended September
26, 1715, and committed prisoner to tbeTow^r of London^
where he continued untilFebruary S, 1716-17, when he Wis
released without any form of trial or acquittal. Howevtftr
sensible he might be at this tim^ of the mistake in his con-
duct, which had deprived him of his liberty, yet be was
far from running into the other' extreme. He seems, in-
deed, to be one of those tories, who are said to have be<^
driven by the violent persecutions against that party into
jacobitism, and who returned to their former principles as
soon as that violence ceased. Hence we find him, In
1719, as warm as ever in defence of those principles, the
first time of his speaking in the bouse of lords, in the
debates about repealing the act against occasional con-
form ity.

His lordship continued steady in the same sentiments,
which were so opposite to those of the court, and incion-
sistent with the measures taken by the administration, that
he must heeds be seiistble a watchful eye was kept ever
iipon him. Accordingly, when the flame broke out again^
his friends, on 'account of what is sometimes called Atter-
bury*s plot, in ^722, his lordship, is some say, to avc^d a
second rmprisonment in the ToWer, withdrew to France,
but others attribute his goirfg thither to a degree of ptofu-
sion which had embarrassed 'bis circumstances. He had
been at Paris but a little while, when the first volume of
Burnetts " History of his ow^ Times** was published.
Great espectadons had heen raised of this work, which ac^
cotdingly he perused with attention ; and finding the cha-
racters of the 'duke '6f Albemarle and the earl of Bath
treated in a 'manner he thought they did not deserve, he
formed the design of doing them justice. This'led him fo
consider what had been said by other historians coneerning
his family; and, as Clarendon and Echard had treated his
uncle sir Richard Granville more roughly, his lordship,
being possessed of memoirs from which his conduct n>ight be
set in a fairer light, resblved to ibllow the dictates of duly
and inclination, by publishing bis sentiments upon tkoif

GRANV{I,t.E» 197

* • • •

liMds. These pieces are printed ifi bis w^rks, under the
tiile of <* A Vindication of General Mopk," &c. and '^ A
Vindication of Sir Richard Greenyille, General of the West
to King Charles I/' &c. They were answered by Old*
mixon, in a piece entitled " Reflections historical and
politic,'' &€. 17S2, 4to, and by judge 3urnety in <* Re*
marics,'' &c. a pamphlet. His lordship replied^ in '* A
Letter to the author of the Reflections/' &c. 1732, 410,
and the spring followingi there came out a very rough
answer in defence of Echard, by Dr. Colbatch, entitled
** An Exaqdinatiou of Echard's Account of the Marriage
Treaty," &c. '

. He continued abroad at Paris almost the space of ten
years; and, being sensible that many juvenilities had es*
caped his pen in his poetical pieces, made use of the opr
portunity furnished by this retirement, to revise and cor-
rect them, in order to republication. Accordingly, at hif
return to England in 1732, he published these, together
with a vindication of his kinsman just mentioned, in two
volumes, 4to. To these may be added a tract in lor^
Somers's collection, entitled ** A Letter from a nobleman
abroad to bis friend in England,^' 1722. The late que^^
Caroline having honoured him with her protection, th^
last verses he wrote were to inscribe two copies of his
poems^ one of which was presented t/o her majesty, an4
the other to the princess royal Anne, late princes^ dowager
of Onuige. The remaining years of his life were passed
in privacy and retirement, to the day of his death, which
happened January 30, 173^, in his sixty-eighth year ; hav<*
tRg lost his lady a few days before, by wnom having no
pale issue, the title of lAusdowne became in him extinct.
His character, as drawn by Dr. Johnson, seems now un*
contested. He was, says that eminent critic, a man illus-
trious by birth, and therefore attracted notice; since he is
atyled by Pope *^ the polite," he must be supposed elegant
in his maimers, and generally loved -, he was in times of
contest and turbulence steady to bis party, and obtained
aliat /esteem which is always conferred upon firmness and
consistency. As a poet. Dr. Johnson has appreciated his
taierit with equal justice. * He wasandeed but a feeble imi-
tator of the feeblest parts of Waller, and is far more to be
praised for his patronage of^ poets, and the judgment he
shewed in the case of Pope, than for any pretensions to
rank among them; His prose style, howeveri is exceUeuti

198 G R^A N V I L L E.

and far beyond that of his early contemporaries. DrJ
Warton notices, as proofs of this, his " Letter to a young
man on his taking orders ;'* his " Observations on Burnet/*
his " Defence of his relation sir Richard Greenville," his.
translation of some parts of Demosthenes, and his Letter
to his father on the Revolution, written in 1688. The
same critic, who must have been acquainted with some
who knew him intimately, adds that his conversation was
most pleasing and polite ; and his affability, and universal
benevolence and gentleness, captivating.'

GRASSWINKEL (Theodore or Thierrt), a learned
lawyer, was born at Delft in 1600. He wrote various
works upon legal and political subjects, by which he ac-
quired a considerable reputation. Among these are '* Li-
bertas Veneta, seu Yenetorum in se et suos imperandi
Jus." This was published in 1634, and in 1644 he de-
fended the republic of Venice, in a dispute with the duke
of Savoy concerning precedence ; for which service, that
republic created him a knight of St. Mark. He had also
before this, attempted to confute Buchanan^s treatise ** De
Jure Majiestatis,^' in a work dedicated to Christina, queen
#of Sweden, who Was known to be a great assertor of regal
privileges. Grasswinkel defended the liberty of the seas
against Selden, and Burgus, a native of Genoa, in bis work
" Maris Liberi Vindiciae,*' and with so much judgment, in
their opinion, that the States of Holland gave him a pen-
sion of 500 florins, with the title of Advocate-gen ecal of
the marine, until an opportunity offered of rewarding his
merit with a more honourable employment; which was
afterwards'that of advocate of the exchequer, and register
and secretary of the chanibre-mi-partie. He was author,
likewise, of a treatise in two volumes, 4to, **On the Sove-
reignty of the States of Holland.^' He died of an apo-
plexy at Mechlin, Qct 12, 1666.*

GR ATAROLUS (William), a learned physician of the
sixteenth century, was born at Bergamo in Italy in 1510^
iand was educated at Padua,, where he took his degrees
with great reputation ; but having embraced the doctrines
of the reformers, with which Peter Martyr made him
acquainted, be was obliged to make his escape, and
went into Germany, that he might live undisturbed in the

1 Biog. Brit. — Johnson and Chalmers's Poets, 1810. — :]p,owles'8 edition of
Po|>« ; sec lD<lex.---Park*8 edition of Lord Orfoi'd's Royal a^d ^Mt Authors,
* Morer'u-r-Geo. Diet — Fopipei]{ Bib]. Belg.

G R A T A R O L»U S. 199

inrotestant religion. After some stay at Basil; be was in-
vited to Marpurg to be physic-professor ; but in a short
time returned to Basil, and died there in 1562, or as some
think in 1666, or 1668, which last seems most correct
He wrote a great many books, as, ^< De Memoria repa->
randa, augenda, conservanda, ae Reminiscentia. De
Praedictione Morum, Natu^arumque Homininn fatili, 4^*
Inspectione parti urn corporis. Prognostica Natoralia de
Temporam mutatione perpetua, ordine Literarum. De
Literatorum & eorum qui Magistratibus funguntur^ con-
servanda, preservandaque valetadine. De Vini Natura^
artificio & usu ; Deque omni Re Pptabili. De Regimine
iter Agentium, vel Equitum, vel Peditum, vd Navi» vel
Curru viatoribus quibusque Utilissiipi Libcii.duo.** He
likewise made a collection of several tracts. jtouching the
sweating-sickness in England. , Some of these works are
honourable to his talents, and -evince a large share of
knowledge ; but in others he shews an attachment to the
absurdities of alchemy, much superstition, aod opinibns
which do not imply a sound judgment.'.

GRATIAN, a celebrated Benediqtine of tbe twelfth,
century, was bom at Cbiusi, and spent near twenty-four
years at the monastery of Bologna in = composing a work
which has gained him great fame, and which he published
about 1 151, under the title qf ** Decretal,'* or ** Concor-
dantia discordantium Canpnum,^' in which be endeavours
to reconcile those canons, wfaioh seem to contradict each
other ; hut as this author has been guilty of some errors,
l^ mistaking a canon of one coiincil, or a passage of one
father, for another, and has frequently quoted spurious de-
cretak, several writers have endeavoured to correct these
faults, particularly Anthony Augustine in his valuable
work entitled ^^ De emendatione Gratiani,'' an excellent
edition of which was published by Baluze. The popes
are indebted principally to Gratian^s Decretal for the high
authority, they exercised in the thirteenth and following
centuries ; but all their pretensions are supported in this
work upon suppositious canons, which that age was too
ignorant to suspect. This work forms one of the principal
parts of the canon law. The editions of Rome, 1582, 4
vols, folio, and of Lyons,. 1671, 3 vols, folio, are the best.
There is a separate edition of this Decretal, Mentz, 1472,
folio.*

* Niccron, yo\, 2DCXI.-— Gen. Dic^— -^Moreri.-— Frtheri Tbestrum.— .Saxii
Ooomafttioon. * Ca?e.— Dupiq.— Moreri.— Saiii ODOUiasticoD.

200 O'R A T I A N I,

OHATIAKl (Antonio Maria), a learned bishop of
Amelia^ was born in 1536 in the little city called Borgo-^
dirsan^Sepulcro in Tuscany. He w^s educated by cardi^
nal Commendo, who trusted him with the most inlportanC
affairs, and gave him a rich abbey. After this CardinaPi
death, Gratiani was secretary to pope Sixtus V. then to
pardinal Montalto ; and Clement VIII. who was partly in-*
debted to him for his elevation to the papal chair, made
him bi^^op of Amelia, sent him to Venice as nuncio, and
' would have even created him cardinal, but was dissuaded
from it by cardinal Aldobrandino, because Gratiani was
the duke of Florence's subject. The air. of Venice not
Agreeing mih his health, he retired to Amelia, devoted
himself to ->tbe' duties of a holy bishop, and died there,
1611. He>l^ <^ Synodal Ordinances;" "The Life of
Cardinal Comdiieiido," 4to, which has been translated into
French by M. Flecbier ; « De Bello Cyprio," 4to ; « De
Casibus adversis illustrium virorum sui sevi," 4to, trans-
lated into French by le Pelletier. In 1745, a posthumous
work was published at Florence, *^ De Scriptis in vita Mi-
nerva ad Albysmm fratrem libri viginti,** 4to. *

GRATIUS (FalIscus), an eminent Latin poet, is sup-'
posed to have been contemporary with Ovid, and pointed
pu^ by him in the last elegy of the fourth book <^ De
Ponto," " Aptaque venanti Gratius arma dedit.'* We
have a poem of his, entitled << Cynogeticon, or. The Art
of hunting with Dogs ;" which in strictness can only be
called a fragment. The style of this poem is reckoned
pure, but without elevation ; the poet, like Others who
have adopted the didactic plan, having been more soli-
citous to instruct than to please his reader. He is also
censured by the critics as dwelling too long on fabler;
and as he is counted much superior to Nemesianus, who
has treated the same subject, so he is reckoned iii all
points inferior to the Greek poet, Oppian, who wrot^ his
Cynogetics and Halieutics under Severds and Caracalla,
to whom 'he presented them, and who is said to have re-
warded the poet very magnificently. The. first edition of
the ** Cynogeticon^ was published in 1504, Bonon. folio,
along with Nemesianus, and often reprinted ; but the best
edition is that of London, 1690, in 8vo, ** cum Notis per«
petuis ThomsB Jonson, M. A.*^ *

* Moi«ri.-*Erythnei Pinacotheca.

* Vottittftda Poet. Lat— 'Fabric Bibl. Lat.

G R A T I US. 201

GRATIUS (OnTUiRUs), a nttlve of Holhwic in the dio-
eese of Muiitteri whose tittaie W9m Graes^ taught etbid
and pbiloftpphy at Cologn, in a college of which be became
the bead, and died there May 92^ 15424 His attachment
to the catholic rellgidn involved him in disputes with
Reachlin, Hutten, and other professors ; who/ to ridicule
the style of the Romish divines, the monks, and some re«
ligious ceremonies, are supposed to have published *f Epis^
tolie obscurorum virorum ad Dominum Magistrum Ortui-*>
nnm Gratium,*' 1516 and 1517, 4to, in two parts^ of which
there have been editions since» But it ia more probable that
this book was really written by Van Hutten and John Joeger^
afias John Crotns, Luther's contemporary and friend, and
who afterwards returned to the church of Rome, and was the^
reproached by Christopher Olearius for writing such a satire,
Erasnsns is said to have been so pleased with it, as to be thrown
into a violent fit of laughter, which burst an imposthume in
hia'face. In 1710, a beautiful edition was published in I2md,
at London, dedicated to the author of the Tatlen It wab
condemned by Leo X. March 15, 1517 ; and Gratius wrotfe
in opposition to it, ^ Lamentationes obscurorum viroruth
lion prohibitoe per Sedem Apostolicam,'' Cologn, 1518,
tvoj reprinted in 1649. He also* published ^'Triumpbus
B. Job,*' in elegiac verse^ in three books, Cologn, 1537,
folio ; ** Fasciculus rerom expetendarum et fugiendarum,*^
Cologn, 1535, folio, reprinted under the inspection of Ed-
ward Brown, London, 1690, 2 vols. foMo; which isacu*
rious collection of pieces respecting the council of Basil. ^
GRAUNT, EDWARD. See GRANT.
GRAUNT (John), the celebrated author of the << Ob-
servations on tiie Bills of Mortality,^* was the son of Henry
Graant of Hampshire, who being afterwards settled in
Bfrchin-lane, London, had this child bom there, April 94,
1620» ' Bdiug a rigid puritan, he bred him up in all the
itricfoeiss of those principles; and designing him for trade,
gave bim no more education than was barely necessary for
that purpose ; so that, with the ordinary qualifications of
reading, 'Writing, and arithmetic, he was put apprentice to
a indberdaslier in the city, which trade he afterwards fol-
lowed, bdt become a freeman of the Drapers' company.
He came early into business, and in a short time grew so
ttuch into the - esteem of his fellow^iti^ens, that he was

* M«r6ri.— Foppen Bibl. Belg.

302 G R A U N T.

frequently chosen arbitrator for cooDponng differences be^*
tween neighbours, and preventing law-suits. With this
reputation be pa3sed through all the offices of his ward, as
far as that of a common council- mani which he. held two
years, and was 6rst captain and then major of the train
bands* These distinctions were the effects of a great share
of good sense and probity, rendered aqiiable by. a mild
and friendly disposition ; which was all that was in those
days expected from a tradesman of no great birth, and of
small breeding. But Graunt's genius was far from being
confined within those limits : it broke through all the. dis-
advantages of his slender education, and enabled him to
form a new and noble design, and to execute it with as
much spirit as there appeai:ed sagacity in forming it.

The exact time is not known when he first began to col-
lect and consider the Bills of Mortality; but he tells us
himself, that he had turned his thoughts that way several
years, before he had any design of publishing the disco-
veries he had made. As bis character must have been emi-
neutly distinguished in 1650, when, though not above
thirty years of age, his interest was so exten^ve, as to
procure the music professor's chair at Gresbam, for his
friend doctor (afterwards sir William) Petty ; so it is more
than probable, that his acqaain|anQe and friendship with
that gentleman, was the consequence of a similarity, of
pursuits; and that our author had then communicated
some of his thoughts upon this subject to sir William, who,
on his part, is likewise said to have repaid the generous
confidence with some useful hints towards composing .his
book. This piece, which oontained a new and accurate
thesis of policy, built upon a more certain reasoning than
Was before tliat time known, was first presented to the
public in 1661, 4to, and met with such an extraordinary
reception, that another edition was called for in . the fol-
lowing year ; and our author's fame, and the usefulness of
bis book, began to be spoken of both at home and abroad.
Immediately after the publication of it, Lewis XIV* of
France, or his ministers, provided, by a law, for the most
exact register of births and burials, that is any where in
Europe ; and in England Charles IL conceived such a high
iesteem for his abilities, that at the first institution of the
royal society, his majesty recommended him to their
choice for a member ; with this charge, that if they found
any more such tradesmen^ they should be sure to admit

G R A U N T. 205

them jEctt, Qe had dedicated tbe. work to sir Robert Moray,
president of the royal society, and had sent fifty copies.to
be dispersed among their members, when he was pro-
posed (though a shopkeeper), and admitted into the so^
ciety, February 26, 1661-2; and an order of council
{fassed, June 20, 1665, for publishing the third edition,
which was executed by the society's printer, and came out
that same year. After receiving this honour, he did not
long continue a shopkeeper, but left off business ; and on
September 25, 1666, became a trustee for the manage-
ment of the New-river, for one of the shares belonging to
sir William BackKbuse, who dying in 1669, his relict;
afterwards countess of Clarendon, appointed Mr. Graunt
one of her trustees.

This account of the time of our author's admission into
the government of the New-river is taken from the minute
books, or registei", of the general court of that company, ^
and sUflSciently clears him from an imputation thrown upon
his memory by bishop Burnet; who, having observed that
the New- river was brought to a bead at Islington, where
there is a gr^at room full of pipes that conveys it through
the streets of London, and that the constant order was to
set all the pipes running on Saturday night, that so tbe
cisterns might be all full on Sunday morning, there being
a more than ordinary consumption of water on that day,
relates the following story, which he says was told him by
Dr. Lloyd (afterwards bishop of Worcester) and the coun^
tess of Clarendon : " There was,'* says he, " one Graunt^
a papist, who under sir William Petty published his Ob<*
servations on the Bills of Mortality. He had some time
before applied himself to Lloyd, who bad great credit with
the countess of Clarendon, and said hb could raise that
estate considerably, if she would make him a ,trustee for
'her. His schemes were probable; and he was made one
of the board that governed that matter, and by that he
'had a right to come as often as he pleased to view their
^works at Islington. He went thither the Saturday before
-die fire broke out, and called for tbe key where the head^
of tbe pipes were, and turned all the cocks of the pipe^i
that were then open, stopt the water, and went away and
carried the keys with him ; so, when the fire broke but
<next morning, they opened the pipes in the streets to find
water, but there was none. Some hours were lost in send*
ing to Islington, where the door wa3 broke open, and ihe

f04 GH A U K T.

codes turned^ and it was long before ibe Water got to Loii*
don. Graunt, indeed, denied that be bad turned the
cocks ; but the officer of the works affirmed^ that be badv
according to oarder, set them all running, and that nci piar-f
son had got the keys from bim besides Graunt, wbo coit**
fessed he bad carried away the keys, but said he did it
without design/' This, indeed, as Burnet observes, is but
a presumption ; and, we may add, a groundless calumny ;
aince it is evident,^ from the above account, that Graunt
was not admitted into the government of the New^river
company till twenty -three days after the breaking out of
the fire of London, to which may be added a farther proof
that the parliament met September 18, 1666^ and, on the
very day that be was admitted a member of the New-river
company, they ap|)ointed a comniittee to inquire into the
causes' of the fire.

The report made by sir Robert Brooke, cbairt^an of
that committee, contains abundance of extraordinary re*
latioiis, but not one word of the cocks being stopped, or
any suspicions of Graunt It is true, indeed, that be
changed bis religion, and was reconciled to the cbur<:b of
Kome some time before bis death ; but it is more than
probable be was no papist at this juncture, since, in the
title»page of his book in 1665, be is styled ca^aifi, and
.Wood informs us, that he had been two or three years a
major when he made this change, which therefore could
not have iiappened before 1667 or 1668 at soonest. How^
ever, the circumstances of the countess of Clarendon't
saying he was her trustee oiakes it plain that the atory was
not invented till some years aftar the fire, when> Graunt
was known to be a papist. It was apparently not invented
till after his^ death. . The first time of its appearance in
public seems to have been in Ecbard's '* History of Eng-
land.'* And according to bishop Burnetts account, the
story could not be told to him till after 1667, when Graunt
was s^ypcKnted trustee for the countess of Clarendon. The
report, however, never reached his ears, and so could not
disturb him in the prosecution of his studies, which he c«>
tied on after this change in his religion with the aanie asiJK
duity as before, and made some considerable obsenrationa
within two years of his death, wbicfa happened April 18, 1674/
in the vigour of his age^ hatingnot quite completed :bis 54th
year. He was intended on the 22d of the same month in
St Dunstan^ cburch) ia Fleet-street, the corpse being 9t^

6 R A U N T. SOS

tieaded by many cff the most ingenious and laamed persona
^ the tintt^ and particularly by sir Williain Petty, wtio
paid his last tribute with tears to his memory. He left
his papers to this friend, who took care to adjust aad in-
aert them in a fifth edition of his work, which he published
in 1676, 8vo, and that with so much care, aiMl so. much
improved, that he frequently cites it as his own : which
probably gave occasion to bishop Burnet's mistake, who,
as we have seen, called it sir William's book, published
under Graunt's name. It is evident, however, that his
observations were the elements of that useful science,
which was afterwards styled *' Political Arithmetic,'' and of
which Graunt must have the honour of being the first
founder ; and whatever merit may be ascribed to sir Wil«
liam Petty, Mr. Daniel King, Dr. Davenant, and others,
upon the subjeet, it is all originally derived from the first
author .^ the ** Observations on the Bills of Mortality." '

GRAVELOT (Henr¥ Francis Bourionon), a French
Artist, well known in this .as well as his own country, was
born at Paris March 26, 1699. He does not appear to
have had much edacaticm io his profession, but soon made
some figure as a draughtsman. He accompanied La Rochh-
lard, who was appointed goveriior<-general of St. Domingo,
>«nd meeting in that island with the artist Frezier, was em-
ployed by hhn on a map of the country. Gramelot re-
turned to France in 1745, Where he applied principally to
<lrawing ; but finding^ himself in the midst of a nomber 4»f
eminent artists, among whom he despaired of distinguish-
ing himself, he came over to London, where he lived thir-
teen years. He possessed great fertility of invention, and
-composed, with much judgment, small subjects for vig-
nettes and other book ornaments ; he drew also admirably
ancient buildings, tombs, and prospects, and was much
"Maployed in all these branches by the artists of London.
fle drew the monuments of the kings for Vertue, and gave
^ designs, where invention was necessary, for Pine?a
plates of the tapestry in the house of lords. He was also
for some time employed in Gloucestershire, drawing
ehmrche^ and antiiquities. Vertue compares his neat man-
ner to Picart,^ and owns that in composition and^eidgn, be
even excelled his favourite Hollar. ' He sometimes at-
tempted painting small histories and conversations, and he

I BiOf « BTit.-«Ckni. Dtet.— Dodd's dniroli Hitt.

^OB G,R A y E L O T.

designed sts. well as engraved some of the prints to sir Thtr*'
mas Hanmer's edition of Shakspeare^ and those belpngii^
to Tiieobald's edition : but the finest specimen of. his aibi-
lilies as an engraver, is his large print of Kirkstall abbey*
He returned to France about the beginning of the precept
reign, and executed for the booksellers of Paris, the beau-
tiful designs with which they ornamented the works of
Corneille, Racine, Voltaire, Boccaci:io^ Arioato, Marmon-
tel, &c. He died at Paris in, 1 773, He is. said to ha^ve
been a man of wit and talents, and perfectly acquainted
with the history and theory of bis artV

GRAVEROL (Francis), a very eminent French anti-
quary and lawyer, was born at Nismes in the beginning of
1635, and being educated for the profession of the law^
became an advocate of the parliament of Toulouse, and^ of
the presidial court of Nismes, and director and secretary of
the academy of that place. During his researches ^ in to
loatters of history and antiquities, he made a very fine col-
lection of medals and manuscripts, among which were the
originals of the proceedings of the popish inqui^tors
against the Albigenses. So highly was Qraverol esteemed
for learning, that no strangers of distinction visited Nismes
without paying their respects to him, and such was his re-
putation in Italy that, in 1691, he was elected an associate*
of the Ricovrati of Padua; and when, the states of Langue-
doc formed the plan of collecting their records respecting^
their fiefs and seignories, they considered Graverol as the
. only person fit to execute the work, which he was earnestly
requested to undertake by the cardinal Bon^zi. But bis
adherence to the protestant religion impeded his advance-
ment in Ufe, and involved him in serious troubles*, He
retired first to Orange in 1685, where he was very &vour-.
ably received, but not thinking that a place of safety, left
it for Swisserland or Holland. During this jouroey he
was arrested and confined at Montpellier for about two
months. After this he must have been released, and per-
mitted to go bome> as we find he died at Nismes Sept 10,
1694. Anaong the works which contributed most to -his
reputation, are, 1. ^^ Observations sur les arrets du parle-
ment de Toulouse recueilles par la Rocheflavin,^' Toulouse,
1682. 2. <^ Notice ou abreg^ historique des vingt-^deux
' villes chefs des dioceses de.la province de Languedoc,'^ »

. 1 Diet. Hist.«*Stnitt.— Walpole's Bnfraveri.

G R A V E K 0 L. 207

)ri>8thumoas work published in 1696. 3* '^ Sorberiana,
sire exeerpta ex; ore Samuelis Sorbiere,*' Toulouse, 1691,

1714, Paris, 1694, and 1732. His other works were dis-
sertations on medals and antiquities, most' of which are
printed with the '^ Sorberiana.** In the Journal des Savans
for March 1685, two considerable works are announced by
him, which the persecution he -afterwards met with pro-
bably, prevented him from completing ; the one was a col-
lection of letters to several crowned heads, written by car-
dinal Sadblet in the name of Leo X. ; the other, a '^ Bib-
liotheqtie du Languedoc,*' a kind of literary journal, in
which he was to give the lives of the eminent men of that
province, and particulars of its history, &c.*

GRAYEROL (John), a learned protestant divine, bro-
ther to the preceding, was born at Nismes, September 11,
1636. He was minister at Lyons, but left that place on
the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and went to Amster-
' dam, and afterwards to London, where he exercised the
"ministerial office, and died in 1718. His works are nume^
rous ; the principal one is, '* Moses vindicatus,^' Amster-
dam, 1694, 12mo, in which he brings proofs of the crea-
tion, and of the acqount given by Moses, agrainst Dr. Tho-
mas Burnetts " Arcbeeologia Philosopbica.** *

GRAVES (Richard), an English divine and miscella-
neous writer, was a younger son of Richard Graves, esq.
of Mickletoh, in Gloucestershire, where he was born in

1715. His father, who was an able antiquary, died in
1729. HiB son, Richard, was educated partly at home,
under the rev. Mr. Smithy curate of the parish in which his
father resided, and partly at a public school at Abingdon,

' in Berkshire, whence, at the age of sixteen, he was chosen
a scholar of Pembroke college, Oxford. Soon after his
atirival he joined a party of young men who met in the

* evening to read Epictetus, Theophrastus, and other Greek
authors, seldom read at schools ; and a short time after
became the associate of bis contemporaries, Shenstone
the poet, and Anthony Whistler, who used to meet to
read poetry, plays, and other light works. In 1736 he
was elected a fellow of All Souls college, where he sic-
quired the particular intimacy of sir William Blackstone ;
but instead of pursuing the study of divinity, according to
his original intention, he now devoted his attention t(^

I Moreri, > (bid.

20S GRAVES.

physic, and atlended ip London two courses of anatoiQy*
A severe illness, however, induced him to resume, tbye
study of divinity, and in 1740, after taking l^is pa^ter^s
degree^ he .entered into holy orders. About the saniie
time he removed with Mr. Fitzherbert, £a.^er of .lord St,
Helen's, to the estate of that gentleman at Tifisington, in
Derbyshire, where he remiiined three years :^pjoying 'w^
his housQ the highest pleasures of rf 6ned society. At the
end of that period, he set off to vaake the tour of the nortb^
and while at Scarborough, ^cidentally ip^t ivith a dfistant
. relation, Dr. Samuel Knight, archdeacon of Bprkshirj^^
and the author of the Lives of Colet and Erasmus, by
whose recommendation he obtained a curacy near Oxford,
This was particularly gratifying to JVIr. Giiaves, who was
then coming, by turn, into o^ce in t^e coUege, ai^d bad
been for some tinie desirous of procuriqg st^ch a situation.
He immediately tg^k possesf jon of his cpracy, but as the
parsonage-house wiu» out pf repair,, be took a lodging wit^
a gentleman -^^rcper in the neighbpurhood. The attrac-
tions of the farmer^s youngest daughter 9iade such a power-
f al impres^^on on the he^rt of Mr. G^vfui that lie resigned
h^s fellowship and married faer« After residing ^bout two
years on his curacy* he v^as presented by^ Mr. SkriuiO
to the rectory of Clav^rton, where hie went to Reside in
1730, and till his death, was never abj»ept from it a monUi
at a tim^. A$» the narrowness of his circjuimstances obliged
him to superintend in person the education of his chikir^|iy
he likewise resolved to take other pupils imder: hi^ tuition p
and this practice he continued, with great <uredit to him*
self, upwards of thirty years.* In 1763, through the in*
terest of Ralph Allen, esq. of Prior-Park, he was pre*
sented to the living of Kilmersdon, in addition to that of '
. Claverton, and that gentleman likewise procured l^n^ the
appointment of chaplain to lady Chatham. His caqyersa-
tion was rendered highly agree^tble by th^t epigrapoiiatic
turn which points his writipgs of the lighter kind. E(is
constant good humour rendered him an acceptable com-
panion in every society, his colloquial impromptus^ being
frequently as happy as the jeux d'esprit of bis pen, yf\nie
both were invariably the unmeditated effusions of a t^portiv^
fancy and guileless heart. He died at Claverton, Nov.
.23, 1804, at the advanced age of ninety.

Mr. Graves's publications were very numerous. His first
was *^ The Festoon; or, a collection of Epigrams, with an

G A A V te S. 209

Essay on tfe'at species ojf copi'position," In 1772 he pro-
duced "The Spiritual Quixote," in 3 vols, intended as a
satire, on the itinerant arid iUiterate preachers among the
hie^hodis'ts, and which ihight have been pronounced one
of the most amusing and interesting novels of his time, had
he not, in pursuit of his main object^ incautiously intro7
duced the language of scripture, which, whether used by
methodists, or others, can never be a legitimate subject of
ridicule, rie next published " A Tk-anslation from the
Ifaliah of Galates j or, a treatise pn Politeness, by De 1^
Cask, arclibiSbop of bfehevento." He soon after publi8he4
" Columella, or the dikressed Anchoret,*' in 2 vols, to
sboiv the consequeiice of a person of education and talents
retiring to solitude and indolence in the vigour of yout^i :
in this It is thought he alluded to his friend Shenstone. H^
flso publishe'ci two volumes of poems undler the title of
" Eu^hrosyne,** which have gone through several editions,
but he is rather entitled to the merit of an agreeable ver-
sifier, .than that of a genuine poet. Then appeared his
"Eugeriius; or. Anecdotes of the Golden Vale," in 2
vols. In 1778 appeared "Recollections of some particu-
lars in the life of William Shenstone, esq. in a series of
letters to W. Seward, esq. F. R. S.'* This was published
to vindicate the character of his friend from the criticisms
and censure of Dr. Johnson, Mr. Gray, and Mr. Mason.
The following is a list of his subsequent publications, al*
thougii probably not in chronological order. " Plexippus ;
or, the aspiri^ig Plebeian,'* in 2 vols. ; " Hiero on the
^^oridition of , Royalty," from the Greek of Xenophon ;
" Fleiirettes, -' a translation of Fenelon's Ode on Solitude,
and other French authors ; *' The Life of Commodus,''
froiri the Greek of lierodian ; " The Rout," from a young
man in town to his friend in the country; ^' The Medita^
trons of Antoninus, translated from the Greek;" "The
Reveries of Solitude,*' consisting of pieces of prose and,
verse ; " The Coalition ; or. Opera rehearsed," a comedy
in three acts ; " The Farmer's Son," a moral tale, in the
ballad metre ; 'f Sermons on various subjects," in 1 vol. ;
** Senilities/' consisting of pieces in prose and verse. His
last publicatipn was *^ The Invalid, with the obvious means
of enjoying Life, by a Nonagenarian." The above, we
briieve, is a tolerably correct list of the publications of Mr.
Graves ; whose works, although the *« Spiritual Quixote"
only will be much called for hereafter, will always be read
Vol. XVL P

210 GRAVES.

with pleasure, there being a sprightliness and epigram*'
matic turn in his writings which was peculiar to himself,
and which he retained to the last. In Mr. Graves ended
the bright associates of their time, composed of Shenstone,
Whistler, and Jago. *

S'GRAVESANPE (William James), an eminent Dutch
philosopher, was born Sept. 26, 1688, at Bois-le-duc, in
Holland, of an ancient and honourable family. He was
educated with the greatest care, and very early discovered
an extraordinary genius for mathematical learning. He
was sent to the university of Leyden, in 1704, with an in-
tention to study the civil law ; but at the same time he
cultivated with the greatest assiduity his favourite science.
Before he was nineteen, he composed his treatise on per-
spective, which gained him great credit among the most
eminent mathematicians of his time. When he had taken
his doctor's degree in 1707, he quitted the college, and
settled at the Hague, where he practised at the bar. In
this situation he contracted and cultivated an acquaintance
with learned men ; and made one of the principal members
of the society that composed a periodical review, entitled
** Le Journal. Litt6raire." This journal began in May
1713, and was continued without interruption till 1722.
The parts of it written or extracted by Gravesande were?
principally those relating to physics and geometry. But
he enriched it also with several original pieces entirely of
his composition, viz. " Remarks on the construction of
Pneumatical Engines ;'* " A moral Essay on Lying ;^*
and a celebrated " Essay on the Collision of Bodies;*'
which, as it opposed the Newtonian philosophy, was at-
tacked by Dr. Clarke, and many other leariled men.

In 1715, when the States sent to congratulate George I.
on his accession to the throne, Gravesande was appointed
secretary to the embassy. During his stay in England he
was admitted a member of the royal society, and became
intimately acquainted with sir Isaac Newton. On bis re-
turn to Holland, when the business of the embassy was
over, he was chosen professor of the mathematics and
astronomy at Leyden; and he had the honour of first teach-
ing the Newtonian philosophy there, which was then in its

infancy. The most considerable of his publications is

>• 'I

1 G«iit. U9%. rol, LXXIV.— Seuitities, p«Mim.— DodsUy's and PtarohV
PocoDf.— Ni«faol«*8 Bowyer, where is an accouQt of his father.

G R A V E S A N D E. 211

'^ An Introduction to the Newtonian Philosophy; or> a
treatise on the Elements of Physics, confirmed by experi*^
ments/' This performance, being only a more perfect
copy of his public lectures, was first printed in 1720; and
has since gone through many editions, with considerable
improvements. He published also *^ A small treatise on
ihe Elements of Algebra, for the use of young students.^'
After he was promoted to the chair of philosophy in 1734,
he published '^ A Course of Logic and Metaphysics.'' He
bad a design too of presenting the public with ^^ A System
of Morality,^' but his death, which happened in 1742,
prevented his putting it in execution. Besides his. own
works, he published several correct editions of the valuable
works of others. His whole mathematical and philosophical
works, except the first article above, were collected an^
published at Amsterdam, 1774, in 2 vols. 4to, to which is
prefixed a critical account of bis life aad writings, by pro*
fessor Allamand.

He was amiable in his private and respectable in hif
public character ; for, few men of letters have done more
eminent services to their country. The ministers of the
republic consulted him on all oqcasions in which his talents
were requisite to assist them, which his skill in calculation
often enabled him to do in money affairs. He was of great
service also in detecting the secret correspondepce of their
enemies, as a decipherer. And, as a professor^ none ever
applied the powers of nature with more sucqess, or to mor^
useful purposes. '

GRAVINA (John Vincent), an eminent scholar, and
illustrious lawyer of Italy, was born of genteel parents at
Roggiano, February 18, 1664; and educated under Gre-.
gory Caloprese, a famous philosopher of that time, .and
his cousin-german. He went to Naples at sixteen, and
there applied himself to the Latin and Qreek languages,
and to civil law; which application, , however, did not
make him neglect to cultivate, Y^ith the utmost exactness,
his own native tongue. He was so fond of iitudy,. that he
pursued it ten or twelve hours a.day» tQ.the very lasjtyear^
of his life ; and, when his friend^ remonstrated agaiR)$t thin
unnecessary labour, he used to tell theiQ that be kqew of
nothing which could afford him more pleasure. He went
to Rome in 1689, and some years after was .made, p^rofessor

... - '

^ Protp«r Marcband, vol. II. — Diet. Hist.— Huttoa^f Dictionarf.

P 2

112 GRAVINA,

of canon law, in the college of Sapienzia, by Innocent
XL who esteemed him much ; which employment he held
as long as he lived. He does not, however, seem to have
been of an amiable cast; at least be had not the art of
making himself beloved. The free manner in which he
spoke of all mankind, and the contempt with which he
treated the greatest part of the learned, raised him up many
enemies; and among others the famous Settano, who has
made him the subject of some of his satires. It is said that
he missed a cardinals bat because of his satirical turn of
mind. When at Rome he used to bow to coach-horses,
'^ because," said he, '^ were it not for these poor beasts,
tfaetie great people would have men, and even philoso-
phers, to draw their coaches." There were ^t one time
doubts of bis religious principle6> ai)d his pupil Metastasio
seems inclined to jtt^tify these^ by sinking this part of his
history. Many universities of Germany would have drawn
Gravina to them, and made proposals to him for that pur*
pose ; but nothing was able to seduce him from Roitie.
That of Turin offered him Uie first prdfessor^hiji of law, at
die very time that he waft attacked by th<^ distemper of
which he diisd, and which seeoi^ to haVe beeh a ihortifica-
tion in his bowels. He ^tts ttidubl^d with pains in thosd
parts for many years befdrej bat they did hot provfe fatal
to him till Jan. 6^ 1718; He had mfetde his ilirill iii ApHl
171^) in which h0 Ordered his body tb bO opened and
embalmed.

His first publication was a piece entitled '^ Pirlici Ceii-
sorini Photistici Hydra Mysiica; liive, de cdrriit)ta itio^ali
docttina dialogus,'' Cotonieb, 1691^ 4to ; but really priilttid
at Naples. ThiA was withoilt a ham^, atld is verjr scsli-c)^ ;
the author having pritlled only fifty eopies^ whii:h he dis-
tributed dmong bis friends. 2. ** L'Endidiione di Erilo
Cleoneo^ Pastore Arcstd^i con Uii Diseofso di Biotie Cr^-
teo," Rome, 1692; 12mo. The fendymioh i^ Aleicind^i^
Guidl^s, who, Ih the academy of th^ Arcadiati^j weht titl^
der the name of £i^ild Cleooeo ; And the discourse annekdd,
wbil:h illustrates the beauties of this pastoral, is Gravina^s,
who conceals himself Undei* that of Bioiie Crialt^o. i.
<< Delia Antlche FavdlV' Rome^ 1696^ i2mo. 4. A €61-
lectioa of pieced under the nabie df ^' Opuscula," at Roitie
in 1696, 12mo; containing, fitst^ *' An Essay iipon ati kn-i
cient Law ;'* secondly, ^ A Dialogue concerning the ex-
C^^ence of the Latin Tongue V thirdly^ ^^ A Discourse of

O R A V I N A. 215

tb^ chaiag^ wlilch has haftpened in the Sciences^ particu-
larly in Italy ;'' fourthly, " A Treatise upon the Contempt
of De^th;" 6fthly, upon "Moderation in Mourning ;•*
sixthly, " The Laws of the Arcadians*** A collection of
isuch of these as regard literary history and study was pub-
lished in 1792, £or the use of young students, by the pre-
sent learned bishop of St. Davidf s. But the greatest of all
his works, and for whjch he will he ever memorable, is,
^. Bis three books, ^' De Ortu et Progressu Juris Civilis ;'»
the first of which was printed at Naples, ia 1701, 8vo^
and at Leipsic in 1704, 6vo. Gravina afterwards sent
the two other books of this work to John Burehard. Menc-
ken, librarian at Leipsic, who had published the first there,
and who published these s^lso in 1708, together with it, in
one volume 4to. They were published also again at Na-
ples io 1713^ in two volumes, 4to, with 'the addition of
a book; *^ De Romano Imperio ;^* and dedicated to pope
Clement XL who was much the author's friend. This is
reckpned the best edition of this famous work ; for, when
it was reprinted at Leipsic with the ^* Opuscula'* above*
mentioned, in 1717, it w^s thought expedient to call it
in the title-page, ^* Editio novissima ad nuperam Nea-
politanam emen.data et aucta.'' Gravina's view, in this
*^ History of Ancient Law," was to induce the Roman
youth to study it in its original records — in the Pandects,
the Institutes, and the Code, and npt to content them-
selves, as he often complained they did, with learning it
frorn modern abridgments, drawn up with great confusion,
and in very barbarous Latin. Such knowledge • and such
language, he said, might do well enough for the bar^ where
a facility of speaking often siipplied the place of learning
and good sense, before judges who had no extraordinary
share of either; but were what a real lawyer should be
grieatly above. As to the piece *^^De Romano Imperio,"
J-e Clerc pronounces it to be a work in which Gravina
has shewn the greatest judgment and knowledge of Roman
antiquity. The next performance we find in the list of his
works is, 6. " Acta Consistorialia creationis Emin.Jet Re^-f
Cardiualium institutae k S. D. N. Clemente XL P. M. diebus
17 Maii et 7 Junii anno salutis 1706. Accessit eorundem
Cardinaliura brevis delineatio," Colonise, 1707, 4to. 7.
" Delia Ragrone Poetica Libri duo," Rome, 1 708, 4to.
To a subsequent edition of this in 1716, was added a letter
^^ De Poesi," from which Blackwell, in his ^nquiry into

214 G R A V I N A.

the life and writings of Homery has taken many observa-»
tions. Dr. Warton says that Gravina's remarks have a
novelty and penetration in them. 8. " Tragedie cinque,**
Napoli, 1712, 8vo. These five tragedies are, " II Pa*
piniano;^* " II Palamede ;" " L' Andromeda ;" " L*Appio
Claudia;" " II Servio Tullio." Gravina said that be com-
posed these tragedies in three months, without interrupting
lus lectures; yet declares in his preface, that be should
}ook upon all those as either ignorant or envious, who
should scFuple to prefer them to what Tasso, Bonarelliy
Trissino, and others, bad composed of the same kind.
This at least shews that Gravina, great as his talents were,
bad too high an opinion of them. They could not, it is
true, have been written by Sophocles himself in a more
Grecian style ; but he is entitled to more fame from having
educated and formed the taste of Metastasio, who was his
pupil, and to whoih hef'left a legacy, amounting in our
money to nearly 4000/. with his library, and a small estate
in the kingdom of Naples. D. '^ Orationes,^' Nap. 1712,
12mo. These have been reprinted more than ODce, and
are to be found with his " Opuscula*' in the edition of
** Origines Juris Civilis,'* printed at Leipsic, in 17 17. 10.
" Delia Trageclia Libro uno," Napoli, 1715, 4 to. This work,
his two books " Delia Ragione Poetica," his discourse
upon the " Endymion'* of Alexander GuiJi, and soir.e
other pieces, were printed together at Venice in 1731,
4to, but a more complete: edition of his works was pub-
lished at Naples by John Antony Sergi, 1756 — 1758, 3
vols. 4to. * %

GRAVINA (Peter), an excellent Latin poet, was born
at Palermo, ■ in Sicily, of a family originally of Gravina, a
city in the kingdom of Naples; He was canon of Naples,
and died at Rome of the plague, in 1528. It isthouo-ht
that the greater part of his works were lost when the
French went to Naples under Louis XII. in 1501, but a
collection of what remained was published there in 1532,
4to ; a few of them are also inserted in the " Carm. Illust.
Poet. Ital." His epigrams are preferred by Sannazarius
to those of all his contemporaries. Paul Jovius and others
also bestow high encomiums on bis poetry.'

' Niccron, vol. XXIX — Fabr<«ni Viiae Italorom.— Warton's Etsay on Pope,

— Burney'i Life of Metaslasio, vol. 1. p. 12,
* Moroii. — Diet. Hist.— >Roscoe's Leo X.

GRAY. 215

GRAY (TitOMAs), an eminent English poet, was the
fifth child of Mr. Philip Gray, a citizen and money-scri-
vener of London, and a man of such brutal manners, that
his wife (whose maiden name was Dorothy Antrobus) was
obliged in 1735 to apply to an eminent civilian for his ad-
vice as to a separation. Thomas was born in Cornhill,
Dec. 20, 1716, and was the only one of many children who
survived. The rest died in their infancy, from suffoca-
tion, produced by a fulness of blood ; and he owed his life
to a memorable instance of the love and courage of his
mother, who removed the paroxysm which attacked him,
by opening a vein with her own hand ; an instance of af-
fection which he long remembered with filial reverence.
Indeed it was to her exertions when her home was rendered
unhappy by the cruelty of her husband, that our poet was
indebted for his education, and consequently for the hap-
piness of his life* We may readily, therefore, believe
what' Mason has told us, that ** Gray seldom mentioned his
mother without a sigh.*'

He wa? educated at Eton, under the protection of Mr.
Antrobus, his maternal uncle, who was at that time as-
sistant to Dr. George, and also a fellow of Peter-house,
Cambridge, where Gray was admitted as a pensioner in
1734, in his nineteenth year. At Eton his friendship with
Horace Walpole.(the late earl of Orford), and more parti-
cularly with Richard West, commenced. In the latter,
who was a son of the Irish lord chancellor West, he met
ivith one whose proficiency in literature was considerable
for his age, whose mind was amiable and ingenuous, whose
disposition was similar to his owp, but whose loss he had
to deplore, after a strict friendship of eight years. When
Gray removed to Peter-house, West went to Christ cHurch,
Oxford, and Wklpole to King's-college, Cambridge. It
is difficult to trace the line of study which Gray pursued
at college. His correspondence at that time treats chiefly
of his poetry, and other private pursuits; and he seems to
have withdrawn himself entirely from the severity of ma^
thematical studies, white his inquiries centered in clas-
sical literature, in the acqtiisition of modern languages, in
history and other branches of polite literature. During
bis residence at college from 1734 to 1738, his poetical
productions were some Latin verses entitled '* Luna habi-^
tabiiis," inserted in the ** Musae Etonenses;" a poem " On
the n)arriage of the prince of Wales ;" and a " Sapphic

^16 GRAY.

Ode to West," bp.th in Latin ; also a Latin v)^r,sioQ <?f the
" Care selve beate" of the Pastor Fido, apd fraygoxents of
translations in English iron) Statins and Tass^.

In 1738 Mr. Gray removed from Pe^er-bo use to, London,
intending to apply himself to the study of the law in ihe
Inner temple, where his friend Mr. West had begun tl^cr.
same pursuit some months before, but on an iiivitatiai>
which Mr. Walpqle gave him to be his companion in hisf
travels, this intention was laid aside for the present, anct
never after put in execution. From his letters to Mr. West,
he seei^s to have been a very diligent traveller, his j^tten-
tion being directed to every work of art that was curious
and instructive. Architecture both of Gothic and Grecian
origin, painting and music, were all studied by him, witli
the manners and customs of the inhabitants. Their tour
was the accustomed one through Fran,ce and Italy. In
April 174Q they were at Reggio, vyhere an unfortunate
difference took place betweeh them, and they parted.
Much has been said of this famous quarrel, t>ut the real
cause has never been sufficiently explained. Walpole,
however, affected to take the blame on l^imself, and pro-
bably spoke truth j and it is certain that the parties were
afterwards reconciled, as to outvyard respect, which no
man knew better than Walpole h9w %o pay in such pro-
portions as suited his convenience, and in such \yarm and
animated language as could not fail to be successful where
he was not known. Cole, however, says, that when mat-
ters were made up between Gray and Walpole, the latter
asked Gray to Strawberry-hill, and when he came, l^e
lyithofUt any ceremony told Walpole, that he came to yirait
on him as civility required, but by no nieans would be
ever be there on the terms of his former friendship, which
he had totally cancelled. Cole's narratives are sometimes
to be received with cautiop, and although Gray's late ex-
cellent editor and biographer thinks this worthy of credit,
and not inconsistent with the independence of Gray's cha-r
racter, yet if he did address Walpole in such language, it
is difficult to conceive that there could have ever beeii
any intercourse between them aftervtrards, which we are
certain was the case.

Gray returned by himself to England in 1741, in which
year his father died. With a small fortune, which her
husband's imprudence had impaired, Mrs. Gray and a
ihaiden sister retired to the house of Mr^. Rogers, another

G R AY. 217

fister, alt S^oke, neai; \yinds9r ;: a;^c!l Gtd^y thinking bis
i^rtune not aufficieiU tq enabjte. him 19 pcosecute the study
i^ tb^ law, and yet unwiHing ^o Ymxi the. feelings of bis
onotber, by appearing entirely to forsake bis profession,
pcetended to change tbe line of study, and went tQ Gam-
bridge to take bis degree in civil law, but had certainly no
t^figbts of that as a pi:o;fi^ssiop. He went accordingly to
Caoibridge, in the winter 1742, where be took bis degree
of bachelor of civil law, and employed himself in a perusal
of tbe Greek authors with sucb assiduity, that in tbe space
of ab.Qut six years there were ba,rdly any writers of note in
that language, whom be bad not only read but digested ;
i^em^rking, by the mode, of common-place, their contents,
their difficult and corrupt passiages, and all this with the
^curacy of. a critic, added to tbe diligence of a student.
^0 bis first year also he translated some parts of Proper*,
tins, and selected for his Italian studies the poetry of Pe-
trarch. He wrote a heroic epistle in Latin, in imitation
of the manner of Ovid ; and a Greek epigram which be
communicated to West; to whom, also, in tbe summer,
when he retired to b^s family at Stoke, be sent bis ^^ Ode
to Spring," which was written there, but which did not
arrive in Hertfordshire till after the death of his beloved
friend, who expired June 1, 1742, aged twenty -six. In
the autumn of this same year. Gray composed the ode on
♦* A distant prospect of Eton College," and the " Hymn
to Adversity," and began the " Kle^';y in a Country Church
Yard." Aq affectionate sonnet in iMiglisb, and an apo-
strophe which opens the fourth b(M>k of his poem '^ De
principiis cogitaiidi" (his last compi>>ition in Latin verse)
bear strong marks of the sorrow left on his mind from the
death of West ; and of the real aflFectioji with which he ho-
noured the memory of his worth and of his talents.

In 1744 the difference between Walpole and Gray was
adjusted by the interference of a lady who wishexi well to
both parties. The lapse of years had probably softened
their mutual resentment in a sufficient degree to admit
again of correspondence on amicable terms. About this
time Gray became acquainted with Mr. Mason, then a
scholar of St. John^s college, whose poetical talents he had
noticed, and some of whose poems he revised at the re*
qbest of a friend. His bequests to Mr. Masoii show
that this intimacy was improved into tbe strictest friend-
ship and confidence. He maintained also a correspond-

Hit G R A Y.

ence with another friend, Dr. Wharton of Durham, and
seems to have been on familiar terms with the celebrated
Dr. Middleton, whose loss he afterwards laments. " I find
a friend," he says, " so uncommon a thing, that I cannot
help regretting even an old acquaintance, which is an in-
different likeness of it.**

In 1747, Gray appeared first as an author, by the pub-
lication of the " Ode to Eton College," folio, of which, 'ac-
cordmg to Dr. Warton, little notice was taken. Walpole
now wished him to print his own poems with those of his
deceased friend West, but this he declined, thinking the
materials not sufficient; but he complied with another
wish of Walpole, in commemorating in an ode the death
of his favourite cat. Soon after this he sent to Dr. Whar-
ton a part of his poem " On the alliance of education and
govern mejit," which he never pursued much further. It
was indeed Gray's misfortune seldom to execute his plans.
Iji 174il he finished his *' Elegy," which we have seen he
began seven years before, and vvhi(?!h being now handed
ahopt in manuscript, was read with great applause, and
when printed, was, as it continues to be, the most popular
of all his'works. Mason iustlr attributes this to the af-
fecting and pensive cast of the subject. Tliat it has not
ceased to be admired even by scholars appears from the
many translations which it has undergone, into Latin, by
Messieurs Anstey, Roberts, and Lloyd, and into Greek
by Dr. Cooke, Dr. Norbnry, Dr Coote, and Messieurs
Tew and Weston. This elegy was soon aft^r added to a
well-known edition of his pi>ems printed in 4to, with de-
signs by Mr. Bentley. In March 1753 he lost his mother,
whom he had so Jong and so affectionately loved, and
placed over her remains an inscription which strongly
marks his filial piety and sorrow. .

In 1754 and 1755 he appears to have written "An ode
to Vicissitude," that " On the progress of Poetry," the
** Bard," and probably some of those fragments with which
he seems to have amused himself u;ithout much design of
completion. About this period he complains of listless-
ness and depression of spirits, which prevented his appli-
cation to poetry ; and from this time we may trace the
course of that hereditary disease in liis constitution which
embittered in a considerable degree the renrainder of his
days ; and whose fatal strength not even the temperance
and regularity of a whole life could subdue. In 1756 he

G R A ¥• 219

lefi Peter-house, where he had resided above twenty years,
on account of some incivilities which he met with, which
Mason thus mentions. Two or three young men of for-
tune, who lived op the same staircase, bad for some time
inteniionally disturbed him with their riots, and carried
their ill-behaviour so far as frequently to awaken him at
midnight. After having borne with their insults longer
than might reasonably have been expected even from a
man of less warmth of temper, Gray complained to the
governing part of the society, and not thinking that his
remonstrance was sufficiently attended to, quitted the col-
lege. He now removed to Pembroke-hall, which he de-
sciibes ^^ as an sera in a life so barren of events as his.*'

In July 1757 he took his " Odes*' to London for publi-
cation, but they were first printed at the Strawberry-hill
press. It seems agreed that they did not succeed with the
public, although they have since deservedly entitled him
to rank among the greatest of our lyric poets. In the
same year, on the death of Cibber, the office of poet-
laureat was offered to him by the duke of Devonshire, then
lord chamberlain, which he politely declined. In 17^8
he composed for his own amusement the little book which
he calls " A Catalogue of the Antiquities, Hojuses, &c. in
England and Wales," which after his death was printed
for private distribution by Mr. Mason, and in 1787 for sale.
About this time the study of architecture seems to have
employed much of his time, and some very acute obser-
vations by him on this subject appeared afterwards in
Bentham's '* Histo'y of Ely,*' a work which was m a great
measure the fruit of " voluntary contributions.*' In Ja-
nuary 17,59, the Briiish Museum was opened to the pub-
lick ; and Gray went to London to read and transcribe the
ma!)uscripts of the Harleian and Cottonian collections. A
folio volume of his transcripts was in Mr. Mason's hands,
out of which one paper alone, the speech of sir Thomas
Wyat, was [)ublished in the second number of lord Orford's
" Miscellaneous Antiquities." In 1762 the professorship
of modern history at Cambridge, a place worth -400^ a
year, became vacant, and Gray, by the advice of his friends,
applied to lord Bute for it, which was however given to
Mr. Brocket, the tutor of sir James Lowther.

In the summer of 1765 he took a journey into Scotland,
to improve his health, which was then weak and uncer-
tain, and to gratify his curiosity with the natural beauties

220 GRAY.

aad aotiquities of chat wild and romaptic cojinUy. He
went through Edinburgh apd Perth to Gian^es-castle, the
s/eat o( lord Strathmore, wbepe h§ re^id^d soip^ ti}ja^> and
afcervyards went to the north, where he ^raied an ai^c^uainr
taoce with Dr. !^eattie, " vvhoi??," ^y§ D/:. Johnson, " h^
found a poet, a philpsppher) and a good tp^n,'^ but ajt
that time Uttle kuown be>ond (he circle of his fiiends a^
Aberdeen. Gray's account of this journey, says Dr. John-
son, ^^ so far as ijt extends, is curious and elegant; for as
his comprehension ^as ample, his curiosity extended to
all the works of art, all the appearanpes of nature, and ail
tlie monuments of past events." Part qf the summer of
1766 and 1767 he passed in journies in England, and had
intended a second tour to Scotland, but returned to Lon-
don without accomplishing his design. At Dr. Beattie^a
desire, a new edition of his poems was printed by the
Foulis's of Glasgow, then the most elegant printers in the
island ; and at the same time Dodsley was also printing
them in London. In both the^^ editions, the ^^ Long
Story'' was omitted, as the plates from Beptley's designs
which illustratecf it were worn out, but some pieces of
Welch and Norwegian poetry, written in a bold and ori-
ginal manner, were inserted in its place; of which the
** Descent of Odin" is undoubtedly the most valuable^
though in many places it is obscure. This bis late biQ«*
grapher attributes to his having translated only that pari
of it which he found in the Latin version of Bartbolinus.

In 1768, the professgrship of modern history again bjs-
came va.cant by the accidental death of Mr. Brocket, apd
the duke of Grafton, then in power, bestowed it upon
Mr. Gray without the smallest solicitation, although the
contrary was at that time reported ; and in the following
year, when his noble patron ^v:as installed as chancellor of
the university, Gray wrote the Ode that was set to music
pn that occasion. When this ceremojiy was past, he weot
on ^ tour to the lakes of Cumberlai>d and Westmoreland,
of which he has given an account in his correspondence.
^* He that reads hi,s epistolary narrative," says Dr. John-
son, *^ vyishes, th.it to travel, and to tell his travels, bad
been more of his employment : but it is by staying at home
that we must oijiriin the ability of travelling with intelli-
gence and improvement." In April 1770, he complains
much oKadepressipn of spirits, talks of an intended tour
into Vv^ales in the sumimer, aqd of meeting his friend Dr«

G 11 A Y. 221

Wharton at Mr. Mason's. In July, however, he was still
at Catobridge, and wrote to Dr. Beaitie, complaining of
itiilesrs and pain in his head; and in this letter, he sent
him some criticisms on the first book of the " Minstrel,'*
Which have since been published. His tour took place in
the autumn, but he does not appear to have written any
jliarttal of it. In May 1771 he wrote to I/r. Wharton,
just sketching the outlines of his tour in Wales and some
of the adjacent counties. This is the last letter that re-
mains in Mr. Mason's collection. He there complains of
an incurable cough, of spirits habitually low, and of th^
ttneasiness which the thought of the duties of his profes-
sorship gave him, which, Mr. Mason says, he had now a
determined resolution to resign. He had held this office
nearly three years, and had not begun to execute the du-
ties of it, which consist of two parts, one, the teaching of
ihodern languages ; the other, the reading of lectures on
Modern History. The former he was allowed to execute
by deputies, but the latter he was to commence in person,
by reading a public lecture in the schools, once at least
in every term. He was at liberty to chuse his language,
ahd chose the Latin, which Mr. Mason thought somewhat
injudicious; and "although we do not find that he proceeded
farther than to draw up a part of his introductory lecture,
he projected a plan of very great extent, of much greater
?ndeed than from his inactivity, whether the effect of illness
or inddlence, he would probably have been able to execute.
His death, however, prevented the trial. A few days after
Writing the letter just mentioned, he removed to London,'
^hi^re \i\i health more and more declined. Hlfe physician,
Dr. GisbOrne, advised freer air, and he went to Kensington.
Therift h^ in Isbmfe degree revived, and returned to Cani-
brid^fe, irilehding to go from th^t place to Old Park, near
btrfham, th6 i"^sld'ericd of his friend Bh Wharton. On
th^^4th df Jhiy, hoWever, while at diiiner in^he college-
hall, he was seized with an attack of the goiit in his sto-
ixlach, of whifch hte died in the evening: of the 30th, 1771,
in £he fifty-fifth yfeac of his age, Sensible almpst to the!
last; aWk^e of hi^ dangl^i*, dnd feJcjiressing no visible cdn-
t^'c^ at the thdhght of his approaching death. Hi^ ^t^s
ihtei^red by Ihl^ sidfe of his mbther, ih the church-yard of
Stbke.

lU hii^ private character many vittUes were united ; be*
nevofenid^, temperance, integrity, and oeconomy, patience

222 GRAY.

under the contempt of hjpercriticism^ and a friendly and
afFeclionate disposition. He had also some failings, among
which are enumerated a want of personal courage, a re-
servedness and caprice of temper, and a foppish attention
to dress. This was somewhat singular in one who to his
other qualities, added a great portion of humour, and had a
quick sense of the ridiculous. His sensibility was even mor**
bid, and very often fastidious and troublesome to his friends.
He seemed frequently overwhelmed by the ordinary inter-
course and ordinary affairs of life. Coarse manners, and
vulgar or unrefined sentiments, overset hiiii. Mason's ex-
cuse for all this will not perhaps be thought the excuse of a
friend ; he attributes it rather to " an affectation in delicacy
and effeminacy, tban the things themselves," and says
that Gray " chose to put on this appearance before persons
whom he did not wish to please." '

Gray appears to have written in a desultory manner; his
efforts were such as he could accomplish probably at one
time, and he had not in many instances affection euougti
for his subject to return tor it. Hence no poet of modern
times has left so many specimens or samples, so mush
planned, and sp little executed. Activity and labour it ap-
pears he could never endure, unless rn storing his mind,
with various knowledge for his own curiosity and satisfac-
tion. Hence, although he read itiuch and read critically^
and amassed a vast fund of general learning, his reput9.tion
in this respect has hitherto stood upon the evidence of those
who know him most intimately. He was above fifty y^ars
of age before he became sensible of the necessity of con-
centrating his knowledge in one pursuit, and as he had
never accustomed himself so to regulate his acquisitions as
to render them useful to others, he apparently sunk under
the task which his professorship imposed ; and it is much
to the credit of his independent spirit, that when he found
It impossible to execute the, duties, he determined to re*
sign the emoluments of his place.

As a poet, it may be sufficient here to refer to our au-
thorities, which are in the hands of every reader, with
perhaps theexception of an excellent edition of his works,
just published, by the rev. John Mitford, which we can
re^commend with perfect confidence. Dr. Johnson's cha-
racter of his poetry has excited a controversy, from which
it may be truly said that Gray has emerged with additional
lustre, yet if mere popularity were to determine the ques*.

GRAY. 22$

tion, that critic has iu some instances spoken the senti-
ments of the majority, as well as his own. It were, how-
ever, to be wished for his own sake, that in his general
colouring of .Gray's life and works, he had attended more
to what he calls ** the common -sense of readers, uncur-
rupted with literary prejudices.'* Had this been the case,
while some of his strictures might have been allowed, he
would have been a povferful ally of those whose superior
minds know how to feel and how to appreciate the merit
of Gray, and who have assigned him one of the highest
places among the English poets of the eighteenth century.'
GRAZIANI. See GRATIANIS.
GRAZZINI (Antony Francis), an Italian scholar and
poet of considerable eminence, was born at Florence
March 22, 1 503, of a noble family, which can be traced as
far as the thirteenth century, but was now decayed, as we
find that Grazzini in his youth was brought up as an apo-
thecary. He had, however, studied philosophy and the
belles lettres, and from the timethatbe acquired some re-
putation in the literary world, gave up his medical busi-
ness. In 1540 he became one of the founders of the
academy of Florence, which was first called the academy
of the Humides, and each meniber distinguishing himself
by some appellation relative to the water, Grazzini adopt-
ing that of Lasca, which signifies a roach. From the first
establishment of this academy, he was appointed chancellor,
and when, some months after, the grand duke changed its
name to that of the academy of Florence, he was chosen
ovefseer, or superintendant, an office which he afterwards
filled three times. As the number of members, however,
increased, the juniors began to make new regulations with-
out consulting the founders, and a schism broke out, at-
tended with so many unpleasant circumstances, that Graz-
zini withdrew, and became the founder of a new academy,
known still by the name of La Crusca. T\^e object of this
society was to polish the Italian language, to Bx a standard
for it, to point out such authors as might be always models

* Mason's Life and Works of Gray. — Mitford*t, whose arrangement of the life *
we have most generally followed.-— Lord Ovford's Works, vol.'IL p. 39?, IV.
p. 445, V. p. 137, 147. — BeattieN Life, by Sir W. Forbes. — Johnson's PoeU.—
Bos well's Life of Johnson. — Cole's MS Aihense and Correspondence in Brit,
Mas.— ^Bowles's edition of Pope ; see Index. — Censura Literaria. Mr. Mathias.
has aiuiottneed selections from Mr. Gray's manascript*, which will probably
throw 'Diach light on those learned researche;^ that employed so much of hi^i
time. See also Mr. Tyson's Letters in Nichols's Bowyer, rol. Vlll.

21S4 G 11 A 2 2 I N I

for those ^ho chose to improve their styte^ to opp6se the
progress of false taste; and to sift the flour from the bran
of literature, crusca signifying bran, Grazzini was well
qualified to assist an academy instituted for these purposes.
He had enriched the language with several choice phrases
and new modes of expression, and the academicians have
very justly ranked him among those authors to whom they
have been obliged for examples, in correcting their great
vocabulary. In iJie mean time his growing fame induced
his frieVid Leonard Salviati to endeavoui* his re-introduction
into the academy of Florence, which was successfully ac-
complished in 1566, twenty 3'ears after he bad left it; iri
return for which he prociared admission for Salviati among
the Cru&canti. Grazzini died at Florence in February
1583. tie was a man of unquestionable genius, spirit, and
humour, and wrote with great elegance, and although
there are some indelicate passages in his poems, which
wa& the vice of the times, he was a man of strict morals^ ^
and ev^ti, says his biographer, very religious. Many of
' his works are lost, and among these some prose tales, and
iiiany pieces of poetry. There remain, however, twenty-*
6he tales, six comedies, a great number of capitoli, or
satirical chapters, and various poems, of which the best
edition is that of Florence, 1741, 2 vols. 8vo. His Tales
6r Novels were printed at Paris, 1756, 8vo, from which
some copies have been printed in 4to, under the title of
London. An excellent French translation of them appeared
in 1775, ^ vols. 8vo, in which nine histories wanting in the
third evening are said to be inserted from an old French
translatibn in MS. He wrote also " La guerra di Mostri,
Poema giocosb,'* Florence, 1584, 4io. Grazzini pub-
lished the 2d book of Beriii, Florence, 1555, 8vo; and
'* Tiitti i trioii'fi, carri, mascherate o canti carnascialeschi
dal tempo di Lorenzo de Medici a questoanno 1559,'' Svo;
1 00 pages are frequently wanting in this work, page 297
being pasted iipori page 398. These pages contained 51
canzoni, by John Baptist dell Ottomaio, which had been
inserted without his consent, and which his brother, by
authority from the magistrates, had cancelled. They were
priUted sepal-ately by the iuthor, in a similar size, the
jear following, and must be added to the mutilated copies ;
but though they consist of 55 sbtigs instead of 51, those
found in the origiiial collection are preferred, as the othera
*have been altered. This collection was reprinted in

G R A !2 2 I *I t 225

i?509 2 tols. 8vOi Coiftindpolij but this impression is not
▼alupd. '

GREATRAKES (Valentine)^ an empiric, whose won-
<}erful cures have been attested by some of the most emi*
nent niert of the seventeenth ceiituryj was the son of Wil-
liam Greatrakes, esq. and born at AfFane^ co. Waterford,
in Ireland, Feb* 14, 1628. He was educated a protestant
in the free-school of Lismore, until the age of thirteen,
when his friends intended to have removed him to Trinity
college^ Dublin, but the rebellion breaking out, bis mo-
ther took refuge with him in England^ where he was kindly
received by his great uncle Edmund Harris, brother to
sir Edward HarriSj knt. his grandfather by the mother's
tide. After his uncle's death he spent some years in the
study of the classics and divinity und^r a clergyman in De-
vonshire, and then returned to Ireland^ which was at that
time in so deplorable a state that he retired to the castle of
Caperquin^ where he spent a year in contemplation, and
ieems to have contracted a species of enthusiasm which
never altogether left hiiti. In 1649 hie entered into the
service of the parliament^ and continued in the army until
3656^ wben> a great part of the English being disbanded,
he retired to bis native country of AiTane, and by the in-
terest of the governor there, was made clerk of the peace
for the coUtity of Cork, register for transplantation, and
justice of the peace. At the Restoration all these places
were taken from him, and his mind being disturbed partly
with this disappointment, and partly for want of any re-
gular and useful occupation, be felt an impulse, asj)e calls
it, that the gift of curing the king^s evil was bestowed upon
him ; and accordingly he began his operations, which were
confined to praying, and stroking the part affected; and
such wonderful cures were effected, that he determined
not to stop here. Three years after, he had another im-
pulse that he could cure all kinds of diseases, and by
the same simple remedy, which must be administered
by himself. When however he pretended to some super-
natural aid, and mentioned the Holy Ghost with irre-
verent presumption, as his assistant, he was cited to the
bishop's court, and forbid to take such liberties. This
probably was the cause of his coming to England in Ja-
nuary 1665, where be performed many cures, was invite4

1 Gingueni Hist. Lit. d'lUtic— Tiraboscbi.-^Dkt. Hist.— Moreri.

Vol. XVI. Q

826 G K E AT RA K E S.

by tbe king to Whitehall, and hifi imputation apread. mosft
extensively. Even Dr. Henry Stubbe, an eminent phy-*
sician, published a pamphlet in prais^e of bifi skitt. Ha«ing
failed in one instance, that of a Mr. Cres$et i« Charter*
bouse square, there appeared a pamphlet entitled '< Won«
ders no miracles : or Mr. Valemine Gr^ai;rak<es Gift of
Healing examined," &c. Lofid. 166$, 4tx)« This was writ-
ten by Mr. David Lloyd, reader to the Cbarter-^house, who
treated Greatrakes as a cheat. In answer to tbis, he pub<-
lished '^ A brief account of Mr. Valentine Greatrakes, and
divers of his strange cures,*' &c, iUd. 1666, 4to. This
was drawn up in the form of a letter to the rigbft bon. Ro<-
bert Boyle, who was a patron of our physician, as waa abo
Dr. Henry More, and several othier members of the royal
society, before whom Greatrakes ww$ examined. To his
cures we find tbe attestations of Mr. Boyle, sir Wiiiiam
Smith, Dr. Denton, Dr. Fairdongb, Dr. Faber, sir Na-*
thaniel Hobart, sir John Godolphin, Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Whicb*
cot (a patient). Dr. Cudwortb, and many other persoos of
character and reputation. The truth se^ms tx> be, that he
performed cures in certain cases of rheumatism, stijff joints^
&c. by friction of tbe band, and long perseTemoce in that
remedy.; in all wfaicb there would have been nothing ex-«>
traordinary, as the same is practised till this day, bad he
not excited the astonishment and enthusiasm of bis patients
by pretensions to an extraordinary gift bestowed upon him,
as be insinuates in one place, to cure the people of atbeisnk
When he left England or died is Rot known. Mr. Harris
says he was living in Dublin in 1681.*

GREAVES (John), an eminent mathematician and an*
tiquary, was eldest soo of John Greaves, rector of CoU
more, ne^r Alresford, in Hampsbijne, where bis son was
born in 1602, and probably instructed in grammar learning
by bis father, who was the most celebrated school-master
in that country. At fifteen years of age he was sent to
Baliol college, in Oxford, where be proceeded B. A. July
6, 1621. Three years after, his superiority in classical
iearning procured him the first place of five in an eleetioo
to a fellowship of Merton-coUege. On June 25, 1628^
he commenced M. A. and, having completed bis fellowship,
w^s more at liberty to pursue the bent of his inclination^

1 Biog. Brit, id art. Stabbe.^—Accooat ^f him, 1 $66, 4to.^Harris*8 edition
•f Ware's ttidtorjrof Irelmt^.

GREAVES. 227

wbtch leading biin chiefly to oriental learning and the ma-
thematics, he quickly distinguished himself in each of
tl)e$e studies ; and fats eminent skill in the latter procured
him the professorship of geometry in Gresbam coiiege^
which be obtained February 22, 1630.

At this tim^he had not only read the writings of Coper-
nicus, Regiomontanus, Purbach, Tycho Brahe, and Kep*
ler, with other celebrated astronomers of that and the pre**
ceding age, but bad made the ancient Greek, Arabian,
and Persian authors familiar to him, having before gained
an accurate skiirio the oriental languages ; but the ac^
quisitions he had already made serving to create a tkirst
for more, he determined to travel for farther improvement.
Accordingly he went to Holland in 1635, and having at*>
tended for seme time the lectures of Golius, the learned
professor of Arabic at Ley den, he proceeded to Paris^
where he conversed with the celebrated Claiuiius Hardy>
about the Persian language ; but finding very scanty aid
in that country, he continued his journey to Rome, in or^^^
derto view the antiquities of that eity. He also visited
other parts of Italy ; and before his departure,^ meeting
with the earl of Arundel, was offered 200/. a year to live
with kts lordship, and attend bim as a companion in his
travels to Greece ; the earl also promising every other act
of friendship that might lie in his power^ A proposal so
advantageous would have been eagerly accepted by Mr.
Greaves, b ut he had no w projected a voyage to Egy pt^ aivd was
about to return to Enghind, in order to furnish him^f with
every thing proper to complete the execution of his design.

Immediately after his return, he acquainted archbishop
Laud, who was bis liberal patron, with his intentions, and*
being encouraged by his grace, set about making prepa-
rations for it. His primary view was to measure the( py->
ramids with all proper exactness, and also to tnake astro^
nomical and geographical observations, as opportunities
offered, for the improvement of those sciences. A large
apparatus of proper mathematical instruments was conse*
quently to be provided ; and, as the expence of purchasittgr-
these would be considerable, he applied for assistance to
the city of London, but met with an absolute denial. This
be very much resented, and in relating the generosity of
bis brothers upon his own money falling short, he observes.
*' That they had strained their own occasions, to enable
him, in despite of the city, to go on with his designs.**

'q 2

f28 GREAVES.

He had been greatly disappointed in his hopes of ndeeCing
with curious books in Italy ; he therefore proposed to make*
that another principal part of his business ; and to compass
jt in the easiest manner, he bought several books before
his departure, in order to exchange them with others in
the east. Besides his brothers, he had probably some
help from Laud, from whom he received a general discre-
tionary commission to purchase for him Arabic and other
MSS. and likewise such coins and medals as he could pro-
cure. Laud also gave him a letter of recommendation
to sir Peter Wyche, the English ambassador at Constan-
tinople.

Thus furnished, he embarked in the river Thames for
Leghorn, June 1637, in company with his particular
friend Mr. Edward Pococke, whom he had earnestly so-
licited to that voyage*. After a short stay in Italy, he
arrived at Constantinople before Michaelmas. Here he
met with a kind reception from sir Peter Wyche, and be-
came acquainted with the venerable Cyril Lucaris, the
Greek patriarch, by whom he was much assisted in pur-
chasing Greek MSS., and who promised to recommend
him to the monks of Mount Athos, where he would have
the liberty of entering into all the libraries, and of coU
lecting a catalogue of such books as either were not printed,
or else, by the help of some there, might be more cor-
rectly published. These, by dispensing with the ana-''
themas which former patriarchs had laid upon all Greek
libraries, to pre^rve the books from the Latins, Cyril

* Our «utbor*8 (cnerosity on this gre«9, fall down upon the butineu of

^>ccasion desenres particular mention, the coBsaUhip, and how honourable a

In a leUer to this friend» Dee. 23, 1S36, thing it woald be if you a'ere sent out

be writes thus : ** I shall desire your a second tine, as Golins, in the Low

^vour in seading up to me, by my Countries, was by the States, aftey he

brotbei^ Thomas, Ulug Beig's astro* had been once there before. If ray

Bomical tables, of which I purpose to lord should be pleased to resoWe and

make this use. The next week I will compass the business, I khall like it

fthew them to my lord's grace [Laud] well ; if not, 1 shall procure 300/. for

tod highly commend your care in pro- you and myself, besides getting a dia-

curing those tables, being the most penaation for the allowances of our

accurate that ever were extant ; then places in our absence, and by God's

will I discoirer my intention of having blessing, in three years dispatch the

them printed and dedicated to his whole journey. It shall go hard, bat

grace $ but because I presume that I will Loo get some citizen in, as a be*

there are many things which in these nefactor to the design ; if not, 300/. of

parts cannot perfectly be understood, miner whereof I give you the half, to-

J shalLAC<|uaint 0^ lord with my de> gether with the return of our stipends,

sirf of taking a journey into those will, In a plentiful manner, if I be not

countries, for the more emendate ^ceiTed, in Tuitey matatain iiai.
edition of them^ afterwards, bji de-

GREAVES. 229

«

fimposed to . present to archbishop Laud, for the better
4>rosecution of his designs in the edition of Greek authors ;
bujt ail this was frustrated by the death of that patriarch,
who. was barbai^ously strangled June i6S8, by express
command of the grand signior, on pretence of holding a
correspondence with the emperor of Muscovy.

Nor was this the only loss which our trareller sustained
by Cyril's death ; for having procured out of an ignorant
monastery which depended on the patriarch, fourteen good
MSS. of the fathers, he was forced privately to restore the
books and lose the money, to avoid a worse inconvenience;
Thus CoDstantinople was no longer agreeable to him, and
the less so, because he had not been able to perfect him*
self in the Arabic tongue for want of sufficient masters,
which be hoped to have found there. In these circumr
stances, parting with his fellow-traveller Pococke, he em-
braced the opportunity then offered of passing in company
with the annual Turkish fleet to Alexandria, where, having
in his way touched at Rhodes, be arrived before the end
of September 1638. This was the boundary of his in*
tended progress. The country afforded a large field for
the exercise of his curious and inquisitive genius ; and he
omitted no opportunity of remarking whatever the heavens,
earth, or subterraneous parts, offered, that seemed any
way useful and worthy of notice ; but, in his astronomical
observations, he was too often interrupted by the rains,
whicbi contrary to the received opinion, he found to be
frequent and violent, especially in the ijaiddle of winter;
He was also much disappointed here in his expectations of
purchasing books, finding very few of these, and no learned
men. But the principal purpose of his coming here being
to take an accurate survey of the pyramids, he went twice
to the deserts near Grand Cairo, where they stand ; and
having executed his undertaking entirely to his satisfac-
tion, embarked at Alexandria in April 1639. Arriving in
two iBonths at Leghorn, he made the tour of Italy a se-
cond |:ime, in order to examine more accurately the true
state of the Roman weights and measures, as he was now
furnished with proper instruments for that purpose, made
by the best bands.

From Leghorn be proceeded to Florence, where he was
received with particular marks of esteem by the grand
duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II. to whom he had inscribed
a h^titi poem from Alexahdria, in which be exhorted that

MO G E « A V E S.

fr\nat to clear those seis of plratesi with whool tb^ were
extoeoiely infested. He obtained, likewise^ admittance
into the Medicean library, which had been denied to bin
as a stranger whea be was here in his former tour. Frooft
Florence he went to Rome^ and took roost exact measure-
nients of all the ancient remains of that city and neigh'*
bourhood ; after which he returned to Leghorn, where
taliiog bis passage in a vessel called tbe Golden Fleece, at
the end of March, he arrived at London before Midsummer
1^40, with a curious collection of Aiabic, Persic, and
Greek MSS. together with a gtfeait nuadber of gems, coins,
and other valuable anciquitiesy having spent full three
years in thia agreeable tour.

But upmt his return, the ensuing national trotiblen
proved greatly detrimental to his piivate affairs, and he
suffered much for his loyalty to tlie king and his gratittide
to Lattol. After a short stay at Gresham college, which
was no longer a place of safety for him, he went to Oic*
ford, and set about digesting his papers, and preparing
suish of them as might be most useful for the pre^. In .
this business he was assisted by archbishop Usher, to whom
he bad been long known ; and here .he drew a map of
X^iesser Asia at his grace's request, ^vfao was writing his dis-
sertation of that country, printed in 1641.

All this white he gave himself no concern about bis Gre«
sham lecture, from which the usurpitig powers removed
bim on November iS^ 1643. But this loss had been more
than abundantly compensated by the Savilian ppofessor$hip
<^ astronomy^ to which he was obosen tbe day before, in
the Toom of Dr« Bainbridge, lately deceased ; and be had
a dispensation from the king, to hold his fellowship at
Merton-oollege, because the stipend was much impaired
by means o£ the civil wars. The lectures being also im-
practicable on the same account, he was at full leispre to
continue his attention to his papers ; and accordingly we
find that he bad made considerable progress by September
the following year ; some particulars of which may be seen
iu a letter of thsit date to archbishop Usher. Among other
things, it appears that be. had made several extracts from
them concerning the true length of the year ; and happ^en-
ii&g, in 1645, to fall into discourse with some persons of
figure u the court then at Oxford, with whom he moefi
associated, about amending the Kalendar, be proposed a
laediikdjof^ing it by omitting tbe intefeaiary ^y in the

6 R e A V E ^ £31

|eap*ycAl- for forty yc»r», «am1 Io fender il conformable t^
the Gregoriiiii *, He. drew up a scheme for that purpoa^,
which was approved by the kiog and council ; but the state
of the tifD«a would not permit the execution of it. The
publicatioii of bis ^ Pycaoiidegrapbia/' and the ^^ Descrip-*
tioQ of the Booian Foot and Denarius/' employed him the
two.ftubsequem years: he determined to bc^in with these,
as they contained the fruit of bi^i labours io the primary
view of htft travels f, aod he W9S not in a condition to pro-
ceed any farther at present*

Hitherto he bad b«en able^ in a considerable degreey t9
eurmouBt his dif&ouUies, there being still left some memr
bers in the house of commons who bad a regard for learn*
ing, . among whom Selden made the greatest figure. That
gentleman was biirgess for the university of Oxford ; and,
being well known to our author before his uavels, be de*
dicated his *' Roman Foot*' to him» uuder the character of
his noble and learned frlei^ : and bis friendship was veiy
aerviceable to Greaves^ in a prosecution in the parliament,
in 1647, occasioned lv)r bis executorship to Dr. Bainbridgeb
Thia trust had so involved him in law^suita as entirely to
firustrate bis design oS going Io Leydem to consult some
Persian MS^S* neeesaacy for pfubltsbing some treatises iju
that language^ Upon the arrival of the parliamentary com*
missionera at O&ford, several Qomplaints wefe made t9
them against him on the same account ; which being sent
by tbem tathe conraitttee of the house of comoaons, our
autbor, probably by the iaterest of Selden (wbo was a
member of that committae), was there acquitted, after
which be applied ' to the court of aldermen and the com**
mittee of Camdea>*house for restitution. But though be
evaded this farther difficulty by the assistance of some
pow^rftil fviends, yet this res(Hte was but short ; however,

* The same method had b^^ii pro- Greaves is in the Phil. Trans. No. 257^
posed to pope Gregory, who rcjetitecf f These are the most gencraHy-nse-

it, M Mf. Graaves myf, that fate might fiii pa^ q( hit wovkf. Th« latter i$

kiv Ui9 liflnour of floiof it 9t oof <|, ranked among the classics, and is

and thereby o^ calling that year Annus nearly allied to the former; the exact -^

Gregorianus, wfrich our author did net ness of which is put beyond all doubt

doubt nrifkt juiU^ Ike cail^. Anaits ii|4ipieot of sir Isaac Neir|on» pub*

ConfiuipAis» as the ancienus called that lished .ilong with the most correct edi-

year m which Julius Caesar corrected tions of it, in 1737, 8vo. Mr. Greaves

thecaleildarrVir asubtrttctianofdaye, toek care to pmscrvie, ta t^e latest

aiWr tK sffpQ manner. But we h^rf times, the pcesent standard of the mea-

lately seen this method of doing it at sures used in all nations, by taking

ctoce p'ut io praetiee, iirit^out any ill the ^meations of th^ inside of the

csMicqttBnOfsat slit ..This pifoe 9ik ^r. h^tP^ pinuQid witk (lie J^nfUsh foot

2Z^ GREAVES;

be made use of that time in publishing a piece begun :by
'Dr. Bainbridge, anc) completed by himself, -printed atOxr
ford in 1648, under the title of ^' Jobunnis Btinbriggit
Canicularia, &c.^' He dedicated this piece to doctor (af*-
tefwards sir George) Ent, with whom he bad commenced
an acquaintance at Padua, in Italy ; and that gentleman
gave many proofs of hi^ sincere friendship to oar aiitboc,
as well a's to Dr. Pococke, in these times.

But the tyrannical violence of tbe parliamentary visitors
was now above all restraint, and a fresh cfaavge was drawn
up against Greaves. Dr. Waltei* Pope informs u«, that,
considering the violence of the visitors. Greaves saw k
would be of no service to him to make any defence; sxid^
(inding it impossible to keep his professovship, be made it
his business to procure an able and worthy person ta suc-
ceed him. By the advice of Dr. Charles Scarborough ^®
physician, having pitched upon' Mr. Seih Ward, be opened
the matter to that gentleman, whom he soon met witii
tber6 ; and at the same time pvoposed a method of com-
passing it, by which Ward not only obtained the place,
but the full arrears of the stipend, amounting to 500/. due
to Greaves, and allowed him a considerable pan of bis
salary. The murder of the king, which happened sodn
after, was a sliook to Greaves, and lamented by. him m
pathetic terms, in a letter to Dr. Pococke : ^f O my^ good
friend, my good friend, never waa aof row like our sorrow ;
excuse me now, if I am not able to write to you, attd^tQ
anf^wer your questions. O Lord God, avert this great sin
and thy jildgments from this nation.-' However^ he bore
vp against his own injuries with admirable fortitude ; and,
iixing his residence in • Londop, he married, and, liviog
upon his patrimonial estate, went on as before, and pro*
duced some other cDvious Arabio and Persic treatiseri
translated by him with notes, every year. Besides wbtcb,
he had prepared s^vepl Qtbers for tbe public view, and was
meditating more when he was seized by a fatal disorder^
which put a period fo his life, October 8^ 1652, before be
was full fifty years of age. He was iqter^ed iq the church
of St. Bennet Sberehog, in London. His loss was lauch
lami^nted by his frjei^ds, to whom he wa§ particularly en-
deared by joining the gentleman to the scholar, lie was
endowed with great firmness of mind| steadiness in friendr
s^ip, and ardent zeal in the interest which he espoused,
though, asf he declares himself, not at all inclined to.ooiNr

O H E A V E S. ess

feniSon. He was highly esteemed by the' learned in fo-
reign parts, with ftiany of wbom he corresponded. Nor
was be \eu valued at home by all who were judges of his
great worth and abilities. He had no issue by bis wife, to
wbom he be<)iieatbed bis estate for her life.; and having
left his • cabinet of coins to bis friend sir John Marsham,
author of the ^* Canon Chronicusy" he appointed the eldest
of his three younger brothers (Dr. Nicolas Greaves^,
bis executor, who by will bestowed our mftor^s astrono-
mical instruments on tbe Savilian library at Oxford, where
they are reposited, together with several of his papers ; but
many others were sold by his widow to a bookseller, an^
lost or dispersed.

• Besid^ bis papers in the Philosophical Transactions, his
works printed separately am, 1 . '^ Pyramidologia ; or a
description of the Pyramids in Egypt,*' Lond. 1646, 8vo.
•^. ^* A Discourse of the Roman Foot and Denarius,'* ibid.
1647, 8vo. 3, ^ Elementa Unguse Persicae," ibid. 1649,
4to. 4. *^ EpocfasB celebriores astronemis, historicis, chro-
tiologis Chataiornm, Syro-grsecorum, Arabum, Persarum,
&o. usitatse, ex traditione Ulug Beigi ; Arab, et Lat.'' ibid.
il4S0f 4to. 5. ** Chorasmis et Mawaralnabne, hoc est,
regionum extra fluvium Oxiim^ descriptio,'* ibid. 1 GSa,
j4to. • 6. '^ Astronomicm quasdaro, ex traditione Shah ChoU
git Persse, una cum bypotbenbus pianetanim,'' &c. ibid.
>65>2, 4to. In 1737 Dr. Birch published tbe '^Miscella*
oieous Works'^ of our author, 2 vob. 8vo, containing some
of the above, with additions, and a life.

Mr. Greaves - had three brothers, Nicholas, Thomas,
and Edward, all men of distinguished learning. — Dr. Ni*
■CHQLAS Greaves was a commoner of St. Mary's Hall, in
Oxford, whence in 1627 he was elected fellow of All-Souls
college. In 1 640 he was proctor of that university. No*
vember 1 st 1 642 he took the degree of B. D. and July 6th
the year following, that of D. D. He was dean of Dro-
more in Ii«land.-*-Dr. Thomas Greaves was admitted a
scholar of Corptis Christi college in Oxford March 1 5th,
1637, and chosen fellow thereof in 1636, and deputy
reader of tbe Arabic during the i^bsence of Mr. Edward Pd-
eock in 1637. He took the degree of B.- D. October 22,
1641, and was rector of Ditnsby ki Lincolnsbh-e during the
times preceding the Restoration, and of another living near
Lqndoli. October 10th, 166 1, he had tbe degree of D. D.
conferred iipon him, • and a prebend in tbe church of Pe-

hH <& £ E A Y £ a

lerborough in 1666, being then rector of.Benefteld in Nor-
tbampjbombijrey ^* which benefice he resjigned lome yean
before bis death through trouUie fi^om fads pmshionera^ who,
«becaoae of ihit sbwnesft of speech and bad uttoranee^ held
ium uittufficient for it,, notwithstanding he was a man of
^eat learning.^* In the latterpairt of his life he retired to
Weldou in NtMrthamptonshire, where he bad purchased an
estaibe^ and diedv there May .22, 1676^ in tbe sixty-fifth
.year of his age, and was interred in the chancel of the
«bur<}h. tbers. His writings are, <^ De Lingua Arabics^
titilitate et pnastantt^, oratio Oxonii faabita 19 Julii 1637/'
Oxford,. 1637, 4to ;: ^^ Obserrationes qoadam in Persicstt
Pentateuchi versionem,'* printed in tbe sixth volume of the
Polyglot Bible.; ^^ Annotationes qnsedam in Persicam in-*
iterfMretationem ETangeliorun," prinlod in the same vw-
lume. These annotauioos were translated into Latin by
JMn ^dJSiuel Clarke. It appears likewise, by a letter of \m
.to the celebrated n6nconfonaiist Baxter, that he bad made
considerable progress in a refutation oi Mahometanisaa
from the Alcoran, upon a plan that was likely to have been
.useful in opening the eyes of the Mahometans to tbe im-
postures of their founder. He corresponded much with
the learned men of his time^ particularly Selden, and
Wheelocke, the Arabic professor at Cambridge. — ^Dr. Eo**
WAao Greaves^ the youngest brother of Mr. John Greaves^
was bom at oe near Croydon. in Surrey, and admitted pro-
bationer fellow of All<^uls college in Oxford in 1634;
and studying physic, took tbe diegree of doctor of that
fsculty July 8, 1641, in which year and aftarwards he prac-
tised with good success about Oxford. In 1643 he was
elected, superior, lecturer of pJ»ysic in Mertoo college, a
chair feundod by Dr. Thomas Lioacre. Upon tbe de^
dining of tbe king's cause he vetired to London, and prac*-
tised there,. and sometimes at Bath. In March 16^2 he
was examined for the first time before the college of pby«>
siciaas at London, and October J, 1657^ was elected
fellow. Afber the Restoration be was appointed physioiau
in ordinary to king Charles XL and waa. created a bmonet.
Ml, Wood styles him a pretended baroUct ; but we &od
.that he . takes this tkle in hiv oration beibre the college of
physicians ; and in the sisth edition of G«iUim*s Herakdry
are his arms in that rank. He died at his house in Covent
Garden, November 11, 1680, and was interred in thepai-
riih church there. He wrote and published << Morbus

G R EAVES. 295

icas, itiio. 164$; or, the New DiBease, wHb mg^
causes, lefMcUes/' &€. Oxfiscd, 1943| 4to, written u|Mm
occasion of a disease called ^VMorbut Campestrb/' which
laged in Oxford ' while the king and cxnirt were there.
<' Ofatio babita in £dibtts OoUegii Medicmruni Londinen-
sium, 25 July, 1661, die Harreii memori« dicato,'' Lend.
1667, 4to.*

GRECINUS (Juiiius), a Roman senator, and a man of
letters, flourished in the oeign of Caligula, and was greatly
distingubhed for eloc[uence, and for the study of philo«
sopby, as well as foramoital conduct surpassing that of
many of his comtemporaries.: He refused to obey the com^
mand of the emperor to appear as the accuser of Maraus
Silaoiis, and suilered' death in consequence, in the 40tk
year of the Chrisciae sera. Seneoa, who never speaks of
htm wi^ut admiration, saya, that he was put to death
because he was too good a man to be permitted to live
under a tyrant. He is said to haire written a treatise oon-
ceming agrioulture and the management of vioes. He
was the father of the illustrious Cn. Julius Agricola* *

GREEN (John), an English prelate, tints bom about
1706, at Beverly, in Yorkshire^ and received the rudi«
menta of his education at a private schooL From this he
was admitted a aiaar in St. John's college, Cambridge ;
and after taking his degrees in arts, with great credit as a
dasnciil scbolaf, engaged himself as usher to a school at
Lichfield, before Dr. Johnson and Mr. Garrick bad left
that oi^, with both of whom he was of course acquakited,
but he continued here only one year. In 1730 he was
elected fellow of St. John's, and soon after the bishop of
Ely procured him the vicarage of Hingeston from Jesus
college, which was tenable with a fellowship of St. John's^
but ooold not be held by any fellow of Jesus. In 1744|
Charles duke of Somerset, chancellor of the univemty,
appointed Mr. Green (then B; D.) his domestic chaplain.
In Jenuairy 1747, Green was presented by his noble patron
to the rectory of Borough-green, near New-market, which
he held with liis fellowship. He then returned to coUegeji
and wet appointed bursar. In December 1748, on the
death of Dr, 'Whalley; he was elected regiua professor of
divieity, with w.hkh office hb heM die living *of Bamyw in

Biog» Brit.— Usher»s ijfe and Letters.— Life by Dr. Birch.— Ward's Grethan
ProwwMTs. t Monrii - '

its G R E E N.

SafFolk, and soon after was appointed one of his majeBiy'a
chaplams. In June 1750, oii the death of dean Castle^
master of Beoe^t college, a majority of the fellows (after
the headship had been declined by their president, Mr.
Scottowe) agreed to . apply to archbishop Hercing for his
jrecvmniendation ; and his grace, at the particular request
of the duke of Newcastle, recomniended professor Greetv
who was immediately elected. Among the writers on the
subja^t of the new r^gulations pcoposed by the cbaoceUor^
and established by the senate, Dr» Green took an active
pert, in a pamphlet published in:the following winter, 1750,
without his name, entitled *^ The Academic, or a disputa-
tion on the state of the university of Cambridge.'' On.
March 22, 1731, when his friend Dr. Keene, master of
St. Peter's college, was promoted to. the bishopric of Ches-
ter, Dr. Green preached the consecration«'sermon in £ly*
houae chapel, which, bv oider of the archbishop of York,
was soon after published. In October 1756, on the death
of Dr. George, he was preferred to the deanery pf yncolii,
and resigned his professorship^ Being, then eligible to the
qffice of vjce«cbaocellor, he was chosen in November fol-
lowing. In June 1761, the dean exerted his polemical
talents in two letjbers (published without his name) *^ on the
principles and practices of the Methodists," the first bA^,
dressed to Mr. Berridge, and the second to Mr. Whitfield,
Qn the translation of bishop Thomas to the bishopric of
Salisbury, Green was promoted. to the see of Lincoln, the
last mark of favour which the duke of Newcastle had It in
his power to shew him. In J 762, archbishop Seeker (who
had always a just esteem for bis talents and abilities) be*
ing iudisposed, the bishop of Lincoln visited as his proxy
the diocese of Canterbury. In 1763 he preached the 30th
of. January, sermon before the house of lord9» which was
printed.

The bishop resigned the mastership of Bejie't college in
July 1 764. After the death of lord Willopghby of Parbam
in It65, the literary conyersation meetings of the royal
^ocieiy^ &c. which used to be held weekly at his. lordship's
house* ^ere transferred to the bishop of Lincoln's in Scot-,
land yard, as one of their most accomplished membera.
In July 177I9 on a repr^seotation to his majesty » that, with
distinguished learning and abilities, and a most extensive
diocese, bishop Green (having no commendam) had a very
inadequate income^ he vras presented to the residentiary^.

G' K e: E W. fl$t

ship of St. Paul's, which bishop Egerton facacted on- bb
translation to the see of Durham. He now removed tk> his
residentiary-house in Amen-corner, and took a small eoun-^
try-house at Tottenham. It has often been noticed ^ a
circumstance conducing to our prelate's honour, that, iti
May 1772, when the bill for relief of protestant dissenters^
&c. after having passed the house of commons, was re«
jected, on the second reaiifing, by the house of .lord§
(i02 to 27), he dissented from his brethren, and was the
only bishop who voted in its favour. Without any parti-
cular previous indisposition, his lordship died suddenly in
fats chair at Bath, on Sunday, April 25, 1779. This ele«
gant scholar was one of the writers of the celebrated
** Athenian Letters/* published by the earl of Hardwicke
in 1798, 2 vols. 4to. *

GREEN (Matthew), an ingenious Engli^ poet, was
descended from a family in good repute among the dis«
sehters, and had his education in some of the sects into
which that body is divided. He was a man of approved
probity, and sweetness of temper and manners. His wit
abounded in conversation, and was never known to give
offence. He had a post in the custom-house, where he
discharged his duty with the utmost diligence and ability^
and died at the age of forty-one years, at a lodging i»
Nag's-head' court, Gracechurch-street, in 1737.

Mr. Green, it is added, had not much learning, but
knew a little Latin. He was very subject to the hip, had
some free notions on religious subjects, and, though bred
amongst the dissenters, grew disgusted at the preciseness
and formality of the sect. He was nephew to Mr. l^ner,
clerk of fishmopgers'-hall. His poem entitled *^ The
Spleen," was written by |Aece-meal, and would never
have been completed, had he not been pressed to it by his
friend Glover, the celebrated author of ** Leouidas,'* &c.
By this gentleman it was committed to the press soon after
Green's death. /

This very amusing author published nothing in his life«»
time. In 1732 he printed a few copies of " The Grotto,"
which was afterwards inserted in the ith volume of Uods^-
ley-s Collection. •

TbQ following anecdotes are given from indisputable

I <3ent. Mag. -1779 ; see Index. *«^le*8 MS Atheno in the British MtisQiim.
r-NichoU*s Poems, vol. VXlI.-^See alsQ Mr. T^soa** Letters in the ** l,ii«rary
AttccdoMi/' fpli VIII. -

338 G K £ C N«

aiathority :-*-Mr. Sylvanus Bevan, a qaaker and a friend of
Mr* Green, was mentioning, at Bataoii^s coffee-house^ that,
while b^ was bathing in the river, a waterman saluted him
with the usual insult of the lower class of people, by call*
iiig out, ^^ A quaker, a quaker, quirl !** He at the samp
expressed bis wonder, how his profession could be known
while be was without his cloa^tbs. Green immediately re^
plied, that the waterman might discover him by bis swim'^
ming against the stream.-^The department in the custom-
house to which Mr. Green belonged was under the con troul
of the duke of Manchester, who used to treat those imaie<*
diately under him once a year. After one of these enter-*
tainments^ Mr. Green, seeing a range of servants in the
ball, said to the first of them, ^' Pray, air, do you give
tickets at your turnpike ?" — In a reform which took phice
in t^e custom-house, amongst other articles, a few pence,
paid weekly for providing the cats with milk, were ordered
to ba struck off. On this occasion, Mr. Green wrote* a
humourous petition as from the cats, which prevented the
regulation in that particular from taking place.— -Mr. Green's
conversation was as novel as his writings, which occasioned
one of th^ commissioners of the customs, a very dull man^.
to observe, that he did not know how it was, but Green
always expressed himself in a different manner from other
people.

Such is the only information which the friends of this
poet have thought proper to band down to posterity, if w^
except Glover, the author of ^be preface to the first edi*
tion €^ ^< The Spleen," who introduces the poem in these
words :

'^ The author of the following poem bad the greatest part
of his time taken up in busitfess ; but was accustomed at
his leisure hours to amuse himself with striking out small
sketches of wit or humour for tiie entertainment of his
friemls, sometimes in verse, at otlier times in prose. Tbe
greatest part of these alluded to incidents known only
within the circle of fiis acquaintance. The subject of the
following poem will be more generally understood. It
was at first a very short copy of verses ; but at the desire
of the person to whom it is addressed, the author enlarged
it to its present state. As it was writ without any design
of its passing beyond the hands of his acquaintance, so
the author's unexpected death soon after disappointed
mai^y of bis most intimate friends in their design of pre^

0 Be £ N.^ 439

vaiUag pn fcia). to iteview and prdpiurejt for tte sight of the
public. It tbarefboe now appears under all the disadvan**
tages that can attend a posthasaous work. But it is pre^
sumed every imperfeotiou of thisktad is abundantly overt-
balanced by the peculiar and unborrovred cast of tfapugJiS
and expressioni which mamfests iti»df throughout, and se*-
cures to this performance the first and principal character
necessary to recoxnmend a work of genius, that of being
an original'*

^^ The Spleen" had not been long published before iC
was admired by. those whose opinion was at that tune de*-
cisive. Pope said there was a great deai . of originality ia
it ; and Cray, in his private corre6poDd<enoe with the lattf '
lord Orford^ observes of Green's poems, then published vx
Dodsley's Collection, <^ There is a profusion of wit every
where; reading would have formed hb judgment, audi
harmonized his verse, for eveo his wood^ootes ofteh break
out into strains of real poetr}^ aud.music'* ^' The Splee^^
was first printed in 1737, a short time after the .author's
death, and afterwards was taken, with his other pbemsy
into Dodsley's volumes, where they remained until the
publication of the second. edition of Dr. Johoson^s Poeta.
In 1796 a very elegant edition was published by Mes$i&
Cadeil and Davies, which^ besides some beautiful engrav*
ings, is enriched with a pre£BU;ory essay from the pen of
Dr. Aiktn. ^

GREENE (Maurice, Dr.), an eminent Ekiglish musi*
cian, was the son of the. Rev. Thomas Greene, vicar of St*
Olave Jewry, in Loudon, and nephew of John Greene,
Serjeant at law. He was brought up in the choir of Sl
Paul, and when his voice broke w^s bound apprentice to
Brind, the organist of that, cathedrai He was early m><*
ticed as an ekgant organ«player and composer for the
church, and obtained the place of organist of St. Dunstan
in the West before be was twenty years of age. In 1717,
oh the death of Daniel Purcell, he was likewise elected
organist of St. Andnew's, Holbom ; but the next year^ his
master, Bricid, djring, Greene was appointed his successor
by the dean and chapter of St. Paut*s ; upon which event
he quitted both the places he bad pretiously obtained. In
1726, on the death of Dr. Crofts, he was appointed orgaiw
}st and composer to the chapel royal ; and on the deatb of

' Jobiuon «Qd Cbalniirt^ £nglUh Poets. 18 10.

240 d R £ It K E.

Eccles, 1795, master of bis majesty's banfd; Iti^ ll^i^S
obtained the degree of doctor in music at Cambridgey and
was appointed public music professor in the same university^
in the room of Dr. Tad way. Greene was an intelligent
man, a constant attendant at the opera, and an acute ob«
server of the improvements in composition and performance^
which Handel and the Italian singers employed in his
dramas, had introduced into this conntry. His melody is
therefore more elegant, and harmony more pure, than
those of his predecessors, though less nervous and original.
Greene had the misfortune to live in the age and neigh*
bourhood of a musical giant, with whom be was utterljr
unable to contend, but by cabal and alliance with his
enemies. Handel was but too prone to treat inferior artists
with conteaipt ; and for many years of his life never spoke
of Greene without some injurious epithet. Greene's figure
was below the common size, and be had the misfortune to
be very much deformed ; yet his address and exterior man-^
ners were those of a man of the world, mild, attentive, and
well-bred.

Greene had the honour, early in life, to teach the dn^^
chess of Newcastle, which, joined to his professional me-^
rit, and the propriety of his conduct, was the foundation
of his fevour witli the prime minister and the nobility. In
1730, when the duke of Newcastle was installed chancellor
of the university of Cambridge, he was appointed to set
the ode, and then not only obtained his doctor's degree,
but, on the death of Dr. I'udway, he was honoured with
the title of professor of music in that university. As an
exercise for his degree, he set Pope's ode for St. Cecilia's
day ; having first had interest sufficient to prevail on the
author to make new arrangements in the poem to render
it more fit for music, and even to add an entire new stanza,
between the second and third, which bad never appeared
in any of the printed editions.

Greene had sense and knowledge sufficient, in his
younger days, to admire and respect the abiliti^ of the
two great nnqpsical champions, Handel and Bononcini, but
owing probably to Handel's contemptuous treatment ojf
him, became a partizan on the side of Bononcini. Greene's
merit and connections were such, that he soon arrived at
the most honourable appointments in his profession : for
besides being organist of St. Paul's, in 1727, on the death
of Dr. Croft, he was appointed organist and composer of

GREENE. 84t

the cbapel royal; and in 1735 he succeeded Eccles as
eomposer to his majestyi and master of bis band, in which
fUtioa he set all the odes of the laureat CoUey Ctbberi
as long as he lived.

The compositions of Dr. Greene were very tiumerous^
particularly for the church. Early in bis career he set a
Te Deum, and part of tlie Song of Deborah, which were
never printed ; but the anthems and services which he pro«
duced for St. Paul's and the king^s chapel he collected
and published in two vols, folio; and of these the merit is
so various as to leave them open to much discrimination
and fair criticism. There is considen^ble merit of various
kinds in his catches, canons, and two-part songs ; the com-
position is clear, correct, and masterly ; the melodies, for
the times when they were produced, are elegant, and de-
signs intelligent and ingenious. The collection of harpsi*
chord lessons, which he published late in his life, though
they discovered no great powers of invention, or hand,
had Its day of favour, as a boarding-school book ; for being
neither so elaborate as those of Handel, nor so difficult as
the lessons of Scarlatti, or the sonatas of Alberti, they

Eve but little trouble either to the master or the scho-
. During the last years of his life he began to collect
the services and anthems of our old church composers^
from the single parts used in the several cathedrals of the
kingdom, in order to correct and publish them in score ; a
plan which he did not live to , accomplish, but as he be*
queathed his papers to l!>r. Boyce, it was afterwards exe-
cuted in a very splendid and ample manner. Dr. Greene
died in 1755. »

GREENE (Robert), an English poet and miscellaneous
writer of the Elizabethan age, and memorable for his ta-
lents and imprudence, was a native of Norwich, and bom
about 1560. His father appears to have been a citizen of
Norwich, the fabricator of his own fortune, which it is
thought he bad accumulated by all the tricks of selfishness
and narrow prudence. He educated his son, however, as
a scholar, at St. John^s college, Cambridge. Here he took
ihe degree of A. B. in 1578^ and for some time travelled
into Italy and Spain. On his return, he took his master^s
degree at Clare-hall, in 1583, and was incorporated in the
same at Oxford in 1588^ no inconsiderable proof that his

* Bonitty and Hawkmt'i Hist of Mask.— Rvei'« Cy«l0p94it %y Burnflf *

Vo^. XVI. R

,2*2 e ji i: i: N f:.

prQjJMji^cy in jixis jtpdies had b^^n vgry ^OR^pjpuQus, ^j^^
|ha|t th.ere was nothing at this time g^rassly objpptioi^blj? i{i
hi3 nao^aj d.en^efLno.ur. It is supposed thft ^e t;ook 9rd€^79
after his return from his travels, and th^t h^ wfis the ^?i^
I^oliert Greeny ^yho wj^s pr/es^enj^d to the vill^e pf ^pjles-
bury, in pssex, June 19, 1584. Jf this be the casp, iti|8
probable tha^ he did not long reside, or was perhaps dfiyqn
from Tolleshury, ])y hi^ irregular life, the greater pii^rt*^
wbicl^ was spent in ^ondpn. Here, from some pa^^a^^
cited \^y Mr. Beloe, it would appear that ^le gave hvns^ejif
up to writing plays a.pd lov^ painphlpts, a^nd fropa the d^^tf
of his " JVJyrrqur of ]>Iodesti,e," 1584, it is pvat^ahl^ %\x^
from tliis tinrj^ he became an author by profe^sjpp ; buf 9jf
jTonr years aft^r he was incorporated M. A. j^t Qxfor^j W
are still willing to believe that his career of fpUy had p^
comm^oced so ao.Q^i^ oif been so generally known as it ly^
sometime after. It was his fate t^o fn^U ^mong diss.oIi^
cpinpa(iion$j who, ^^lough men of g^piu3 like himself^ prp«'
^^^^y^ ipncoui*<7.g^d each other in every sensual en^oyipaien^
An^png |:bese v^ere Christopher M$irloiy, G.e9i;g.e P^l^
and Thpmas Nash; for D?. Thiopas Lodg(9, ap^othJ^r of tb^J^r
asspciate^ is n.ot lo9,ded ^ifb the ^^nje stigtpa.. " The his-
tory of gePiius," say$ ong of our authorities, with eq^^al jiy^r
tice ana fueling, " is too oft^n a deliail of immoral ii:x;egU7
larjties, followed by indigence a^i.d misery. Such, ii? aUef
tini^s^ was the meI?gn.choly tale of Otw^y ?^nd Lee, of Sa.-^
va^e^ Bpys^,, Sn?art, Burns, Dero^ody, and pnai^ otheiSt
Pertiaps th^ writers of the draoi^ haye^ of all pthers,. l>i?($f)
the i^ost unfortunate in this respect \ perh^p^ ^ere i^
something which more immediately seizes ail tb« ayenuq^
of th^e fancy in the ^prgeou9 ^Kshihitioos of (b^ sn^age;
wjxich leads mep ^way frpjp the re9l circumsita^^es pf theii;
fp.rtune, to th,e d.eltisipn? of hope, and to pursue the fajry
lights so hps^le to sobejc truth.^' }n what species of 4i^i^

f>atipn^ ^nd to vvhat d^gr^e Greene ind^lg<^a, i^ w^r^ 14^1^
ess now to inquire : his f|ult^ vk^er^ probably ^^a^gier^^Q^
by the rival wits o( l^is day ; ajid (lis pccupatipn s^ a pli^y^
writer being in itself ^t that tiha^ Ipojied ifpon as qrimin^ln
was barely tojei-ated* Amon^ his errors, abqi^t wbipl^ w€(
%r^ afraid there is qo\^ no doubt, may bjs [peruipned b^
nia^rying an amiable Hdy, whooi he deserted a]|4 iUri^e$||
pis career, however, was short. He died Sep^ ^, 1 j^^^;?*
at ah obscure lodging near Dowgate, not without signs of
cozitiitiQD,^ nor indeed without leaving behind hm written

O R E E N £ •«•

leflitifBotiies that he was more frequently conscious Cif all

}H-speui life thati able or willing to amend it. In some of

his works also, he made strenuous exertions to warn the

lin thinkings and escpose the tricks, frauds, and devioetof

bis miscreant companions. His works, says one of bis

hiographera, contain the i^eeds of virtuei while his act^

display the tares of lolly. From such of hid writings ai

hare ^llen *in our way, he appears to possess a rich and

glowing foicy, great command of languagei aiid a perfect

knowledge of the manners of the times. As a poet he hai

considerable merit, and few of his contemporaries yield a

more pleaaaot employment to the collectors of specimens*

Bis writlngsi attained great popularity in his day, but until

▼ery lately, have been seldom consulted unless by poetical

antiquaries. The following list of bis works, by Mr. Hasle^

Wood^ is probably complete : 1. '* The Myrrour of Mo<'

destjic,'' 1584. 2. <^ Monardo the Tritameron o^ Love,*^

]5S4, 1587. $. << Planetomacbia,'' 1585. 4. Translation

of a funeral Sermon of P. Gregory XIII. 1585. 5. <* £u-

pbuea^a censure to Pbilautus,'* 1587, 1634. . 6. << Arcadia.

Or Menaphon, Camiilae^s alarm to slumbering Eupbues/*

1587,1589, 1599, 1605, 1610, 1616, 1634. 7. " Pan-*

dosto the Triumph of Time,'' 1588, 1629. 8. *^ Peilmedes

tke hiackesmith,'' 1538. 9. " The pleasant and delightfiil

history of Domstns and Fawnia,'' 1588, 1607, 1675, 1703,

1723, 1735. 10. << Alcida, Greene's Metamorphosis,^

1617. 1 1. " The Spanish Maaquerado," 1589. 12. « Or-

pkarion," 1599. 13. <* The Royal Exchange^ contayning

sundry aphanisins of Pbilosophie," 1590. 14. ** Greene's^

Qiaurnifig garment, given him by Repentance at tbe fune^^

wis of Love," 1590, 1616. 15. "Never too late," 1590^

1600, 1607, 1616, 1631. 16. ^< A notable discovery ol

Cooaenage," 1591, 1592. 17. ^< The ground work ol

Conny Catching," 159K IS. << The second and last pa vf

rf Conny Catchiiig," 1591, 1592. 19. *^The third and

last port ef Conny Catching," 1592. 20. '< Disputation

between 4k hee conny-catcber and a shee conny-catcker,'*

1592. ■ 21.' " Greene's. Groatsworth of wit bought with ik

ITriUkw of repentance," 1592, 1600, 1616, 1617,. 1621,

16^9^ 16371 Of this a beautiful edilsion was hifeiy printed

by sir Egentoo Bifydges^ M. P. at tbe private psesa at Lea;

Priory, (only 6 1 copies for presents], with a biographicfil

preface, to. which this article is essentiailly indebted : bia

and Mn Haslewood's account of Greene, aia oettpod^tate^

B2

U4 GREENE.

dictated by true taste and discrimination^ and by Jast
liloral feeling* 22. <^ Philomela, the lady Fitzwalter'^
nightingale/' 1592, 1615, 1631. ^ 23. <^ A quip for air
upstart courtier,^* 1592, 162(>, 16^5*, 1635, and reprinted ior
the Harleian Miscellany. 24; ^* Ciceroni» amor, TuUie'd
love,'* 1592, 16H, 1615, i616, lfr2S, 1639. 25. " New^
both from heaven and bell," 1593. 26. ^ The Black
Book's Messenger, or life and d^eath of Ned Bfowne," 1592.^
Tf. " The repentance of Robert Greeae," 1592. 285,
** Greene's vision at the instant of bi» deathy'^ no date..
29. '^Mamiilia, or the triumph of Pallas," 1S93. SO.
*^ Mamillia, or the second part of the triumph of Pallas,*^
15'93. 31. " Card of Fancy," 1593, 1608. 32. <* Greene**
funerals," 1594; but doubtful whether his. 33. <<Tbe
honourable history of Fryer Bacoi» and Fryer Bongay, 9
comedy," 1594,1599, 1630, 1655. 34. ** The history ol
Orlando Furioso, a play," 1S94, 1599. 35. ^< The comical
historic of Alphonsus king of Arragon, a play," 1597, 1599.
36. ^^ A looking-glass for London and England," a comedy,
jointly with Lodge, 1594, 1598. 37. " The Scottish His-
toric of James the Fourtbe, slaine at Flodden, intermixed
with a pleasant comedie," }598, 1599. 38. " Penelope's
Webb," 1601. 39. « Historic of Faire Bellora," no date,
afterwards published, as ^^ A paire of Turtle doves, or the
tragical bistoiy of Bellora and Fidelio," 1606. 40. '< The
debate between Follie and-Love, translated out of French,'*
1608. 41. ^< Thieves falling out, true men come by theiv
goods," 1615, 1637, and reprinted in the Harleian Miscel*
lany. 42. " Greene's Farewell to Folic;' 1617. 43. « Ar*
basto, the history of Arbasto king of Denmarke," 1617,
1626. 44. *<Fair Emme, a comedy," 1631. 45. "The
history of lobe/' a playj destroyed, but mentioned in War*
burton's list. A few other things have been ascribed tOt
Greene on doubtful authorhy.*

GREENE (Thomas), a worthy English prelate, wa& the
son of Thomas Greene of St. Peter's Mancroft in Norwich,
where he was horn in 1 658. • He was educated in the free*
•chool of that city, and in July 1674, admitted of Bene*!
college, Cambridge, of which he obtained a scholarship^
and in 1680 a fellowship, and became tutor. Be took bi»
degree of A. B. in 1679, and that of A. M. in 1682. Hi»

_„„. account by sir E. Bridget,— «nd by Mr. Ha«l«wood in Cent. tSt^
T0I. VIlL-rSee aho ToU V. and yoU IX.— Iel9f'i Anecdottt. ToU il.— 4>*li>-
raeU's Calaaitiet, flic

GREENE; A4r

first fitep from the university was into the fiunilj of sir Ste*^
phen Fox, grandfather of the late hon. Charles Fox, to
whom he was made domestic chaplain through the interest
•of archbishop Tenison, who soon after his promotion to
the see of Canterbury, took him under the same relation
into his own palace; and collated him April 2, 1695, to
the vicarage of Minster in the isle of Thanet ; he b^ng,
since 1690, D. D. by the archbishop's faculty. To 'the
same patron he was likewise obliged for a prebend in tbe
cathedral of Canterbury, into which he was installed in
May 1702; for the rectory of Adisham cum Staple in
Kent, to which he was collated Oct 28, 1708, and for the
iNrchdeaconry of Canterbury, into which he was installed
^e next month, having been chosen before one of the
proctors of the clergy in convocation for that diocese.
Upon these preferments he quitted the vicarage of Minster,
as he did the rectory of Adisham upon his institution (in
Feb. 1 7 Ifi) to the vicarage of St. Martin's in the Fields,
Westminster ; to which be was presented by the trustee*
of archbishop Tenison, for the disposal of his options, of
whom he himself was one. This be held in commendam
with the bishopric of Norwich, to which he was consecrated
Oct 8, 1721, but was thence translated to Ely, Sept 24,

^, 1723.

^ Long previous, however, to these high appointments,.

)ie was elected. May 26, 1698, master of BeneU college,
upon the recommendation of his friend Tenison, and
proved an excellent governor of that society. Soon after
lie became master, he introduced the use of public prayers
in the chapel immediately after the locking up of the gates,
jkbat he might know what scholars were abroad, and if ne- *
,fDessary, visit their chambers : this practice was found so
heneficial as to be continued ever since. In other respects,
when vice-chancellor, which office he served in 1699 and
1713, and at the public commencement, he acquitted him-
self with great skill and dignity. The zeal also which he
•be wed for the protestant succession in the house of Hano*
ver, upon the death of queen Anne, and his prudent con«
duct at that juncture, were so acceptable to the court,
that they are thought to «have laid the foundation of his
churc}i preferments ; an earnest of which George I. gave •
. him in appointing him one of his domestic chaplains the
yeaff following. Dr. Greene resigned tbe mastership of
lus college in 1716. He married Catherine sister of bishop

U9 G B E E N lu

Tnnintil, by wbdm be bad two sdnt tnd s^reo jaiighi«rs«
Having fnad^ a bandaoine provisian for this family^ he dtad
ia a good old age. May 18, 173H» and waa buried in bis
oatfa^ral. Those who knew him most intimately itifdrin us
that it was his unfeigned and uniform endeavour to exer*
CHae,a conscience void of offence towards God aad mian»
and to discbarge his duty, in the several retations be horn
to his fellow creatures, to the best of bis judgmeat and abi*^
lities, with the same faith and spirit which appeal* through
all bis writings. These writings are, I. *^The Siu^rtoent of
the Lord's Supper explained to the meanest capaeities^'^
Lond. 1710, lemo, in a familiar dialogue between aminis^
t^r and parishioner. 9. ^^ The principles of reiigion er<-
plained for the instruction of the weak," ibid. 1726, l'9niQ»
3^ *^ Four discourses on tbe four last things^ viz. Deaths
Judgsaent, Heaven, and Hell,'' ibid. 1754^ ISsMi; and
seven occasional sermons.' *

GREEN-HAM (RicfiAKB), a puritan divine of consider^
' ajble talents and popularity, was born about 163.1^ anil
. ^ucated at Pembroke«ball, Cambridge, where be took kia
dfgl^ees in arts, and became a fellow. Quitting the «fti«
viafisity, he was appointed to the living of Dry Drayton
^ear Cambridge, where be continued about twenty-one
years, after which he reiAoved to London, and died twa
yiears aft^r, in 1591, of the plague, according to Fuller,
ni^hO) as weU as Strype, bishop Wilkins, and others, giv«
him a high character for piety, useluliiess, and moderation
of smiiment, although a nonconformist in so«ne. poJnls*
His works, conststiag of sermons, treatises^ and a commen-
tary on Paalm cxix. were collected into 9ne, volume^ folmv
and published in 1^01, and again in 1612.'

GREENHILL (John), a very ingenious Englisfa painter^
vi(«# deseended from a good family in Salisbury, where be
itas bora. He was tbe most successful of all the disciples
of sir Peter Lely, who is said ta have considered hio^ so.
mucb as a rival, tba^ lie never suffered him to see hioi
paint. Greenbili> however, prevailed with sir Peter to
djsaw hb wife^s picture, and to^k the opportunity of oh*
sieving bow <he managed his peoeil ; which was die gseat
point aimed aft. He* ie said to bajre been equaily 4|iiahfied
by oatare foi tbe sister-arls of painting «id poetry:; but

1 M^iten 'i Bht. of Corpus Chriiti Co]|e|f » Cmxkhn^
^ CUrfc'iLivei at. tbe eqidof.his MsrtffsT9nr.---Broi»lt'iIifSSsf(&e?ttriians.

b RE El* rf I L L.

kii

IHsl to6^ ina un^intf^d^a m^Angf of liVing ^Arsts pl^bl^biy tli'^
biMtAati erf hts e^Ty dfentH i hfid only snflei^d KiiVi ink i6
WtiVd ertottgh <rf bis fcintf, to iriake tis wish he hard bl5^ii
more cafeful of a life so hkely to do honotrr to his cotintr*y,
Mi*s. Btfthfi, #ith whorfi Vre wa^s a great fa:vdtirite; ertctei-*
iotntA to perpettidtfe hh lueinory by anf degy, to b^ fouricf
aitioiigr htr <«^ofks. H^ jSaititfed st portraft of bishop Wii^d;
HAHkh is notf irr tihe tdwn-haH of SatHsBury. He di^d Ma^

If, 1 ei6}

' GREENVILLE (Sit Richard), a gallaiti naVal offifcdi^,
*iy tbfc sM of iit Roffer, of an ancient fantify, Ifi the w^st
•f EhgUtid^ and was bdrn abont 1540. At the a^e* of iit-t
<*6iv, bf the petmhudtf of qiieert Elizabeth, he sei*ved in
** iiiipelri^ afmy irt Htin^giry, agdiist the Turks. Upbri
6fe ftttfrtt; he engaged with the troops empfoyerf tor thrf
yedtrctfo^ 6f Ireland ktid obtim^d so mtitrh reptftatiohr as
ttt'be tfppointeJ sheriff of the city of Cork, and iti f5f I,
he I'e^tteirted the cdurity of CornwatH in p^rHattie^ht. tte
^^ ifter'vi^afds Mgh sheriff of the county, ind fedmedt
tbe bonbtir df knighthood ; btit the bias dt hi.^ trtind'^ \frai'
diiefiy dxeA ttptm pisins of foreign discovery atid i^etrfe-'
jHeftt, prop'6^dd by his relation sir Watfer Rale?gh, M&
vAten tfv6 patf^trtrf were tnade outf, hef obtairiedf the' 6dttf-
Bidnd of St sicjtfadrott fitted' ottt for the ptirp-ose; consist-
ing of sevifeii stfitfff ^es^ls. With these' he sailed' irt th^
spritrg 6t f ^85, andf feathing the coast of Florid'a iii Jane,
he ten thefe i Colofty <rf one hiftiif<fred men; and then sailed;
h'aiiieW4r<fs. Me* Aiade dther voyages, anrf oti occasion of
thfrSpaiAh invasion-, was aj^rnted on6' Of a cbiin^il df
War; tbcc/neert mearis cf defence*, andf received' th6 qife^i^n'V
coiA^atitis' not to^ quit the cotrnty of Coyh\vaH: In I89t
y^Wats jippoirtted Vice-admiral of a sqtfad'ron; fitted btft
fw the ptirpose of rnterceptS'rt'g a rich Spanish fleet fVom '
the WestI Irfrfies. Thi^ fleet, wfienf it appeated, wis <f6h-
vbyed by a: vety superior force, and Greentilie' Was tivged
t6 tatet ^out ; but he prtefenredv and no do^abtfcis'sAiFors
agreed with him', taking cbantie of bfe^kirtg* throtigfii -the
ctitftfiy's* flec^, which almost itnnrtted^ately sim^otrttlea' hita'.
'l*be' Spatttl^h ddmiraf , wkh fbur other ships, began t cfos^*
attack 4t' three iit tSre afternoon-; the engagettiie'nt Idsferf
tifl* hteAot diy rtext morning; dWing Which the Sjniiiiarrfs,
notwithstaotling their vaJSt superiority, were' dtiveh* dff tiU

1 Walpole's Alil^adte^.^Pilkington.

S48 GREENVILLK.

teen tines. At length the greater part of the Engli^
crew being either killed or wounded, and the ship reduced
to a wreck, no hope of escape femained. The brave com-
mander had been wounded at the beginning of the actioa^.
but he caused his wounds to be dressed on dfeck, and re-
fused to go down into the hold, and in that state he was
shot through the body. He was now taken to the cabioi^
and while in the act of being dressed, the surgeon was
killed by his side. The admiral still determined to hold
out, wishing rather to sink the ship than surrender, but
the offers of quarter from the Spaniards induced the men
to yield. Sir Richard was tsJien on board, the Spanish ship,
and honourably treated, but died of his wounds in about
three days. He has sometimes been blamed for rashness,
bfut of this his censurers appear to be very imperfect judges.*;
GREENVILLE (Sir Bevjl), a brave and loyal officer,
grandson of the preceding, was born in 1596. He was
educated at Exeter college, Oxford, where his accomplish- •
ments were acknowledged, and his principles of loyalty,
and relieion indelibly fixed, under the care of Dr. Prideaux..
After taking possession of his estate he sat in parliament ;
and in 163d attended the king with a troop of horse, raised
at his own expence, in an expedition to Scotland, on which.
Occasion he received the honour of knighthood. Abhorring,
the principles which then broke out in open rebellion, he>
joined the royal army, and had a command at the battle of
Stratton, in 1643, when the parliamentary forces were de-
feated^ and greatly distinguished himself in other engage^
ments, particularly that at Lansdown, near Bath, fought
successfully against sir William Waller, July 5, 1643, but
received a fatal blow with a pole-axe. Many of his brp-.
ther officers fell with him, and their bodies were found
surrounding his. Lord Clarendon says, ^^ That which,
would have clouded any victory, was the death of sir Be-
vil Greenville. He. was, indeed, an excellent person, whose
activity, interest, and reputation was the foundation of
^what had been done in Cornwall, and his temper and affec-
tion so public, that no accident which happened could
make any impression on him ; and his example kept others
from taking any thing ill, or at least seeming to do so ; in
a wordy a brighter courage and gentler disposition were
. sever married together, to make the most cheerful and

? Bioff, Brit.

O U £ E N V I L L C« 249

ifiiioeent conventation/'^ His desicendaeit, lord Laii9downe»
eittcted a monument on the spot where be was killed.'

GREENVILLE (Denis), a younger son of the pre-
ceding, and brother to sir John Greenville first earl of Bath
of bis name, was bom in Cornwall, admitted gentleman
commoner of Exeter college, Sept. 22, 1657, actually
ci:eated in convocation master of arts Sept. 28, 1660*
About this time he married Anne, the daughter of Dr.
Cosin, bishop of Durham, who conferred several prefer<-
ments on htm, as the rectories of Easington and Elwick ia
the county palatine of Durham ; the archdeaconry of Dur*
ham, to which he was collated on the death of Dr. Gabriel
Clarke, Sept. 16, 1662, and to the first sull of preben-
daries of the church of Durham, Sept 24, 1662, from
whence he was removed to the second, April 16, 166S»
On Deoember 20, 1670, he was created doctor of divinity,
being then one of the chaplains in ordinary to Charles II. $
and on the 14th of December, 1684, he was installed dean
of Durham in the place ctf Dr. John Sudbury deceased. Ia
the register of Eton college we find that immediately
after the restoration, Dr. Greenville was recommended in
very strong terms to the master and fellows for a fellow*
ship, by three several letters from the king, but for what
reason this recommendation did not take effect, does not
appear; probably he might wave his interest on account
oiJF other preferment which was more acceptable to hiau
On the 1st of February 1690, he was deprived of all his
preferments upon his refusal to comply with the new oaths-
of allegiance and supremacy to the prince of Orange then
in possession of the throne, a change which he utterly ab«
borred, always considering the revolution as a rebellion
and usurpation. Soon after the prince of Orange's landing,
he left Durham in order to retire into France ; and some«>
times lived at Corbeil (from whence it is supposed his fa-
mily originally sprung), but more frequently at Parib and
St. Germain's, where be was very civilly treated and much
countenanced by the queen-mother, as we find in several
of his 4>wn letters, notwithstanding what has been falsely
asserted by Mackay in an account of the court of St Ger-
main's. He owns he was sometimes attacked by the
priests, but with much good manners and civility, Mr«
Wood says, that during his retirement, he was, on the

I Fiojip, Brit"— ClarendOB'i History,

&«» G Jt i & K V 1 1 L e.

d«Mb 6f Dr. Ldtnptitgb^ liotniMted io ttl« ite «C Tirrk, l^f
' king Jame0 II. though nevtt dotfseeirftMd; tnic tttto ftMOln
"ftry doubtfnl. In April 1695 he canfife iMognitif iMo Efig-
liiAd ; but MMHi retmrned. For *aiti6 tilM b^fof^i hi4 detftik
he «fyj<>]f «d but II T«ry fttdifferent 8«ftte ef h«dklfl^ b4tii^
been mtich troubled with a sciMct, mA otb^ toflfttikiesi
He died at Pftris, nft6r a series 'of^ ffltifty duffifrittgs^ 6:^
A]f]hrii 7, 1703, N< S. and Was buried l»i the loW^r ei^d ef
Ibe Hdly IfinoGetit®' cbureb in tbinc city. Lord LMsdown^
ill a leuer to a nephew of his, who tfM gtAng to mtet itii^
boljr orders^ 9*ys of hii», << You bad ati uncle WhO^e i6e-«
«K>ty I shall ever revere : make bim your eicample. SMt-^
tity sate so easy^ 90 unaffected^ afid so ^rae^fdl U|>oti Mtet,
that in bim nve b^^ld the very beauty of bdKness.r Hd
was as eheerM, ea fatiiiliaf, m condeseending t* bis Mtt^
Tersation, as be was striet, regolir, and exeoiptory iil hM
piety ; as well bred and aceompHshed aa a eoortier, and
AS reverend and venerable as an apostle.. He wns indeed
upost^ticat in every thing, for he abandoned dl to feKovif
ftis Lord irnd Master." Tbere seenfis littte reason' to doubl
ibis ebsinieter, as ht as it respects Dr. GreenvtHe's priwB^
ebaracter, bat in bigotry for restoration ef Jajo^eS' II. h^
yyobably excelled ail his -contemt^oraiies^ afld frofii s6ni#
eorrespondence la^ly pufblbbed in the Li^ Of Dr< €oix^bery
Ilia successor in fbe deanery of Durhaiti, there is reason td^
deubt whether in bis htter days bis mind «^as net uiMmind.* -
' Me pubfisfaed^ I. <^The Con^plete Confermist^ or se^
aonable advice concerning strict conforo^ity and frecftfentf
eelebration of che Holy Comeiunionf/* preached ew Ibe 7^
of January, being the frrst Sunday after the t^fAphtityi
3%$^y in the cathedral chdrch of Ddrbatti, on Joh» i. 29^,^
Lond. 1 6S4, 4to. Td whieh is added ** Adviee : o# s( le^ei^
written to tbe clergy of the swrtjideaconry of Durbltitf,** te>
the same purpose. 0. ** A Sermon preached In fbe cetbe^
dra^ ehur^b of Durbam, open the revival of' the Mcietlt:
' aind taudabfe practice of thai and sdi)fie other eatliedruk, kt
having sermons on Wednesdsys and Fridays^ d«ring Adveff#
atifd Lent," oir Ron)^. KtVu 11, Lend. 1686y 4t0. 3. "CoUrt*'
seh and Divections divine and moral : in pfain arrd^ femili«r
letters, of ddvice to a young gentleman^ his nephew^ sOOfl-
after his admisstow into a college in O^^ford,*' Lond.^ ($^5y
aro; BesFfdes these pfecesi wbich we beve just ei^tioned^
our author, immediately after bis retiring into France, pub«
lished some small tracts at Rouen^ wbicfii are very scarce^ '

GREENVILLE.

2Sh

Slid Mt very correctly primed ; and perhaps it k i'eaiark«'
«Me that Btich an ttnosottl faroiir should he petaiitfced in t
popish eoiinrtry to a dignified elergytnati of the churcfar of
£»giiiiMl. The title* of the {Neces printed at Rottea are,
vte. 4< <<The resigned attd resolved Cbridtian and faitfafuil
and ttfidaunted lojralist : in tvro plaine fareirelt sermons,
add a Wjral forewell visiutioii speech. Both delivered
aaofidst the laiftencable cofifusions occasioned by the late
f«reigvi tfi^^ion end home-defeotion of his tnajestie^tf stib-'
jeeM in England. By Denis Oranville^ D. D. deatie and
arohdkeAoon of Durham, now in exile^ chaplaine in ordinary
th bis iiiajestie....Whereamo are added certaine Letters to
his reldtioos and friends in England, shewing the reasoni^
and milliner of his witbdrawiog but of the kingdom.'' ^ A
Letter to bis btiQther the e^rl of Batbe.^ ** A Letter to
bis bbbep t»he bishop of Durbatfi.'' ** A Letter to bis bre-*
tkreit-lhe prebendaries.'* '* A Letter to the clergy of bitf
afvitidetteotffy.'' <* A Letter to his curates, at Easington
and SedgeAeld," printed at Ro«ien, 1689. 5. ^* The
chiefest matters contained in. sundry Discourses made to*
the cl^gy'of the archdeaconry of Durham, since his ma-
jestie^s eomiog to the crown. Summed up arid seasofiaUy '
broogbt again to their view in a loyal farewell visreatioti
speech on tlie I3tb of November b^t, 98, being ten day«
s^lUir the landing of tbe prince of Orange.'' This is datetf
frott bf* study at Roaen Nov. 15, 1689. Witb a preface
to Ae reedet and an ad^ertisemeiit. 6. " A copy of a
paper penned at Durham, by the author, Aug. 27, 1688,
by way of reflection on tiie ttien disiHal prognostics of the
time.^ 7. *• Directions wbicb Dr. GtanviBe, archdeacfon
o# Durham, rector of Sedgefield and Easingcon, enjoins to'
be- observed by the curates of those bis parishes, given
tfaetti in charge at Easter-visitation held at SedfgeBelrd, in
tbe year i(W9."*

GRBOORY, sumamed the GafcAT, Was b<^n ^ a pa-
tricliin family^ equally conspicuous for it* virtue and nabi-
lily al RoiAe, vrhei^ his father Oordian was a senator, and
efttrem^y rich ; tod, marrying a lady of distiaction, <5aHed
S^tai, bad by ber this son, about the year 544. From
bfa* earliest ^eart^ be diseovere'd genius and judgment ; and,
applying himself particularly to the apophthegms of cfte

1 CtoB. Dwt— Biof. Bdt—Ath. 0x.^6l. Ik— H«tolanwrfS X^hmiH *•!• »
p«I6T.— <^m6€r'8jSfe of GomUsr, pp.139, 909.

452 IG R E G O R Y,

ancients, he fixed evexy thing worth notice in bis memoffy^
where it was faithfully preserved as in a stere-house ; he,
also improved himself by the conversation of old men, ia;
which he toctk great delight. By these methods be made,
a great progress in the sciences, and there was not a mw
in Rome, who surpassed him in grammar, logic, and rhe-
toric ; nor can it be doubted but he had early instructions
in the civil law, in which his letters prove him to have,
been well versed : he was nevertheless entirely ignorant of
the Greek language. These accomplishments in a young
nobleman procured him senatorial dignities, which he filled
with great reputation; and he was afterwards appointed
prsefect of the city by the emperor Justin the Younger;
but, being much inclined to a monastic life, he quitted
that post, and retired to the monastery of St. Andrew,. .
which he himself had founded at Rome in his father^
bouse, and put it under the government of an abbot, called
Valentius. Besides this, he founded six.other convents ia
Sicily ; and, selling all the rest of his possessions, be gave
the purchase- money to the poor. »

He bad not, however, enjoyed his solitude in St. An«
drew^s long, when he was removed from it by pope Pela4
gius II. who made him his seventh deacon, and sent him as
his nuncio to the emperor Tiberius at Constantinople, . to .
demand succours against the Lombards. The pope, it i^
said, could not have chosen a man better qualified than Gre-
jgory for so delicate a negociation ; but the particulars of
it are unknown. Meanwhile, he was not wanting in exertr
ing his zeal for religion. While he was in this metropolis,
he opposed Eutycbius the patriarch, who had advanced an
opinion bordering on Origenisra, and maintained, that,
after the resurrection the body is not palpable, but more
subtile than air. In executing the business of his embassy,
he contracted a friendship with some great men, and so
gained the esteem, of the whole court, by the sweetness of
bis behaviour, that the emperor Maurice chose him for a
godfather to one of his sons, born in the year 583. Soon
after this he was recalled to Rome, and made secretary t6
the pope ; but, after some time, obtained leave to retire
again into his monastery, of which he had been chosen
abbot.

Here he had indulged himself with the hopes of gratify-
ing his wish, in the enjoyment of a solitary and unraflled
lite, when Pelagius II. dying Feb. 8, 590, be was dbctei^

ORE GORY. 25$

pope by the clergy, the senate, and the people of Rome ;
to whom he had become dear by bis charity to the poor.
Whom the overflowing of the Tiber, and a violent plague,
had left perishing with hunger. This promotion was so
disagreeable to him, tl^at he employed all possible methods
to avoid it ; be wrote a pressing letter to tbe emperor,
conjuring him not to confirm his election, and to give
orders for the choice of a person who had greater capa«
city, more vigour, and better health than he could boast ;
and hearing bis letter was intercepted by the governor of
Rome, and that his election would be confirmed by the
imperial court, he fled, and hid himself in the most solitary
part of a forest, in a cave ; firmly resolved to spend bis
days there, till another pope should be elected : and, the
people despairing to find him, a new election ensued. la
this <^ase, the Roman clergy, always fond of miracles, tell
^s that Gregory would never accept the papal chair, till be
bad manifestly foQnd,bysome celestial signs, that God caljed
him to it. It is pretended, that a dove flying before those
who sought for him, shewed them the way they were to go;
or that a miraculous light, appearing on a pillar of fire
over his cavern, pointed out to them the place of bis re-
treat -

However that be, it is almost as certain that his reluct*
ance was sincere *, as that be at length accepted the dig-
nity, and was enthroned pope, Sept. 3, S90. And it ap-
peared by hi;} conduct, that they could not have elected a
person more worthy of this exalted station; for, besides
his great learning, and the pains h.e took to instruct the
church, both by preaching and writing, be had a very
happy talent to win over princes, in favour Of the tempo*
fal as well as spiritual interests of religion. ^ It would be
tediqus to run oyer all the particulars o£ his conduct on
these occasions ; and his converting the English to Chris-
tianity, a remarkable fact in our history, is on that account '
generally known f. In this attempt Gregory owed his

*^ Hit famoiiB paftoral is alledsed appelUtioo, ''Your Beatitude, ^•'^

(SB the fide ef his slncerily. Gregory which had been girtn to his predeces*

wrote it in answer to John, bishop of son.

%avennai who had giren him .a friendly f He first set oat on his mistioB

rsfUVMif for hiding fainself, in order to himself; while he was a monk only^

avoid the pontificate. This condnet is and was adranced three days' joamey.

aseribad, and not nndesenredly, to his when Pelagias, then pope, reokltM

Wmiiity ; and, after his promotion, he him to Rome at the instigation* of th*

f^re another evidence of his sincerity, people, who etea elamorously prassa^

Jacoli8taDtlydicIariaghJi4itlil(«ofthe hint^it.

jM s » E o 0 R y.

•uc^^f^ -to the nasiflitiatio^ qF qwen £tbelI>lHr|^ wko no^
only prompted th^ king Etb«lbert her consort, tp Irent the
pope's missionaries kiiHlIyi but also to becooio tumsdtf s
f:onvert..

The new pope, according to custpm, h«ld a 9yiiod at
Kome.ihe same year, 591 ; whence he sei^t letten^ to thm
iioor patriarchs of the East, with a confession of hip. faitb^
declaring his reverence to the four general coue^ils^ and
the fift]^ too, a$ weU as the four gospels. In tbie mo4esty
he ^Wk pot followed by bis successors ; and he even ex-*
iseeded pome of his predecessors in that and other virtuea,
f^bich for many ages pa^t have not approached the chair
pf St« Pete5 A^ he had governed his: monastery with jn
^verity u|)paralle)ed in those times; so now be was partis
f{|ilar)y careful to reguUte his house and person according
tp 3t. Pa^l^s direptions to Timothy. Even in performing
divine worsjiip, he jused ornameati of bet a moderate
prif;es and hip common garments were still noore simple*
Nothing was moipe dectol iban the furniture of his boMSOf
fmd hie reteiiied none but clerks and religious in his servicer
$y this mei^as his palace became a kind of monastery, io
vbich theie were na \19eless people; every thing ip his
house bad the appearance of an angelic life, and his cha^
rity surp^ed all description. He employed the revenues
^ the ehurch entirely for the relief of the poor ; be wan
a cpmitant ^nd indefatigable preacher, and devoted all Ua
talents f9r the inatructioo of his flock;

In the oaesin timOt be extended bis care ^ the otbec
eburfhea updear bis pontifical jurisdiction, and aapeciatlji
tbQ%e of Sicily, for whom he had a particukar respect ; be
put i^n end ^ the scbiati in the chutch of Iberia tbe sfime
yesM^ : tbia was. effected by the gentle methods of pertmn
^ion^ to wbicb^ however, he had not recourse tiU after be
bl4 beeu hindered from uaiug violence. Upoo this ae^
9oqnt be is censured as an intolerant^ and it ia oeitain iua
maxima en ibat bead were a little inconsistent. He dbi^
not, for instance, approve of forcing the Jews to receive
baptism, and yet he approved of compelling heretics tg^
return to the church. In some of bis letters too he e»r
claims against vielence 111 the method of making eonvertsy
yet at the same time was for laying heavier taxe;;^ on sucb^
2ia would not be ooovefted by penutasive means ; and i»
the year 599^ he sejit ^ nuncio tp Constantinople, and
wrote a letter the same^year to the empttr^ JDdauxicet de«>

j^r§9.^hp^^ the «fime resp^t to (b^ kiogf pf Italy, (bpugb
'tbipy we^ie hqretica.

[ The sim^ ye^r hQ coiuposeid hit ^' DUlogueS)^' a wort:
j5II^d with fabulous mir^'cle^ and iacredible stari^t; tb^
Myl^ is al^o Ipw, and the narra^on coarse \ yet they ww$
jTQceiv^d with astonishing appUuse^ and Tbeqdi|tio4%
i^uei^il of the Lombard^! having cqnvert^d b«r bu«banU t0
ibe catholic faith, the pope rejoiced at % aud aent hi$
^' Dialogu^V' c^ompoaed th^ following y^ar, to Uv^t prU^
c^$s.. 3h9 i9 thought to have noade x\m^ of bia book at tbi$
iipfie for (he pon version of that pepplo^ who were ea^ilj^
j|pSu4^ap§d by «uqh compositions. For tbe wijm r^aaoa
ppp^ ^^haryi about 150 year3 after, tf^nal^itod it iatu
yi^ek for tbi^ i^e of those people^ who wer# 90 4eligb<)94
ivitb it» that they gave St. Gregory tb^ avrnaweof Oia*
fogist. Still t^h^sje di^tpgu^^ b^iug (he ^ooipoaition of
{^r^ory i$ a ppint, now thought v^y doub^fui la the
y^at Jt94| biE^ ^QomiQunicated find sKspi^aded the bi»bp|l
of Sa(9na» tb^ o^iropplis of PaLmatia^ wh^^ hQw^var, panl
DOt X^^^^ to the e^^rci^ q( his^ px^w^r ia tb^s^ «^i;\9^K(if«
T^fi papa'e year W laboured tp cmveiift t^e i^fidfU in Si^r^
^ini^ by gpntle wethqd?, according to bis sy^tenft : wbioki
^^ io punish ber^tiqs, ^specially s^t ^tbeir iirat ri9e» ad
XQ})i^h. and tcaitor^^ but to coippel infidels ooly iodirecitty 9
£b^t 19^ greatlng the obstinate with saqfiq rigoar» ainl per-*
suadipg tb^o^ as nc^u<;h by proooisieSf . tbreat^j an4 g^n^il^
i^everi^^s, as by arguoieut and reason. Thvs v^as the dia^
tLU<;tip.Q he made io treating with th^ Mai^icheei&and pagai^w
Ivy th^.yj^ja^ 5dj^> be refused to s^nd the efpp^es^t Coiir
st,^jni.(ia apy reUQ9^ pf St. Paul» .isfbich she had ijeque^/t^
desufing tP look; at the body of that apostle. On tbia ocn
^asioa he cel^jte^ several miraculous piinishments for sudla
a r^sh attempt^ a}l as simply devised as tbo^e in hj/» *< Dii^
logue$/' The sam^ ye^r he warmly opposed Johp pa^
tjri^rch of Cojn^^ntinopl^, for assuming ti)^ title of oeiQuoa^
uical px UQJ;vQ^$al». which he himself disclaimed, a^ having'
DO ri^bjt to i;educe the other bishops to be bis subfi^itute« ;.
and. aftejr^ards. forbad his nuncio there to CQ0imui^<;j8^e
^iib th^ft paf^rl^rchi) till he sboi^d renpuaee tb^ (title. Hia
humility^ bowevec, did not keep him from veseatin^ aJ9b
affroat^ pxit, i^ppn b^^ understanding, as be thpqght^ by th^
emperor, for proposing terms of peace (o the Lombamk^
who b^ieg^d Rpipe this year : the samayei^r he epceou^tod

S$6 GREGORY.

l|ie fiiinous mission into England ; and as Bninehaut^ qneeft
of France, had been very serviceable in it, he wrote ^
letter of thanks to her. on the occasion. The princess is
represented as a profligate woman, but very liberal to the
ecclesiastics ; founding churches and convents, and even
iueing to the pope for relics. This was a kind of piety
which particularly pleased Gregory; and accordingly, he
wrote to the queen several letters, highly commending her
conduct in that respect, and carried his complaisance so
far as to declare the French happy above all other nations
in having such a sovereign. In the year 598 j at the re«
quest of the Christian people at Caprita, a small island at
the bottom of the gulph of Venice, he ordered another
bishop to be ordained for that place, in the room of the
present prelate, who adhered to the Istrian schism. . This .
was done contrary to the orders of the emperor Maurice^
against taking any violent measures with schismatics.

In the year 599, he wrote a letter to Serenus bishop of
Marseilles, commending his zeal in breaking some images
which the people had been observed to worship, and throw*
iBg them out of the church ; and the same year a circular
letter to the principal bishops of Gaul, condemning simo^
niacal ordinations, and the promotions of laymen to
bishoprics : he likewise forbad olerks in^holy orders to live
with women,' except such as are allowed by the canons ;
and recommended the frequent holding assemblies to re«

Jrulate the affairs of the church. The same year he re^
used^ on account of some foreseen opposition, to take
ijbgnizance of a crime alleged against the primate of By-
;Eacena, a province in Africa. About the same time he
wrote an important letter to the bishop of Syracuse, con-
cerning ceremonies, in which he says, '* That the church
of Rome followed that of Constantinople, in the use of
ceremonies ; and declares that see to be undoubtedly sub-
ject to Rome, as was constantly testified by the emperor
and the bishop of that city.*' He had already this year
reformed the office of the church, which is one of the most
remarkable actions of his pontificate. In this reform, as i|
is called, he introduced several new customs and supersti*
tions; amongst the rest, purgatory. He ordered pagan
temples to be consecrated by sprinkling holy water, and
an annual feast to be kept, since called wakes in England,
on that day ; with the view of gaining the pagans in Eog*
land to the church-service* Besides other least importaat

G ft E G O R Tf .

tsi

^er0inoTii^9 a4<led to the pabiic fornas of prayier, be mad*
it hU chief care to reform the psalmody^ of which he vfa$
excessively fond. Of tbis kind he composed the ^' AntU
phone */' and sUch tunes as best suited the psalms, th^
hymnS) the prayers, the verses, the canticles, the lessonsi
tike epistles and gospels, tlie prefaces, and the Lord's
prayer. He likewise instituted an academy of chanters fo^
1^1 the clerks^ as far as the deacons exclusively : he gav$
them lessons himself, and the bed, in which he continued
to chant amidst bis last illness, was preserved with great

* It is to tbit pope that t^e dire the
ifiVJentioB, if^ed tn this day, of etprestf-
tegp mu8ica4 souods by tte teTv^n firsi
letters of the alphabet. Indeed the
Qreeki* lAade use of ihe lettert of theif
al|»lmbaet to tbe like ptWpoee : but id
tb^ir scal« ihev wanted more signsi or
nmrkf, than there were letters, which
%ert fttppHed oat of th« same adphS'^
bei, by ititfcmg the sajne fetter exprett
different notes, as it was placed upright,
bf Reversed, 6t otherwise put Out of the
•omnion p<»sition $ alto makiiig them
liaperfeot by cutting off sometbiugf or
by doubling some strokes, ^or exaiti-
)>lr, tbt letter Pi ftitpfeMes different
notes in alt these posiiioot o«d forftts,
ft n C G rt n &c. Tbey who are
fkiired io musii*, oeed not be totd what
A task the iebolar hod in this method
to loam, la Boethiiis's time the Ro-
miins eased themselves of tbis diffi-
oiiky at onoecOHary, by making o«e
•oly of tbo ffrst 15 letters of tfaoir al-
phabet. But afterwards, this pope,
Coftsiderinjr that the octavo #H8 the
iftoto iit effSset with the first noto, add
thftt tbo order of degrees was the same
in the upper and lower octave of the
4iagnim> introduced the use of seven
letters* whiicbwera repealed in a differ-
rent character. Malcolm on Music,
ebdip. tit. § 4. Dr. Burntiy ftayft on
lhl» aokijeety ** Baclesiaatioal writers
leem unanimous in allowing that it was
the loarrned and active pope Gregory
tiie Great, whooollected the iiHtf»idal
lM|;0ientoof tuoh AUcient hymns ami
psalmt as the first fathers of <he church
llOil dpproted, and recoitfniended to
llMr ^imitivo CtaristioM j mA thot ^e
aelected, methodized, and arranged
fheito irt the order which was long con-
ffHued at Rotde, and ioo» adopted by
^ ekief pari Of tbo. weotfra ehiirch.
TUo anouymous aotbor of bis Ufe«

Vot. XVI.

published by danisiust speaks of thif
transaction in the following Wot-ds &
'* This pobtiff oompostd, arran^ad^
aiKl coosntu'ed the Aniiphonarium and
chants nsed io the mornjog and even^
ia^ service." Fleuryt in his HM
EcOl. todi. VI [, p. 1 5U, <ivf B a cii oual*
stantial accouut of the Scola Cantorum^
inaUtuted by St. Oregtn y. It stiliftigu
ed dOO years after tihe death tif that
pontiff, which happenexl in the yeaf
604, ab *d are inroriAed ISy ^ohn Dia-
codnS) author of his life. Tw^ ook
leges wece appropriated to these st-ti«
dies ; one near the church of St. Pe^k
ter, and one near that of ^. Jdhi> Ln^
teran ^ both of trhieb woro teidowoA
with lands.

*< It hab b«eb inlagined that Sit. dfe-»
gofy was rather a compiler tb<in «
composer of ecelesiastioal chanU, a#
music had been established in tlio
church loi)g before hfs pooti6cate ; atwl
Joiia Diaconu?, hi biit life, (lib. u ■
cap. 6.) calls his collection * Anlipho*
niLrium Ceiltonem,* the grOund-Worlt
of whioh *as the ancient Gr^k ehiKitf
upon the principles of which it wA«
formed. This is the opinion of the
abhig Lebceuf, (Traitfc Historitjoe et*
Pratic^ue sur ie Chant Bociesiaatii^UV^
chap, iii.) and of many others, Tho
derivatioil \% respectable ; but if th^
Romans in the time of St< AiabFOM
had any music, it must have t>«eq
composed upon the Greek system : all
the arts at Rome, during the time of
the emperors, were Q reek, and chte6yi
cultivated b'y Greek artists; and wo
hear of nr> mtlslcal systetti id ds6
amoog ttie RooMuS, or at leAlt^dOM
is mentioned by their writers oo tbo
art, but that of the Greeks.^' fiur-%
noy'» Hist, of Musio, and Hett^A Cy«
olcq^adiai art*Q^|iooaT.

«5f 6 a £ G O & Y.

veneration in the palace of St. John Lateran for at long
time, together with the whip with which be used to threa*
ten the young clerks and singing boys, when tbey sang
out of tune. He was so rigid in regard to the chastity of
ecclesiastics, that he was unwilling to admit a man into the
priesthood who was not strictly free from defilement by any
commerce with women. The candidates for orders were
according to his commands questioned particularly on that
subject. Widowers were excepted, if they had observed
a state of continency for some considerable time.

At this time, as well as the next year 600, he was con*
fined to his bed by the gout in his feet, which lasted for
three years ; yet he celebrated mass on holidays, al*
though with much pain. Thi$ brought on a painful bnru-
ing heat all over his body, which tormented him in the year
601. His behaviour in this sickness was very exemplary.
It oiade him feel for others, whom he compassionated^ ex-
horting them to make the right use of their infirmities^
both by advancing in virtue and forsaking vice. He was
always extremely watchful over his flock, and careful to
preserve discipline ; and while he allowed that the misfor-
tunes of the times obliged the bishops to interfere in
worldly matters, as he himself did, he constantly exhorted
them not to be too intent on them. Thi;^ year he held a
council at Rome, which made the monks quite independent
by the dangerous privileges which he granted them. Gre-
gory forbad the bishops to diminish in any shape the goods^
lands, and revenues, or titles of monasteries, and took from
them the jurisdiction they ought naturally to have over the
converts in their dioceses. But many of his letters shew,
that though he favoured the monks in some respects,, he
nevertheless knew how to subject them to all the severity
of their rules. The same year he executed a second mis-
sion into England, and, in answer to. the bishop of Iberia,
declared the validity of baptism by the Nestorians, ai
being performed in the name of the Trinity.

The dispute about the title of Universal Bishop and the
equality of the two sons of Rome and Constantinople still
subsisting, and the emperor Maurice having declared for
the latter, our pope saw the murder of him and his family
without any concern by Phocas. This usurper having sent
his picture to Rome io the year 603, Gregory received it
with great respect, and placed it with that of the empress
his consort (Leontia) in the oratory of St. Cassarius in the

0 R E G 0 R Y. 25^

}>a;tdte ; and soan after congratulated Pbocas^s accession to
the throne. There are stiil extant, written upon this oc«
caaioDy by the holy pontiff, three letters, wherein be ex-
presses his joy, and returns thanks to God, for that e^e*
crabie parricide's accession to the crown, as the greatest
blessing that could befall the empire ; and^ he praises God,
that, after suffering under a heavy galling yoke, bis sub-
jects begin once more to enjoy the sweets of liberty under
ills empire : flatteries. unworthy a man of honour, and es-
pecially a pope ; and for which his historian, Maimbourg,
condemns thein. But Gregory thought himself in con-
science obliged to. assert the superiority of bis see above
that of Constantinople, and he exerted himself much to
secure it. In general he had the pre-eminence of the
holy see much at heart; accordingly this same year, one
Stephen, a Spanish bishop, having complained to him of
an unjust deprivation of his bishopric, the pope sent a
delegate to judge the matter upon the spot, giving him. a

. -memorial of his instructions, in which among other particu-^
]ars he orders thus : ** If it be said, that bishop Stephen
bad neither metropolitan nor patriarch, you must answer^
that he ought to be tried, as he requested, by the holy see,
which is the chief of all churches.'* It was in the samb
spirit of preserving the dignity of his pontificate, that he
resolved to repair the celebrated churches of St.Peter and
SU Paul ; ' with which view, he gave orders this y^ar to tha

. subdeaeon Sabinian (afterwards his successor in the pope?
dom), to fell all the timber necessary for that purpose in

» the country of the Brutii, and send it to Rome : he wrote
several other letters on this occasion, which are striking
.proofs of his zeal for carrying on the repairs of old churches,
although he built no new ones. . .

i But while he was thus intent in correcting the mischiefs
of the late war, he saw it break out again in Italy, and $till
to the disadvantage of the empire, the affairs of which
were in a critical situation, not only in the . provinces. pf the
west, but every where else. Gregory was much afflicted
with the calamities of this last war, and.at the s^me time
his illness increased. The Lombards made a truce in No-
vember 603, which was to continue. in forc« till April $05.
Some time after, the pope received letters from queen
Theodiiinda, with the news of the birth atid baptism of hec
son Adoaldus. She sent him also some writings of. the
abbot Secundinus upon the fifth council, and desired hioi

S 2

t«0 O R E G O K T.

CO answer them. Gregory ^< congratttlates faer on bamg.
eausied the young prince^ destined to reign over die Loin-»
bards, to be baptised in the catholic cfaurch." And as to
Secnndinus, he excuses himself on account of his iUness;
^^ I am afflicted with the gout^'' says he, *^ to soch a de«^
gree, that I aiq not able even to speak, as yjour envoys'
know; they found ine ill when they arrived here, and left
me in great danger when they departed. If God restcnrea
siy healtb> I will return an exact answer to all that tbm
abbot Secundinus bas written to nie« In the mean time, I
send you the council held under the emperor Justinian^
that by reading it he may see the ftilsity of all that be baa
beard against the holy see and the catholic church* God
forbid that we sfaoul4 receive the opinions of any heretie,
or'^depart in any respect from the letter of St. Leo, aa4
the four councils :\' he adds, '> I send to the prince Ado«
aldus, yt^t ^on, a cross^ and a book of the gospel in a Per«
iian box ; and to your daughter three rings, desiring yoa
to give them these things with^ytitor own band, to enhance
tbe falue of the preisent I likewise beg of you, to cetum
|liy> thanks to tbe king^ your coosoct, £of the peace he made
for us, and engage him to maintsUn it, as you have akready
done.''

t This letter, wyitjten in January 604, is the last of Gre«
gory^s that bas any date to it; he died tbe 12th of Mareb
feUowiftg, worn out: with violent aiyd almost incessant ill*
ne^. His remains were interred in a private manner, near
the old sacristy of St. Peter's church, at tbe end of tb^
great portico, in the same place with those of some.pre^
ceding po{>es« It is thougti^ he was not above sixty yean
of age. W4> ^all oaly add one particular rehiting to our
own country. Augustin the missionary having followed
the rule approred by former popes of dividing the revenues
of all the English chprches into four parts, the first for tb«
hhhfgifpf the second for the elergy, the third for the pooi^
mnd the fourth for repairing the church ; this divisioa mm
cobflmed \fy Gregory, who directed farther, tbat die
bisho^*s share should be not only for himself but likewise
for all his nedessary^ attendants, and to keep np hospital ity»
. It remains to be observed, in justice to thi^pope^ ttnit^
ib^ ebat^ of bis causing tbe noble monuments of the an^ '
tient splendour of tbe Roimans to be destroyed, in ordct to
prevent tboee who went to Rome from paying more atteii>»
tion to .tb# triumphal archesi &ew thao to ibingt saored^ m

O R £ C O R Y. 261

bj P)iitin» aa a ca1umi>y. Nor is the story, tboagh
^rediied by several learned autbors, particularly by Brucker,
0i bis reducing to ashes the Palatine library founded by Au-
•gQstiw, and the burning an infiuite number of pagan bocjcsy
particularly Livy, absolutely certain. However, it is un*
deaiable, be bad a great aversion to all such books, which
be carried to that excess, that be flew in a violent passios
with Didier, archbishop of Venice, fur no otber reason
tbun because he sufiered gramnfiar to be taugbt in bis dio^
Mse. In this he followed the apostolical constitutions:
Ibe compiler whereof seeros also to have copied froa Gre^
gory Nasiaazien, who thought reading pagau books would
tttjra the minds of yo«tb in favour of their idolatry ; aiKt we
bave seen more recently the same practice zealously de^
fended) and upon the same principle too, by Mr. Tilleoiont.
Yet Julian tbe apostate is cb^trged with using the same
probibitioni as a good device to effect the ruin of ChriSf-
|iamty» by rendering tbe professors contemptible on ac«-
eouut of tbeir ignorance^ Dupin says, that bis genius ,waa
well suited to morality, and be bad acquired an inexbaus^
^le fand of spiritual ideas, which be expressed noUj
tnoiigb, generally in periods, rather than sentences; bis
eompcu^ition was laboured, and bis languid inaocurate^ but
easy, well connected, and aWays equally supported. H#
ieft more writic^ behind him than any otber pope from
ibe foundation of tbe see of Rome to tbe present penod.
Tkiese ooasist of twelve bac^s of ^' l^etters," amounting to
lifMrards of eigbt buudred in number^ ^' A oonmienfe om
Ibe book of Job,'* generally k0own by tbe naviQ of ** Gre*
geory^s Morals on Job.'' <^ A PastoraV* or a. treatise oil
tbe dtuties of a pastior, This work was held in sucb vene«
f ation by tbe Galliiean cburcb^ that all tbe biahopa were
obliged, by tbe canona of that church, lo be thoroughly
aoquainted with it, aad punctually to observe the rules
eoatuiHed in it He was author also of '^ Homilies^ on tb«
prophet Ezekiel-; and on the gospels, aad of four books
ftf (' CisJogues.'^ Bis works have been printed over and
ovtti again, in almost all forma, and at a numbeir of differ
rem pbcea on ibe continent, as Lyons, Paris, Rotten,. Basils
Antwerp^ Venice, and Rome. Tbe best edition, is tbat of
Pafis> is 1705, in 4 vols, fotio.^

1 Qfn, Diet.— Bower's Hist, of the Popes.— Cave,, vol. I.— Pii|ini,— -Milacr^
^liureh History, in which Iris works «r«> jumlyzed^

262 G R E G O R Y.

GREGORY XIII. the principal event in whose life i»
the reformation he introdUiced in the Roman calendat, was
l>orn at Bologna in 15012. Hi$ name before his promotion
was Hugh Buoncompagno. He was brought up to the
study of the civil and canon law, which he taught iii his
irattve city with uncommon reputation. He was afterwards
appointed judge of the court of commerce at Bologna.
From this city he removed to Rome, where, after variouik
preferments, he was on the death of Pius V. in 1572, una-
nimously elected his successor, and at bis consecration he
took the name of Gregory XIII. His reformation of the
calendar, was according to a method suggested by Lewis
Lilio, a Cala/brian astronomer, which after his death was
presented to the pope by his brother. This method, which
was immediately adopted in all catholic countries, but was
rejected by the protestants and by the Greeks, was intended
to reform the old or Julian year, established by Julius
Csesar, which consisted of S65 days 6 hours, or 365 days
and a quartefr, that is three years of 365 days each, and
the fourth year of 366 days. But as the mean tropical
year consists only of 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 57 se^
conds, the former lost 1 1 minutes^ 3 seconds every year,
.which in the time of pope Gregory had amounted to "lO
.days, and who, by adding these 10 days, brought the ac-
count of time to its proper day again, and at the same time
appointed that every century after, a day more should b6
added, thereby making the years of the complete centu-
ries, viz. 1600, 1700, 1800^ &c. to be common years of
•365 days each, instead of leap-years of 366 days, which
makes the mean Gregorian ye£lr equal to 365 days 5 hours
.45 minutes 36 seconds. This computation was not intro-
cluced into the account of time in England, till 1752, when
the Julian account had lost 11 days, and therefore the 3d
of September, was in that year by act of parliament ac^
counted the 14th, thereby restoring the 1 1 <lays which had
thus been omitted.

In 1584 Gregoiy incurred the suspicion^ although some
think without foundation, of having encouraged the assas*
sination of Elizabeth queen of England, by Parr,, an Eng«
lish <;atholic, who was detected in a conspiracy against the
queen's life. This pope contributed greatly to correct and
amend Gratian's decretals, which he enriched with learned
DOtes. He died of a quinsey, in the eighty-fourth yeay of

GREGORY. 26S

Usage, and the l4thof his pontificate, in 1566. Several
of his '* Letters,'* << Harangues," &c, are said to be in' ex*
istence.*

GREGORY (Nazianzen), was born A. D. 324, at Azl-
anzum, an obscure village belonging to Nazianzuao, . a
town of the second Cappadocia, situated in a poor, barren,
and unhealthy country. His parents were persons of rank,
and no less eminent for their virtues : his father, whose
name was also Gregory, had been educated in a religion
called Hypsistarianism *, to which, being the religion of hit
ancestors, he was a bigot in his younger years ; and the
{deserting it not only lost him the liindness of his friends,
jbut estranged him from his mother, and deprived him of
bis estate. This, however, he bore with great cbearfuU
Jiess for the sake of Christianity, to which be was converted
byhis wife, though not without the help of an emphatical
diceam ; be was afterwards made bishop of Nazianzum,
being the second who sat in that ch^ir, where he behaved
with great prudence and diligence. Nor was our author's
mother less eminent; descended of a pious family, she
was herself, for piety,. so much the wonder of her age, that
Ibis son was said to have been the pure effect of bet
prayers, and of a vow to devote him to God, after the ex-*
ample of Hannah : and upon his birth she was careful to
perform her vow.

Thus advantageously born, he proved a child of preg-^
nant parts ; by which, and the advantage of a domestic
institution under his parents, he soon outstript his contem-
poraries in learning. Nature had formed him of a grave
and serious tempier, so that bis studies were not obstructed
by the little sports and pleasures of youth. After some
time, he travelled abroad for his farther improvement ; in
which rout, the first step be took was to Csesarea, and having
riBed the learning of that university, be travelled to Ca^sarea
Philippi in Palestine, where soipe of the most celebrated
masters of tliat age resided, and where Eusebius then sat
bishop. Here he studied under the famous orator Tbespa-
sias, and bad among pther fellow<-pupils, Euzoius, afterwards

* This wai a kind of Samaritan abstinence from some kind of meats,

mixture, made of Judaism and Pagan- but disowned circumcision. They

iuQ, or rather some select rites of each, pretended to worship no other deitjr

With the Gentiles, they did honour to but the almighty, supreme, and most

hre and burning lighu, but rejected high God; whence they assumed

ideU and sacriieet; with the J«ws, their character'istic aboTe-mentioned,

tbey ebserred the nbbaUi* and a strict v^itlot, signifying The Most Hi^k.

A Moreri.-«>Dvpiu.— Bower.

114 a R E G O R V,

1^ Arian bishop of that place. He it|l]^Ited htflnsbiif pi^v
tlculariy to rhetoric, minding t^e elegance, not the iranity
and affectation, which then too much disgraced that pror
feBsion. Hence he removed to Aieicandrid', who^ schooU
were famous nest to those of Athens, which he designe4
^r his last stage ; and therefore went ahoard a ship be*'
longing to £gina, an Island not far from Athens, the )iia«-
yiners of which were bis familiar acquaintance ; but it being
about the middle of November, a season for rough weather,
they were taken with a storm in the road near Cyprus; an4
the case was become desperate, when suddenly the tem^
jpest, it was affirmed, ceased by the prayers of Gregory.
Thu^ miraculously preserved, he arrived safe at Athens^
where he was joyfully entertained, his great abilities ren*
dering him the admiration both of the scholars and profesr
aers. Here he commenced a friendship with St. Basil, tb«
great companion of his life; here too he became acquainted
with Julian, afterward9 emperor and apostate, ao even^
which he remarkably foretold, althoegb at tbi^t time JuV
lian bad given no ground for suspicion.

After the departure of his friend, Nazianzen was prer
Tailed upon by the students to undertake the professor'flf
place of rhetoric, and he sat in that chair with great ap?
piauee for a little while ; but being now thirty years of age»
and mi:)ph solicited by his parents to return botne, he com<«
j)Iied, taking his journey by lend tb Constantinople. Here
he met his brother CsBsarius, just then arrived from Alex«
andi'ia, so accomplished in all the polite learning of thaf
age, and especially in physic, which he had made his par<«
tieular study, that he had not been there long before be
had public honours decreed him, matches proposed iVoi^
noble families, the dignity of a senator offered him, sind a
^mmittee appointed to wait upon the emperor, to tntreal
him, that though the city at that tinle wanted no leamec!!
men in any faculty, yet this might be added to all its otliev
glory, to have Cesariu^ for its physician and inhabitant
But Nazianzen's influence prevailed against all thesa
temptations ; and the two brothers returned honie together,
to the great joy of their aged parents,

Nazians^en ocxw thougl^t it timp to fulfil s^ vow whiph blS
had made during the storm aboye-mentioaed, to oonse*'
cnite himself to God by baptism. Afterwards he was or*
cfattiuMl a presbyter by his father, who soon had occasion
to ayaii himself of his assistance. Gregory, the father,

G R E G 0 R 7. t€B

#iii(in^ 8«Wrft} of the eastern bishops, had reoeiveiJi a creed
i^ompoeied by a convention at Constantinople, in the jear
^9Sf in which the word consubstantial being laid aside,
ihat-article was expressed thus : ^^that the Son was in all
things like the Father, according to the Scriptures.** In
consequence, the monks of Cappadocia, in denying him
communion, were foliowe<l by a great part of the' people.
Nazi^n^en, therefore, zealously endeavoured to make up
4his breach. He first convinced his father of the error,
•ivhich he found him as ready to recant, and give public
satisfaction to the people ; then he dealt with the other
p^ty, whom he soon prevailed with to be reconciled ; and,
pb bind all with a lasting cement, he made on this occasion
bis first oration, ** Concerning Peace.'*
. Julian had now ascended the throne ; and in order to
^oppress Christianity, published a law, prohibiting Chris-
tians not only to teach, but to be taught the books and
learning of the Gentiles. The defeat of this design, next
U> the two ApoUinarii in Syria, was chiefly owing to Na-
^ianzen, who upon this ocpasion composed a considerable
p^rt qf Jhis poems, comprehending all sorts of divine, grave,
arid serious subjects, in all kinds of poetry; by which
paeans the Christian yoi^th of those times were completely
funiisbed, and found no want of those heathen authors
ifaat were taken from them. Julian afterwards coming to
Csosarea) ip the roM to his Persian expedition, one part
pf the ^my was quartered at Nazianzum, where the com^
mander peremptorily required the church (which the elder
Gregory had not long since built) to be delivered to him.
JBut the old m^n stoutly opposed him, daily assembling the
people to public prayers, who were so affected with the
common cause, that the officer was forced to retire for his
ewp safety. : Jiihan being slain not long after, Nazianzen
published, two ipvective orations against him, which are at
onee remarkable proofs of hi^ wit and eloquence, but which
qualities were mixed with %o,o much virulence and acri*
mony. '

Haying by Julianas death obtained some^ respite from
pnblie concerns, he amade a visit to his friend Basil,
who. was then in monastic solitude upon a mountain in
iVuMto^, whither he had often solicited Naeianzen*s com*
pany. The Utter was naturally inclined to such a course
oi life, and always looked upon his entering into orders as
m kipd of force an4 tyranny pqt upon him, wbieh he coal4

26€ GREGORY.

bardly digest ; yet he knew not bow to desert bis parei^
But his brother Csesarius being now returned frosd coart,
where he bad heen for some years^ with a purpose to fix in
his possession, at home, gave him an opportunity to in«
dulge his inclination. He accordingly retired to his old
companion, with whom in bis solitary recess be reqoained
several years, passing the time in watching, fasting, and
alt the several acts of mortification. He waa thus employed
when the necessity of affairs at home obliged bim to quit
his retirement. His father laboured under the infirmities
of age, and being no longer able to attend his charge, pi^e*
vailed with bim to come home ; he retorned accordingly
about Easter, and published a large apologetic in excuse
of his flight, which bad been much censured. He bad
not long entered upon his charge of assistant to his father,
when the family had the misfortune to lose his brother
Csesarius, who departed this life October 11, 358. Somie
time after, died of a malignant fever, his sister Gorgonia^
whose funeral-sermon be preached ; as he did also that
of his father, the aged bishop of Nas^ianzumy who died not
long after, uear one hundred years old, having been for ty-*
five years bishop of that place. In the conclufiion of tbif
latter oration he addressed himself to his mother Norma,
to support her mind under so great a loss, consolations
which were proper and seasonable : for she, being. tbuB
deprived of her affectionate partner, and being nearly of
equal years to her husband, expired, as may probably be
conjectured, soon after.

By these breaches in the family, Nazianzen was suf-
ficiently weaned from the place of his nativity ; and, though
he was not able to procure a successor to his father, he
resolved to throw up his charge, and accordingly retired to
Seleucia, famous for the temple of St« ThercU, the virgin*
martyr ; where, in a monastery of devout virgins dedicated
to that saint, he continued a long time, and did not return
till the death of St. Basil, whom he deeply regretted be
could not attend at his last hours, being himself confined
by sickness. About this cinae be was summoned to ^coun*
cil at Antioch, holdea anno 378, « to consider the em-^
peror's late edict for tolerating the catholics, in ordef to
suppress Arianism ; and, being ordered by the council to
;^x himself for that purpose at Constantinople, be preaeatlj
repaired thither. Here be found the catholic interest at
the lowest ebb : the Ariansi favoured by Yalens, bad posf*

GREGORY. 467

'•esfied themselves of all the churches, and proceeded to
ftiich extremities that scarcely any of the orthodox dsured
AVOW their faith. He first preached in his lodgings to
those that repaired thither, and the congregation soon
growing numerous, the house was immediately consecrated
by Nasianssen, under the name of the church of Anastasia,
or the resurrection ; because the catholic faith, which in
'.that city bad been hitherto oppressed, here seemed to
have its retMirreetion. The opposition to his measures but
increased bis feme, together with the number of his au-
ditors, and even drew admirers and followers from foreign
parts ; among whom St. Jerom, lately ordained presbyter,
caoie on purpose to put himself under his tutelage and
jdiscipUna; im honour in which Jerom glories on every oc-
casion* As the catholics grew more considerable, they
xshose him for their bishop, and the choice was confirmed
by Meletus of Antioch, and Peter who succeeded Athana-
«ius at Alexandria; but be was opposed by the Arians,
-who consecrating Maximus, a famous cynic philosopher
and Christian, gave him a great deal of trouble. The
Arian bishop, however, was at length forced to retire, and
:his successor Demophilus was deposed by the einperbr
Theodosius, who directed an edict to the people of Coni-
stantinople, February 27, 380, re*establishing the ortho-
>dox faith; and afterward coming thither in person, h^
treated Nazian^eu with all possible kindness and respect,
atid appointed a day for his instalment in the see.

But this ceremony was deferred for the present at his
own request; and falling sick soon after, he was visited by
crowds of his friends, who all departed when they had
made their compliments, ex<:ept a young man with a
pale look, long hair, in squalid and tattered cloaths, who,
standing at the bed's feet, made all the dumb signs of
the bitterest sorrow and lamentation. Nazianzen, start-
ing, asked him, '^ Who he was, whence he came, and
what he wanted ?" To which he returned no answer,
but expressed so much the more passion and resent-
ment, howling, wringing his hands, and beating his breast
in such a manner that the bishop himself was moved to
teaiv. Being at length forced aside by one who stood
by, he told the bishop, ^^ This, sir, is the assassin, whom
tome had suborned to murder you ; but his conscience has
^molested him, and he is here> come ingenuously to confess
bis fault, and to beg your pardon.'* The bishop repliedi

»as Q E E G O R y.

y Friendy God Almighty be propiuoqs to you, bU gmciooi
preservation of me obligQ^ me freely to forgive you ; tbr
desperate attempt you designed has made you mine^ nor
do I r^uire any other reparation^ than that bencefortb yov
desert your party, and sincerely give vp yourself to God."

Theodosius being highly solicitors abouit the peace of the
churchi summoned a council to meet at Constantinople in
May anno 3^43. This is called the seoopd general council^
in which the Nicene Creed w^s ratified ; audi because the
article concerning the Holy Ghost was but. barely ineiir
tioned, which was become one qf the principal QontrOf
irersies of the age, and for the determination pf whidb the
council had been chiefly summoned, the fathers now drew
up an explanator}^ creed, composed, as it iai»id> by Grer
gory of Nyssen, and is the same which in our litjjrgy ia
called the Nicene Creed. The see of Constantinople waa
ulso now placed nea^t in precedence to ib^ of IWme. Ouir
ftutbor carried a great sway in tbat council, where aU
things went on smoothly, till at last they fell into disturi*
b^pces on the following occasion.

There had been a schism for some time in tbe..ehurQb ef
Antioch, occasioned by the ordination of two bishops to
that see ; and one of those^ named Melitus, happening to
die before the end of the council, Na^ianzen proposed tia
continue the other, named Paulinus, then grown old, for
bis life. But a^ strong party being mafle for one Fl^vianusb
presbyter of the church, these last carried it ; aed, not
content with that, resolved to deprive their grand, opp^ser
of his se^t at Constantinople. To prevent this he made>
formal resignation to the emperor, ^nd went to his paternal
estate at Na^ianzum, resolving never to epiacopise any
more; insomuch, that though, at bis* return, be.foiiQdtbe
see of N^zianzum still vacant, and over^run with.the heresy
of Apollinarius, yet he pertinaciously resisted all io,trealies
that were made to take that cbfurge upon him* And,, whett
be was summoned to the re-s^sembUng of thie couucil tbe
following year, he refused to give bis attendance, and even
did not stick to ceu^ure all such qteetillgs as factious, %iid
governed by pride wA f^mbition. I|i tbe ivieao timo» tft
defence of his conduct, he wrote letters tQ the lUwan pnr^
torian pr^efect, and the consul ; assuring tbemn ^^al, 'though
he had withdrawn himself from public afikirs, it wtia pel, aa
some im^ginedi Arom any discontent for tbe losa ol tht
great place he h^d quitted { and that he WQiild ftot^ibiwiiditji

q^ R £ G O R Y. Mf

U^tt 600)0100 intek-^iU of religion ; that his retireineoi wtit

ann^ter of choice more thaii necetsiiy, in n^hich he took

at great pleasure as a man that has been tossed in a long

atorxD at sea does in . a safe and quiet harbour. And^ in*"

dtf^dy being now freed from all external cares, he entirely

gave himself ap to solitude and contenaplauon, and the

exercise of a strict and devout life. At vacant hours be

cefresbed the weariness of his old age with poetry^ which

be generally employed upon divine subjects, attd serious

reflections upon the former passages of his life ; an ae*

couat of which he drew up in iambics^ whence no incon*

sideyable part of his memoir is derived. Thus be passed

the remainder of his days till his death in the year 3S9«

He made a will, by wbicbi except a few legacies to some

relations, lie bequeathed his whole estate to the poof of

the diocese of Naaiaazum. In this spirit, daring the three

years that he. enjoyed the. rich bishopric of Constantioople»

be never .touched any part of the revenues, but gave it alt

to the poor, to wliom he was extremely liberal.

. He- was one of the ablest champions of the orthodox faith

cioiicerning the Trinity, whence he had the title given hint

of i,dsi>(n!^f ^^ The: Divine/' by unanimous consent. His

mav^X and religious qUalitieft were attended with tiie natural

graces of a sublime wit, subtle apprehension, clear judg-^

ment) and easy, and ready elocution, which were all set off

vdiik as great a stock of huodan learning as the schools of

the £asii, as Alexandria, or Athens itself, was able to afford.

AH these excellences are seeu in his works, of which we

have the following character by Erasmus ; who, after bav<*

log enriphed the western church with many editions of the

anueien^ Catbera^ confesses^ that he was altogether discou*'

raged from attempting the translation of NazLanzen, by

the acumen arid smartness of his style, the grandeur and

sisbUmity of his matter, and those somewhat obscure allu«»

aions that sure frequently interspersed among his writings*

Upoa the whole, Erasmus doubts not to affirm, that, as he

lived .in the most learned age-of the church, so he was the

beat scholar of that age* His works consist of sermons,

letters, and poems, tbe latter evidently imbued with ge^

Aitti, and have been printed in Greek and Latin, Paris,

IM9 and 1^11,2 vols. fol. with notes by the learned abbo«

4e Billi, who was also author of tbe Latin translation. Thie

edition is more esteemed than tbe new one of 1630. There

»10 GUtGOnt,

are some poems by St. Gregory in ^^ Tollii insignia idtteM
rarii lialici,'* Utrecht, 1696, 4to, never printed before. *

GREGORY (Nyssen), was the younger brother of St*
Basil, and had an equal care taken of bis education, being
brought up in all the polite and fashionable modes of leartir*
ing; but, applying himself particularly to rhetoric, he
valued himself more upon being accounted an orator than
^ Christian. On the admonition of his friend Gregory
Naziauzen he quitted those studies ; and, betaking him**
self to solitude and a monastic disciplinei he turned his
attention wholly to the holy scriptures, and the contro-
yersies of the age ; so that be became as eminent in the
knowledge of these as^ he had before been in the course of
more pleasant studies. Thus qualified for the highest dig**
nity in the church, he was placed in the see of Nyssa, »
city on< the borders of Cappadocia. The exact time of his
promotion is not known, though it is certain he was bishop
in the year 371. He proved in this station a stout cham-*
pioQ for the Nieene faith, aDd so vigorously opposed the
Arian party, that he was 6oou after banished by the em-
peror Valens ; and, in a synod held at Nyssa by the bishop
of Pontus and Galatia, was deposed, and met with very
hard usage. He was hurried from place to place, heavily
fined, and exposed to the rage and petulance of the pb«
pulace, which fell heavier upon him, as he was both un^
used to trouble, and unapt to bear it. In this condition
be remained for seven or eight years, during which, how-
ever, he went about countermining the stratagems of the
Arians, and strengthening those in the orthodox faith ; and
in the council of Antioch in the year 378, he was» among
others, delegated to visit the eastern churches lately ha-
rassed by the Arian persecution.

, He went not long after to Arabia; and, having dis-
patched the affairs of the Arabian churches, be proceeded
to Jerusalem, having engaged to confer with the bisht^s of
those parts, and to assist in their reformation. Upon his-
arrival, finding the place overrun with vice, schism, and
faction, some shunning his communion, and others setting
up altars in opposition to him, he soon grew weary of it,
and returned with a heavy heart to Antioch : and being on
this, occasion ' consulted afterwards, whether it \vas an es-
sential part of religion to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem

I Cave.— Da^in.— •Moreri.— Milner's Cburcb Hist.— Stxii OdmmiI.

GREGORY. f?l

i(whkh, it seems, was the opinion of the monastic discipli-
narians at th^t time), he declared himself freely in the ne«
gative. After this, he was summoned to the great council
at Constantinople, where he made no inconsiderable figure,
his advice being chiefly relied on in the most important
cases ; and particularly the composition of the creed, called
by us the Nicene creed, was committed to his care. He
ccrmposed a great many other pieces, commentaries on
different parts of the scriptures ; sermons; liyes, and let-
ters. There is a good edition' of his works by Fronton da
Due, 1615, 2 vols. fol. and another of 1638, 3 vols. fol.
more ample, but not so correct. They are, however, ia
'less estimation than the works of almost any of the fathers^.
He lived to a great age, and was alive when St. Jerom
wrote his ** Catalogue of Ecclesiastical Writers" in the year
392 ; and two years after was present at the synod of Con-
stantinople, on adjusting the controversy between Agapius
and Bagaditts, as appears by the acts of that council. He
died March 9, 396. He was a married man, and lived
with his wife Theosebia, even- after he was bishop. Gre-
gory Nazianzen, in a consolatory letter to his sister on her
death, gives her extraordinary commendations.'

GREGORY {THEODORDS)^surnamed Thaumaturgus, was
descended of parents eminent for their birth and fortune,
at Neo-Cesarea, the metropolis of Cappadocia, where he
was born. He was educated very carefully in the learning
and religion of the Gentiles by his father, who was a warm
zealot; but, losing this parent at fourteen years of age, he,
enlarging his inquiries, began by degrees to perceive the
Vanity of that religion in which he had been bred, arid
turned his inclinations to Christianity. Having laid the
necessary ground-work of his education at home, and
stiidied the law for some time, to which he bad no great
inclination, be resolved to accomplish himself by foreign
travels, to which purpose he went first to Alexandria, then
become famous by the Platonic school lately erected there.
Departing from Alexandria, he came back probably through
Greece, and staid awhile at Atb^n^.; whence returning
home, he applied himself to his old study of the law ; but
again growing weary of it, he turned to the more agreeable
speculations of philosophy.

* The fame of Origen, who at that . time bad opened a

■ ' /

. 1 Cart't Lires.of tke Fathers.— Milaec's Charch Hist. — Saxii Onomasticon,

2ii Gregory.

schdol at C«er&re», id Palestine^ ami vrho9^ retiOfrfl m
doubk was great at Alexandrk, «oon reached bis Mrs. Tqr
Ibat city therefore he betook himself, wbi^e itfeettng wkb
Fermilian, a Cappadocian gentleman, aod Hfter^ards bi^bop^
of Caraarea, in that counti^y he eooimenced H frieiidsfaiil
with him, tbefe being an rxtfaordinary sympanhy and
agreement in their tempers and studies ; aod they jointly
put themselves, together witb bis .brother AtbenodmriM^
under the tutorage of that celebrated master. Origen en^
deavoured to settle him in tbe full belief of Cbristiamtyi
of which he had some insight before, and to ground him ia
the knowledge of the holy jcriptur es, as the best sysleaa eS
true wisdom and philoso^y.

Neo^Caesarea was a large and popuknis place, but being
miserably overgrown with superstition and idolatry, Cbris^
tiaiiity had as yet scarce made its entrance .tbere» How«»
ever, our young pbilxMopbet was appointed lo be a gitid^
of souls in the place of his nativity. Pfasedinius^ bishop of
Amasia, a neighbouring city in that province, east his. eye
upon him for that purpose ; and it was thought biavela^
tion to the plaee would more endear the emp)oyfireii>t to
him. But,' upon receiving the first iniimiattofi of the. de?
sign, he shifted his quarters, gnd^ as oft as soogbt for, .0ed
from one desert to another ; so that the btshcq^ by all bis
arts and industry i^ould* not obtain inteiligeiice of him ; be
therefore constituted bim bishop of the plate in bii ab*
sencey^and bow averse soever he seemed to be befose, be
now accepted the charge, when perbapa he bad a ntkote
formal and solemn eonsecration. The proriace be entefdd
upon was difficult ; the city and neighbourhood beii^
wholly addid^rd to the worship of demons, arid there not
being above sevente^i Christians in those parts^ so that he
must find a church befone be could govern it. The couo*
try was overrun witb heresies ;^ and fatmielf, though ae^
complished sufficiently in bQQMua learnings was. allogetfaer
unexercised in theological studies and the mysteries of re^
ligion. But here again be had immediai:e asMstance frool
heaven ; for, one night, as it is related by his biographer^
Gregory of Nyssen, with the sttperstkioas. ^fmrit then pre^
Talent, while he was naussng upon tliese tthiogs^ «iid dis«
cussing matters of faith in his own mind, he had a visionjt
in which St. John the evangelist and the. blessed virgiqL ap-
peared in the chamber where he was, and discoursed be-
fore him concerning those points, tn ootiset[ueiite, after i

G R E o o a T. im

their departure, be immediately penned that canon and
jrule of faith vrbicb they bad d^atred. To this creed be
always kept himself, and bequeathed it as an inestimable
deposit to bis successors. The original, written with his
own hand, we are informed, was preserved in that church
in bis ntoie. It is cited by Dr. Waterland, as express and
eii:plicit respecting the doctrine of the Trinity* There can
be no doobt of its authenticity, although the Socinians
hare taken much pains to ,proTe the contrary.

Thus furnished, be began to apply himseif more directly
to the cbai|;e ccmimitted to him, and be was said to be en-
dowed with the power of working miracles : hence the title
of Thaumaturgus, or wonder-worker, is colistantly ascribed
ta him in the writings of the church. St. Basil assures
us, tliat upon this account the Gentiles «sed to call him a
aecbnd Moses. In thk faithful and successful government
of his flock he continued quietly till about anno 2 JO, when
lie fled from the Decian persecution ; but, as ^oon as the
storm was over, he returned to his charge, and in a general
visitation of his diocese, established in every place anni-
versary festivids asd solemnities in honotft of the martyrs
wbo had soflered in the late persecution. In the reie^ of
GaHenus, about the year 260, upon the irruption of the
Aorthera nations into the Roman empire, the Goths breaking
into Pontus, Asia, and some paru of Greece, created such
/confusion, that a neighbouring bishop of those parts wrote
to Gregory for advice what to do : our author's answer,
sent by Eupbrasymus, is called bis ^^ Canoivical Epistle,*^
still extant among his works. Not long afterwards was
convened that synod at Antioch, wherein Paul of Samosata,
bishop of the place, which he dUd not care to losei, made a
feigned recantation of bis heretical opinions. Our St. Gre-
gory was among the chief persons in this synod wbith met
«n the year 264, but did not long survive it, dying either
this or most probably the following year.

St. Ba»l says he was an evangelical man in bis whole
life. In his devotion he shewed the greatest reverence :
yea and nay, were the usual measures of bis communica-
tion. He weas also a man of uncommon meekness and hu-
mility, and a firm adherent to truth. With respect to the
miracles ascribed to him, they do not rest upon the autho-
rity of his contemporaries, and are more num^erous and
extraordinary than ^ili now be readily credited. His works
we^e printed in Greek and Latin, 1626, folio^ and in the

VolXVL T

f^4 c a t G o R r

library of the fathers. Gerard Vossiut ^it^d prtih«d M
edition at Mentis in I664, 4to. Many of his mttitlgs
however, are supposed to be lost* - ^ •

GREGORY of Toufs, St or frequently called Oeoroiub
FLoa£NTiDS Gregorius, an eminent bishop and writer af
the sixth century, descended from a npbie family of Ao^
▼ergne, was born about the year 544. He was edfu;i||tfll
by his uncle Gallus, bi»hop of Cle^mont,^ and beoanie so
eminent for learning «nd virtue, as to be appointed bishoip
of Toura in the year 573. He assisted at the coutieti bei4
at Paris in the year 577, respecting Pretextat, bishop xlf
Rouen, and strongly opposed the violence of some of the
members of that assembly, particularly Chilperic and Fr^
degonde. He went afterwards to visit the tomb of the
apostles at Rome, where he formed a friendship wkh St.
Gregory the Great, and died November 27, 595^ Tkk
bishop wrote a. *< History of France,** in ten booka^ ^igiit
books of <<The Miracles, or Lives of the Sainta;V ami
other works, in the library of the fathers. The bc^edii.
lion Is that by Dom Ruinart, 1699, fol. His history is^very
useful; for though the style is dry aud^cmrsey and the
author extremely aimple aad cjpedulous, yet atr iagenkMlt
critic may easily separate the truths contained ilk it frcKk
the fiilsehoods. This work has been tmnslated into Freoeh
by the abbi de Mavolles, 1668, 2 vols^ 8va* ^'^-

GREGORY of Rimini, general of the Augustinei 1357,
who died in 135B, was a celebrated scholastic dtvsine, stir-
named the Authentic Doctor, and wrote a .'^ Comtn^itaiy
on the Master of the Sentences,*' Vaientia, 1500^ foi^ ^ith
an addition, printed at Venice, 1522, fol.; *^ A Treatise
on Usury,'* and other works, Rtmtni, 1522, foL'
. GREGORY of Sc Vincent, a Flemish geometrician^ was
born at Bruges in 1584, and became a Jesuit at Rome at
twenty years of age. He studied mathematics' under the
learned Jesuit Clavius. He afterward became a reputable
fyrofessor of those sciences himself,^ and his instructions
were solicited by several princes : he was called to Prague
by the emperor Ferdinand II. ; and Philip IV. king of Spua
was desirous, of having him to teach the mathematics toiiis
SOB, the young prince John of Austria. He was not :le$s

' . -

» CaYC-^Motbeim. — ^MiJner't Cburcb Hiit — Douglas's Criteriun, p. 397.—-
9s»t] Onomast.
, • Papio.-^Momri.— Vostiat dt Hist« L«t.<««CtTC, roL I.

6 R E 0 0 R Y. f 7«

tttimable for bis virtues than his skill iii the sciences. His
lipeU*nieaRt endeavours were very commeudablei when his
holy zeal, though for a false reli^ioP) led him to fuUow the
jurmy in Flanders one conipaign^ to confess the wounded
and dying soldiersi in which he received several wounds
jiimself. He died of an apoplexy at Ghent^ in 1667, at
eighty-three years of age.

Asa writer, Gregory of St Vincent was very diffuse and
voluminous, but he was an excellent geometrician^ He
fiublisbed, in Latin, three mathematical works, the prin*
cipal of which was his ^^ Opus Geometricum Quadraturas
iSirculi, et Sectiooum Coni,*^ Antwerp, 1647, 2 vols, folio.
^Idioogh he has not demonstrated, in this work, the' qua*
drature of the circle, as he pretends to have done, the
book nevertheless contains a great number of truths and
^portaiit discoveries ; one of which is this, viz. that if one
a^mptote of an hyperbola be divided into parts in geome?
incal prog^ression, and from the points of division orditiates
be-drawn parallel to the other asymptote, they vjrill divide
the space between the asymptote and curve into equal por«
liona; from whence it was shewn by Mersenne, that, by
iaking the continual sums of those parts, there would be
ejbcained areas in arithmetical progression, adapted to ab«
f eissea in geometrical progpressioo, and which therefore
were analogous, to a system of logarithms. '

GREGORY (James), the first, of an emment family of
learned men in Scotland, was the son of the Rev. Mr. John
{Gregory, minister of Drumoak in the county of Aberdeen,
aiid was born at Aberdeen in November 1638. His mother
was a daughter of Mr. David Anderson of Finzaugb, or
Finshaugh, a gentleman who possessed a singular turn for
mathematical and mechanical knowledge. This mathema-
lical genius was hereditary in the family of the Andersons^
fuid from them it seems to have been transmitted to their
descendants of the names of Gregory, Reid, &c. Alexr
ander Anderson, cousin -german of the said David, wa^
professor of mathematics at Paris in the beginning of
the seventeenth century, and published there several va-
luable and ingenious; works; as may be seen in our vol. IL
The mother of James Gregory inherited the genius of her
family ; and observing in her son, while yet a child, a
strong propensity to mathematics, she instructed him her-

1 lloreri.— Hutton't OicUoasi^.
T 2

i7» O R E G O H Y.

ilelf in the elements of that science. His edueattcm in iim
languages be received at the gramniar»6chool of Aberdeeoi
lind went through the usual course of academical studies at
Marischal college, but was chiefly delighted with pbilosa*
phical researches, into which a new door bad been lately
opened by the key of the' mathematics. Galileo, Kepler^
and Des Cartes were the great masters of this new method;
their works, therefore, Gregory made his principal study,
tind began early to make improvements upon their disco*^
Teries in optics. The first of these improvements was th^
invention of the reflecting telescope, which^still bears hit
name; and which was so happy a thought, that it bas
given occasion to the niost considerable improyemifents
made in optics, since the invention .of the telescope. Ha
published the construction of this instrument in bis ^^ Optica
jpromota,^' 1663, at the age of twenty-four. This disco*
very soon attracted the attention of the matbematiciansi
both of our own and foreign countries^ who immediately
perceived its great importance to the sciences. Sut the
manner of placing the two specula upon the same axis ap«

t^ >earing to Newton to be attended with the disadvantage of
osing the central rays of the iai^er speculum, he proposed
an improvement on the instrument, by giving an oblique
jposition to the smaller speculum, and placing the oj'e^glast
in the side of the tube. It is observable, however, that
the Newtonian construction of that instrument was long
abandoned for .the original or Gregorian, which is now
always used when the instrument is of a moderate sijce^
though Herschel has preferred the Newtonian form for the
conistruction of those immense telescopes which he has of
late so successfully employed in observing the heavens.
About 1664 or 1665, coming to London, he became ac«

auainted with Mr. John Collins, who recommended him to
le best optic glass-grinders there, in order to have bis
telescope executed. But as this could not be done for
want of skill in the artists to grind a plate of metal for the
object speculum into a true parabolic concave^ which the
design required, he was much discouraged; and after a
few imperfect trials made with an ill-polished spherical dQe,
which did not succeed to his wish, be dropped the pursuit,
and resolved to make the tour of Italy, then the mart of
Mathematical learning, in the view of prosecuting bis &•*
Tourite study with greater advantage.

He had not been long abroad when tlie same inventive

G R I G O K Y« t77

g^enids, tvht<$h Kad before Aewo itself in practical mslhe^
itiatict, Carried him to some new improvements m the spe«<
culative part. The ftublime geometry on the doctrine of
curves was then hardly passed its infant state, and the
femed problem of squaring the circle stiil continued a re-
proach to it ; when our author discovered a new analytical
method of summing up an infinity converging series, by
which the area of the hyperbola,- as well as the circle,'may
be computed to any degree of exactness. He was then at
Padua ; and getting a few copies of his invention printed
there in 1667 under the title ^^ Vera Circuli et Hyperbola
Quaclratura/' he sent one to his friend. Mr. Collins, wh6
communicated it to the royal society^ where it met with
the commendation of lord Brounker and Dr. Wallis. He
teprinted it dt Venice, and published it the following year,
1668, together with another piece entitled '^ Geometric
pars universalis, inserviensquantitatum curvarum transmu*
tationi et mensurfis," isi which he is allowed to have shewn,
for the first time, a method for the transmutation of curves.
These works engaged the notice, and procured the author
the correspondenee of the greatest matbemati<fian8 of the
age, Newton, Huygens, Wallis, and others. An account
of this piece was also read by Mr. Collins before the royal
society, of which Gregory, being returned from, his travels,
was chosen a member, admitted the 1 4th of January: this
year, and communicated to them an account of the contro*
versy in Italy ^bout the motion of the earth, which waa
dented by Riccioli and bis followers.

The same year, hir quadrature of the circle being at*
tacked by Mr* Hnygens, a controversy arose between those
two eminent mathematicians, in which our aUthot pro«
doced some improvements of his series. But in this dis^
pute it happened, as it generally does in most others, that
the antagonists, though setting out with decent temper,
yet grew too much heated in the combat. This was the
case here, especially on the side of Gregory, whose de^
fence was, at his own request, inserted in the *^ Philoso*
phical Transactions;^' but Leibnitz, who allows Gregorf
the highest merit for his genius and discoveries, is of opi*
nion, that Huysens has pointed out, though not errors,
sonde considerable deficiencies in the treatise above-men-^
tiofled, and has shewn a rnnch simpler method of attaining
the same end. Gregory also received from Mr« GoUine,
about this time, an account of the series inreoted by sk

97* GEE GO R Y.

Iiatfc Newton ; who th tbat bad actually elfedted wbat'ovf
muthor was stiffly contending against Huygent to be utterly
impossible : that is, the ratio of tbe diameter of a circum-'
ference, expressed in a series of simple terms, indepetidenl
of each otber, and entirely freed froni the magic vinottluixi
of sards, in which they had till then been tndissoiubly held*

In 16j68 our author published at London another werk^
entitled ^f Exercitationes Geometricie," which contributed
still much farther to extend his reputation. About thi4
time he was elected professor of mathematics in the iini?er4
sity of St. Andrew's, an office which he held for six years.
During bis residence ^there he married, in 1669» Mary,
the daughter of George Jamesoo^ thie celebrated painter^
whom Mr. Walpde has termed the Vandyke of Soot^
)and, mid wl|o was fellow discij^e with that great artist
in the schoof of Rubens at Antwerp. His fame piaoed btqi
in so great esleem with the royal academy ^t Pftris, tbat|
in the beginning of 1671, it was resTolved by t\^% aca<»
demy to recommend htm to their grand monarch fpr J|
pensidn ; and tbe ^design was approved even by Mr. Hay?
gens, though he said he had reason to think himself ink^
properly treated by Mr. Gregory, on account of the gon-r
trorersy between them. Accordingly, several members of
that academy wrote to Mr. Oldenburg, desiring him to ae»
quaint the council tf tbe royal society with their proposal i
iqforining him likewise, that the king of France wa« willing
to allow pensions to one or two learned Engltshmeui whom
they should recommend. Biit no answer was ever made
to t)iat proposal ; and our author, with respect to this par*
tieular, looked ppon it as nothing qiore than a compliment,

In 1678 he published ^* The great and new art of weigh*
jng Vanity : or a discovery of tbe ignorance and arrogance
of the gi^at and new atrtist, in bis pseudo-philosophical
vfrifings. By M. Patrick Mathers, arch^bedal to the um«
Tersity of St. Andrew's. To which are annexed some ten-»
tamina de naotu penduli et projectorum.'^ Under this
assumed name, our author wrote this little piece to expose
tbe ignorance of Mr. Sinclare, professor at Glasgow, in
his bydrostatioa^l writings, and in return for some ill-usage
of that author to a colleague of Mr. Gregory's. In the
same year, sir Isaac Newton^ on his wonderful discoveries
ill thp nature of light, having contrived a new refliecting
leliefcopey and made several objections to Mr. Gregory^'S,
thisgave birth tp i^ duipute between thqse two pbUMoph^n;^

GREG O R Yv 2»

vilmlibiiqtt, ooatniued during that and the following year^ in
ibeiDoscaaiii^le manner on each side; Mr. Gregory de«
li^adiag bis Qivn construction so far, as to gi\'e his anta-^
gowist the whole honour of having made the catoptric te«^
ktspopes preferable to the dioptric ; and shewing, that the
itnperfectioBs.in|hese ii^truments were not so much owing
^jk defect in the object^speculum as to the diflPereut re-
^aogthiJity of the rays of light. lii the course of this dis*
po^y oAir author described a . burning concave mirror^
whieh was approved by sir Isaac, and is still in good
esteem. Several letters that passed iu this dispute ar4s
priiited by Dr. Uesaguliers, in an appendix to the English
edition of Dr. David Gregory^s ^^ Elemeau of Catoptrica
and . Dioptrics.^' AU ibis .while he attended the proper
{Misijness of his professorship with great diligencoi which
^ing up the greatest part of his time, especially in the
jfioiter season^ interrupted him in th^ pursuit of his propet
s|iidies» These, however, led him to &rtber improvementi
jfft the iaveotion of infuute series, which be occasionaUyi
comiDunicated to his intimate frieod and correspondent
Mr. Collins. In 1674 Mr. Gregory was .called to Edia*
burgh, to fill the chair of mathematics in that.ttniversity«
This place he liad held but little more, than a yeap, when,
ia October 1675, being employed in shewing the satellites
of Jupiiter through a telescope to some of his pupils, . he
^sy| suddenly struck with total blindness, and. died a few
daysjtfter, to. the great loss of the mathematical world, at
only thirty-seven years of age.

. The most shining part of Gregory^s character is that of
his. mathematical genius as an inventor* In this view, par«
iicalarly, he merits a place in these memoirs } aodthere^
fore we /shall conclude this article, with .a list of the tnpsl
leaiarkableof his inventions. His reflecting telescope ; bumir
ing concave mirror; bis quadrature of the circle, by an infi-
oi4^ converging series ; and his method for transformation of
eurvesy have been already mentioned. Besides these, h%
was the first who g^ve a geometrical deinonstration.of lord
Brounker's series for squaring the hyperbola, aa it had
been explained by Mercator in his *^ Logarithraotechnia.**
He was likewise the first >yho demonstrated the meridian
line to be analogous to ^> scale of logarithmic tangents, of
the half compliment of latitude*. He also invented and

' * yh\% intention it of great us* in inYeqlor of'lhe deiqonitratioa of it mf%
aavrf ation $ S«l bit just mtrit i»9 Ctie aficrwarcltsMertcdli/Or.HstlejiWhi^

aftO G.KEO O R Y.

demonstrated geometrioally, by the help of the bypeibbia,
a very simple converging series for making the iogartthmSf
and therefore recommended by Dr. Halley as very proper
for practice. He also sent to Mr. Collins the solution of
the famous Keplerian problem by an infinite series. He
found out a method of drawing tangents to curves geo-»
metrically, without any previous calculations. He gave a
rule for the direct and inverse method of tangents, which
Stands upon the same principle (of exhaustions) with that
of 'fluxions, and differs not much from it in the manner of
applicatipn. He likewise gave a series for the length of
the arc of a circle from the tangent, and vice versa; a*
also for the secant and logarithmic tangent and secant, and
vice versa. These, with others, for certifying, or measor*
ing the length of the elliptic and hyperbolic curves, were
sent to Mr. Collins, in return for some received from htm
of sir Isaac Newton^s ; and their elegance being admirable,
and .above whatever he had produced before, and after the
manner of air Isaac, gave room to think he had improved
himself greatly by that master, whose example be foUowedi
in delivering his series in simple terqns, independent on
each other.

We are assured, that at his death he was in pursuit of a
general method of quadrature, by infinite series, like that
of sir Isaac. This appeared by his papers, which came
into the hands of his nephew, Dr. David Gregory, who
published several of them ; and he himself assured Mr.
Collins, be bad found out the method of making sir Isaac's
series; who thiereupon concluded he must have written a
treatise upon it. This encouraged Mr. Stewart, professor
of mathematics in Aberdeen, to take the trouble of- exa*
mioing his papers, then in the hands of Dr. David Gre«
gory, the late dean of Christ church, Oxford ; but no such
treatise could be found, nor any traces of it, and the same
had been declared before by Dr. David Gregory ; whence
it happens, that it is still unknown what his method was of
making those serieses.. However, Mr. Stewart affirms,
that, in turning oyer his papers, be saw several curioi^

however, at the same time obsenrcs. Curios, vol. If. 1727. The truth i%

that it wair performed, not without a Gompiieation, tediousness, and intri*

IcMig train ef eonseqneneet, and com- caoy, were fanlti compiatned of in all

l^licatioQS ef nroportioni, whereby the bis seriett before be had learned to ifli«

evidence ef the demoostration was in a prove them by a sight of those of sir

freat measure lost, and the reader Isaac Newtoo. Comm/^rCi EpistoL No*

wearied before he attains it. Miscel. 53.

GREGORY. Mh

onei irpoif particalar subjects, not jet printed. On the
contrary, some letters which he saw confirmed Dr. David
Gregory^s remark, and made it evident, that our author had
never compiled any treatise, containing the foundations o(
this general method, a very shoit time before his death ;
so that all that can be known about his method can only be
collected from his letters, published in the short history of
his *^ Mathematical Discoveries,** compiled by Mr. Collins^
and his letters to that gentleman in the ^^ Comtnercium Epi*
stolicum." From these it appears,, that, in the beginning of
1670, when Mr. Collins sent him sir Isaac Newton's series
' for squaring the circular zone, it was then so much above
every thing he comprehended in this way, that after hav-
ing endeavoured in vain, by comparing it with several of
fais own, and combining them together, to discover the
m^hod of it, he concluded it to be no legitimate series ;
till, being assured of his mistake by his friend, be went
again to work, and after almost a whole year's indefatiga-
ble pains, as be acknowledges, he discovered, at last, that
It might be deduced frdfil one of bis Own, upon the subject
of the logarithms, m wtfieb he had given a' method .for
finding the power to any given logarithm, or of turning
the root of any pure power into ^n infinite series^ and in
the same manner, viz. by comparing and combininig his
own series together, or else by dediiction therefrom, he fell
upon several more of sir Isaac's, as well as others like them^
in which he became daily more ready by continual prac*
tice ; and this seems to have been the utmost he ever
actually attained to, in the progress towards the discover*
ing Any universal method for those series.^

GREGORY (David), elder brother of the preceding,
was born in 1627 or 1628, and although he possessed all
the genius of the other branches of his family, was edii*
cated by bis father ifor trade, and served an apprenticeship
CO a mercantile house in Holland. Having a stronger pas*
ston, however, for knowledge than for money, he aban*
doned trade in 1655, and returning to his own country, he
succeeded, upon the death of an elder brother, to the estate
of Kinardie, situated about forty miles north of Aberdeen^
where he lived many years, and where thirty«two children
were born to him by two wives. Of these, three sons made

^ Bm^. Brit — ^Hutton's Oici.-«-M«vtiii*8 Biog. PkUmk— Pre&et to Dr. Joha
Gregory's Works, &l]t, 1788, 4 tols. 12mo.

sm GREGORY.

a conspicuous figure in the republic of letters, hetng aH
professors of matheoiatics at the same time in three of the
British universities^ viz. David at Oxford,. James at Edin^
'burghy and Charles at St Andrew's*

Mr. Gregory^ the subject of this memoir, while he lived
at Kinardie, was a jest among the neighbouring gentlemea
for his ignorance of what was dpipg about his pyrn farni^
but an oracle in matters of learning pnd philosophy, and
particularly in medicine, which he had studied for his
amusement, and began to practise among his poor oei'gh-
hours. He acquired «uch a reputation in that science,
that he was employed by the nobility and gentjemeu of
that county, but took no fees. His hours of study. were
singular. Being much occupied through the day with
those who applied to him as a physician, he went early to
bed, rose about two or thr;ee in the morning, and, after
upplying to his studies for some hours, went to bed^agaiu^
and slept an hour or two before breakfatt. He was thi^
first man in that country who had a barometer; and bav^
ing paid great attention to the changes in it, and the cor**
responding cbaAges in the weather, he was once in danger
of being tried by the presbytery for witchcraft or conjura-
tion. A deputation of that body waited upon him to an<»
quire iuto^ the ground of certain reports that had come to
jtlieirears; but, affording them ample satisfaction, a prose«
putio^i was prevented,

. About the beginning of the last century, he removed
with his family to Aberdeen, and 19 the time of queen
Anne's wars employed his thoughts upon an improvement
in artillery, in order to make the shot of great guns more
destructive to the enemy, and executed a model of the
engine he had contrived. The late Di*- Reid, in his adr
ditions to the lives of the Gregorys, published in Hutton*s
dictionary, informs us that he conversed with a clock-
maker at Aberdeen, who had been eipployed in making this
model ;. but having made many different pieces by direction
without knowing their intention, or how they were to be
put together, he could give x\o account of the whole. After
making some ei^periments with this model, which satisfied
him, Mr, Gregory was so s^qgpine in the hope of being
useful to the allies in the war against France, that he set
about preparing a field equipage with a view to make a
tampaign in Inlanders, and in the mean time sent his model
to his son the Savilian professor, the subject of our next

GREGORY. 2«S

ftrtiele, that he might have hiS| and sir Isaac Newton's opi«
hion of it. His son shewed it to Newton without letting
hiai know that his own father was the inventor of it. Sir
Isaac was much displeased with it, saying, that if it had
tended as much to the preservation of mankind, as to their
destruction, the inventor would have deserved a great re-
ward : but, as it was contrived solely for destruction, and
would soon be known by the enemy, he rather deserved
to be punished, and urged the professor very strongly to
destroy it, and if possible, to suppress the invention. It
is probable the professor followed this advice, as he died
'soon after, and the model was never found. Sir Isaac's
f^ljection, however, appears rather to be fastidious, and
might apply with equal force to any improvement in rous*
keis, Sec. or to gunpowder itself.-^Wheh the rebellion
broke ^ out in 1715, Mr. Gregory went a second time to
Holland, and returned when it was over to Aberdeen,
where he died about 1720, aged liinety-three, leaving be-
hind him a history of his own time and country, which was
never published. One of hisidaughters was mother to the
late celebrated Dr. Thomas Reid of Glasgow, by whointhe
above particulars were first communicated.'

GREGORY (David), son of the preceding, and nephew
to the inventor of the reflecting telescope, was born June
24, 1661, at Aberdeen; where be also received the first
grounds of bis learning, but was afterwards removed to
Kdinburgb, and took his degree of M* A. in that university,
l^he great advantage of his uncle^spapers induced his friends
to recommend the mathematics to him ; and he had a natu«»
ral subtilty of genius particularly fitted for that studj', to
which he applied with indqlatigable industry, and suc-
ceeded so well that he was advanced to the mathematical
chair, at Edinburgh, at the age of twenty-three. The
same year he published a treatise, entitled *< Exercitatio
Geometrica de dimensione figurariim,^' Edinb. 1684, 4to^
in which assuming the doctrine of indivisibility, and the
arithmetic of infinites, as already known, he explained a
method which not only suited his nucleus examples, left by
him without any way of finding them, but discovered others^
by which an infinite number of curve-lines^ and the areas
contained between thpiu and righ^ lines (such as ho other
itoethod then known extended to) might be measured. He

> Htttton'tf Pick.— Oleig's $applemeut to the Eoeypl, Brit«nDica-.

8S4

GREGORY.

bad already seen some hints in bis und^^s papers 'conc($m#
ing sir Isaac Newton's method, of which he made the best
use he could * ; and the advantage he found thereby raised
an ardent desire in him Xo see that method puhlished.
Under this impatient expectation, the ** Principia'^ was ho
sooner out in 1€S7, bnt our author took it in band, and
presently made himself so much master of it as to be able
to read his professorial lectures upon the philosophy con**
tained in it, and, causing his scholars to perform their ex**
ercises for their degrees upon several branches of it, be^
eaihe its first introducer into the schools.
. .He continued at Edinburgh till 1691, when, bearing of
Dr. Bernard's intention to resign the Savilian professorship
of astronomy at Oxford, he left Scotland, and, coming to
London, was admitted a member of the royal society : and
paid bis addresses to sir Isaac Newton, who took the first
opportunity of recommending him to Mr. Flamstead (masf
ter of the mathematical school in Christ's- hospital, Lon*
don), with a letter, recommending his mathematical merit
,ebove all exception in these terms : ** Sir, it is almost a
fortnight since I intended, with Mr« Paget and another
friend or two, to have given you a visit at Greenwich ; but
sending to the Temple coffee-house, I understood you had
not been in London for two or three weeks before, wbioh
maide me think you were retired to your living for a time.
The bearer hereof, Mr. Gregory, mathematic professor <tf
Edinburgh coll<^e, in Scotbmd, intended to have given
you a visit with us. You will find him a very ingenious
person, and a good mathematician, worth your acquaint*"
ance.'* In proceeding, be mentions our author as a fit
person, in case of Mr. Flamstead's death, to carry on his
astronomical views. Thus recommended, the royal astro«-
Bomer used his best interest to procure him success at Ox»-
ford, where he was elected astronomy-professor this year,
bavine been .first admitted of Baliol college, and incorpo*
rated M. A. February 8, and he was created M. D. on the

* In his Latin <* Treatise of PracU-
tal Geometry," there is a series of
Jiis vncle's, vbieh be reeeoBmeods for
jH)uaring die circle>'thimigh it eonfevf ••
so slow, as to be otteHy of no use in
pr»etiee» without some farther artifice'.
This is obserred by Mr. Maclaiirtn,
who published an English translation of
it in 1745,8¥0, with additions, and the
second edition vat printed tt Edin*

burgb, 1751, 8vo. However, Mr. Mao*
laiirin*s remark shews our author's «^in
in infinite series to be eery iai|>erftfot»
at the time of reading those leetores,
from which the tract waa compiled
after his death ; and Mr. Celes. of Caw-
bridge, spohe alighUy of bit abilities hi
that doctrine. Gen. Diet. fol. IV, p^
144.

G R E G O R T.

99$

19th of the •atne month, but he had no relUh for the tech*
nical part of hia profession, and was seldom seen in the
abserratory. His genius lay more to geometry, and in
that way he succeeded very well, both in his elements of
optics*, and of physical and geometrical astronomy. This
last is reckoned his master-piece ; and, having finished it
in 1702, folio, he immediately engaged in carrying on the
noble Resign of his predecessor, Dr. Bernard, to print all
the works of the ancient mathematicians, the first-fruits of
which appeared in an edition of Euclid's works in Greek
and Latin, folio, the following year. In the same design
he afterwards joined with his colleague. Dr. Halley, in. pre-
paring an edition of '^ Apollonius's Conies f * Dr. Bernard
had left materials for the four first books, which our author
undertook to complete, but was prevented by his deaths
which happened October 10, 1708. He died at the Grey-
hound-inn, at Maidenhead, in Berkshire, in his way from
London to Bath. His disorder was a consumption. He
was interred at Maidenhead, but there is a handsome
marble monument erected to his memory in St. Mary*s
church at Oxford, by his wife.

• Our professor's genius lay chiefly in inventing new and
elegant demonstrations of the discoveries made by others^
He gave the first demonstration of that curve, which is well
known since by the name of catenaria, or the curve that is
formed by a chain fastened at each end ; and first disco*
vered, that thi?* curve iuverted gave the form of a true and
legitimate arch, all the parts supporting each otherf* There
are several other papers of his in the *^ Philosophical Trans-
actions," vols. XVIII. XIX. XXI. XXIV. and XXV. He
left also in MS. " A short treatise of the nature and aritb*
metic of Logarithms," which is printed at the end of Keill*^
translation of Commandine's Euclid ; and the <' Treatise of
Practical Geometry" menUoned in the note, as published
by Mr. Madaurin. .His explication of sir Isaac Newton's

. * It »«« published in 1^95, in La-
tio, entitled ** CatoptricB & Dioptrics
Spherics Eleraenta, Ox<».^Bro, and
vat codBiMled from' hw leotttKi* read
at fidinhursh in 1684. In H he g^ivet
the preference to lir Isaac Newton's
rafleeclng telescope^ above thatofhli
fade James Oregory. It was much
fsteemed for the neatness and easiness
tf the demonstrations ; and a seoond
edition ir' fiofiish came ovt in 1703,

by Dr. Browne ; and a third in 1*735,
by Dr. Desa|:uliers, who added an ap-
pendix, containinif the history of tlio
two reAootins tolesoopet, with theU
seTeral improvements at that time.

t This is printed in the Phil. Trans.
No. Sdl. He obsarrtts, that arches af
all othar fotms, in stone* bfick. and ihe
1ilce» are only supported by incladim
jomecatenary curve, within the breadth
of their farming stones.

i$e O R E G O R r.

method, to construct the orbit of a comet by three. ncoci^tM
observations, is commended by Dr. Halley. Oar author wa«
a most ioiimate and confidential friend of sir 'Isaac, and
was intrusted with a manuscript copy of the ^' Principia,**
for the purpose of making obsenri^ions on it. Of these
Newton availed himself in the second edition, they having
come too late for his first publication, which wa? exceed-
ingly h«rried by Dr. Halley, lest Newton's backwardness
might not let it appear at all. There is a complete copy
of these observations preserved in the library of the vni-
vemty of Edinburgh, presented to it by Dr. James Gre^-.
gory, the present professor of the practice of medicine*
These contain many sublime matlinematical discussions^
many valuable commentaries on the ** Principia,*' and
many interesting anecdotes. There are in it some para^
graphs in the band-writing of Huygens relative to his
theory of light.

Dr. David Gregory married, in 1695, Elizabeth, the
daughter of Mr. Oliphant of Langtown in Scotland. By
this lady he bad four sons, of whom, the eldest, Davip,
was elected, from Westminster school in 1714» student of
Christ church, Oxford ; became rector of Semly in Wilt*
shire; was installed canon of Christ church, June 8, }7S6|
and dean, May 18, 1756. He was appointed the first pro^
fessor of modern history and languages on the foundation
of that professorship by George I. prolocutor of the lower
house of convocation, and master of Sherbuni hospital^
near Durham. He died and was interred in Christ church
cathedral, 1767, in the seventy-first year of his age, in the
same grave with his wife Mary (Grey), who died in 176^.

When Dr. David Gregory, the Savilian professor, quitted
Edinburgh, he was succeeded in the professorship at that
university by his brother Jam£S, likewise an eminent ma-
thematician ; who held that office for tbirty-three ye&rs^
and, retiring in 1725, wss succeeded by the celebrated
Maclaurin. A daughter of this professor James Gregory,
IT young lady of great beauty and accomplishments, was
the victim of ah unfortunate attachment, that furnished the
subject of Mallet^s welUknown ballad of ^* William imd
Margaret." Another brother, Charles, was created prcM
fessor of mathematics at St. Andrew^s by queen Anne, in
1707. This office he held with reputation and ability for
thirty^two years; and^ resigning in 1739, was succeeded

G RE G O It T. 4t9

hfhu 9on^ who eminently inherited the tttentt of hiii fa^
mily, and died in 1763.*

GREGORY (John), professor of medicine in the oni*
Tersity of Edinburgh, was born at Aberdeen in 1724. He
was the third son of James Gregory, M. D. professor of
medicine in King's college, Aberdeen, by Anne, daughteir
of the rev. George Chalmers, principal of King^s college
there. His grandfather was David Gregory of Kinardie,
and his grand-uncle the James Gregory, whose life we
have first given, the inventor of the reflecting telc^scope.
Though the father of Dr. John Gregory died when he wai
very young, his education was carefully superintended, and
be made a rapid progress in his studies, and like the rest
of bis ancestors became deeply versed in mathematical
knowledge. He also cultivated an elegant and just taste,
(dearoess and beauty of expression, with precision of
judgment, and extensive knowledge. He was the early*,
iatimate, and constant friend and associate of Drs. Grerard,
Beattie, and the other eminent men. who belonged to the
university of Aberdeen. In 1742, he went to Edinburgh
to prosecute the study of medicine, and thence to Leydeii
in 1745, and to Paris in 1746, for further improvement;
On his return lie was appointed professor of philosophy in
King's college, Aberdeen, and had at the same time the
degree of M. D. conferred upon him. He held this pro^
fessofship for a few years. In 1754, he went to London,
frberehe cultivated the acquaintance, and fixed the esteem
atid friendship of some of the most distinguished literati
|bere. Edward Montague, esq. an eminent matheniatician^
iQaintaiued a firm friendship for the doctor, founded on a
similarity of manners and studies. His lady the celebrated
Mrs. Montague, and George lord Lyttelton, were of the
number of his friends; and it is not improbable that he
would have continued in London, and practised there in
bis profession, if the death of bis brother Dr. James Gre-*
gory, professor of physic in King's college, Aberdeen, in
1756, had niot occasioned his being recalled to his native
university to fill that chair. His occupations in physic now
began; to be active ; be gave a course of lectures in physic^
aad practised in his profession^ with great success. ' In the

* Biof . Brit.— »Hutton't I^iCtionary.— Gleig's Supplemeot to the Eneyclop,
Britari.— -Letters by Eminent Persout> 1S13, 3 rols 8?o, by which we have
heen enabled to eprrect the date of Dr. Gregory *»<leatb|' giren erfontouily by

all his biographer*. . ... >

,SW G K £ O O K T.

Above-meDtioncd year, while at London, he was elected e
fellow of the royal seciety. In 1766, on the death of Dr.
Robert Wbytt, the ingenious professor of the theofy of
physic at Edinburgb| Dr. Gregory was called to succeed
him, as his majesty's first physician in Scotland ; and about
the same time he was chosen to fill the chair of professor of
the practice of physic, which was. jast resigned by Dn
Rutherford. Dr. Gregory gave three successive courses of
.practical lectures. Afterwards by agreement with his in*
genious colleague, Dr. Cullen, they lectured alternate ses-
sions, on the practice and institutions of medicine, with
just and universal approbation, till the time of Dr. Gre-
gory's death. j

The doctor having attained the first dignities of his pro-
fession in bis native country, and the most important me^
dical station in the University, far from relaxing firom that
attention to the duties of his profession which had raised
bim, endeavoured to merit the rank he lield in it, and in
the public esteem, by still greater exertions of labour and
assiduity. It was during this time of business and occupa*
tion, that he prepared and publbbed his practical Syllabus
for the use of students, ifrhich, if it bad been finished,
would have proved a very useful book of practice ; and
likewise, those admired ^* Lectures on the Dutte^ Office^
and Studies of a Physician.^'

Dr. Gregory, for many years before his death, fek the
approach of disease, and apprehended, from an hereditary
and cruel gout, the premature death, which indeed too
soon put a period to his life and usefulness. In this anSEious
expectatioa, he had prepared ^' A Father's Legacy to his
Daughters.'' But for some days, and even that preceding
his death, he had been as well as usual ; at midnight, he
w%9^ left in good spirits by Dr. Johnstone, late physician in
Worcester, at that time his clinicid clerk; yet at nine
o'clock in the morning of the 10th of February, 1773, be
was found dead in his bed.

Pr. Gregory was taU in person, and remarkable for the
sweetness of his disposition and oountenance, as wdl as for
the ease and openness of his maimers. He was an univer-
sal and (elegant scholar, an experienced, learned, sagadou%
and humane physician — a professor, who had the happy
talent of interesting his pupils, and of directing their at-
tention to sttl^jects of importance, and of explaining diffi-
culties with simplicity and clearness. He- entered with

GREGORY. 28$

groM mnmh into the interests and conduct of his heare^^
and gave such as. deserved it every encooragement and as«
sistaace ia bis power : open^ frank, soKcia!, and'tindisgaised
in his life aad manners, sincere in his friendships, a ten«-
der husband and father : and an unaifected> cheerful^ can-
did^ benevolent man.

Dr. Gregory married in 1752, Elizabeth, daughter of
William lord Forbes-: he lost this amiable lady in 1761 :
she left the doctor three sons and three daughters. HiA
eldest son, James Gregory, M. D. now professor of medi-
cine in £dinborgh, is likely to perpetuate the honours of
this learned family, which has given sixteen professors to
British universities.

Dr. Gregory published : 1. ** Comparative View of the
state and faculties of Man with those of the Animal World,**
8vo, This work was first read to a private literary society
at Aberdeen, and without the most distant view to publica-
tion. Many bints are thrown out in it oii subjects of con-
sequence, with less formality, and more freedom, than if
pnbUcation bad been originally intended. The author put
bis -name to the second edition of this work ; many additions
are 4I90 joined to it; and it is dedicated tb George lord
Lyttelton, who always professed a high esteem for thist
author and his writings. This work, indeed, if the author
bad left no other, must convince every one, that, as a man
of science, he possessed extensive knowledge, exquisite
taste and judgment, and great liberality of mind. 2. " Ob-
servations on the duties and oflBices of a Physician, and oft
the method of prosecuting inquiries in Philosophy," 177O',
9vo, published by one who heard the professor deliver them
in lectures ; but they were acknowledged, and republished
in a more correct form, by the author^ in the same yean
3. ^^ Elements of the practice of Physic for the use of
Students,** 1772, republished 1774, and intended as a text
hook, to be illustrated by his lectures on the practice of
physic ; but be died before he had finished it, and before
he had finished the first course of lectures which he gave
on that text.

The doctor's death happened while he was lecturing^ oh
the pleurisy.-— His son, Dr. James Gregory, finished that
course of lectures, to thd general satisfaction of the uni-
Veisity ; and published in 1774, a small tract of his father's,
entitled << A father's Legacy to bis Daughters ;** which
was written solely for their use (about eight years before

Vol. XVI. U

150 G fl t dr O R T.

the author died) ii^ith the tei^derest aflPeetioii, and deepest
concern for their happiness. This work evinces great
kndwiedge of huaaafii nature, and of the worlds and mani'-
fests such jtoUcitude for their welfare as strongly recoai-
mends the advice which he gives. In 1788,^ all his works
were published together in 4 vols* 8?o, with a life of hixxt^
nelif and an accotint of his fainilj.'

GREGORY (Johk)» a learned divine of a different fa^
mily from the preceding, was born November lOy 1607, at
Agmondesham^ in Bttckinghamshire. There appeared in
his infancy such a strong inclination to learning, as reccmi-
mended him to the notice of some persons of the best rank
in the town ; and, his parents being well respected for their
piety and honesty, it was resolved to give him a liberal
education at the university, the ezpence of which they
were not able to support. To thi» purpose^ he was chosen
at the age of fifteen, by Dr. Crooke, to go with sir William
Drake to Christ church, in Oxford, whom he attended in
the station of a servitor, and be was soon after retained by
sir Robert Crook in the same capacity ; Dr. George Mor*-
ley, afterwards bishop of Winchester, was their tutor. Mr.
Gregory made the best use of this favour, and applied
8o closely to his studies, for several years at the rate
of sixteen hours each day, that he became almost a pro*
digy for learning. He took his first degree in arts in 1628,
and commenced master in 1631 ; about which time, enter*
ing into orders, the dean, Dr. Brian Duppa, gave him
a chaplain's place in that cathedral. In 1634, he published
a second edition of sir Thomas Ridley's ^^ View of the Civil
and Ecclesiastical Law," 4to, with notes ; which was weU
received, and afforded the world eminent proofs of his ex«
tensive knowledge ; the notes shewing him well versed in
historical, ecclesiastical, ritual, and oriental learning, and
a considerable master of the Saxon, French, Italian, Spa-
nish, and all the eastern languages. All these acquisitiona
were the pure fruit of his own industry ; for he had no as*
iistance, except for the Hebrew tongue, in which Mr. Joha
Dod, the decalogist, gave him some directions, during on«
vacation that he resided with him near Banbury. Hia me-
rit engaged the farther kindness of Dr. Duppa; and, when
that prelate was promoted to the bishopric of Chichett^
in 1638, he made Mr. Gregory his domestic chaplain^ Md

I Life prefixed t* his YfotkM^^^mi m tbe Mandietter Umoin^ 1786.

O R E O O R T. f91

'teme time after gave him a prebend in that church. His
^patron also continued his favours after his translation td the
see of Salisbury in 1641, when he seated him in a stall -of
that cathedraL

But he did not enjoy the benefit of these' preferments
long : being a firm loyalist, as well as his patron, he was
deprived of both by the tyranny of the usurpers, and was
reduced some years before his death to great distress. In
these circumstances, he was taken into the bouse, of one
Sutton, to whose son he had been tutor ; this was an ob*
scure ale-house on Kiddington-green, near Oxford^ where
he died March 13, 1.646, of an heredkary gout, with which
be had been troubled for above twenty years, and which
at last seized his stomach. His corpse was carried to Ox-
ford, and interred, at the expence of some friends, in that
cathedral. He was honoured with the acquaintance and
favour of the greatest men of the age, and held a corre-
spondence with several eminent persons abroad, as well
Jews and Jesuits, as others. His works are, ^' Notes. and
Observations oh some passages of Scripture,^' published a
little before his death in 1646, 4to, and besides being re-
printed four times in the same form, were translated into
Lalin^ and inserted in the ** Critici Sacri.^' • His posthu-
mous works were published by his friend Mr. John Gur-
gany, B. D. of Merton college, in a quarto volume, entitled
«<Gregorii Posthuma," 1650, 1664, 1671, and 1683. This
volume contains, I. *^A Discourse of the LXX Interpreters;
the place and manner of their interpretation." II. ** A
Discourse declaring what time the Nicene Creed began to
be sung in the Church." III. ^^ A Sermon upon the Re-
surrection, from 1 Cor. xv. verse 20." IV. " Koiiw JaJry®-,
or, a Disproof of him in the third of St. Luke, verse 36.?
V. '* Episcopus Puerorum in die Innocentium.^' YI. *^ De
Mtis & Epochis, shewing the several accounts of time
among all nations from the creation to the present age.'f
VII. ^^ The Assyrian Monarchy, being a description of its

* rise and fall." VIII. ^* The description and use of the

: Terrestrial Globe." Besides these, he wrote a tract en^
titled ** Alkibla," in which he endeavoured to vindicate the

. antiquity of worshiping towards the East. There is a
manuscript of his entitled ^^ Obseirvationes in Ip^a qusedam

;l excerpta ex Johannis MalelsB chronographia," in the pub-
lic library at Oxford ; and he intended to have published a
l4ttin translation of that author with annotations. He

u 3

traislaftefl Mke^int^trota Greeds ititc^ latin, 1. ^^Palladitis de
Gc»tib«M Iniim A BraebmanibiM ;'* 2. << S. Ambrosiiis de
Moribiis BracbmannoFum 9^' S. '^ Anonymus de Braeh-^
manibus t^* wbich translations came after his deatb into
die bands of Mr. Edmund Cbilmead^ cbaplaki of Cbrist
chnrcby Oxfofd, and then into those of Edward Byshe, esq;
who publiflbed tbetn in bis own name at London, 1665, 4tOv
I GREGORY (Gboroe), D. D. a divine and miscella*
iieous writer, was descended from a family, originally from
SeotUnd, but a branch of wbich was settled in Ireland^
His father, w&o had been educated in Trinity college,
Dublin, held, at the time of his son^s birth, the living of
£dernin, and' a prebend in the cacbedral of Ferns. Pr<
Gregory was born April 14, 1754, and after bis father's
death io 1766, was removed to Liverpool, where his mo-
ther fixed her residence. He passed some time under thd
tuition of an excellent schoolmaster of the name of Holden,
Iby whom be was much distinguished for his proficiency ia
learning. As it was his mother^s desire that bcf should be
brought up to commerce, be spent some years in mer-?
eantile employments ; but a taste fbr literature, which con-^
tinned to be his ruling propensity, produced a final deter-
mination in favour of a learned profession. Although the
regular process of education for this purpose had been in-
terrupted, tbe intervening variety of pursuit and observa^
tion proved the foundation of a great store of information
relative to the arts and sciences, to commerce, 'manufac-
tures, and political institutions, that was very useful in his
subsequent compilations. When his destination was fixed,
be passed an interval of study at the university of Edin-
burgb, and in 1776 entered into holy orders. He first ofli-
ciated as a curate at Liverpool, where he distinguished
himself as a preacher, and wrote some occasional pieces in
the periodical journals and magazines, particularly against
the slave trade, which he had the spirit to attack in tbe
principal seat of that traffic. In 1782 he removed to Lon-«
don, and obtained the curacy of St. Giles's Cripplegate> in
which parish he became very popular, both in that capa-
city and afterwards as their morning preacher. His t>ther
London preferments, if they toay be so called, were the
curacy and lectureship of St. Botolph's, the lectureship of

1 Life prefixed to hi* PosUmmoat Worki.— Gen. Diet— Biog. Brit Sttppl^
musaX.-^AOu Ox. foL II.— Uojd'i Memoir*, folioi p. 86.— FuUer^i WoiUuci.

6 b:e G O B Y. in

St. L^ke%:QBe <>{the weekly lectureships of St Aiitholin*s.
^nd a small, prebend jq St. Paul's, which he relinquished
fQr the rectory o£ Stafdeford in Hertfordshire. He was
also spme. time one of the evening. preachers at the E'ound^
ling hospital. . In 1804 he was presented by Mr. Adding-^
ton, now ;lord Sidmouth^ to the valuable living of West
Ham in Essex, where in a little .tinie the powers of his
Gonstitutiopy, although apparently a strong one, suddenly
gave way, and he died, after a short confinement, March
12, 1808.

. The. greater part of Dr. Gregory's time, after his arrival/
in London, was spent in literary employment, rand princi«
pally in compilations that were successful and useful* He
was tb^ first who, about 1762-3, suggested a. series efex^
tracts from eminent authors, which were published by the late
i/Lr, Kearsley of Fliaet-stve^ under the name of -^^ Beau-
tiiss," and Md a very .extensive sale. He afterwards pub^
lished an original work, entitled ** Essays historical and
iDonU/* nSSf 8vo, which introduced him very favourably
to the notice of the ;public, and Ieacbed^a second edition
in 178S. This was followed by, l.A translation of Lowtfa'a
Lectures on the sacred poetry of the Hebrews, 17S7.** 2..
*« Church History," 1788, and 1795, 2 vols. 3. *Mife rf
Chattertpn," 1766, 8vo, inserted afterwards in the <* BiO*
graphia Britannica," for which it was originally intended.
4. " Sermons," 1769. 5. A translation of Telemachus, or
rather a reWsal of Hawkesworth^s translation, 1796, 4 to.
C. " The Economy of Nature," 3 vols. 8vo. 7. <« A Dio-
tionary of Arts and Sciences," 1 806, 2 vols. 4to. To some
of these it is supposed he contributed little more than his
Dame; but the number of works which he compiled with-
put bis name, would furnish perhaps a more numerous li^.
Among others he was many years editor of the ^^ New An-
nual Register," conducted through the whole of the French
wmx with bitter hostility to the meai^ores of the British go-
viernment. He took advantage, however, of the short in-
terval of peace, to give it a turn favourable to the then ad-
ministration, which it is said procured him the living of
West Ham. He left in the press '< Letters on Natural aiM
Experimental Philosophy," and a ^' Series of Letters to
}iis Son,"' which have since been published.^

GRENADA (Lewis de), a celebrated Dominican in the
sixteenth century, one of the greatest masters of what

1 Athensum^ vol. III.—GeDt, Mas* ▼ol. LXXVIII*

ft9^ 6R E N A da:

Roman catholics call the spiritaal life, was born in 1504, at'
Grenada. He was educated in the house of the marquis
de Mondejar, and acquired great reputation by his piety^
preaching, and writings. The kings of Portugal and Cas-
tile had a particular esteem for him, and would have raised
him to the highest ecclesiastical dignities, but he per-
sisted in refusing their offers. He died December 31^
1588. His works have been translated into French by
Mr. Girard, in 2 vols, folio, and 10 vols. 8vo. They are
said to be written with uncommon eloquence of style, and
contain solid instruction. The principal are, '^ The Sin-
ner's Guide,** 1 vol. ; the ** Memorial of the Christian Life,**
with the supplement, 3 vols. ; a ** Treatise on Prayer,'* 2
vols. ; an excellent '< Catechism," 4 vols. ; the edition of
1709 is more complete than the preceding ones. ^'In-
structions for Preachers,*' 8vo, a treatise on the duties of
bishops; '< Sermons,** 6 vols. 8vo, Antwerp, 1604, in
Latin ; the Life of the Holy Priest, Avila, &c.^

GRESHAM (Sir Thomas), descended of an ancient
family distinguished by many honourable persons, which
took its name from a town so called in Norfolk, was the
younger son of sir Richard Gresham, knight, silderman,
sheriff, and lord mayor of London, an opulent mer^^hant,
and a man of great public spirit, who died in February
1548. His brother, sir John Gresham, was also an opu-
lent merchant, and had served the offices of alderman,
sheriff, and lord mayor. He died of a pestilential fever in
1556, after, among other acts of munificence, endowing the
free school of Holt in Norfolk, and bestowing the govern-
nent of it on the fishmongers* company in London. Tho-
mas, the son of the preceding sir Richard, was born in
1519 at London, and bound apprentice to a mercer -there
while he was young : but, to enlarge his mind by an edu«
cation suitable to his birth and fortune, was sent to Gains
college, then Gonvil-hall, in Cambridge; where he re-
.mained a considerable time, and made such improvements
in learning, that Gains the founder of the college s^les
him '* doctissimus mercator,** the very learned merchant
However, the profits of trade were then so great, and such
large estates had been raised by it in his own family, chat
)ie afterwards engaged in it, and was admitted a member
pf th^ Mercers* company in 1543. About this time hQ

V Diet, Hist.«^Moreri,

6 R E S R A M. 29C

ttnried Anne, fhe daughter of William Fernley, esq. of
West Creling, in Suffolk, and widow of William Reade, of
Falbam, in Middlesex, esq^ by whom he had a son named
Richard, who not long after succeeded his father in the office .
of agent to king Edward for taking up money of the mer-
chants at Antwerp, and removed to that city with his family
in 1551.

The business of his employ gave him a great deal of
trouble and much uneasiness. The usual method in which
the business of taking up money of the merchants at Ant-
werp for the king's use, had been managed, was greatly to
the prejudice of the crown of England, as well by giving a
very large interest for the money borrowed, as other in«
conveniencies, when the principal was not paid Within the
time of the contract > And as the money which was now
taken up in Mr. Gresham^s agency, was not paid at the
time agreed on, this gave him great uneasiness, his busi-
ness being then to get it prolonged, which was not to be
done without the consideration of the king's purchasing
jewels or some other commodities to a large amount, as a
consideration for prolonging the debt, besides continuing
the interest. But this way of proceeding he neither thought
for his majesty's honour nor his own credit, as his agent,
and therefore projected the following scheme to bring the
king wholly out of debt in two years — Provided the king
and council would assign him 1200^. or 1300/. a week, to
be secretly received at one man's hands, that so it might
he kept ctecret, he would so use that matter in Antwerp,
that every day he would be seen to take up in his own
name 200/. sterling by exchange, which would amount in
one year to 73,000/. and so doing it should not be per-
ceived nor give occasion to make the exchange fall. He
proposed farther, that the king should take all the lead
into his own hands, and making a staple of it, should put
out a proclamation or shut up the custom-house, that ho
iead should be conveyed out of the kingdom for five years;
by which the king might cause it to rise, and feed them at
Antwerp from time to time, as they should have need. By
which means he might keep his money within the realm,
and bring himself out of the debts which his father and the
late duke of Somerset had brought upon him. This scheme
being put into execution, had the proposed effect in dis-
charging his majesty's debts, which were very consider-
^le^ as well as in raising his majesty's credit so high

296

G R E S H A U

ftbroad> that be might have boirowied #hat wois he jfleased;
and| by the adrants^geous turn which by ibis m^ans was
given to the exchange in favour of England, not only the
price of all foreign commodities was greatly sunk and
abated ; but likewise gold and silver, which before had
been exported in large quantities, were mosjt pientifuDy
brought back again.

In the performance of ^h^se servic^s^ -Gr^bam often
stretched his own credit,, and kept up the eKcbanige at
his own risk, by which be frequently losit several hundred
pounds at a time; and on one particular time he iook up
50,000/. for the king's service.. In the course of thesSe
transactions, he had frequently occasion to meddle wiih
political affairs, as well as those immediately committed to
his charge, through the application of the empieror's Stis-
ter, then regent in .the Netherlands, as well as that of 'tiie
king his master ; so that be made at least forty joitrneys
from England to Antwerp during ihe remainder cif the
short reign of Edward VL These services werje so acc^-
able to the young monarch, that abcmt three weeks before
his death, be granted to Mr. preshatn, as a mark of his
favour, lOOZ. a year to him and his ^irs for evert Mr.
Gresham also obtained, in t|ie course of that reign .grants
of estates and reversions to the value of about 300/. a;year.
fie was but a young man when first employed by king Ed*
ward; and the skill and prudence ^displayed in the various
matters in which he was employed, discovered an uncom-
mon knowledge of mercantile affairs. But notwithstanding
his abilities, and the considerable services he had rendered
to the crown, he was, upon the accession of queen. Mary^
removed from his agency. This induced him to. draw up
a memorial of his services to the late king, which he sent
to a minister of state to be laid before her majesty ; and
the services represented as done, not only to the king, but
to the nation in general, by the increase both of money
and trade, and the advancement of the public credit, being
observed to be fact, be was taken soon after into the
queen^s service, and reinstated in his former employment,
its appears by the commissions given him at different times
during, that reign. After the decease of queen Mary, in
1558, he was taken immediately* into the service of queeh
Elizabeth, who employed him on her accession to provide
and buy up arms; and in 1559 she conferred on him the
bonoor of knighthood, and appointed him her agept m

G'R E S H A M. 297

Mtign paiti. In tbis stttte ctf cte&it bnfl rieputation, ht
thou^tfvrdper to prdvide himself with a mansion -^^hmise in
die city, snitable to his station attd dignity ; and with tbb
spivk built a large and sumptoous 'house for his ewn dWelU
ingy on the west-side of Bishopsgate-street, London, af^
terwards called Gresham-college, where he 'maintained an
establishment becoming bis character and station. Bai
this fiow of profiipemy received a heavy check by the lost
6£ bis only son, aged 16 years, who died in 1564, and
was buried in St Helen's church, opposite to his mansTod
boose.

At this time the merchants of London met in Lombard^
street, exposed to the open air and all the injuries of the
weather. To remedy which inconvenience, sir Thomases,
fieither during his shrievalty wrote a letter to ^ir Thomas
Audeley then lord-privy-seal, acquainting him that there
were certain houses in that street belonging to sirOeorg^
Monoux, which if purchased and pulled down, a bandslom^
exchange might be built on the ground ; he therefore de«-
sired his lordship to move his majesty, that a letter might
be sent to sir George, requiring him to srell those houses
io the mayor and commonalty of the city of London for
that purpose. The building he supposes would cost up-
wards of 2000/., 1000/. of Which he doubts not to raise
before he was out of his office : but nothing effectual was
done in it. Sir Thomas therefore took up 'his father's de-
sign, dnd improving upon his spirit, proposed that if the
citizens would give him a piece of grbund in a proper
place large enough for the purpose, he would build an
exchange at his own expence with large and covered
walks, where the merchants and traders of all sorts might
daily assemble and transact businiess at all seasons, without
interruption from the weather or impediments of any kiud.
This generous offer was gratefully accepted, and in 1566
several houses upon Cornhill and the back of it, with three
alleys, called Swan-alley, New-alley, and St. Christo-
pber'is <Llley, containing in all eighty houses, were purchased
by the citizens for more than 3532/. and sold for 478/. on
Condition of pulling them down, and carrying off the stuf£
Tbis done, the ground- plot was made plain at the charges
of the city, and possession given to sir Thomas, who wad '
Atyled " Agent to the queen's highness ;** and who, on the
7th of June, laid the first stone of the foundation ; and
Ifce^^ork was forthwith followed with such diligence, that

t98 G R E S H A M.

by Not. 1567, the same was covered with slaiei and the
abell shortly after fully finished. It is said that the tiinbec
of which this fabric was built, was first framed aod put to-
gether at Battisford, near Ipswich, in Suffolk, and dkence
1>l'ought tQ London.

The plan of this edifice was formed from the exchange
at Antwerp, being an oblong square, with a portico sup-
ported with pillars of marble, ten on the north and south
fides> and seven on the east and west ; under which stood
the shops each seven feet and a half long, audi five feet
broad, in ail 120, twenty-five on each side east and west^
^nd thirty-four and.an half north, and thirty-five and an
half south, each of which paid sir Thomas 4L lOs, a year
upon an average. There were likewise other shopa fitted
up at first in the vaults below, but the dampness and dark-
ness rendered these so inconvenient, that the vaults were
soon let out to other uses; upon the roof stood at each
corner, upon a pedestal, a grasshopper, which was the
crest of sir Thomas's arms. This edifice was fully com-
pleted, and the shops opened in 1569; and Jan. 29, 1570,
queen Elizabeth attended by her nobility, came from Somer-
set-house thither, and caused it by a trumpet and a herald
to be proclaimed *^ The Royal Exchange.'' The story, how-
ever, of sir Thomas's having on this day reduced a costly
pearl to powder, and drank it up in a glass of wine, seems
to rest on very .slender foundation, and is very incon-
sistent with his character, who knew' how to unite the
magnificence of the nobleman with the prudence of the
merchant

In the mean time he had scarcely entered upon the exe-
cution of this noble design, when in 1566, he vrsa sent
over to Antwerp to take up the sum of 14,667/. Flemish
money, for her majesty, and prolong the time of payment
for 34,385/. more; and in December of the same year,
there was another debt of the queen's prolonged of 8532/*
Flemish. Sir Thomas, however, perceiving the disad-
vantage of borrowing money from foreigners, at an exor-
bitant iaterest, advised her majesty to take up what money
she wanted of her own merchants ; which advice, however,
was not imqnediately adopted, but in 1569 an opportunity
occurred which rendered his advice necessary. The quar-
rel which at this time took place between <|ueen Elis^abeth
and the king of Spain, obliged the English merchants to
«end th^ir effects to Hamburghi on which the duke of

GUjCSHAM. 3M

iliva, goyetnor of the Netherlands, prohibited all com^
merce with England. Upon this, secretary Cecil, who was
then at the head of the exchequer, had his fears lest the
merchants would not have money enough to carry on their
trade, and the queen lest the falling off in the duties on
cloth might prevent her paying her debts abroad. Sir
'Thomas, however, when consulted, told the secretary that
in his opinion the queen needed be at no difficulty to pay
her creditors, if she saw her merchants well paid in London
their first payment, which was half of her debt to them ;
for by the time the other half should be payable, the mer-
chants would have plenty of money both here and at Ham-
Irargh* He assured him, that the commodities shipped by
•our merchants from Hamburgh were well worth 100,000/. ;
and those shipped hence with our goods thither, were
i¥orth upwards of 200,000/< so that the duty upon cloths
'(10,000/. at least) would enable the queen to discharge her
debt. As to the secretary's fears respecting the mer«
chants, sir Thomas observed that there was no foundation
.for them, considering the great vent our commodities had
at Hamburgh already, and were likely to have, and there-
fore he advised that the first payment agreed on at Ham-
burgh should above all things be provided for ; assuring
the secretary, that he knew certainly that the duke of Alva
was more troubled with the queen's great credit, and with
the vent of her commodities at Hamburgh, than he was
with any thing else, and ** quaked for fear ;'* that this was
one of the principal hindrances to the payment of the tenth
penny, then demanded by the duke for the sale of any
kind, of goods in the Netherlands ; which he believed would
be his undoing. He then renewed his advice respecting
'borrowing of her own subjects in preference to foreigners,
urging many reasons grounded on facts. When, however,
the motion of lending money to the queen was first pro-
posed among the merchants by sir Thomas, it met with
great opposition, and was negatived in the common-hall;
but upon more mature consideration afterwards several of
the merchants and aldermen lent her majesty various sums
• of money, to the value of 16,000/. for six months, at 6 per
cent, interest for that time. She gave bonds to each of
them separately for re-payment, and likewbe other accus*
tomed bonds to discharge them of the statute of usury; and
when the six months were expired, she prolonged the pay-
' went for six months more, paying the same interest, whk

900 O !R £ S H A M.

brokag&r A$ her majesty was thus: enabled to borrow
money of her own subjects, instead of foreigners^ ,aad;the
commerce with Flanders, particularly Ant werp» wf» nom
prohibited, sir Thomas's office as agent, for her majes^ n
those parts, (leased of course. . But in 1^72, to sh^w b&c
regard for him, she was pleased to. appoint him, together
with the archbishop of .Canterbury, tbe^bi^^P of*. London,
jind other persons of eminence, assistants jto the lord mayor
for the government of the city .of Loudon .dpring her iur
tended progress that summer. . This , method wfts.afterr
wards .continued on similar, occasions^ and sir Thoauus
Gresham wasjoinedin-the commission till 157S. ..

Though sir Thomas had purchased very large estates, io
several counties of England, yet he thought a country seait
near London, to which he might retire from business And
the burry of the city as often as he pleased, would be veiy
cotivenient. With this view he bought Osterleyrpark, aesir
Brentford, in Middlesex, where he built a large magni&-
cent seat within the park, which he impaled; .beipg well
wooded, and furuished with many ponds stocked witk fish
and fowl, and of great us^ for mills, as paper-^mills, oil-
mills, and corn-mills. In 1578, queen Elizabeth visited
Osterley, where sir Thomas entertained her magnificently.
On this occasion, having given it as her opinion that the
court before the house would look bettet divided mth a
wall, sir Thomas in the night sent for workmen from Lon-
don, who so speedily and so silently performed ^their task,
that before morning the wall was finished, to the great
surprize of the queen and her courtiers, one of wbon^^
however, observed, that it was no wonder that he who
could build a change should so soon change a building.
This became afterwards the property of the family of
Child, and is now that of the right hon. the earl of Jersey,
by marriage into that family.

Before Osterley was completed, sir Thomas projeefeed
and executed that noble design of converting his ntansioii-
iiouse in Bishopsgate-street into a seat for the muses, :aad
endowing it with the revenues arising from the royai ex-
change ^fter his decease. While he was meditating this
design, the university of Cambridge wrote him an elegant
-Latin letter, reminding him of a promise, as they had
l>een informed, to give them 500/. either towards building
A new college there, or repairing one already built. This
iette^^was dated A^ch 14,^ 1574-5^. and it was foUowol

G R E S H' A M. sot

by another of the 2Sth, to acquaint him with a report they
had heard, that he had promised lady Burghley both to
foand and endow a college for the profession of the seven
liberal sciences. They observe, that the only place proper
for such a design, was either London, Oxford, or Cam-
bridge ; they endeavour to dissuade him from London, lest
it sbdaid prove prejudicial to the two universities ; and
they hope he will not make choice of Oxford, since he was
himself bred at Cambridge, which might presume upon a
superior regard from him on that account. At the same
time, they wrote another letter to the lady Burghley, in
which they earnestly request that she will please to use
her interest with him, to fix upoA Cambridge for the place
of his intended college.

But these letters had not the desired eifect ; he persisted
in his resolution to settle it in his house at London ; an<l
accordingly, by an indenture dated May 20, 1575, he
made a disposition of his several manors, lands, tenements^
and hereditaments; with such limitations and restrictions^
particularly as to the royal exchange and his mansion-
house, as might best secure hfe views with regard to the
uses for which he designed them. This indenture was soon
followed by two wills, one of his goods, and the other of
bit real estates : the former &{ these bears date July 4tk
ensuing, whereby he bequeaths to his wife, whom he
makes his sole executrix, all his goods, as ready money^
plate, jewels, chains of gold, with all his stock of sheep
and other cattle if within the realm of England, and like-
wige gives several legacies to his relations and friends and
to all his servants, amounting in the whole to upwards of
2000^. besides some small annuities, 'the other will is
dated July the 5th, wherein he gives one moiety of the
royal exchange to the mayor and commonalty of London,
and the other to the Mercers company, for the salaries of
seven lecturers in divinity, law, physic, astronomy, geo-
metry, music, and rhetoric, at 50/. per annum for each,
with bis house in Bisbopsgate-street for the lecturers* re-
sidence, where the lectures were to be read. He likewise
leaves 53/. 6s. 8d. yearly for the provision of eight alms-
folks residing in the alms-houses behind his house, and
Ip/. yearly to each of the prisons in Newgate, Ludgate,
King^s-bench, the Marshalsea, and Compter in Wood-
street, and the like sum to each of the hospitals of Christ-
church, St. Bartholomew, Bedlam, Southwark, and the

S02 Q R E S H A M.

Poultry ^compter ; and 100/. yearly to provide a dinner for
tbe whole Mercers company in their hall on eveYy of their
quarter days, at 25L each dinner. By this disposition suf-
ficient care was taken that the two Corporations, to whom
the affair was trusted, should receive no damage by tbe
execution of it ; for the stated annual payments amount to
no more than 603/. 6s. Sd, and tbe yearly rents of the ex<*^
change received by sir Thomas were 740/. besides the ad-
ditional profits that must arise from time to time by fines,
which were very considerable. But the lady Anne his
wife was to enjoy both the mansion-house and the ex-
change daring her life if she survived sir Thomas, and then
they were both vested in the two corporations for the uses
declared in the will for the term of fifty years ; which limi-
tation was made on account of the statutes of mortmain^
ibat prohibited the alienation of lands or tenements to any
corporation, without licence first had from the crown. And
that space of time the testator thought sufficient for pro-
coring such licence, the doing of which he earnestly re-
commends to them without delay ; in default whereof, at
the expiration of fifty yeait, these estates were to go to^his
heirs at law.

Having thus settled his affairs so much to his own honour,
the interest of the public, and tbe regards due to his fa-
mily, he was at leisure to reap the fruits of his industry
and success. But be did not long enjoy this felicity, for
Nov. 21, 1579, coming firom the exchange to his house in
Bishopsgate-street, he suddenly fell down in bis kitchen,
became speechless, and presently died. He was buried
in his own parish church of St. HelenV His obsequies
were performed in a very solemn manner, tbe corpse being
attended by l6o poor men, and the like number of poor
women, whom he had ordered to be cloathed in black
gowns of 5s. Sd, per yard at his own expence. The charges
of the funeral amounted to 800/. His corpse was deposited
in a vault at the north-east corner of the church, which he
had before provided for himself and family, with a curious
marble tomb over it ; on the south and west sides of which are
bis own arms, and on tbe north and east the same impaled
with those of his lady. The arms of sir Thomas, together
with the City of London and Mercers company, are like-
wise painted in the glass of the east window of the church,
above tbe tomb, which stood as be left it without any in-
scription, till 1736, when the following words^ taken from

• \

G R E 3 H A M. SOS

the parish register, were cut on the stone that covers it,
hy order of the church-wardens : '^ Sir Thomas Gresham^
jknight, was buried December 15, 1579.'' By his death
aoaany large estates in several counties of England, amount<«
ing at that time to the clear yearly value of 2300/. and up-
wards, came to his lady, who survived him many years^
and continued to reside after his decease in the mansion-
house at London, in the winter, and at Osterley^park in
the summer season, at which last place she died Nov. 23,
1596, very aged. Her corpse was brought to Laadoo, and
buried in the same vault with her husband*

Mr. Ward has drawn sir Thomas's character at lai^,
and observes, that he had tl\e happiness* of a mind every
way suited to his fortune, generous and benign; ready to
perform any good actions and encourage them in . others*
He was a great friend and patron of our celebrated mas-
tyrologist John Fox. He was well acquainted with the
ancient and several modern languages ; he had a very
comprehensive knowledge of all afislrs relating to com-
merce, whether foreign or domestic; and his success was
not less, being in his time esteemed the richest commoner
in England. He transacted queen Elizabeth's mercantile^
affairs so. constantly, that he was called ** The Royal Mer-
chant,"^ and his house was sometimes appointed for the re-
ception of foreign princes upon their first arrival at London.
As no one could be more ready to perform any generous
{ actions which' might contribute to the honour of this
country, so he very well knew how to make the best use
of them for the most laudable purposes. Nor was he less
serviceable both to the queen and her ministry on other
occasions, who often consulted him, and sought his ad-
vice in matters of the greatest importance relating. to the
welfare of the government. But the most shining part of
his character appears in his public benefactions. The
royal exchange was not only a lingular ornamefit to the
city of London, and a great convenience to the merchants,
who wanted such a place to meet and transact their affairs
in,, but likewise contributed very much to the promotion of
trade, both by the number/of shops erected there, and the
much greater number of the poor, who were employed in
working for them. And the donation of his own mansion-
iiouse for a seat of learning and the liberal arts, with the
handsome provision made for the endowment and support
of it| was such an instance of a generous and public spirit

804 G R S a H A Af;

9A bas been equalled by few, and must p^rpehiate hta me«
mory with the highest esteem atid gratitude so long as any
regard to learning and virtue is preserved among us. Not
ought his charities to the p^oi^, his alms-houses/ and tii^
bteral contributions to the ten prisons and hospitals in
(.otidpn and Southwark, to be omitted. .

His public benefactions, the royal exchange, and his
mansion-house on the decease of his lady^ immediately
cattle into the hands of the two corporations, the City of
London^and* the Mercers' company, who, according to their
trust, obtained a patent from the crown, dated Feb. dr,
1614, 12 iacobi I. to botd thiem for ever upon the. terms
expt^ssed in the will of the donor/

GRESSET (John Baptwt Lewis), a French poet of
considerable emitieHCe, was born 1709, at Amiens, en-
tered among the Jesuits at 1 6, and quitted the society at
the age of 26, about the end of 1735. It was about this
lime bis << Ver Vert'' furst came out, which hists been sb
justly admired, as tbe production of a geiiius (in Rousseau^'s
judgment) *^ at oncd refined, embellished, ornamented ;**
iappearing in short, << in all its perfection.?' This great
poet considers the author as . ** displaying in his familiar
style, whatever is 'most brilliant in poetry, and every idea
with which a complete knowledge of the world could for-
nisb a man who had passed his whole life in it.'* He thought
the same of the ^' Chartreuse,'' anotiier of his productions,
but accused its author of negligence in his other pieces,
being of opinion that the familiar style did not exclude the
perfection of poetry. M. Gresset was admitted into the
French academy in 1748, and gave up poetry that he
might devote himself wholly to works of piety, and died
June 16, 1777, at Amiens, after having received letters of
nobility, and been appointed historiographer of the order
of St. Lazore., He married in 1751, mademoiselle Gal-
land, daughter of a merchant of Amiens, but had no
children. Besides the pieces above-mentioned, he wrote
« Le Lutria vivant;" « Les Ombres;" « Epistles;'^
** Odes ;" a poetical translation of Virgil's Eclogues ;
** Edward III." a tragedy ; " Sidney," and " Le Mechant,'*
comedies ; the latter of ' which is deservedly admired.
They have all been collected in 1748, 9 vols. 12mb. Two
little poems in the style of " Ver Vert" were found among

1 Biof. Brit— 'Ward*! Gicsham Aofctson,— Liodge's lUvitcatioMi Tal.L '

G R £ S S E T» > S0«

his papen, one entitled ** Le Gassetin ;*' Ibe other^ ^ Le
Parfain Magnifique/' but not the two cantos which be bad
added to the Ver Vert. This last poem has been versified
in English by Gilbert Cooper, and by Dr. Geddes.'

GRETS£R (James), a learned German, was bom at
Marcdorf about 1561, and entered among the society of
Jesuits at the age of seventeen. When he bad finished his
stadi^ss, be was appointed a professor at Ingolstad, where he
spent twenty-four years, teaching philosophy, morality, and
schools-divinity, employments which did not hinder him from
composing an unusual number of books. The catalogue of
them, as given by Niceron, consists of near 153 articles;
which, he tells us, were copied by him from the proposals,
published in 1753, for printing an edition of all Gretser*s
works at Ratisbon, in 17 vols, folio. His great erudition
Was equalled by bis modesty, and we are told he could not
bear to be commended. The inhabitants of Marcdorf
were desirous of having his picture ; but when iqform^ of
the earnest application they had made to his superiors for
that purpose, he expressed bis diagrin, and told them,
diat if they wanted his picture, they need but draw that
of an ass. Still, however, to shew their regard, and in a
way more acceptable to him, they purchased all his works,
and devoted them to the use of the public He died at
Ingolstad, in 1635. He spent his whole life in writing
' against foreign and English protestant authors (See Tho*
MAS Jam£S), and in defending the order to which be be^
longed. Some authors have bestowed very great enco«i
miuras upon biro, but others think his works only compila^
tions of materials that may be useful to writers of more
judgment. They were printed according to the proposads
above-mentioned, at Ratisbon, 1739, 17 vols, folio.'

GREVILLE (FULK or Foulk), lord Brooke, an inge*
nious writer, was the eldest son of sir Fulk Greyille, of
Beauchamp-court (at Alcaster) in Warwickshire, and' bora
there in 1554. It is conjectured, that he was educated at
the school in Shrewsbury ; whence he was removed to
Cambridge, and admitted a fellow-commoner at. Trinity «
college ; and some time after, making a visit to Oxfordy
he became a member of that university, but of what col-
lege is not certain. Having completed his academical^

1 Diet. Hiit— Eloge by Baaiy.

« Dapin.— Geo. Dict,-*-Moren.^NicerDD, rol. XXVIQ.*-^^! OaomiisU

Vol. XVI. X

S06 G R £ V I L L E.

studies, he travelled abroad to finish his education ^ ami
upon bis return, being well accomplished, was introduced
Co the court of queen Elizabeth by hi» uncle Robert Gre«
ville, where he was esteemed a most ingenious person, and
particularly favoured by the lovers of arts and sciences*
He was soon nominated to some benefictal employment
in the court of marches of Wales by hi» kinsman, sir
Henry Sidney, then lord-president of that court and prin*
cipality.

Our author was not then above twenty*two years of age^
so that this post may be esteemed an honourable attestatioa
of his merit. But the nature of it did not please him ; bi»
ambition prompted him to another course of life. He had
already made- some advances in the queen^s favour, had
attained a competent familiarity with the modern languages,
and some expertness in the martial exercises of those
times ; these were qualifications for a foreign employmen^:^
whiob was more agreeable to the activity of his temp^r^
and promised a quicker access to some of the first posts^lr
the state. In reality he was so eager to advance his for-*
tune in this line, that to gratify bis desire, he ventured
to incur his royal mistress's displeasure, and made sevc^ral
attempts in it, not only with, but even without her ma-
jesty's consent. Out of maiiy of these we have an account
of the few following from. his own. pen. . First, .when. the
two mighty armies of Don John and the duke Casimire
were to meet in . the Lowrcountries, .he , applied and. ok*
tained her majesty's leave tinder her own hand, to go thi*
ther ; but after his horses with all other preparations were
shipped at Dover, the queen (who always discouraged
these excursions) sent her messenger, sir Edward Dyer,
with her mandate to stop him. He was so much vexed at
this disappointment, that afterwards, when secretary Wal<5
singbam was sent ambassador in 1578, to treat with those^
two princes, an opportunity of seeing an affair in which so
much Christian blood and so many Christian empires were
concerned, was so tempting, that he resolved not to risque
a denial, and therefore stole away without leave, and went
over with the secretary incog. The consequence was,
that at his return the queen forbade him her presence for
«iany months. To the same ambition ma^alspbe referred
his engagen^ent with sir Philip Sidney to accompany sir
Francis Drake in his last expedition but one to the West^
Indies iii 1515, itx which they were both' frustrated by th«
same authority.

G R E V I L L £. 907

Again, when the earl of Leicester was sent general of
her majesty's forces the same year, and had given Mr.
Grevilie the command of one hundred horse^ *' Then I,'^
to use his own words, ** giving my humour over to good
order, yet found that neither the intercession of this gran-- ,
dee, seconded with my own humble suit, and many other
honourable friends of mine, could prevail against the con-
stant course of this excellent lady (the queen) with her
servants, so as I was forced to tarry behind, and for this tm*

' portunity of mine to change my course, and seem to press
nothing before my $ervice about her ; this princess of go-
vernment as well as kingdoms made me live in her court a
spectacle of disfavour too long as I conceived/'

During his excursions abroad, his royal mistress granted

bim the reversion of two of the best offices in the court. of

the marches of Wales, one of which falling to him in 1580^

4ie met with some difficulties about the profits. In this

.^ontest he experienced the friendship of sir Philip Sidney,

^ivho by a letter written to his father's secretary, Mr. Moly-
neux, April 10, 1581, prevailed on him not to oppose his
cousin Greville's title in any part or construction of his
patents ; and a letter of sir Francis Walsingham to the
president, the next day, April 11, put a^ end to the op-^

; position that had been made from another quarter. This
office appears to be clerk of the sigtiet to the council o£
Wales, which is said to have brought him in yearly above
2000/. arising chiefly from the processes which went out of
that court, ail of which are made out by that officer. He
was also constituted secretary for South and North Wales
by the queen's letters patent, bearing date April 25, 1583.
In the midst of these civil employments he made a con-*
spicaous figure when the French ambassadors, accompanied
by great numbers of their nobility, were in England a se-«
cond time to treat of the queen's marriage with the duke
of Anjou,in 1581. Tilts and tournaments were the courtly
entertainments^ in those days ; and they were performed in
the most magnificent manner on this occasion by two noble-

' men, beside sir Philip Sidney and Fulk Grevilie, who with
die rest behaved so bravely as to win the reputation of a
most gallant knight. In 1586 these two friends were se-
parated by the unfortunate death of the former, who be^
queathed to his dear friend one moiety of his books. ,
In 1558 Mr. Grevilie attended his kinsman, the earl

' oi EiseXy to Oxford^ iin4 among other persons in that

X 2

tOB OREVILLR

favourite^s train was created M. A. April 1 1, that year. In
1558 he was accused to the lords of the council^ by a cer-
tificate of several gentlemen borderers upon Farickwood in
Warwickshire^ of having made waste there to the value of
14,000/. but the prosecution seems to Iiave been dropped^
and, October 1597, be received the honour of knighthood.
In the beginning of March the same year, he applied for
the oflSce of treasurer of the war ; and about two years af^
terwards, in the 41st of Elizabeth, be obtained the place
of treasurer of marine causes for life. In 1599 a commis-
aion was ordered to be made out for him as rear-admiral of
the fleet, which was intended to be sent forth agaiBst
another threatened invasion by the Spaniards^

During this glorious reign he frequently represented
his county in the bouse of commons, together with sir
Thomas Lacy; and it has been observed that a better
choice could not have been made, as both of them were
learned, wise, and honest. He continued a favourite of
queen Elizabeth to the end of her reign. The beginning
of the next opened no less in his favour. At the corona^i^
tfon of James I. July 15, 1603, he was made K.^B. and fai$^
office of Secretary to the council of the court of marches of
Wales was confirmed to him for life, by a patent bearing
date July 24. In the second year of this king he obtained
i grant of Warwick qastle. He was greatly pleased witb
this favour ; and^ the castle being in a ruinous condition^
h^e laid out at least 20^000/. in repairing it.

He was afterwards possessed of several very beneficial
places in the marches court of Wales, and at this time he
seems to have confined his views within the limits of these
officesb' He perceived the measures of government quite
altered, and the state waning froin the kistre in which he
had seen it shine ; besides, be had little hopes of being pre*
ferred to any thing considerable in the ministry, as he
met witb some discouragements from sir Robert Cecily the
secretary, and the persons in power. In this position of
affairs be seems to have formed some schemes of retire*
kient, in order to write the history of queen Elizabeth's
life. With this view he drew up a plan, commencing with
the union of the two roses in the marriage of Henry VH.
and had made some progress in the execution of ii ; but
the perusal of the records in the council chest being denied
him by the secretary, as he could not complete his work
ill that authentic and substantial manner which wodd d(>

GSEVILLE 600

faim credit, he broke off the design, and disposed himself
to revise the product of his juvenile studies and his poeticiA
recreations with sir Philip Sidney.

During the life of the treasurer Cecil, he obtained no
advancement in the court or state; but, in 1615, some
time after his death, was made under-treasurer and chan^
ceUor of the exchequer ; in consequence of which he was
called to the board of privy-council. In 1617 he obtained
from the king a special charter, confirming all such liberties
as had been granted to any of his ancestors in behalf of tb#
town of Alcester, upon a new reserved rent of ten shillings
a year; and, in 1620, was created lord Brooke of Beau*
champ-court. He obtained this dignity as well by hid
merit and fidelity in the discharge of his offices as by his
noble descent from the Nevils, VViiloughbys de Brook, and
Beauchamps. In September 1 62 1 ^ he was made one of the
lords of the king^s bed-chamber; and on this, resigning his
post in the exchequer, he was succeeded therein by Richard
Weston, afterwards earl of Portland. After the demise of
king James, he continued in the privy-council of Charles
I. in the beginning of whose reign he founded a history-*
lecture in the university of Cambridge, and endowed it
with a salary of 100/. per annum. He did not long survive
this last act of generosity ; for, though he was a munificent
patron of learning and leanied men, he at last fell a sacri«
fice to the extraordinary outrage of a discontented domes«
tic« The account we have of this fatal event is, that his
lordship, neglecting to reward one Ralph Hey wood, who
had spent the greatest part of his life in his service, this
attendant expostulated thereupon with his lordship in hii
bed-chamber, at Brook-house in Holborn ; and, being se-*
verely reproved for it, presently gave his lordship a mortal
stab in the back with a knife or sword ; after which ha
withdrew into another room, and, locking the door, mur^
dered himself with the same weapon. He died September
30, 1628, and his corpse being wrapt in le^d, was conveyed
from Brook-house, Holborn, to Warwick; where it was
interred on the north side of the choir of St. Mary's churdt
there, in bis own vault, which had formerly been a cbap*^
ter-house of the church ; and where, upon his monument^*
there is this inscription : <^ Fulke Grevitle, servant to
queen Elizabeth, counsellor to king James, and friend
to sir Philip Sidney. Tropheum peccati.*^ He uAde that
dear friend the great exemplar of his life in every thing ;

I
f

SIO G R E V I L L E.

i&nd Sidney being often celebrated 93 the patron of tfaa
jnuses in general, and of Spenser in particular, so we are
told, lord Brooke desired to be known to posterity under
no other character than that of Shakspeare^s and Ben Jon-
son's master, lord*-chanceIlor Egerton and bishop OveraFs
patron. His lordship also obtained the office of clarepcieux
at arms for Mr. Camden, who very gratefully acknowledged
it in his life-time, and at his death left him a piece of plate
in bis will. He also raised John Speed from a mechanic
to be an historiographer.

His lordship had an inclination to history and poetry.
Hence, with respect to the former, it was that lord Bacon
submitted his ^^ Life of Henry VII.'' to his perusal and
animadversions. And his extraordinary kindness to sir
William Davenant must be added to other conspicuous
evidences of the latter ; that poet he took into his family
yvrhen very young, and was so much delighted with his pro*
mising genius, that, as long as the patron lived, the poet
bad his residence with him, and probably formed the plan
of some of his first plays under his lordship's encourage-
ment, since they were published soon after his death. This
noble lord was never married, so that his honour falling
by the patent to his kinsman Robert Greville, he directed
bis estate also by his will to go along with it to the same
relation, being next of kin to him.

Notwithstanding lord Orford's flippant and detracting
estimate of lord Brooke's talents and character, he appears
to have cherished a taste for all kinds of polite learning,
though, as just noticed, his inclination led him more parti-
cularly to poetry and history. Phillips, or Milton, remarks^^
^hat in all his poems is observable a close, mysterious, and
sententious way of writing, but without much regard to ele-
gance of jstyle or smoothness of verse. His principal works
are, l. ^*Tbe Life of the renowned sir Philip Sidney," Lon-
don^ li652, 12mo, rather a kind of dissertation than a life>
but sufficiently ^xpressive of his connection with, and at-
tachment to that eminent character. 2. *^ Certaine learned
luid elegant wprkes of the right hon. Fulke lord Brooke,
lyritten in his youth, and familiar exercise with sir Philip
Sidney," Lond. 1633 ; all the copies extant of this work
want twenty-two pages at the .beginning. These pages
are said to have contained *^ A treatise on Religion,"
aiid weie cancelled^ as Mr. Malone i^o bis Histoi^r of tto

GH E V I L L E. SIJL

S^age) surmises, by order of archbishop Laud. The rest
of the ¥okiine consists of poetical treatises and letters, and
the tragedies of Alaham and Mustapha. 3. '^ The Remains
of sir Folk Greville, lord Brooke ; being poems of Monar**
chy and Religion, never before printed/' Lond. 1670, 8vo^.

The Robert Greville, whom we have mentioned as the
adopted heir of lord Brooke, was educated by him as be-
came the estate and dignity to which he was to succeed ;
but when the civil war commenced, he joined the parlia-
ment army, in whose cause he had written some treatises,
and was killed in battle at Litchfield, in 1643, in the thirty-
fifth year of his age. He wrote, 4. ^^ The Nature of Truth ;
its union and unity with the soule, which is one in its es-
sence, faculties, acts; one with truth,'' Load. 1641, 12mOy
an abstruse piece of metaphysical reasoning, which, how-
ever, Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Wallis, professor of geometry^
understood so well as to be able to answer it, in 1643. 2.
^^A Discourse opening the nature of that Episcopacie
which is exercised in England," ibid. 1641, 4to. 3. <<Two
Speeches, spoken in the Guildhall, London, concerning his
^oaj^sty's refusal of a Treaty of Peace," ibid. 1642. 4.
^Answer to the Speech of Philip earl of Pembroke, con«.
cerning Accommodation, in the house of lords, Dec. 19,
1642," printed by order of the house, and reprinted in
lord Somers's tracts ; but which appears to have been
drawn up by lord Clarendon, as containing the substance
of lord Brooke's sentiments. 5. ^* Speech at the Election
of his captains and commanders at Warwick-castle," Lon-
don, 1643.1

GREVIN (James), a French poet and physician^ was
* born at Clermont, in Beauvoisis, in 1538. He began %^rly.
to write, producing his tragedy of the ^^ Death of Caesar'*
in his fifteenth year ; and practised physic with success.'
He was long retained in the service of Margaret of France^
duchess of Savoy, whom he followed to Piedmont He

^tiordOrford erroneously attributes 4to, which was evident)]^ written by

to him " Sir Fnlke Greville's Five one of the presbyterian party, and was

Yeares of king jnoes, or the condition afterwards republished, with additions^

of the slate of Englandj, and the rela- under the title of " The first Fourteen

tion it 'bad to other proTinces," 1643, Years of king James,*' 1^1, 4to.

I Biog. !Brit.'-*Uoyd's State Worthies.— Park's edition of lord Orfofd's Royal
4Ad N^ble Atttbora.-^Censtira ii^ria, vol. I.->Uidge*s Illustrations, toU II.
I— Ellis's SpecimeDs**— Cqo|»^8 Mines Libr&ry.— >Lord Qiareadon's Life anU^
kistory.

sit G R E V S N.

>

died at Tarin thi 5th of November 1573i Ttere iM three
plajs extant of bi» : ** The Treasii^rer^ft Wife^** a comedy,
in 1558; the << Death of CsBsar/' a tragedy; and the
<< Frighted Ones, (Les Esbahis)*' a comedy, both acted th6
same day at the college of Beauvais in 1560. GreTin,
though snatched away by a premature death, bad acquired
a great reputation, not only as a poet, but a^ a physician.
Some of bis countrymen, speaking of bis drama$, give him
tiiis favourable testimony, ^^ that be effaced alt who pre*
ceded him on the French stage, and that eight or teh such
poets as he would have put it on a good footing, hi^ versi-
fication being easy and sodootb, especially in his comedies,
and his plots well contrived.'* His poems and plays were
printed at Paris, 1561, 8vo. He left also a <' Treatise on
Poisons/* and another ** against Antimony," both translated
i^to Latin, and printed iti 4to. It was by his means that
the absurd decree of the faculty of Paris, afterwards con-
firmed by parliament, against the use of antindony in mie-
dicine, was passed. He was a Calvinist, and united with Ro-
chandieu and Florence Christian in their ingenious poem
chtitled ^ The Temple," which they wrote against Ron-
sard, who had abused the Caivinists in his discourse on the
« Miseries of Time." *

GREViyS. See GR^VIUS.

GREW (Obadiah), a worthy parish priest, wa^bornin
November 1€07, at Atherscon, in the parish of Manceter,
Warwickshire; and, having been well g^tinded in gram-
mar-learning under his uncle Mr. John Denison, was ad-
mitted a student of Baliol college, Oxford, Id 1624. Here
pursuing his studies carefully, he became qualified for
academical honours ; and, taking both his degrees in arts
at the regular times, he was ordained at twenty-eight years
of age by Dr. Wright, bishop of Coventry and Lichfield.
In the beginning of the civil wars he sided with the par-
liament party, took the covel^ant, and, at the request of
the corporation of Coventry, became minister of the great
parish of St. Michael in that city, in which station he was
admired for his conscientious performance of all his duties.
The soundness of his dpctrine according to his perauasioni
the prudence and sanctity of bis conversation, the vigilancy
and tenderness of his care, we«e of that constant tenor^
that he seemed to do all which ihe best writers upon the

• 1 ViceroDi vol* :S3nri«>--Moreri.-*Freliv»Theianiiii*^--Saxii baomait.

fJWtditd office tA\ QB should be done. Ashe sided with
the presbyterians ugainst the hierarchy^ so he joined with
chat party alsd against the design of destroying the king.
Iti tbiS) as in other things, he acted both with integrity and
courage, of which we have the following remarkable in-
stances. In 1648, when Cromwell, then iieutenant-gene^
ltd, was at Coventry upon his march towards London, Mr.
Grew todk this opportunity to represent to him the wicked-
ness of the design, then evidently on foot, for taking of
his majesty, and the sad consequences thereof, should it
take efFdct; earnestly pressing him to use his endeavours
to prevent if, and iiot ceasing to solicit him till he ob-
tained his promiise for it. Noir was he satisfied with this ;
for afterwards, when the design became more apparent, he
Inldresised a letter to him, reminding him of his promise,
thd took care to have his letter delivered into CromwelPa
own bands. At another time he was required to read in
the church the proclamation against sir George Booth, and
threatened by Lainbert^s soldiers, then in Coventry, with
fte loss of his place if he refused, yet he determined not
to read it. Of his liberality we have this instance : When
Mr. Panton, a minister of the royalist party, was obliged
to sell his library. Dr. Grew bought some of the books,
and being afi:erwards requested to return them, with aa
offer of the money be paid, he returned the books, but
refused the money, as be knew that Mr. Panton could not
yet afford the money so well as himself.

In 1651 he accumulated the degrees of divinity, and
completed that of doctor the ensuing act, when he preached
the '^ Concio ad Clerum**' with applause. In 1654 he was
appointed one of the assistants to the commissioners of
Warv^ickshire, for the ejection of such as were then called
scandalous, ignorant, and insufficient ministers and school-
masters. He continued at St. MichaePs greatly esteemed
and beloved among his parishioners, till his majesty's re-
storation ; after which he resigned his benefice in pur^
suance to the act of conformity in 1661,. although bishop
Hacket was urgent with him to conform, and allowed him
to preach a month beyond the prescribed time, but be de*
livered his farewell sermon, and afterwards restricted hi$
labours to a few {Private hearers. Even in this, howevel^
he was carefully watched, and underwent some severe
triak, particularly an imprisonment of six months. He still,
iiowever, preserved the respect and affection of the citizens

ili GREW.

of Coventry till bis death, which bappeaed October 22^
1689. He published *^ A Sinner's Justification by Christ,
&c. delivered in several Sermons on Jer. ii. 6, 1670/' 8vo;
and <^ Meditations upon our Saviour's Parable of the Pro«
digal Son, &c. 1678/' 4to, both at the request, aiid for
the common benefit, of some of bis quondam parishioners.";
GREW (N£H£MiAi|), the first and most universal vege-
table anatomist and physiologist of this country, the son of
the preceding, was born at Coventry. The year of his
birth is not mentioned, but from some circumstances ap-
pears to have been 1628. He was brought upapresby-
terian, bis father having taken the covenant ; and on the
change of the national form of religion, at the restoration
of Charles II. he was sent to study in some foreign univer-
sity, where he took his degree of doctor of physic. He
settled first at Coventry, and probably resided there in
1664, when, as he informs ps in the preface to his Anatomy
of Plants, he first directed his thoughts to the subject of ;
that work, ^^ upon reading some of the many and curious
inventions of learned men, in the bodies of animals. For
considering that both of them came at first out . of the same .
hand,, and were therefore the contrivances of the same wis- .
dom; I thence," says he, ^', fully assured myself, that it
could not be a vain design to seek it in both. — ^Tbat so I
might put somewhat upon that side the leaf which the best
botanicks had left bare and empty." Four years afterwards
he consulted his brother-in-law. Dr. Henry Sampson, who
encouraged him to go on, by pointing out a passage in
Glisson's book " De Hepate," chap. 1, in which the ana«
tomy of plants is hinted at as an unexplored, but very
promising line of study for a practical observer. For some
time he resided at Coventry, but determining to settle in
London, he came thither about 1672. Before this his first
essay on the anatomy of plants was communicated to the
royal society in 1670, by bishop Wilkins, under the title
of an"^^ Idea of a Philosophical History of Plants." It was
received with the honour and attention it deserved, be-
ing ordered to be printed, and its author, in that year
also, on the recommendation of the same learned divine,
became a. fellow of the royal S9ciety. He was appointed
secretary in 1677, in which capacity he published the Phi-

} Biog. Brit, note in art. Nehemiah Grew.— Calamy.-^lkltiBellaneoas Anti-
qojtiM, in continuation of the Bibliotbeca Topogmphica Britannicai No* X hf'
Beojfuain Bartietty esq, F* S. A,

OREW.^ 31*

IcMophical Transactions from Jan. 1677-8, to F^b. in the
following year. In 1680 he was made an honorary fellow
of the college of physicians. — He is said to have attained
to considerable practice in his profession, nor did his being
a nonconformist deprive him of the credit justly due to hi3
piety and philosophical merit, even in the worst times. He
lived indeed to see various changes of opinions and pro-
fessions, apparently with the tranquillity becoming a phi-
losopher and a good man^ and died suddenly^ March
85, 1711.

Dr.Grew's Anatomy of Vegetables, of Roots, and of
Trunks, originally formed three separate publications in
8vo, but were subsequently collected into a folio volume,
and published in 1682, with 83 plates. In this work, truly
original, though Malpighi had about the same time, or ra-
ther before, pursued the same line of inquiry, scarcely any
thing relative to the vegetable anatomy is left untouched.
It was the character of Grew to observe every thing, and
if a more philosophical observer, more aware of what is
best worth remarking, be, in general estimation, a supe-
rior character, the latter is more likely to see through the
false medium of dazzling theory. The works of Grew are
a storehouse of facts, for the use of less original and more
indolent authors. They seldom require correction, except
where theory is interwoven with observation, and even his
theories have passed current till very lately. His chemis*
tty is, of course,, that of his time, but his remarks on ve-
getable secretions, and their multifarious and peculiar pro-
perties, abound with ingenuity and originality, as well as
nis comparative examinations of the various kinds of fruits
and seeds. If he had no correct ideas of the propulsion or
direction of the sap, we must not forget that he was one of
the first who adppted and illustrated the doctrine of the
sexes of plants, nor did even the principles of methodical
arrangement entirely escape his notice.

In 1681 Dr. Grew published a folio volume, entitled
^^ Museum Regalis Societatis,'' or a catalogue and deserip«.
tion of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the
Royal Society, and preserved at Gresham college. This
is a scientific and descriptive catalogue, with learned refe-
rences to preceding writers. It is accompanied by ** the
Comparative Anatomy of Stomachs and Guts begun, being
several lectures read before tb'e Royal Society in 1676.**
Twenty«two plates illustrate the first part of this volume^

51^ e R E w.

atid nine the latter, which were given to him by Daniel
CoUvell, esq. the founder of the collection. The latest
publication of our author was ^' Cosmographia Sacra, or a
Discourse of the Universe, as it is the creature and king-
dom of God/* He was an illustrious proof that it is the
fwA^ and i^ot the philosopher^ '^ who hath said in his heart
there is no GodJ** The works of Grew were soon translated
into French and Latin, but the latter very incorrectly. His
funeral seunon was preached at the meetfng in the Old
Jewry by the rev. John Shower. It appears by this dis*
course that Dr. Grew illustrated his learned character by a
life of strict piety, humility, and charity. *

GREY (Lady Jank), was an illnstrious personage of the
blood royal of England by both parents : her graudmother
on her father^s side, Henry Grey marquis of Dorset^
being queen-consort to Edward IV. ; and her grandmother
on her mother's side, lady Frances Brandon, being daughter
to Henry VIL queen-dowager of France, and mother of
Mary queen of Scots. Lady Jane was born, 15S7, at Brad-
gate, her father's seat in Leicestershire, and very early
gave astonishing proofs of the pregnancy of her parts;
insomuch that, upon a comparison with Edward VI. who
was partly of the same age, and thought a kmd of miracle^
the superiority has been given to her in every respect.
Her genius appeared in the works of her needle, in the
beautiful character in which shje wrote ; besides which, she
played admirably on various instruments of music, and ac*
companied them with a voice exquisitely sweet in itself,*
and assisted by all the graces that art could bestow.
These, however, were only inferior ornaments in her cha-
racter; and, as she was far from priding herself upon
them, so, through the rigoar of her parents in exacting
them, they became her grief more than her pleasure.

Her father bad himself a tincture of letters, and was a
great patron of the learned. He had two chaplains, Hard-
ing, and Aylmer afterwards bishop of London, both men
of distinguished learning, whom he employed as tutors to
his daughter ; and under whose instructions she made such
n proficiency as amazed them both. Her own language
fshe spoke and wrote with peculiar accuracy : the Freneb^
Italian, Latin, and it is said Greek, were as natural to her

1 Biog. Brit.— 'W«rd*i Qresham Profeuora.— 'Reea's Cyclop»duu<7»Fimeral
SfnaQBi by Sbover,

O R E y. ut

9M her own. ' She not only understood them, bn{ spoke and
wrote them with the greatest freedom ' she was versed
likewise in Hebrew, Chaldee, and Arabic, and all this
while a mere child. She bad also a sedateness of temper,
a quickness of apprehension, and a solidity of judgment,
that enabled her not only to become the mistress of Ian*
guages, but of sciences ; so that she thought, spoke, and
reasoned, upon subjects of the greatest importance, in a
manner that surprized all. With these endowments, she
had so much mildness, humility, and modesty, that she
set no value upon those acquisitions. She was naturally
food of literature, and that fondness was much heightened
as well by the seventy of her parents in the feminine part
of her education, as by the gentleness of her tutor Aylmer
in this : when mortified and confounded by the unmerited
chiding of the former, she returned with double [Measure
to the lessons of the latker, and sought in Demosthenes
and Plato, who were her favourite authors, the delight that
was denied her in all other scenes of life, in which she
mingled but little, and seldom with any satisfaction. It if
true, her alliance to the c^own, as well as the great favour
in which the marquis of Dorset her father stood both with
H^nry VIII. and Edward VI. unavoidably brought her
sometiaies to court, and she received many marks of Ed*
ward's attention ; yet she seems to have continued for the
most-part in the country at Bradgate.

Here she was with her beloved books in 1550, when the
famous Roger Ascbam called on a visit to the family in
August ; and all the rest of each sex being engaged in a
bonting-party, he went to wait upon lady Jane in her
apartment, and found her reading the ** PbsBdon'' of Plato
in the original Greek. Astonished at it, after the first
compliments, he asked her, why she lost such pastime r«s
there needs must be in the park ; at which smiling, she
answered, *^ I wist all ttieir sport in the park is but a sha«
dow to that pleasure that I find in Plato. Alas,^ good folk,
they never felt what true pleasure meant.** This naturally
leading him to* inquire how a lady of her age bad attained
to such a depth of pleasure both in the Platouic language
aad philosophy, she made the following very remarkable
reply : " I will tell you, and I will tell you a truth, which
perchance you will marvel at. One of the greatest bene-
fits which ever God gave me is, that he sent me so sharp
and severe parents^ and so gentle a schoolmaster. For

S18 GREY.

wtien I am in presence either of father or mother, whetl^ef
I speak, keep silence, sit, stand, or go, eat, drink, be
merry or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing any
thing else, I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened,
yea presently sometimes with pinches, rips, and bobs, and
other ways (which I will not name, for the honour I bear
them), so without measure misordered, that 1 think myself
in hell, till time come that I must go to Mr. Aylmer, who
teacheth me so gently, so pleasantly, with such fair allure-^
ments to learning, that I think all the timel nothing while
I am with him ; and, when I am called from him I fall on
weeping, because whatsoever I do else but learning is fall
of grief, trouble, fear, and wholly misliking unto me.
And thus my book bath been so much my pleasure, and
bringetb daily to me more pleasure and more, and that in
respect of it all other pleasures in very deed be but trifles
and troubles unto me.** What reader is not melted with
this speech ? What scholar does not envy Ascham's felicity
at this interview ? He was indeed very deeply affected with
it, and to that impression we owe the discovery of some
farther particulars concerning this lovely scholar.

At this juncture he was going to London in order to
attend sir Richard Morrison on his embassy to the emperor
Charles V. and in a letter wrote the December following to
Stormius, the dearest of his friends, having informed him
that he had had the honour and happiness of being ad*
xnitted to converse familiarly with this young lady at court^
and that she had written a very elegant letter to hiito, he
proceeds to mention this visit at Bradgate, and his surprise
thereon, not without some degree of rapture. Thence he
takes occasion to observe, that she both spoke and wrote
Greek to admiration ; and that she had promised to write
him a letter in that language, upon condition that he would
send her oi^e first from the emperor's court. But this
rapture rose much higher while he was penning a letter
addressed to herself the following month. There, speak*
ing of this interview, he assures her, that among all the
agreeable varieties which he had met with in his travels
abroad, nothing had occurred to raise his admiration like
that incident in the preceding summer when he found
her, a young maiden by birth so noble, in the absence of
her tutor, and in the sumptuous house of her most noble
father, at a time too when all the rest of the family, both
Male md female^ were regaling themselves with the plea*

G R E T. S19

sores of thechace; ^'I found,^' continues he, ^^ «l Zct; hcu 9e<^
O Jupiter and all ye gods I I found, I say, the divine vir-
gin diligently studying the divine * Phaedo' of the divine
Plato in the original Greek. Happier certainly in this
respect than in being descended, both on the father and
mother's side, from kings and queens." He then puts her
in mind of the Greek epistle she had promised ; and
prompted her to write, another also to his friend Sturmius,
that what he had said of her, whenever he came, might be
tendered credible by such authentic evidence.

If lady Janereceived this letter in the country, ft is pro-
bable she did not stay there long after, since some changes
happened in the faiqily which must have brought her ta
town ; for, her maternal uncles,- Henry and Charles Bran-
don, both dying at Buckden, the bishop of Lincoln's palace,
of the sweating sickness, her father was created duke of
' Suffolk, October 1 551. Dudley earl of Warwick was also
created duke of Northumberland the same day, and in No-
vember the duke of Somerset was imprisoned for a conspi«*
. racy against him as privy -counsellor. During this interval
came the queen-dowager of Scotland from France, who,
, being magnificently entertained by king Edward, was also,
among other ladies of the blood royal, complimented as
her grandmother, by lady Jane, who was now at courts
and much in the king's favour. In the summer of 1552
the king made a great progress through some parts of
England, during which, lady Jane went to pay her duty
to his majesty's sister, the lady Mary, at Newhail, in Essex ;
and in this visit her piety and zeal against popery prompted
her to reprove the lady Anne Wharton for making a cur-
tesy to the host, which, being carried by some officious
person to the eat of the princess, was retained in her heart,
so that she never loved lady Jane afterwards ; and, indeed^
. the events of the following year, were not likely to work »
reconciliation.

The dukes of Suffolk and Northumberland, who were
now, upon the fall of Somerset, grown to the height of
their wishes in power, upon the decline of the king's health
in 15^3, began to think how to prevent that reverse of
fortune which, as things then stood, they foresaw must
happen upon his death. To obtain this end, no other re-
medy was judged sufficient but a phange in the succession
of the crown, and transferring it into their own faniiiies.
What other stepjs were taken, preparatory to this bc^d

S30 G H £ Y.

■

^lempti may be seen in the general bistQiy, and Is foreign
to the plan of this memoir^ which is concerned only in re*
lating the part that was destined for lady Jane to act in the
intended revolution : but this was the principal part ; in
reality the whole centered in her. Those excellent and
amiable qualities, which had rendered her dear to all who
had the happiness to know her^ joined to her near affinity
to the kingy subjected her to become the ch^^f tool of an
ambition, notoriously not her own. Upon this very ac-
count she was married to the lord Guilford Dudley, fourth
son to the duke of Northumberland, without being ac-
quainted with the real design of the match, which was ce-
lebrated with great pomp in the latter end of May, so much
to the king^s satisfaction, that h^ contributed bounteously
to the ezpence of it from the royal wardrobe. In the mean
time, though the populace were very far from being
pleased with the exorbitant greatness of the duke of Nor-^ '
thumberland, yet they could not help admiring the beauty
and innocence which appeared in lord Guilford and his
bride.

. But the pomp and splendor attending their nuptials was
the lastigleam of joy that shone in the palace of Edward,
who grew so weak in a few .days after^ that Northumber-
land thought it high time to carry his project into execu-<
tiori. Accordingly, in the beginning of June, he broke the
matter to the young monarch ; and, having first made all
such colourable objections as the affair would admit against
bis majesty's two sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, as well as
Mary queen of Scots,, he observed, that, '^ the lady Jane,
who stood next upon the royal line, was a person of extras
ordinary qualities ; that her zeal for the reformation was
unquestioned ; that nothing could be more acceptable tp
the nation than the prospect of such a princess ; that in
this case he was bound to set aside all partialities of blood
and nearness of relation, which were inferior considera-
tions, and ought to be over- ruled by the public good.'^
To corroborate this discourse, care was tsdken to place
about the king those who should make it their business to
touch frequently upon this subject, enlarge upon the ac«
complishments of lady Jane, and describe her with all
imaginable advantages : so that at last, the king's affec-
tions inclining to this disposition of the crowp, he con«
sented to overlook his sisters, and set aside his father's wilL
Agreeably to whieb, « deed of settlement being dravrn uf

6 R £ T. il2i

la form of law by the judges, was signed by his majesty^
and all the lords of the council.

This difficult affair once accooiplished, and the lettera
{hitent having passed the seals before the close of the months
the next step was to concert the properest method for carry*
ing this settlement into execution, and till that was done to
keep it as secret as possible*. To this end Northumberland
formed a project, which, if it had succeeded, would hav«
made all things easy and secure. He directed fetters to
the lady Mary in her brother's name, requiring her at-
tendance at Greenwich, where the court then was ; and
ftbe bad got within half a day's journey of that place when
the king expired, July 6, 1553 ; but, having timely notice
of it, khe thereby avoided the snare which had been so
artfully laid to entrap her. The two dukes, Suffolk and
Northumberland, found it necessary to conceal the king^s
decease, that they might have time to gain the city of
London, and to procure the consent of lady Jane, who wat
so fsLV from having any hand in this business, that as yet
she was unacquainted with the pains that had been taken
to procure her the title of queen. At this juncture, Marj^
sfent a letter to the privy council, in which, though she did
not take the title of queen, yet she clearly Asserted her
right to the crown; t6ok notice of their concealing her
brother's death, and of the practice iuto which they had
iince entered ; intimating, that there was still room foif
reeoticiliation, and that, if they complied with their dutf
in prockttming her queen, she could forgive and even for*-
get what was past : but in answer to this they insisted upon
the indubitable right, and therr own unalterable fidelity to
queen Jane, to whom they persuaded the lady Mary t6
rfubmit.

These previous steps being taken, and the totver aird city
of London secured, the council quitted Greenwich and
came to London; and July 10, in the forenoon, the fw6
last mentioned dukes repaired to Durham-house, whleri
the lady Jane resided with her husband, as part of Nor«
thuiiAberland's family. There the duke of Suffolk with
much solemnity explained to his danghter the disposition
the late king had made of his crown by letters patent ; the
clear sense the privy-council had of her right; the con«>
s^nt of the mag^istrates and citizens of London ; and, ia
eoncluision, himself and Northumberland fell on their knees,
and paid theif homage to her as quef n of £ngl$nd. Thd

324

GREY.

However, the strictness of their confinement was mitigated
in December, by a permission to take the air in the queeii^s
garden, and other little indulgence!. This might give
some gleams of hope ; and there are reasons to believe the
queen would have spared her life, if Wyat's rebellion had
i^ot happened ; but her father^s being engaged in that re-
bellion gave the ministers an opportunity of persuading
the queen, that she could not be safe herself, while lady
Jane and her husband were alive ; yet Mary was not brought
without much difficulty to take them o(L The news made
no great impression upon lady Jane : the bitterness of death
was passed ; she had expected it long, and was so well
prepared to meet her fate, that she was very little discom-
posed.

But the queen^s charity hurt her more than her justice.
The day first fixed for her death was Friday February the
9th ; and she had, in some measure, taken leave of the
world by writing a letter to her unhappy father, who she
heard was more disturbed with the thoughts of being th^
author of her death than with the apprehension of his own ^.
In this secene frame of mind. Dr. Feckenbam, abbot of
Westminster, came to her from the queen, who was very
desirous she should die professing herself a papist, as her
father-in-law had done. The abbot was indeed a very fit
instrument, if any had been fit for the purpose, having,
with an acute wit and a plausible tongue, a great tender-

* There it sometbing so striking in
ihib letter, and so much above her
years, that we caaaot debar the rea-
der from it. It is in these terms.:
*' Father, although it pleassth God to
fasten my death foy you, by whom my
life should i^ther have been length-
ened i yet can 1 so patiently take it,
as I yield God more hearty thanks for
shortening my woeful days than if all
Uie world had been given into my pos*
session with life lengthened to my will.
And albeit I am well assured of your
impatient dt>lors, redoubled many
ways, both in bewailing your own wo,
^nd also, as 1 hear, especially my un-
fortunate estate; yet, my dear father,
if I may without offence reJ9ice in my
mishaps, methinks in this I may ac-
count myself blessed; that, washing
my bands with the inooceocy of my
faot, my guiltless blood may cry be-
fore the Lord, mercy to the innocent ;
And yet, though I must needs ackttow*

ledge, that being constrained* aod» as
you well know continually assayed in
taking the crown upon me, T seemed
to ocmsent, and therein grievoasly of-
fended the qaeen and her laws ; ye^ do
I assuredly trCist, that this my offenc^i
towards God is so much the less, in
that, being in so royal an estate as I
was, mine enforced honour never mix-
ed with my innocent heart. And thus,
good fatherri have opened my state to
you, whose death at hand, although te>
you perhaps it may seem right woful,
to me there is nothing that ean be morQ
welcome than from this vale of miseiy
to aspire to that heavenly throne of all
joys and pleasure with Christ our Sa-
viour ; in whose stedfast faith, if it bo
lawful for the daughter to write so to
her father, the Lord, that hitherto hath
strengthened you, so continue you,
that at last we may meet in heaven,
with the Father, Son, and Holy GbosU**
Fox's Acts and MoBuneats* '

G R E ¥• 32S

ness in his nature. Lady Janie received him with much
civility, and behaved towards him with so much calmness
and sweetness of temper, that he could not help being>
overcome with her distress : so that, either mistaking or
pretending to mistake her meaning, he procured a respite
of her ekecution till the 12th. When he acquainted her
with it, she told him, ** that he had entirely misunder-
stood her sense of her situation ; that, far from desiring
her death might be delayed, she expected and wished for it
as the period of her miseries, and her entrance into eternal
happiness." Neither did he gain any thing upon her in re«
gard to popery; she heard him indeed patiently, but an-
swered all his arguments with such strength, clearness, and
steadiness of mind, as shewed plainly that religion had
been her principal care *. On Sunday evening, wiiich was
the last she was to spend in this world, she wrote a letter
in the Greek tongue, as some say, on the blank leaves at
the end of a testament in the same language, which she
bequeathed as a legacy to her sister the lady Catharine
Grey ; a piece which, if we had no other left, it is said,
were sufficient to render her name immortal. In the morn*
ing, the lord Guilford earnestly desired the ofBcers, that he
might take his last farewell of her ; which though they wiU
lingly permitted, yet upon notice she advised the contrary,
^* assuring him that such a meeting would rather ado to his .
afflictions then increase his quiet, wherewith they hiid pre-
pared their souls for the stroke of death ; that he demanded
a lenitive which would put fire into the wound, and that it
was to be feared her presence would rather weaken than
strengthen him ; that he ought to take courage from his
reason, and derive constancy from his own heart; that if
his soul were not firm and settled, she could not settle it
by her eyes, nor conform it by her words ; that he should
do well to remit this interview to the other world ; that
there, indeed, friendships were happy, and unions indis-
soluble, and that theirs would be eternal, if their souls
carried nothing with them of terrestrial, which might hin-,
der them from rejoicing.'' All she could do was, to give
him a farewell out of a window, as he passed to the place
of his dissolution, which he suffered on the scaffold on

* Tbe partictilars that passed be- dispute with him about the real pre-

t«iat her and Feckenham are weU seuce is printed ia the '* Pboeiiix '*

worth the reader's jierusal in Fox ; and Vol. II. p, 28,
ap account drawn up by herself 9f b^r

326

GREY.

Tower-hill with much Christian meekness. She likewise
beheld his dead body wrapped in a linen cloth, as it passed
tinder her window to the chapel within the Tower *.

And, about an hour after, she was led to a scaffold : sh6
was attended by Feckenham, but was observed not to give
much heed to his discourses, keeping her eyes stedfastly
^sed on a book of prayers which she had in her hand.
After some short recollection, she saluted those who were
present, with a countenance perfectly composed: then,
taking' leave of Dr. Feckenham, she said, ^* God will
abundantly requite' you, good Sir, for your humanity to
me, though your discourses gave me more uneasiness than
nil the terrors of my approaching death/^ She next ad"
dressed herself to the spectators in a plain and short
Speech; after which, kneeling down, she repeated the
Miserere in English. This done, she stood up and gave to
her women her gloves and handkerchief, and to the lieu-
tenant of the Tower her Prayer-book. In untying her
gown, the executioner offered to assist her ; but she de-
sired he would let her alone ; and turning to her women,
they undressed, and gave her a handkerchief to bind about
her eyes. The executioner, kneeling, desired her pardon,
to which she answered, ** most willingly." He desired
her to stand upon the straw ; which bringing her within
sight of the block, she said, " I pray dispatch me quickly;*'
adding presently after, " Will you take it off before I lay
toe down ?" The executioner answered, ** No, madam."
Upon this, the handkerchief being bound close over her
eyes, she began to feel for the block, to which she was
guided by one of the spectators. When she felt it, she
stretched herself forward, and said, ^' Lord, into thy hands
I commend my spirit;" and imuiediately her head was
separated at one stroke.

Her fate was universally deplored even by the persons
best-effected to queen Mary; and, to a woman of any

* Aftfr this sad sight, she wrote
three short sentences in a table-hook,
in Greek, L^tin, and English, to this
purport. In Greek : " If his slain
body shall give testimony against me
Isefore men, his mos^ blessed soul shall
Tender an eternal proof of my inno*
cence in the presence of God." In
Latin to this efiiect : " The justice of
man took away his body, but the di-
viQ« mercy bas preserved his fQul.'*

The £nglish ran thus : " If my fauH
deserred punishment, my youth at
least and my imprudence were worthy
of excuse. God and posterity will
shew me favour."— -This book she gave
te sir John Bridges, the lieutenant of
me Tower, on the scaffold, at bis in-
treaty to bestow some memorial upon
bim, as an acknowledgement of liis
civility, Heylin.

C R E Y. 827

feeling, it must certainly have given much disquiet to begiii
her reign with such an unusqal effusion of blood ; espe-
cially in the present case of a near relation, one formerly
honoured with her friendship and favour, who had indeed
usurped, but without desiring or enjoying, the royal dia-
dem which she assumed, by the constraint of an ambitious
father and an imperious mother, and which at the first
motion she chearfully and willingly resigned. This made
her exceedingly lamented at home and abroad; the fame
•of «4ier learning and virtue having reached over Europe,
excited many commendations, and some express panegy-
rics in different nations and different langpages. Imme-
diately after her death, there came out a piece, entitled,
" The precious Remains of Lady Jane Grey," in 4to.

Besides the pieces already mentioned, there are three
Latin epistles to Bullinger printed in the " Epistolae ab
Ecclesise Helvetica; reformatoribus vel ad cos scriptae,"
1742, 8vo, and the letter she wrote the night before her
death to her sister Katherine which is here printed in Latin.
Of her writing also are four Latin verses from her prison^
and her speech on the scaffold. Holinshed and Baker
say she wrote other things, and Bale mentions " The Com-
plaint of a Sinner," and " The Devout Christian." A
letter to Harding, her father's chaplain, on his apostatizing.
to popery, is in the " Phoenix." Other notices respect-
ing fragments of her writing may be seen in our authori-i
ties. *

GREY, or GRAY (Nicholas), a learned schoolmaster
of the seventeenth century, was born in London in 1590,
and was educated at Westminster- school, whence he w*as
elected student of Christ-church, Oxford, in 1606. Here
be made great proficiency under the tuition of Dr. Samuel
Fell, and was considered even at this early period as emi-
nent for his learning in the Greek and Latin languages.
Having taken his degrees in arts, he was in 1614 appointed
first master of the Charter-house, or Sutton's new founda-
tion of the hospital school ; but some years afterwards,
liaving rendered himself incapable of holding that office by
marriage, the governors gave him the living of Castle
Campus in Cambridgeshire. ^On the 29th of January 1624,
he was admitted chief mastCT^ of Merchant Taylors' school,

' Bi«g. Brit.-^Fox'i Acts and Monuments. — Ballard^a Memoirs. — Strype's
Craumer, p. 295^, 303. — Park's edition of Walpolc's Royal and Noble Authors.
*— ArcbcBol. vol. Xlll.-^See also Nichols's JLeicestei shire, ubUci B/adgate Faric.

Hi G » B Y.

on a disputed election^ whtcli, however, terminati^d iaii^
favour, and he enjoyed the place with much reputatkm
until 1631, when be resigned and was elected head <n)«iter
of Eton school, and a feIlow«^ He was ejected hy th«r
usurping powers from both his mastership and livings wid
reduced to much distress. At length . he obtained the
mastership of Tunbridge school, in which he contiaued
until the restoration, when he was re-appointed ip bis for-»
mer preferments, but did Qot long live to enjoy tbeim
He died very poor at Eton in October 1660, and wa9
buried in the choir of the chapel, near the stairs leading to
the organ-loft. He published 1. ^^ A Dictionary" in Latin
and English, and English and Latin, an improveiSQeDt on
Rider's, but afterwards superseded by Holyoak's. 2. *^Lo*
cuienta e saera scriptura testimooia, ad Hugonis Grotit
baptizatorum puerorum institutionem,*' Lo^id. 1647, Svo»
dedicated to bis learn.ed and excellent fellow, collegian
John Hales. This catechism of Grotius, which was writ-
ten in Latin verse, was such a favourite as to be translated
into Greek verse by Christopher Wase, 9«nd ipto- English
verse by Francis Gouldsmith, of Gray's-ian, esq. 3. " Pa-
rabolie evangelicae, Lat. redditae carmine paraphrastico:
varii generis in usum scholas Tunbrigiensis," Lond. &vo,^
no date. Of the second article above-mentioned, we bavei
an edition of 1668, the title of which is, ^^ Hugonis Grotii:
Baptizatorum Puerorum Institutio, alternis interrogation!-
bus et responsionibus.'^ This contains Wase's transiatioa
into Greek, with grammatical notes, and other notes by
Barth. Beale, and Gouldsmith's English version. '

GIIEY (Dr. Richard), an ingeniQus<and learned Engli^.
divine, the son of John Grey of Newcastle, was born there,
in 1694, and in 1712 was entered of Lincoln college, Ox-
ford, where he took the degree of B. A, May J 5, 1716^
and that of M. A. January 16, 171^-15^. May 1^ be waa
ordained deacon, and priest April 10, 1720, by Crew bi*
shop of Durham, to whom he was chaplain and secretary,
and who gave him, in 1721, the rectory of Hinton, near
Brackley, in Northamptonshire ; and obtained for him, from
lord Willoughby de Broke, the rectory of Kimcote in Lei-
cestershire. . He was also a prej^dary of St Pattl's. In
1746^ he was official and comtaK^»y,o{ the arcbdeacomy.

1 Atbcn. Oxon. toI. II,— Wilson's HUtory o{ Merphant T»yloriS«hool»-«
Hamouil'ii Alumni Jp:itoBeuf««f

OBEY. 32SI

6f Leicester. In 1730, be published at Oxford a ** Vtsi-
tatien- Sermon ;'' and, the same year, ^* Meraoria T^M^h*
nica ; or a new Method of artificial Memory :" a fourth
edition of which came oul in 1 756. At this • time also^ap-
peared his *^ Sjrstem of English Ecclesiastical Law, ex-
tracted from the Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani** of
bishop Gibson, Sto. This was for the use of young stu*
dents designed for orders ; and for this the university gave
him the degree of D. D. May 28, 1731. He printed an
assize sermon in 1732, called ^' The great Tribunal,'' and
ia 1736, was' the author of a large anonymous pamphlet,
uuder the title of *^ The miserable and distracted State of
Religion in England, upon the Downfall of the Church
established,'' 8vo ; and, the same year, printed another
Visitation- Sermon. He also published '^ A new and easy
Method of learning Hebrew without points, 1738 ;" ^^ His-
toria Josephi," and '^ Paradigmata Verborum, 1739;"
** Liber Jobi, 1742 ;" "Answer to Warburtou's Remarks,'*
1744; "The last Words of David," 1749; "Nova Me-
thodus Hebraice discendi diligentius recognita & ad Usuni
Scholarum ac.commodata, &c." 1751 ; "A Sermon at the
opening of Steane chapel, Northampt«" 1752; and, lastly,
an English translation of Mr. Hawkins Browne's poem " De
Animi Immortalitate," 1753. He died Feb. 28, 177), in
his 77th year. He married Joyce, youngest daughter of
the rev. John Thicknesse of Brazen-nose-college, Oxford,
and sister of the late. Philip Thicknesse, esq. by whom he
left three daughters, the eldest of whom married Dr,
iPhilip Lloyd, dean of Norwich, and was well-known for
her genius in working in worsted, and for her painted win-*
dow4 in that cathedral. Dr. Grey was buried at Hioton,.
as is bisf widow, who died Jan. 12, 1794, aged eighty-nine^
His " Memoria Techaica" was at one time a very popular
hook, and the system has lately in part been revived by a
foreigner, which has been the means of again directing
the public attention to Dr. Grey's book; but it seems
agreed that such helps areof very little substantial efficacy,
and that attention and exercise are the only means to
assist or prolong memory. Dr. Grey was a man of piety
and liberality, as appea^^ by his frequent correspondence
widi Dr. DoddridgOv * ^

GREY (Zachahy), LL. D. an English divine, and mi^
cellan^ous writer^ was of a Yorkshire family, originally

> Niehob't Bowyir.— DodfUidce'f UtUn, p. 123, 323-*dSJl.

8 3b GREY.

from France. Hfe' was born in 1687, and was adrtaitted ii
pensioner in Jesus college, Cambridge, April 18, 1704,
but afterwards removed to Trinity-hall, where he was ad-
mitted scholar of the house, Jan. 6, 1706-7 ; LL. B. 1709 ;
LL. D. 1720; and though he was never fellow of that
college, he was elected one of the tfustees for Mr. Ay-
loffe's benefaction to it. He was rector- of Houghton
Conquest in Bedfordshire : atid vicar of St. Peter's and St.
Giles's parishes in Cambridge, where he usually passed
the winter, and the rest of his tiine at Ampthill, the neigh-
bouring market-town to his living. * He died Nov. 25, 1766,
at Ampthill, and was buried at Houghton Conquest. Very
little of his history has descended to us. How he spent
bis life will appear by a list df his works. He is said to
liave been of a most amiable, 6weet, and communicative
disposition ; most friendly to his acquaintance, and never
better pleased than when performing acts of friendship
and benevolence. Being in the commission of the peace,
and a man of reputable character, he was much courted
for his interest in elections. He was not, however, very
active on those occasions, preferring literary retirement.
His works were, 1. " A Vindication of the Church of Eng-
land, in answer to Mr. Pearce's Vindication of the Dis-
senters ; by a Presbyter of the Church of England," 1720,
Svo. 2. " Presbyterian Prejudice displayed," 1722, 8vo.
^ " A pair of clean Shoes and Boots for a Dirty Baronet ;
or an answer to Sir Richard Cox," 1722. ^. "The
Knight of Dumbleton foiled at his own weapons, &c. In a
Letter to Sir Richard Cocks y knt. By a Gentleman and
no Knight," 1723. 5,. " A Century of eminent Presby-
terians : or a Collection of Choice Sayings, from the pub-
lic sermons before the two houses, from Nov. 1641 to Jan.
31, 1648, the day after the king was beheaded. By a
Lover of Episcopacy," 1723, 6. " A Letter of Thanks to
'Mr. Benjamin Bennet," 1723. This Bennet published
<* A memorial of the Reformation," full of gross prejudioes
against the established church, and '^ A defence of it."
^. " A Caveat against Mr. Benj. Bennet, a mere preten-
der to history and criticism. By a lover of history," 1724,
Svo. 8. <^ A Defence of our ancient and modern Histo-
rians against the frivolous cavils of a late pretender to^
Critical Historj", in which the false quotations and unjust
inferences of the anonymous author are confuted and ex-
posed in the manner they deserve. In two parts," I725|

O R E T. S3i

f V6. In reply, Oldmixoiv, the critical hislbrian alluded
to, published f^ A Review of Dr. Zachary Grey's' Defence
of our. ancient and modern historians. Wherein, instead
of dwelling upon bis frivolous cavils, false quotations, un-
just inferences, &c. it is proved (to his glory be it spoken)'
that there is not a book in the English tongue, which con-
tains so many falsehoods in so many pages. Non vitiosuf
homo es, Zachary, sed vitium. By the author," &€. 9. <^ Aa
Appendix by way of Answer to the Critical Historiau's
Review," 1725. 10. ** A Looking-glass for Fanatics, ot
the true picture of Fanaticism ; by a gentleman of the uni^
versity of Cambridge," 1725. U. " The Mkiistry of th^'
Dissenters proved to be null and void from Scripture and
antiquity," 1725. LS. In 1732 he wrote a preface to hii?
rdation dean Moss's sermons, " by a learned hand." Mr^ '
Masters in bis history of C. C. C. C. asctibes this to Dr.
Snape, who might perhaps have been editor of the ser-»
mons, but it was written by Dr. GTey. JjJ, " The spirit
of Infidelity detected,' in answer to Barbeyrac, with a da-
//23 fence of Dr. Waterland,'^1735, 8vo. U. " English Pres-
byterian eloquence. . By an admirer of monarchy and epis«>
copacy," 1736, 8vo. 15. " Examination of Dr. ChandlerV
History of Persecution," 1736, 8vo. 16. "The true pictur«^
of Quakerism," 1730. 17- *^ Caveat against the Dissen*
ters," 1736, 8vo. IS^ " An impartial Examination of the
second volume of Mr. Daniel Neal's History of the Puri-
tans," 1736, 8vo. The first volume of Neal had been ex*
amined by Dr. Madox, assisted in some degree by Dr.
Grey, who published his examination of the third volume
in 1737^ aad that of the fourth in 1739^ 19. ** An exa-
mination of t[)e fourteenth chapter of Sir Isaac Newton'i
Observations upon the prophecies of Daniel," 1736, 8vo.
This is in answer to sir Isaac's notion of the rise of Saint*
worship. 20. '^ An attempt towards the character of the
Royal Martyr, king Charles I. ; from authentic vouchers,"
1738. 21. '^ Schismatics delineated from authentic vouch*
ers, in reply to Neal, with Dowsing's Journal, &c. By
Philalethes Cantabrigiensis," 1739, 8vo. 22. " The Quak*
ers and Methodists compared," &c. 1740. 23. ^^ A Re-
view of Mr. Daniel Neal's Histojry of the Puritans, with &
Postscript. In. a letter to Mr. David Jennings;" a pam*
phlet, Cambridge, 1744. ^. ** Hudibras — with large an*
notations, and. a preface,"<&c. 1744, 2 vols. 8vo. 26. "A
serious address to Lay Methodists^ : by a siucere Protestant^'^

332 GREY.

1745, Bvo. 27. ** Popery in its proper colours, with a list
of Saints invocated in £ngland before the\RetbniiatiDn/'
17—, 8vo. 28, ** Remarks upon a late edition of Shak^
speare, with a long string of emendations borrowed by ti>e
celebrated editor from the Oxford edition without acknow*
ledgement. To which is prefijced, a Defence of the late
sir Thomas Hanmer, hart, addressed to the rev. Mr. War-
burton, preacher of LincolnVInn,'' 8vo, no date, bat
about 1745. 29. " A word or two of Advice to Willian*
Warburton, a dealer in many words ; by a friend. With
an Appendix, containing a taste of William's Spirit of Rail-
ing,'' 1746, Svo. 30. '^ A free and familiar Letter to that
great refiner of Pope and Shakspeare, the rev. William
Warburton, preacher at Lincoln's-Inn. With Remarks
upon the epistle of friend W. £. (query ? if not T. £• i. e.
Thomas £dwards). In which bis unhandsome treatment of
this celebrated writer is exposed in the manner it deserves.
By a Country Curate," 1750, 8vo. 31; ^< A Supplement
to Hudibras,'' 1752, 8vo. 32. *^ Critical, historical, and
explanatory notes on Shakspeare, with emendations on the
text and metre," 1755, 2 vols. 8vo. 33. *^ Chronological
account of Earthquakes," 1757, 8vo. In 1756 he assisted
Mr. Whalley in his edition of Shakspeare ; he had also con-
tributed te Mr. Peck'« " Desiderata," and " Life of Crom-
wdl," and collected some materials for a Life of Baker,
the Cambridge antiquary, which were afterwards enlarged
and published by the rev. Robert Masters. Dr. Grey left
some other MSS. and a collection of letters, now in Mr,
Nichols's possession.

From this copious account of Dr. Grey's literary em-
ployments, an idea may be formed of his character and
sentiments. It would appear that in early life he had
studied the history of the chiirch to which be belonged,
particularly during the seventeenth century when she suf-
fered the severest shock; and having examined into the
personal history of the artful agents, as weH as the more
artful means by which the hierarchy and civil government
were overthrown, conceived an implacable dislike to the
whole body of non-^conformists, which by an easy tran*-
sition, he continued towards their immediate successors,
the dissenters. Finding the latter frequently employed in
vindicating the cause of republican church-government,
and bestowing all their pity on those who suffered by the
restoration, without any notice of those whom tbey made

GREY. 333

to nulfer by the previous revolution, be directed bis poweri
of controversy to some of those advocates, and by bis la«-
borious researches intb the private history, annals, and pam-
phlets of the Cromwell period, was enabled to become a
very formidable antagonist. His Examinations of Neal are,
in this respect, the most valuable of his writings, and strict
impartiaUty will be found to recjuire a close attention, in
the readers of Neal, to what Dr. Grey and bis precursor
bishop Madox have advanced. The same researches which
Dr. Grey had occasion to pursue in answering Neal and
others of that party, seem to have furnished him with the
matter of the notes by which he afterwards illustrated his
edition of Butler's Hudibras, a work which will probably
preserve his memory to a very long date, as his plan was
entirely new. Yet, he did not escape attacks, both seri-
ous'and jocular on this publication. Warburton, in his
preface to Shakspeare, ^* hardly thinks thereover appeared,
in any learned language, so execrable an heap of nonsense,
under the name of Commentaries, as hath la^tely been
given us on this satiric poet :'' and Pielding, in the pre«-
fece to his " Voyage to Lisbon," has introduced ** the
laborious much-read Dr. Zacbary Grey, of whose redundant
notes on Hudibras he shall only say, that it is, he is con-
fident, the single book extant, in which /above 500 authors
are\quoted, not one of which could be found in the colloca-
tion of the late Dr. Mead.'* But Dr. Warton has very well
observed, that, ^^ if Butler is worth reading, he is worth
explaining ; and the researches used for so valuable and
elegant a purpose merit the thanks of genius and candor,
not the satire of prejudice and ignorance."

The above attack by Warburton produced, from Dr. Grey^
the pamphlets mentioned above, No.28, 29,and 30, in which
there is ^luch of the grossness as well as the acuteness of
the controversial spirit. Warburton's conduct, howeveri
appears wanton and unprovoked, for he not only was at
one time on good terms with Grey, and had bimsdf some
thoughts of illustrating Hudibras, but had actually supplied
Gr^y with the result of his own inquiries, and was there^
fore a contributor to ** so execrable an heap of nonsense ;"
for which Grey makes very grateful acknowledgment in his
preface. To account for Warburton's contempt for a com**
mentator whom he had thus assisted, and for a plan which
he meant to have executed (perhaps as he executed his
plan on Shakspeare), we are inclined to prefer the ^onjec-

334 GREY.

Uire of a gentleman whom extensive reading, reflectiot^
and taste have constituted an able umpire in literary quar-
rels. Mr. D' Israeli thinks that Warburton's motive was
jealousy, and that ^ though he had half reluctantly yielded
the. few notes he had prepared, his proud heart sickened
when he beheld the amazing subscription Grey obtained
for his first edition of Hudibras ; he received for that work
1500/.; a proof that thi$ publication was felt as a want by
the public." Grey, however, may be entitled to a higher
merit than that of gratifying the public taste by his edition
of Hudibras. He was unquestionably the founder of that
species of commentary which has since been so success-
fully employed in illustrating Shakspeare, by bringing to-
Sitber all the information, the contemporary writing, and
e style, manners, prejudices, and peculiarities of the
age, however distant, in which the author to be explained
wrote. And although this example has been followed^
perhaps in some instances, to a degree of minuteness that
exposes the commentator to the ridicule of the wits, and
^though it must be allowed that some of the Shakspeare
commentators have ^* bestowed'all their tediousness" upon
us with a too liberal hand, yet it cannot be controverted^
that they have pursued the only just and legitimate process
for elucidating the writings of distant ages. The merit of
this example, therefore, is due to Grey, and is that on
which his fame as a writer and literary antiquary will rest,
long after his other publications, with the exception per*
baps of his Examinations of Neal, are forgotten. He had
^ViO made some progress in an edition of Shakspeare upon
the plan of his Hudibras, which we presume his advanced
age prevented his completing. What he bad collected^
bowever, appeared in his ** Critical, historical, and ex-
planatory notes" above-mentioned. Of this work Dr*
Johnson s^ys that ^^ what Dr. Grey undertook he has well
enough performed, but as he neither attempts judicial nor
emendatory criticism, he employs rather his memory than
his sagacity ;" and he adds, ^^ It were to be wished that
all would endeavour to imitate his modesty, who have not
been able to surpass his knowledge." '

GRIBALDUS (Matthjbw), surnamed Mofa, was a
learned civilian of Padua, who, after being a law professor

1 Nichols's Bo vyer^-^-DUsra^li's Calamities of Authors. — Cok'« MSAtbena
In Brit. Mu.seuau

G.R I B A L P U S. J34?

%tPadda, Pka^, and Pavia, as far as 1557, left Italy, in
order to make a public profession of the Protestacnt reH*
gion; :batwho, like some other Italian converts, imbibed
the heresy, of the Antitripitarians. After having been pro*
fessor of civil law at Tubingen for some time, he quitted
the employment, in order to escape the punishment be
would have'incurred, bad he been convicted of his errors
He was seized at Bern, where he .feigned to. renounce his
opinions, in order to escape very severe treatment; but, at
be relapsed again, and openly favoured the heretics, who
bad been driven from Geneva, he would, as Beza inti^.
mates, cert;ainly have been put to death, if he had not died
of tho: plague in September 1567, or as others say in 1564.
In a journey to Qeneva, during the trial of Servetus, he
desired to have a conference with Calvin, which Calvin at
first refused, but afterwards granted ; and then Gribaldus^
though be came according to the appointed time and places
refused to confer, because Calvin would not give him his
band, till they, should be ag^'eed on the articles of the
Trinity. He was afterwards cited, to appear before the
magistrates, in order to give an , account of bis faith ; but^
his answers not being satisfactory, he wa^ commanded to
leave the city. He wrote several works, which are esteemed
by the public; as « Comment^rii in legem de remm
mistura, & de jure fi^ci," printed in Italy.. *^ Commen-
.tarii in pandectas juris,'' at Lyops. ^^ Commentarii in ali-
quot praecipuos Digesti," &c. Francfort, 1377, fol. " His*
toria Francisci Spiree, cui anno 1548, familiaris aderat, se^
cundum qu£B ipse vidit & audivit,'' Basil, 1550. Sleidan
declares, that G ribald us was a spectator of the sadcondi^
tion of the apostate Spira, and that he wrote and published
an account of his case and sufferings. ^^ De methodo ae
ratione studendi in jure civili libri tres,'' Lyons, 1544 and
1556. He is said to have written this last.book in a week.^
GRIBNER (Michael Henry), an eminent professor of
law, was born in 1682, at Leipsic. His father, who was
minister in that city, dying in 1685, the celebrated Mencke
married the widow, and took great care of her son's educa«
tion. Gribner assisted in the " Leipsic Journal," was pro-
fessor of law at Wittenburgh, then at Dresden, and finally
at Leipsic, w'here he was chosen to succeed M. Mencke*
He diecl in 1734. Besides several academical dissertations.

\ Gep. I)ltt--;-M(»r«ri.77<I>cipiA^'^Saxu Onomast i

iSS CRIBNIR.

lie left *^ Pclncipia pracessQs Judiciarii ;'^ <^ Principia JariV^
prodentiae naturalis;^' a small work much esteeaved^
** Opuacala Juris publici et privati.** He was also a bene-
factor to the university of Leipsic, by leaving a consider*
able legacy to the library, a sum of money as a provision
for the widows of the professors, and an annual sum as kM
exhibition for a law student.'

GRI£RSON (Constantia), a very extraordinary wo-
man, (whose maiden name is nowhere mentioned), was borii
in the county of Kilkenny in Ireland, and married to Mr.
George Grierson, printer in Dublin. She died in 1733^
at the age of twenty-seven ; and was allowed to be an ex-
cellent scholar, not only in Greek and Roman literature,
but in history, divinity, philosophy, and mathematics. She
gave a proof of her knowledge in the Latin tongue by her
dedication of the Dublin edition of Tacitus to lord Carte-
ret ; and by that of Terence to his son, to whom she like*
wise wrote a Greek epigram. Dr. Harwood esteems ^ler
Tacitus one of the best edited books ever published,
^mong the editions of her husband's press, is a very fine
one of Dupin's Ecclesiastical History, 1724, 3 vols, folio,
a rare book in this country. Mrs. Grierson composed some
poems in English, several of which are inserted by Mrs.
Barber amongst her own. When lord Carteret was lord*
lieutenant of Ireland, he obtained a patent for Mr. Grier^
■on, her husband, to be the king's printer ; and, to dis-
tinguish and reward her uncommon merit, had her life in-
serted in it. Besides her parts and learning, she was also
a woman of great virtue and piety. Mrs. Pilkington hai
recorded some particulars of her, and tells us, that» ^* when
about eighteen years of age, she was brouglit to her father,
to be instructed in midwifery ; that she was mistress of
Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and French, and understood the
mathematics as well as most men : and what,^' says Mr^.
Pilkington, ** made these extraordinary talents yet more ^
aurprifiing was, that her parents were poor illiterate coun^
try people ; so that her learning appeared like the gift
poured out on the apostles, of speaking ail the languages
without the pains of study.^^ Mrs. Pilkington inquired of
her, where she bad gained this prodigious knowledge : to
which Mrs. G^^ievson said, that ** she had received some
little instruction from the minister of the parish, when she

I Bibl ^MBMtiqu^, ro). XKIX.— Moreri.— Saxu Onomast.

0 R I B H S O K. 837

tliuTd: ^aa^ time from her needle-work, to whicli she wsui
deseiy kept by her mother/' Mrs. Pilkington adds, that
^^ahe wrote elegantly both in verse and prose; that her
tara was chiefiy to phiiosc^hical or divine subjects ; that
her piety was not inferior to her learning ; and that soma
^ the most deiigfatfui hours she herself had ever passed
veve in the eonversation of this female philosopher." Her
•bn^ who was also hk majesty's printer at Dublin, and in*
atnieted by her, ^m a man of uncommon learning, great
m% and vivacity. He died in Germany, at the age of
twenty-seven. Dr. Johnson highly respected his abiiitieS|
^d often observed, th^t be possessed more extensive know*
ledge than any man of his years he had ever known. His
induatry was equal to his ts^ents, he particularly excelled
in every species of philological learning, and was perhaps
tbe^best critic of hi» time.^ ^

GRIFFET (Henry), a French writer of conslderabk
reputation, was born October 9, 1698, at Moulins. H^
entered early among the Jesuits at Parb, was professor of
helles lettres in the college of Louis le Grand, and distin*
giitah^d himself afterwards in the pulpit On the dis$olu«
lion of his order, he retired to Brussels, where he died of
a- nephritic cfaolio, February 22, 1*775; His works are, 1.
An edition qf DaniePs " History of France,'* Paris, 1756,
If vol*. 4to, in which the reign of Louis XTIL occupying
Ittree Tolumes, is entirely his own. 2. ** Trait6 des dif-
fierentes sortes de preuves qui servent a etablir la verit6 de
PHi^toirey'' Liege, 1769, 12mo, a very judicious perform-
ance^ 3. <• Sermop^,^' Li^ge, 1767, 4 vols. 8vo, not re-
markable fbr spirit or eloquence. 4. Several pious works,
^mongi whieb the most popular is his ^^ Ann^e du Chfetien,'^
Paris, 1747, 18 vols. 12mo. 5. " Latin Poems," written
at cotlegie, of indifferent character. 6. An improved edi-
tion of \D'Avrigny*8 Memoirs, 1757, 5 vols. 12mo. 7.
^ Insuffisance de la religion naturetle," Liege, 2 vols.
12010. i^. An enlarged edition of the '* Delices des Pays
Bas,'' Liege, 1769, 5 vols. 12mo.*

GRIFFIER (John), a landscape painter, born at Ams-
terdam in 1645, was a pupil of Roland Rpghman^ whose
nanuder he relinquished after he became acc^umhted with
the more perfect one of A* Vandervelde apd Lingelbach.

■ Ballard's Memoirs. — Gibber's Uvw.'— Prefm t9 Mrs. Barber's Tosms.— *
Bos^vetrs Life of JobttSOR, ^ Diet. Hist.

Vol. XVL Z

338 G R I F F I ETtt

He settled in England, and made views of many of tfae
principal places, which are highly wrought, but with ra-
ther an artificial tone of colouring. His execution was
minute and laboured, but his pictures are very well com-
pleted in that style. He likewise employed his talents iu
imitations of Rembrandt, Rysdael, Polemburg, and Te-
niers ; and so successfully, that his productions are often
taken for originals. He died in the seventy-third year of
his age, in 1718. He was known by the appellation of the
old Griffier. — His son, RoBfiRT Griffier, or the young
Griffier, practised the same profession as his father, and in
the same style. He resided chiefly upon the continent
and produced a great number of elaborate pictures of views
on the Rhine, &c. with many figures in them* He was
alive in 1 7 1 3.*

GRIFFITH (Elizabeth), a lady once of some note as
a writer of novels and plays, wnose maiden name was
Griffith, was of Welch descent, and early in life married
Richard Griffith, a gentleman of a good family, but T^
duced fortune, in Ireland. The first performance by whicb
$he became known was entitled *^ I'he Letters of H^nrj
and Frances,'' which are said to contain the genuine corre-
spondence between her and ber husband before tbefr mar«
riage, and for some years after. They were published al
the particular request of Margaret countess of Cork, who
was one of her friends, and privy to her connexion whb
Mr. Griffith, which was at first kept secret. From thes^
letters, a few particulars of the private history of the par^
ties may be collected. Mr. Griffith appears to have re*
ceived no regular education, although in his yonth he bad
evinced some talents for poetry ; he introduced himself,
however, by degrees into ** the genteelest and most repu-
table company ;'* but tired of a city life, passed several
Jl^ears with a relation in the country of Ireland, where h^
read, learned French, and " studied husbandry pbiibso-
phically." He then engaged iu a farm and the Hneu ma-
nufacture; and about 1760 appears to have received a
place from the duke of Bedford, at that time lord lieute-
nant of Ireland. His acquaintance with Mrs. Griffith was
accidental, and commenced on his part, to use his owi^
phrase, " as an act of gallantry ;" but finding ** no proba-^
bility of success," a strange declaration ! — and being ena-

1 4lr(eaviUe, vol. IXI.^Pilktfi|toaaQd Strtttt'— Wa<poIe*t Aaecdotef, fcc»

G RJ F F.I T H S. 93$

nioiur^d with her writings, conversation, and character, be-
came, at last, a real and honourable lover, but declined
matrimony for several years, as she had no fo'rtune, and hi^
expectations from his father were much larger than they
were likely to turn out At length, however, they married,
aibout the year 1752; and their first publication was thi9
correspondence, published by subscription, and not very
successful with any class of readers, not even the senti-
mentalists, for whom it was chiefly calculated. Some of
the letters, however, are of a superior cast, and contain
many sensible remarks on books, men, and manners. Their
next publication, which was also written in conjunction,
was '* Two Novels, in Letters, 4 vols. ; jthe first and second^
eatitled Delicate Distress^ by Frances ; the third and fourth,
entitled the Gordian Knot, by Henry,^' 1769, 12mo. JBoth
these are of astrict moral tendency ; but, like the corresponds^
ence of the authors, too much tinged with the pedantry of
^quotation and philosophizing, instead of natural descrip^
ition and feeling. Previously to this, Mr. Griffith had pub-
lished in 1764, *^ The Triumvirate ; or the authentic Me*
Soirs of A. B. and C." 2 vols. 12mo, a novel of so loose a
lid, that even his wife could not venture to recommend it
,to the fair sex, and yet adds her opinion that '^ every genr'
tieman will read it with pleasure, and I trust without any
injury to his morals/* Of Mr* Griffith's performances wp
^oar no more, nor have been able to ascertain the time of
^is death. Mrs. Griffith's other novels were " Lady Bar-
.{pn,*' and ^'Juliana Harley." She also wrote some dramas
,which had various success, but none of them have pre«
^^erved their station on the stage. One of her most agree^
able publications was '* The Morality of Shakspeare'js
l]>fam a illustrated,'* 1775, 8vp. She published also some
^translations, "The Adventures of Pierre Viaad," and the
** Letters of Ninon de L'.Enclos," &c. She died Jan. 3^
J793, atMillecent, in the county of Kildare. She was on-
.questionably a woman of considerable literary talents, but
does not appear to have found in her lover and husband
the judgment which could give them a proper direction.
Nor did he contribute much to heir happiness in his latter
days. He had long accustomed himself to the cant of sen-
. timeut, which is too frequently mistaken for genuine moral
feeling. When in his grand climacteric, be seduced a girl
of fortune and consequence, with*whom he lived the r^*
mainder of bis days. The libertine notions ijtx his *^ Trif^m^

^2

• S40 G R I F F I T H.

tWatrf* ^pp^^tf t6 have heeri riiore pt^Jominalit tihan <Ee
sense he affected to entefta^rn o/ pure iAoiMs in bib ^^Let"

GRIMALDI (JoHiv F*Ai^cis), called BoLOt5*'iisE, \va'$
borrf at Fotogna* in 11606, and! studfed u'nder A. Cara'cci,
'to v^homf he wa^ related'. He wai a go6tf designer of
figiir^s, but be<»iattie chiefly distitt^tri^he^cPfoVhis Brtdicafjies.
Wb^^fn he ari»ived^ tit Romej Irfn'oeentrX. d?d- justrce to hf»
flierit, emploj^etf Writt to paritif in the YMt^ti and th^ Qiii'-
riaaljj- and eveiV ita ehufch^s. This pope tt^edf to vfsit tinfi
When aft WoVk, aW(f tfalfe femiliiELrly Vi^i^h fimi. Hfo feputa*
tion I'^dhed (r^rdinaf M^zarii^ ^t Pari^, who ^nt f6t hiitfy
ilettteds/ la^rgejp^nislon'on' hiii)/ ^itd^th'pfoy^d' hHb^r three
y^stt^ iti embeffishing hi$ palace and' itie Louvrey by th^
cftdtr of Lewis XIll The troul^les- of the siate, arid th*
eliatnottr^ rdiitfed againsft the cai'diri^f, ^hose4)arfy he #ai^ml^
espoused, put him so niuch in dainfger, ithstt hfis ffieird's sid-
fis^d hini to retire atriong fhe Jesuits, foi \Vhoh) hfe pBitkU^
i decorttion fot thfef expo^itfdit of the Satraitieht duriiirg the
boly dky^, according to the custditi of Rom^. Thi^pieck
wa^ ttiuc}^ relkhed at Parts : the king honoured it v^ith two
tisjts/diid cbmhfadd^d hitii' to^ ptiuii a similar piece for hi^
chapel at the Lontre. Gridmldi tftet th^t r^urned td'
It^ly, and at his arrivai at Rome fotind bisr gr^at patroa
Irinocent X. desld ; but his two snccesiors Alexander VII.
tod Clemeht IX. hfortoujTed him equally with their friend-
ship, and found hitri variety of employment His chief^
jiower lay in laiidscape, though he designed figures well,^
jS^iid his pencil eqaailed his design, light, and flowing with
great depth of colour, bolder in Tb^ masses and the dash of
bashy foliage than Caracci^s, but perbapS too green. Tht
gallery Colonha, at Rome, has many of his views, which
remained chiefly in Italy, less known on this sidie of the
•Alps than those of Poussin and Claudb. He understood
•ai*chitecture, and has engraved in aqua ibttid fo)rty-twO'
landscapes in an excellent manner, five of which are after
Titian. Grimaidi wa^ amiable in hi^ tlianners, as well as
i^klU'iil in his profession: be wii^ generous without profu-i^
sion, respectfbl to the great without meanniiss, and cha-
Titable to the poor. The foJlb\Virig instaiice of his benevo^
J^nce may serve to characterise tiie man. A Sicilian gen*

. 1 Gedt. Mas. vpl. XL; p.2fl4, \Xm. p. 104.— Vwtor»a Wcrkt; roK T. p.
903~.3i3,.334.--&lt^ Stiwaidft Lett^i, vol Ui. p. 313^l4.-nfiittr. i)raxQjUic«.

<9 * I M A I, D J. ?4i

l)ep[iaQ, >i«bo lifid T^ir^ed from Messina ^^th I^is d^^ght/^/r,
duria^ th^ tcoqble;? of J^iat .country, m9s i^ed^^d ^to i\i,f
.misery of ^vi^anting ^ead* As he lived over-^^.in$t \i\m,
.Qnmaldi w^as soon .iaformed ,af ^t ; and in ^(xe .^usk of t\xf
^evqning, knocking at tl^e Sicili^n^ door, without peaking
faimselt' known, tossed in money and retired. The thing
ihappenii^ Oi^re than once, raised tli^ Sicilian's curipsiiy
to know his. benefactor ; who, finding bipi out, by hiding
himself behind the door, f^U do^n on his knojes to thanjf:
the band th^t had relieved him: .Qqqialdi remained con r
fused, offered bim his house, and continued his friend tiU
.his dqath. Qe died of a dropsy at Jdome in 1660, and left
.ja.cpixsiderable fortune among six children ; of which th^
youngest, named Alexander, was a pretty gpod.pai^itier.*'
GHIMANi (Oominick), a learned cardinal, was born.svt
yenice in 1460. His fiather being procur^tpr of St. Mark,
,and ^ter^vards.dpge of the city, the son w^assoon brougI|t
,into p.u|i>lic notice, and epiployed ^y the state in important
oflS^es. ,Ifi .];49? he w^ raised (o the piurple by pop^s
Alex.and;er VI. having previously ai^quired grpat fame op
accqunt of the pjety whic^ he displayed tpw^rds jiis fjgk*
theif, fv}^o .Wias,coxaix\a(ider of a fleet, ajod being defeated by
tbe Turks, .was jfppriaoped and t;r^at^d with grejat rigoiM*.
The s.on offefedto.t^lfe his place, whjch.b.eing fefus^, l^
attCQc^ed I)|fn in pr^on, and r,^ndered hjm.all the service ip
pis jpp^eXy Qrin^api jsras al^ ;ap eipinent patron pf the
fine arjts : he cpllecited a choice and valua]i))e library, con-
sisting of eight thqps9.nd vol^uqn^s in all langu^e>s wt^icfa,
at his (jeceajse, in 1523, he l^equeathed tp the canpos re-
jgixl^t q{ St. Salvadore, in Venice. Jt j*:as ^^f^erw^rds ia-
cre^sed by the a4ldiMon of many valua)){^ i^rorks by the c^-
dii^i^l patrifirch Maripo Qrunani, and was preserved until
f nearly the epd of tt^e ^pventeenth centpry, when it w^s
jQif fortunately destroyed by fire. Popijnick Grimani sis(>
made a fine cpUection of. statues, and, other retnains of an-
tiquity. In 1509, he was visited by Ei-asmus, who relati^s
tl}e particulars of bis reception, in one of his letters, wit)i
interesting minuteness, and afterwards dedicated to hiffi
his ^* Paraphrasis in Epistol. Pauli ad Rom^nos." On an-
other occasion, we find Erasnius soliciting cardinal Orixx>ai|i
for a copy pf Origen*s commentai^ on the P&atms, a trans-
^tj^n of irbich he h^d been urged to undertake i^y \V^-

Ut mSLiMt 6 L 0.

bam» archbishop of Canterbary. Grimani is said to hattr
translated from the Greek some homilies of Cbtysoslom:'

GRiMBOLD, GRIMBALD, or GRIMOALD (NfCHd-
LAs), a poet of Considerable rank in his time, was a natire
of Huntingdonshire, and received the first part of his aca*
demical education at Christ's college in Cambridge, where
he became B. A. in 1539 or 1540. Removing to Oxford
in 1542, he was elected fellow of Merton college; but^
about 1547, having opened a rhetorical lecture in the re.
fectory of Christ church, then newly founded, he was
transplanted to that society^ which gave the greatest epcou-
ragement to such students as were distinguished for their
proficiency in criticism and philology. The same year
be wrote a Latin tragedy, which probably was acted in the
college, entitled " Archipropheta, sive Joaniles Baptista,**
'dedicated to the dean, Richard Cqx, and printed Colon*
1548, 8vo. In 1548, he explained all' the four books of
VirgiPs Georgics in a regular prose Latin paraphrase, in
the public hall of his college, which was printed at Lon'-«
don in 1591, 8vo. He wrote also explanatory commenta*
ries, or lectures, on the '* Andria" of Terence^ the Epis-
tles of Horace, and many pieces of Cicero, perhaps for the
same auditory. He translated Tuliy*s Offices into JEdgHsh,
which he dedicated to the learned Thirlby, bishop of Ely,
printed at London, 1553, 8vo, and reprinted in 1574 and
1596. He also made translations from some of the Greek
classics; but these, Mr. Warton thinks, were never pub-
lished; among others was the " Cyropaedia.'^ B^le ipen*
tions some plays and poems, but hot with sufficient pre-
cision to enable us to know whether they were in Latin or
English. It is allowed, however, that he was the second
English poet after lord Surrey who wrote in blank verse,
and added to Surrey's style new strength, elegance, and
modulation. In the disposition and conduct of his ca-
dences, says our poetical historian, he often approaches (o
the legitimate structure of the improved blank verse, al*
though he is not quite free from those dissonancies and as-
perities, which in his time adhered to the general character
and state of English diction. Both Mr. Warton and Mr?
Ellis have given specimens of his poetry from " Tb«
Songes written by N. G.*' annexed to the " Songes an^
Sonnettes of uncertain Auctours" in Tottell's edition oj^

1 Tiraiyoscbi.-^Moireri.— Clretw«n*s Politian.— >Roicoc'i .Lto^

6 R I M B O L D. S43

I tf rd JSairqr** Poema (reprinted^in the late edition of the
£nglish poets). As a writer of verses in rhyme, Mr. War-
ton thinks that Grimbofd yields to none of his contempo-
Yaries, for a masterly choice of chaste expression^ and the
concise elegancies of didactic versification ; and adds that
some of the couplets in his *^ Praise of Measure-keeping,"
or moderation^ have all the smartness which mark the mo*
dern style of sententious poetry, and would have done ho-
nour to Pope^s ethic epistles. It is supposed that be died
about 1563. Wood and Tanner, and after them, Warton,
are dedidedly of opinion that he is the same person, called
by Strype ^* one Grimbold,^' who was chaplain to bishop
Hidley, and who was employed by that prelate while in
prison, to translate into English ijaurentius Valla^s book
against the fiction of Constantine's Donation^ with some
other popular Ladq pieces against the papists. In Mary^s
ceign, it is ^d itbat he xras imprisoned for heresy) and
aaved his life ^by recantation. This may be true of the
^rimbold mentioned by Strype, but we doubt whether be
he theisame with our poet, who is mentioned in high terms
by Bale» on account of his zeal for the reformed doctrines,
jwithout a syllable of his apostacy^ which Bal^ must have
Imown, and would not have concealed.*

GRIMSTON {Sir H^lrboxtle)^ a celebrated lawyer^
.and master of the rolls in the se^eiiteenth century, de-
scended from a very ancient family, was born at Bradfield-
Jiall, near Manaingtree, in Essex, about 1.594.. Where
lie had hjs early education is not known^ but he sjtudied
law in lincoln^s-inn, and practised with considerable suc-
.cess. In August 1638 he was chosen recorderof, Colchester,
und representative for that place in the parliament which
met at Westminster April 13, 1640, and again in the par*
Jiament which met Nov. 3 of the sa^e year. The n^ea-
sures he at first supported were ,those of the party which
finally overthrew the government, and although he argued
chiefly against such abuses as might have been reformed
by a better understanding between the conflicting parties,
yet bis violence against the court, and particularly a bitter
speech he made against archbishop Laud, seem to prove
ithat he was too much swayed by the popular clamour of
the times, and too readily became one of the committees

1 Bate and Taoner.— Warton'i Hist, of Po«try.— Bllis's Specioittas.— Atben.
^xon. vol. I. new edit, by Bliii.

»44 G R I M 5 T O N.

for ike iH^V^s of grievances, real or iim^^fy, las wfdH^m ^
for bringing those to punishtnent who -were me&t <ri[)a€dcmiK
to the people. In 1 642 he was made one of Abe lieilAeiiantt
of the couhty of Essex, in pursuance of the pavKaimnfft
ordinance for the miflitia, and in August the smne yeai^
Came down to Colchester and proclainied sir John iMBsm
traitor, for intending to assbt the king. When be ^rnxoBf
howerer, to penetrate more deeply into tbe designs of tke
reformers, he "began to withdraw his countenanoe from
them, and when in 1647 be was appointed one of tfafecom«-
snissioners to treat with the king at Newport, nn tbeisle idf
Wight, his majesty had erery reason to be pleased nirith
bis candour and mod^ratidn« On his return to parliamedt,
he argued for accepting* the king's conces^iona, and being
at the Banle itlnve one of the commissioners for disbanding
the army, was, among others, forcibly excluded from ibe
bouse by a party of soldiers. After the murder of the
king, he went abroad for some time, but in 1656 we find
biih elected to Cromwell's parliament asone of the sixteen
representatives for the eounty of Essex, but not approved ^y
the council, against whose decision he signed a-spirited ns^r
monstrance. In February i 659*60 he was chosen one^f the
newcouncil of state, in whom tlie executive power was iodgel|
hy the remains of the long parliament that restored Cbatles
II. ; and a few months after, he was also chosen spealier^lf
the house of commons in what was called tbe^^<Heiili^
parliament*' ^hich met April 25, 1660. In May foliowiug,
lie waited on the king at Breda, atid on his m^ajestjr^^s ar-
rival, and the settlement of the government, ^nas appointeU
master of the rolls Nov. 3, 1^60, which bffice'be iilled^ibr
•nearly twenty-foitr years with gre^t ability and integrity.
He was also appointed in the siame year chief steward of
the borough of St. Aiban's, and recorder of Barwkhy'anid
'from the riestoratit)n'to the time of his death, continued to
'represent Colchester in parliament. For^seteral years kei
entertained Dr. Gilbert Burnet, afterwards bishop <^ Sa-
lisbury, a^ his chaplain, or preacher at tfae rolls ^ and mnidtk
assisted him in his <' History of the Reft)rmation.'' 'Bm*-
net in his ^^ Own Times" has given an affectionate and
probably faithful character of sir Harbottle, wbo ^pMTi
to have been a ipan of real wor^b, piety, and moderation
i'^ his latter days. Sir Harbottle died Dec. 31, 1683, aged
about ninety, and was buried in the chancel of St. Michael's
ehurch, St. AlbaaV He was twice instfriedi first to Mary,

CRIM8T0K ^U

.^lighter «f »ir iGeer^ (Dndsr, an loditioTi of whose ^ fi«hr
(|a9fl»'* 4fee ipoUished, 3'vok. folio ; :End Becondly to 4A»ei
4laiightier of sir Nathaniel Sacon, 0f Cutford-haU, in SiiC^
iblkr Other iparticulais of his family tnay be seen in ouf

<7KINJ>A«L (EpMUNB), atx^fabishop of Canterbury, wa|
ibom in 1519, at HlnBii»ghain, a amall v^illage 'in Cumber-
4and. Afjter a isuitable foundation of learning at scbodlji
lie was sent to Magdalen-eoUege, in Cambridge, but re*
moved tfaeuoe to Christ's, and afterwards to Pembroke-
JiaU.; where, haiRing taken his first degree in arts, be was
chosen fellow in 1538, and commenced M. A. in iS41y
^ving served ithe office of junior bursar of bis college the
^ec^ng year, in 1546 he was appointed senior prootor
<of the univeiBity, and is said to have often sat as assessor
«lo Jihe viee-chancd^lor in his courts. In 15^9 he became
^president {<vioe^master] !of his college ; and ^being novf
JB. D. was unanimously chosen lady Margaret's public
;|MnBaoher at<Oambridge ; as be was also one of the four dis-
putants in a theological extraordinary act, performed -that
y4sar/for the.entertaijimqnt ofking iEdward's visitors.

Thus distinguished in the university, his merit was ob*
faeitfed by Ridley, 'bishop of London, who made him his
'jBbaplain in 1550 ; perhaps by the recQmmenda|;ion of Bu«
per, the king's professor of divinity at Cambridge, who
r|K>on 'after his removal) to (>ondon, in a letter to that pre-
.iate, styles our divine '^;a. person eminent for his learning
find. piety.*' -And thus a door being opened to him into
jchunch^.preferments, he rose by quick advances. His
•patron the bishop w^s so much pleased with him, that he
t^desigaed'fi^r him the prebend < of Cantrilies, in St. Paulas
«(shuitoh, and wrote to the council (some of whom had
(Procured it for furnishing the king's stables) for leave
'Aq give' thisi living, as he says; ^^ to his well deserving chap-
kuo, who was without preferment, and to whom he would
graatfit with all his heart, that so he might have him con-
tinually .mihriiim and in bis diocese to preach," adding,
^faat ^^ he w!^ known to be both of virtue, honesty, discre-
tion, wssdom, and learning." What effect this application
bad does not appear, but the pvsscentoif^s place becoming
vacant soon after, his lordship on August 24, 1551, coU

y Uio$. Brit.— Buniiet;» Own TioiM.— CoUins^s Peerage, by Sir £• Bryds«i>
art. Vcf ulftOtTrCUreadoufi Hiitoryr^hstt«m's Bcrtfoiditure*

346 O R I N D A L.

fluted bim to that office, ..which was of much, greater

.value, and likewise procured bim to be made one of bia

.majesty's chaplains, with the usual salary of 40/. in Decem^i^,

ber of the. same year. On July 2, 1552, he obtained a

stall in Westminster-abbey ; which, however, he resigned

rto Dr. Bonner, whom he afterwards succeeded in the

•liishopric of London. In the mean time, there being a

.design on the death of Dr. Tonstall, to divide the rich see

^f Durham into two, Grindal was nominated for one of

'these, and would have obtained it, had not one of the

courtiers got the whole bishopric dissolved, and settled as

a temporal estate upon himself.

In 1552, he fled from the persecution under queen Mary
into Germany ; and, residing at Strasbourg, made him-
self master of the German tongue, in order to preach iu
the ehurcfaes there ; in the disputes at Francfort about a
new model of government and form of worship, which waji
to be different from the last liturgy of king Edward, he
Ifided with Cox and others against Knox and his followers.
Jteturning to England on the accession of Elizabeth, in
1558, he was employed among others, in drawing up the
new liturgy to be presented to the queen's first parliament;
-|tnd was also one of the eight protestant divines, chosen to
bold a public dispute with the popish prelates about that
< time. His talent for preaching was likewise very service-
able, and he was generally appointed to that duty on all
public occasions. On May 15, 1550^ he preached at St.
PauPs at the first reading iof the common-prayer before
the privy-council, nobility, lord mayor, and aldermen.
About the same time he was appointed one of the ebmmis*
sioners in the north, on the royal visitation for restoring
the supremacy of the crown, and the protestant faith and
worship. This visitation extended also to Cambridgei
where Dr. John Young being removed for refusing the
oath of supremacy, from the mastership of Pembroke* hall^
Grindal was chosen by the fellows to succeed him in 1559.
This ofHce, however, he accepted with reluctance, and
finding that he could riot reside, he resigned it in May
1562, if not before; yet so highly was he beloved by th^
society, that the three succeeding masters were chosen by
bis recommendation.- ,

In July the same year, he was nominated to the bi-
shopric of London, vacant by the deposition of Bonner.
T'he juncture was very t:ritical, and the fate of tbe chprcl;^

G R 1 N D A L. S4r

jrerenoes depended upon the event. An act of parliament
had lately passed, whereby her majesty was empowered
tio exchange the ancient episcopal manors and lordahipa
£>r tithes and impropriations; a measure extremely re-
gretted by these first bishops^ who scrupled whether they
should comply in a point so injurious to the revenue of
their respective sees, which must suffer considerably by
thede exchanges ; and which too would cut off all hope of
restoring the tithes, so long unjustly detained from the
respective cnurches, for the maintenance of the incum-
bents. In this important point our new-nominated bishop
consulted Peter Martyr in a letter dated August of this
year ; nor did he accept of the bishopric till he had re*
cieived an opinion in favour of it from that divine, who
said that' the queen might provide for her bishops and
clergy in such manner as she thought proper, that bring
none of Grindal's concern. He also communicated to that
divine his scruples concerning the habits and some cus*
toms then used in the church, on both which Martyr gave
him the advice of a sensible and moderate man who re*
garded more weighty matters. Before this answer could
be received, Grindal was consecrated Dec. 1, but the ex-
change of lands with the queen not being fully settled^ he
could not compound for his first fruits, and consequently
|ie was hindered from exercising his episcopal function,
and was obliged to have the queen's express authority for
that purpose. We may here remark that Cox bishop of
Ely, Barlow of Chichester, and Scory of Hereford, were con*
secrated at the same time by archbishop Parker^ with whom
they all joined in a petition to her majesty to stop these ex-
changes, and they offered her as an equivalent, 1000 marks a
year during their lives. In 1 560, be was madci one of the ec»
^lesiastical commissioners, in pursuance of an act of parlia-
ment to inspect into the manneni; of the clergy^ and regulate
all matters of the church; and the same year he joined with
Cox and Parker^ in a private letter to the queen, persuading
her to marry. In 1561, be held his primary visitation. In
1 563 he assisted the archbishop of Canterbury, together with
some civilians, in preparing a book of statutes for Christ
jchurch, Oxford, which as yet had none fixed. This year
he was also very serviceable, in procuring the English
merchants, who were ill used at Antwerp and other paru
of the Spanish Netherlands, and who had been very kind
iff (he English ej^jles in the late reigui a new settleneut at

SidI & Sills 'O AL.

fioibdeD, in ^oat-'FriedAn^ ; And tbe name year, 0t tbe
jsoqueat.of lur Williaoi KiiJecil, /C^eoretairy of^tate^ :be wxofee
;i|DimadvQcsions ufion la ^rea^i^ .eptVil^d ^SCJb^ri^aiu flo*
-iniuis Norma/* .&c. ^^^ T^ Rule of a CbrijttiaD MaD,f*
Abe audxur <of wbioby One Justus YeUiu^ a Dui^h «n(hii-
•iast) bad iinpudenti.y> in $oo^A€^ters;tOitbe,queeQ> used
fbenaces to ier m?^e»tg ; .but b^ng M ^t eked b^Eooe
fthe ;e€clesiaslical rCouuDisaioiiy ^93 Qbarged to dapast >ibe
Idngdora.

^n' April .16^ .15649 be JtQok :ibe:degi:ee qf D. D. .at iQasi*
.{iridge, and tbe same year eocecuted the queen> e^xprc^
«ccanniaDd, ^for eocacting junifoxnoity in>tbe cler^ ; tbut.pro-
•oeeded sottendecly and slowly^itbat tbe arcbbiabop^tbougl^t
c&t^o^accitie and quicken bim.; wbenceitbe' puritans sup-
iposed him inclined to , their ;party. Howevec, ;be brougbt
:ae^ierai nouoonforinisjto ;to .CQinply ; fto .wbkb.^^iQd be pub*
ili^hed a-letkoriof sHenry ^BuUingi^r, ..minister ^pf Zurich, m
•Switzerland, ko^tfi^e tbelawfujoiess of cpmpliance, :Wbich
diad a ^ery good i effect. The satne year, -October 3, on
^e 'Oelebralion .of >tbe letiuperor Ferdiu9<Hi*;S funeral, :be
«p«eached a sermon at; St Paur$, afterwards printed, froip
-which Strype .has given €;«s.trac^. In .ld$7, be executed
'ihe queen's orders in ipropQ^ec^ing ^against the probibil;ed
(andu|:ili€ensed .>pr^<^bers ; ibut .^va^^spitre^ti^d by ^ome ;wicb
reproaches ai^ wAe ilangiuage» tbatit abatadtmnch ^of bis
i&vourable inclinaiipna tQVVf^vifi them^ vrbiQh.vcas-fett AOtd
i|pesented< on thdr , part* £ven . although ^ot^e ye^cs after*
*juvaTds he.botb^proicur^d the liberl^y of sonie separati^s mho

k^ been 'ip&prUonegd according toriaw, :and*iodu}ged.theit
'Biintsteirs with a licence to preach, pn their promising. nat
ito^act againsit the laws, yejt .they ijxHned^ately^abpsed *tbMt
•liberty, and when he pfo,ceed^d -against tbe^ for it, itb^j
badt^e boldoess to lodge a conjplaint in tbPipviyy.cpunoil
^representing bis dealings ^iib thein. Tbe archbiBbop,
touched with their in^atitude, jpined with tbe cojancil in
opinion that sueb men. ought. to be severely punished as .a
warning ' to otben. Gfindai was als,o tbre^tene^ fvitb a pre-
wunire by spme of bis clergy for raiding A cpfitribauon
upon them tbe preening yi^ ;f(»r the pjer^ciHed Pro-
testants abroad, {without tbe qpeeo^s Ucei)ce. But this, did
not discourage him> and bavii^ procured a cpanmission
fro^i her majesty? to visit the Savoy, tbe hospital Appoiinted
for the relief i and en tertaiuioe^it of poor travellers, he de-^

E rived the oaaster, who. had almost rruined the cbaf ity by
. is abuses and mismanagement.

A§ waar ^ UA: pi«ce of seMee h€ pekfottheS fbt Ut
tfiocese, b^ing on May I', f 570^ translated tfo the see of
York. He owed this j>rothotiO» to' secrete^ Ce^il smd
ifercMiAop Panrker, wtio^ hkefA kis rettib^al froth^^ Lot^doit,
8$' not being resolute et^Ottgb f6t iht go^^rrinrent ttiere".
The same year he wrote ar lector to bis* pa^HrOtt Cecffy that
Cartmigbt the* ftmsfoob non^ttformist nri^ be sifeneed ;
and in 1571, at his metropolitica) vi^Mdon^ bO ifbewed it
beaVty tesA^ by bisi iiij^uinttinrt^y'for thid d!l^i]^rie Md good
gorernttient of the chaych. In 1572 bd petitiOued dv* ,
queen to renew the^ ecelel^asticaft Oodimission. In lSn4
be held one for the pntpOse of proceeding against pa/pist^y
wfao^e jramber daily diti^inisbed in bis diocese, which b6
Was partfctftarly careM to prorido With le&fnfed p\f^i2ti6bet^^ ^
as beiOg in bis opinion the best ihetiiod of attaining that
tad. He rejected therefore such as camd for institutioii
to livings if they were foand deficient in learning, artd itk
ihu policy be wasr encouraged by the q%ieen, to whom it
Wa$ higbly agfeeslble. In other respects be had fVequentI jr
to contend with the avftrice of the courti^fs, sonie of whofi^
wonM have greiitly ifibpoterfsh^d the church, if ht and
fvther prelates had not opposed them.

His patron, Cecily then lord treasurer, rOcommeoded.
him to the first chair in the church, which became vacant
by the death of archbishop Parker. Accordingly he was
translated to the see of Canterbury, in which be was con*
firmed, February 15, 1575. On May 6, 1576, he began
bis metropolitical visitation, and took measures for thi
better regulation of bis courts ; but the same year fell under
her majesty's displeasure, upon account of the favour ht
abeWed to what was called the exercise of pm[ihesying.

These prophesyings had been used for some time, the
fule^ of which were, that the ministers of a particular di«
vision at a set time met together at some church, and therO
eatib in tbeir order explained, according to their abilities,
kottke portion of scripture allotted to them before; this
'done, a moderator made bis observations on what had been
teid, and determined the true sense of the place, a cer-
tain time being fixed for dispatching the whole. The ad«
yantage was the improvement of the clergy, who hereby
Considerably profited in the knowledge Of the scripture ;
but this mischief ensued, that at length confusions and
disturbances took place at those meetings^ by an ostenta^
tion of i^ujierior parts in aome, by advancing heterodox

350 -O R I N O A L*

opinions, and by the intrusion of some of the sileated M^
paratistS) who took this opportunity of declaiming agatnsff
the liturgy and hierarchy} and even speaking against states
and particular persons. The people also, of whom there,
was always a great conflux as hearers, fell to arguing and
disputing much about religion, and sometimes: a layman
vrould take upon himself to speak. In short, the exercises
degenerated into factions.

Grindal laboured to redress these irregularities by setting
down rules and orders for the management of these ex-
ercises ; however, the queen still disapproved of them, as
seeing probably bow very apt they w^re to be abused. . She
did not like that the laity should neglect their secular af&irs
bv repairing to those meetings, which she thought ,m^C
fill their heads with notions, and so occasion dissentiont
and disputes, and perhaps, seditions in the state* - And the
archbishop being at court, she particularly declared herself
offended at the number of preachers as well as the exer^
cises, and ordered him to redress both ; urging, that it
ivas good for the church to have few preachers, that three
pr four might suffice for a county, and that the reading of
the Homilies to the people was sufficient. She tterefmre
required him to abridge the number of preachers, and put
down the religious exercises. This did not a little afflict
him* He thought, and very properly, the queen infringed
pppn his office, to whom, next to herself, the highest trust
of the church of England was committed ; especially as
i^his command was peremptory, and made withopt at all
advifiiing with him, and that in a matter so direcUy coot
.cerping religion : he wrote a letter to her majesty, de«
daring, that his conscience would not suffer him to cooi:^
ply with her commands.

. This refusal was dated December 20, 1576. The queeii
therefore having given him sufficient time to consider well
his resolution, and he continuing inflexible, she sent let*
ters next year to the bishops, to forbid all exercises aod
prophesyings, and to silence all preachers and teachers not
JawfuUy called, of which there were no small number ; an4
in June the archbishop was sequcBtered from his effi^^e,
and confined to his bouse by an order of the court of star?
chamber. In November the lord-treasurer, wrote to hio)L
about making his submission, with which he not thinking
lit to comply, his sequestration was continued ; and 10
January there were t|iought8 of depriving him, which, hpw*

<J R 1 N D A L; 55t

tirer^ were laid aside. June 1579, his confinement was
either taken off, or else he had leave to retire to his house
mt Croydon ; for we find him there consecrating the bishop
of Exeter in that year, and the bishops of Winchester,
and Lichfield and Coventry, the year following. This part
of his function was exercised by a particular commisstoil
from the queen, who in council appointed two civilians to
manage the other affairs of his see, the two of his nomina-
tion being set aside. Yet sometimes he had special com-
mands from the queen and council to act in person, aiid
issued out orders in his own name ; and in general was as
active as he could be, and vigilant in the care of his diocese
as occasion offered. In 1580, for instance, when there
happened a violent earthquake, our archbishop having
issued an order for prayer and humiliation, composed ^
prayer for families throughout his diocese, which was al^
lowed by the council, who in a letter to him commended
his great zeal, and required him to enjoin the observation
of his new order of prayer in all other dioceses. The
council also referred to him the decision of a disptite that
happened the same year at Merton college, Oxford, of
which he was visitor, as archbishop ; and soon after he was
emfl<ijed by the lord treasurer in a controversy between
the university and town of Cambridge.

This year (1580), a convocation met at St. Paul's, at
which, though he could not appear, yet he had a principal
•hare in the transactions of it. He drew up an expedient
for preserving the authority of the spiritual courts in the
point of excommunications; he laid before them also k
new form of penance to be observed for the future, better
calculated than the former to produce a proper effect oii
offenders. It was moved in this convocation, that no bu«
finess should be entered upon, nor any subsidy granted^
till he was restored, and although the motion was nega-
tived, yet they unanimously presented a petition in bis
liavour to her majesty, which they thought was a more re*
«pectful proceeding. This, however, proved ineffectual,
nor was he restored until after he made his submission, in
which, among other things, to clear himself of the chat'ge
of a refractory disobedience in the matter of the exercises^
he proved that in his own bishopric, and other peculiar
jurisdictions, he never suffered the practice after the time
of her majesty's command.
The precise time of his restitution does not clearly ap«

35* O it I N D A L

pear, yet several of hi» proceedings sbew^i that be was ni
the full possession of the metropalitical power in 158^ in
which yet it is also certain be lost bis eye- sight. Sir Jobs
HarringtoD imagines that bis being blind was only a teporl
circulated by bis frieadsy in order to conceal bis being in
confinement by the qaeen'^ order in bis o#ft bousey but
Strype has ampky refuted fbia supposition. He was also
much broken down by hard study and infirmitiesy especially
the strangury and colic, with which he bad long beeo
a^icted ; and losing all hopes of recovering his sight, bei
^resigned bis see towards the Utter end of 1582» and aU
though by no means a favourite with bis royal oiiatress a^
this time^ she thought proper to grant bim a pension for
bis life. With this provisipn be retired to Croydon, wbend
be died July 6, 1553, and was interred in that churchy
^bere a stone monument was erected to bis taemory*

Strype has ably vindicated his memory from the misre^
presentations of Fuller and Heylin, who consider bim as
too much inclined to puritanism ; and observes, that in th^
times in which he Kved, when he was better known, bis
episcopal abilities, and admirable endowments for spiritual
government, as well as bis great learning, were much ce-
lebrated. He was a man, says Strype, of great iirmnesa
and resolution, though of a mild and afbble temper, and
friendly disposition ; in his deportment courteous and en*
gaging, not easily provoked, well spoken, and easy of
access j and in his elation not at all aiFecting grandeur or
state, always obliging in his carriage, as welt as kind and
grateful to his servants, and of a free and gei^erous spirit^
Strype allows, what indeed is obvious, that be used great
moderation towards the puritans, to whose interest in the
cabinet, joined to bis own merits^ bis preferment was in r

freat measure owing; and had they repaid this moderation
y a corresponding behaviour, he would have less seldom
incurred the dis^pleasure of the court ^, who thought bis:
favours ill-besiowed on men of restless and turbulent dis*

* Grindal had the misfortuoe to of Leicester^ who was perhaps in-
ferve a queen who meddled fcoo much dehted-to him for serrlces of thia kind,
in matteri above her compreheosioD ; was excessively attached to hi^l.; aad
but it was not on account of religion through that nofaleowo's intciferepoi^
only that he lost her favour. At one Grindal, who bad condenxired tlie mar-
time, Julio Borgamcci, an Italiaaphy- I'iage of Jalio to aaotber maB'a m§e,
sician, was in great estimation in this lost the queen's favour for ever.f
cpontry with the people of quality. Lodge's Illustrations, vol. II. p. 157.
though infamans for his proficiency in See also Harrington's Brief View, ani,
the composition of poi«ons# Xhc^tari jCamdca'f Ami«ls«

G R I N D A L- S$9

positions. He had a great respect for the eminent re^
fprmers abroad^ Calvin^ Lutber, Melanctbon, Bucer> Peter
Martyr, BulUnger^ Zanchius^ and others, with whom he
had contracted a friendship during his exile, and always
carried on a correspondence ; and he was very instrumentU
* in obtaining a settlement for the French protestants ia
their own way of worshipi approaching to . th$ ;Genevan^
who were allowed to assemble in the Walloon church in
Thread needle-street, which has ever since been a French
church.

. Collier, whose authority is of some consequence in thU
case^ clears Grindal from all imputations of puritanism^
und speaking of the articles at one of his metropoliticat
visitations, observes, that he was no negligent governor^
nor a person of latitude or indifference for the ceremonies
of the church ^ but, on the other hand, he was mor^
deeply concerned for her doctrines, and a strenuous as-
sertor of them. He was celebrated as a preacher in king
Edward VI.'s time, Isoth at court and in the university ;
^tid in the beginning of queen Elizabeth^s reign, when the
Protestant religion was to be declared^ and inculcated to the
people^ he was one of the chief persons employed in the.
pulpit at St. Paul's, and before the queen and nobility.
. Besides what have already been noticed, Grindal as-
sisted Fox in lys Martyrology, in which is printed^ a com-
position of his entitled a *^ Dialogue bejtween Custom and
Truth,'' written in a very clear manner, in refutation of
the doctrine ^of the corporal presence in the sacrament.
He lived and died unmarried, yet does not seem to have
amassed much wealth amidst all his preferments.r At his
death, however, he became a considerable benefactor to
learning. He left So2L per annum for the maintenance of
a free grammar-school at St. Begh's, in Cumberland, near
the place of his birth ; and for the building, &c. of it 3^6/*
13i. 4>d; various sums to several colleges at Cambridge,
and cups, pictures, &c. to various friends. It may be
worth noticii^, that Grindal, who, by the way, is the
jffgrind of Spenser, first brought the tamarisk to England,
so useful in medicine, when he returned from bis exile. *

GBiSAUNT (William), a physician, astronomer, and
matbematiciao, and like his countryman, friar Bacon, vio-

^ Stiype*g Life of Grindal.— Bios^. Brit. — Hatchinsoo'g Cumberlaad, toI. lU
d5,«— Harrington's Brief View.*-Le NeTe's Lives of the Bishops,

VouXVL Aa

$S% G R I S A U N T.

fently snspected of magic, lived in the fourteenth tenixtff^
He studied at Merton college, Oxford ; and, probably Uf
escape the disagreeable consequences of such suspictObs^
went into France, where he devoted himself entirely to the
study of medicine, first at Montpelier, and then at Mar-
seilles. In this city he fixed hi» residencev and lived by
the practice of his profession, in which he acquired mucb
skill and eminence. There is no greater proof of his ge-
siusy besides the imputations he laboured under in his'
youth, than his assiduously pursuing the method instituted
by the Greek physicians, of investigating the nature and
cause of the disease and the constitution of the patient.
The time of his death is not known ; but we are told that
he was an old man in 13^50, and that he had a son, who
was first an abbot of canons regular at Marseilles, and at
length arrived at the pontificate under the name of Urban
V. Bale and Pits both give lists of bis works, none of
which are known to be extant^ ^

GRIVE (John de la), a French topographer and en-
graver, was^born in 1689 at Sedan, and going to Paris,^
entered the congrega&on of the priests of St. Lazare, and
was sent by tbem into Poland, to be professor of divinity
at Cracow. In a short time, however, he returned, and
afterwards quitted his congregation to devote himself en*
tirely to mathematics and topography. He published the
^^ Plan of Paris,'' 1728, a very good work in itself, but
the engraving was too imperfect ; at which the abb€ de
Grive was so vexed, that he broke the plates, and deter-^
mined, in future, to engrave his works himself, which re-
solution he executed punctually. Being appointed geo*
grapher of Paris, he drew the course of the river Seine^
from its source to its mouth. M. de la Grive assisted IVL
Cassini in determining the meridian of Paris, and under-
took a very particular and circumstantial, account of that
capital, which work was far advanced at the time of his
death, which happened April 1757. The first two drawings;
of this vast plan have^ been published by M. Hugnin, his
pupiL The other most esteemed works of the abb£ de la
Grive are, his •* Environs de Paris ;" Jardins de Marly ;'•
*^ Terrier du Domaine du Roi aux Environs de Paris ;**
^ Plan de Versailles," &c. He also left << Le Manuel de
Trigonometric Sph6rique,'* published in 1754.*

1 £ale.-^Piu.— Aikio's Bi^g. Memoirff of Medicine* * Morerti^^Mct. Bist«

G R O C Y N. «5?

CrROCYN (WiLUAM), a man eminently learned in hiii
day, and one of the revivers of literature, was born at
^Bristol in 1442, and educated at Wiuchester-school. He
was elected thence to New college, Oxford, in 1467; and
in 1479, presented by the warden and fellows to the rec-
tory of Newton-Longville, in Buckinghamshire. But hia
residence being mostly at Oxford, the society of Magdalen
college made him their divinity reader, about the begins
ning of Richard the Illd's reign ; and that king coming
soon after to Oxford, he had the honour to hold a dis-
putation before him, with which his majesty was so
pleased, that he rewarded him graciously. In 1485 he
was made a prebendary of Lincoln, and in 1488 he quitted
his reader's place at Magdalen college, in order to travel
into foreign countries ; for though he might be reckoned a
great master of the Greek and Latin languages in England^
where the former especially was then scarcely understood
at all, yet he well knew that a more perfect knowledge of
it might be attained ; . and accordingly he went into Italy^
and studied there some time under Demetrius Cfaalcondyles
and Politian. He returned to England, and fixed himself
in Exeter college, at Oxford, in 1491, where he took the
degree of B. D. Here too he publicly taught the Greek
language, and was the first who introduced a better pro^^
nunciation of it than had been known in this island before^
But the introduction of this language alarming many, as a
most dangerous innovation, the university divided itself
into two factions,.distinguishedby the appellation of Greeks
and Trojans, who bore eac^ other a violent animosity^ and
proceeded to open hostilities. Anthony Wood says, <^ I
cannot but wonder when I t^ink upon it, to what a strange
ignorance were the scholars arrived, when, as they would
by no means receive it, but rather scoff and laugh at it;
some ag^nst the new pronunciation of it, which was en«
deavoured to be settled ; others at the language itself^
having not at all read any thing thereof. It is said that
there were lately a company of good fellows (Cambridge
men as 'tis reported) who, either out of hatred to the
£rree1^ tongue, or good letters, or merely to laugh and
sport, joined together and called themselves Trojans : one,
who was the senior, and wiser than the rest, called himself .
Priam, another Hector, a third Parys, and the rest by
some ancient Trojan names ; who, after a jocular way, did
oppose as Grecians, the students of the Greek tongue.'*

AA 2

S56 G R O C Y N.

In this situationi Grocyp wai, when Erasmus came t9
Oxford ; and if he was not this great man's tutor, yet he
certainly assisted him in attaining a more perfect know-
ledge of the Greek. He was, however, very friendly to
Erasmus, and did him many kind offices, as' introducing
him to archbishop Warham, &c. He also boarded him
gratis in his house, although he was by no means in af-
fluent circumstances. We cannot be surprized therefore
that Erasmus speaks of him often in a strain which shews
that be entertained the most sincere regard for him, as well
as the highest opinion of his abilities, learning, and-< inte-
grity. About 1 590 he resigned his living, being then made
master of AUhallows college, at Maidstone, in Kent, though
he continued still to live mostly at Oxford. Grocyn had
no esteem for Plato, but applied himself intensely to Aris-
totle, whose whole works be had formed a design of trans-
lating, in conjunction with William Latimer, Linacre, and
More, but did not pursue it. While his friend Colet was
dean of St. Paul's, Grocyn gave a remarkable evidence of
the candour and ingenuousness of his temper. He read in
St. PauPs cathedral a public lecture upon the book of
Dionysius Areopagita, commonly called ** Hierarchia Ec-
clesiastica ;" it being customary at that time for the pub-
He lecturers, both in the universities, and in the cathedral
churches, to read upon any book, rather than upon the
scriptures, till dean Colet reformed that practice. Grocyn,
in the preface to his lecture, declaimed with great warmth
Against those who either denied or doubted of the autho-
rity of the book on which he was reading. But after he
had continued to read a few weeks, and had more tho-
roughly examined the matter, be entirely changed his
sentiments ; and openly and candidly declared that he had
been in an error; and that the said book, in hisjudgment^
was spurious, and never written by him who, in the Acts
of the Apostles, is called Dionysius the Areopagite. But
When dean Colet had introduced the custom of reading
lectures upon some part of the scriptures at his cathedral^
he engaged Grocyn, according to Dr. Knight, as one of
the most learned and able men he could meet with, in that
useful employment.

Grocyn died at Maidstone in 1519, of a stroke of the
palsy, which he had received a year before, and which
inade him, says Erasmus, <^ sibi ipsi superstitem f ' that is^
outlive hb faculties. Linacre^ the celebrated physician

G R O C Y N. Wt

just mentioned, wa& his executor, to whom he left aeon*
itiderable legacy, as he did a small one to William Lilly,
the grammarian, who was his godson. His will is printed
in the appendix to Knight's ^' Life of Erasmus.^' He had
indeed but little to leave, having never enjoyed prefer-
ment equal to his worth * ; yet he was a man of great ge-
nerosity, which at one time obliged him to pawn his plate
to Dr. Young, who generously returned it by his will witth-
out taking principal or interest A Latin epistle of Gro»
cyn^s to Aldus Manutius is prefixed to Linacre's translation
of *^ Proclus de Sphaera," printed at Venice in 1449, fol.
iErasmus says, that ^* there is nothing extant of bis but this
epistle : indeed a very elaborate and acute one, aud written
in good Latin.*' His publishing nothing more seems to
have been owing to too much delicacy ; for, Erasmus adds^
<^ he was of so nice a taste, that he had rather write nothing
than write ill.'' Some other things, however, of his wjriu
ing are mentioned by Bale^ Leland^ and Tanner, as ^< Trac-
tatus contra hostiolum Joannis Wiclevi ;" ^* Epistolae ad
Erasmum et alios ; ^^Grammatica;" ^^Vulgariapuerorum;"
** Epigrammata ;" ** Nota in Terentium," and " Isago«
gicum quoddam.*' ^

GROENVELT (John), a physiciitn, and member of the
royal college -of London, in the seventeenth century, was
bom at Deventer, in the province of Overyssel; he studied
and graduated at Utrecht, where he began the practice of
his profession. He likewise studied under a celebrated
litbotomist of Amsterdam, from whom he learnt that arl^
and whose esteem he acquired by the dexterity with which
be performed the operation, insomuch that by his will thii
master bequeathed all his instruments to Groenvelt, with a
request that be should employ them for the good of man-
kind. After this time he practised this art almost exclu»>
Mvely. He left three treatises ; the first entitled ^^Disser*
tatio litbologica variis observationibus et figuris illustrata,**'
Lond. 1634. 2. ^^ Practica qua humani morbi describun-
tur," Francfort, 1688. 3. << Tractatus de tuto Canthari*

* In the new edition of Wood's Athe- in 1517 the vicarage of St. Lawrence

&e we find that he became prebendary Jewry. He is also said to have suo-

of South Searle in the chnrch of Lin- ceededCathbert Tonstall in thechurdi

cola i in 1493 he appears to have re- of East Peckhanip in the diocese of

signed the rectory of Depden ; in 15 13 Shereham.
that of Shepperton in Middlesex ; and

1 Leland. — Bale.—Tanner.— Ath. Ox. vol I.— nasr edit, by Bliss.— Jorfcti't
and Knight's Lives of Srasmyg, aad Knight's Life •£ C^ei,— Wood's Annals.

i^ GROENVELT.

Aum ill M'edicina iisu interno,*' Lond. 1693, &c. These
works were translated into English in 1691, 1706, 1710^
and another of his works entitled ^^ The grounds of physic.*'
In all these the author's name was changed to GreenfieLiDw
None of our authorities specify the time of his death.^

GROLLIER (John), an eminent patron of literature^
was born at Lyons in 1479; and very early displayed a
propensity towards those elegant and solid pursuits, which
afterwards secured him the admiration and esteem of his
contemporaries. His address was easy, his manners were
frank, yet polished ; bis demeanour was engaging, and his
liberality knew no bounds. As be advanced in years, be
advanced in reputation ; enjoying a princely fortune, the
result, in some measure, of a faithful and honourable dis«
4;harge of the important diplomatic situations which he
filled. He was grand tre^urer to Francis I. and ambassa-
•dor from that monarch to pope Clement VII. During bis
abode at Rome he employed the Alduses to print for him
an edition of Terence in 1521, 8vo, and another of Bu-
dssus'swork '^De Asse,*^1522, 4to. Of bis liberality while
in this city, Egnatio gives the following instance : *^ 1 dined
along with Aldus, his son Manutius, and other learned mea
Sit GroUier^s table. After dinner^ and just as the dessert
had been placed on the table, our host presented each df
hb guests with a pair of gloves filled with ducats.'* De
Thou speaks very highly of his character. During his tra-
vels he had secured from Basil, Venice, and Rome, thie
most precious copies of books that could be purchased,
which he bound in a peculiar style, described in our autho-
rity. Every librai^y and every scholar has boasted of a
book from Grolliec's library since it was dispersed, and
during his life-time it was his pride to accommodate his
friends with the use of them. He died at Paris in 1565.*

GRONOVIUS (John Frederic), an eminent civilian,
historian, and critic, was born at Hamburgh in 1613. He
had a strong inclination to learning, which induced him
to apply to books with indefatigable diligence from his in-
fancy ^ and, having made great progress in his studies in
his own country, he travelled into Germany, Italy, an4
France, where he searched all the treasures of literature
that could be found in those countries^ and was returnins

1 Rees's CyclopBdia.— Maiifet and Haller.
f MorerifT-DibdIn'i Bil>li9maiua,

G R O N O V I u s. zsn

^ome 1)y the way of the United Provinces, when he was
*stopt at Deventer in the province of Over-Issel, and there
ina«le professor of polite learning. After acquiring great
reputation in this chair, he was promoted to that of Ley*
4len in 1658, vacant by the death of Daniel Heihsius. He
died at Leyden in 1672, much regretted. By his wife^
whom he married at Deventer, he had two sons that sur-
vived him and were both eminent in the republic of let-
ters: James, who is the subject of the ensuing article;
and Theodore Laurent, who died young, having published
^^ Emendationes Pandectarum, &c. Leyden, 1605,'' Svo^
and '^ A Vindication of the Marble Base of the Colossus
erected in honour of Tiberius Caesar, ibid. 1697," folio.

Frederic Gronovius was the author of many critical
works. Besides his edition of Casaubon's Epistles, Hague^

1638, in 4to, he published the folio witig : 1. ^^ Diatribe in
8tatii Poet® Sylvas," Hague, 1637, 8vo. This being at^
tacked by Emeric Crucaeus, who under the name of Mer«
curius Frondator published an *' Anti-Diatribe" at Paris,

1639, 24mo, Gronovius published, 2. ^' Elenchus Anti-
Diatribes Mercurii Frondatoris ad Statii Sylvas,'* Paris,
<1640, 8vo. This occasioned Crucaeus to publish ^' Mus«
carium ad Statii Sylvas," Paris, 1640, 8vo. 3. <^ De Ses«
tertiis, sive subsecivorum Pecunis veteris Graecae &. Ro-
manas - Libri IV. Accesserant Lucius Volusiu£^ Maecianus,
J. C. & Balbqs Mensor de Asse," &c. Deventer, 1643,
6vo, Amsterdam, 1656, 8vo, and Leyden, 1691, 4to, in
which last edition, published by his son James Gronovius,
are added ^ rPaschasii Grosippi, (i. e. Casparis Schioppii)
Tabulae Numerariae ; Johannis Freder. Gronovii Mantissa
pecunisB veteris, & tres *Aimiim^&g de'Foenere Unciario &
centesimis Usuris ; item de Hyperpyro ; Salnasii Epistola
& ad eajn Responsio; & Aoyopuui TLJMta jm Nec^ Graece &
Latine." 4. ^* Notae in Senecam Philosophum & Rheto-
rem;" first printed separately .at Leyden, 1649, 12cbo, and
afterwards reprinted in the Elzevir edition of '* Seneca cum
Notis Variorum," 1673, 3 vols. 8vo. 5. ** Monobiblos £<?•
clesiasticarum Observationum," 1651, 12mo. 6. *^ Obs^r*
vationum Lib. IV." Deventer, 1652, 12mo. 7. " Statius
ex recensione J. F. Gronovii, cum ejusdem Notis," Am-
sterdam, 1653. Our author's notes were reprinted in the
edition of Statius published byJobn Veenhusius at Ley-
den, 1671, in 8vo. And Statius as revised by him was pub-
lished by Christian Ddumius with the Commentarie« <rf

860 G R O N O V I US:

Barthiut in 2 vols. 4to. at Zwickaw iix 1664. 8. ** Seaeeife
TragcsdisD. cum Notts Jobanim Frederic! GrotH>vii & mtm
aliorum/' Leyden, 1661, 8vq. His Notes were reprioted
with improvements in tbe edition of Seneca's tragedies
published by bis son James Gropovius at Amsterdam^ 1632^
3vo. 9. ^^ Observationum Libri tres,'' Leyden, 1662, Svo.
10. '^ Plautus ex recensioue Job. Fred. Gronovii, cum
Nc^is Variorom/' Leyden, 1664, and 1684, Sro. 11.
f^ Titus Livius ex recensione & cum N<>tis Job* Frid. Gro*
iiovii, additis integris Caroli Sigonii & selectis Variorumi
J^otis," Amsterdam, 1665, and 1679, 3 vols. 8vo; which
last edition of 1679 is preferable to the former, on account
of. the notes of Henry Valesius and James Gronovius, which
nrere added to it.< Our author had published an edition of
Livy revised by him at Leyden in 1645 and 1654 in 3 vols.
12mo, and in 1661 and 1673» in one volume, 12m6. His
Notes upon Livy were printed separately at Leyden in
1645, 12mo« But several things in this edition of 1645
ure omitted in the larger editions of 1675 and 1679. 12.
^^Plinii Historia Naturalis," Leyden, 1669, 3 vcds. 8vk>.
13. *^ Tacitus/ 'Amsterdam, 1673, 2 vols. 8vo, reprintied
Ht Amsterdam, 1685, 2 vols. 8vo« 14. ^^ Notae in Hugo&is
Grotii Libros tres de Jure Belli & Pacis," Amsterdam^
1680, Bvo. 15. ^^ Observationes ad Bened. Petrocorii de
Vita B. Martini carminum libros sex," published in J>ati-
mius's edition of Petrocorius, Leipsic, 1682, 8vo. 16.
^ Auli Gellii Noctes Atticas," Leid. 1687, 8vo. His notes
are reprinted in his son's edition, Leid. 1706. 17. '^ Not»
ill Pheedri Fabulas,'* published by his son in the edition of
Leyden, 1703, 8vo. 18. *^ He Musseo Alexandrine Dis*
sertatio," inserted in his son's ^* Thesaurus." 19. ^< OratK)
de lege regia, &c.'' Leyden, 1678. A translation of tlus
in French was published by Barbeyrac with Noodt's trea-'
tise upon liberty of conscience, Amst. 1714, 8vo. A great
many of Gronovius's Letters -are published in Burman's
« Sylloge Epistolarum." *

GRONOVIUS (James), son of tbe preceding, was born
October 20, 1 645, at Deventer, and learned tbe elements
of the Latin tongue there ; but, going with the £uiiily in
1658 to Leyden, he carried on his studies in that univer-
sity with incredible industry under the eye of his fathef,
who had the greatest desire to make him a complete sctKH

\ Gen, DicU<— Moreri.— -Foppen Sibl* Bel;.<«-SazU Onomast.

CKONOVIUS. S61

ht* In this view he not only read to hint the best classic
audiocSf but instructed him in the civil law. About 1670,
be made the tour of England, and visited both the tiniver-
fiitiesy consiilting tbeir MSS. ; and fornoed an acquaintance
imh several eminent scholars, particularly Dr. Edward
Pocock, Dr. John Pearson, and Dr. Meric Casaubon, which
last died in his arms. He was much pleased with the in-
BtitQtion of the royzi society, and addressed a letter to thein
in approbation of it.* After soiaie months' stay in England,
he returned to Leyden, where he poblisbed an edition of
Macrobias that year in 8vo, and another of Polybins the
same year at Amsterdam, in 2 vols. 8vo. The same year
he was also offered the professorship held by Hogersiu9;
but, not having finished the plan of his travels, he declined,
though the professor, to engage his acceptance, proposed
to hold the place till his return.

He had apparently other views at that time, for havings
eKperienced many advantages to his literary pursuits by his
visit to England, he resolved to see France. In his tour
thither, he passed through the cities of Brabant and Flah-^
ders ; and arriving at Paris, was received with all the re-
elect due to his father's reputation and his own merit, which
piesently brought him into the acquaintance of Chaplain,
d'Heibc^ot, Tbevenot, and several other persons of distin-
guished learning. This satisfaction was somewhat damped
by the news of his father's death in 1 672 ; soon after which
he left Paris to attend Mr. Paats, ambassador extraordinary
from the States-general to the .court of Spain. They set
out in the spridg of 1672; and our author went thence
into Italy, where, visiting Tuscany, he was entertained
with extraordinary politeness by the great duke, who,
among other marks of esteem, gave him a very considera-
ble stipend, and the professor's place of Pisa, vacant by
the death of Chimentel. This nomination was the more
honourable, both as he bad the famous Henry Norris, af-
terwards a cardinal, for his colleague ; and as he obtained
it by the recommendation of Magliabecchi, whom he fre-
quently visited at Florence, where he had an opportunity
of consulting the MSS. in the Medicean library.

Having spent two years in Tuscany, he quitted his pro-
fessorship ; and visiting Venice and Padua, he passed
through Germany to Leyden, whence he went to take pos*
session of an estate left him by bis mother's brother, at
Deventer. Here he sat down closely to his studies, and

8€fi G R O N O V 1 U S-

was employed in pn^paring an 'edition of Livy in 1679,
when be was nominated to a professor's place at Leyden^
which be accepted ; and by bis inaugural speech obtained
an augmentation to the salary of 400 florins a year, which
was continued to his death. He was particularly pleased
with the honour shewn to his merit ; and Leyden being the
xity preferred by him, as the place of his education and
liis father's residence, he resolved never to leave it for the
sake of any other preferment. In this view he refused the
chair of th^ celebrated Octavio Ferrari at Padua, and de-
clined the invitation of Frederic duke of Sleswick to accept
a considerable stipend for a lecture at Kell, in Holstein.
This post was offered him in 1696, and two years after-
wards the Venetian ambassador at the Hague made him
larger offers to engage him to settle at Padua ; but he
withstood all attempts to draw him from Leyden, as his
father had done before him ; and, to engage him firmer to
them, in 1702, the curators of that university gave him the
lecture of geography, with the same augmentation to the
stipend as had been given to his predecessor Philip Clu*
yerius.

He was revising Tacitus in order to a new edition, when
he lost his youngest daughter, September 12, 1716, and
he survived her not many weeks. The loss proved insup-
portable ; be fell sick a few days after it, and died of grief,
October 21, aged seventy-one. He left two sons, both
bred to letters; the eldest being a doctor of physic, and
the youngest, Abraham, professor of history at Utrecht*
His valuable library, long retained in the possession of the
family, and for which 30,000 florins had been offered by
the late empress of Russia, was sold by auction at Leydeu
about 1785, and produced only 5000 florins. It is re-
marked of James Gronovius, that he fell short of his father,
in respect of modesty and moderation, as far as he exceeded
him in literature : in his disputes, he treated his antagonists
with such a bitterness of style as procured him the name of
the second Scioppius, the justness of which censure apr
pears throughout his numerous works, although they must
be allowed to form a stupendous monument of liteniry in-
dustry and critical acumen. The following list is pro-
bably correct: 1. '* Macrobius, ctim notis variorum,^' Leyd.
1670, 8vo, London, 1694, 8vo. 2* ^^Polybius cuip suis
ac ineditis Casauboni, &c. notis," Gr. & Lat." Amst* 1670,
£ vpls. 8vo. 3. << Tacitus,'' ibid. 1612, 2 ygls. Svo, and

ORONOyiUS, S6S

Utrecht, 1721, 4 to, enlarged by his son Abraham. Harwood
aays it is an infinitely better and more useful edition than
that of Brotier. 4. ^^ Supplementa lacunarum in ^nea
Tactico, Dione Cassio, et Arriano,*' Leyden, 1675, 8vo«
5. ^^ Dissertationes Epistolicae," Amst. 1678, 8vo, consist-
ing of critical remarks on various authors. Those he made
pn Livy involved him in a dispute with Fabretti, who faav«
ing attacked our critic in his work ^^ De Aqiiis et Aquaeduc-
.tibus veteris Romae," Gronovius answered him in, 6. <^ Re«
^ponsio ad cavillationes R. Fabretti,'' Leyden, 1685, 8vo.
Fabretti, who is treated here with very little ceremony,
jtook his revenge in a work, the title of which is no bad
specimen of literary railing, '^ Jasithei ad Gronovium Apo-
logema, in ej usque Titivilitia seu de Tito Livio somnia
animadversiones," Naples, 1686, 4to. 7. '^ Fragmentura
Stephani Byzantini Grammatici de Dodone, &c.'' Leyden,
1681, 4to. 8. " Henrici Valesii Notse, &c. in Harpocra-
tionem," Leyden, 1682, 4to, reprinted in Blancards edi-
tion of Harpocration, in 1683. 9. ^^ Senecs Tragedies,**
^Arnst. 1682, 12 mo. This is the edition which his father
was preparing when he died. 10. ^^ Exercitationes aca«
4emic8B de pernicie et casu Judae,'' Leyden, 1683, 4to, an
endeavour to reconcile the accounts of St. Matthew and
St. Luke of the death of Judas. This involved him in a
quarrel with Joachim Feller, agaii>st whom Gronovius de-
fended hin&self in a second edition, of this tract published
at Leyden in 1702, and opened there a controversy with
Perizonius. This produced from Gronovius, 11. ^^ Notitia
et illustratio dissertation is nuperae de morte Judas,'' Ley-
den, 1703, 4to; to which Perizonius replied, but the com-
batants became so warm that the curato/s of the university
p{ Leyden thought proper to silence them both. 12.
** Castigationes ad parapbrasim Grscam Enchiridii Epic-
teti ex codice Mediceo," Delft, 1683, 8vo. This includes
the notes published in Berkelius's edition of 1670. 13.
^ Dissertatio de origine Romuli," Leyden, 1684, 8vo, in
which he treats the commonly received notion of the ori«
gin of Romulus and Remus, and. their being nursed by a
wolf, as fabulous, 14. '^ Gemmae et sculpture antique,
i&c." a Latin translation of Leonard Augustini's Italian de-
scription of these antiquities, with a learned preface by
our author. 15, ** Pomponii Melae libri tres de situ orbis,'^
l^eydeo, 1685, 8vo, without his name, and containing an
^ttack on Vossius^s obsexvations on that author. Vossius

164 G R O N O V I U S.

baring defended himself in an appendix to bis ^^ Observa*
tiones ad Melatn,'' printed at London in 1686, 4tO) Gro-*
novius replied in, 16. '^ Epistola de argutiolis Isaaci Vosi^ii/*
1687, 8vo, with his usual severity, which be incieased m
fats notice of Vossius in a nevr edition of P. Mela, in 1696.
This edition, besides the extracts of the cosmography of
Julius and Honorius, and that ascribed to ^thicus, which
were inserted in the former edition, contains the anony-
mous geographer of Ravenna. 17. '^ Epistola ad Johan-
vem Georgium Grsevium V. CI. de Pallacop^, ubi De«»
scriptio ejus ab Arriano facta liberatur ab Isaaci Vossii frus-
trationibus," Leyden, 1686, dvo. IS. ^^ Not® ad Lucia-
num,'' printed in Graevius^s edition of Lucian in 2 vols.
Amst. 1686, 8vo. 19. ^^ Vari» Lectiones & Notes in Ste*
pjianum Byzantinum de Urbibus :*' inserted in the edition
of tbiat author published by Abraham Berkelius at Leyden
in 1688, folio. 20. ^< Cebetis Thebani Tabula Graded &
Latine," Amst. 1689, 8va 21. " Auli Gellii Noctes At-
tics, cum Notis & Emendationtbus Johannis Frederici
Gronovii," Leyden, 1687, Svo, 1706, 4to. 22. «« M. T.
Ciceronis Opera quse extant omnia,'* Leyden, 1692, 4 vols.
4to, and 11 in 12mo. 23. <^ Ammiani Marcellini Rerum
gestarum, qui de XXXI supersunt, Libri XVIII.'* Leyden^
1693, in folio and 4to. 24. ** Johannis Frederici Gronovii
de Sestertiis seu subsecivarum Pecuniae veteris Greecae &
Romanae Libri IV. &c." Leyden, 1691, 4to, with several
additions. 25. << De Icuncul^ Smetiaak qu& Harpocratem
indigitarunt," Leyden, 1693, 4to. 26. " Memoria Cosso-
niana; id est, Danielis Cossonii Vita breviter descripta, cui
annexa nova Editio veteris MonumentiAncyrani,'' Leyden^
1695, 4to. 27. ^' Abrahami Gorlsei Dactylotheca cum Ex«
plicationibus," Leyden, 1695, 4to. 28. '^ Harpocrationis
xie Vocibus Liber; accedit Diatribe Henrici Stephani ad
locos Isocrateos," Leyden, 1696, 4to. 29. ^^ Oratio de
primis lucrementis Urbis Lugduni," Leyden, 1696, 4ta^
30. " Thesaurus Grsecarum Antiquitatum," Leyden, 1697,
&c. 13 vols, folio. Gronovius cannot be sufficiently com-
xnended for having undertaken this work after the example
of Grevius, who published a body of the Roman antiqui^
ties. Laurent Beger, having found some things to object
to iu the three first volumes of this work, published at Ber«
lia in 1702, in folio, ^^ CoUoquii quorundam de tribus pri-
mis Thesauri Antiquitatum G^rdecarum voluminibits, ad
eorum Auctorem Relatio.*' $1. << Geograpbia aatl^a^

G B O N O V I U 3. S65

M

Iioc esty Scylacis Periplus Maris Mediterranei, &c. &cJ
Leyden, 1 697^ 4to. 32. '^ Appendix ad Geographiam an-
tiquam/' Leyden, 1699, 4to. 33. ^' Manethonis Apoteles-
aaticorum Libri sex, nunc primom ex Bibliothec4 Medi-
eek eruti," Leydcn, 1698, 4to. 34. " De duobus Lapi-
dibiifi in agro DuyTenvoordiensi r/epertis," Leyden, 1696,
41:0. 35. ^^ Rycquius de Capitolio Romano, cum Notia
Gronovii/* Leyden, 1696, 8vo. 36. " Q. Curtius cum
Gronovii & Variorum Notis," Amsterdam, 1696, 8vo. 37.
^ Suetenius a Salmasio recensitus cum Emendationibus J.
Gronovii," Leyden, 1698, 12mo. 38. <* Phaedri Fabul»
com Joan. Fred. Gronovii & Jac. Gronovii Notis & Nicolai
DispoQtiDi coUectaneis,^' Leyden, 1703, 8vo. 39. " Ar-
riani Nicomediensis Expeditionis Alexandri Libri septem*^
& Historia Indica," Leyden, 1704, folio. This edition is a
very beautiful one ; and Gronovius displays in it the same
extent of learning, which he does in all his other writifigs,
and the same rude censure of all men of learning, who are
WA of his opinion. 40. ^* Minutii Felicis Octavius : acce«
dniit Caecitius Cyprianus de Idolorum Vanitate, & Julius
Firmicus Maternus de Errore profanarum Religionum,'*
Leyden, 1709, 8vo. 41. " Infamia Emendationum in Me-
naadri Reliquias nuper editarum. Trajecti ad Rbenum',
auctore Phileleuthero Lipsiensi. Accedit Responsio M.
Lucilii Profuturi ad Epistolam Caii Yeracii Philellenis, quse
extat parte IX Bibliothecae selectse Jo. Clerici,'* Leyden^
1710, 12mo. In this he attacbs Dr. Bentley, who had as-»
«amed the name of Phileleutherus Lipsiensis ; and Le Clerc,
who had published an edition of the fragments of Menander
and Philander, and to whom he ascribes the letter inserted
iff the ^^ Babliotheque cboisie,'' which he animadverts upon.
42. *^ Decreta Romana & Asiatica pro Judaeis ad cultum
divinum per Asioe Minoris urbes secure obeundum, a Jose-
pho coliecta in Libro XIV. ArchsBologisB, sed male inter-
leersa & expuncta, in publicam Iticem restituta. Accedunt
Suidse aliquot loca a vitiis purgata,*' Leyden, 1711, 8vo.
The notes on Buidas are levelied against Ludotfus Kuster, ^
who had published an" edition of Suidas at Cambridge in
1705 in 3 vols, folio, and who wrote in vindication of him-
telf, ^^ Diatriba L. K. in qu& Editio SuidsB Cantabrigiensis
contra Cavillationes Jacobi Gronovii Aristarchi Leydensis
deifenditur," inserted in the 24tb tome of the Bibliotheque
choisie, p. 49, and printed separately in 12mo. There wat
Ukewise a new edition with additions published at Amster-

866 G R O N O V I U &

dam in 1712^ 8vo, under the title of " Diatriba Anti-GrcM
noviana," 43. " Ludibria malevola Clerici, vel Proscrip*
.tio pravsB Mercis ac Mentis pravissimae, quam exponit ia
Minutio Felice Joannes Clericus tooi. 24. BibliotheccB se-*
lecta," Leyden, 1712, 8vo. 44. " Recensio brevis Miiti-*^
lationum, quas patitur Suidas in Editione nuperd. CantE'*
brigiBB anni 1705, ubi varia ejus Auctoris loca perperam in-»
teUecta iUustrantur, emendantufi & supplentar,^ Leydeni
J7I3, 8vo. 45. " Severi Sancti, id est^ Endeleichii Rhe-
toris de Mortibus Boum Carmen ab Eli& Vineto & Petm
Pithaso servatuipy cum Notis Job. Weitzii & Wolfgangi Se<«
beri/' Leyden, 1715, 8vo, with a preface, though without
his name. 46. ^^ Herodoti Halicarnassei Histbriarum Li-
bri IX. Qraece & Latine, cum Interpretatione Laurentii
Vallae ex Codice Mediceo,". Leyden, 1715, folio. This
edition bad not the general -approbation of learned men^
who discovered very gross errors in it. The reader may
see upon this subject a piece of Kuster, entitled ^^ Examea
Criticum E^itionis novissimaB Herodoti Gr6novia68B>'' in-
serted in the 5th tome of M. le Clerc's Bibliotheque an*^ ^
cienne & moderne., p. 383, and another of Stephen Ber«
gler in the Acta Eruditorum of Leipsicfor 1716, p. 20 1^
337, and 417. Gronovius in this edition has attacked in
the most furious manner several of the greatest oien in the
republic of letters, particularly Laurentius Valla, ^milius
Portus, Henry Stephens, Holstenius, Dr. Thomas Gale^
lEzechiel Spanheim, Salmasius, Isaac Vossius, Tanaquil
Faber, John le Clerc, Kuster, Bochart, Graevius, 3^c. He
had a very extensive correspondence with the men ef learn*
ing in Europe, and the utmost that can be said for his in-*
temperate treatment of so many learned contemporaries^
is, as we have been told, that his thoughts of many of them
were kinder than his words.*

. GRONOVIUS (John Fredeuick), a physician and bo-
tanist of considerable learning, the. son, we presume, of the
preceding, was born in Holland, in 1690. He took his
doctor's degree at Leyden in 1715, on which occasion he
published a dissertation upon camphor, of the natural his«
tory and preparation of which he gives much new informa*
tion. He settled at Leyden, and became one of the chief
magistrates. He adopted the prevailing taste of his coun«

■-%

' Niceron, toI. II. — Gen. Diet. — Moreri, — Baillet ^ugemeos des S^aTani»—
Jiorhoff Polybistor.o^Saxii Onomaift.

G R O N O V I U a 367

frymen for making collections of natural history, and ia
1740 published his ^^ Index Suppellectilis Lapides/' or a
scientific catalogue of his own collection of minerals, drawn
up under the inspection, and with the assistance of Ltn-
nseus. In a letter to Haller, in 1737, Linnaeus mentions
Gronovius, with Burmann and Adrian Van Royen, as prin-
cipally anxious to increase their collections of dried plants,
instead of studying genera ; which study Linnaeus was de-
stined to revive. Gronovius received from Clayton various
specimens of Virginian plants, which he, with the assist-
ance of Linnseus, then resident in Holland, arranged ac-
cording to the sexual system, and with proper specific cha-
racters, . descriptions, and synonyms^ published under the
title of '^ Flora Virgiuica,^' 1739, 8vo. A second part or
supplement of the same work appeared in 174?, and a third
was preparing when he died. This last being afterwards
incorporated with the two former, the whole was published
in 1762, 4to, by his son.

In 1755, came out his '^ Flora Orientalis,** 8vo, the ma-
terials of which were afforded by the collection made by
Jftauwolf, in his travels in the East during 1573, 1574, and
1575, and which, by favour of queen Christina of Sweden,
•came afterwards into the hands of the learned Vossius, who
allowed the chief British botanists of his day to study and
quote it. Gronovius determined by it above 330 species of
oriental plants, which was a valuable addition to the know-
ledge of that day. The work is arranged after the Lin^
jiflean method, but trivial names^ though invented and pub-
lished in the first edition of the ^^ Species Plantarum,** twq
years before, are not adopted, nor does the author appear
to have used this publication. He was, however, in frequent
correspondence with Linnseus, whom he furnished with nu-
merous specimens of Americati plants sent by Clayton, and
with whom he conferred on the subject of fishes amongst
others, Haller mentions him as having written learned
notes to the 20th and following books of Pliny. He con-
tinued to enrich his museum, and to devote it to the use of
all who were desirous of consulting it, as long as he lived.
In 1750 Gronovius is represented as labouring under the
gout, as well as a hernia, but he lived to the age of se-
venty-two, dying in 1762. His herbarium was, after the
death of his son, purchased by sir Joseph Banks.^

*•

1 Rees's Cyclopaedia, to which we are indebted for the whole of this andtba..
Mzt arUcIfy DQt bavins found a notice of either in any other work.

868 G R O NO V I U S.

GRONOVIUS (Laurence Theodore), 'son of tbe pVe-
ceding, was born at Ley den iu 1730. ^ He took tbe degree
of doctor of laws, and, like bis father, attained to the chief
civil honours of his native place. From him be imbibed a
taste for natural history, and, as we have already toiem^
tioned, edited the latest and completest edition of tbe
*^ Flora Virginiea*?* He particularly excelled in the
knowledge of fishes ; but most departments of systematic
feoology engaged his attention. He pcrblisbed in 1754, his
'VMuseom IcbthyologiGum,** a handsome folio, with' ample
descriptions of the species. The second part appei^ed ki
1756, acconpaoied by descriptions of the serpents in> hi#
father's museum. In 1763 appeared the <^ 'Zoopb^Mii
Gronoviam fasciculus primus," containing descriptions of
a few quadrupeds, more amphibia, and a still greater nUifr^
ber of fishes, all from the same museum ; the latter iltus^
trated by IS good plates, exhibiting 38 species, l^be se-
cond fasciculus of the same work, published in 1764, de^
scribes the insects of his collection, of which numerous
species are engraved on four copper plates. A third and
last, with three plates, caa>e out in 1781, after the death
of tbe author, which happened in 1777. He published in
1760 a very valuaUe work in 4to, entitled ** Bibliotheca
Regni Animalis atque Lapidei," on the plan of tbe ** Bib-
liothecsB Botanies*' of Linnaeus and Seguier, with an ex-*
eellent Index Rerum, highly useful in such a publicatiom
He furnished, moreover, an appendix of 65 quarto pages to
the ^id work of Seguier.*

GROS (Nicholas le), a learned French theologian^
wa^ born in December 1675, at Rheims, of obscure and
poor parents^ The religious of St. Genevieve, who served
the parish of St. Denis at Rheims, undertook his educsr-^
tion, and he was admitted doctor of divinity in that city m
1702, and became successively chaplain at Notre Dame^
canon of tbe collegiate church of St. Symphorien>, and, iv
1704, canon of the cathedral at Rheims. He was at9»
made governor of tbe little seminary of St. Jam^s by SI
Le Tellier, but was deprived of that office on this gentle^
man's death in 1710, and forbidden to preach or cocrfessi
on account of his zealous opposition to the bull UnigeniiHS.
Being afterwards excommunicated by M. de MaiHe, wbo^
succeeded NL le TeHier sfcs archbishop of Rheims^ he weaft^

A Reel's Cyclopaedia.

G R 0 S. 369

ta- Paris, Imd afiterwfirds to HoUandfi where he remained
about a year with father Quesnel and Messrs. Petitpied
and Fouillou ; but when Louis XIV. died, the proceedings
at Rheims were declared nuil, and M. le Gros returned
thither in 1716. He was a zealous promoter of the appeal
to a future council, and was the soul of the faculty of theo-
logy ; but M. de Mailli obuined a Uttre de cachet against
hioi in 172], by which he was banished to St. John de Luz.
Thb sentence, however, he evaded, by living concealed
fojir or five years. In 1725, he went into Italy to observe
what passed in the council appointed by Benedict XIII.
mA at length retised to Holland, and there spent the last
twenty^five years of his life, excepting a voyage he made
to .England. The archbishop of Utrecht chose him pro-
fessor of divinity in his seminary at Amersfort, and he
died at Rhiowick, near Utrecht, December 4, 1751, aged
76. His principal works are, I. ^' Le Renversement dea
Libert^ de PEglise Gallicane dans Taffaire de la Constitu*-
tion Unigenitus,*' 2 vols. 12mo. 2. '< La Sainte Bible tra^
dttite sur les textes originaux, avec les differences de la
Vulgate,'.' 1739, 8vo. M. Rondet published a new edition
of this work 1756, in 6 small vols. 12mo.; but, on account
of some alterations, it is not esteemed. 3. ^^ Sept Lettres
Th^ologiques contre le Traits des Pr6ts de Commerco, et
en g^n^ral contre toute Usure," 4to. 4. <^ Dogma Eccle«
sisB circa Usurum expositura, et vindicatum ;^' with several
other pieces in Latin against usury, 4to. 5. <^ Observa*
tions sur une Lettre attribute a feu M. de Launoi sur
rUsure," 4to. 6. '< Eclaircissement historique et dogma*-
tique sur la Contrition," 12mo. 7. ^^ Motifs invincibles
* d'jVttaobement jL I'EgUse Romaine pour les Catholiques^
ou de Re-union pour les pretendus tleform^s," 1 2mo.

9. '^ Meditations sur la Concorde des Evangiles," 3 vols.
I2ma. 9. << Sur PEpftre aux Romains," 2 vols. 12m0.

10. ^< Sur les Epttres canoniques," 2 vols. 12mo. 1 1. << M£-
snoim sur les Droits du second Ordre," 4to. 12. << M£-
moire sur TAppel au futur Cohcile," 4to; several tracts
on the Constitution, the Miracles, ascribed to M. Paris;
tiie Convulsions, &c. 13. ^^ Manuel du Chretien," which
contains the Psadms, the New Testament, and the Imita*-
tton, 24to. A book in twelves, entitled ^^ Eclaircisse^
nent sur les, Conciles g6ii6raux," is also attributed to M.
le Gros. *

1 Moceri.— L'Arocat's Diet. BitU

Vot. XVI. B B

/

jw G no SE.

• GROSE (Francis), an eminent English antiquairy,' WJ^
the son of Mr. Francis Grose, of Richmond, jewetter, wtio
'died in 1769. He was born in 175^ and having a taste
for heraldry and antiquities, his father procured fahn a place
in the college of arms, which, however, he resigned in
1763. By his fether he was left an independent fortune,
which he was hot of a disposition to add to, or even* to pre-
serve. He early entered into the Surrey militia, of wbick
be became adj Man t and paymastef; but so much had dis-
sipation taken possession of him, that in a situation wfaick
above all others required attention, he was so careless a^
to have for some time (as he used pleasantly to tell) only
two books of accounts^ viz. his rrght and left hand pockets
In the one he received,' and from the other paid ; and this
too with a want of circumspection which may be readily
supposed from* sueh a mode of book-keeping. His losses
on this occasion roused his latent talents : with a good
classical education he united a fine taste for drawing, which
be now began again to cultivate; and encouraged by his
^'friends, he undertook the work from w4rich he derived both
profit and reputation : his Views of Antiquities ih England
and Wales, which he first began to publish in numbers in
1773, and finished in 1776. The next year he added two
more volumes to his English views; in which be included
the islands of Guernsey and Jersey, which were completed
in 1787. This work, which was executed with accuracy
and elegance, soon became a favourite with the public M
large, as well as with professed antiquaries, from the neat)-
ness of the embellishments, and the succinct manner in
•which he conveyedhis information, and therefore answered
bis most sanguine expectations ; and, from the time he be^
gan it to the end of his life, he continued without inter*
inission to publish various works, generally to the advantage
of his literary reputation, and almost always to the benefit
of his finances. His wit and good-humour Were the abun-
dant source of satisfaction to himself and entertainment to
bi& friends. He visited almost every part of tAe kingdom^
and was a welcome guest wherever he went. In the. sum«>
met of 1789 he set out on a tour in Scotland ; the resok
•of which he began to communicate to the public in 1 790^
•in numbers. Before he had condaded this work, be pro-
ceeded to Ireland, intending to furnish that kingdom with
views and descriptions of her antiquities, in the sdme man«
Ber he had executed those of Great Britain , but soon after

G R O S £# 371^.

bis atrivftl in Dublin^ beitig at the bouse of Mr. Hone
th^re, hes&ddenly was seized at table with an apoplectic
nt, on the 6th May 179 15 and died immediately* He wa%
interred in Dublin.

-. ** His literary history,^' says a friend, "respectable a»
it IS/ was exceeded by bis good-humour, conviviality, and
friendship. Living much abroad, and in thc^ best company
at home, he bad the easiest habits of adapting himself to
all tempers; and) being a man of general knowledge, per-
petually drew out sopie conversation that was either useful
to himself) or agreeable to the party. . He could observe
upon most things with precisipn and judgqnent ; but his na^
lural tendency was to hiimour, in which he excelled botfi
by the selection of' anecdotes and bis manner of telling '
them! itmaybe si^id top, that bis figure rather assisted
faim, '- which v^as in fact the. very title-p^ge to a joke. H^
bad neither rthe pride nor malignity of authorship : he felt
the independency of his own talents, and was satisfied with
thein> without degrading others. His friendships were of
the s$m9e .cast ; constant and, sincere, overlooking som^
fattks,.ar)d seeking out greater virtues.' ' . ^

Gc<^$e, to a stranger, says Mr. Noble^ might have been
fiupposed, not a surname, but one selected, as significant of
bis figure: which was moi'e of the form ojT Sancho Paii9a
than FalstafF; but he partook of the properties of both*
He was as low, squat, and rotund as the former, and not
les^> sloven ; -equalled him too in his love of sleep, and
nearly so in his proverbs. In his wit he was a Falstaff. He
was.tb^. butt for other men to shoot at, but it always re*-
i^unded with a double force. He could eat with Sancho,
g^d. drink with the knight In simplicity, probity, and a
l^ompassionateh^art, he was wholly of the Pan^a breed ;
bia jocularity could have pleased a prince* In the ^^ St.
ijfames's Evenings Post/' the following was proposed as an
epitaph; fbc him :

' ^< Here lies 'Francis Gaosfi.

Qn Thursday, May 12, 179I,

Death put an end to his

Views SLtid prospects **

Mr.Crose married Catherine, daughter of Mr^Jordan,
qf Cantertiury, by whom he had two sons and five daughters ;
1. Ff/incis Grose, of Croydon- Crook in Surrey, esq. a co*
lonel in the army, governor in 1790 of New South Wales;
^. Onslow Grose, esq. captain of the pioo«er corps on tba

*B 3

573 G R O S E/

Madras establishmetity who died very lately in Indian :aiid'
four daughters, one of whom married to Anketel Singleioiiy
esq. lieu tenant-governor of Landguard-Fort, in £s9e:(^r: •

His works are, I. *^ The Antiquities of EngiaQd and

Wales/' 8 vols.' 4to and 8vo. 2* " The Antiquities^ of

ScotlaiidyV 2 vols. 4to and 8vo. 3. " The Antiquities <^

Ireland/* 2 vols. 4to' and 8vo, a postbuBious work* edited

by Mr. Ledwich, 1794. 4. " A Treatise on ancient Ar-*

mour and Weapons/' 1785, 4ta. 5. << A Classical Dtc«

tictoary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1785, 8vo. €. ** Military

Antiquities ; being a History of the English Army from tfai^

Conquest to the present Time/' 1786, 1788^ 2 vols. 4l6i

7. "The History of Dover Castle, by the; rev. William

* Darell," 1786, 4to. 8. 'f A Provineial Glos^ry, with it

Collection of local Proverbs and poptdaf Sut>er8titioti8,'*

1788, 8vo. 9. << Rules for drawing Caricatures," 17a8^

8vo. 10^ " Supplement to the Treatise on aqcieiit Ar^

mour and Weapons/' 1789, 4to. tl. "A guide to Health,

Beauty, Honour, and Riches,-' being a collection of but

Biorotis advertisements, pointing out the means to obtain

those bll^ssings ; with a suitable introduetory preface^ 8voi

12. *^ The Olio, a collection of Essays/' jests, small pieeea

of poetry, all highly characferistic of Mr, Grose, but dto

. collection was not made by him, and we suspect all die

contents are not from his pen ; 1T93, 8vo.^

GROSLEY (Peter John), a French antiquary and pD«*
lite writer, was born at Troyes Nov. 18^ 1718, and was
educated in the profession of the law, but a decided turn
for literary pursuits interrupted bis legal studies, and in^
duced him, in search of knowledge, to travel twice inta
Italy, twice into England, and once into Holland, .besidea
passing a considerable part of every year at Paris, where
he was received into the best company, bat would never
settle. His disposition appears to have been amiable and
liberal, as when yet a youth he gave up a legacy of 4D,00d
livre^ in favour of his sister. At his oivn ex pence, too, be
undertook to embellish the saloon of the t6wn house of .his
native city, Troyes, with marble busts of the eminent
natives of that city, executed by VassOy the king^s sculps
tor; and the first put up were those of Pttbou, le Comte^
i'aSserat, Girardon, and Mignard. He died iu that city,
Nov* 4, 1785y being then an associate of the academy of

1 £«ropeaii Jd^af, 179k*««6taU Mis. 1791.

G 11 0 S L E Y. %1i

iiitfdripttons and belles lettres, and a member of our rtfyat
society. 'His principal works are, 1. ** Recherches pouf
rhisjtoire du Droit Fran9ais,'* Paris, 1752, 12m(^ a work
highly esteemed. 2. *< Vie de Pithou/' ibid. 1756, 2 vols^
I2fno. 3. ^ Observations de deux gentil-hommes Suedois
aur ritali^'* 1774, 4 vols. 12mo, a very lively work, ana
tall of interesting anecdotes. 4. ** Londres,^^ 1770, 3 vols.
12mo, of wliicb nearly the same may be said, although aU
}owances must be made for the mistakes into which a fo-
reigner is very liable to iall. It was translated in 1772, by
Dr. t<ltigent, 2 vols. Svo. 5. ^' Essais bistoriques sur la
Champagne.*' 6. *^ Ephemerides Troyennes," continued
A»r several yeafs, and epntaiping papery relative to tba
history of Troyes« He had also a part in the ^* Memoirea
d^ Pacadenie de Troyes,*' and in the last translation of
Davila ; and was an useful contributor to the ^' Journal En**
cyclopedique/* from 1771 to 1785, and to the *^ Diction-
naire Historique.*' A Life, written by himself, and some
fposthumous pieces, have been lately published. '

GROSSETESTE (Robeut), an English prelate^ and
the moat learned ecclesiastic of his time, was born probably
spoilt 1175, of obscure parents at Stradbrook in Suffolv.
He studied at Oxford, where he laid the foundcLtion of his
skill in the Greek tongue, and was thus enabled to make
himself master of Aristotle, whose works had been hitherta
read only 4;i translations: at Oxford too be acquired a
knowledge of the Hebrew. He afterwards went to Paris,
where he prosecuted his studies of Greek and Hebrew^
aud made himself master of Freneh. Here he also studied
ihc' divinity ;and philosophy of the age, his proficiency in
which was so remarkable as to draw upon him the suspicion
«f being a magician. At Oxford, on bis return, he be^.
came celebrated as a divine, and was the first lecturer in
the Fritnciscan school in that university. In 1235 he was
elected^ by the dean and chapter, bishop of Lincoln, which
see was jtben, and continue still, the largest in England^
althongh Ely, Oxford, and' Peterborough have 'been since
taken irom it. Orosseteste, who was of an ardent and ae-
eive spiiit, immediately undertook to reform abuses, ex^
horting both clergy and people to religious observai^ce%
And perhaps would have been in a considerable degree suc-
'€es9fvAf had he not confided too much in the Dominicaa

* Diet. HJ8toffique^««>Niif ent't Frefaec.

iT4 G R O S S E T E S T E.

and Franciscan friars, as bis helpers in the good work. fiTtit
they being appointed by him to preach to the people, heap
their confessions, and enjoin penance, abused these op-r
portunities by exercising dotninion over- the superstitious
minds of the laity, and enriched themselves at their ek«
pence. Although, however, the hypocrisy of the Domini-
cans and Frj^nciscans in this instance escaped bis pehetra-»
tion, he could not be deceived in the dtssofute cbaracteF
and ignorance of the more ancient orders, and was very
strict in his visitations, and very severe in his censures of
their conduct. Partly through this sense of his duty, and
his love of justice, and partly from his warmth of temper,
he was frequently engaged in quarrels with convents, and
other agents of the pope. At one time he was even ex-
communica'ted by the convent of Canterbury ; but treating^
thi» with contempt, he continued to labour in promotifig
piety, and redressing abuses with his usual zeal, firmne^,
and perseverance. Although the friars continued to be bia
favourites, and he rebuked the rectors and vicars of his dio-p
cese, because they neglected to hear them preach, and Her
cause they discouraged the people from attending and con-^
fessing to them, in time he began to see more clearly inta
the character of those ecclesiastics. In 1247, two English
Franciscans were sent into England with credentials to ex-
tort money for the pope; and when they applied, with some
degree of insolence, to Grosseteste, for six thousand marks,
as the contribution for the diocese of Lincoln, he answered
them that (with submission to his holiness), the demand
was asdishonourable as impracticable; that the whole body
of the clergy and people were concerned in it as well a^
himself; and that for him to give a definitive answer in ai>
instant to such a demand, before the sense of the kingdom
was taken upon it, would be rash and absurd.

He continued afterwards to exert himself in promoting
the good of the church as to c|octrine and morals, with th&
most upright intentions, and to the best of his knowledge,
although it must aflPord the present age but a poor opinion
of his knowledge in such matters, when we find him trans-
lating, and illustrating with commentaries, such works as
those of John Damascenus, and of the spurious Dionysius
the Areopagite ; and even y\ The Testaments of the Twelve
Patriarchs,'' which he thought a valuable monun^ent of
sacred antiquity, and equal in importance with the scrip-
tures. But tb6 ignorauce of the times/ find the di^cultie<|

GROSSETESTK 37«

hf acquiring divine knowledge, were in that age greatly be-*
yond what can now be con'ceived. In the case, however^
0f external morals, Grosseteate showed more discernment*
In 4048 be obtained, at a great expence, from pope In-
nocent IV. letters to empower him to reform the religious
orders, fortified by this authority, he first turned his at-
tention to the waste of large revenues by the monastic
orders, and deteioiiiied to take into his own hand the rents
of lAie religtouc houses, probably with a design to institute
and ordaio -vicarages in his diocese, and to provide for the
, more general instruction of the people. But the monks
baving appealed to the pope, Grosseteste, in bis old age,
was (^liged to travel to Lyons, where Innocent resided,
and where he immediately decided against our bishop, and
treated him with much harshness of language, to which
Grosseteste replied with great spirit, and went so far as to
insinuate the power of money at the court of Rome. All,
however, that he could do was to leaive a kind of remon«
strance, in tbe shape of a long sermon, one copy of which
jbe delivered to the pope, and others to two of the cardir
nals, in which he sharply inveighed against the flagitious
practices of the court of Rome, particularly the appropri-
ation of churches to religious houses, the . appeals of the
religious to the pope, and the scandialous clause in the
Jbulls of non obstante, which was the great engine of the
f)ope*6 dispeasing power, and enabled him to set aside ait
statutes and customs. He was for some time so dejected
with the disappointment he had met with, that he intended
to resign his bishopric, but upon more mature refieotion,*
thought it his duty to remain in his office, and do all the
good which the bigotry and ignorance of the times would
permit. »;

At home he stijl opposed the lasy Italians, who had
procured the pope's letters for ppoviswnsj and were the ob-
jects of Grosseteste's greatest detestation, for he said ^^ if
he shquld commit the care of souls to them, he should be
the firiend of Satan.'' Upon such principles he would often,
with ipdigoation, cast the bulls out- of his hand, and abso*^
lutely refused to comply with them. He was suspended at-
one time fot disobeying a papal mandate of this kind.
Pope Innocent, persisting in his old courses, notwithstand-^
ing ail the fair promises ^nd assurances he had given to the
.contrary, commanded the bishop to admit an Italian, en-^"«
Urely ignorant of the English language, to a rich benefice^'

87f. O R O S Sr E T E S T E.

inhiB diocesei and. be reftniog to conipiy) ulras sttspend^dl
ibr it the Lent following. This sentence^ however, seems
to have been soon relaxed, as we find the bishop sio^ng
mass at Hales the same yean A more remarkable installed
of Gro8seteste!s spirited 'Op|)osition to the pap^l usurpations
occarcedin 1253, wheii Innocent ordered bia nephew, aa
Italiao youth, to be promoted to the first canon ry that
should be' vacant in the cathedral of Lincolni and declared
that uuy other disposal of the canonry should be null and
void ; and that he would excommunicate every one who
should dare to disobey his injunction. The pope also wrote
to the. archdeacon of Canterbury, and to one Mr. Innocent,
both Italians, to see this business completed, with a clause
of nan obstante ; and. to cite all coniraveners to appear be-
fore him without any manner of plea or excuse; and under
another clause of non obstante, in two months time*
. Grosseteste wrote immediately to the. pope, or to liis
•gents, in the most resolute and spirited terms, alnaost re^
torting, as Brown in his *^ Fasciculus rerum ei^petendarum,'*
&c. observes, '^ excommunication for excommunication."
This epistle, of which we have many copies now extant,
both in manuscript and printed, is a most celebrated per-
formance, and has immortalized the bishop^s memory, and
endeared it to all generations; ^ He insists, that the papal
mandates' cannot be repugnant to the doctrine of Christ
and his apostles, and that, therefore, the tenor of his boli*
sess'S epistles was not consonant to the sanctity of the holy
see^ on account of the accumulated clauses of non obstante.
Then, that no sin can be more adverse to the doctrine of
the apostles, more abominable to Jesus Christ, or more
hurtful to mankind, than to defraud and rob those souls,
which ought to be the objects of the pastoral care, of that
. ihsitruction which by the scriptures they have a. right to,
&d. Hence he infers that the holy isee, destined to edify
and not to destroy, cannot possibly incur a sin of this kind }
and that no one that is not an excoi&muntcate, ought to
obey any such absurd mandate, though an angel from hea*
yen should command him, but rather to revolt and oppose
them, &c.

The pope, on receiving this Bat denial, which he little
expected, written, as our readers may perceive, in a sar-
castic style implying much more than is expressed, fell into
a furious passion, exclaiming, with a stem countonane, and
with all the pride of Lucifer, ^^ Who is this old dotafd, deai^

GR O S S ET E s Ti; m

iDd absurd, that tl^s msbly presumes to judge of ray^«
tions? By Peter and Paul, if the goodness of my own
heart did not restrain tne,- 1 should so cbastbe him, as ta
make him an example and a spectacle to all tbewortdl la
«ot the king of England my rassal, my slave, and for a
ivord speaking, would throw him into prison^ and load him
with infamy and disgraced* And, when the cardinals
interposed, they had much ado to mollify him, by tellin|r
him, '< It was little for his interest to^ think of animadvert-
ing on the bishop ; since, as they must all own, what he
said was true, and they could not condemn or blame bim»
&o.'' giving the bishop, at the same time, a most noble
testimony, in respect of his piety, learning, and general
clKiraet^, as acknowledged by all the world : in all which,
they confessed frankly, they were none of them to be com-
pared to hifti« The pope, however, excommunicated the
bishop, and even named a^occessor to his see; but the
bishop,' on his pai^, contented himself with appealing from
the sentence to the tribunal of Christ, after which he
troubled himself no more about it, and remained quietly ia
possession of his dignity.

Towards* the end of this summer (1353) he fell sick at
his palace at Buckden, and sent for friar John de St. Giles^
who was a physician and a divine, jn both which capacities
be wanted his assistance, as he ibresaw, to the great uii-
easittess of his mind, the troubles that' would shortly bei^ll
the chuTch. He then gave orders to the clergy of his dio-
cese to renew the sentence of excommunication upon all
who should infringe the magna charta concerning the li-
berties of the kingdom, which made the incumbents very
obnoxious to many of the courtiers. In all his conversations
on this subject in his last illne3s, he appears to have re-
tained the strength of his understanding, and consciousvof
the uprightness of his conduct towards the pope, he still
fully approved it in his heart ; nor was his cours^e in the
least broken, or his spirits dejected, by any fuiminalions
that bad been launched against him from that quarter.
His conversations pn this occasion, given by his biogra-
pher, display his real sentiments on the depravedand cor-
rupt state of the papacy in his time, the particulars or ar-
ticles on which be grounded his charge, and that abhor-
rence of its proceedings which does^ him so much honour.

He died at Buckden, Oct. 9> 125^, and the corpse was
carried to Lincoln^ where it was met by archbishop Boni«

tn CR08SETE8TS*

/nee, who attea4ed the fimeraL He was iatenred in the
»upper 9Qiitb transept. For aq account ot his tomb, &c.
.yre must riefer to our principal autliority. The pope^ wbo
.jrejoiced at bis deatbt ordered a letter to be written to king
Henry, enjoining bin) to take up tbe bishop's bones, cast
•them out of (be cburcb, and burn, them, but this letter
ivaa not ^nt« As Gro^eteste was a person of acknowledged
piety and strictness of manners, be easily arrived at tbe
.beatitude, or title of Meatus, and even at sanctity^ in
the general estimation ; but be could pever obtain these
jionours.from the churchy though they were solicited for
him. in |be strongest terms. Indeed, as Dr. Fegge ob^
serves, i( would have been 'improper and absurd for the
popes to repute and proclaim a person to b^ now an holy
jbeatified saint in heaven^ wbo in their opinion bad so
openly traduced, insuHed, and vilified both, the see and
cojurt of Borne, Ivhicb yt^te still pursping the very same
pleasures he condemned, and continued^ tp b^ invariably
the same depraved* venal, and c^orrppt body. Il is, how*
ever, for tbe honour of bishop Crosseteste^ that for hia
piety and integrity, his learning and abilities, he still livef
valued and revered in the breasta gf all sober and reason-
able mpn. It is plain thai; he did not su$er the least in
the esteem of the world, any ipore than be did in his own
opinioo, by the anathema which pope Innocent had de?
pounced against him. Indeed the papiM censures, of which
our prelates stood so much in dread at l^yons, in 1245,
had been of late, so infamously. prostituted, that they seem
to have lost their efficacy. Grosset^ste, in particular, paid
«M) regard to tba^ which wa& denounced against him, for
he sjuU coatinued to exercise his function ; bis clergy ako
made do scrupje of obeying him wheii under the sentence ^
and bis exequies were solemnized not only by ^be secular^
but even.by tbe regular clergy of his diocese.

Few authors, ;^ncient or modern, ever meption bishop
Grosseteste without an eulogium, apd from, the mi^ny evi*
deuces brought by his biographer, he appears to have ex-?
celled all his contemporaries in learning, piety, judgment,
and conscientious int^rity in the discharge of his epispopaj
duties, and to have powerfully aided ip producing what
we may term the preliminaries of that reformation which
was afterwards to take place in a church so corrupt, and so
)veak, that even at jdiis time it wfis not able to support

itself against the arguments of one! SngUsh. prelate* I»

<^: R'o s s"E t: e a r e: iVV

'froiht bf religion, the papists are very desirous of ha^n|;
bisbop Grosseteste far their own ; and it must be acknow^

^ ledg^ that he was much with them doctrinaily, and at

' iirst entertained a higk opinion of the power of the keys,
aifd the personal authority of the pope; but at last, in a
case manifestly linscriptural and injurious to the welfare of
religion, he openly coT^temned it, and did not even regard
dying in a state of excommunication. He bad also at one
time conceived a most elevated idea of the hierarchy in
general, thinking it superior to the rfgal dignity. To this
he was led, exceeding in this respect even Becket himself,
by the authority of the ** Testaments of the Twelve Pa-
triarchs," and this is the best excuse that can be made for
him; thq biindoess of the times being such, that men of
the best learning, and the greatest acuteness, had not cri«^
tical. skill sufficient, though this be tlie first and proper
object of criticism, to distinguish a spurious composition
from thfe true word of God. But, however, he afterwards
changed his mind in regard to the hierarchy. Had he

-lived in more enlightened times, when points formerly
"taken for granted as principles not to be controverted,
were mote maturely canvassed and considered, his ideas
6n tMny reHgk>us topics wonki have been greatly enlarged/
and ha would not have been at all averse to a separation
from a church so venal and corrupt as that of Roiif^e, noi^
to a reformation both of her doctrines. and discipline.
- Bishop Grosseteste was a severe student to the very end
ef life« He was a master of languages, of some that were
not then generally knoivn, and also of every branch of
learning, both hnman and divine, as they were then usually
studied and professed ; and h'e improved many of them by
the pi'oduction$ of his own pen. His erudition was truly
multifarious, so that he may justly be said, bpth in respect
of himself ^nd bis own acquirements, and of that general
patronage and enpouragement which he afforded the li-^
terati of his time, to stand at the bead in this country at
least, 'of all the learning of the age. His forte seems to
have been logic, philosophy, and theology, and bis ktiow-^'
ledge of the scriptures was very intimate.

' ' For a list of his works, both published, which are but
few, and unpubli$b^(l» we must necessarily refer to Dr*
Pegge's elaborate life pf our prelate, where it occupies
twenty-five closely printed pages in quarto. It is thought
prosseteste was the most voluminous writer of any English*

S8)> G It O S it E T E 8 T.E.

tnaO) tt teast wrote mo^e tractor «Dd on a greater Tali^
of siibject8| than any one. Arcbbi^op Williams had once
an iatentioD of cpUecting them for pubbcataon > but «» Dv.
Pegge has very justly remarked, it is not much to be re«*
greued that the design was not executed, when we coA-
sider the superior light and knowledge of our times, ^nd
how much better every thing i» understood. His style im
copious and verbose, and bordering frequently upon tur-.
gidity, abounding with uaoouth w<Mrds, which, thougk
formed anaiogically, ase yet new, and not very pleasing to
a reader of the classics ; but he expresses himself in ge*?
ueral very intelligibly, particularly in his booths ^* De
Sphs&ra'* and ** De Cessatione.Legaliunl." He proceeds
also in his compositions very methodically and perspicu*
OQsly.^

OROSVENOB, or GRAVENOR (B£NJAB|iv)» » pious
dissenting divine, was born in London Jan. J, 1675, where
bis father was an upholder. In 1693 he was plac^ under
the tuition of the rev. Mn Jollie, of AttefcUffe, in York-p
ahire, with whom he went, through a course of studies pre-t
paratory to ordination among the dissenters; «nd afterwards
atudied Hebrew under Gapell, fonnerly professor of ori*
^ntal languages at Saumur^ but at this time a refugee in
London. In 1699 Mr. Grosvenor was admitted into the
ministry, and officiated first as assistant to Mr. Oldfield, ia
Southwark, and afterwards was joint preacher of a lectnro
hi the Old Jewry meeting. His biographers seem all un«
willing to tell us tliat he was at first ^f the baptist persua^
sion, and having been baptised in 1689 by Mr. Benjamin
Keacb, became a member of his meeting for about seven
or eight years ; but in the course of his studies he changed
bis opinions, and was *^ dismissed in a general manner
from his membership with'' the baptists. In 1703 or 1704
he was chosen to succeed Mr. Slater in the meeting in
Crosby-square, to which he was formally ordained in July
1704. In 1716 he was chosen one of the lecturers at
Salter*a*ball, which added much to his reputation, but
which he resigned in 1740. In 17'iO the university of

1 Life of Kobeit Gross^test^, by Sanwel Pcgge> LL. D. 1'793, Ata^ lyliich
tnpanedes tht necessity of any other references, except, perhaps, to Milner's
Charch History, irh<^ has ably analy2ed the bishop's character as a diTine, aad
.the Arcfaseolof ia, voU XIII. where he is iotroducod as aa Analo-Normaii ppet.
J>r. Pegge's work, one of k^is last and best, throm great iifl|( apon the history
o( the tvdftb and thirteenth centarisfc

GRO S YEN OR, 8#i"

Sdmbnrgk conferred the degree of D. D. upon hini. Afiter
this be continued to preach until 1749, wben^the increasing
iufirmitres of age obliged him to desist from all public ser-^
▼ices. \ He continued^ howerer^ his private ^tidies, .and
kept up an amicable intercourse with his friendly until bis
deatby Aug: 27, 1758. Dr. Grosvenor possessed great mild-^
ness uf temper, lively and brilliant wit, a candid disposition
towards those wiio dilFered from him, and an habitual
cheerfulness which rendered bi^ visits peculiarly acceptable.
He published various single sermons preached on funeral
and other occasions ; an^^ Essay on Health," 1748, Svo;'
and a treatise on consolation, entitled ** The Mourner,**
which has been repeatedly printed, and still preserves his
fnemor}'.^

GROTESTE (Clav0E, Sieur de la Mothe)) a French
protestant clergyman, bom at Paris in 1647, was eddcated
HI tbe- reformed religion, and after applying with suceess
to olttisicai studies, was advised by his father to follow the
law. In 1664, accordingly, he was admitted to the title'
and 'privilege of a doctor of the civil and canon law,- and
the year following was received as an advocate at Paris,'
and was distinguishing himself^ vrhen 'by the persuasion of
some friends, be quitted bis profession, and began to sthdjr
divinity at Saumur. In 1675 he was appointed minister
of the church of Lisy, and was Ordatired. In 1677 and
li978 he received pressing invitations from die churches d?
Gien and Amiens, both which he declined, as it was his
intention to' spend a few more years in close study. At
length, however, in 1682, he accepted an invitation from'
Ae' church at Rouen, but did not remain Idng connected
uritb it, a decree of council having separated him from his
flock^ and forbid him to come nearer the place than seven
leagues. He was confined by sidcness atjthe time thisde^
cree arrived, and on his recovery went to England in 1685,
and connected himself in the exercise of his ministerial
functions with Messieurs AUix and Lombard. In 4694 he
became minister of the Savoy, which office he he\d until
bis death, Sept. 30, 1713^. His widow is said to have given
bis library to the Savoy church, on condition of its being
open to the public certain dax^s in every week. He piib-
lished ** Trait6 de Pinspiratioii des livres sacr^es,^' Amst»

1 Prbtestftiyt Difselit Mag. wbert^ hit name is tpA << CrrQVtfBor.^'-^Foiftca^
S«rmon krjr Barkciv— Cn>»by'f ^itr. of lilt SspCisU.

9H G ROT E S T E. '

1695, and several sermons and pious tractsi Be ap^aM
to have been a very active meinber of the society for pro^
pagating the gospel.^

GROTIUS (Hugo), or Hugo de Oroot, one of the
most eminent names in literary history, was descendkd
from 8 family of the greatest distinction in the Low Couiw
tries : his father^ John de Groot, was bOrgoroaster of Delft^
and curator of the university of Leyden^ and in 1582, mar«<
ried Alida Averschie^ a lady of one of the first famihes it^
the country^ by whom he bad three sons and a daughter^
His son Hugo, the subject of this article, was born at Delft
on Easter- day, April lOi 1589, and came into the world
with the most happy dispositions; a profound genius, d
solid judgment, and a wonderful memory. These extraon*
dinary natural endowments had all the advantages that edu-
cation could give tbem^ and he fouod in his own father a
pious and an able tutor, who formed bis mind ana his ino^
rals. He was scarce past bis childhood, when be was setit
to the Hague, and boarded with Mr/Utengobard, a cele-»
brated clergyman among the Arminians, who took gfeat
eare of his trust ;and^ before be had completed his twelfth
year, was removed to Leyden, under tbd learned Francis
Junius. He continued three years at this university, where
Joseph Scaliger wa& so struck witli his prodigious capacity^
that he condescended to direct his studies ; and in 1597^
Grotius maintained public theses in the matbematicsi phi^
Josophy, and law, with the highest applause.

At this early age he ventured to form plana which re^
quired very great learning, but which he executed with
Auch perfection, that the republic of letters were struck
with astonishment. These^ however, were not publiahed
till after his return from France. He had a strong inclina«^
tion to see that country, and an opportunity offered at thit
tinie of gratifying it. The States-^general came to a reso-^
lution of sending, on an embassy to Henry iV. in lB9Sf
count Justin of Nassau, and the grand pensioner Barne*
▼elt : and Grotius put himself into- the train of those an^
bassadors, for the latter of whooi he had a particular e»r
teem*. His own reputation having preceded him in France^'

* Their bosinesf was, in conjunc- * France, againsl Spain ; hot tbif waft

tion Wttk lord Cecil, oo the part of not successfnl: Orotiui ^res a histoiy

^agland, to negociate a triple ai- of thia embassy ia the 7th book «f hi»

liaace betweta J^Und, floUand, and . Annals.

t Morarir*

G R O T I U & 3H

M. de Bnzanvalf who bad been ambassador in Holland, in«.
trodiice^ him to the king, who presented him with his pic^
ture and a gold chain, with which Grotius was so highly
flattered, as to have a print engraved of himself, adorned
with' the chaio« After almost a year's stay in France he re«
turned home, much pleased with bis journey ; one thing
only was wanting to complete his satisfaction, a sight o^'
the celebrated M. de Thou, or Thuanus, the person among
all the French whom he most esteemed. He bad eagerly
•ought an acquaintance with that great man, and as he did
not succeed, he now resolved to open a literary corre-*
spondeoce, and present him with the first-fruits of, his stu-i
dies in print, which he had just dedicated to the prince of
Cond£. This was }xh edition of ^^ Martiaiius Capella." Ha
had formed the plan of this work, when only fotirteen year^
old, almost finished it before he left Holland^ and pub-^
lished it presently after his return in 1599. M. de Tboa
«ias extremely well pleased with this address^ and from
this time to bis death there subsisted an intimate corre*
tpondence between them. In 1600, Grotius sent de Thou
an epithalamium he bad written on the marriage of Henry
IV* with Mary of Medicis, but this is not in the coUection
of his poems.

Grotius, having chosen the law for his profession, had
taken an opportunity before be left France, to obtain a
doctor> degree in that faculty ; and upon his return he
attended the law-courts, and pleaded his. first cause at
Delft with univei^al applause, (hough he was scarcely se*
veiiteen ; and he maintained the same reputation as long'
as he continued at the bar. This employment, however,
not filling up his whole time, he found leisure to publish
the same year, 1599, another work, which discovered as
^uch knowledge of the abstract sciences in particular as
the former did of his learning in general. Stevin, mathe*
matician to prince Maurice of Nassau, composed a small
treatise for the instruction of pilots in finding a ship's place
atsea^ in wjaich be drew up a table of the variations of the
needle, according to the observations ofPlancius, a cele«r
Crated geographer, and added directions bow to use it«
Grotius translated into Latin this work, which prince MaU'^
l*ice had recommended to the college of admical^y, to be
studied by all officers of the navy ; and^ because it might
be equally useful to Venice, be dedicated his translation
IP that republic. In ^600, he published his << Phenomena

«84 G R O T HJ S,

of Aratus,^' which discovers a great knowledge in pbysicti
and especially astronomy. The corrections he made in
the Greek are esteemed very judicious : the notes shew
that he had reviewed several of the rabbies, and had some
knowledge of the Arabic tongue ; and the verses he made
to supply those of Cicero that were lost have^been thought
▼ery happy imitations of that writer^s style. In the midst
of these profound studies, this extraordinary young man
found time to cultivate the muses, and with such success^
that he was esteemed one of the best Latin poets in Europe.
The prosopopoeia, in which he makes the city of Ostend
speak, after having been three years besieged by the Spa^
niards, was reckoned a masterpiece, and was translated
into French by Du Vaer, Rapin, Pasquier, and Malherbe;
and Casaubon turned it into Greek. Neither did Grotius
content himself with writing small pieces of verse ; he ros6
to tragedy, of which he produced three specimens; the
first, called '^Adamus Exul,^^ was printed in Leyden, in
1601, with which, however, he beoame afterwards dissatis-
fied, and would not let it appear in the collection of hit
poems published by his brother. *^ Christus patiens/* his
second tragedy, was printed at Leyden in 1608, and much
approved: Casaubon greatly admires its poetical firei
Sandys translated it into English verse, and dedicated it
to Charles L It was favourably received in England, and
in Germany proposed as the model of perfect tragedy.
Hi^ third was the story of Joseph, and its title '^ Sophom^
phanoeus,*' which, in the Itoguage of Egypt, signifies the
Saviour of the World; he finished this in 1633^ and the
following year, at Hamburgh.

In 1603, the glory which the United Provinces had ob-
tained by their illustrious defence against the whole power
of Spain, after the peace of Vervins^ determined them, to
transmit to posterity the signal exploits of that memorable
war ; and for this purpose they sought out a proper histo*
rian. Several made great interest for the place, and
among others Baudius, the professor of eloquence at Ley^
den. But the States thought young Grotius, who had
taken no steps to obtain it, deserved the preference ; and,.
what is singular, Baudius himself did not blame their
choice, because he looked upon Grotius to be already t
very great man. In the execution of this office, he under-
took his " Annals," which were begun in 1614, though not
finished long before his death, and not published until
twelve years after.

G K o T I u s.. ns.

t

All this while his principal employment was that of an ad*
Toeate^ in which he acquired great honour; but, upon the
whole, the profession did not please hioi, though tbebrilliant
figure he made at the bar procured him the place of advo-
cate-general of the fisc for Holland and Zealand, whicb^
becoming vacant, was immediately conferred on him by
those provinces. He took possession of this important
office in 1607, and filled it with so much reputation, that
the States augmented his salary, and promised him a seat
in the court of Holland. Upon this promotion, his father
began to think of n wife for him, and fixed upon Mary
Reigesberg, a lady of great family in Zealand, whose fa-
dier had been burgomaster of Veer. The marriage was
solemnized in July 1608,. and celebrated by him in some
Latin and French verses, the former of waicu he trans-
ited hito Dutch. On this occasion his father likewise
wrote an epithalamium, and another was composed by
Heinsius* At the time of his marriage he was employed
in writing his " Mare liberum," i. e. " the Freedom of the
Ocean, or the Right of the Dutch to trade to the Indies.**
The work was printed in 1609, without his knowledge or
consent. Indeed he appears not to have been quite satis*
0ed with it: and though there came out several answers^
particularly that of Selden, entitled ^^ Mare clausum, seu
de dominto maris,'' yet, being soon after disgusted withhia
country, he took no farther concern in the controversVt
The ensuing year, he published his piece ^^ De antiqm*
tate Reipublicae Batavae," designed to shew the original
independence of Holland and Friesland against the Spanish
claim ; and he accordingly de^licated it to those States,
March 16, 1610, who were extremely pleased with it, re*
turned thanks to the author, and made him a present*
While it was in the press, Grotius and his father, who
usually assisted him in his writings, translated it i;)ita
Dutch.

JClias Oldenbarnevelt^ pensionary of Rotterdam, and
hrother to the grand pensionary of Holland, dying in 1 6 1 3,
the city of Rotterdam offered that important place to Gro-*
iiu9 ; but it was some time before he yielded to the offer.
^y the ferment of men^s minds he foresaw, that great com-
motions would speedily shake the republic, which made
him insist,' that he should never be turned out; aivd, lapoa
^_ promise of this, be accepted of the post, which gave him.
a seat in the aatesdtyly of the States of Hollandi and after-

VOL. XVL C c

iis G R 0 T i u s7

» »

wards in that of the Sutes-General. Hitherto be had but
very little connexion with the grand pensionary Barnevelt ;"
but from this time he contracted an intimate friendship
with him, and it was even reported that Barnevelt design-
ed to have his friend succeed him as grand pensionary of
'Holland*. . ,

At this time a dispute arose between the English and
the Dutch, concerning the right of fishing in the Northern
seas* Two Amsterdani vessels, having caught some whales
in the Greenland ocean, were met by some English ships
bound to Russia; who, finding that the Dutch had no pass-
ports from the king of England, demanded the whales,
which the Dutchmen, unable to resist, were obliged to de-
liver. On their arrival in Holland^ they made their com-
plaint ; and the affair being laid before the States, it was
resolved that Grotius, who had written on the subject, anct
was more master of it than any one, should be sent to Eng-
landy where his demands were refused. On this the Dutch
determined not to send* to Greenland for the future with-
out a force sufficient to revenge themselves on the English,
or at least to have nothing to fear from them. The dis-
pute growing serious, to prevent any acts of hostility, a
conference was held, in 1615, between the commissioners
of England and Holland, in which the debate turned chiefly
on the whale-fishery ; but, the English still insisting on the
right to Greenland, which the Dutch refused, the confer-
ence broke up without any success, Grotius, who was oi>6
of the commissioners from Holland, gives the history of
this conference, in a letter to Du Maurier, dated at Rotter-
dam, June 5, 1615. On this occasion, however, he had
reason to be well satisfied with the politeness of king James,
who gave him a gracious reception, and was charmed with
his conversation. But the greatest pleasure he received at
this visit, was the intimate friendship he contracted with
Casaubon. Their esteem for each other was increased by
a similarity of studies and sentiments, and they both enter-
tained hopes of a scheme, which human agency at least
will never render practicable, that of uniting all Christians
in one-faitb. In tlie midst of these occupations, Du Mau-
rier, the French ambassador in Holland, and his particular

* The bntinest «f tbif. officer is to and secrefcaiy to tbe Sliiites; alid

manage prosecutioDf, receive dit- though he has no deliberatiTe Toie^

'patches, aod answer Uiein, so that he and is the lowest in rank, yet hif ia»

is in «• mannec boiH attorney -general flnence is the greatest.

(J il 0 1 1 tr d: sat

l^nd, r^olving to begin a course of sttidy^ applied to him
fbr directions, and Grotius laid down that excellent plan
printed by Elzevir in* 1637^ in the work ** De omni genere
•tudtorum recte instituendo," but the author informs us
that it was printed without bis consent.

Hitherto Grotius had passed bis life with uninteri^upted
honour and fame; but a reverse was now approaching.
The United Provinces bad been kindled into a warm dis-
pute about grace and predestination^ from 1608, when
Arminius 6rst broached his opinions. = His doctrines, being
directly opposite to those of Calvin, gave great offence to
that party, at the head of which appeared Gomar, who
accused .his antagonist before the synod of Rotterdam.
Gomar's party prevailing there, Arminius applied to the
^ates of Holland, who promised the disputants to have
the affair speedily discussed in a synod. The dispute still
continuing with much bitterness, in 1611 the States or^
i]ered a conference to be held- between- twelve ministers
on each sidet but the consequence of this was^ that men's
minds were the more inflamed. Arminius died October
19, 1609, some time before this conference ; and Grotius
maiJe his eulogium in verse. He had hitherto applied little
to these matters, and ingenuously owns he did not ufider^-
<stand a great part of them, being foreign to his profession;
and certainly every admirer of his unrivalled taien^ts must
wish that he never had involved himself; but having once
studied the controversy, he embraced the Arminian doc^
trine. In 1610, the partisans of Arminius drew up a
remonstrance, setting forth their' belief; first negatively
against their adversaries, and then positively their own
sentiments, each comprehended in six articles. This res
monstrance was drawn up by Utengobard, minister at the
Hague, and was probably made in concert with Grotiud,
the intimate friend and quondam pupil of that minister.
To this the Gomarists opposed a contra- remonstrance^:
the former proposed to end the matter by a toleration, the
latter to decide it by a national synod ; and, the disputes
increasing, the States, at the motion of the grand pen-
sionary, with the view of putting an end to them, revived
an obsolete law made in 1591, placing the appointment of
ministers in the civil magistrates. But this was so far from

. -answering the purpose^ that the Contra-remonstranta re-
solved not to obey it. Hence grew a schism^ which occa«

. sioned a sedition^ and many riots.

CO 2

$99 G B O T I U 5.

It wail at tbk time that Grotiiis was oooiinated pensionarf
at Rotterdaoa^ as mentioned abovie ; and ordered to go tt
Eogiaudy witL secret inslxuctions, as is thought, to v^*
fuade the kiag and principal divioes of that kingdom to
favour the Arminians, and approve the eonducit of tiM
States. He had several conferences with Idng James on
that subject^ and while here he wrote his tiract in faiFour ef
the Arminiaos, entitled ^* A reconcUiatioa of the different,
opinions on Predestination and Grace,'" which is printed
among his theological works. On his return to Hollai)d
tie found the divisions increased : , Barpevelt and he had
^be direction of the States' proceedings in this iwti^j
and ha was appointed to draw up an edict which migbl
jrestore tranquillity, the djraught of which was approaed
hy the. States ; but it was so fevourable to the Arouoiaw
that it gavie great offence .to the Cootra-remonstraiits^ «bt
iietermined to pay no regard to it. Hence this edict a^tf^
ing to increase, the trDttble$» by driving the GronKarista to
^esjMiir, the grand pensionary Bamevelt, in hourly eur
fuectation of fresh riots, proposed to the States of Holland
jtbat their magistrates should be empowered toxaise troji^Ts
for the suppression pf the ripters, and the security of tbeir
lowQiS. Dort, Amsterdam, and three others of the mos^
&vourable to the Gomarists, protested against this step^
.wbioh jthey regarded, and in &ct it was, as a declariati^Ml
-of war against the Cjontra-sremon^trants. Barnevelt's m^
iion however was agreed to, and, August 4, 16^7, tb^
^States issued a placort accordingly. This fatal decr^ ocr
•casioned the death of die grand pensionary, and the ruin
^f Grotius, by incensing prince Maurice of Nassau against
Jtbem, who looked upon the resolution of the States, t^n
without his consent, to be derogatory to bis dignity, as
governor and captain-general.

Amsterdam, almost as powerful singly as all Holland,
rfavpnred tbe Gomarists, and disapproved the toleration
which the States wanted to introduce. These resolved
therefore to ^end a deputation to that city, in order to
^0concile them to their sentiments. Grotius wa^ one of
these deputies : they received their iostructioqs Apiil
2U l^i^ ; 9Lwif arriving at Amsterdam ueiut day^ met the
4owi>*council o^ the 0d, when Grotius was their spokea*
ooftn. But neither im speech nor all his other endeavoucp
^eould avail any thing. The burgomasters declared their
opinion for a synod^ and that tbey could not receive tbi

G R O T I U S. 369^

«

ctchelof 1614 Without endaogering the ehurcb, and ris-
quiiig the ruin of their trade. The deputies wished to an-'
swer, bat were not allowed. Grotius presented to ther
States on his return an account in writing of all that had
pasaed at this deputation, and be ftattered himself for some
time with the hopes of good electa from it ; but his disap-'
pointment ehagrined htm so much, that he was seised with
a violent fever, which had almest proved fatal. He was'
removed to Delft, where he recovered, but, being forbid
to do any thing which required application, he wrote to
Voscrius, desiring bis company, as the best restoratire of^
bis health. The thne of his recovery he employed in ex-^
sRHining the pait he had acted in the present disputes;
and, the more he reflected on it, the less reason he had
for akei" ng his sentiments ; and al though he foresaw the
danger he incurred, his resolution was, not to change his'
conduct, but to refer the event to Providence. The*
States of Holland, wholly employed in endeavouring to'
compound matters, came to a resolution, February 21,'
1:617, to make a rule or formula, to which both parties
should be obliged to conform ; and such an instrument waa
accordingly drawn up at their request by Grotius, who
presented it to prince Maurice. But the project did not
please him; he wanted a national synod, which was at
length determined by the States General, and to be con-
voked in Holland at Dort. In the mean time the prince,
who saw with the utmost displeasure several cities, agreeably
to the permission given them by the particular States, levy
» new militia, under the title of attendant soldiers, without
bis consent, engaged the States General to write to the
previnees and magistrates of those cities^ enjoining them,
to disband the new levies. This injunction not being com«*
plied with, be considered the refusal aa a rebellion ; con^
certed with the States General, that he should march in
person with the troops under his comn»and, to get the at-
tefydant soldiers disbanded, depose the Arminian magis-
tiales^ and turn out the minister» of their party. He ac*»
cordingly set out, accompanied by the deputies of the
States General, in 1618; and, having reduced the pro-
vince ofGueldres, he was proceeding to Utrecht, when,
the States of Holland sent thither Grotius, with Hooger-
betz, pensionary of Leyden> to put that city into a posture
q£ defence against hiin^ But, their endeavours proving
ineffectual) the prince reduced .the place ; and aoon after*

S90 O R O T I US.

t^fards sent Grotius and Hoogerbetz to prison in the castle
at the Hague, where Barnevelt also was confined, August
5;9tb this year. After this the States of Holland consented
tp the national synod, which was opened at Dort, Nov.
1^, 1618, which, as is well known, ended in a sentence,
icondemning the five articles of the Arminians, and in im*
prisoning and banishing their ministers. This sentence
was approved by the States General, July 2, 1619.

After the rising of that synOd, our three prisoners were
brought in order to their trial, the issue of which was the
execution of Barnevelt, May 13, 1619. Five days after
pame on the trial of Grotius. He had been treated, as well
as his fellow-prisoner, with inconceivable rigour during
their imprisonment, and also while their cause was de-
pending. He tells us himself, that, when they were known
tp be ill, it was concerted to examine them ; that they had
not liberty to defend themselves ; that they were threat-
ened and teazed to give immediate answers ; and not suf^
fered to have their examinations read over to them. Gro-
tius, having asked leave to write his defence, was allowed
only five hours, and one sheet of paper ; he was also told,
that if he would own be bad transgressed, and ask pardon,
be might obtain bis liberty; but, as he bad nothing to
reproach himself with, he wowld never take any step that
might imply consciousness of guilt. His wife, his father,
brother, and friends, all approved this resqlutiqn. Uia.
sentence, after reciting the several reasons thereof, con-
cludes thus : " For these causes, the judges, appointed to
try this affair, administering justice in the name of the
States General, condemn the said Hugo Grotius to per-r
petual imprisonment, and to be* carried to the place ap-
pointed by the States General, there to be guarded witl^
all precaution, and confined the rest of his days ; and de-
clare his estate confiscated. Hague, May Ifi, 1619^.''-
In pursuance of this sentence he was carried from the
Hague to the fortress of Louvestein near Gorcum in South
Holland, June 6, 1619, and 24 sols per day assigned for
bis maintenance, and as much for Hoogerbetz ; but their

# Bates tellR us, that six of the nine of which no meniion was made in his

lAontbt of his imprisonment had been sentence. But he was no great loser

•mployed in searching for his ipoft in-^ by this coofiscatioti, as he ins far fioia

▼eterate enemies to be bis judges, who be^ng rich ; his father being still alive^

certainly seem ignorant of the law, as what property belonged to him was

Uiey cooftscated his estate, a punish- only the saTings of his cUary, sn^

> Qieot incurred oniy in case of treason, his wife's fortune.

t&ROTIUS. $94,

«

respective wives declared they had enough to support their
husbands, and that they chose to be without an allowance,
which was considered as an aiiront. Grotius's father asked ,
leave to see his son, but was denied ; they consented to
admit his wife into Louvestein, but, if she came out, not
to be suffered to return. However, in the sequel, it was
granted that she might go abroad twice a week.

Grotius now became more sensible than ever of the ad-
« vantage of study ; which became his business and conso-*
lation. We have several of his letters written from Lou*
yestein, in which he gives Vossius an account of his studies,
informing him that he had resumed the study of the law,
which had been interrupted by the multiplicity of business ;
that the rest of his time he devoted to the study of mora- -
lity, which had led him to translate Stobseus's Maxims of
the poets, and the fragments of Menander and Philemon.
He likewise proposed to extract from the tragic and comic
authors of Greece what related to morality, and was omitted
by Stobseus, and translate it into free verse, like that of
the Latin comic writers. In translating the fragments of
the Greek tragic poet, he intended that his verses should
resemble those of the originals, excepting in the chorusses,
which hie would put into such verse as best suited him.
Sundays he employed in reading treatises of the Christian,
religion, and used to spend some of his spare hours in this
study on other days when his ordinary labour was over.
He meditated some work in Flemish on the subject of re-
ligion ; and the subject which he preferred at that time
was Christ^s love to mankind. He proposed likewise to
write a commentat'y on Christ's Sermon on the Mount.

Time seemed to pass away very fast amidst these several
projects. In a letter dated Dec. 5, 1619, he writes to
Vossius, that the muses, which were always his delight^
even when immersed in business, were now his consolation,
and appeared more amiable than ever. He wrote some
short notes ort the New Testament, which he intended to
send Erpenius, who was projecting a new edition of it;
but a fit of illness did not suffer him to finish them. Wheii
he was able to resume his studies he composed, in Dutch
verse, his " Treatise of the truth of the Christian RelU
gipn," and sent it to Vossius, who thought spme placen
obscure. In 1620 he promises his brother to send him his
observations on Seneca's tragedies, which he had writteii
atVossius^s desire. In 1621 his friend Pu Maiirier losing

Sd4 mtOTlTJS.

9
I « • •

his lady, Grotfos wrote to hino, February 27, a very <5on*
^^ilatory letter, in which be deduced with great eloquence^^
every topic of support that philosophy and religion can.
suggest on that melancholy occasion. It would appear
that the only method he took to unbend himself, was to go
fi'om one work ta another. He translated the *' Phenissas
of Euripides," wrote his ** Institutions of the Laws of -
Holland in Dutch,** and composed some short " Instrac*
tions for bis Daughter** Cornelia, in the form of a cate-
chism, in Flemish verse, containing 1S5 questions and
ans^vers. This was printed at the Hague in 1619, and be
afterwarvls translated it into Latin verse, for the use of hid
9on. This seems to be the catechism mentioned in our
account of Nicholas Grey, master of Merchant Taylors*
school. He wrote also, while under ^confinement, a dia»
logue in Dutch verse, between a father and a sou, on the
necessity of silence.

. He had been above 18 months shut up at LouvesteiDy
irhen, January 11, 1620, Muys van-Halli, bis declared
^nemy, who had been one of his judges, informed the
States general, that he bad advice from good authority,
that tbeir prisoner was seeking to make bis escape. Some
persons were sent to examine into this matter; but, not«
withstanding all the inquiry that could be made, they fouacl
no reason to believe that he bad contrived any nieans ta
escape. His wife, however, was very industriously and
ingeniously employed in contriving it, which she enecte4
in the following manner. He bad been permitted to bor-
row books of his. friends, and when be bad done with them
(bey were carried back in a chest with his foul linen, which
Was sent to Gorcum to be washed. The first year bia.
guards were very exact in examining the chest ; but, beingf
used to find nothing in it besides books and linen, they
grew tired of searching, and even did not take the trouble
to open it. His wife, observing their negligence, proposed
tq take advantage of it. She represented to her husband,
that it was* in bis power to get out of prison wh^n he
pleased, if be would put himself into this chest; and not
to endanger his health, she caused boles to be bored oppo*
site where bis face was to be, to breathe at, persiiAding
him tq try if he could continue shut up in that confined
posture, as long as it would require to go from Louvesteia
to Qorcum. Finding it might be done, she resolved to
•eize the first favourable opportunity ; which very soon

O R O T 1 IT s: S9S

ofered. The commandant of LotiresTteiit going to Heus«
den to raise recratts, she paid a visit to bis lady, and toid
brer m the course of conversation, that she was desirous of
sending away a chest of books ; for, her bnsband was so
weak, that it gave her great uneasiness to see him study
with such application. Having thus prepared the com-
mandant^s wife, she returned to her husband^s apartment^
Und in cdncert with a valet and a maid who were in the
secret, shut him up in the chest ; and at the same tinje,
that the people might not be surprised at not seeing him, she
9pread a report of his being ill. Two soldiers carried the
chest; one of them, finding it was heavier than usual, said
there must be •* an Arminian in it.'* Grotius*s wife, who wa^
present, said with great coolness, " There are indeed
Arminian books in it." The chest was bronght down on a
ladder with great difiiculty ; the soldier insisted on its be«
ing opened, to see what was in it; he even went and in-
formed the commandant's wife, that the weight qf the
chest gave him reason to suspect the contents, and that it
Would be proper to have it opened. She told him that
Grotius's wife had said there was nothing but books in
it, and that they might carry it to the boat. It is even
affirmed that a soldier's wife, who was present, reminded
them there was more than one example of prisoners
making their escape in boxes. In this way, however,
either by negligence, or connivance, which there seems
some reason to suspect, the chest was brought down,
and put into the boat ; and Grotius's maid, who was in
the secret, had orders to go to Gorcum with it, and
put it into a house there. When it came to Gorcum,
they wanted to put it on a sledge ; but the maid telling
the boatman that there were some brittle things in it,
and begging of him to take care how it was carried, it
Was put on a horse, and carried by two chairmen to David
&a2elaor's, a friend of Grotius, and brother-in-law to £r-
peiiius ; and, wheii every body was gone, the maid opened
the chest. Grotius had felt no inconvenience in it, though
fts length was not above three feet and a half. He got out,
dressed himself like a mason with a rule and a trowel ; and
was secretly conveyed in this disguise to Valvic in Brabant.
Here he made himself known to some Arminians, and hired
a carriage' to Antwerp ; and, at Antwerp, he alighted at the
house of Nicolas Grevincovius, who had been formerly a
tttiabter at Amsterdami but did not make himself known to

39* G R O T I U a

any other person. It was on March 22, 1621, that be ^Ifsuk.

recovered bis liberty.

In the mean time, bis wife's account, that be was ill,
gained credit at LoQvestein ; and, to give him time to get
Oi% she gave out that his illness was dangerous : but a$
soon as she learnt by the maid's return that he was at Bra-;
bant, and consequently in safety, she told tbe guards what
bad happened. They informed the commandant, by this
time returned from Heusden, who, finding it true, con*
nned Grotius's wife more closely ; but upon her petition to
the States-General, April 5, 1621, sbe was discharged two
days after, and suffered to carry away every thing that
belonged to her in Louvestein. From Antwerp, Grotius
wrote to the States-General, March 30, that, in procuring
bis liberty, he had employed neither violence nor corrup-
tion with his keepers; that he had nothing to reproach
himself with in what be had done ; that he gave those
counsels which he thought best for appeasing the troubles
that had arisen in public business ; that he only obeyed the
magistrates of Rotterdam his masters, and the States of
Holland his sovereigns ; and that the persecution he had
suffered would never diminish bis love for bis country, for
whose prosperity he. heartily prayed. He continued some
time at Antwerp, deliberating what course to take; and at
length, principally by the advice of Du Maurier, deter-
mined to go to France,, where he had many friends. He
arrived at Paris, April 13, 1621, and his wife in October
jfollowing ; but their expences bad so much exceeded the
small revenue she bad still left, that in the beginning of
December, he wrote to Du Maurier, that if something was
i)ot soon done, he must seek a settlement in Germany, or
hide himself in some corner of France, At leng:th the
king coming to Paris in January 1621, Grotius was pre-
sented to him by the chancellor and the keeper of the seals,
in the beginning of March, and on a day when the court
was very numerous. His majesty received him graciously,
and granted him a pension of 3000 livres, and upon his
account granted a protection to all the Dutch refugees, a
very. singular exchange of the principles of toleration be-
tween tbe two countries. But, notwithstanding the king^s
grant, he could not touch the money ; they Jiad forgot to
,.put it on the civil list, and the commissioners of the trea-
sury found daily some new excuse for delaying the pay^-
.m^ntj and at leiigth, wb^n by the solicitatiofi of som^

G R O T 1 U S. »95

powerful friends, he received it, it continued to be paid as-
grants were paid at that time, that is to say, very slowly.
These difficulties did not diminish his passion for literatufe,
^ I persist," he says in a letter to Vossius, dated 8ept. 2^,
162 1, " in my respect for sacred antiquity ; there are many
people here of the same taste. My six books in Dutch
will appear soon (i. e. his book on the truth of the Chrtstian
religion.) Perhaps I shall also publish my disquisition on
Pelagianism, with the precautions hinted to me by yoq aud
some other persons of learning. In the mean time, I ain
preparing an edition of Stobseus; and to render it more
perfect, 1 collate the Greek MSS. with the printed copies,"
Thus he* spent the greatest part of his time ; and as the
ministers of Charenton, who had accorded with the deci-
sions of the synod of Dort, would not admit him into their
communion, he resolved to have divine service performed
at home in his family.

Ifaving collected some materials in prison for his Apo<»
logy, he printed it in the beginning of 1622 ; and it was
translated into l^tin, and published the same year at Paris.
It was sent to floUand immediately, where it caused so •
muci^ disgust, that the States-General proscribed it as
slanderous, tending to asperse by falsehoods the sovereign
authority of the government of the United Provinces ; the
person of the prince of Orange, the States of the particu-
lar provinces, and the towns themselves ; and forbad all
persons to have it in their custody on pain of death. Gr6-
tius presented a petition to the king of France, to be pro-<
tected against this edict, because it imported, < that he
should be apprehended wherever found ; on which his ma--
jesty took him into his special protection, the letters for
that purpose being issued at Paris, February 25, 1623«
The malevolence of those who were then in place made no
change in Grotius. In the height of this new persecution,
be wrote to his brother, that he would still labour to pro-*
mote the interest of Holland ; and that, if the United Pro-
vinces were desirous of entering" into a closer union with
France, he woqld assist them with aU his credit. This
candour enabled him still to preserve many friends^ who
ardently wished for his return ; though they were noJt able
to facilitate it. )n 16^3, be published at Paris his e'aition
q{ Stoba^us.

He ba.d now lived a year in the noise of Paris, and be<^
gan to think of retiring into the country, when the presi-
dent Da Meme offered ium one of bis.seats %% ^ologiji^, near

ss»: c !t o T r ir s.

Stonlw. €rrofi0$ aecepted the offer, atid passed there the
Bpnng and sumooer of }#2f3. In this castle be began his
great work, which atone is scrfficient ^o render his name
isiflQortai, his " Treatise of the Rights of Peace and War.**'
He had risited ihe most distinguished men of learning ;
sNOong others Salraasiur^ and Riga alt, and had the free use
of de Tbou*9 library: he sonfettmes aho made excursiotis
to 8|. Gennain*s, vrhere the court was ; but, having learned
that I>e Meme wanted to residie at Bologne, he returned to*
F^ris in October. Burigny informs us, which somewhat
diminishes x)«ir reject for Grotios's firmness of mind, that
be took particular care not to offend De Meme, who was a
Malous eatbolic^ and was even so submissire as to eat
meagre on Fridays, to receive none of his Dutch refugee'
ministers^ and to abstain from every public or private ex-
ercise of the protestant religious worship. In April 1625,
prince Frederic Henry succeeding to the post of stadtbol-^
der on the death of his brother Maurice, Grotias*s friends
conceived great ftopes of obtaining leave for bis return to
Holland: and, at their request, he wrote to* the new stadt*
bolder fef this j^wrpose, but without effect ; as he had before
eonjecSffired, However, he was now in the height of- bis
giory by fbe prodigious success of his book '' De Jure
Belli k Paeis," which was published this year. In the
mean time be be^an to grow tired of that city. His pen*
sion wsis ill' paid, am) his revenue insufficient to keep him
decently with a wife and a family. He had an offer of be-
ing professor of taw in a college at Denmark ; but, though
be was satisfied with the salary, be thought the place be-
nealb his acceptance. While he renKiined in suspense,
cardinal Ridieliea was nominated prime minister in 1626,
and being very desirous of becoming acquainted with Gro^
tins, invited him to hts house at Limours. Here it is sup-
posed that he wished to engage Grodus to devote himself
entirely to him, and that Grotius's reservations gave of^
fence. It is certain that from this time his pension was"
unpaid, which greatly distressed him, but bis love for Paris
iiMliiced bim to bear with 9ueh a privation as hong as it was*
possible.

In the mean time bis heart was strongly bent upon re«
turning to- his native eofintry ; and in these wishes he sent
his wife into Holland in the spring of 1627, that die oirght
iffqnire how matteiti stood^: bat, as he continuedf in the
rasoiution to make no sorieitations for leave, alP the endea-
vomH ef his frieads were fruitlesa. Rowerer, tlxy efar^

G R Q T I y S, M7

taiaeda cause of fome consequence to bim; for, having re^
claimed his effects which were confiscated, bis demand
was granted^ At last, notwithstanding the ineffic^cy of his
friends' solicitatioAS, he resolved, by his wife's advice, to
go thither; and accordingly set out for HolUnd in Octo-
ber 1631. The sentence passed again^^ bixn being still ia
force, his friends advised him to conceal himself^ whicb
step appeared to him shameful and ill-timed. He went^
hpwever, first to Roxterdam, as thinkio^ it the safest, be-
cause, baviqg filled the place of pensionary witb mucb
honour, he was greatly beloved in.tbe town^ but the miK '
gistr^tes giving him to understand, tb^t they did not ap^
ptrove bis appeari;ig in public, he left Rotterdam^ SLud^
pas^ng tp Amsterdam} he wa? extremely well receivedl
there; and Delft also, where i/ifi wa« born, shewed biin
sincere respect

But no city ventured publicly to protect him i and the
State^-GenerVl^ thinking themselves affronted by this bold*-
ness in continuing in the country without their leave^ and
by the repugnance be shewed to ask them pardon, isaued
an ordinance^ December 10, 1631, en^oiniqg all bailiffs of
the country to seize his person, ^nd give them notice : yet
such was the general sympathy of his countrymen^ that l)a
persojn would execute it ; and, to employ himself till ,his
fate should be determined, he resolved to follow the busi-
ness of a chamber-counsel. With this view .he desired hia
brother, in a letter dated February 16, 1631$, to send bim
ivbat law books he might want for that office; but of these
he could make no long use; for, the States- General on
March 10 renewed their ordinance, upon pain to those
.who would not obey, of losing their places, and witb a
pcombe of 2000 florins to any one who should deliver him
into the bands of justice. Upon this be thought propeT to
seek for an jasylum elsewhere; and, on March 17, he set
out from Amsterdam on his way to Hamburgh, and passed
the ,fine season at an agreeable seat called Okenhuse, near
the Elbe, belonging to William Morth, a Dutchman. On
the approach of winter, he went to Hamburgh, and lodged
witb one Van Sorgen, a merchant : but the town did not
prove agreeable to him, and he passed his time but heavily
tUl the return of his wife from Zealand in autumn ).633»
Sbe bad. always been his consolation in adversity, and ren*
4iened all his jsufferings more tolerable, not more by her
affection, than by her good sense, and resources of mind.
Her< business at Zealand was to collect the remains of their

598 O R O T I U S.

fortune, which she probably brought with her to Hamburgb.
While he continued here, some advantageous proposals
were made him from Spain, Poland, Denmark, the duke
of Holstein, and several other princes ; but still entertain^
ing the thought of a reconciliation with his native country,
it was long before he could be prevailed upon to abandon
it, to which measure the following circumstances at last
contributed.

He had always entertained a very high opinion of Gusta-
vus king of Sweden; and that prince having sent to Paris
Benedict Oxenstiern, a relation of the chancellor, to bring*
to a final conclusion the treaty between France and Swe-
den, this minister became acquainted with Grotius, and
resolved, if possible, to draw him to his master^s court:
and Grotius writes, that if that monarch would noiniRate
him ambassador, with a proper salary for the decent siip-^
port of the dignity, the proposal might be accepted. Iq
this situation Salvius, vice-chancellor of Sweden, a great
statesman, and a man of learning, being then at this city^
Grotius was introduced to him, and saw him frequently.
Polite literature was the subject of their conversation. Sal-
vius conceived a great esteem for Grotius, and the favour-
able report he made of him to the high-chancellor Oxen-
stiern determined the latter to write to Grotius to come to
h,im, that he might employ him in affairs of the greatest
importance. Grotius accepted of this invitation ; and set-
ting out for Francfort on the Maine, where that minister
was, arrived there in May 1634. He was received with the
greatest politeness by Oxenstiern, who did not yet, how-
ever, explain his intentions. In con fi detune of the high-
chancellor's character, and apparent sincerity, he sent for
bis wife, who arrived at Francfort with his daughters and
son, in the beginning of August. The chancellor after for
some time continuing to heap civilities upon him, without
mentioning a word of business, ordered that he should
follow him to Mentz, and at length declared him counsel-
lor to the queen of Sweden, and her ambassador to the
court of France.

As soon as he could thus depend upon an establishment^
he resolved to renounce bis country, and to make it known
by some public act, that he considered hioiselfas no longer
a Dutchman. In this spirit he sent his brother letters for
the prince of Orange and the Dutch to that purport, July
IS of this year : he likewise wrote to RotterdaiD» wbicb:

G R 6 T I U S. 890

had deferred dominating a pfensionary after the sentence

passed agaihat him, that they might proceed to an election^

since they must no longer look upon him as a Dutchman.

He set out from Mentz on his embassy to France in the

beginning of 1636, and made his public entry into Paris,

March 2, and was introduced to Louis XIII. on the sixth.

The great business of this embassy was to obtain the French

king's assistance (o Sweden against the imperialists, iit

transacting which, he always supported with great Brmnesi

the rights and honours belonging to the rank of an ambas«

sador. He continued in that character in France till 1644^

when he was recalled at his own request. In order to his

return, having obtained a passport through Holland, he

embarked at Dieppe, and arrived at Amsterdam in 1645,

where he was extremely well received, and entertained at

the public expence; That city fitted out a vessel to carry

him to Hamburgh, where he was, May 1 6, this year. He

went next day to Lubeck, and thence to Wismar, where

count Wrangle, admital of the Swedish fleet, gave him a

splendid entertainment, and afterwards sent a man of war

with him to Calmar, whither the chancellor sent a gentle-

man with his coach to bring him to Suderacher. He con*

tinned there about a fortnight with the chancellor and

other ambassadors, who treated him with great honours.

Returning to Calmar, he went by land to Stockholm, whi*

ther queen Christina came from Upsal to see him.

Her majesty had, before his departure from France, as^.
sured him that she was extremely satisfied wi(k his ser-
vices; and she now gave him several audiences, and made
him dine with her, and he appeared to be abundantly
pleased with the honours he received : but as he saw they
;were in no haste to do any thing for him, and only re-
warded him with compliments, he grew uneasy, and asked
leave to retire. He was confirmed in this resolution, by
finding the court filled up with persons that had conceived
a jealousy against him ; besides, the air of Sweden did nbt
agree with him. The queen several timed refused to gf^nt
bim his dismission, and signified that if he would continue
in her service in quality of counsellor of state, aiid bring
*bis family into Sweden, he should have no reason tO' re^
pent it: but h^ ^excused himself on accoitnt of his health,
which could not bear the cold air of that kincfdom. ' He
aslced a passport,. which they delaying to grant, be became
fo urieasy that he resolved to go without* it. Leaving
'Stockholm! therefolre;- he went to a sea*port two leaiguea

v>.

400 GnOTlV 9.

distant, in order to embark for Lubeck- The quaen^ ^iog"
informed of bis departure, sent a gentlemaii to tell him
she wanted to see him once more, otherwise she should
think he was displeased with her. He returned therefore
to Stockholm, and explained himself to the queen, who
seemeJ satisfied with his reasons, and made ciim a large
present in money, amounting to 12 x>r 13^000 imperials;
ftdding to it some silver plate which was not finished sooner^
and which he was assured had delayed the granting of bis
passport. That was afterwards issued; and the queen
gave him a vessel^ oQ-bpard which he embarked^ Augu^
)2, for Lubeck.

Bat the vessel was scarce sailed when a violent storm
arose, which obliged her &fter three days tossing to put io^
Au|^ust 17, on the coast of Pomerania, fourteen miles
from DaDtzic. Grotius s^t out in an open waggoo to
Lubeck, and arrived at Rostock, August 26, very Ml, hav-
ing travelled about sixty miles through wind and rain. He
lodged with Balleman, and sent for Stochman the pbysiciaQ^
who, from the symptoms, judged he could not live Jong. Ob
the 28th he sent for Quistorpius, minister of that towq^
who gives tiie following account of his last moments : *^ Yon
lire deiiirousof hearing how that phoenix of literatu^pe, Bug^
Qrotius, behaved in his last moments; I am going to tell
you.*' He then proceeds to give an account >Qf his voys^ge^
and his sending for Stochman, a Scotch ph3;ssiciai^ after
which he goes on as follows : *' he sent for me abouj: nine
at night ; I went, and found him almost at the point •€if
death. I said, * Th^ere was nothing I desired more than t^
bave seen him in health, that I might have had the pleasure
of his conversation ;' he said, < God hath ordered itotber-^^
wise/ I desired him * to prepare hicnself for a happier
life, to acknowledge he was a sinner, and ire^nt of bis
faults ;^ and happening to mention the puhlicau, who ac«-
Itoowledged he was a sinner, and asked God'^ mercy, be
answered, ^ I am jthat publican.' I went o^ and told bim
that * he must have recourse to Jesus Christ, without whom
there is no salvation.' He replied, < J .place my bppe im
Jesus Christ.* I began to repeat aloud in German the
prayer that begins < Holy Jesus ;' he followed me in a very
low Toice with his hands clasped. When I had. done, I
asked bim if he understood me ; he answered, * I under*-
aiand yoa very well.' I Qontinued to repeat to him tlioae
imssages of the word of God, which are commooly offered

HQ die rioieqibrwoe of dying porsoosi and, a^kioi; if kfi

6 ft O T I V S. 401

tinclerstood me, h6 answered me, • I heard your voice,
but did not understand what you said.'.^ These were his last
Words ; soon after he expired, just at midnight. His hody
was delivered to the physida^:^^ who took out his bowels,
and easily obtained leave to bury them in our principal
church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary.'*

Thus died this extraordinary person, August 28, at
night, 1 645. His corpse was carried to Deli\, and depo-^
^ited in the tomb of his ancestors. He wrote this modest
epitaph for himself:

'^ Grotius hie Hugo est Batavdm captivus & exul,
Legatus regni^ Suecia magna, tui/*

Grotius had a very agreeabfe person, a good complexion^
an aquiline nose^ sparkling eyes, and a serene and smiling
countenance. He was not tall, but well- formed and strong.
Two medals were struck in honour of him. Among his
works, besides those we have mentioned, are, 1. '^ An-
thologia," of which, however, a few specimens only re*
main. 2. "Via ad Pacem Ecclesiasticam.*' 3. ** His-
toria Gothorum," &c. 4. " Remarks on Jostinian^s Laws.'*
^. " Commentary on the Old and New Testament, with
several pieces annexed." 6. *' Eiissertatio Hist. & Politic^
<le Dogmatis, Ritibus, & Gubernatione Ecclesiee," &c.
7. " De Origine Gentium Americanarum," &c. with two
answers to Dr. Laets in its defence. 8. "An Introduction
to the Laws of Holland." 9. " Notes to Tacitus," pub-
lished in Lipsius's edition, 1640. 10. "Notes upon Lu-
x:ian," published in 1€14. In 1652, there came out a
small collection, in 12mo, with this title, " Hugonis Grotii
quaedam inedita, aliaque ex Belgice editis Latine versa ar*
gumenti theolog. jurid. politic." and in 1686, an edition
of his *^ Epistles," folio, containing 2500 letters in chro-
nological order, from 1599 to 1645.

His theological works, printed in 3 vols. foL but usually
bound in four, include hi^ Commentaries on the Bible^
concerning which there have been various opinions. Some
•esteem him one of the best general commentators, and
.plead for him that he must not be thought to oppose a
doctrine because he rejects some of the texts which have
been quoted in support of it. This is plausible; but others
conceive that doubts as to his orthodoxy are well founded,
and it is evident' that none of his biographers have been
able to set up a good defence of him in this respect. CaU

Vol. XVL Do

40$ G R O T I U &

met has justly remarked the ambiguity of bis notions re-
specting the divinity of Christ, and the doctrine of original
sin ; the indecency of his prf^faces and explanation of the
Canticles ; and objects to hii». that he weakens or reduce*
almost to nothing the prophecies relating to Jesus Christ!
Nor was he less offensive to protestancs for his notions coor
cerning the pope*s not being antichrist, and concerning
St. Paul's expectation of living until the generaljudgment*
With regard to the prophecies, h^ is said to have been the
first interpreter of Scripture (though some are inclined to
doubt this priority) who endeavoured to prove that the
greater part of the prophecies of the Old Testament had a
double sense, and have received a double accomplishment.
He maintains that the predictions even of the evangelical
prophet Isaiah, related in their primary and literal sense
to the times and circumstances of the Jewish people, but
that they respected the Messiah in a secondary and alle-*
gorical sense. It is unnecessary to inform^ such of our
readers as are acquainted with the history of theological
controversy, that these notions have met with able op|>o-
nents both in the churches of Rome and England, and it
is perhaps as unnecessary to add (hat they sufficiently ac*
count for the general suspicion entertained of Grotius'^s
religious principles, as well as for the various systems to
which his friends or enemies wished, or suspected him to
be at one time or other attached.

The late bishop Hurd's mode of accounting for the ap-
parent inconsistencies in the religious principles of Grotius,
is the most favourable we have yet seen, and not impro-
bable. ** Grotius," says that learned prelate, ** is justly
esteemed among the ablest and most learned men of an
age that abounded in ability and learning. Besides hi»
other shining talents, his acquaintance with history was
extensive ; and his knowledge of Scripture profound. And
yet with two such requisites for unlocking the true sens^
of the prophetic writings, this excellent man undertook t»
prove in form, that the pope was not antichrist. The accomii
of this mischance is as extraordinary as the mischance itself*.
The moral qualities of Groti us were still more admirable than
his intellectual ; and in these qualities we shall find the
true spring of his unhappy and misapplied pains on the
subject before us. He was in his own nature just, candid,
benevolent, to a supreme degree ; and the experience of
an active turbulent life hud but fortified him the more ia

G R O T I U S. 403

ft love of those pacific virtues. He was^ on principle^ a
sincere and zealous Christian; and consequently impressed
with a due sense of that exalted charity which is the cha-
rantaristic of that religion ; but he had seen and felt much
of the mischiefs which proceed from theological quarrels ;
and thus every thing concurred to make him a friend to
peace, and above all, to peace among Christians. An
union of the catholic and protestant churches seemed oe-
c;essary to this end; andthd apparent candour, wheiher
t-eal or affectedy of some learned persons, whom he had
long known and valued in the church of Rome, drew him
into the belief that such a project was not impracticable.
Henceforth it became the ruling object of his life ; and
permitting himself too easily to conclude that the protes-«>
tant doctrine of antichrist was the sole or principal obstruc-
tion to the union desired, he bent all the efforts of his wit
and learning to discredit and overthrow that doctrine.
Thus was this virtuous man betrayed by the wisdom and
equity of bis own character ; and I know not if the obser*
vation of the moral poet can be so justly applied to any
other —

Insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequus iniqui>
Ultra quam satis est^ virtutem si petat ipsum*

** The issuie of his general scheme was what might easily
be foreseen ; and of his arguments I shall only say thus
much, that the Romish writers themselves, for whose uso^
they might seem to be invented, though they continue to
object his name to us, are too wise to venture the stress of
their cause upon them.''

It seems universally allowed that Grotius's treatise " On
the Truth of Christianity*' is the most valuable of his theo^
logical writings. This has been translated into almost every
European, and into some of the Eastern languages, and is
still used at sichools and universities as a text book. In
English we have at least five translations of it. But the
work on which his fame principally rests is his treatise "De
Jure Belli ac.Pacis," in which he first reduced the law of
nations to a system. It was by the advice of lord Bacon '
and Peiresc that he undertook this arduous task. " Few
works," says an elegant modern writer, " were more ce-
lebrated than that of Grotius in his own days, and in the
ttge which succeeded. It has, however, been the fashion
of the last half century to depreciate his work as a shapeless

404 G R O T I U S,

cbtnpflation, in which reason lies buried under a ina:9S af
authorities and quotations. This fashion originated amoog
French wits and declaimers, and it has been, I know not
f6r what reason, adopted, though with far greater modera-^
tion and decency, by some respectable writers among our-
selves; As to those who first used this language, the most
candid supposition that we can niake with respect to them
is, that they never read the work ; for, if they had not
been deterred frotn the perusal of it by such a formidable
display of Greek characters, they must soon have disco-
vered that Grotius never quotes on any subject till be ha»
first appealed to some principles, and often, in my bvimble
dpinion, though not always, to the soundest and most ra*
tional principles.

** But another sort of answer is due to some of those
who have criticised Grotius, and that* answer might be
given in the words of Grotius himself. He was not of such
il 6tupid and servile cast of mind, as to quote the opinions
of poets or orators, of historians and philosophers, as those
of judges, from whose decision there was no appeal. He
quotes them, as he tells us himself, as witnesses whose
conspiring testimony, mightily strengthened and confirmed
by their discordance on almost every other subject, is a
conclusive proof of the unanimity of the whole human race
on the great rules of duty and the fundamental principles
of morals. On such matters poets and orators are the most
unexceptionable of all witnesses ; for they address them-
' selves to the general feelings and sympathies of mankind ;
they are neither warped by system, nor perverted by so-
phistry ; they can attain none of their objects ; they can
neither please nor persuade if they dwell on moral senti-
ments not in unison with those of thsir readers. No sys-
tem of moral philosophy can surely disregard the general
feelings of human nature and the according judgment of
all ages and nations. But where are these feelings and
that judgment recorded and preserved? In those very
writings which Grotius is gravely blamed for having quoted.
' The usages and. laws of nations, the events oi^ history, the
opinions of philosophers, the sentiments of orators and
poets, as well as the observation of common life, are, in
truth, the materials out of which the science of morality is
formed ; and those who neglect them are justly chargeable
with a vain attempt to philosophise without regard to fact
and experienceji the sole foundation of all true philosophy.

G R O T I U S. 405

^ If this were merely an objection of taste, I should be
lilting to allow that Grotius has indeed poured forth his
Jeai^ing with a profusion that sometimes rather encumbers
AbaQ adorns his work, and which is not always necessary to
the illustration of his subject. Yet, even in making that
concession, I should rather yield to the taste of others than
•speak from my own feelings. I own that such richness
jand splendour of literajture have a powerful charm for me.
They fill my mind with an endless variety of delightful re<-
(Col lections and associations. They relieve the understandr
ing in its progress through a vast science, by calling up
the memory of great men and of interesting events. By
this means we see xhe truths of morality clothed with all
the eloquence (not that could be produced by the powers
/)f one man, but) that could be bestowed on them by the
collective genius of the world. Even virtue aud wisdom
themselves acquire new majesty in my eyes, when I thus
see all the great masters of thinking and writing called to^
gether, as it were, from all times and countries, to do them
homage, and to appear in their train.

** But this is no place for discussions of taste, and I am
very ready to own that mine may be corrupted. The work
of Grotius is liable to a more serious objection, though I dg
not recollect that it has ever been made. His. method is
inco'nvenient and unscientific. He^has inverted the natural
order. That natural order undoubtedly dictates that we
should first search for the original principles of the science
in human nature ; then apply them to the regulation of the
4L:onduct of individuals ; and lastly, employ them for the
deqision of those difficult and complicated questions that
arise with resp>ect to the intercourse of nations. But Gro^
tius has chosen the reverse of this method. He. begins
with the consideration of the states of peace and war, and
he examines original principles only occasionally and in«-
cidentally as they grow out of the questions which he is
called upon to decide. It is a necessary consequence of
this disorderly method, which exhibits the elements of tlie
science in the form of scattered digressions, that he sel-
doni employs sufficient discussion on these fundamental
truths, and never in the place where such a discussion
woulfl be most instructive to the reader. This defect in
the plan of Grotius was perceived, and supplied by
PuffendorfF, who restored natural law to that superiority
which belonged to it^^ and with great propriety treated

406 G ROT I U S.

the law of nations as only one main branch of the parent
stock," &c.

Of the surviving sons of Grotius, Cornelios and Die^
deric followed the profession of arms, and Peter was bred
to the law, and became pensionary of Amsterdam and de-^
puty of the states-general. His brother William was *a
lawyer and a man of learning, and was the correspondent
l^nd confident of Grotius during his whole life, and it was
to him he addressed the last letter in his collection, dated
a few months before his death.-

GROTO (Lewis), an Italian poet, commonly called,
from his misfortune, CiECO d'Adria, was born Sept. 7,
1541, in the ancient town of Adria, which gives name to
the gulph called the Adriatic. His parents were of a noble
but decayed family. He lost his sight a few days after hi$
birth, and never recovered it. Yet this did not check hi$
proficiency in learning; able masters were provided, under
whom he made astonishing progress, although we may
conceive with considerable difficulty to his instructors. He
Sjays, indeed, in one of his orations, that when a new mas-r
ter visited him, he used to say, ** you must teach me how
I am to teach you.^* His talents and acquirements, how*
ever, procured him very early fame, and such was his na-
tural eloquence, that at the age of fourteen he was chosen
on two ^^ery solemn occasions, the one when the queen of
Poland visited Venice, and the other on the election of
the Doge Lorenzo Priuli, to give a pubHc harangue in
that city, where Casa and other orators had been so much
celebrated, and acquitted himself with the greatest credit.
Bis youth and his blindnless might probably procure, hiip
favour, but according to his biographer, he was received
with equal applause at other times and places, and under
other circumstances. leaving an early turn for poetry as
well as oratory, he attempted %o write for the stage, and
although inferior to the other dramatic poets who then
flourished at Ferrara, Rome, and Florence, he became a
favourite with the people of Adria. In other cities to which
he was invited as a public speaker, at Ferrara, Bologna,
and Rovigo, he was received with every mark of distinction*.
Several princesses, as Laura of Este, and Laura Gonza^a,
who patronized genius, frequently visited him, and made

1 Burigny's life of Grotius. — Gen. Diet.— Mr. (now sir James) Maekiotosb'^
'* Dicicourse on Uie Study of the Law of Nature and Nations,'' 1^99,--*Hard'<
{Sermons on 4lie Prophecie8,-:-4»ayii Ooomasu -*

G R O T O. 4Q7

him rich presents. Yet he remained poor, fortune being
in general nnore liberal of honours than of riches. Although
blihd, he appears to have felt the tender passion, which
he has often introduced in his lyric poetry and in his
dramas ; in the latter, indeed, he treats of love matters in
ti style which gives but an unfavourable idea of his deli^
t;acy. In 1585 he acquired much reputation at Vincenza
by playing the part of CEdipus when represented by the
academicians in the famous Olympic theatre of Palladio.
He did not, however, appear on this occasion, until the
last act, when GBdipus appears blind. He was at this
tyne in full health, but was suddenly attacked with a dis-
order at Venice, which proved fatal Dec, 13 of that year.
His remains wei*e carried to his own country, and interred
with great funeral honours. His works consist of orations,
published at Venice 1598, 4to, and tragedies, two pas*
torals, and other pieces of poetry, printed separately.
They are distinguished rather by genius than judgment,
and abound in that play of word^s, and those extravagant
metaphors which were so much the taste of the subsequeot
age, and which appear most out of place in his pastorals.*

GROVE (Henry), a learned- divine among the dissen-
ters, was descended from the Groves.of Wiltshire, and the
Rowes of Devonshire. His grandfather Grove was ejected
from a living in Devonshire for nonconfonnity in 1662;
his father suffered much in the same cause for lay-noncon*-
formity under Charles and James II. The eminent piety
iof Mr. Rowe, bis grandfather by the mother's side, may
be known by the account of his life by Mr. Theophilus
Gale. His father^ in particular, filled a life of eighty
years honourably and usefully, and died universally es*-
i^eemed and lamented. From such parents our author was
born at Taunton, in Somersetshire, January 4, 1G83, and
at fourteen years of age, being possessed with a sufficient
stock of classical literature, he went through a course of
^cadpmical learning under the rev. Mr. Warren, of Taun-
|on, who was for many years at the head of a flourishing
academy. fJavJng finished here his course ef philosophy
^nd divinity, he removed to London, and studied some
time under the rev, Mr. Rowe, to whoni he was nearly re-
lated. Af this time he contracted a friendship with several
persons of merit, ai|d particularly with Dr. Watts, which

* TirMK»chi.*<^iD;aeD^ Hilt, Lit. I>ltalie,voL Vl.--M«i«ri«

408 G K O V E.

continued till bis death, 'tboi)gh they diflPered in their jndg'*
ment upon several points.

After two years spent in London, he retnmed into the
eountry ; and being now twenty-two years of age, began
to preach with great reputation. Tbe spirit of devotion
which prevailed in bis sermons early procured tbe friend*-
(hip of Mrs. Singer, afterwards Mrs. Rowe, which she exr
pressed in an ^< Ode on Death,'' addressed to Mr. Grove,
jSoon after his beginning to preach, he married; and at
the age of twenty *three, upon the death of bis tutor, Mr.
Warren, was chosen to succeed him in the academy at
Taunton. Tbe province first assigned him, was ethics and
pneumatology ; and he composed systems in each. His
concern in the academy obliging him to a residence in
Taunton, he preached for eighteen years to two small con<r
gregations in the neighbourhood. In 1708 he con^menced
author, by a piece entitled ^^ The Regulation of Diver*
sions," drawn up for the use of his pupils ; and about the
same time Dr. Samuel Clarke published his *^ Discourse
on tbe Being and Attributes of -Cod ;" and the proof iq
that work from tbe n^ce^ss^ry ideas of space and duratioii
not convincing our author, be wrote to the doctor for far-
ther information. This occasioned their eii:changing ser
veral letters ; when, not being able to convince each other,
the debate was dropped with expressions of great mutual
esteem. The next offering he n^ade to tbe public was sot
ver^l papers in the eighth volume of the ^* Spectator,*' viz.
Ko. $88, 601, 626, 635. ]n }71S be published ^' An
JEssay towards a Demonstration of the Sours Jno mortality.**
About 1719, when disputes upon the Trinity divided tbe
presbyterians, and when the animosities were carfied so
bigb as to produce excommunications, &c. Mr. Grove's
moderation on this occasion drew on biin the cepsur^s an4
displeasure of some of bis own persuasion ; what influenced
bis mind, however, he has explained in bin ^^ Essay on tb^
Terms of Christian Communion."

In 1725 be lost bis partner in the academy, the rev.
Mr. James ; ^-nd was now obliged to take the studeij^ts ii^
divinity under b|s direction. In the execution of this task
be confined himself to no system in divinity, but directed
^is pupils to the best writers on natural and revealed reli-r
gion, and an impartial consideration of the chief contro^
yersies. He likewise succeeded Mr. James in bis pastoral
pi^arge ai FuUwood) near Taunton^ in which he ^qotinue^

G R O y E. r 409

*

iill his death. In 1730 he published "The Evidence. of
our Saviour's Itesurce^tion considered,'^ and the same
year, ** Sopae Thoughta concerning the Proof of a future
State from Reason," in answef to the rev. Mr. Hallet, ju*
nior, which drew him into a dispute on the point with
that divine. In this controversy be was thought to dis-
parage the necessity of revelation in regard to that proof.
In 1732 he printed " A Discourse concerning the Nature
and Design of the Lord's Sppper," wliere be set that in-
stitution in the same light with bishop Hoadly. In 1734
be published, without hi$ name, " Wisdom the first Spring'
of Action in the Deity," which was animadverted on, as
to some particulars, by Mr. Balguy, who, however, al-
lowed the discourse in general to abound in solid remarks
and sound reasonings. In 1736 he published " A Dis-
course on saving Faith," The same year be met with a heavy
affliction, in the death of his wife ; and a little more than.
ft year after this, he died himself ; for^ having preached
on February 19, 1737-8, and with such an uncommon flow
pf spirits as he said he could hardly govern, he was violently,
seized at^ night with a fever, which carried him off upda
the 27th. His friends erected a handsome monument over
his grave, on which is a Latin inscription composed by the
late Dr, Ward, rhetoric-professor at Gresham- col lege, who
has also obliged the world with an English version of it,
Resides the works already mentioned, he published many ^
sermons upon several occasions, and also a volume of
f^ Miscellanies in* prose and verse." After bis death came
put by ^bscriptiou bis ** Posthumous Works," 1740, in 4
vols. 8vo.' y

GRUCHIUS, or GROUCHI (Nicholas), an eminent *
antiquary in the sixteenth century, descended from a noble
family of Rouen, was the first who explained Aristotle in
Greek. He taught with reputation at Paris, Bourdeaux,.
and Coimbra, and, on his return to France, went. to Ro-
phelle, where a college was intended to be established, and v

where he died in January 1572, leaving many works. The
piQst known are, a translation of F. L. de Castagneda's
** History of the Indies," Paris, 1554, 4to; a treatise " De y

jConiitiis Romanorum," 1555, fol.; and some pieces against
^igonius, foL which Sigonius did not answer till he heard
pf the author's death. ^

1 Bio;. Brit.-»Life prefixed to his posthumous works, by Mr. ThonoiSfs Aoiory*
I J4prer^,-^}iemei»t fiibl«<^rieiite.r-«Saxii Oiiom«s|,

%•

410 G R U N E R.

GRUDIUS.— See EVERARD.

GRUNER (John Frederick), m eminent divine and
l^ritical scholar, was born at Cobourg in 1723, where his
father was aulic counsellor to the duke of Saxe-Cobourg.
He was educated in his infancy at home under private
tutors. In his thirteenth year he was sent to Weisenborn,
and placed under the care of John Faccius, an eminent
classical scholar, and after a year's residence here went to
the university of Casimir, where he enjoyed the instruc*
tions and lectures of Berger, Albrecbt^ and other eminent
professors. In 1742 he removed to Jena, where he pur-
sued his studies with great diligence and success, and took
his degrees in philosophy. In 1764 be was invited to be
professor of theology at Halle, and died there in 1778;
His talents are represented to have been very various, and
his diligence indefatigable. He published a new edition
of ** Cselius Sedulius,'* with various commentaries, ** An
Introduction to Roman Antiquities,*' *^ Miscellanea Sacra,'*
*' Various critical Remarks on the Classics,'' new editions
of Eutropius, printed at Cobourg in 1752, and reprinted
with additions, 1768, ind of Velleius Paterculus, Cobourg,
1762, &c.»

GRUTERUS (Janus, or Joun), a celebrated philologer,
was born December 3, 1 560, at Antwerp. He was the
son of John Walter Gruter, burgomaster of Antwerp}
who, having, among others, signed the famous petition to
the duchess of Parma, the governess of the Netherlands,
which gave rise to the word Giieux (Beggars), was banished
his country. He crossed th^ sea to Norwich in England^^
taking his wife (who was an English woman) and family
along with him. Young Gruter was then but an infant ; he
bad the peculiar felicity, like Cicero, of imbibing the ele-*
ments of learning from his mother, Catharine Tishem;
who, besides French, Italian, and English, was complete
mistress of Latin, and so well skilled in Greek that she
could read Galetn in the original. The family found au
hospitable asylum in England, where they resided several
years, and at a proper age sent their son to complete his
education at Cambridge. His parents, after some time,
repassing the sea to Middleburg, the son followed them to
Holland ; and, going to Leyden, studied the civil law, an4
took his doctor's degree there in that faculty ; but, s^ply*?

1 Harles de viti» pbllolofoniiii.«»*Dict. Hi>t.

G R U T E R U S. 411

ing himself at the same time to polite literature, he be^
came an early author, as appears by some Latin verses
which he published, under the title of ^* Ocelli," at twenty
years of age.

After taking his degree, he went to Antwerp, to his fa<»
'ther, who had returned thither as soon as the States had
|)ossessed themselves of it; but, when the city was threat-p
ened with a djege by the duke of Parma in ISS'hs was sent to
France, where he resided some years, and then visited
'pther countries. The particular route and circumstances
of his travels afterwards are not known ; but it appears that
he read public lectures upon the classics at Rostock, par-
ticularly on Suetonius. He was in Prussia, when Christian,
duke of Saxony, offered him the chair of history-professor
in the university of Wittemburg; which place he enjoyed
but a few months ; for, upon the death of that prince, his
successors desiring the professors to subscribe jhe act of
concord on pain of forfeiting their places, Gruterus chose
rather to resign than subscribe a confession of faith which
he could not reconcile to his cbnscien<:e. He was treated
with particular severity on this occasion ; for, while two
others who were deprived on the same account, had half a
year's saljary allowed them by way of. gratification, accord-
ing to the custom of those countries, with regard to per^
fions honourably discharged ; yet in the case of Gruterus,
^hey did not defray even the' expences of his journey.
Where he went immediately after this does not appear ; but
we are told, that, being at PadUa at the time of Riccobo-
pi's death, that professor's place was offered to him, to-
gether with liberty of conscience : the salary too was very
considerable, yet he refused all these advantages. He was
apprehensive that so profitable and honourable an employ-
ment would expose him to the Attacks of envy, and he
would not submit to the bare exercise of his religion in
private. He was therefore much better pleased with an
invitation to Heidelberg, where he filled the professor's
chair wi^h great reputation for many years; and, in 1602,
bad the direction of that famous library, which was after-
wards carried to Rome.

This employ suited bis genius, and soon after he pub-
lished the most useful of his works, his large collection of
inscriptions, which is dedicated to the emperor Rodolphus
JI. who bestowed great encomiums upon it, and gave Gru-
terus the i:bQice of his own reward. He answered that be

4ljy G R U T E R U S.

2i¥ou]d leave it to the. emperor's pleasure, only begged it"
might not be pecuniary. In the same temper, upon hear-
ing there was a design to give him a coat of arms, in order
to raise the dignity of his extraction, he declared, that, so
far from deserving a new coat of arms, he was too much
jburthened with those which had devolved to him from his
ancestors. The emperor was then desired to grant him a
general licence for all the books of his own publishing,
which he not only consented to, but also granted him a
privilege of licensing others. His majesty also intended to
create him ^ count of the sacred palace; and the patent
was actually drawn, and brought to be ratified by his sign
manual ; but this monarch happening to die in the interim^
it was left without the signature, which it never afterwardj^
received. Yet Gruterus bestowed the same encomiums on
the good emperor as . if it had been completed ; and fai^
privilege of licensing books continued to be of great ad^p
vantage to him, being one of the most voluminous writers
of his age. This task b^ was the better enabled to exe*
cute by the help of his library, which was large and curi«-
ous, having cost him no less th^n twelve thousand crowns

- in gold; but the whole was destroyed or plundered, toge^
ther with the city of Heidelberg, in 1622. Oswald Smeur-
dius, bis son-in-law, endeavoured in vain to save it, by

^writing to one of the great officers of the duke of Bavaria'^
troops ; bpt th^ licentiousness of the soldiers could not b^
restrained. Afterwards he went to Heidelberg, and having
witnessed the havock th^t bad been made at bis father*^
house, he tried to save at lea^t what Crqterps's amanueof- ,
sis had lodged in the el^ctor^s library, and brought th^
Pope*s commission to give him leave to remove them. He
received for answer, that as to the MSS. tbe pope had or^
dered them all to be sought for carefully, and carried ta
Home ; but as to the printed books, leave would be giveu
to restore them to Gruterus, provided it w^s approved by
Tilly under his iand ; but this pretended favoitr prove4
of no effect, as no access could be had to TiHy?

Gruterus had left Heidelberg •before it was taken,, an^
retired to his son-in*law*s at Bretten, whence he went tp
Tubingen, where he remained some time. He made se-
veral removes afterwards, arid received invitations to reail
lectures at various places, and particularly one from Den*
mark, to enter into the service of the constable D*£sdi-
guiercd. The curators also of the university of FrauecJ^Q^

G R U T E R U S. 413

ofiered him the professorship of history in 1624 ; but, when
the afiairs of th^ palatinate were a little settled, he retorned
to Bretten ; where, however, be found himself very much
teazed by some young Jesuits who were foiid of disputing.
Gruterus, who pever Joved controversy, especially upon
religious subjects, could think of no other way of getting
rid of their importunities than by living at a distance from
them. He retired therefore to a country-house, which he
purchased near Heidelberg, where he used to n^ake visit»
occasionally. He came from one of these, September
1627, and going to Bernhelden, a country seat belonging
to his son-in-law Smendius, about a league's distance
from Heidelberg, he fell sick Sept. 2Q, and expired. His
corpse was carried to Heidelberg, and interred in St. Peter's
church.

He wrote notes upon the Roman historians and several
of the poets; and published all the works of Cicero, with
notes, in 2 vols, folio. That printed in 1618 is a good edi-
tion; but the London edition of 1681 is incorrect. His
^ Florilegium magnum, seu Polyanthea,'' is a voluminous
common-place book, fofmerly valued as a treasure. His
** Chronicon Chronicorum" is a proof of his industry in
history; but the chief of all his performances is his '* Col-
lection of Ancient Inscriptions,'' a work not only estimable
for the historical knowledge contained in it, but because it
throws the clearest light upon a multitude of obscure pas-
sages in classic authors. This was published in 1601, and
afterwards in a more perfect and splendid form by Grasvius
at Amsterdam in 1707, 4 vols, folio. He published also a
collection of scarce critical treatises, under the title of
*^ Thesaurus Criticus," 6 vols. 8vo. To this Daniel Parens
added a seventh. ^' Delicite Poetarum Gallorum, Italdrum^
Belgarum, 1608 — 14, 9 vols. Bvo. In this last publication
be assumed the name of Ranutius Gerus, the anagram of
bis name. An ample list of his works may be seen in Ni-
ceron. His private character appears to liave been cxceU
lent. He was very liberal both in giving and lending mo-
ney, on which he set no other value than as affording him
the means of doing good, ^s a student, few men have
been more indefatigable, employing not only the whole of
the day, but a considerable part of the night on his literary
• vesearcbes, in which he always preferred a standing posture.*

* NiceroD, vols. IX and X.— Gen. Diet.— Foppen, Bibl. BelGT.— -An^h. U^her'^
taS^ aad L«tten, ^ 538, 547t-*-Sajui Oroid. wh«rc is a profusion of reft reuces.

414 0 ftlf N JE U S. .

GRYN^US (SmoN), a very learned G^roian, was th^^
SOD of a peasant of Suabia, and born aX; Veringen in the*
county of HohenzoUeru in 1493. He pursued bis studies
in Pfortsheim at tfae same time with Melanctbou^ which
gave rise to a lasting friendship between them. He thent
Went for farther instruction t6 Vienna, and there taking^
the degree of master in philosophy, was appoimed Greek'
professor. Having embraced the protestant religion, be.
was exposed to many dangers ; and particularly in.Baden^*
of which be was some years rector of the school. He was^
thrown into prison at tlie instigation of the friars; but at
the solicitation of the nobles of Hungary, was set at liberty^
and retired to Witteniberg, where be had a conference with
Luther and Melancthon, Bein;' returned to bis native
country, be was invited to Heidelberg, to be Greek pro-*
fessor in that city, in 1523. He exercised this employment
till 1529, when he was invited to Basil to teach publicly m
that city. In 1531, betook a journey into England, and
carried with him a recommendatory letter from Erasmus to
William Montjoy, dated Friburg, March 18, 153^1. Aftei^
desiring Montjoy to assist Grynseus as much as he could^:
in shewing him libraries, and introducing him to learned
men, Erasmus recommends him as a man perfectly skilled
in Latin and Greek, a good philosopher and mathemati-
cian, and a man of humble manners, whose object was t<r
visit the libraries, &c. Erasmus recommended him also to
sir Thomas More, from whom he received the highest civi-*
lities. Jn 1534, he was employed, in conjunction with*
other persons, in reforming the church and school of Tu-
bingen. He returned to Basil in 1536, and in 1540 wa»
appointed to go to the conferences of Worms, with Me-
laiicthon, Capito, Bucer, Calvin, . &c. He died of the
plague at Basil in 1541.

He did great service to the commonwealth of learnings
by publishing valuable editions of several ancient authors.
Among these was the "Almagest" of Ptolemy in Greekf
which he published at Basil in 1538, and added a preface
concerning the use of that au thorns doctrine. He also
published a Greek " Euclid," with a preface, in 1533, and
Plato's works with some commentaries of Proclus, in 1534*
His edition of Plato was addressed to John More, the chan-
cellor's son, as a testimony of gratitude for favours received
from the father; and the following passage in the dedica-^
tion shews sir Thomas, as well as Grynseus, in a vary amia«

G R Y N JE U S. 4tS

h\e light '^ It 18, you know, three years, since arriving in
England, and being recommended most au^iciously by my
friend Erasmus to your house, the sacred seat of the muses^
I was there received with great kindnes^, was entertained
with greater, was dismissed with the greatest of all. For
that great and excellent man your father, so eminent for
his high rank and noble talents, not only ailuwed me, a
private and obscure person (such was his love of literature)^
the honour of conversing with him in the midst of many
public a\id private aflfairs, gave me a place at his table,
though he was the greatest man in England, took me with^
him when he went to court or returned from it, and had
me ever by his side, but also with the utmost gentleness
and candour inquired, in what particulars my religious
principles were different from his ; and though he found
them to vary greatly, yet he was so kind as to assist me in
every respect, and even to defray all my expences. H^
likewise sent me to Oxford^ with one Mr. Harris, a learned
young gentleman, and recommended me so powerfully to
the university, that at the sight of his letters all the libraries
were open to me, and I was admitted to the most intimate
familiarity with the students.*'

He had a son, Samuel Grynseus, born at Basil in 1539,
who was made professor of eloquence there at the age of
twenty«iive. He had also a nephew, Thomas, who was
bom in L512. He pursued his studies under the auspices
of his uncle, and taught the Latin and Greek languages at
JBerne. He also read public lectures at Basil, and was a
great supporter of the reformed religion. He left four
sons, all of whom were eminent for their learning. One of
them is the subject of our next article.'

GRYN-S)US (John James), was born at Bern in 1540,
was educated at Basil, and in 1551 was admitted into the
university. In 1559 be was ordained deacon, and began
to preach the doctrines of the reformers. In 1 563 he went
to Tubingen, and the year following was created doctor in
divinity, and soon after succeeded his father, as pastor of
Kotelen, where, besides his more public services, he lec-
tured twice a week to the deacons. About this time the

• AnthonjrWood very ung uardedly were careless of them ;" and refers to

reflects upon Grynaeus for carrying off Bryan Twyne's *' Apolr^gia/' in whirti

•everal Qreek books from the libraries there occurs nothing thai will warrant

in Oxford, ** because he saw the owners f nch a charge, granger.

» Oen. IHct.— Ath. Ox. vol, L— Aloreri,— Moie's Life of Sir Tr More, &c.

416 G It Y N ift tJ a

^* Form of Concord'* between the Lutheran arid Ztiniglfeiii
parties, respecting the corporal presence of Christ's bodj
in the Lord's Supper, was a matter of deep controversj.
GrynsBUs, who had hitherto been a Lutheran, now studied
the controversy more closely, the result of which was his
declaring his opinion in favour of Zuinglius, and this lost
him many friends of the contrary party* In 1575 he wad
invited to Basil, to lecture upon the Old Testament, in
the course of which employment be was happily instru-*
mental in healing the differences between the Lutheran
and Zuinglian churches ; and his instructions were so much
approved, that many noblemen and gentlemen came from
other countries, and boarded with him for the sake of
tuition and conversation. After the death of Lewis, the
elector palatine, prince Cgmmiir invited him to HeideU
berg, where he read divinity and history almost two years^
but was then recalled to Basil to succeed Suicer in his
pastoral office and professorship ; both which offices h^
discharged with faithfulness and success for the remainder
bf his life. In the latter part of it be became very infirnt
and blind, and outlived all his children, except one
daughter. These calamities he bore with pious resigna*
tion, and expired Aug. 30, 1617. He was a man of ex-
tensive learning, and hii^hiy respected by his coritem*-
poraries. Among his writings are, 1. " A Summary of tbe
Old Testament." 2. '' An Outline of Divinity." 3. «Tb^
Character of Christians." 4. Expositions on the Psalms^
and other parts of Scripture; and various theological theses^
and disputations. 5. ** A Commentary upon Ir6na&us." 0.
" An Ecclesiastical History." 7. " Chronology of the
Gospel History." His *' Letters" to his friends are highly*
praised by Melchior Adam. *

GRYPHIUS (Andrew), was born at Glogaw in 1616-,
and died in 1664. He was called the Corneilie of Ger«>
many, and acquired considerable reputation by his com^
positions for the theatre, and is among the very first writem
of tragedy in the catalogue of German writers. He also
wrote, in a fin^ vein of irony, a *^ Critique on ^e ancient
Comedies of the Germans!" *

GRYPHIUS (Christian), son of the preceding, and
one of the greatest geniuses that Germany has produced^

* Melchior Adam.'— MoreH.^-Faller's Abel RediviTBS.— Saxii Onomast*

* Pict. Hist.

G R Y P H I U S. 41»

ftn» born S^tember 29, 1649^ at Fraastadt Having ac*
quired great skill in the languages and belles lettres, be
was appointed professor of rhetoric at Breslau, afterwards

{principal of Magdalen college in that city, and, at lengthy
ibrarian. Gryphius was a good orator and historian, ai
man of extensive learning, and an excellent German poet^
which language he considerably improved. He was also
a contributor to the Leipsic Journal. He died March 6,
1706, having just before his death heard a beautiful poeni
of his own writing, which had been set to music, performed
in his chamber. The piece is said to have been admirably
expressive of the consolations derived from our Saviour's
death to a dying man. His works are, " A History of the
Orders of Knighthood,'* in German, 1709, Svoj " Poems,"
iii Gierman ; among them, " Pastorals," 8vo ; " The Ger-
man Language formed by degrees, or, a treatise on th^
origin ana progress of it," 8vo, in German, and a valuable
posthumous work, entitled '^ Apparatus, sive Dissertatio
IsagOgica de Scriptoribus Historiam Seculi XVH illustran*.
tibus," Leipsic, 1710, 8 vo.*

' GRXPHIUS (Sebastian), a celebrated printer of Lyons,
in France, was a German, and born at Suabia, near Augs-
burg, in 1493. He performed the duties of his profession
with so- much honour as to receive the approbation oF thc^
roost learned men* Conrad Gesner has even dedicated
one^of bis books, namely, the twelfth of his pandects, to
him ; and takes occasion to bestow the following praises on
him; ^' You, most humane Gryphius, who are far from
meriting the last place among the excellent printers of this
age, came first into my mind : and especially on this ac-
count, because you have not only gained greater fame than
any foreigner in France, by a vast number of most excel-
lent ^orks, printed with the greatest beauty and accuracy,
bu€ because, though a German, you seem to be a country-
roan, by your coming to reside among us.^' Baillet says,
that Julius Scaliger dedicated also to him his work ^^ De
Causis Linguse Latin®:" but this sqems a mistake. Sea*
liger wrote a kind letter to Gryphius, which is printed at
the head of the work : but. the dedication is to Silvius Sca-
liger, his eldest son, to whom he also addressed his '^ Ars
Poetica.^* Gryphius is allowed to have restored the art of
printing at Lyons, which was before exceedingly corrupted ;

V©L. XVL E ;e

,4i§ G R Y P fl I U S.

jand the gii^at number of books printed by him are yahiel
by the connoisseurs. He printed many books in Uebrewj
Greek) and Latin » with new and very beautiful typesii
and his editions are no less accurate than beautiful. H^
was himself a very learned man, and perfectly versed in
the languages of such books ajs he undertook to print;
.Vulteius, of Reimsi an epigrammatist, has observed, that
lloberc Stephens was a very good corrector, Colinaeus a
very good printer^ but that Grypbius was both an able
printer and corrector.

*' Inter tot nonmt libros qui cudere, tres sunt

Insignes: languet caetera turba flame. *

Castigat Stephanus, sculpit Colinaeusi utrumque *

Gryphius edoeta mente manuque &cit.*' >

.: He died in 1556, in his sixty-third year^ and hia trader
was carried on honourably in the same city by his sob^
Anthony Gryphius.' One of the moat beautiful books ok
Sebaatian Gryphius is a ^* Lsitio .Bible," printed 1550^
with the largest' types that had then been seen, in 2 voW
fol.' r

GUA (John Paul d£), a learned French abh^, priov of
St George de Vigou, a m^nber of the royal society of
London (1742) and of the French academy of sciences, waa
born jn Languedoc, in 1712, and was the sou. of John de'
Gua, baron of Malves, whose property was swallowed up
in the unfortunate Missisippi Scheme. IJe was educated
for the church, but appears to have bad less ambition for
gromotipn in that, than to render himself distinguished for
scientific knowledge* When admitted into the academy
of sciences in 1741, be gave a specimien of his skill in,
mathematics by publishing ^^ Usages de Tanalyse de Des^
C|urtes," and was the author of other papers on mathema-$
tical subjects in the Memoirs of theAcadeoiy, in one of
which he endeavours to vindicate J>escartes against our
; Wallis, who, in the abbe's opinion, wrote his history of
sdgebra for no other purpose than to bestow upon his coun<«
tr^an Hariot, the discoveries, that belong to Viete and
Oescartes. (See Hariot.) The abbS was, however, chiefly
distinguished in France for having first given the plan of
the Encyclopedie, although he wrote very little in it. In
1764 he presented a plan for exploring the mines of Lan*
gnedoc, and was the author of some other projects which

I Gem DJct.^Morerh

G U A. ' 419

V

liad little success. His necessities sometimes drove bim to
the business of translating for the booksellers. Among
these publications we find bishop Berkeley's '* Hylas and
Philotious/* ^* Lockers Essay,** Anson's Voyage, and Decker
on trade. He died at Paris, June 2, 1785, leaving the
character of a man of considerable learning and industry,
but not very happy in his temper, and often pursuing
trifling difliculties, which he made a great merit in sur-
mounting, such as complicated anagi^ms ; and on one oc-
casion, in consequence of a sort of challenge, he perplexed
bimself in writing a very long poem, in which words only
of one syllable'were admitted. ^

GUAPAGNOLO (Phiup), an eminent Orientalist of

Italy, was born about 1596, at Magliano. After going

through his studies, he entered among the regular minor

clerks, and made his profession at Rome in 1612. His

genius prompted bim to the study of languages, to which

ke devoted himself entirely ; so that be acquired the Greeks

Hebrew, Chaldean, Syriac, Persian, and Arabic languages,

but excelled chiefly in the Arabic. He spent the greatest

part of bis life in translating books from that language^

and in writing'books in it, to facilitate the learning of it to

others. He taught it many years in the college della Sa«

pienza at Rome; and was indeed so perfect a master of

it, that be spoke an oration in it before Christina, queen

of Sweden, in 1656. The eastern prelates presented a

petition to Urban VIII. to have the Bible translated into

Arabic ; and, the congregation '^ de propaganda fide** com*

plying with their desires, Guadagnoio was immediately

selected as the person best quadified to undertake this great

work. He began it in 1622, and finished it in 1649;

having, however, assistants under him, and sometimes only*

acting the part of a corrector. During the tidie that he

was employed in it, he gave an account twice a week of

what progress he had made to a congregation assembled

for that purpose. It was published at Uopie, 1671, in S

vols, folio, with this title, ** Biblia Sacra Arabica Sacrae

Congregationis de propaganda fide jussu edita ad usum

^ccle^iarum orientalium. Additis e regione Bibliis VuU

gatis Latinis.** In 1631 be published a Latin work eoK

titled ** Apologia pro Christiana Religione, qua responded

tur ad objectiones Ahmed filii Zin Alabedin Persse As*

' ElOfes det Acadtmicient* Tol. IV,*-]>iet«.HUl«

E B 2

4*) GUADAQNOLO.

phaensis cooteotaa in libro inscripto, Politor SpeciiK/^4to«
The hbtory of tbi3 work was as follows : A SfKinuird hod
published a religious book eotitled /^ Tbe true .Lookiiig«
glass ;'*. which falling into the bands of a learned Peman,
he wrote an answer to it in bis native tongue» entitled
*^ The Polisher of the Looking-glass ;'' and added these
wotds at the end of it ; ^* Let the pope answer it." This
book being brought to Rome in 1625,' Urban VIIL ordered
Guadagnolo to refute it; which he did so effectually, that
the Persian^ to whom it was sent, renounced the Maho-
netan faith, and became as zealous a defender of Chris-
tianity as he had before been an opposer of it Guad^-*
nolo published his apology in Arabic, in 1637, 4,to* He
wrote another work in Arabic and Latio^ entitled ** Consist
derations s^inst the Mahometan Religion;^' in which he
shews, that the Koran is a mere rhapsody of fitlsehood aod
imposture. He published also at Rome, in 1643, '< Breres
Institutiones Linguse ArabicaB," folio; a very methodical
grammar. He hud also compiled a dictionary io that Ian-*
guage, but the publication of it was prevented by his deaths
which happened in 1 656. The MS. is preserved in the
convent of San Lorenzo in Lucin$u ' ^

GUAGNINI (Alexander), a native of Verona, where
he was born in 1538, was naturalized in Poland, •nd made
himself famous both by his sword and pen. He had consi-*
derable employments in the Polish armies; ^and having
displayed his valour in the wars of Livonia and Moldavia,
as well as those of Muscovy, was not only honoured with
: the indiginate, by which he ranked as a noblemc^n, ia the
mign of Sigismnud Augustus^ but also made governor of
^e fortress of Witebsk, where he commanded fourteen
}Kar8. He at last devoted himself to literature, and drew
^fk a history of Poland^ under the title *^ Rerum Polonica-
rum TomiTres," Francfort, 1584,. Svo. He died at Cra<
cow in 16 14. He wrote also ^^ S^rmatis European Descrip-
tion* Spires, 1581.*

GUALOO PRIORATO (Galea^so), an Italian hislo«
riaOy wM boru 1606, of a noble family at Vincenza. JH9
wai historiographer to the emperor, and distinguished hifu*
self io the seveniteenth century by his historical works,
written, in a very pleasing style, in Italian ; the principal
aw,. '< History of the Waxs of Ferdinand IL and Ferdinand

1 Niceroo, ro\. vn,«.-OeiirDict.-.-^oreru ' Geo. IXct^^-Moftri

G U A L D O. 45M

Ilf.** from 1650 to 1640, fol. ; " History of Lcfopold," froflik
1656 to 1670, 3 vols, fol.; " History of Troubles in Firance,**
from 1648 to 1654. The authors of the <' Journal des
iSavans,*' March 16, 1665, said they bad found as m^ny
errors as words in this work. But Gualdo, not discouraged
by that censure, continued his History to the peace of the
Pyrenees, and reprinted it with that addition at Cdogn,
1670. His << History of cardinal Mazarine-s Admintstra-
' tion" is much esteemed, and has been translated into
French, 1671, 3 vols. 12moy << The Life and Qualities" of
the same cardinal, a valuable work, which appeieired iii
French, 1662, 4to; *< An account of the Peacie of the
Pyrenees ;'' the most ample edition is^ Cologn, 1667, 12ma«
This work is likewise much esteemed, and has been trans-
lated into Latin, and inserted in the fourth volume of the
Public Law of the Empire, published at Francfort, 1710,
It has been also translated into French. Gualdo died at
Vincenza in 1678.*

GUALTERUS (Rodolphus), an eminent Swiss divine,
aod one of the first reformers, was born at Zurich in 1529.
In his youith l>e attained an accurate knowledge of Greek
and Laun, and acquired much fame as an orator and Latin
poet. He married the daughter of Zuinglius, and being
admitted into orders, preached at Zurich from 1542 to
1575, when he was chosen to succeed Bullinger, as first
minister of the protestant church there. His writings also,
which consisted of homilies, or sermons on the prophets,
evangelists, and apostles, procured him great fame both at
home and abroad, and were long regarded as standard
bodes among the protestant churches. He died Nov. 25,
15B6. In the early part of queen £Iizsibeth*s reign we
fytd him corresponding with the English divines who ba4
beeo exHes in the preceding reign, and brought over an
attachment to the simple forms of the Genevan church,
which Elizabeth wished to discourage. His works, as
enumerated by Verheiden, consist of Latin poems, comipen*
taries olfi various books of the Scripture, works on gramovair
and history, and some translations. His son, of the same
names, spent some years in Mertou college, Oxford, where
be took bis degree of M. A. in 1573, and returning to
Surich, became minister of St. Peter's ohurch there; Wood

» Kiceit>«, vol. XXXIV,»**forcri.— Pict. Hist.— Clement Bib), Qurieusev^
Smii 0«oia«$U '

428 G U A L T E R U S.

attribntet several Latin poems to him, some of which ire
suspect were the production of his father: but this ycn^
man died in 1 577| when only twenty-five years of age. '

CUARI^4 (Peter), a learned Benedictine, of the cod*
gregation of St. Maur, born 1678, in the diocese of Rouen^
near the forest of Lyons, taught Greek and Hebrew with
gre^ credit in his congregation, and died librarian of St.
Germain-de-Pr6s, at Paris, December 29, 1729. He left
a ** Hebrew Grammar,'' in Latin, 1724 and 1726,- 2 vols;
4to, and a ** Hebrew Lexicon,'' in Latin, abo printed after
his death, in 1746, 2 vo^s. 4to. Guarin continued this
work only to the letter M m, inclusively ; but it was finished
by M. le Tournois. He had objected to M. Masclefs me*
thod in bis grammar, and was answered by M. de la Bletterie,
in the edition of Masclefs grammar, 1730, 2 vols. 12mo.*
GUARINO of Verona, surnamed VEaoNesa, the first
branch of a family celebrated in the republic of letters^
and one of the revivers of literature, was born at Verona
in I S70. After being taught Latin by John of Ravenna,
be went to Constantinople, with the sole view of learning
Greek in the school of Emanuel Chrysoloras, v/bo had not
then come to luly. Pontico Virunio, in his iife-of Chry^^
soloras, says that Guarino was of an advanced age when he
set out for Constantinople, and that he returned to Italy
vtrith a large collection of Greek manuscripts, the loss of
which by shipwreck so affected him, that his hair turned
white in one night ; but Maffei and Apostolo Zeno have
justly considered this as aiable. It appears, on the other
band, on comparing various circumstances, that Guarino
was very young when he went into Greece, and was only
twenty years of age when he returned. After this return
he first kept school at Florence, and afterwards aucces**
sively at Verona, Padua, Bologna, Venice, and Ferrara, in
which last city he resided longest. Nicolas III.* of Este
had invited him thither in 1429 to superintend the educa-
tion of his son Lionel. Six or seven years after, be waa
appointed professor of Greek and Latin in the university of
Ferr&ra. This office he filled until the assembling of ibe
grand conncil, to which the emperor John Paleologus eaoi^
accompanied with several Greeks, who found Guarino suf**
ficient employment, aa he mentions in his letters, and on

> Melchiqr Adam.— Veriieidtn.— Atb. Ox. vol, ir^Strype'y. Qsnam, P* SI 1,
ai6.— Strype»8 f arker, 348i»Sarii QBOOml,

! Norcn.— INct, flift.

G U A I^ I N O, ^%

the cimricnl being remouiF^ to Flofence/ he accompaotedi.-
tkcm thitber as interpreter between the Latins and Greeks^
He retomed again to Ferrara, where he held his professor-
skip until bis death in 1460. His principal works consist
qf Latin translations from Greek authors ; particuktriy of
many of Plutarch's lives, part of I'lutarch^s morals, and
Strabo*s geography. Of this author he at first translated^
only ten books, by order of pope Nicholas V. ; the other
seven were translated by Gregory of Typhernum, and in
this state the work was first printed at Rome in 1470, folio*.
But, at the request of the Venetian senator Marcello^
Guarino made a translation of these seven books, of which
there are manuscript copies at Venice, Modena, &c. Maf«:
f^si) in his ^' Verona Illustrata,'^ mentions also a translation
of the whole seventeen in the hand«writing of Guarino^:
which was at one time in the library of the senator Solralizo
sjjt Venice. To his translation of Plutarcb^s lives, be added.'
those of Aristotle and Plato. He also cpmpiled a Greek
grammar, *^ £m. Chrysolorae erotemi^ta linguae Grsecas^ in-
cpmpendium redacta, a Guarino Veronesi,^' Ferrar. 15099.
Svo; and a Latin grammar, <^ Grammatic® institutiones,^*
without date 'or place, but printed at Verona, 1487, and
veprinted in 1 540, the model, says Maffei, from which all
others have been taken. Annexed are. some lesser trea*
tises, <^ Carmina difleren^ialia,^' *^ Liber de Diphtongis,'*
jkc. Guarino also wrote commentaries or notes on tariou^*
siuthors, both Greek and Latin, among the latter on Cicero's
orations and Persius's satires, and was the author of various
Latin orations delivered at Verona, Ferrara, and other
places, and of some Latin poeoas, and a great number of
letters which have not been printed. He was the first who
Fecovered the poems of Catullus, a manuscript which was
mouMeriag in a garret, and almost destroyed, and rendered
the whole legible, with the exception of a very few verses*
If it be thought that even all this is insufficient to justify
the high reputation which Guarino enjc^ed in his life-
time, and for ages afterwards, ^e must add thai, indepen«*
dently of rendering these services to the cause of learning,
wbtcb were of great impoi^tance at its^ revival, Gtiarino de-^
rived no smalt share of fame from the vast number of scho-*
iars whom he formed^ with alike taste h% classical lite^ta-*;
lure, which they dispersed throughout all Europe. Giia*
riiio, likewise, was otie of the most.itidefatigable students
pf his time. Even in old age "his liiemQry was extraordi*^

424 0 U A, R ( N O.

nary, and bifr application incessant. He tcx>k little nottriah*.
ment and little sleep, and rarely went abroad, yet be pre*
served his strength and faculties to the last. By his wiCe be
had at least twelve cbildreni two of whom followed bis steps^
Jerome became secretary to Alphonso, king of Naples;
and Baptist, or Ba ttista, rather better known, was prp^
fessor of Greek and Latin at Ferrara, like his father, and
like him educated some eminent scliolars, among whom
were Giraldi and Aldus Manutius. He left a collection of
Latin poetry, *' Baptists Guarini Veronensis poemata La*
iina,** Modena, 1496; a treatise on stud}*, *^ De ordine
docendi ac studendi,'' without place or date ; but there is
a subsequent edition of Heidelberg, 1489. He wrote also
other treatises, translations from the Greek, discourses,
and letters, which latter remain in manuscript. It is to
him we owe the first edition of the Commentaries of Ser*
vius on Virgil ; and he assisted his father in recoveriogand
naking legible the manuscript of Catullus above men*
tioned.'

GUARINO, or more commonly GUARINI (Battista)^
an eminent pastoral poet, descended in the fourth degree
from Guarino Veronese, was born at Ferrara in 1537* ^ye
know but little of his early years and studies ; but it is said
that in the course of his education he spent some time at
Pisa, and at Padua, where he was much esteemed by the
rector of the university ; but at an early age he went to
{tome, and was still young when, on his return to Ferrara,
be lectured for about a year with great reputation, .on Aris*
totle^s Morals, in the same university in which the memory
of his ancestors continued to be highly venerated* He was
professor of belles lettres there in 1563, when he sent one.
of his sonnets to Annibal Caro, who in his answer complii
|Dente4him as a young man of the greatest hopes. In his
twenty-eighth year he was admitted into the academy of
the Eterei of Padua, founded by the young prince Scipio
of Gonzaga, afterwards cardinal. Tasso was at the same
time admitted, and between him and Guarino a friendship
commenced, which was afterwards disturbed by rivalsbip. .

Guarino had the misfortune to be early involved in fa««
roily law-suits, and had to apply for the heritage of bis
grandfather and grand- uncle in opposition to Francis Gua*
liuO| his father, who has left no other character than that oi

9 Oinpiea^ Hist Utt. d'ltdUc.— Tirabpichi.^Moreri.

ii«— I

G U A R I JTO. 425

% keen sportsman, and who was the only one of the family
that had no taste for literature. Haying lost his first wife^
be marrfed again to injure his son^^s interest; but the duke
Hercules H. interposed, and assigned to our poet a propor«
tion of the family property, which was very considerable.
Batdsta married himself about this time Taddea Bendedei^
a lady 4>f a noble family of Ferrara.

In his thirtieth year he entered into the service of th«
duke Alphonso II. ; but there seems some difficulty in un«
derstanding the order and nature of the business on which
be was employed, and the origin of the title of knight
which is usually joined to bis name, and wh^ch he had en<-
graven on the seal with which he sealed his letters* It is
probable, however, that the duke bestowed this title on him
as a necessary appendage to the rank of ambassador. The
6cst office of this kind which he filled, was in L567, when
be was sent to Venice, with the congratulations of the duke
Alphonso to the new doge Pier Loredano, and the address
which bespoke on this occasion being printed, gave the
Italian literati a very favourable idea of his talents. The
dtike then sent him as resident ambassador to Emmanuel
Philebert, duke of Savoy, and after continuing there some
years, he was sent to Rome in 1571, to compliment pope
Gregory XIII. as successor to Pius V. He arrived by post
in the evening, passed the night in writing his address, and
delivered it next morning in a full consistory. Two years
afterwards, the duke sent him to Germany to the emperor
Maximilian, whence he went to Poland, to congratulate
Henry of Valois on his accession to the throne, in 1574.

On his return, he was appointed counsellor and secretary
of state, but bad scarcely been invested with these honours
before he was obliged again to go to Poland, which Henry
of France had left in order to succeed his brother Charles
IX. on the throne of France. Guarino^s business in Po«
land now was to manage the affairs of his master, who as*
J>ired to the crown of Poland; but this employment was
very difficult and even dangerous. In one of his letters to
his wife, he says that he was obliged to travel all day more
like a courier than an ambassador, and spend the night in
writing his memorials, which proved too much for bis
health. Anxiety of mind and fatigue of body threw him
into a fever, which made him despair of his life, and in
that fear, be wrote a very agectionate letter to his wife,
ukiog leave of her, and recommending bis children to her

426 G U A R I N O:

care. It appears by bis correspondence that it was n5t
entirely on account of his talents that he was employed in
these distant s^nd intricate missions, and that bo bad ene-^
mies at Ferrara, who made use of bis repatation and tbe
confidence the prince bad in .him^ to get him remoTed.
This, however, did not abate bis zeal for the interests of
his master, although the negociation was not succeiisfiil,
nor was be ever rewarded suitably to bis exertions.

After bis return to Ferrara, be spent bis time in the ser-
vice of bis prince, in study, and in managing some law*
suits, from which it was bis misfortune to be seldom free ;
but finding still more fatigue and uneasiness in attend-
ing the court, be made these law-suits a pretext for asking
leave to resign, which was granted. Become now his own
master, at the age of forty-five years, fifteen of which he
bad spent in a service by no means of any advantage to*
himself, be retired in i5ii2> with his family to hi Goarina,
a pleasant country-seat at Polesina de Kovigo, which dnke
Bofso bad presented to his grand^fatber, as a reward for
bis services as envoy in France. Here be determined ^to
pass the five finest months of the year, and the rest at*
Padua« He bad now eight children, three sons and five
daughters ; he was also involved in lawsuits and in^ debts \
all his time and every effort appeared necessary to recover
from such a situation, and be seems at one time to have
despaired of finding any leisure to cultivate polite* litem-
ture» After he had been, however, quietly settled at this
country seat, be found that be could relax a little from his
more serious and pressing occupations. Tbe fame which
accompanied the publication of Tasso^s ^^ Aminta'' recalled
Guarino's attention to a work which he had sketched many
years before, and had occasionally touched and re-touehed,
but without completing it. Tasso and be, we have already
observed, were friends in their youth, but when they met
at tlie court of Ferrara, rivalship in court gallantries and
poetry bad separated tbem. Some saticical sonnets passed
between them, but here their animosity ended, and they
henceforth had the liberality to do justice to each oth^'s
talents. Tasso'$ misfortunes were now begun, and Gna*
rino, shocked at the incorrect manner in which the first
editions of the ^^ Jerusalem delivered" were printed with^t
out the knowledge of the author, took every pains to pre^
pare it for a correct edition, and bestowed the same ckre
on the other published works of that pt^et. The qnty tlung

G U A R I N O. 427

he would not yield toTasso was superiority, and though un«
able to Ttral htm in his latter poems, be thought be could
surpass him in pastoral, and his '* Pastor Fido^' was to be
the criterion. Besides submitting the manuscript to some
men of lasce, he read it before Uie duke Ferdinand II. of
Gonzaga, at Guastalla, and a large ^company, composed
of poets, admirers of poetry, and ladies of the first rank
and taste, who were unbounded in their applauses. It is
said to have been first performed at Turin in 1585, where
were celebrated the nuptials of Charles Emmanuel to the
infanta Catberme, daughter of Philip 11. of Spain* This^
however, appears doubtful, although it is more clear that
it was much read on this occasion, and that the fame which
it required reached the ears of Guarino^s old master, duke
Alphonso, who invited him most pressingly, to return to
Ferrara, with the title of secretary of state.

Having accepted this oflTer, be was employed, as for«
merty, on missions to Umbria, Milan, and other places,
but now his tranquillity was disturbed by a domestic affair,
in. ^hiph.he fancied be had been improperly treated ; Alex<-
aiider, his eldest son, who, in 1587, bad married a rich
heiress, niece to cardinal Canani, hieing weary of living
under the subjection of bis father, and disgusted, whetheP
justly or not, with the treatment he met with from him, re*
solved to leave his house, and live apart with his wife.
Guarioo was so highly offended at their departure, that he
immediately seized their income, on pretence of debts due
to him for money expended at their marriage. His son,
deprived of his income for nine months, at last applied to
the duke of Ferrara to interpose his authority, wiiich be
did, commanding the chief judge to take cognizance of
theaflkir, who immediately decided it in favour of Alex-
ander. This sentence exasperated the father still more ;
so that, looking on it as a proof that the duke had no re-
gard for him, he addressed a letter to him in the most
respectful but strongest terms, to be dismissed the service ;
which the duke granted, though not without intim^iting
some displeasure atGuarino, for shewing so little regard to
the favours he had conferred on him. The treatment^
however, which Tasso bad suffered was a recent lesson for
the poets who bad the misfortune to be patrotiized by Al-
phonso, and Gnarino immediately went intb the service of
the duke of Savoy, where he had some reason to expect a
bcttter lot I but here he did not remain many months i and

42S O U A E I N O*

during a year of repose in tbe country, he resumed his lu^
hours on his favourite pastoral, which at length was pub*
lished in 1590, at Venice, 4to, and the same year at Fer-
rara, in 12mo. The great applause which he received from
this poem, was followed by a most severe loss in the death
of his wife, Dec. 26, 1^90, at Padua. This misfortune
appears to have greatly affected him. His two eldest sons
had left him : two of bis daughters were married ; three
others he had placed in convents; and from beitig sur-
rounded by a numerous family, he was now left with one
boy only of ten years old. In this desolate state lie appear^
to have enteirtained thoughts of going to Rome and becom-
ing an ecclesiastic. He was, however, diverted from this
step by an invitation received in 1592 from tbe duke of
Mantua, who sent him to Inspruck to negociate some
affairs at tbe archduke's court. But he afterwards was
dismissed this service, as he had been that of Ferrara, by
tbe solicitaiious of duke Alphonso ; who, it is said, could
not bear that a subject of his, of Guarino's merit, should
serve other princes. Thus persecuted, he went to Rome
apparently with the design just mentioned, but was again
prevented from executing it by a reconciliation with Al-
phonso, which brought him back to Ferrara in 1595.
This reconciliation was obtained by his son Alexander, who
was very much beloved at court. However, fresh quarrels
between father and son soon broke out again, which were
afterwards carried to a great height ; and, great changes
happening upon the death of Alphonso in 1597, Guarino
tliought himself ill used, and left Ferrara to go to Ferdi-
nand de Medicis, grand duke of Tuscany, who expressed
a great esteem for him.

But here again an unlucky accident cut short his hopes ;
he carried with him to Florence Guarino Guarioi, his third
son, but fifteen years of age, and sent him to Pisa to com-
plete his studies in that city. There tbe youth fell ifi love
with a noble but poor widow, named Cassandra Politaderi,
and married her. Guarino no sooner heard the news, but
suspecting the grand duke was privy to the marriage, and
even promoted it, he left his . service abrupdy ; and, re-
turning to Ferrara, went thence to the prince of Urbino,
but in a year's time came back to Ferrara, in 1604. He was
sent the same year by the magistrates of the city of Rome,
to congratulate Paul V. on his elevatiqn to the papal chair.
This was probably his last public employ. Hb resided at

G U A R I N 0< 429

E'errara till 1609, goiog occasionally to Venice to attend
his law-suitSj which carried him in 1610 to Rome, where
they were determined in bis favour.' Passing through Ve-
nice on his return home, he was seized, in his inn there,
with the distemper which put a period to his life, October
7^ 1612, when he was seventy -^four years of age.

He was a member of several academies, besides other
societies; aa that of the Ricouvrati of Padua, the Intrepid!
of Fqrrara, and the Umoristi of Rome. Notwithstanding
the. reputation be had gained hy his <^ Pastor Fido,^' be
could not endure the title of poet, which he thought was
so far from bringing any honour to the bearers, that it
rather exposed them to contempt. He wrote other things,
a complete catalogue of which may be seen in Nicefon ;
but. his >' Pastor Fido^* was his principal work, has gone
through a vast number of editions, and is regarded as one
of the standard productions of Italian poetry, although it
lias-all the defects peculiar to the poetry of his age. His
personal character, from the preceding account, appears
to have been socmewhat equivocaL It would not be &ir to
accuse lum of a capricious and irritable temper, unless we
were better acquainted with, the circumstances of his life.
lie appears, however, to have owed little of his happiness to
his patrons, and less to his family^ and was highly unfortur
nate in public as well as domestic life, whatever share of
blame might attach to him. ^

GUAY-TROUIN (Rene du), a French naval officer,
bora at St. Malo in ]673r, wasthe son of a merchant who
had been French, consul at Malaga, and who commanded
armed vessels, either for war or trade, as circumstances
required. Young Du Guay, led by his example, went on
board a privateer, and performed aniimber of heroic ac*
tions* In 1691, when he was only in his eighteenth year,
be had the command. of an armed sloop, carrying fourteen
guns, with which he obtained much success on the coast of
Ireland. Three years after he entered the river of Lime-
rick, and carried oif several vessels ; but falling in with four
English, ships, be was obliged to yield,^ and was taken a
prisoner into Plymouth. In confinement he won the afTec**
tions of a female, who enabled him to make his escape, and
io a short time he appeared again on the coast of England,
where he captured some prizes* In 161)5 he took three

1 Oinguene Hist. Litt. d'ltalie.— Nioeron, rol. XXV.— Tirtboscbl

430 G U A Y - T R O U I N.

rich vessels on the Irish coast, and tiro Datch riitps on lh#
coast of Spain : these successes were followed by otbem?
still more important In 1696 he fell in with baron de*
Was8enaer, who with three ships was escorting a fleet of
merchant*men, and took the baron with a part of his con-
voy. He presented, in person, his prisoner to the kin^,
and thereupon was removed to the royal navy, and ap*
pointed to the coinitiand of a frigate. In a few years after-^
wards he was made captain of a fifty*four gun ship, with
which, it is said, he took an English man-'of-war of seventy*
two guns. So brilliant was his career of success, that in .
1709 he was rewarded with letters of noblesse, the preaiA^-
ble to which records his having captured more than SCO
merchant ships, and 20 ships of war. The most important
of all his exploits was the taking of Rio Janeiro in 17 ir^
which occasioned a lots to the Portuguese of at least a miU
lion sterling. A pension was now forced on him, he har^
ing in 1 707 refused one that was then oflEered, requesting
that it might be granted to his second captain, whose thigh
bad been shot o£ <* I,'* said the gallant officer, *^ am
sufficiently, rewarded, if I obtain the advancement of my
friends.'* In 1728 be was nuide commander of the order
of St. Louis, and lieutenant-general, and in 1731 went at
the head of a squadron to curb the insolence of Algiers-
and l*unis, and promote a good understanding between
France and Tripoli. After many other important services,
be died at Paris Sept 27, 1736, leaving << Memoirs,'*
pastly written by his own hand, and partly by a nephew,
which were printed in one vol. 4to. 1740.'

GUDIN (D£ LA Brenellerie, Paul Pfiiur), a Frendt
writer who attained some share of reputation among the
encyclopedbts, was bom at Paris June 6, 1739, in which
city be died Feb. 26, 1812. His countrymen have aa yet
given us very little of his history, except that he waa^
either by talents or interest, advanced to be a member of
the academies of Marseilles and Ljrons, an associate of
the French institute, and a member of that of Aoxerre.
He was intimately connected with Beaumarchus, whom
he often assisted with his pen, and passed for his secretary.
In political sentiments he was a disciple of Rousseau, and
eagerly promoted those opinions which led to the revolu*
tiott. Besides three tragedies of no great merit, be pub*
lished, I. *^ Graves observations sur les bonnes mceurs,**

1 Msreri in Traam.— Okt Hht. id Dsfuay TroqiBb

G U D I N. 431

ib^r poetical tales, poUished under the name of Frere Pruh
J^suris^ 1777. 2. ** Discours," likewise in verse, oi ihe
i^boUtion of slavery ) Paris, 174^1, in which he complLntnts
Qenry IV.. as

^* Seul roi de qui le paUTHe^ait garde la mcmoire/'
.3. "• Essai sar le progresdes artset de l'6^prit sous le regne
de Louis XV." Deux Fonts, 1776, Lausanne?, 1777. 4.
^* S&pplement a la maniere d'ecrire l*histoire," Kiel, 1784^
against the abb6 Mably's method of writing history. 5.
** £ssat sur Phistoire die' Cornices de Rome, des etats ge*
neraiix de France, et do parlement d*Angleterre," Paris^
1789, 3 vols. 8vo. This was hdd in such esteem as to
gain the prize of the French atjademy in 1790. €. " Sup*
plementau Contrat Social,*' Paris, 1790, in which he en-
deavours to recommend Rousseau^s principles. 7. ** La
Cooquete de Naples," Paris, 1801, 3 vols. 8vo, but writ-
ten in the reign of Louis- XV. 8. ** L*Astronomie,*' a
poem^ Paris, 1801, and reprinted with additions and cor-
rections in 1811. There are some beautiful lines in this
poem, which shews, likewise, an intimate* knowledge
of the subject. 9. " Contes," 1804, 2 vols, which have
been highly praised by some of the French critics and ais
severely censured by others. Among the inanuscripts he
left is said to be a" History of France," which, if written
on bis^^ principles, is not now likely to be thought worthy
0f the press.*

GUDIUS (Marc^vard), a learned critic, was ofHol-
stetn, in Germany, but we know nothing of his parents,
nor in what year he was bdrn. He laid the foundation oF
his studies at Rensburg, under Jonsius, and went after-
wards to Jena, wfaere*he wasin 1654. He continued some
years in this cit}^ manifesting a strong inclination for leU
ters, and nrnking diligent search after ancient inscriptions!
He was at Francfort in July 1658, when the emperor Leo-
pold was crowned ; and went thence to Holland, where
John . Frederic Gronovius recommended him to Nicolas
Heinsius, as a young man of uncommon parts and learning,
who had already distinguished himself by some publica-
tions) and from whom greater things were to be expected.
His* parents tn the mean time wanted to have him at home,
and offered at any price to procure him a place at court,
if he would but abandon letters, which they considered as

1 Diet. lUst. SuppTement.

43^ G U D I U S.

a frivoloas and unprofit^le employmeat* Bttibe reoManed

inexorable ; preferring a competency witb books to aojr
fortune without them; and above. allf wav particularly
averse from a court, where ** he should,'' be said, ^* be
constantly obliged to keep the very worst of company.''

His learned friends all this while were labouring to serve
him. GrsBvius tried to get him a place at Duisburg, but
could not succeed. The magistrates of Amsterdam sooo
after oifered him a considerable sum to digest and revise
Blondel's ** Remarks upon Baronius's Annals," and gave
him hopes of a professorship ; but receiving a letter from
GroDOvius, which proposed tp him a better offer, be de*
clined the undertaking* Gronovius proposed to him the
making the tour of France, Italy, and other countries of
Europe, in quality of tutor to a rich young gentleman^
whose name wan Samuel Scbas; and this proposal he
readily embraced, though be bad another letter from Alex*
lander Morus, with the offer of a pension of Saumur, and %
lodging in the bouse of the celebrated professor Amyrault,,
if he would read lectures upon ancient history to ^ome
French noblemep.

He set out with Schas in November 1659; and in April

1660, arrived at Paris, where be found Menage employed
in editing Diogenes Laertius, and communicated to him
some observations of his own. He easily found admittance
to all the learned wherever he came, being furnished from
Holland with instructions and recooraiendations for that
purpose. The two travellers arrived at Toulouse October

1661, where they both were attacked with a dangerous
illness ; but recovering, they went to Italy, where they
remained all 1662, and part of 1663. At Rome, at Flof
rence, and at Capua, they were introduced to Leo Alia?
tins, Carolus I>ati, and other men of talents. In 166$,
they returned to France, and continued there the remain''
ing part of the year. Gudius, who seems to have be§u a
provident man, had desired his friends at parting, lo watch
for some place of settlement for him at his return : and ae*
cordingly Heinsius, Gronovius, and Grsevius, were very at-»
tentive to his interest. But his pupil Schas wished to mak^
another tour, and Gudius preferred accompanying hioiy.as
Schas was a lover of letters, and, though immenscjy^ rich«
resolved to spend his life in studious pursuits. He waft
also very partial to Gudius, whom he dissuaded from ac-
cepting any place; and pressed ta accompany hioi through

6 U D I U & 43a

itee ttbririeft of Gemiftiiy^ asite had aiteady dime through;
those of France and Italy. :

Before they set out for Germany^ Isaac Vossius^ .jealous
at seeifigr in the hands of Gudius so many valuable monu-
ments of literature^ which ihey had collected in their .fifst
tour, is said to buve acted a part^ neither becoming a
scholar nor ah honest man^ On the one.band^ he affected
to hold them light when* he talked with Gudius ; whom
also he did not scruple to treat with an air of contempt^
even in the presence of his friend Gronovius, saying> that
Gudius bad never collated any MS. but always used, a
copjrist for* that' purpose, and that he did not know the
value of them, but was ready toi sell tbem for a trifle to the
first purchaser. On the other handy when he talked to
Sefaas, he represented to him what an estimable treasury
be was in possession of, exhorted him not to be the dupe
of Gudius, but invited him to join his MSS^ with his own;
alleging, that they would enjoy them in common during
their lives, and after their deaths bequeath them to the
public ; which unusual act of generosity would gain them
great honour. But Vossius did not know that Scbas loved
bod(s, and understood MSS. perhaps as well as Gudius : and
Graevius, in. the preface to his edi^onof ^^Florus,'' makes
his acknowledgments to Schas, whom be calls vir exrmius^
for having toUated three MSS. of that author in the king
df France's library. Vossius used other ungenerous and
dishonest means to set Gudius and Schas at variance ; and
hendes causing a quarrel between Schas and his brother,
by insinuating, that Gudius had too great a share in the
possessions as. well as the affections of .Schas, he did v^at
be c'ould.to ruin Gudios's character with the States of IloU
land, akfaough here too be failed.

Gudius and Schas set out for Germany, Jul^ 1664 ; but
their excursion was short, for they returned to the Hagu^
in December. They went over to England, some time
before they, went to Gernaany : but no particulars of thia
journey ilre recorded. Gudius continued at the Hague; till
167)^ refusing to accept any thing, though two professor-
ships were offered him ; and then went to settle in his own
country, yet without disuniting himself from his pupil, with
whom- he had lived long as an intimate friend. Heinsius
tells £zekiel Spanheim in a letter, 4<^gust 1671, that
Gudius was made librarian and counsellor to the duke of
Holstein; and in another to Falcouieri, June 1672. tbaf
VpuXVI. Ff

494 G U D 1 U &

Ve WIS oMurried. In 1674 he wat tent by Ail prifltee* Mr
the court of Denmark ; and, December 167S, was informed.
at tbe Hagiie, that Scfaaa was dead at Holstein, and had.
left bis estate to Gudiiis, widi legacies to Grwios, Grono*
▼inSy HeinsittSy and other learned men v which legacies^
however, were revohed in ^ codieil* Tbe wiU was contested
by the relations of Schas ; but Godius cerried tbe estate
and, as Helnsins relates in a^etter^ 1676, irom that time
is said to hare diseontineed his correspondence with his.
learned friends in Holland^ whidi we eatinot be surprized
at, if it be true, as suspected, that he had some hand in
the will by which Sehas left him h« estate. Grsevins re«
marks that he was not only expert at explaining old mantt«
scripts, but also in making new ones»

In 1678, he was irretrievably disgraced with hb princiv
which created him much affliction, as bis learning had not
freed his mind from avarice and ambition. However, he
was a little comforted afterwards, by being made doun-^
seller to the king of Denmark. He died, somewhat imnuK
surely, in 1689 ; Burman calls his death immature ; and it
is oert^iin he could not be old. Though it was constantly
expected from him, yet he never published any thing^ of
consequence. At Jena, ki 1657, came out a thesis of his,
*^ De Clinieis, sive Grabatahis veteris Ecclesias :*' and ia
166 1, when be was at Pa.ris, be poblisbed *' Hippolyti
Martyris de Antichristo libnim, Gneci,'^ ^ piece never
printed before. His MSS. however, with his own c:olla«
tions, be communicated to Gronovius, Gnevitts, Heinsinsy
and others, who all considered him as excellent in phllo-
M|gy and criticism. ^< Ingenio & doctrina recondita ipf
pnmis faujus sseculi conspieuus Marquardus Godius," are:
tbe words of Graevius, in his preface to <* Florus :" and
Barman, who was far from being lavish of prssse, speaksrof
him in the highest terms, in the preface to ^* Pbsdrus,'^
which he published at Amsterdam in 1698, merely for tbr
sake of Gudius^s notes. To thb edition aT<» added four
new fables, -^ich Godius extracted from a MS. at Dijon*.
Buimm had published in 4to, the year before, at UtreScht^
^ A Colleciion of Epistles of Gudius suid his Friends,'^
whence these memoirs ofbim are taken r and, in 1731,'
came out " Antiques Inscriptiones, cum Grecss turn Lb>-
tinse, dim a Marquardo Gudfo-coUectey iHlper a Joanne
J^oblio digestae, bortatu consilioque Joannts Georgir GrsBvii ;•
jiuoc a Francisco Hes^eiio edits, cum annotatiooibns eo*

fe tj ti i tr S; <J5

fbtbj**' Lfetiwardi«, fdW. , About the begintimg o^the last
tentury^ the duke of Wdfehbutel purchased- Gudius*^
iif^antrscripts, and employed Leibnitz in making tb^ bkr-
gain^ as well as in transporting them to his library. Tliey
consisted of a vast ntirtiber of eairly MSS. of Greek and La-
tin authors^ many of which had never been used.^

GDERARD (Robert), a learned Benedictine, was borri
in 1641, at Kduen. While he wsis as^isthig Delfacr in th^
tevis?al of St. Augtilstirie*s w6rks, he was accused of being
concerned in a book entitled " L'Abbfi Coilimandataire,"
and confined 'at Ambournay in Bugey. He took advantage
of this exile to make a diligent seafch for affcient MSS. and
discovered a great number ; among others, St. Augustine*^
book ifgainst Julian, entitled ** Oprfs imperfectuirt,*' of
which only two copies were at that time known, and sent
in exact copy of it to his brethren dt Paris. Guerard w'as
kfterwafdi^ sent to Fescamp, and then to Rouen, where h^
died, Jan. 2, 1715. He left << Abr6g6 de^la Bible, en
forme de Questions et de R^ponses familieres," 2 vols.
i!^mo. This work is esteemed/ and has goiTe through se-
veral editions.*

GUERGINO, whos^i pfopet name \^atf Johft Frands^
WAftBiERi, an eminent artist, was born at Cento^ a village
Subject to Fefrrara^ in 1 590, Arid learnt the principles of th6
art front his coxfritrynien Cremonihi and Benedetto Gen-
tiari. Tradition classes hrmr with the disciples of the Car-
tacci ; btrt neither Iris age^his habits, nor hi^ style, niak^
it jarobabte that he eVer bdonged to ihit school ; for of
three manners which he sufccessively adopted,- tt is difficult
iasay which differs most frtim its precepts'. . The flrst,>tnd
feast known, is an imitation of Caravagio, abrupt with Vivid
lightSj arid deep shades, without much study in faces or
extremities; flesh of a ydlow cast, artd little atftenity of
colour. From this he passed to the Second,' his best and
' ihost valued marther, gradually inffprpving it by observation,
, and the help of the Venetian, Bolognese, and Roman
schools, by connexion with the best scholars of the Car-
^acci, and the friendship of Caravagio, whoSef Style stil)t
forms its basis in bold contrasts of light and shade, but
sweetly united, and magically relieved; like Cara'vagio, he
obliterates the outline, but leaves him far behind in ele^

1 Niceron, vol. XXVI.— Ch^fepU.— Gudii Bpistoitfi cutftnte HtUvvtainW,
1697, 4to. — Saxii OnomaDt.
« ^•retK— Diet. Hisr. '

. fr9i

436 G U E R C I N O.

gance and dignity of feature. His^ females, iusidfousif
charming, dart a sting from tbeir veiled eyes, though bis
men generally exhibit little more than what the model
could afford ; youthful vulgarity, emaciated age.

Emulation, and the desire to share the applause lavished
on the suavity of Guido's style, once more tempted bhn to
change, and to adopt a gayer and more open manner : h«
now attempted gentility, variety of character and expres-
sion, and sometimes succeeded. But borrowed successes
could not atone for the loss of that poignancy and strength
which mark his second period, and stamp him an original.

The few specimens left of Guercino's first m&nner, are
at Bologna and Cento.; of the second, are, in general, all
he painted at Rome in fresco or in oil, the Aurora in the
Villa Ludovisi, the St. Petronilla now in the Louvre, and
the Dido in the Spada collection, and of that style is the
cupola of the dome in Piacenza; of the third manner,
though it bears many traces of the second, the picture of
the Circumcision, once at Bologna, now in the Louvre, is
the most celebrated. Guercino was invited to Rooie by
Gregory XV. ; and after two years spent there with much
success, returned home : whence he couM not be drawn by
the most powerful allurements from either the kiiigs of
England or France. Nor could Christina, queen of Swe-
den, prevail with him to leave Bologna, though in her pas-
sage through it she made him a visit, and would not be sa-
tisfied till she had taken him by the hand ; 'f that hand,'*
said she, ^' which had painted 106 altar-pieces, 144 pic-
tures for people of the first quality in Europe, and had,
besides, composed ten books of designs." He received
the honour of knigbthpod from the duke of Mantua, He
died a bachelor in 1666, very rich, notwithstandinjg vast
sums of money, which he had expended in building cha-
pels, founding hospitals, and other acts of charity: for, it
is reported, that he was every where as much venerated for
his exemplary piety and charity, as for his knowledge and
skill in his profession.'

GUEKET (Gabriel), an- elegant French writer, ^vas
born in 1641, at JParis, and admitted advocate to the par-
liament in that city, and although he seldom pteailed, was
much consulted as a .chamber counsel, in which rank he
met with great success. He died April 22, 1683^ at Parisi.

* Pi!kiDgton. — Argenrille, vol. 11.

C U E R E T. 437

His principal works are, 1. *' Les sept Sages de la Grece.
2. " Entretiens sur TEloquencei de la Chaire et du Bar-
reaa.'* 3. ** Le Parnassus reforme.*' 4. " La Guerre des
Autears.** S. ** Le Journal du Palais/^ a well-digested
collection of the decrees of parliament, in the compilation
of which he was assisted b)' Claude Blondeau, 1755, 2 vols,
folio. 6. ** La Carte de la Cour." 7. " La Promenade
de St. Cloud, ou Dialogues sur les Auteurs/' a small work,
but elegantly written, and full of wit ; which the abb^
Joly, chanter of the chapel aux Riches at Dijon, having
copied at the abb^ L^Avocat^s house from the original
MS. published without the abbe's knowledge in the "IVW-
moires historiques de Bruys.'^ M. Gueret published an
edition of ** Le.Prfester," " Arrets notable du parlement,**
with learned notes and additions, 1679, folio, &c. All his
works discover an excellent taste, great penetration, and
judicious criticism. Messrs, Gueret, doctors of the house
and society of the Sorbonne, one curate of St. Paul, ^ who
died 1773, the other late granc^vicar of Rhodess, were sons
of this celebrated author, and have supported their father's
reputation with distinction. The latter, named Lewis
Gabriel, was author of a ** Memoire sur Tlmmunitfi du
Clerg^," 1751, 12mo; ** Sur les Refus des Sacremens,''
1752, 12mo ; ** Sur le Droit qu*ont les Cures de com-
mettfe leur Vicaires, et les Confesseurs, dans leur Pa-
rpisses,** 1759, 12mo. He died 1759, aged eighty.^

GUERICKE (Otto or Otho), counsellor to the elector
or Brandenbourg, and burgomaster of Magdebourg, was
born in 1602, and died in 1686 at Hambourg. He was
otie of the greatest philosophers of his time. It was Gue-
ricke that invented the air-pump; the two brass hemi-
spheres, which being applied to each other, and the air
exhausted, sixteen horses were not able to draw them
asunder; the marmouset of glass which descended in -a
tube in rainy weather, and rose again on the return of
Serene weather. This last machine fell into disuse on the
invention of the barometer, especially after Huygens and
Andootons gave theirs to the world. Guericke miide use
of bis marmouset to foretell storms ; from whence he was
looked upon as a sorcerer by the people ; and the thunder
having one day fallen upon his house, and.shivered to pieces
several machines which he had employed in his experi-

) Diot Hilt d« L'ATOcat.«»Morcr!.-^Niceron, ▼ol. XXXVI.

«8 G y E R I C K E.

ments, they asserted that it was a punishment from heaven*
iGuericke was author of several worlds in natural pfaiiosor
phy, the principal of which was bis ^* Experiitienta Magde?
Dorgica/* 1672, ^Ko^ which contains his experiments oii
a vacuum.'

GUETTARD (John STEfHEw), 9 French physician
and botanist, was born at Esit^qipes, September 22, 1715,
and was admitted a doctor of the faculty of medicine of
Fans in 1742. He distinguished himself in the study of
botany and mineralogy, ^ud his reputation procured for.
him admission into the academies of science of Paris,'
Stockholm, Florence, and RocheUe, as well as the situa*.
tioos pf cfcnsor royal, and of keeper of the cabinet of na«'
tural history beloiming to the duke of Orleans. He trar
Hilled much in quest of knowledge, and be pul>U&hed in
the collection of thp academy of sciences, and printed in
(wo quarto volumes, neftrly two hundred memoirs, on dif-*
ferent parts of natural history. He likewise published
iqme ** Obseryations on plants,*' Pf^ris, 1747, 2 vols. 12mo.
He died Jan. 7, 178IS. The 0uettarday in botany, was so
named by Linnaeus in honour of him. Guettard assisted
La Borde in that splendid wor]c entitled '^ Voyage pitto-
resque, qu Description generate et p^rticuliere de la
France," 1781—1796, 12 vols, fdl.'

GUEVARA (Antony de), a Spanish writer, was boni
\vi the province of Alaba, towards the end of the fifteenth
c^ptury, and was brought pp a|; court. After the death
of Isabella, queen of Castile, he turned Franciscan mouk^
but afterwards haying made himself known at courts be*
c^me preacher ;^d historiographer to Charles V. He was
much admired for hfs politeness, eloquence, and great parts^i.
but his preaching and conversation proved very superior to
his writing. His s^yle was found to be extravagantly, figura-*
tive, s^nd full of antitheses, but this was trifling, compared
with his notions of writing history, and the liberty he took to.
falsify whatever he pleased, and to advance as matter of faq||
the inventions of his own brain, and when censured for it^
alleged by way of excuse, that no history, excepting the
lloly Scripture, is certain enough to be credited. Being
ii^ th^ emperor's retinue be had an opportunity of visiting »
great part pf Si^rope, and W9s made bishop of Gnadix, ii^-.

' TluCton^ Dictionary.

C U £ V A R A. 439

Hhe kiDgdom of Granada, and then . bishop of Moadpnedp,
in Calicia. He died in 1 544, or 1548. He was the author
oi several works in Spanish, the most famous of which is
his ^^ Dial of Princes, or Life of Marcus Aurelius Anto^
ninus,'' which has been translated into all the languages of
Europe* Vossius says it ** has nothing in it of Antoninus^
but is all a fiction, and the genuine offspring of Guevara
himself, who scandalously imposes upon the reader, plainly
against the duty of an honest man, but especially of a
bishop. In the mean time he has many things not uouse*
ful nor unpleasant, especially to a prince, . whence it is
entitled * The Dial of Princes'." Those who may be sup-
posed to have spoken of Guevara in the most indulgent
manner, have yet been forced to set him in a most sgan*^
daloiis ligbt. ^^ k deserves our pity rather than our cen-
sure,** says Nicolas Antonio, '^ that a writer of such fam«
should thrnk himself at liberty to forge ancient facts, and
to play with the history of the world, as with ^sop's Fa«
bles or Lucian's Monstrous Stories.*' Among Guevara's
works must be ranked his " Epistles,*' with which some
have been so charmed, that they have not scrupled to call
them Golden Epistles ; but Montaigne says, ** Whoever
gave them this title, bad a very different opinion of them
from what I have, and perhaps , saw more in them than I
do." Bayle had such a contempt for Guevara as an au«
ihor, as to speak with surprize of ^ the eagerness of
foreigners in translating some of his works into several lan-
guages." Mn Hayley, however, remarks, that if we mat
judge of his personal character from his << Letters,*' he ap-
pears to have been an amiable man. In one he reproves
a female relation, with good- nature, for intemperate sor-
row on the death of a little dog ; and in another he draws
the character of a true friend, with great energy of senti'^ *
ment and expression. One of Guevara's sayings, << thai
heaven is filled with those that have done good works, and
J^ell with those that have resolved to do them,*' has been,
under a different form of expression, ascribed to other
writers. *

GUEVARA. SeeVELEZ.

GUGLIELMINI (Domenick), an eminent Italian ma-*
thenaatician, was born at Bologna, September 27, 1655,

The great progress which he had made in mathematics,

•■ , . ^

1 Oen, Dicti^-Antonio BibL Hisp."— Mortri.— Hayl«y'8 Lift of Cowper, pre-
fiiot*

440 G U G L I E L M I N t

was evinced by bis publications at tbe age' of tventy-on^
years, immediately after which he was admitted doctor of
medicine, and was permitted to teach tbe mathematics, al-
though he did not obtain the title of professor until 1694.
In 1606 he was elected a member of the principal learned
societies of Europe; and in 1702 the university of Padua
offered, him the professorship of the theory of medicine, an
office which he filled with great reputation. He died Jiily
12, 1710. His numerous publications were collected and
edited by Morgagni, under tbe title of ^' Opera omnia
Mathematica, Hydraulica, Medica, et.Pbysica. Accessit
vita auctoris a J. B. Morgagni,'' Geneva, 1719, 2 vols;
4to. They principally consist of a Treatise on Hydrosta-
tics, in Latin ; a large work entitled ^^ Delta- Natura de
Fiumi,'' which is esteemed his master-piece ; a disseita*
tion ^' de Sanguinis Natur^ et Constkutione;^* a treatise
on comets, written on the appearance of the comet in 1681,
and two Letters on Hydrostatics, occasioned by a dispute
which he had with M. Papin, respecting his work on that
subject^

GUIBERT, abbot, a French historian, was bom of a
rich and powerful family in a village of the diocese of
Beauvais, in 1053. He took the religious habit at the ab«
bey of St. Germer, and was elected abbot of Nogent-sous-
Coucy, in 1 104. Dom. Luke d'Achery published bi$
works, 1651, fol. which consist of an excellent ^^ Trait6
de la Predication ;'' a history of the first Crusades, en-
titled " Gesta Dei per Francos ;" a singular treatise " oa
the Relics of the Saints," occasioned by tbe monks of St.
Medard, at Soissons, pretending they bad a tooth of our
Lord's in their possession, which Guibert^ though very
credulous, rejected as contrary to the faith of Christ s re-
surrection, which teaches us that he re-assumed bis body
entire. He died in the abbey of Nogent-«sous»Coucy, in
1124. In his history of the Crusades, he is to be consi-
dered as a collector of facts from others, as he does not
pretend to have been an eye-witness of any part which he
relates.*

GUIBERT (James Antony HypolituiS), a French
writer on military af£urs, was born at Montaubao, Nov.
12, 1743. His father, who was a very intelligent officer^

1 Fabroni Vitae Italorum. — Chaufepie. — ^Nicertn, toK L«— Memoirs gt \M
Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris.
* Moreri.— vLe Lods*s BibU Historique de la Franett

C ti iBEWt. 441

took fptevJL pains in forming his soii for the army, in wliicb
design be so perfectly succeeded, that at the school at
which young Guibert was placed, his. name was honour-
ably quoted as an example to others, long after he left it.
At the age of thirteen he followed his father to the field,
and served six campaigns in the German war ; three as a
captain in the regiment d* Auvergne, and the three other
upon the staiF, where he gave frequent proofs of his judg-
ment and spirit; After the peace in 1763, he assiduously
devoted himself to the study of the theory of his profession
till the expedition to Corsica took place, where he obtained
the rank of coloiiel for his services in the action of Ponte
Nuovo, and at the end of the campaign was rewarded with
the cross of St. Louis. In 1770, two years after bis re*
turn to France, he published his celebrated <^ Essai ge-'
neral de Tactique,'' a work which though known and ad-
mired over all Europe, drew upon its author the envy too
often attendant* on merit, which embittered a great part
of bis days. But his pride disdaining to answer his ene-
mies, as much as his mild spirit disliked controversy, he
therefore determined to travel* and leave his work to answer
for itself. So says bis panegyrist, without informing us
that his unsparing censures and conceited style had pro-
voked the hostilities of those enemies.

On his return to Finance, he pursued his literary turn,
ttnd produced ^^ Le Connetable de Bourbon,'* a tragedy,
and afterwards two other tragedies, tbe '^ Gracchi,** and
^' Anna BuUen," of which, his biographer speaks very
highly; but they were not published, the author being
called to assist the celebrated M. de Saint Germain, in his
reform of the French army. He is said to have been the
soul of tbis minister; and much to his honour, he conti-^^
noed his friendship in his patron's disgrace. After the
new organization was completed, Guibert returned to bis
studies, and among others, wrote the famous panegyrics
on marshal Catinat, and the chancellor de THopital. He
afterward assisted at the camp in Normandy; and during
the disputes concerning tbe number of ranks in which
troops should be drawn up, he published the ^* Refutation
complete du systeme de M. Menil-Durand^*'

The French government having determined to send
troops to assist the Americans,, the author was ordered on
that service ; but on the eve of embarking, he received
Counter orders; — a disappointment which he attributed to

Mt G U I B £ R T.

Ibe malice of his enemies^ and wbich pteyed on him veiy
deeply. : As ^soon mbe had recovered fnom this nortificai^.
lion, he began a work. entitled *< Hiatoire de far Miltce
Frangaise,'' which, from die profound manner in which he
treats hia subject, might be called the history of the art of
war, and of the military system of the nations of Europe,
feom the time of the Romans* He had brought it. to the
eleve^ith century, when be was drawn from his retirement
by having obtained for hisTeneraUe &ther tbe appoint^
ment of governor of the Invalids. While he was assisting
in leforming the abuses of that noble institution, he was
admitted a member of the French academy; where his
introductory address is said to have been much admired
for its truly classical spirit.- Two year« afterward, his
health obiirged him to retire to the country : but he was
soon recalled by the death of his father, to comfort his
aged mother. It appears that one of the most estimable
traits in Guibert^s character, was his filial piety.

Guibert was afterwards appointed a member of the

council of war, formed to establish a regular system in the

French army. Here envy and malice again most .vebe*

meiuly pursued him,- and being at last persuaded to write

ifi his own justification, he was first attacked by tbe people

for his arbitrary sentiments, then by the court for bis po*

pular principles, and was again driven into retirement. At

tbe commencement of the late revolution, he wrote se^

veral interesting papers 4 but, awane of the prejudices

existing against him, be assumed the name of G. T. Ray-

fial ; under which he obtained all the fame that was refused

to Guibert. The chief of these works, was- '^ De la force

publique consid6r6e sous tons ses rapports.** In his last ill*

iiess, the injustice done to him still preyed on hismind,

lind he frequently exclaimed " They will one time know

me, and do me justice!'" He died May 6, 1790, of an

almost broken hipart, at tbe early age of forty«-seven. A

most flattering mark of esteem and respect was paid to his

i|>einory, by the regiment of Neustrie, which he had com*

manded ten years; the officers and men unanimously voting

a letter of condolence to his widow, who published his

♦'German Tour," in 1803.'

GUICCIARDINl (Francis), the celebrated historian
of Italy, was descended of an ancient and noble family at

I Xife prdixed to bis Gensai) Tour*

G V I C C I A R B I N I. 4»

Flo»enee, wb^re be was born Marqb 6, 1482. His fiufa^^
jPeter QiiicciardUii, an eminent laiwyer^ bred up .Us soa
ill hi& own pr ofessiQn $ in wbi^h d^gn be sent hiin, in
14^8, to attend tbe lecture^ of M. Jiieobo Modeati, of
jOarmigQanoy who read upon Justioian^s Institutes at Flo-»
rence, but bis son submitti^d to this resolutipn witb aomm
reluctance. He liad an uncle who was archdeacon of tba.
Bietropolitq.n church of Florence, and bishop of Cortona^
^nd the prospect of sucoeeding to these beneficesy which
yielded near 1^00 iiucats a year, had fired tbe aoibition of
ih& nephew. He had hopes of rising from such a founda«<
t|oa through ricber preferments by degrees to the highest^
that of a cardinal ; and the reversion of the uncle's places
might haye been easily obtained. But, though his £sitheir
bad five sons, he coi|14 not think of placing any of them in^
the churcb> wher# he thought tbere was great neglect in.
the discipline. Francis proceeded therefore with.vigouf
}\x the sti^dy of tb^ laW| and took his degrees at Pisa, in
1505 ; but, looking upon the canoo law as of little, im*
portance, he chose to be doctor pf the civil law only. The
same year he was appointed a professor of the institutes z,%
Florence, wi|;h a competent salary, for those times. He
was now no more than twenty-three years of age, yet sooa
estabUshed a reputation superior to all tbe lawyers bis cpn^
teropc^raries, and had more business than apy of them. la
} 506 he married Maria, daughter of Everardo Salviati, by
far the greatest man in Florence; and, in 1507, was chosen
standing cpunseilor to several cities of the republic. Twd
years after be was appointed advocate of the Florentine
chapter, a post of geeat howxur and dignity, which bad
been always filled with tbe tpost learned counsellors in the
city; and, in \^09^ be wafs elected advocate 'of the order
of Calmaldoli.

. He continued thus employed in tbe proper business of
bis profession till 1511 ; but that year the crisis of the
public affairs gave occasipn to call forth his abilities for
more important matters. The Florentines were tbrowi^
Into greet difficulties by the league, which the French and
Spaniards had entered into against tbe pope. Perplexed
about their choice to remain neuter .or engage in the
league, they bad r^^oourse to out advocate,' whom they sent
fkmbassador to Ferdinand, king, of Spain, to treat of this
inatter ; and at the same time charged him with other
^airs of the highest importance to the state. With this

444 G U I C G I A R D I N V

character he left Florence in 1512, and arriving safely at
Bragea, where bis Spanish 'majesty then resided, remained
two years at that court. Hefe be bad an opportunity of
exerting and improving his talents as a statesman. Many
events happened in 'that time,' the consequences whereof
came within his province t<> negociate ; such as the taking
and plutKierin^ Ravenna and Prato by the Spaniards, the
deposing , of Piero Soderini, and the restoration of the
family of Medici. In the^e and several other occurrences,
which happened at that time, he adopted such measures,
and with such address, that the republic found no occasion
to employ any other minister ; and the king testified his
satisfaction by a great quantity of fine* wrought plate, which
he presented to him at his departure. On his arrival at
Florence in 1514, he was received with uncommon marks
of honour; and, in 1515, constitutied advocate of the con*
sistory by Leo X. at Cortona, The pope's favours did not
stop here. Guicciardini^s extraordinary abilities, with a
hearty devotion to the interest of the church, were qaali-
fieatiojis of necessary use in the ecclesiastical state. Leo,
therefore, that he might reap the full advantage of them,
sent for him not long after to Rome, resolving to employ
him Inhere his talents might be of most service. In 1518,
when Modena and Reggio were in great danger of being
lost, he was appointed to the government of those cities,'
and proved himself equal to the charge.

His merit in this government recommended him, in
1521, to that of Parma, whence he drove away the French,
and confirmed the Parmesans in their obedience ; and this
at a time when the holy see was vacant by the death of
Leo, and the people he commanded full of fears, disheart-
ened, and unaroted.. He retained the same post under
Adrian VL to whom he discovered the dangerous designs
of Alberto Pio da Carpi^ and got him removed from the
government of Reggio and Hubiera« Clement VII. on his
exaltation to the pontificate, confirmed him in that govern-
ment. This pope was. of the house of Medici, to which
Guicciardini was particularly attached ; and, in return, we
find him presently raised to the highest dignities in the
ecclesiastical state. Having in 1523 prevented the duke
of Ferrara from seizing Modena, the pope, in acknow-
ledgement thereof, not only made him governor of that
city, 'but constituted him president of Romagna, with un-
limited authority. This was a post of great dignity and

.G U I C C I A R D I N t 445

pQVf^tf yet 93 factioos then raa yery high, the ititttaticin
wii3 both Ubojripus mid dangierous. However^ he not only ^
by his prudence over came all these difficulties; but- found
iQean9> in the midiit of tbem^ to improve the couveniencea
and delight of the inhabitants. Their towns whi^ lay al«
nipst in.rublnshi he einbellished with good- houses and
stately buildii^s ; a haj^tness^ of which they were so sen-*
sible, that it rendered ihe name of Guicciardini dear to
them, and they wece: overjoyed^ wbdn, after a farther pro-^
motion of Fiunci^.tbay ^tnderstwd be was^to bel succeeded
in bis government by<his broker,' This happened June 6y
1426, when the p9p<», by a brief, declared him lieutenam-
general of ail hia troops in the ecclesiasticsir state, with
authority over hia forces in other ipavts also, that were un-
der the command of any captain^generai It has been
obiierved, that he was the chief favourite of pope Clement,
aqd.his present situation is a most illustrious proof of jthat
remftrh. This post oft lieutenant-general of the forces;
added to whath^ held in the eiviL government, were the
highest dignities which his holiness could bestow : but thia
honour was yet more increased by. the command <^f the
confederate army ,1 which was given him soon after; for, in'
1527, he led these jojoit forces to Ravenna, and relieved-
that country f then threatened with entire destruction. The
same year bealso quelled a dangerous insnrreotion irl Flo^'
renoe, when the army of the league was there under the*
command of jthe copstable of Bourbon.

In 1531 the pope made him governor of 'Bologna^ con-'
trary to all former precedents, .that city having never bef&i^
been committed to the hands of a layman. He was in this
post when hia holiness met Charles V. there, in December
1532; and he assisted at the pompous coronation of the'
said emperor, on St, Matthiases day following. This so*
\emnity was graced with the presence of several princes,
who all shewed our governor particular marks of respect,
every one courting his company, for the sake of his in-'
structive conversation. He bad at this time laid* the plan
of his history, and made some progress in it ; which coming'
to the ears of the emperor before he left Bologna, his im-
perial majesty gave orders^ when Guicciardini should at«
tend his levee, to admit him into his dressing->ix>om, where
he conversed with him on the subject of his history. So
pai^ticular a distinction gave umbrage to some persoois of
<^uality 4ind officers of the army, who had waited many'

446 GV iCClAJLtiifit

d»ys for w audience^. Thei empciror^ toiti^ iiffbriMS dt
ttie pique^ tqok Guicciacdiiii by the band, and^ eotciiftg
iRio the driMnftg-^rbom^ iddsatsed tb« cocBpatiy in theM
ienos : <f cieoileaMi, I am told jmi tMak it strange that
Guicciardtni ahonU have admMiidn ♦ to mcf before yoor-^
ielvea; but I desire jon woidd consider^ that in ottc^ boor
I can create a hundred nobles^ .and it like mahhet of ott«t.
cers in the amiy ; but I shall not be able to produce sucii
an hisunnan in twepty yeaivj To what purpose serve thtf
pains you take 'to discharfe yoUrTespectivcl functions ho«
nourably^ either in the camp or cabinet, if an account of
lnour condaot is not to b^e tmnsmitted to posterity for the^
mstruotieu' of your descendtots ? Who a«e they thai; havif
informed mankind of the beroit actioas of your great ati*'
oestOr% but historians ^ It is ueoessafy then So honour
themi. that tbey may be encouraged to convey ' the know-*
ledge ef your iUustrious deeds to fouirity. Thus,, gentle^
meo^ you ought neither to be offended not surprised at my
segard for Guicoiardtui, since you have as much interest
in biS' prqvinoe aS myself.'*

Gtticeiardini did not lentain «foiitintfaUy at Bologaa, but«.
divided his time between that city and Flovenee. In Feb-^
xuary this year^ he sent a letter ef mstroetions to Florence f
and in April received orders from the Pope to reform tbeT
state iherey and to put AieasanKko in' the possession of tb<5
governmeeL Wise and prudent, however, as be was^
discontents and faction at length afose. As long as Cle^
ment sat ia.the papai chair,* the disconsemed murmai^d only
in pfiva^;- but upon that Pope's death, in 1^94, the di^
gust: shewed itself openly' two nobteoMU in particular/
Castelli and: P€y[>elif who tiU then had been fugitives,- en-
tered the city at nomi«»day, with a retinue of several of
» their friends, mti some outlawed persons, r well armed.
The governor, looking upon tbb as dene in contempt of
his person, sieditated how to reveffge the affront OneT
evening two proscribed fokmSf under Pepoli^s protebtiony^
were 4aken up by the officers as they were walking th^
streets^ and dirried to prison r- and Guiceiardtni, withoulf
any farther process, ordered them to be iounediMiely eSLO-
cuted. Pepoti, highly incensed^, assembled a noniber of
his friends^ and was going iii quest of the govetnoif to seek'
his revenge, when the senate sent some theii' flfmolbers tor
desire bim: lo return home, and* nbt to occasion' a tumuk,.
which, for fear of dtsoUiging that body, he comjp^Hed

C U I C C I A 11 D I N !• 44ft

' U mtA tins' good divpotitioii of the seiiaite towards hiio^
ivkh^h prevailed with Gutcciarditit to rematn in the gordrn'>-
ment aft^ the death of Clement. He foresaw that the
people would no longer (mbmit to hit oommandd, and
therefore had resolved to t^uit the government; bat the
•enate^ considering that many disorders might happen^ if
Aey wei-e left without a governor in the time of the vaeaitt
^^^9 ^^SS^ ^^^ ^^ continue, promising that he should
have all the assistance requisite* To this he at last con«
sented ; and, with true magnanimity afid firmness of mind,
despising the danger that threatened him^ remained in the
city, till be understood that a new governor was appointed^
when he resolved td quit the place. Some time after his
ix'rivalin Florence, uponf the death of the duke, he had
influence enough in the senate to procure the election of
Costno^ son of John de Mediei, to succeed in the sove^^
ireignty. But, though he had interested himself so tAMh
4n the flection, yet he socHi quitted the court, and meddled
in public afiairs noiiftrther than by giving his advice oeea^^
sionalty, when required. He was now past fifty, an age
when bttsiuess becomes disgustirig to persons of a reflecting
turn. His chief wish was, that be might live tobg enough^
in a quiet recess, tofinisfe bis history, in- t^is* resolutialtr
he retired to his deligbtftil coiintry^s^at a« Em»)sa, whener
he gave himself up entirely to the work.^ nor^ouldheh^
drawn froni it by ^\\ the intreaties and advanti^eoutr dffi^^
that were mskle him by pope Paul IH. who^ in the midst of
bis retirement, passing from -Nice to Florence, earnestly
solicited our historian, first in person, then by letters, and
at last by the mediation' of cardinal Diicci, to come to
Home. But he was proof Against all'solicitiitionsr and, tn-f
cusing himself in a handsome manner to his holiness^ ad^
hered closely to his great design ; so that, though he en-*
joyed thiis happy tranquillity a few years oirfy, yet in that
time he brought his history to a conclusion ; and bad re-^
vised the whole, ercept the four last books *, when he was^
seized with a fever. May 27, 1540, of which he died.
• As to the productions of his pen, his history claims the*
first place. It would be tedious to produce all the Enco-
miums bestowed upon it by persons of the firdt character :
Bolingbrohe calls him *^ The admirable historian ;^^ and
says,^ he •* should not scruple to prefer him to Thucydides'

, )l^. Tfeis if the reaao^n why we see no mote Ulan 16 books io all Uie first editions
«t hifl history, published by hif nephtw.

>46 G U I C C I A RD I N t

in every respect/* In bim are fowid Al tjie timiMacltonf
of that sera, in which the' study of histol^ Oiig^ to begiii ;
«8 he wrote in that point of time whenrthose-eTents and re-
irohitions began, that have produced so vast a change in
the mlinnersy cvstenas, and intc^rests, of- particular na-^
tions ; and in the policy, ecclesiastical and civil, of those
parts* of the world. And, as Guiqciardioi liv^d in those
4ays, and was employed both in the field aqd cs^net,! be
liad-all (Opportunities of furnishing . himself with materials
for his history : in particular, he relates, at length the vari-
ous causes^' which brought about the great change in reli-
gion by the preformation; shews by what accidents, the
f reach kings were enabled to become masters at home,
and to extend themselves* abroad; discovers the origin of
the splendor of Spain in the fifteenth century, by the-mar^
riage of Felrdinand and Isabella; the total expultiian of
Ihe Moors, andf^the discovery of the WesMndies. Lastly,
In respedt to the empire, he gives an account of that
change which produced the rivalship between the two great
powers of France and Austria ; . whence arose the notion of
a balanoe of power, the preservation whereof has been the
principal caite of all the wise councils of Europe^ and is so
to this day. Of this history sir William Jones says, '< It is
the most authenjtic I believe (may I add^ I fear} that eve»
was composed. : I believe it, because the historian was an
jictor in his terrible drama, and personally knew the prin-^
cipal performers in it ; and I fear it» because it exhibits
the woeful picture pf society in tbf fifteenth and sixteenth
ioenturies."

Guicciardirii has, however, some defeats. He is ac-
cused of being tedibus and particiilar, and that 'he now and
then indulges reflections, and retards th^ events which^ in
history, should be ever hastening towards the catastrophe.
Yet although fastidious or indolent readers may complain'
of this, there is throughout the whole work,- especially in'
the fir«t five books, a preparation of incidents, that, in-
stead of being prolix, the reader can scarce lay down the
book without an ardent desire of knowing what follows
next ; and the worst that can be said of bis speeches is^
that they are 'fine political baranguesy improperly placed.
Another objection, however, has been thought to have
more weight, if indeed it be not as sir William Jones fears
a correct picture of society at that time, namely, that he
represents all the actions of his' personages as arising fraia

G U I C C I A R D I N I. 4^9

., bad JKDotivesiji SHid $be pi^rsoiu who iigure most 19 fais df ama
are almost all knaves or fools, politic betrayiers^ or bluster-
ing ideots. jQpon the .wbole^ howeyer, Guicciard^i mi^st
be allowed tbe first of tbe bistoriaqs of Italy^ a cpuo^y
wbicb bas produced Macbiavalli and Dayila, Nani ^nd
' Muratori.

.;Of tbis history tbere bave .be^en various editions^ aad it
has been translated in,to various languages, particularly
into English, by tbe chevalier Austin Parke Godded, 40
. vols. 8vo, 175.4, &p. The original was first {mbl^»bed by
Guicftiardini^B nephew Agoolo, at Florence ^ Jl^6I, /olio.
JBut this edition comprehends only the first sj,xte^ boohs,
as we have remarked, and i^ besides defective by the .omis-
sion of several passages of importance. Tbe fo^ur .additiqi^l
jbooks were punished by Seth Viotiti ^t Parma in l&^^
and the passages omitted have been published separal^y
}ji :the work entitled ^^ Tbuanus r^stiuiti^, sive aylloge, &c.
cum ^rajpcisci Guicciardini pai;alipon;i^nis,'' Anist. l^GQ»
. It wii^s ai'teryyards often re-printed .coqip\ete,,b.\^t in ji775,
l^peared an edition at jFriburg^ in 4; vols. 4to, tprafess^edly
. printed frpm the jxianuscript, .reviewed ^id corrept^d by
t^e author^ which is^ or was, in the .library Oif JVlagUabec-
f:iu at f^locence. This, oi course, ^oeta^is ^entitled »to ,tbe
|>referjep<<e.

GMi'Cciaicdioi wrot^ .several .otbor paece^, as ^^ The Sack"*
jLng ^f Rome ;'' " CQnsidei;ation8 op State- Affairs .j^' " Coun-
cils ^nd Admonit^ions,^^ and tbere are^extanjt %e\^ral of his
*^ Lt^^wXases,^' with biSvOj>i^ion, ;preserved in the famous
jlibrary of Sigoio;: Caxlo Tomaso $tro3zi.; and.an.epis^e.ia
yeese, Nwbich has given him ^ place among the .Tuscan
jiofstsy in .<;he .accbuat of them ,by Qr^^cimbeni. Jt; \moe to
»Ue j^trisb^, that we could Ipok into his oorresponjJenQe ; but
.allh.is let^s, .by fatal negl^enc^, have perished ; our curior
.^tyiu;.tbat point oap only be satisfied by some written (to
li)M^ : pact of these ave from .cardinal Pietro Jgembq^ secret
tar^ tO:pppe Leo ;X. ,and ara,to be ;^en in bis .printed let«-
.|^r^,; and qbers .from Bernardo Tasso* Bem^o^a let^r^
^\^^yf9 .(hat his eovre^pondemt po^e^s^d the. agreeable art of
,w,iniung \^ affectiqns rboth of .priv.ate <p6(sons and prince.
^CiuicciftTdji^i was swrvi^d by his. wife (who lived. till ir^'Sd)
jip d thi;ee daughters*. Th(o macri/ed in tp tb^ •family pf Ga jy^r

poui, and the third into that of Ducci. ^

■ ',

•^Tirabosciii. — Roscoe*8 Leo.-^Saxii Onomast.

Vol. XVI, G c

^*50 'O'U i C C' I A R'li I'N^I.

' GUICCIAKDINI (LEtiris), nephew of the 'pi^ecedit^,

* #as born at Florence in 1-521, and was educated tvith" a
" view to genera^ science, in the ptirsifit of 'Which be gave
•the preference to 'mathematics, geography^ and'histoiy.
-• About t550'he todk iip'his residence* iti the LoW Coiintries,

where he continued till his death; Miirch 2^,. t5d9. He
' Wfwiiiithor oF'niany woffcs,. of which thcf princifwd* is *• A
' Description of the Low Countries,^' which is ih great
'esteem for the act utacyiof its relations. His other works
' are ^* Coftinientaries otv the Affairs of Etirope,^ particularly

• ift the Low Countries, frcwn' 152? to 1560." • " Remarkk-
« W^ Words and actions' of Princes," &c. ** Hours of A muse-
- «nfent;** and a collection of the precepts and maxftns <yf faSs
^ ttkistriotis wlation.. He was buried iii the trathedral of
r ^Antwerp,' wh^e an honourable inscription 'is plated to Ms
X tilipmOiy. '

GUIOHENON (Samuel), an ingenious and-judieioiis

'Trench hi^oriah in the seventeenth century, was a natiVe

» if>f*M&C0n, atVd'adVocate at Bourg«en-Brasse. H« disttn-

'guisbed himself by his works, and was loaded with ftvotfirs

* from the diike of Savoy for bis excellent •* Hist* Genealo-
-gique de la Mkisbn Royale de Savoie,^* 106a, 2 itefe,
•fol.' 'Hedied-September-S, 1664', aged* 57,* after having em-
braced the Catholic reKgion ;. and left, besides the woik

-^above-mentioned, " Une Suite Chfbttologique des Eveqoes
"de Belley,*' 4to. *^ Hist, de Brasse et de Bugey,*' I650,

• fol; much esteemed, and .** Hist, de la Principaut^ dfe
Dombes^'* never jjrinted ; also a collection of the molft re-

'inarksfbie'acts and titles of the Province of Brasse and
'Bugey, entitled " BibKotheca ^ebnsiatia,^* 166«, 4t6.*

GULDr<(AliiRXANDEft), an Italian poet, wa^ {>orfl at Pi^
via, in Milan; 1650, imdisent to Parma at sixteen years of
•age. His ni^commbn talents for poetry recooimended him
<«6 pdwerfully at court, that he received great encourage*
•ment fr6m tte duke. He composed some pieces at that
-dme, which, though they^savoured of-^ the bad taste then
prevailing^ yet shewed genius^ and a capacity for better
things. H^ bad afterwards a desire to see Rome, and, in
.IM^,gi>vnhg thither by the permission of the duke of
•Parixkay and ii>6ifrg already known by his poem^, found n6
difficulty .in h^ing kitrodnc^d to persons^of the first disune«

»-'•■*. ......<■

. ' Niceron, vol. XVIL— Foppen Bibl. Belg — Saxii Onoraast.
« Oen. DioU— ^Nvceroft/ Vol. XXXL-^Morerw-^CUincnt Bibf. Ciin>u8ei

••* «>

O U I D L 451

Hbn* Amoiig others, Christina queen of Sweden wished •
to. see him; and was so pleased with a poem, which he'
ct^mpo^ed at her teqiiest, that she had a great desire to re-**
.tain him at her couft. The term allowed him by the duke'
being expired, he returned to Parma; but the queen hav-'
kig signified her desire to that prince's resident at Rome,'
^nd the duke being acquainted with it, Goidi was sent back'
to Itotne in May 1685.

' His abode in this city was highly advantageous to him ;
for, being received into the academy which was held at
the queen of Sweden's, he became acquainted with several
of the learned who were members of it. He began then
fo read the poems of Dante, Petrarch, and Chiabrara;
which reformed the bad taste he had contracted. The
readitig of these and other good authors entirely changed
bis manner of writing ; and the pieces he wrote aft^wards-
were of quite a different style and taste. Though the
queen of Sweden was very kind to him, and obtained a
^ood benefice for him from Innocent XI. yet he did not
^ease to feel the esteem of his master the duke of PartnjEi,
but received from him a pension, which was paid very
punctually; The death of his royal patroness happened in'
1689, but be did not leave Rome ; for the duke ofParma
gave him an apartment in his palace there, and bis loss wai
abundantly recompensed by the liberality of many persons
.of quality. In July 1691, he was made a member of the
academy of Arcatti at Rome, under the name of Erilo
Gleoneo, nine months after its foundation, and was onejof
its chief ^naments. Clement Xl.who knew him well, and
did him kind offices while he was a cardinal, continued bis
favours tohim after he was raised to the pontificate. ; .

In 1709; he took a joui'ney to his own country, to settle
some private affairs. He was there- when- the emperot
made- a new regulation for the state of Milan, which waS
very grievous to it ; and having political talents, was em^
ployed to represent to prince. Eugene of SaVoy the incon^
veniences and burden of &is regulation, prince Eugene
being then governor of the country, and deputed by the
emperor to manage the affair. For this purpose Guidi,
drew up a menK>rial, which was thought so just and atgu*
mentative^ that the new regulation was^iaMXlediately re*
voked. The service he did his country, in this respect,
procured him a mark of diistinction from the conncil' of
Favia; who, in 1710, enrolled l^im ii^ the \ih of nobles

OQ 2

4M. QV IDh

and d^uriclns of the town. He was now solely intent upon
returning to Rome; but made his will first, as if be bad-
foreseen what was shortly to happen to hioi* Upon his ar«
rival there, he applied himself to a versification of six ho-
milies of the Pope, which he caused to be magnificently
printed, and would bav^ presented it to the pontiff, who
was. then at Ca^teUGandolfe., With this view he set out
from Rome in June 1712, and arrived at Frescati, whei:e
he was seized with ain apoplectic fit, of which he died in a
few hours, aged almost sixty-two. His body was carried
hack to Rome, and interred in the church of St. Onuphrius^
near Tasso.

Though nature had been very kind to his inner-man, yet
she had not been so to bis outer; for he was deformed
both before and behind; bis head, which was unreason-;
ably large, did not bear a just proportion to his body»
which was small ; and he was blind of his right eye. In
recompense, however, for these bodily defects, be pos^
sessed very largely the faculties of the mind. He was not
learned, but he had a great deal of wit and judgment. Uia
taste lay for heroic poetry, and be had an aversion to any
thing free or satirical. His taste is original, though we
may sometimes perceive that Dante, Petrarch, and Chia«
Wara, were his models.

Though the writers of his life tell us of some prose piece
before it, yet the first production we. fcnoW of is " Poesio
Liriche,*' Parma, 1681 ; which, with ^' UAroalasunta/' an
Ctperai printed there the same year,, be afterwards made
ho account of, they being written during the depravity of
his Itaste. In 1687 he published at Rome, '^ Accademia
per musica ;*^ written by order of Christina of Sweden, for
all entertainment, which that princess gave to the earl of
Castlcnnain, whom James >1I. of England sent ambassador
to Innocent XI. to notify his accession to the throne, and
to itnptore bis Ixoliness's assistance in reconciling his three,
kingdoms to Popery^ '^ UEndimionediErilo Cleoneo, past
tor' Arcane, con un discorso di Bione Crateq al carditiale
'Albano. In Roma, J 692." The queen of Sweden formed
the plan of this species of pastoral, and furnished the au*
tbor with some isentiments, as well as with some lines, which
are marked with commas to distinguish them from the rest*
The discouh»e annexed, to point cut tire beauties of the
}iiece, was written by John Vincent. Gravina. " Le Rime,'*
fioma, 17Q4. lu' this he declares,, that he rejects idl .hit

G U I D I. ^53

^orkSf which had appeared before these poems^ except
his « L'Endinrione." « Sei Omelie di M. S. Clemente XL
Spiegate in versi/* Roma, 1712, folio, a very magnificent
work, and adorned with cuts, but not properly either a
version or a paraphrase, the author having only taken oc«
casion, from some passages in these homilies, to compose
verses according to his own genius and taste.

In 1726 was published at Verona, in 12m0, ^' Poesie
d'Alessandro Guidi non piu raccolte. Con la sua vita no*
vamente scritta dal signor Canonico Crescimbeni.. £ con
due Ragionamenti di Vincenzo Gravina, non piu divul^ati.'*
This is a collection of his printed poems and MSS. includ-
ii^g the pieces which he had recited before the academy of
the Arcadi upon various subjects.*

GUIDICCIONJ (John), an Italian poet, was born at
Lucca in 1350. Having received an excellent education^
be was introduced to the service of cardinal Alexander Far-
nese, afterwards pope Paul IIL He became very intimate
with Annibal Caro, and with many other men of letters at
Jlome. When hh patron was elevated to the popedom, he
vras made governor of the city, and bishop, of Fossombrone.
In 1535 he was; sent nuncio to the emperor Charles V,
whom he accompanied in his expedition to Tunis, and on
other journej's. He was, about 1539, made president of
Romagna, and afterwards commissary-general of the pon-*
tifical army, and governor of the Marche. So well did he
act his part in all these employments, that he would have
been raised to the dignity of cardinal had he uot been car-
ried off by a. disease in 1541. He was author of an oration
to the republic of Lucca, of many letters, and of a number
of poems which gave him a high reputation. His workd
have been several times printed. T^ best edition is that
of 1749—50, 2 vols. 4to.«

GUIBO (Reni), a very celebrated artist, was born at
Bologna in 1574, and early in life became the pupil of
Penis Calvert, a Fleming; but he afterwards, entered the
school of the Carracci at Bologna, and is by many consi-
dered as their principal pupil, and none but Domenichino
would have been entitled to dispute that praise with himj^
if his astonishing work of the communion of St. Jerome
|iad been equally supported by his other labours. Th(^

1 NiceroQ, vol. XXVlI.^Tiraboich].— Fabroni Yitm ItaloroBU
* Tini))0$phi.^vJMoreru

454- G U ID O.

• Carracci, however,, were too jealous to rejoice in the ex-
traordinary progress of Guido, who threatened to rival at
^leasti if not surpass, their own claims to public applause,
and Ludovico disgracefully attempted to depreciate his
pupil by opposing Guercino to him, while Annibal himself
is said to have censured Aibani for having conducted Guide
thither, alarmed at his aspiring talents, his graceful man-
ner, and ambitious desire to excel.

It is not, however, in their style that he wrought, but he
chose for himself his objeci$ and manner of imitation ; and
his various styles exhibit how anxiously he sought for fame:
at one time imitating Passerotti, at another Carravaggio,
and then, stimulated by a remark of A. Carracci, framing
one for himself; the reverse of Carravaggio's, all gentle-
liess and softness. Skilful in execution, be had no dilH-
culty in imitating whatever he desired: bis. pencil was
.light, and his touch freQ and delicate ; and Iio took great
pains to finish his pictures; not with minute detail, but
with great roundness in the figures, correct arrangement
of the folds of his draperies, which be perfectly under-
stood, and made great use of in filling up his canvas, and,
the most careful management of all the inferior parts. The
beauty he gave to his females, he sought for in the antique,
and the group of Niobe particularly. He has frequently
expressed the pathetic and the tender. One of his heads,
formerly the property of earl Moira, and now in possession
of the venerable president of the royal academy, exhibits
our Saviour with the crown of thorns uppn his head, and
b^ been admirably engraved by Sharp. It is not possible
.for painting to go beypnd it in the perfect attainment of
its object, the expression of pious resignation under acute
sufiering of mind ao^ body, with beauty and truth of cha^
racter. Mr. Fuseli, m bis late edition of Pilkington, ha9
given justly the character of the generality of Guidons
works ; he says, '^ his attitudes seldom elevate themselves
to the fine expression and graceful simplicity of the face :
the grace of Guido is the grace of theatre; the mode, not
the motive, determine^ the action : his Magdalens weep to
be ^een, his Hero throws herself over (.eander, Herodtas
bolds the head of her victim^ bis Lqcretias stab theinselves,
with the studied airs^ and ^o^bitiQus postures, of buskine4
heroines ; it would, howeyer, be unjust not to allow there
are exceptions from this affectation in his works. Helen
departing with Paris, is one which alone might atone for

<r U I D 0> i5C

every other bleii^ish. In her divine face, tjbe fbiUime
purity of the Niobe is mixed with the charms of the Veous;^
the wife, the mother, give indeed way to the lover; but
spread a soft melancholy which tempers her fervour witlii
dignity. This expression is supported by the careless uit^
(Conscious elegance of her attitude, whilst th^t of Paris^
fitately, courteous, insipid, gives him more the air of an
ambassador, attending her as proxy, than that of a lover
carrying her off for himself."

Many of Guidons latter performances are not to be* placed
in competition with thos.e which he painted before he un-
happily fell into distressed circumstances, by an insatiable
appestite to^amii)g, when his necessities compelled him to
work for immediate subsistence, and he contracted a habit
of painting in a more slight and negligent manner, without
any attention to his honour or his fame. In the church of
St. Philip Neri, at Fano, there is a grand altar-piece by
Guido, representing Christ delivering the keys to St. Pe-
ter, The head of our Saviour is exceedingly ^Uie, that of.
S^. John admirable ; and the o.ther aposijes are in a grand,
style, full of elegance, with ^ strong expression ; and it
is well preserved. In the archiepiscopal gallery at Milan,,
is a St. John, wonderfully tender in the coJouring, and the
graces diffused through the design excitcf the admiration of
every beholder. At Bologna, in the Palazzo Tanaro, is a
most beautiful picture of the Virgin, (he infant Jesus, and
St. John; ia which the heads are exquisitely graceful, arid
' the draperies in a grand style. But in the Palazzo Zam-
pieri is preserved one of the most capital paintings of-
Guido : the subject is, the Penitence of St. Peter after die*,
nying Christ, with one of the apostles seeming to comfort
him. The figures are as large as life, and the whble '}s of.
an astonishing beauty; the painter having she\yh, in that
single performance, the art of painting carried to its
highest perfection. The heads are nobly designed, the
colouring clear and precious, and the expression inimitably,
just and natural.

Great weie the honours this painter received from Paul.
y. from all the cardinals and princes of Italy, from Lewis
*XIII. of France, Philip IV. of Spain, and frona the king of
Poland and Sweden, who, besides a noble reward, made
him a compliment, in a letter under his own handj for an
Europa be had sent him. He. was exttemely handsome
and graceful in his person , and so very beautiful in- his"'

45 f d u r I) o.

fcfutt^S days, tbat bis n^a^tdt Lodovico, in painting his
^ngeh, took him always for bis model. Nor was he an
aT)gel only in bis looks, if we may believe what Gioseppino
^Idf the popBj when he asked his opinion of Guidons ^per-
fdrmances in the Capella Qnirinale, ** Our pictures/* said
he, /^are the works of men's hands, but these are made by
liistnds divine." In his behaviour be was modest, gentle,
atfKd vefy obliging ; lived in great splenjdour both at Bo-^
logna and Aome ; and was only unhappy in his immoderate
^dte of gatbirig. Td thi^ io his latter days he abandoned
EiiHself so entirely, that all the money he could get by his
jfencily or borrow upon interest, was too little to supply bis
fos^e^ : and he was at last reduced to so poor and mean a,
<^6ndition, that the consideration of bis present circum-
^^nt^es, together with reflections on his former reputation
j^hd high manner of living, brought a languishing distein^
^r bn him, of which he died in 1642.*
; GUIGNES (Joseph de), an eminent oriental scholar itl
France, was born at Poinioise, Oct. 19, 1721. He studied
the orientd.1 languages under the celebrated Stephen I'our-
ttiotity and was appointed kihg^s interpreter in 1741, and a
Utember of the academy of belles lettres in 1753. Having
jbiiiutely investigated the. Chinese characters, and com^
j^ared them with those of other languages, he fancied be
Had discovered that they were only monograms formed of*
three Egyptian letters, and deduced from this that Chins^
Had been originally peopled by an Egyptian colony. The
same notion bkd been adopted before bis tinie by Huet^
Kirchet, and Moiran ; but other learned men, Desbaute**
rates, Paw^ and the Chinese missionaries, have fully rer
futed it. De Guignes was for thirty-rfive years engaged in
the " Journal des S^avans," which, as well as the Memoirs
of the academy of belles lettres, he enriched with a great
liiimber of learned papers oil the religidn, history, find phi-
losophy, of the JEgyptians and Chinese Indians, &c. ODe
very important service he rendered his country by disco-'
vering the punches and matrices of the oriental types which -
Savary de Breves, ambassador froin lienry IV. at Constant -
tihople, had brought into France, but which were now ia
siich a state that Guignes was the only pei^on who could
put tbem in order, and give instructions for using ihenv

* ArgenVHfe, vol. tL-^l^ilkiiJiton.-«-It^5*s Cfydon*di4.-^lr Jf. Reyaokltf^l
Works 5 stklt^iwf.

G tJ I 6 N g s. \ii

t^rcm tbem he t^as ehableil to 'cA^i fonts bf tne Arabic.
Turkish, Persian, Syriac, Afmenijtn, Hebrew, and Chinese,
acqaisrtions of great consequence to his' inquiries. With
their aid be passed the gresitei" part of his life among hia
books, witbout ambition for m6r6 than a competence suited
to bis Jiterary wants. In his old age, however, the revoiu**
tion deprived fadm even of this; but he still preserved his
cheerful temper and independent 6p;rit. Some help h^
derived from a legacy of 3000 livre^, which Grosley, his
fellow academician, and a distant felaition^ bequeathed to
him. He died at Paris March 22, IBOO, and was said at
that time to be the only person in Europe perfectly ac-
<|nainted with the Chines^ language. His publications
ire, I. " Abrege de la vie d'Etienrte Fourmont,'* Paris^
j747, 4to. 12. ** Histoire generale des Huns, desTurcs,
des Mogols, et des autre's Tartares Occideiitaux,*' 1756, 4
inols. 4to, taken frotd Chinese and 6ricntal manuscripts,
^nd without doubt, his greatest work, and that on which he
bad bestowed infinite labour, but in which there is a want
of tasle, and of style suited to the subjects, with frequent:
I'epetitioDS, which make it a book rather to be consulted
than read. 3. The " Memoire,'' already noticed, in which
be attempts to prove that^he Chinese were a colony frooi
Egypt, 1759, 12mo. 4. <* Chou-King,'» 1770, 4to. Gau^
bil .bad published a translation of this sacred book anion^
the Chinese, which de Guignes now reprinted with notes.
5. L'Aft militaire de Chinois,^''4to. 6. <*'Essai bistorique
sur la typographic orientate et Grecque," 1787, 4to. 7.
*^* Principes de composition typographique,'^ 1790, 4to, for
the use of the compositors who were employed on the ori-
i^ntal types. He wrote also many notices of Arabian ma-
tiuscripts for the catalogue preserved in the royal library.*

Guild (Wiluam), an eminent scotch divine, the sou.
pi an opulent tradesman in Aberdeen, was born in that
CUV ip 15d6,' and received a liber&I education at Marischal
college, then recently foutided*, with a view to the church.
J&efore he took orders, however, he appeared as an author,
by publishing, when only in his twentieth year, a treatise
entitled *^Tlie NeW Sacrifice of Christian Incense," Lon-
don, 1608 ; and the same year, '" The only wisiy to Salva-
tion," printed IlIso at L6ndon. Imtnediately after the pub-
lication of thesCi be appeafs to have taken orders^ and wai^

45| G U I.L IX

called to the pastoral jcharge of the parish of King Ednr&rJ
5n the presbytery of Turjriffaad synod of Aberdeen. ^ Ilere.
be passed some of the happiest years of .bis life, is high
favour with his parisbioners ; and here in 1610 be marriec}
Katherine Rowen, daughter of Mr, Rowen or Rolland of
Di^biair, by whom he bad no issue.^ In 1617, when king
James I. visited Scotland, with a, view to establish episco^
pacy, and brought bishop Andrews of Ely with hin^ to asj
sist in the management of that very delicate and ultimatefy
unsuccessful attempt, Dr. Andrews^ among other eminent
men of the Scotch clergy )vhom be consulted, paid great
regard to Mr. Guild ; and the following year, when Andrews
was promoted to the see. of Winchester, Mr. Guild dedi-
cated tp bim, one. of bis most useful works, entitladi *^ Moses
unveiled,^' pointing out those figures in the Old Testament
whicb ^Uude to the Messiah. Mr. Guild became, much
about the same time, acquain.ted with Dr. Young, a coup*
(rytnan of his own, dean of Winchester, who introduced
him to the king, by whom he was appointed one of the
royal chaplains. Ibis obligation he afterwards acknow-
ledged in the dedication to his " Harmony of the Pro-
phets," a work which be published in t>be beginning of the
reign of Charles I. It was afterwards printed with his
*' Moses unveiled," in an edition now before us, dated
•Edinburgh, 1684,

As bis attention to public affairs did not prevent bim
from applying diligently to bis private studies, Ip.e, con-
tinued, during bis residence at King Edward, to exercise
bis talent for composition, and occasionally sent to the
press some useful tracts. Most of his performances were
of the popular kind, and all of them appear to have been
adapted, as much as possible, to common use ; but bis
literary merit was acknowledged by those who were more
competent judges than the multitude. Men of learning
knew bim to be learned; .the academical bonour of D. D^
was conferred upon him, and he was ranked, while yet 8^
young man, among the ablest divines in the church of
Scotland. In 1625 and 1626 he published the ^^ Ignis Fa-
tuus" against the doctrine of purgatory, and ^*' Popish
glorying in antiquity turned to their shame," both printeii
.at London. His next publication, entitled^ ^A compend
of the Controversies of Religion," was printed at Aberdeen.

In 1631 he was removed to be one of the ministers of
Aberdeen. He had long before this afforded proof of Us

G U I L D. 45^

attachment to his native-city, by giving a house of consi*
derabie value in order to enlarge the gateway to Marischal
college; and now contributed to the restoration of the Grey
Priars ichnrch, which had for softie years been unfit foi
public service. But the greatest of his benefactions was
given to the incorporated trades of Aberdeen, for the use of
whom he built a hal!^ and endowed an hospital, which,
with the assistance of subsequent benefactors, is now in a
flourishimg state, and of great utility. The charter for the
hospital appears to have been obtained in 1633.

When the commotions tbok ptace in consequence- of
king Charles's endeavours to establish episcopacy in Scot-
land^, the .Perth articles, as they were called, were op-
posed by the Scotch covenant, which was subscribed by
the majority of the clergy and people of Scotland, but not
being so rigorously enfotced as to prohibit all exercise of
private judgment, Dr. Guild was permitted to subscribe it
under such limitations as he was pleased to specify, which
implied a loyal adherence to the king, but no condemna-^
lion of the articles of Perth, or of episcopal government
He was afterwards one of the commissioners in. the general
{assembly of Scotland which met in 1 63i8, and abolished
the hierarchy of the church ;~ and after his return from
Glasgow, where this assembly met, oflficiated as formerly
at Aberdeen in the pastoral function, and, with a view to
heal the animosities then prevailing between the episcopal
and presbyterian party, pyblished *^ A;friendly and faithful '
advice to the npbility, gentry, and others," recommending
that moderation which was then impossible, while the two
great bodies who divided the sentiments of the two king<*
doms, persisted in mutual encroachments. Yet notwitb*
standing an obvious leaning to the loyal side in Dr. Guild's
conduct, he was, on a vacancy, elected principal of King^s
college, Aberdeen, in 1640, and preached his last sermon,
as minister of Aberdeen, in June 1641. This was fol-
lowed by a special mark of favour from his majesty, who
bestowed upon Dr. Guild " a free gift of a house and gar-
den, which had formerly been the residence of the bishop
of Aberdeen.'' He did not, however, allow this to increase
bis private fortune, but with his usual liberality, devoted
it to the service of the public, in benefactions to the col-
lege, the town, and the poor of the adjoining parish.

His attachment to the royal cause, however, soon in-
volved him in the sentence passed on all who held suth

i69 G U I L D.

sentiments^ and in 1651 be was depbsed by five comii\is«
sioners of general Monk^s army. From this tioie he ap-
pears to have resided in a private station at Aberdeen, ioi*
proving his charitable foundation, and adding to it exbU
bitions for three scholars of Marischal college. He also,
during this retirement wrote ^^ An Explication of the Song
of Solomon,'* London, 1658, 8vo; "The Sealed Book
opened,'' or an explanation of the Revelation of St. John ;
and ♦* The Novelty of l*opery discovered," Aberdeen,
1656, 16mo.

The life of Dr. Guild, suitably to its benerolent progress^
terminated mth acts of charity. By his l$ist will, vrritten
in 1657, he bequeathed seven thousand marks to be se-
cured on land, and the yearly profit applied to the niain-^
tenance of poor orphans. His library he left to the uni-
versity of St. Andrew's, except one vafuable manuspript,
suppcfsed to be the original of the memorable letter from
the states of Bohemia and Moravia, to the coqncil of Con-^
stance, 1415, relative to John Huss and Jerome of Prague*
7"'his Dr. Guild bequeathed to the university of Edinburgh.
He died in August 1657. His widow so far followed bis.
benevolent example, that by bet ftiunificence are still
maintained, six students of philosophy, foqr scholars a(
the public school, two students of. divinity,, six poor wi«
dows^ and six poor men's children. Before her death she
sent up to Dr. John Owen a manuscript of her husband's^
who had intended to have published it with a dedication to
that celebrated nonconformist, although not personally ^
known to him. Dr. Owen accordingly published it, under
the title ** The Throne of David, or an exposition of the
Second (Book) of Samuel," Oirfbrd, 1659, 4to ; with a
recommendatory preface, which shews how little there wa^
of difference in religious opinionr between Dh Guild and
the party that thought him unworthy to continue his mi-
nisterial labours. *

GUILANDINUS (Melchior), a Prussian botanist, whose
proper name was Wieland, was bom at Koenigsberg, and
after several extensive journeys into Palestine, Egypt^
Africa, and Greece, was carried prisoner into Barbary;
but being redeemed by the celebrated Fallopius, after-
wards succeeded him hi the botanical chair at Padua, and

«

>' liife by Dr. Shirrcfi^, Ad cditidfiy Aberdeen, 179S!» Sro.— Pr^fiRce to hia '
Sxpositioa of SamoeU

GUI LA N, D IN U S. i^X

died in 1587 or 1589* Haller . cliaracterizes bim.ad.%
learned but desultory wnter, an acrimonious critic^ ev^l^
of the excellent Conrad Gesner^ but especially of M^Ui^io-
lus, whom he violently bated. He had little or 4M> merit
as a practical botanist, npr did be scarcely attempt to de*
ficribe or define any plants. He published a learned esaay
on the ^^ iPapyrus/' in quarto, at Venice, in 1 $72^ and
various controversial epistles. His ^^ Synonyma Pianta^
rum," oiae of the earliest works of its kind, appeared loueg
after his death, in 1608, at Francfort, in octavo.^

GUILLEMEAU (James), one of the n^^st celebrated
surgeons of the sixteenth century, was a native of Orleans^
and the P4pil of the faipous Ambrose Parii, and attained
very high professional reput9^tion in the army as well as^ at
home. He received the honourable appointment of sur ^
geon to the sovereigns Charles IX. and Henry IV. by both,
of whom he was highly esteemed. He died at Paris March
13, 169^. His Qrst publicatioQ was a tra,Qsl^tion of Am**
brose Pare's Treatise on Surgery into Latiny printed at
Paris in 1582, folio. His next work was a small treatise,
entitled " Apolpgie pour les Chirurgiens," 1593. The
remainder of his writings is contained in a collection of bis :
^* CEuvres de Chirurgie," printed ajt Paris in 151^8, and in.
1612; and at Rouen in 1649, some of which were pubf^
lished separately. These are, ^^ Tables A natomiqaes," with-
figures from Vesalius ; " Histoire de tous ies Muscles da
corps humaiu,^' & c. ; 1^ Tr^it^ d^ 1^ Generation de I'hom-.
me ;" " Uheureux Accoucheipeat des femmes ;" *^ Trait6» -
)Bur les abus qui se commettent sur les proc6dufes de Plin-n .
puissance des hommes^et des femmes;*' ^^ La Chirorgie
Fran^oise, recueillies des anciens Medecins et Cbirurgieiis,
&c. ;*'/* Traite des plaies requeillies des Le^dns 4e M«
Courtin;^' ,'VOperatipns de Chirurgie recueillies des anoiens.
Medecins etChirurgiens;'* " Trait^ des maladies de TCEll ;"
and lastly, ^^ Traits de la parfaite metbode d'£mbauraer les
corpsy which contains a report of that operatioo, as per-
formed upon the bodies of Charles IX. and Henry liL
and IV.« . .

GUILLET (DE Saint George, Guy), a French his-
torian, was born about 1625, at Thiers in Auvergne, and
became the j$rst historiogrs^pher of the academy of painting

» Niceroo, vol. XUI.— Itforeri.— Haller, Bibl. Bot.— Rees's Cyclopaeau.^
Saxii OooBiast.

* Uoml — R€«»'8 Cydopaidia from Eloy,

4«« G U I L L E T.

V

... . . . • ►

imd Sculpture ^ t6 which offi&e^be was elected in 1682. He
died at Paris, April 6, 1705. He was author of many
workd of considerable reputation, as *< Athene Ancienne et
Nottvelte;** " Lacedemone Ancienne et Nouvelle," both
printed in 1675, i2ii)o, and known to be his own prodoc*
tions, though he pretended to have taken them from the
papers of bis younger brother, who had travelled in that
country. He published also ''A History of the grand vi«
tiers' Caprogli," &c.; «*Tbe Life of Mahomet 11. ;" "The
History of Castrucio Castracaui/' translated from the Ita-
lian of Machiavel ; ** Les Arts de Thomme d'Ep^e, ouDic-
ttonnaire du Gentilhommc," 1670, in' two volumes. His
*^ Ancient and modern Athens^' involved him in a seribds
dispute with Spon, in which he was said to have gained the
victory, as far as style and manneriy writing were con-
cerned. *

6UILLIM (Johk), a heraldic writer, was son of John
Guillim of Westburg in Gloucestershire, but born in Here-
fordshire about 1565. He was sent to a grammar school
at Oxford^ and apparently entered a student of Brazen-
nose college in 1581. Having completed his pursuit of li*
terature in the university, he returned to Miiisterworth in
Gloucestershire; and had been there only a shdrt space,
when he was called to London, and made a member of the so-
ciety of the college of arms, by the name of Portsmouth ; iirid
lience promoted to the honours of rouge-croix pursuivant of
arms in ordinary in 1 6 1 7 ; in which post he continued till his
death, which happened May 7, 1621. His claim to a place
in this work arises from the concern he had in a work en-
titled ** The display of Heraldry," published by him iti'
1610, folio, which has gone through many editions. To
the fifth, which came out in 1679, was added a treatise of
honour, civil and military, by captain John Loggan. The
last was published, with very large additions, in 1724, and
is generally esteemed the best book extant upon the sub-
ject, but the entire merit of it does not belong to Guillim,
but to Barkham (See Barkham), chaplain to archbishop
Bancroft, who gave the manuscript to Guillim, and allowed
him to publish it in his own name. *

GUINEFORTE. See GASPARINO, p. 3f25.

GUINTlERorGUINTHER (John), a French anato-
mist, was born 1487, at Andermacb. He was physician

1 Mor^ri.— S«xii Onotnast.

< Atlu Ox. vol. 1.— Gen. Diet— Noble*! College of Anns.

vto Francis L iand retired lo Strasburg, to avoid the troubles
wbich erose about religion^ and became prDfessor of Greek
tbere^ a» be bad been at Loovain ; and also practised pby-

<»iCy but was afterwards obliged tolresign bis professorship.

' He/lied Oct. 4, 1 574« Guintier translated several treatises
from Galen and- other authors, and published some tracts
in. Latin **On.the Plague," 8vo; and ** On n Pregnant
Women. and Children/* 8vo. He is said to have been
the first who gave the name of pancreas to the glandular
substance which is fixed to the peritonsBum; and made
some other dtscoveries, for which Winslow praises him
highly, but Vesaltus speaks contemptuously of his anato-
mical skijK^ , r, t

^ GUI RAN (Galliard), a Freocb antiquary, and coun-
aeUor of the prestdial court of Nismes, was born in that
city in 1600, of protestant parents, and early acquired a

crepitation for learning and probity. The court frequently
employed him in affairs of importance, in all which be ac-

\quitted himself with ability^ Henry Frederic of Nassau,
prince "of Orange, having appointed him counsellor of the
(parliament of that city, Louis XIV. permitted him to re^
tain with it faia office, in the presidial of Nismes, one of the
most considerable of 'the kind in that kingdom. He died
at Nismes, in 1680. His antiquarian pursuits produced a
.dissertation entitled, !• ^* Explicatio duorum vetustorum
iiiiimismatum Nemausensium ex lere,^' 1655, 4to, twice
^reprinted, and inserted in Sallengre's ** Thesaurus.^^ 2.
1^' Recbercbes bts^riques et cbronologiques, concemant
.rjetablissement et la suite de senechaux de Beaucaire et
-de. Nimes,^' 1660, 4to. He left also in manuscript three
*fol}o volumes of tbe antiquities of Nismes, with drawings,
which were sold by his heirs to baron Hohendorff, and are
said to be now in tbe imperial library at Vienna* Guiran
',bad a fine collection of medab and other autiques, which
were dispersed a ter hi$ death.'

GUISCHARD (Chaeles Gottlieb), called Quintus
Icitius, an able writer on .military tactics, was born at
JVIagdeburg, and studied at tbe universities of Halle, Mar-
purg, and Leyden, wbere he applied to the classics, theo-
logy, and. the oriental languages. He first carried arms
ia^toe service of the United Provinces, and while thus tta*

i4 ■

' Morerk—- Diet. Hist-^loy.— Saxii O'nomast.

* Mmri, Tul. X, App«Ddix.-«-9ibL t^cnp^Qiquc, v«l. Ill,

464 G U I\S C HA R D.

t)ldye€i foioind ]ai9Hi!e ,u>. prepare materliU^ forjiis '^ Meiftok^
Militaijres sur les Orecs el les BcMKiaitis/' ivhich ioduced
him to obt£tiu pertnis^i^ft to visit £ngiaud, wfaete be re-^
mained a year. The work was at length puUisbedy in. two
volumes. quarto/ 1757, received with much ^pprobatioii, and
%vei|l through five editipusi ia France /aod HinHand* In the
«ame year, be entered as ft volunteer in the allied army^
acquin^d tbe.e$teem of Ferdinand of BruoBvrick, and was
recommended to the notice of Frederic II. of Prussia, who
Itept bim^ne^r his persQUi often eoiiveried with him on tbei
art of war, and on account of bis ^fieat knowledge on this
subject, .gave him tbe mune of Quintus kiUus^ Jthe cQfar*
mander of Caesar's tenth legion, when he appointed him
to the command of a re^ment fono^ed out of the refuse of
all nations, duripg the heat of Uie war. . At the genenfil
peace he was oue of the few persons whom his majesty ad'^
mitted ioto his convivial parties at Potsdam^ and to wbem
he gave the freest .access to his library and coins^ which
latter Guiscbard increased so much, that he valued both
at the sum of a hundred thousand dollars. The king, how^,
ever, in bis latter days, treated him with much disrespect
and took CFery opportunity to mortify him in the presence
of others. Guischard died May 18, 1775. Frederic puiw
chased bis library of i&is heirs for the sum of 12,000 dollars*
Besides the work abready mentioned^ he was ottcbor of a
very useful work to jmibt^y or classical students, .entitled
^' Memoires Ciritiques'et.Historiques sur ptlusieursPointe
d'Antiquites Mibtaires,". in 4 vols. (imBw Gibbon, who
read his ^^ Military Memoirs" with gsreat attention, bestows
high enoHniums on hirm, and oonsidevs ium as very superior
to Folard, whom however Guiscbard. a&cted too muoh to
•vadervalue.* . »

GUISE (William), an English dtvine, was^bopnait Ab**
Joad's or Abbey^Joad's cou«it, «iear Gloucest^ in^a6i;Sy
and entered in 1669 a couiAaner of .Oriel<-cK>llege, 0'»-
ibrd, which he changed .'for All -souk, where^be was chosen
iellow a little before be ^toak his first degree .in > arts, Apr3
4, 1674. He commenced M.A. in 1697, and entered int^
orders 4 but marrying in 1680, hei«esig»ed /bis fettowsb^
Mowever, be stiil oontinoed -at Oxford, and took a bouse
in St. Michael's ^parish, vesolviug not to Jeav« tbeomiver^
sity, on account of his studies, which he prosecuted with

1 Diet. Hist.— Rte»>s Cydopaeaia.— tS}bb(m^s*Mem(Hi«, TdL tl; p,5f. '

GUI S E. 46*^

iade&%aHle fiKhistry; and' sood became a great mastet of
tiie oriental learning and languages. He translated into
£nglisb, and illustrated with a commentary. Dr. Bernard's,
work, entitled '^iMisnos pars ordinis primi Zeraim Tituli'
0ept€»tki/' 1690, 4to, and a tract " De Victimis humanis,'*
Svo, and was preparing an edition of Abulfeda's Geogra-
phy, wh^n he Was seized with the small-pox, which car-
riedhim off Sept. 3, 1684, aged only thirty-one. Thomas
Smith gives him the title of *^ Vir longe eruditissimus,*^
and observes, that his death was a prodigious loss to thd
republic of letters; and the editors of the ^* Acta Erudito«*
rum'' style him a '^ person of great learning, and the im-^
mortal ornament of thie university of Oxford." He was
buried at St.' Michaers church in that city, ivhere a mo-^
niunent was erected to his memory by his widow, with a
Latin inscription. He left issue a son John, who, being
bred to the army, raised himself to the highest posts there,
and was well known in the military world, by the title of
General Guise. He died in 1765, and bequeathed his
large coUecticjp of paintings to Chri$t<<hureh Oxford,
wbere he was educated, and where they are now placed iit
die lower library.*

GUITTONE (D'Arezzo), an Italian pott of the thir-
teenth century, was usually called Fra Guittone, as be«
longing to a religious and military order, now extinct, called
the cavalieri gaudenti^ established in 1208, during the bar«
barous crusade carried on against the iVlbigenses. This
abominable massacre, however, was over before Guittone
became a member^ Little else is known of hi^ history,
except .that be founded the monastery of St Mary at Flo*
rence, and. died in the same year, 1293. The Florence
*^ Collection of the ancient Italian poets," 1527, contain his
poetical works, amounting to about thirty sonnets andean-*
zqni, partly on subjects of love, and partly of devotion, or
of both mixed. In most of these is a harmony, taste, and
turn of sentiment, more polished than is to be found among
bis. predecessors, and wlucb Petrarch has evidently studied,
and sometimes imitated* His letters, published by Bottari,
" .Lettere de fra* GuittcHie d'Arezzo con note,'* Rome,
1745, are curious, not perhaps for intrinsic merit^ but as
the first specimens of Italian letterTwriting«' '
«■'••'

1 Atb.Ox.To1. II.— Whiston'8 MS not^s oa the first edit of thif Dictionaiy*
* Tiraboschi.— Guijiwiii Hist** lit. d'ltalie.

Vol. XVI. Hh

46€ GULDENSTAEDT.

GULDENSTAEDT (John Antony), i •efclirated m*
veller, of whose Tarious performances a Hst is given in
<< Coxe's Travels,'' vol. I. p. 162, was* born «4 Riga, iti
1745. On account of his great skill in naturalfaiBtory and
knowledge of foreign languages, he was invited td Petiets*
burg. Inhere be was made professor. He was absent tbred
years on his travels. He first went to Astracaa and Kis^
lar, and afterwards to the eastern extremity of Csucamis.
Here he colleeted vocabularies of the language spoken in
those parts, and discovered some traces of ChristiailitJi
among the people. He next proceeded to Georgia, was
introduced to prince Heraclius, and carefully exan^ined
the adjacent country. He then explored the southern dis^
tHcts, inhabited by the Turcoman Tartars, and penetrating
into the middle chain of Mount Caucasus, visited Mi«i-
grelia, Middle Georgia, and Eastern and the Lower Ime-
retia. It was his intention next to have journeyed to Cfim
I'artary, but he was recalled to Petersburg^ where he di€«l
of a fever in March 1781. His death was much regretrWi
as he was a ohmi possessed of every requi^te for the ao*
complishment of the purposes which he had in view. '

GUNt)LING (Nicholas Jerome), a German lawyer
and historian, was bom February 25, 1671, near Nurem-
berg, and was the son of a clergyman, who died 1689. He
was successively professor of philosophy^ rhetoric, aiid the
law of nature and nations, at Halle ; and frequently con-
sulted on public affairs at Berlin^ where bis talents were so
well known, that he obtained the title of privy^counsellor
for his services on various) occasions. GundUi^ was inde*
fatigable, had an excellent memory, great wit^ vivaci^,^
and eloquence ; but his warmest adfoirears tvisbed that his
numerous writings had contained less aathre, and more mo-
deration and politeness. He died rector of the university
of Halle, December 16, 1729, leaving several vahiable
works on literature, history, la'w, and politics : the princi-
pal are, 1." Historia Pbilosophiss moraKs,'' 8vo» 3. ^f Otia,'*
or a collection of dissertations ou various pfaystoal^ moral,
political, and historical subjects, 3 vols. 8ve. 8. *' De
jure oppignorati Territorii,^' 4to. 4. *^ Status naturalis Hob-
besii in corpore juris civilis defensus et defendeodus,^' 4to.
5. ** De statu Beipublicse Germanicse sub ConnMio I*^' 4lo.
Ludwig has refuted this work in his ** Germania Princeps.^^

» Coxe'f Tral^ft ^i^ugh Polind, &o.

J

G tJ Sr D L 1 JJ ©. 46t

€. ** GiindiittgiiBma,*' in German. 7. ^* Comm^ntaria 64
Henrico A^cupfe," 4to, 8. ** Via rid veritatem,** or tf
^o^raef of philosophy, 5 toIs^ 8to. Gundling bad a great
ilbare in the <^ Obsefrvatkmes Haliensed>^' ^n excetteilt go1«>
lection ift H vol«. 8vo.*

GUNNER (John Eunest), ^a German prelate arid ua^
fifralist, was born at Christiana^ in Norway, in 1718. . He
l^s dthieVited at the public school of Christiana^ and iii
1737 removed to Copenhagen, wliere he pursued his stu-**
die^ with great success. In 1742 he began the study of
th^logy, philosophy, and mathematics in the univer^ty
6f Halte, and in 1754 was invited to be eitraordiftary pro-^
fessor of theology at Copenhagen, preacher at Herlufs-*
koim, and lecturer in theology a^nd the Hebrew language
iri thef public school of that place. Shortly after this, be,
Iras ordained priest jit Copenhagen, and^ in 1758 was apM
^iftted hf bis majesty Frederic V. bishop of Drontheinii
lt6 Wd9 tik6 founder of the royal Norwegian society at
DF^Dthetm, of which be was elected vice-president^ and
iri the Tmnsactions of wbicb, he published several curious
imd usefful prap^rs oti subjects of natural history. He was
a zealous student in botany, and so highly esteemed by
Linriseus, that he gave the name of Gurineta to a plant iii
bis systefm. He Was enrolled among the members of the
academids of Stockboliri, Cop^nhagetif, and other learftedl
^ofcief ies. lie published •• Flora Norvegica,*' in two parts^
Ibl. 1766, &c. containing 1118 species, to each of whicbl
^e added the medical uses. The autboic died in 1773>.'

GUNNING (PfiTER), b*shop of Ely, Was the sort of
Peter Gtmnirig, vicar of Hoo, in Kent, and bom there irt
1613. Re^iad his first education at the king's school id
Canterbury, where he commenced an acquaintance with
Somner the sintiquary, his school-fellow. At fifteen btf
was rtoioved to Glare-hall, in Cambridge, was promoted
to a feAlowsbip in 1633, and became an eminent tutor ill
the college. Soon after he commenced M. A. and bad
takeri orders, he had the cure of Little St. M&ry'^s frorti tb^
itestei^ atrd fellows of Peter-house. He acquired nmdh
fitme as ^ pre&cher, and was licensed as such by the u>m<«
versityiri 1641, when he distinguished himself by his ^eat
for tb^ cbfirch tod king, particularly by protesting pub*

c

■ M^v«ri.«(-B>bl. 6enaan# ^1. XXIIL^^-B^ioerdfi, ft>l. KXI.<*»Saxu ODontoit.
. • Diet. Hist-^Reei's e7cl<q»«di8.

HH 2

♦esv GUN NINO."

litjy iigainst lihefacttoTi^ when most formidable,' and urging
tbe university to publish a. formal protestation. against tte
rebeUious league^ in a sermon at St. Mary^s. About the
same time, paying a visit to bis mother ax Tunbridge, he*
exhorted the people, in two sermons, to make .a charitabkt
contribution for the relief of the king's forces there ; which
copduct rendered him obnoxious to the powers then ii^
being, who imprisoned him for a short time, and, on hi»
refusing to take the-eoven^m.t, deprived him of his fellow**
ship. This obliged him^ to lieave the university, .but not
before he had drawn up ,a treatise against the covenant^
wi^h the a^istance of some of his friends, who took care to
publish it. •

Being thus ejected, be removed to Oxford, where he
was incorporated }VI, A. July 10^ 1644, and kindly received
by Dr. Pink, ws^rd^n of New-college, who appointed him
one of tlie chaplain^ of that house. During his residence
there, be officiated two years at the curacy of Cassington,
under Dr. Jasper Mayne, near Oxfoiid, , and 80^letimes
preached before the court, for which service be was com-
plimented, among many other Cambridge men, with the
degree of B. D. June 23, 1646, the day before the sur-
render of that place to the parliament. Being thus obliged
to quit the university, be became tutor to the lord Hatton
and sir Francis Compton, and then chaplain to sir Robert
Shirley, who was so much pleased with his behaviour m
some disputation^ with a Romish priest, as well as with bis^
great worth and learning in general, that he settled upon,
him an annuity of 100/. Upon the decease of sir Robert,
be held a congregation at the chapel of Exeter-house, in
the Strand, where he duly performed all the parts of bis
office according to the liturgy of the church of England >
yet he met with no other molestation frooi tbe usurper
CromweUy .than that of being now and then sent for and
reproveLd by him. On the return of Charles II. he was re-r
stored to bis fellowship, and created D. D, by. the king*»
mandate, September 5, 1660, having been first presented
tQ a prebend in the church of Canterbury; soon after
which he was instituted to the rectories of Cotesmore in
Hutlaiid, £^nc} of Stoke-Bruern in Northamptonshire. But
tbij^ was not all ; Jfor, before the expiration of the year, he
Was made master of Corpus- Chrlsti college, in Cambridge,
and aUo.lady Mafgaret's professor of divinity, which be
quitted on succeedhig to j^e regius professorship of dtvi-

e U N N I N G. 4«S

nity^ and the headship of ' St. John'g college, upon the re^
Bignation of Dr. Tuckney, who had been obliged June 1 2,
1661^ to give way for Gunning ; he being lookied upon as
the properest person to settle the university on right prin-
ciples ^ain, after the many ccArruptions that had crept into
that body.

' AH the royal mandates, indeed, for his several prefer-
ments, were grounded upon his sufferings and other de-
serts ; for he was reckoned one of the most learned and
best-beloved sons of the church of England ; and as such
was chosen proctor both for the chapter of the church of
Canterbury, and for the clergy of the diocese of Peterbo*
rough, in the convocation held in 1661 ; one of the com-
mittee upon the review of the liturgy, when it was brought
into that state of sufficiency where it has rested ever since ;
and was principally concerned in the conference with .the
dissenters at the Savoy the same year. In 1670, he was
promoted to the bishopric of Chichester, which beheld
with bis regius professorship of divinity till 1674, when he
was translated to Ely ; where, after nearly ten years en-
Jojriog it, he died a bachelor, in his seventy-first year^
July 6, 1684.' His corpse was interred in the cathedral of
Ely, under an elegant monument of white marble, the in-^
scription upon which has b^n often printed.
> He was reckoned one of the most learned prelates of his
time, and was of a very charitable disposition, and a libe-
ral benefactor to all places with which he was connected.
Besides his constant acts of charity and generosity in his
life-time, in relieving the poor, supporting many trcholars
at the ttiuvecsity, and adding to the maintenance of poor
vicars in the sees of Chichester and Ely ; he gave 500/. to-
wards building St. Paulas, London ; 200/. to the rebuilding
Clare-hall, where he had been fellow, and by his willle^
them 300/. towards a new chapel ; to St. John's college,
where he had been master, he bequeathed his library, va-
lued at 500/., and 600/. in money.
^ But these and other acts of munificence were not suffi-
cient to protect his memory from being severely attacked.
The part he took in the Savoy conference, and afterwards
against the noncpnformists, has been censured as unbe^
coming and intemperate. Bishop Burnet says, that at
the conference all. the arts of sophistry were used by him
in as confident a manner as if they had been sound rea-'
soning ; that he was unweariedly active to very Uttle pur-

♦79 9. V N ^ f 1? Qv

po^e, fiud beiiig very fond af tfae p^f^ n»^%h «i4 Wt^
inonies; be was much $et npi^ jecf^c^ling th^ ^Imx^M
]^ngland to Rome. Mr. Masters 8j:^t^s t}^ dis^^t^ ppki^
ii) bis character to be ; v^h^eth^r bjs h^^ wi^' a$ good .9^ bU
lieart; whether he was eq^ly<c}eftr Uithis id^A^ .wd di&y
cernment, as lively in bis imagination and expreasiQi^s ;
whether his jadgQ[ient was as ^olid ;i$ bi^ pa^rt^ yfexe quUk ;
whether there was piore of sqbol^^stic lei^r^^igy AQphti9tcFjr>
pr the art of logic, than of ceal trutiii fiixd .^ti^nglti jn bi»
ITjeasonings and disputations; whether hi^ Si^ Q^ bi» k<¥>!0Kt
ledge were predoipinant, bpt;b in the foratii^giWd i^aAUr
taining ^is opinions and scheme^ Ahmt civill ^ad ^S!^\^^
tical polity ^ aad whether he bad jHjLore regard -in ^^9 ptoi
pf Christian faith, doctrine, and di$c»pliw« toibel(i!ikdi^ifMlft
and authprLt;ies of the ffiftbers, th^^n to plw) ^uipuml
proofs and princip^;: and upon 4ihp»e poAUl» Mf^ iuogjaai?
phers fire divided.

His worj^$ were, << A contei>tipa for trtHttb, tf) iWJO pub<^
},iqk disputsition^ upon jpfs^nt bfipUfiiny bf tweipp bw And
]^r/ ^pnry Dfennej ip the cbuTcb pf S^* ClemeDt-DaQe%
21$ No|sr. 1657," ]L<Hvd. 1*6 {^j 4Jp. « Schism unmad^dj;
p;r ^ Jfite conference jbe^weop faijod and Mr. Jpbo P^r^op^
IP^nister, on the pne pi^rf:, 9Ad tsf^p di^put^nts pf the Eor
mish perstiasion op <;hp .p^i^^ in May 1^57." Tbi» WM
pujblished in 8vp, the ye^r followipg, with a liMrge prefftce,
ty » cj^thpjick at P^rip. *^ A vipw «^d. cprr^ioiioa oif tbd
Cpflomon Prayer,''' ^66?. « Tbe Pa^obai <»i^ I^«t Fa^i
Apostolical and perpetu^Jj*^ {.ond. 1662, 4to* B^^ivifiS
ihese, it ought never to be po^ittc^d that he wrote that <^*
cellent prayer in ppr Liturgy, caliie4 ^^ The geuenal ftupi^
plication," *

GUNT^B (EDHi^ND), 9^ English matbematioiain, was
of Welsh extractipn, frpi?^ a faoiily at Guo^r'jSriowp^ ia
BrecMpcjksbire ; hut hi? father being se1it;led in the ccwin^y
of Hereford, ^i (hi$ ^0 born U> bim there in 15)$;k A«
be was a gentleman poss^e^^d of a haodsotnp fortune, he
thought prppejr to gWi^ him ^ UberaJi educaUoQ, to wybiich^
end he w^ placed by DjT. Busby at Westmitist^r^acfaooli
jfrherf^ be wa^ admitted ft sebolar an the founjclation, and
(looted st^udpn^p.f CbrisA-cburct;^, Oxford, in 1599, Vkw'mg

1 Ath. Oy. vol. H.-oMasters' Hist, of C. C. C. C.-^B^ntham's Hist of Ely.—
WAlkev^s Sufferio^, part II. p. 142.--<:;a1amy.-»Bornet*s Own Tiines.--4al-
ii30K>ii'« Mve^ of tfy^ Bi«bQpt.-<-For fome Mcooot of bit fvniAf, nMKOmtt H«y»
I^IILp.!^. *^

.9 U If T E R. «7i

taken liolh his degre^es in arte at idie regiriai' times^ fle on^
tere^d into orders, and beq^^f a preacher in 1614, aod
proceeded B.D. Nov^pfiber SSj 1615. But gunius and
inclioatipn. leading hiip cbieQy to mathematics^ be applied
early to. that st^4y ; and about 1606» mei;ited the title of
an inventor by the nevir projeption of his sector, which he
then described, together i^ith its use^ in a Latin treatise ;
apd several of the instnunents weire actually made accord**
iog pQ bi« directions. These being greatly approvied, at
being more extensively useful than any that bad appeared
before, on account of the greater number of lines upon
them, and those better contrived^ spread our author's fam«
uni verily ; their vi$es aUp were more largely and clearly
shewn than bad hfi^n done by others ; and though he did
sot print them^ yet many copies b^iog tran^ctibed and dis«
penned abroad, carried ^i^ veputatiou along with them, re^
ieomipend{34 him to .the patronage of' the earl of Bridge^
water, brought him into the aequaintanoe of the celebrated
Mr. OugbtTjed, a^id Mr. Henry Bi^iggs, professor of geoi-
metry at Gresham ; and thus, his fame daily increasing
the more he became l^i^iowiiy N was preferred to the astro-
Aomy-ci^air 9^ Grasbaoi'^cqlle^, on Marcb 6.» 1619.

He jbuad invented a small portable quadrant, for the more
ea$y finding of the hqiir and azimuth, and other solar coor
,clusioiis of more freqiient ui^e, in 1619 ; and in 16^0, he
published hi^ Latin ^> Canon Triangulorum, or Table of
artificial Sines and Tangents to the Radius 10,000,000
parts, to each Minute of the QMadrant.*' This was a great
improveiment to astronomy, by facilitating the practical
part of that sc^nc^ in the re^pl^tion of spherical triangles
M^ithout the ^se of scents or versed sipe^, the same thing
^eing done here (by addition and subtraction only) fiir
performing which the former tables 0^ right sines and taiip
^nts required multiplication and division. This admira^
^le help to the stHdiou^ ii> astronomy was gratefully com^
memorated, and highly commended, by sev^al of tfaje mo&t
eminent mathematicians who were his contemporaries, and
vho at the same time did ju^u^ to his claim to the im^
provementj ib^yond all cpntradiption.

The y.se of astronomy in navigation uoaitoidably draws
the ast^ronoruf^'f tbo^U^ts uppn tb^t i^tpp^tant sub^eot;
and a(^cprc^Qg)y nre find .Glister discowring a new xrar»atiott
1^ the raagn,etic i^eedl^ or the m.anner^s oonapass, in i&2SL
^iihert, m t)^ })^gin(iing of that century, had incontesti*

47« CVKTETL.

\Ay ekMxnheA the first discovery of the pimple tariation ;
bfter which the whole attention of the studious in these
matters was employed in settling the rule observed by na-
ture therein, without the least apprehension or suspicion
of any other; when our author, making an experiment at
Deptford in the above year, found that the direction of
the magnetism there had moved no less than five degrees
within two minutes, in the s^ace of forty-two years. The
&ct, however, was so surprising, and so contrary to the
opinion then universally received of a simple variation only,
which had satisfied and bounded all their curiosity, that
our author dropt the matter apparent^, expecting, through
modesty, an error in his observation to have escaped his
notice in his experiment. But afterwards, what he had
done induced his successor at Gresham, Mr. GelKbrand, to
pursue it ; and, the truth of Gunter's experiment being
confirmed by a second, farther inquiry was made, which
ended in establishing the fact. We have since seen Halley
immortalize his name, by settling the rule of it in the be*
ginning of the last century.

The truth is, Gunter*s inclination was turned wholly the
same way with his genius ; and it cannot be denied tlmt be
reached the temple of fame by treading in that road. To
-excite a spirit of industry in prosecuting mathematical
knowledge, by lessening the difficulties to the learner ; to
throw new light into some things, which before appeared
so dark and abstruse as to discourage people of ordinary
capacities from attempting them ; and by that means to
render things of wonderful utility in the ordinary employ-
ment of life so easy and practicable as to be managed by
the common sort ; is the peculiar praise of our author, who
effected this 'by that admirable contrivance of his famous
rule of proportion, now called the line of numbers, and
the other lines laid down by it, and fitted in his scale,
which, after the inventor, is called ** Gunter*s scale ;'* the
description and use 'of which he published in 1624, 4to,
together with that of his sector and quadrant already men-
, tioned. His fame having reached the ears of his sovereign,
prince Charles gave directions, that he should draw the
lines upon the dials in Whitehall garden, which were de-
stroyed in Charles II.'s time, and give a description and
use of them ; and king James ordered him to print the
book the same year, 1624. There was, it seems, a square
f tone tbeiHs before of the s^me size and foimi having fiv4

G U NT E ». ^TS

dials upon the upper part, one upon each of the four ccfr^
nets, and one in the middle, which was the principal dial,
being a large horizontal concave; besides these, there
were others on the sides, east, west, north, and south ; but
the lines on our author'^ dial, except those which shewed
the hour of the day, were greatly different. And Dr.
Wallis tells us, that one of these was a meridian, in fixing
of which great care was taken, a large magnetic needle
being placed upon it, shewing its variation from that meri-^
dian from time to time. If the needle was placed there
with that intention by our author, it is a proof that his ex**
perrment at D^ptford had made so much impression upon
him, that he thought it worth while to pursue the discovery
of the change in the variation, of which the world would
doubtless* have reaped the fruits, had his life been conti-
nued long enough for it. Unfortunately, however, for
science, he died December 10, 1626, about his forty-fifth
year, and in the prime of life, at Gresham college, and
was buried in St. Peter the Poor, Broad-street, without
any monument or inscription j but his memory will always
be preserved in the mathematical world as an inventor, and
the parent of instrumental arithmetic. The 5th edition of
his works was published by Mr. Leybourn in 1674, 4to.'
- GURTLER (Nicolas), a learned protestant divine, wai
born at Basil, Dec. 8, 1654, where his father was a mer-
chant. Until the fourteenth year of his age, he was in-
structed by private tutors, and profited so much as to be
then fit for the university of Basil, where, after studying
languages, philosophy, mathematics, and history, for three
or four years, he was on July 2, 1672, admitted to the de-
grees of master of arts and doctor in philosophy. He th^
studied divinity, H^nd had for one of his masters Peter We-
renfels, father of the celebrated Samuel Werenfels. In
about two years, he was appointed to lecture on theology
duripg the vacations, and acquitted himself with great cre-
dit. In March 1676, he was admitted a preacher, and the
following year passed six months at Geneva, whence he
went into France, and visited the university of Saumur,
where he heard the lectures of Henry Philiponeau de Haute-
cour^ who was afterwards his colleague in the university
of Franeker. His reputation having by this time extended

• , * «

1 Biog. Brit.— -Htttton*! Dictiraaryi— and Cyclopadia, ta articles Sector,
^le, fcc^-'Ward't Gresbam PrQfessors.^Atli. Ox. rol I.

#f*. G U R TX E E.

t^ QerjxULhy^ h^ was .i»v4tad to Ijteilborn ta be'prD&aser of
pbijlos^phy .^.od rhetoric, aod rjeiictor i<Pif'Uie ctasaes^vof wkieh
4>ffic^ he to^k possession in 1685, witjii a puUie haraogtie^
^^ de i^to phllosQphico in ecciesia Cbristinaa." As dirkiky
wa» still bis favourile study, be coatiuued impitoving bis
kuowl^dge of it ; and having visited JUi^deiberg during the
lbir4 ju^-bilee of that university, he received bis degree of
I>. p. with every mark of di3tinctioD, even from the learned
catholics who beard him maintain a thesis <hi this occasion,
tl^ subject of which was ^^ Christ^ <i kingly office.*' After
he b^ remained about two years at Heilbovn, be was m^
fq^es^ed to accept the theological chair at H»naii^ witb
ivluch be complied. In 16^6 be was a^in removed to Qxer
men .^s professor in ordinary of divinity, modeoratiir of tba
scbooils^ and pferpetual rector magnifies. To this plac»
he dre^ a gre^t iCOiic<mrse of students ; but t]^ fatigues
attending bis occ^jpavtions here otade him willing .to accept
Ih^ less laborious pr^ofessprsbip of diimity atDeven^r iit
1699. I.u 1705 t;be curators of the university of FnmdkiMr
offered him Uieir theological chair, which be at fisst ine*
fused, but accepted it, on a second sAd more jiressiiig in^Y
tation, in )7a7. His coastitution was.nour, bovseyer, so
much vTQXf^ down by repeated attacks of !thefgout» that be
did not enjpy this, office above four years» dying Sepl* 28^
171 1. Gurtler was a man of geuuipe piety, modes^, and
c^ndour, and of extensive kuowledgpe in enrery branch ^
scieDce^ but especially in those connected with bis profasf^
sion. His works, which have generally reoeived the i^«*
probation of catholics as well as protestants, are, 1. A La-*
tinj German* Greek, and French Dictionary, pubUafafed in
^682. 2. '^ Historia Templariorum observa^iouibufi eceie*
siasticis a^cta,'' Amst. 1691, Svoy and 17i<d2^ with additioos.
S. ** InstitutioDCs Tbeologieee," ibid. 4794, 4to. 4, " Vcvces
Typico-propbeticie,'^ Bremen, 1^9^, 4tQy. and Uii^eehl;*
1713^ considerably enlarged. 5» ^' DiaJl^ogi £ucbari«tici,*''
Breiaej^,, 1699, 4to. 6. ^VSy sterna Theo}agi»{>rophQtic9,^*
Ants^- 1702, 4,to, considered as jone of the best works of
the kind. 7. ^^ Qrigines mundi, et*iu qo reg^upcuflSt" &e.
A^at. 1708, 4.to. B. ^< Dissertatioiues :de J0^ iCbrislo in
gl^aoi i^vecto," Fraueker, 1711. 9. ^' Forma aan^um^
Kerbory^m,'" a short abridgment of divinity, whiob iMijU&ed
as a text-book, 1709, 12mo. Gurtler wrote also a ^ His-
toiy of the Churches of France,*' in Gerni9.n.^

> Chaufepi«'8 Diet Hist, el Crit.-*SaxU Oaomast.

4?]JSTAVU$ {Ymh or vaof^ fiKiperly GuiAf^vw Erior
jWPi Vtfig f^ Swi^^r w^ the son pf Eric Vsisjt, and de^
$^l^4e4 frpifa the.|iA€iOTt ki^g^ jof Swf den. H^ ^9§ h^n
in 1490. His great passion was the love of glory, ^4 thii^
^\$m^tM^ J^^(^ 4wgi«rs iacre^is^d r?id^ier tk^\ ^mmpb/ed.
|P^:Uive4 ^i A tiisp^ w^ipn ,t,he greatest part of t;he we^}^;^ of
^9/ien inira^Mi the bands of ^e (Aergy^ w|mq eyi^y nol^?-
imi,a was, m H^ own jterritaries^ ^a soviereigfl, ^od, lastly,
i^t^% Sil^iimo, w*s adjniiup^r^AQir ipf itjljii^ f;0s>lm. la ttup war.
•w^M^ nFis origivaMy prosf^^M^d ^oiwiiXt tb^ 3wedfs wA
i^^tim king rf Dj^qgi^rk, tk'i^ \mi kMivipg gsK (Jq^vm
jiiiHa ki^.p^frnti kfip% h'm * prisonear ipa^y years jiiji f^pi^
^^ark* He lit >i^^l;i ii^94^ Ws ^^icfltpie, »ud tb«9Mgh iaru-
mpr^Me 4ai)gers got i>a^k tK> his na^f pantry, wh^re, for
j^iQBi; P^rifid, J»/9 4i6ed every fj^cirt t^ rouse bis €0i9|itry')>
J9f o 4^ iTQsiftt a«4 rep^l ti;ieir ijov^d^rs sind vicitoripus ene«
H9iei, In ibiiip k^wever, b^ ly^iipt suc^pssful; anid Cbris-
jjl^n, gf JQ^UP^k bfiyiiig got pp^i^^^io^ of S^Qckbo|in> ^ni
4$4p^I» eif^rpi^^d ibe iQru^^jb tyr^noy ^n all ra^vks, and
»if>iW.4fty*lM: l«> rfeatb Mfeiely-ffo^r j^pbleji, jajwng.wboro
WPS'^ :faiiUar of e»stfLvu#, Qtw*avMS at teogtb prevailed
f¥9i t^^ . Qil^P^)(Jm$ )P tlMso^ f}S jtlji^ yoike; aod, f^t th9
Ismi ^ § fiM»d#iaJW# imiy pf fwces, e»tere4 t^ psro-f
^9Mf of il^fipgi;^ Gestvic^a^ 4^n4 «Q«a^ 9tb#r$. After a
f firi^ ^f 4f^piei^P jBL^\0f[kp9$re^i tep^porary $ucc^sse3, and
flA94.^H4e|^ts^ be rACPvere4 Upsal ; forwbiqb di^appoiot*-
PftWt Cblis^iAfi p«t^ tp deatb ^be 9>ptber and sistier of Gusr
^i|9 'm priMeljt9r«AeDt^. ^^yinig ovjercome East Gothland,
IV9J ^Ipck^adpd SjiiOiQkholin, bex^^nvened the States- General,
d#d W9S by libein offered tb^ title of King. This be re^;-
fttSff^y wA Wfts .^^ti^&ed wi^h the regal power, |ind title of
^do^ni^fllUir^ A short time ^fterw^irds, a revolution (ook
pjft^ m DcMWAfk ; Chrisdan wa«i driven froqn his domi*
l^if^fk^ i ^mi Frederic duke of Hptstein, uncle pf Christian,
WB^ U9ikde bJ3.#iipf:eBsor. 7'bere was now nothiug to oppose
£rust|i»V4S| be therefore summoned the States to fueet at
^r^gig^^, filled up the vacaiicies of the senate, and was
pvQfsk^i^d kii^g wjtb the usual forms of election. He also
pKCtvailed pu tbe Stf^tes to render the crown hereditary to
.tbe^ 9Mde bpi^s; ^pd, to make the life of Gust^vus yet
Mpre Yevft^rkfible in bistpry, it w^s in his reign that Lu*
ib^iMisQa \f^ eiitaMiybed £^ the n^tur^l religion pf gwe^
den. The latter part of his life was spent in cultivating
ihe arts of peace, and in decorating his metropolis with

47« G U S T A V U S.

lioble edifices. He died at Stockholm^ of a gradual decay,

on the 9th of September, 1 560, in the seventieth year of bit

age, and was quietly succeeded iq his throne by his eldest

•on Eric* * . .

• GUSTAVUS (Adolphus), king of Sweden, commonly

called the Great, a title which, if great valour united

with great wisdom, great magnanimity with regard to

himself, and great consideration of the wants and infirmi-^

ties of others, have any claim, he seems well to have de-

aerved.* He was born at Stockholm in 1694. His name

Gustavus be inherited from his -grandfather GustavusVasa^

and he was called Adoiphus ftom his grandmother Adolpha.

His education was calculated to form a hero, and seems, in

all respects, to have resembled that bestowed on Henry the

Fourth of- France. He had a great genius, a prodigious

memory, and a docility and desire of learning almost be«

yond example. He ascended the throne of -Sweden in

1611, being then no more than fifteen ; but the choice he

made of ministers and counsellors proved him fiiUy ade<*

quate to govern. His valour in the fidd was tried first

against Denmark, Muscovy, and Poland. ^ He made an

honourable peace with the two firsthand compelled the last

to evacuate Livonia. He then formed an alliance with die

protestants of Germany against the emperor, and what is

commonly called the league. In two years and a half h^

overran all the countries from the Vistula as far as the Da*

nube and the Rhine. Every thing submittjed to bis power,

and all the towns opened to him their gates. In 1631 he

conquered Tilly, the imperial general, before Leipsic; and

a second time at the passage of the Lech. In the fcrflow-

ingyear, he fought the famous battle in the plains of Lut-*

sen, where be unfortunately fell at the immature age of

thirty-eight, Nov. 16, 1632. Besides his other noble qua*

lities he loved and cultivated the sciences. He enriched

the university of Upsal ; he founded a royal academy at'

Abo, and an university at Dorp in Livonia. Before bit

time th^e were no regular troops in Sweden; i>ot he

formed and ejcecuted the project of having 80,000 men

constantly well armed, disciplined, and dloiathed. This

be accomplished without difficulty, on ac<Hnint of the love

and confidence which his subjects without reserve reposed

in their king. Some historians have delighted to draw a

1 Unifenid Hiitory.

GU STAY us. nt

parallel beti^een Gusiatus and the great ScipiOj^Xnd it b
certain that tliey had many traits of character in . commom
Scipio attacked the Carthaginians in their own dominiQOs^
and Gust^vus undertook to curb the pride of Austria by
tarrying the war into the heart of her country. Here in-
deed the advantage is with Gustavus ; for, the Carthagi-
nian power was alr^dy debilitated; but the emperor's had
before never received any check. He died literally, as it
is said of him, with the sword in his hand, the word of
command on his tongue, and victory in, his imagination.
His life has been well written by our countryman Hsgrte ;
and he appears in all respects to have deserved the high
and numerous .encomiums, which writers of, all countries
liave heaped, upon his memory. Some have suspected this
exalted character to have lost his life from the intrigues of
cardinal Richelieu ; others from Lawemburgh, one of hia
general^, whom Ferdinand the emperor is said to have cor-
rupted^ He left an only daughter, .whom he had by the
princess Mary of Brandenburg, and who succeeded her
father at the age of five. .This princess was the celebrated
Christina queen of Sw.eden. ^ . > .

GUTHRIE (Wiluam), an eminent clergyman of the
presbyteriai) .church of Scotland, descended, from the an-
cient,family of Pitforthy in. the shire of Angus, was bora
<^n his father's estate of Pitforthy in 1620, and educated at
the univer&ity of St. Andrew's, under his cousin, professor.
James Guthrie, who was executed at the restoration foi;
his opposition to episcopal government, although he had
with equal zeal opposed the usurpation of CromwelU
Under this tutor our author became a very hard student*
well versed in the classical languages; and after takigg hia
degree of M. A. studied divinity under professor Samuel
Rutherford. He became afterwards private tutor to the
<^ldest sonof the earl'of Loudon, chancellor of Scotland^
and in November 1644 was presei^ted to the church of
Finwick, a newly erected parish, and consisting of inhabi-
tants rude and unacquai^ited with religion. T}\e pains be
l^eatowed uppn them, however, soon produced a favour-
able change in their manners, and his ea^y and affable ad-
dress and example had a remarkable effect upon them«
With this view, as he was fond of fishing, fowling, an^
9ther. ; field . sports, he took, those opportunities to mi;^

1 UoiTCrsal Histor5««MHarte'8 life of Guitafus Adolphus.

47* G U T H K I E.

MiDiygf hit pMpley dttd rj^eomiii^id tMralst M# ^^jr« - ' Hn
iviiB not less^ boppy in cuvbihg the Ititfotolk^e of Ci>6ifiv»^»
antty wiveii in Scctioftii/ by addr«»^ng theM #i«li aif ^^
^QeAiie lM>dl aif 6f aQttaotity wbidl itey 4$0tdd IM»t i^Am
In the mean time hte great fftnt^ aitf a |$rei<$het pilHSuraA
him invitatiotis fmm tbe more e)}gtl»l<» chii#ctfe^ #f It^l^i^Wi
Lin4kbgow^ Stit^vAg^ 0Itog6if^) and EdtfHI^tit-gby fo all Mrlki^lk
he preferir^ bis buttihie sitaatida aft Fin^itok^ dfid M^
itkilf^ afiflong bis ptfri9hi<Mieihr Vf^l'lM^y ^fk\ fafe^ ^raf
cyeeted by Bursty aifctS^istVo^ ^ Glasgow, not^ith^andlbg
the soKditatioiM ^ the etiti of GIen<daMf% t^^^irc^affee))^
af Scotlaifid, Slid (ythey per86M of rank, wh^ ne^e^sc^nt^
Mr. Gmhritt as ait a:&crileiH^ laiaif sind #ett affected M gb«*
ternaie»«. He dM.not lonf s^vive^ ihild seHit^Me, dying
Oct. 1 Oy 1665. JSotine sparious |yaMl6«tifo^s #er^ attr^uted
fa hhn ; hut the only gen^rne #ork extMt ifs hi^ ^ Ghril^
tian's Gfeat tnt^nelsf/^ vrhtehbas long been a standard bodk
in SeoClandy and htfs been translated kite Dutch attd ^
Trteeb^ taidf a» reported^ inifo one of the Eastern tan^ '
fudges, ai Ihe etpenee 6t the Hon. Robert Bg^I^. ^
, GUTHRIE (William), a miscellaneous Writet and ^tJih-
^tler^ whose na^me is now chiefly pne^served by A ge^gra-
fhicA gtatlrmiat, which it is said bd dAi aot Write; #as i
gai^deBV&n descen^d frbm an* aftcieifit family^ being tM
fepr esentitifve of the GuthrSes of ffaokerton, in the conn(^
Of Angus,. Scotland, tie was born at Bricben in that*
Ooanty in 1708, and educated at King's^eolleg^^ Aberde^A,
where he took bis degrees, and followed the profession of
fr schoolmaster. He is said to have removed io London, in
aonseqoeiice of alove-aflhlr, which created sonle^ disturb^
ance in his family ; others Report that hating hM a siiiatt
patrimoi>y, and being an acttie^ent of the uirfortunate bduse
of Stuart^ he could not accept of any office* in the state ;^
ha eame therefore to London, and employed fafts tliieBi^
^nd learning as, #hat be hioisetf calls, << an author by" p¥6«
fession." His talents and learning were no€ of theittf^^rio^
kiac^' when be chose to employ tbam leisil^rely ; biit^ he
wr6te hastily^ and often* in need, and seem^ to hata <^are^
Ut^ for his reputat^n, by lending bis name frequently
where be did not eoatrih^te with bis pen. Among his ^t
employi6fients ^fts that of compifitig the pailiamenttnry' de«
hates &r the Gentlemsfn's Magai^ine,* befente Tk, Jebnsonf

GUTHRIE. 4t3

tfflidlerf6Glt t^ftC business; for this purpose Guthrie sbmetiai^
^fttCended the hoase^ but more frequently bad to depend oh
^vf siigbt Kifommtion. Connecting himself afterward^
#ith tb^ booksellers^ he compiled a variety of works, among
wfeieh tare " A History of the English Peerage,** " His*
lory of the World,*' 12 vols. 8vo, " A History of England,**
^* History of Scotland,'* 10 vols. 8vo, and the welUknowti
^ Greogra{!rikicaI Grammar,** said to hate been really co/m^
piled by Knox the bookseller. Besides these, he translatckl
♦^ QniDtiliaA,** 9 vols. 8vo, " Cicero's Offices,** 8vo, and
"Cicero's Epistles to Atticus,'* 2 vols. 12m^o. Of his ori-^
ginal compositions we have heard only of a beautiful poeiHy
^The Eagle and Robin Red-breast,*' in the collection of
poems called the " Union,** where, however, it is said tdr
he written by Archibald Scott, before 1600 ; "The Friend's,
a sentimetital history,** 1754, 2 vols. 12mo; and '^ Remarks
en English Tragedy,*' a pamphlet. He was engaged, how--
€ver, in' many political papers and pamphlets, to which hii^
teme did not appear; and in 1745-6, received a pensi6tl
df 200^. from government, for the services of his pen, whid^
w^ continued during his life. In 1762 he renewed' the
offer of his services to the minister of the day, and they
jh^ably Were accepted. He had the pen of a ready writer,
afnd his periodical essays wete perhaps his best: Mudk
.#as expected from his ^ Peerage,** in which he was assisted
by Mr. Ralph Bigland, each individual article being siib«-
iiHtted to the inspection of the representative of the noble
fttmily treated of; yet, notwithstanding all this care, the
work abounds with errors, contradictions, and absurdities.
His ^* History of England** merits, greater praise, and had
lit least the honour of irritating Horace Walpole to a gross^
abtise of Guthrie, because he had anticipated some of
Walpole's opinions concerning Richard III. Guthrie wrote
at that time in the Critical Review, and pointed out his
own discoveries. Boswell informs us, that Dr. Johnson
^eemed Guthrie enough to wish that his life should b^
written. This, however, was neglected when the means
of information were attaii^able. He died March 1^, 1770,
and was interred in Marybone burial-ground^ with a monu-
shebt and inscription against the east wali.^

6UTTENBERG, or GUTENBERG (John), called
also G^NSI'LEiacH deSulgeloch, the reputed inventoi* of the

^ Lyions's EuTilt>nff, vol. III.— Nichols's Bowyer.— Bostrtfll'e liife t f Johjasoif
••D'ltraeU's.Cilamiuei of Aatbort, &c.

««0 G U T T E N B £ R G. .,*

art of printingj was born at Mentz, of nqble and weahby
parents, about 1400. in 1427 he caqae to reside at StraA*
burgh as a merchant, but appears to have returned to
Mentz in 1430, and to have been a man of property in
1434.. Between this and the year 1439 he had conceived
and perhaps made some'trials of the art of printing with
metal types. In the archives, of the city of Mentz, Schoep*
flin discovered a document of a process carried on by Gut*
tenberg against one George Dritzeben, from which. we
learn that the former had promised to mal^e the latter ac-
quainted with a secret art that he had recently discovered*
In the same document mention is made of four Jbrms kept
together by two screws, or press-spindles, and of letters
and pages being cut up and destroyed, to prevent any per-
son from discovering the^ art The ablest writers have,
bowever, differed upon the subject of the materials with
which Guttenberg at first printed. Schoepflin supposed
them to have been metal ; Fournier, Meerman, and Fischer,
were of opinion that they were composed of wood. . In the
years 1441-2 Guttenberg lived at Strasburg, as a wealthy,
man, and continued in the same place till 1446, when he re-
turned again to Mentz, and seems to have opened his mind
fully to Fust, a goldsmith of the same place (See Fust), and
prevailed on him to advance large sums of money in order,
to make more complete trials of the art. Between 1450
and 1455, the celebrated Bible of 637 leaves, the first im^.
portant specimen of printing with metal types, was exe-
cuted between Guttenberg and Fust. Exclusively of the
Bible, Guttenberg is supposed to have printed some other
works, but there is no book whatever extant with his name
subscribed. He died about the latter end of 1467. More,
ample information and discussion on the invention of this
noble art, and the claims of Guttenberg, may be found in
Oberlin's ^' Essai sur les annales de la vie de Jean Guten-
berg," 1801; Fischer's " Essai sur les monumens Typo-,
graphiques de Gutenberg," 1 802, 4to ; Danou^s '^ Ana-
lyse des opinions diverses sur Torigine de Plmprimerie,".
1803, 8vo; and the better known works of Schoepflin, Meer-.
ipan, Fournier, Heinecken^ and Lambinet. * .

GUY (Thomas), founder of Guy's hospital, was the soa,
of Thomas Guy, lighterman and coal-dealer in Horseley-
down^ Southwark. He was put apprentice, in 1660^ to a.

) Pibdin^i Tfppgnpbml Aotiquities, to]. I, ., ^ *

"■•i.

».

i'

GUY. 481

bbpkseNer, in the porch of Mercers* chapel, and set up
tmde^ith a stock of about 200/. in the hduse that forms
the angle between Cornhill and «Lon>bard-street. The
English Bibles being at that time very badly printed, Mr*
Guy engaged with others in a scheme for printing them ia
Holland, and importing them ; but, this being put a stop
to, he contracted with the university of Oxford for their
privilege of printing ihem, and carried on a great Bible
trade for many years to considerable advantage. Thus he
began to accumulate money, and his gains rested in his
Iiand»^ for, being a single man and very penurious, bis
expences were very trifling. His custom was to dine on
bis shop-counter, with no other table*cloth than an old
newspaper ; he was also as little nice in regard to his ap-
parel. The bulk of his fortune, however, was acquired
by the less reputable purchase of seamen's tickets during
queen Anne^s wars, and by South-sea stock in the me*
morable year 1720.

' To sliew what great events spring from trivial causes, it
may be observed, that the public are* indebted to a most
trifling incident for the greatest part of his immense for-
tune's being applied to charitable uses. Guy had a maid-
servant, whom he agreed to marry ; and, preparatory to
his nuptials, he had ordered the pavement before his door
to be mended so far as td a particular stone which he
marked. The maid, while her master was out, innocently
looking on the paviours at work, saw a broken place they
bad not repaired, and mentioned it to them ; but they told
her that Mr. Guy had directed them not to go so far.
** Well," says 6he, " do you mend it : tell him I bade
you, and I know he will not be angry.'' It happened,
however, that the poor girl presumed tob much on her
influence over her wary lover, with whom the charge of a
few shillings extraordinary turned the scale entirely against
her ; for, Guy, enraged to find his orders exceeded, re-
nounced the matrimonial scheme, and built hospitals in his
old age.*

In 1707 he built and furnished three wards on the norch
side of the outer court of St. Thomas's hospital in South*
wark, and gave iOOL to it annually for eleven years pre-
ceding the.erection of his own hospital. Some time before
his death be erected the stately iron gate, with the largb
houses on each side, at the expence of about 300o/. He
was seventy-six years of age when he formed the design of
Vol. XVI. 1 1

*« G U Y.

huilding the hospital near St. Thomas's which bears his
name* The charge of erecting this vast pile amounted to
18,793/. besides 219,499/. which be left to endow it: and
he just lived to see it roofed in. He erected an aims^
house, with a library, at Tamworth, in Staffordshire (the
place of his mother's nativity, and which he represented
in parliament), for fourteen poor men and women; and
for their pensions, as well as for the putting out of poor
children apprentices, bequeathed 123/. a year. To Christ's
hospital he gave 400/. a year for ever; and the residue of
bis estate, amounting to about 80,000/. among those who
could prove themselves in any degree related to him.

He died December 17, 1724, in the eighty-first year of
his age, after having dedicated to charitable purposes more
money than any one private man upon record in this king-
dom. '

GUYET (Frakcis), an eminent critic, was born of a
good family at Angers, in 1575. He lost his -father and.
mother when a child ; and the small estate they left him
was wasted by the imprudence of his guardians. He ap»
plied himself, however, intensely to books ; and, with «
view to improve himself by the conversation of learned
men, betook a journey to Paris in 1599. The acquaint-
ance he formed with the sons of Cli^udiuS du Puy proved
Tery advantageous to him ; for, the most learned persona
in Paris frequently visited these brothers, and many of
them met every day in the house of Thuanns, where Mess,
du Puy received company. After the death of that presi-
dent, they held those conferences in the same place ; and
Guyet constantly made one. He went to Rome in 1608,
tod applied himself to the Italian tongue with such success
as to be able to write Italian verses. He was much esteemed
by cardinal du Perron and several great personages. He
returned to Paris by the way of Germany, and was taken
into the house of the duke d'Epernon, to teach the abbot
de Granselve, who was made cardinal de la Valettein 162I*
His noble pupil, who conceived so great an esteem for bin)
as always to entrust him with his most important affairs,
took him to Rome, and procured him a good benefice ; but
Guyet, after his return to Paris, chose to live a private life
rather than in the house of the cardinal, and resided ia
Burgundy college. Here he spent the remainder efr bif
life, employed in his studies ; and wrote a dissertation! ii|

< No«>ihOuck's Risiof Lonclon.-^Nicholt*i Bowycr.

OUT E T; ♦1»

4irhicli be pretended to. shew that the Latin tdngue was
derived from the Greeks and that all the primitive words of
the latter consisted only of one syllable ; but of this. they:
found, after his death, only a vast compilation of Greek
itnd Latin words, without any order or coherence^ and withr
put any preface to explain his project But the reading
of the ancient authors was bis favourite employment, and
the margins of his classics were full of nates, many of which
have been published. Those upon Hesiod were imparted
to Grsifius, who inserted them in his edition of that author,
1667. The most complete collection found among his
papers. was his notes upon Terence; and therefore they
were sent to Boeclerns, and afterwards printed. He took
great. liberties as a critic : fur he rejected as supposititious
all such verses as. seemed to him not to savour of the au-
thor's genius. Thus he struck out many verses of Virgil ^
discarded the first ode in Horace ; and would not admit the
pecret history of Procopius. Notwithstanding the boldnesg
of his criticis.ins, and his free manner of speaking in con*
irersation,. he was afraid of the public ; and dreaded Salman*
sius in particular, who threatened t<o write a book against
bim if he published his thpughts about some passages ia
ancient authors. He was generally, aiccounted a man of
great learning, and is said to have been a sincere and ho**
nest man. He was cut for the stone in 1636 ; excepting
^iiich, his long life was hardly attended with any illness.
He died of a catarrh, after three days illness, in the arms
of James du Puy, and Menage, his countryman, April Id^
1655, aged eighty. His life is written in Latin, with great
judgment, and politeness, by Mr. Portner, a senator oC
Ilatisbon, who took the supposititious name of Antonius
Periander Rhaetus; «nd is prefixed to his notes upon Te*.
rence, printed with those of Boeclerus, at Strasburg, in
16.57, an edition in no great estimation. *
. GUYON (Joanna Mary Bouvieres de la Mothe), a
French lady of fashion, remarkable for simplicity of heart,
and regularity of manners, but of an enthusiastic and un«
settled temper, was descended of a noble family, and born
at Montargis, April 13, 1648.. At the age of seven she was
aent. to the convent of the Ursulines, where one of her
sisters by half-blood took care of her. She bad afforded
proo£i of an enthusiastic species of devotion from her
■•••--. ' . " '

* Geo. Diet.— Moreru — Saxii Onomast*

112

«S4 G U Y O N. '

earliest tnfancy, and bad made 8o great aprDgressin what hef
biographers call *^ the spiritual course** at eight years of age^
as surprized the confessor of tt>e queen toother of England,
widow of Charles I. who presented her to that princess^ by
whom she would have been retained, bad not her parents op-
posed It, and sent hfr back to the Ursulines. She wished
then to take the habit ; but they having promised her to ar
gentleman in the country, obliged her to marry hiok At
twenty-eight years of age she became a widow, beiog lefll
with two infant sons and a daughter, of whom she was con-,
stituted guardian ; and their education, with the manage-
ment of her fortune, became her only employment. She
had put her domestic affairs into such order, as shewed as
uncommon capacity ; when of a sudden she wa» struck with
ah impulse to abandon every worldly eare, avd give herself
up to serious meditation, in which she thought the whole
of religion was comprised.

In this disposition of mind she went first to Paris, where
she became acquainted with M. d*Aranthon, biahop of
Geneva, who persuaded her to go to his diocese, in ordef
to perfect an establishment he had founded at Gex, for the
reception of newly*€onverted catholics. She accordingly
went in 1681, and took her daughter with her. Same tine
afterwards, her parents desired her to resign the guardian-^
ahip of her children to them, and all her fortune, whiok
was 40,000 livres a*year. She readily complied with cbeir
request, reserving only a moderate pension for her owa
subsistence. On this the new commwnity desired their
bishop to request her to bestow this remainder up€m their
house, and become herself the superior ; but she refused to
comply with the proposal, not approving their regulations ;
at which the bishop and his community took such offence^
that he desired her to leave the house.

She then retired to the Ursnlines atTbonon, and from
thence to Turin, Grenoble, and at last tp Veroefl, by the
invitation of that bishop, who had a great veneratioti for
her piety. At length, after an absence of five years, her
ill state of health made her return to Paris, in 168^, to have
the best advice. During her perambulationa abrosd, she
composed the *' Moyen court et tres fatcile de feire Otai*
son ;*' and another piece, entitled **: Le Cantique de C^n«
tiques de Salomon interprete, ^k>n le sef)» mysti^^,^
which were printed at Lyons, with a licence of approba-
tiott I but as her irreproficbable conduct and extraordinary

G U T O N. «8f

Virtues made* many converts to her system, which waa
cftiied Quietism^ she was confined, by an order from the
king, in the convent des Filles de la Visitation, in 1688.
Here she was strictly examined for the space of eight
months, by order of M. Harlai, archbishop of Paris ; but
this served only to establish her innocence and virtue ; and
sBadaroe Miranion, the superior of the convent, represent-^
ing the injustice of her detention to madame Maintenon,
the Matter pleaded her cause so effectually to the king, that
she obtained her discharge, and afterwards conceived a
particular affection and esteem for her.

Not long after her deliverance, she was introduced to
Fenelon, afterwards archbishop of Cambray, who became
her disciple. She had besides acquaintance with the dukes
de Chevreuse and Beauvilliers, and several other distin-
guished persons, who, however, could not protect her from
the ecclesiastics, who made violent outcries on the danger
of the church from her sect. In this exigence, she was
persuaded' to put her writings into the hands of the cele*
brated Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, and submit them to his
jtsdgaient^ who, after reading all her papers, both printed
and MSS. including a life she bad written of herself, had a
conference with her, and was well satisfied with her prin^*
ciples ; but her enemies among the churchmen being not
equally satisfied, an order passed for the re-examination
of her two books already mentioned. Bossuet was at the
bead of this examination, to whom the bishop of Chalons,
afterwards cardinal de Noailles, was joined, at the request
of madame Guyon; and to these two were added, M.Tron*
son, superior of the society of St. Sulpice, and Fenelon.
During the examination, madame Guyon retired to a con*
vent at Meaux, by the desire of Bossuet, who at the end
9f six months drew up thirty articles, sufficient as he
thought to set the soiind maxims of a spiritual and mystic
life in a proper light, to which four more were added by
way of qualification by M. Fenelon, and the whole were'
signed at issy near Paris, by all the examiners, March 10^
1095. Madame Guyon having signed them by the advice
of Bossuet, he prevailed with her likewise to subscribe ji
fubniission, in which, among other things, she said, << I
declare nevertheless, without any prejudice to the present
•ubmission, that I never had any design to advance any
thing that is contrary to the mind of the catholic apostolic

iUmtaa cbuDcby to whkh I have aiwap beeU| and shaUi

♦8<! G U Y O N.

always continue, by the help of God, to be subrtrissite
eveo to the last breath of my life ; which I do not say by
way of excuse, but from a sense of my obligation to declare
my sentidients in simplicity. I never held any of those
errors which arc mentioned in the pastorial letter of M. de
Meaux ; having always intended to write in a true cathoHc
vense, and not then apprehending that any other sense
could be put upon my words.** To this the bishop sub*
joined an attestation, dated July 16, 1695, signifying that
J* madam Guyon having lived in the house, by the order
and permission of their bishop, for the space of six months,
bad never given the least trouble or pain, but greatedifica-
tion ; that in her whole conduct, and all her words, there
appeared strict regularity, simplicity, sincerity^ humility^
mortification, sweetness, and Christian patience, joined to
a true devotion and esteem for all matters of faith, espe«
cially for the mystery of the incarnation, and the holy in-
fancy of our Lord Jesus Christ ; and that, if the said lady
would choose to pass the rest of her life in their bouse, the
community would esteem it a favour and happiness, &c.''
In consequence of these submissions, atid of this testimony,
Bossuet declared himself satisfied with her conduct, and
continued her in the participation of the holy sacrament, id
which he found her; and added that be had not discovered
her to be any wise involved in the abominations, as h6 vras
pleased to term them, of Molina (see Molina), or othefs
elsewhere condemned ; and that he never intended to com-r
prebend her in what he had said of those abominations in
his ordonnance of April 15th preceding.

Thus acquitted she returned to PariSj not thinking of
any further prosecYition ; but all these attestations and suBt
missions were not sufficient to allay the storm, and she
soon found herself involved in the prosecution or mther
persecution of the archbishop of Cambray. This amiable
prelate, when Bossuet desired his approbation of tbebodk
he had composed, in answer to madame Gnyon*s senti<*
inents^ not only refused it, but openly declared that this
pious woman had been treated with great partiality and
injustice, and that the censures of her adversary were nd*
merited and groundless. Fenelon also, in thie same y^ar^
published a bc>ok, in which he adopted several of the tenets
of madame Guyon, and especially that favourite doctrine
qf the myotics, which teaches that the love of the Sup^^eme
^fiing mdst be pur^ aud disihterested|-that isj exempt froiq

G U Y 6 N. 4St

•il views of interest and all hope' of reward. Wbat followed
fvitb respect to the archbishop may be seen in another
place (art. Fenelon) ; but madame Guyen was imprisoned
before, the expiration of (695, in the castle of Vincennes,
whence she was removed to a convent, and afterwards sent
to the Bastille, where she underwent many rigorous exa*
mioations, and continued in prison as a criminal till the
meeting of the general assembly of the clergy of France
in 1700, when nothing being proved against her, she was
released. After this she went first to the castle belonging
to her children, whence she was permitted to retire to Blois,
the next town to that castle.

; From this time till her death, which was twelve years,
«he remained in perfect oblivion, and her uniform and re*
tired life is an evident proof, that the noise she had made'
in the world, proceeded not from any ambition she bad o^
inakiug a figure in it : her whole time being employed in
'the contemplation of God. The numerous verses which'
proceeded ft'om the abundance of her heart, were formed
into a collection, which was printed after her death, in
five volumes, under the title of ^' Cantiques Spirituels, oa
d^Emblemes sur P Amour Divin." Her other »writings con-
sist of twenty volumes of the Old and New Testament, with
V, Reflections et Explications concernant la Vie interieure ;**'
f^ Discours Chretiennes,*' in two volumes; /^Letters to^
^veral Persons," in four ; " Her Life," written by herself,
in three ; a volume of ^ Visitations," drawn from the most
venerable authors, which she made use of before her exa-
miners, and two of ^VOpuscles."

.. She died. June 2, 171.7, having survived the archbishop'
of Cambray almost two years and a half, who had a singu-
lar veneration for her %o the day of his death. Her poems
were trafislated and somewhat modernized by Cowper, a
little before bis death, but have not been added to any
edition of bis works, except that in quarto.^

, GUYON {Mari£' Claude), a French historian, was born
in 1701 at Lous-le-Saunier in Franche*comt6, and entered
the congregation of the oratory, which be afterwarJs
^quitted, and came to Paris, and passed his days in literary
labours. He died here in 177 1. His principal works are/
1., A continuation of ^^Echard's Roman History," from
Constantino to the taking of Constantinople by Mftbomet IL

} ||orerl«-»Dictf BiBt,^]ilotheiBi*8 2ccl. Uikt»'«-Mad, Maiate^on*! il^ttttn^

«S G U Y O N.

10 vols. 12010, which Voluire has ihougbt proper to undcif^
value ; but others say {that in point of style and accuracy^
it m^y rank among the best productions of the kitid from
the French pre«s. 2. ^' Histoire des empires et des repub«
liques," 1733, &c. 12 vols. 13mo, of which it is said, that^
if compared with Roilin's, it is less agreeable and elegant!
but it proves that Guyon drew bis materials from the ori«
ginal sources of the ancients ; whilst, on the contrary, Rol«
lin has often copied the moderns. 3. *^ Histoire des Ama<*
zones ancienneset modemes,^' Paris, 1740, 2 vols. 12mo, a
curious, and in many respects an original work. 4. *' His*
toire des Indes," 3 vols. 12mo, inferior in every respect,
5. ^* Oracle des nouveaux philusophes,** not so remarkable
for style, as for an able confutation pf the new philosophy
of his time, and the uneasiness it gave Voltaire. 6. ^' Bib-*
^iotheque ecclesiastique," 1772, 8 vols. 12mo, &c.^

GUYS (Peter AiiiQUSTiNE), an agreeable French writer^
was born at Marseilles in 1720, and became a merchant of
distinguished probity. Having often had occasion ta visit
Constantinople, Smyrna, &c. in the course of business, b«
ponceived the idea of comparing the ancient and modern
Greeks, and endeavopring to trace among the latter what
was yet to be found of the grandeur, spirit, and institutions
pf their ancestors, for this purpose be made frequent ex-'
p^rsioQs from Constantinople, where he lived under the
immediate protection of the king of France, into Greece,
with Homer in his hand ; and how extensive and minute
)iis observations were, appeared in bis ^'Voyage Littenaive
de la Grece,^' op which his fame chifsfly rests, and which
was first published in 1771, 2 vols. l2mo; in 1783, 4 volst
8vo. He was taking another voyage in order to correct
and enlarge a new edition of this work, when be died at
2ante in 1799. This work procured him a very considerr
able name in the literary world ; but in whatever repita-"
tion ft was he|d in Europe, he aiforded such satisfaption to
the subjects of his inquiry, that the modern Greeks, t:o ^Sr
tify to him their gratitude for his having so well defended
them from their detractors, unanii|iousiy offered him the
diplpma of citi:i;@n of Athens ; reviving, in his favour, ai|
ancifent ceremony fallen into desuetude for a great many
centuries. Same years before, he had received aainibur
poeipUment from s^ northern power. Tbi# ^ue pbHoaopberi

\ Diet. Hiik.

GUYS. 4Sf^

wiibotU coining to serve his couDtry, knew how to extend
l^k beneficent views beyond the limits of his country. The
*^ Voyage Litteraire de la Grece/' however, is the chief
work pf C. Guys« His other pieces are, a ^^ Relation Abre*
g^e de ses Voyages en Ualie et dans le Nord ;^' and a trans-*
Ution in ver&e ot the elegies of Tibullus, an essay upon the
antiquities of Marseilles bis native place, and the eioge of
Duguay-Trouin. A translation of his Journey was published
ill English iu 1772, 3 vols. l2mo, with the improper title
of a ** Sentimental Journey."'

GUY^E (Jook), an eminent dissenting divine, of -the
independent persuasion, was a naiive of Hertford, where
be was born in 1680, and having shewn a pious disposition
jEirom his youth, was admitted a member of the dissenting
cK)ngregation of that place. He afterwards pursued his
studies, with a view to the ministry, under Mr. Payne of
Saffron Walden, and being admitted to preach at the age
of twenty, became assistant to the rev. Mr. Hawurth of
Hertford, whom he afterwards succeeded in that congre-
gation. Here he continued some years, and was very sue*
ees^ful in apposing the Arian doctrines which had crept in
among bis flock ; and to strengthen his e^orts he published
in 1719, a small volume on the divinity of Christ, and in
1721, another on the divinity of the Holy Ghost. In 1727
be was invited to London, and became minister toacon**
gregatioQ in New Broad-street. In 1732 he received the
degree of D. D. from one of the universities of Scotland.
Besides his regular duty at New Broad-street, he was for
many years a preacher of the Tuesday's lecture at Pinners*
Hall, and of that at St. Helen's on a Friday. In his avowal
pf his religious principles (those called Calvinistic) he was
open, steady, and consistent, and his character and conduct
were, iu every point of view, uniform, and amiable, The
goodness, of bit natural disposition, heightened by a spirit
A>f real religion, exerted him to an activity which rendered
his life very important. He was a kind and useful friend
19 the youag, and extremely liberal to the poor, always
dsvoting a tenth part of bis annual income to charitable
uses. After enjoying a considerable share of health for
paiiy years, he became hime and blind, but' was enabled
te continue his public services almost to the time of his
4e^th| which took place Nov. 22^ 1761. He published a

) piet. Dist.

49« G W I N N E.

Coders and directions in writing for garblitig and
gdisbing that commodity befope it was exposed to saie*
Dr. Gwinne died, at bis house> in Old Fish-street^ in .1627«
** He was/' says Dr. Ward, ^^ a man of quick parts, a
lively fancy and poetic genius, bad read much, waswett
Tersed in all sorts of polite literature, accurately skitted in
the modern languages^ and much valued for bis knowledge
and success in tbe practice of physic. But his Latin style
was formed upon a wrong taste, which led himfnxn the
natural and beautiful simplicity of the ancients^ into^poiDtr
of wit, affected jingle, and scraps of sentences detached
from old authors ; a custom which at that time began to
prevail both here and abroad. And, he seems to have
contracted this humour gradually, as it grew more in vogue;
for his * Oratio in laudem musicae,' is not so deeply
tinged with it, as his * Orationes duas,' spoken many years
afterwards in Gresbam college.^'

He published the following works : 1. ^^ Epicediam ia
Obitum illustr. Herois, Henrici Comitis Derbiensis,** Oxon.
1 593. 2. " Nero, Tragoedia nova,** Lond. 1 603. 3. " Ora-i
tionesduse, Londini habitsB in ^dibus Greshamiis,'* 1605.

4. *^ Vertumnus, sive Annus recurrens,^* L607. 5* ^* Au^
mm non Aurum,** &c. 1611, 4to, against Dr. Francis An-*
tbony*s ^' Aurum potabile,** a quack medicine. 6. *' Venes
in English, French, and Italian." 7. ** A Book of Travels.^

5. << Letters concerning Chemical and Magical Seereta;*^ ^ -
GYLLENBORG (Charles Count), a Swedish states*

map and a man of learning, was descended of an ancient
and. respectable family, one of the members of which was
created a count in the reign of Charles XII. Tbe display
of count GyltenbQrg*s political fame was first made at JLon*
don, where he resided for several years in quality of am*
bassador from the court of Stbckholm, and wherehia con^
duct brought upon him s^ very singular misfortunes la
1716, Charles XII. irritated against George I. for his pur*
ehasing of the king of Denmark the duchies of Bremen and
Verdeo (conquered fropa the Swedish monarch) formed a
project of invading Scotland from Gothenburg, with 16,000
Bi^n, and placing the Pretender cm the throne of Gvemt
JPritain. After the very recent defeat of a plan of this
kind, this new one may appear somewhat vomantic. J$
was conducted, however, in concert with ^e English maW

I AUk Oi* vol. Z.~Wanl*ft I4TIS of ^f (|re4iaii^ fn^morth _ i

O Y L L E N B aR a j«9S

^ ^titeatft and refiageec, by count Gyllenborg at London^

b^ron GoeriZi the Swedish envoy, at tbe Hague^ and baroa
SjMirre, at Paris. But the English ministry being apprized
of it^ intercepted^ copied, and then forwarded their cor«
respoadence; and just as the plot was ripe for execution
(tbe Habeas Corpus act having been purposely suspended)
caused tbe Swedish ambassador to be arrested in t'Oudon,
luid published in their own justification^ all tbe intercepted
letters in French and English. Gyllenborg was first seat
to a house in the country, where he was strictly guarded^
fmd was afterwards conveyed to a sea- port, and dismissed
the kingdom, in July 1717. As soon as he arrived at
Stockholm, the British ambassador was likewise liberated
froln confinement^ as the Swedish court had thought pro^
per to use reprisals*

Gyllenborg afterwards waited on Charles XIL and wat
appointed, with baron Goertz, minister-plenipotentiary at
the conferences of pacification which were opened with
the court of Russia in the isle of Aland, but which termi*
Dated without success. In 1719 he was raised to the dig-
nity of high chancellor of Sweden. In the beginning of
the following year he also acted an important part in the
negociations respecting the accession of Frederick I. to the
throne, and gained constantly greater influence during tbe
reign of this monarch, who appointed him counsellor of
the Swedish empire, and chancellor of the university of
Lund ^ and in 1739^ when a great change took place in the
senate and ministry, in which he took an active part, he
was made president of chancery, minister for the foreign
«nd home departments, and soon after chancellor of the
university of Upsal. He died Dec. 14, 1746, with a high
character for political talent, general learning, and ambi-
tion to promote learning and science in his country. He
left to the university of Upsal, his valuable cabinet of na-
tural history, remarkable for a great number of amphibious
productions and corals, which Linnaeus has described under
the title ^* Amphibia Gylleiiborgiana/* He appears also
to have been a man of a religious turn of mind, from his
translating into the Swedish language Sherlock's ^* Dis-
. course on Deaths* but which he could not get licensed,
as the Swedish clergy pretended to find some things in it
contrary to sound doctrine. He procured it, therefore, to
be printed in Holland, and distributed the whole edition
for the benefit of his countrymen. He also translated some

4M

6 Y L L E N B O It e^.

EngKsb comedies, witb alteratibns sahable to the geuiM
of the Swedes, which were acted witb applaase at Stock-
boicn. He had a concern in a periodical paper called tbe
** Argus," printed at Stockholm, but whicb> owing to the
editor meddling imprudently with politics, appears to hare
been discountenanced. Tbe count married an English
lady, second daughter of John Wright, esq. attomey-gene-»
ral of Jamaica, and widow of Elias Deritt, esq. deputy of
the great wardrobe under the duke of Montague, by whom
he had no issue ; the counts of his name in Sweden are his
collateral .relations. His lady^s daughter by Mr. Deritt,
accompanying her mother to Sweden, was created countess
Gyllenborg, and afterwards married Baron Sparre, on
whose death she returned to England, where shie died in
1766, and her daughter by the Baron died at Thirsk^ i»
iforkshire in 1778. *

> Stoever'ft life of Linnsaf •<— Qent. Mag. toL U. . .^^

mf

sss

, t

INDEX

TO TRB

SIXTEENTH VOLUMfi,

Those marked thus * are new.
Those marked f are r&-written, with additional.

Giotto 1

Giraldi, Lilio Gregorio 4

— J. B. Cintio 6

•Gil»rd, Gabriel 7

♦Girtin, Thomas S

tGiry, Louis 9

^Glaber, Rodolph ib.

*Glandorp, John 10

— — — Matthisis ib.

♦Glanvil, Barth. 11

* Sir John ib.

*■ John 1^

■ Joseph ib.

Glass, John • • .. • ^^

' son ib.

^Glassius, Solomon 19

fGlauber, John Rodolph. . . . ib.

Glisson, Francis 20

tGlover, Richard 22

* Thomas 30

*Gluck, Christopher 31

fGlycas, Michael 33

fGi^nelin, John George 34

t-7 Sato. Gottlieb ib.

* John Frederick 36

*Goad, Jdhn ib.

fGoar, James 37

fGobien, Charles le , . 33

fGoclenius, Conrad 39

Goddard, Jonathan •• ib.

Godeau, Anthony 42

f Godefroi, Denis 44

t Theodore , ib.

t ' James .......... 45

f Godefroi/Denys, junior ... 4^

I Denys, third . . . . ib.

♦Godfrey of Viterbo ib.

Godolphih, John 47

» Sidney, earl of. . 48

Godwin, Mary 51

— Thomas 55

■ Francis^ son 5S

Thomas, Hebraist 61

tGoer6e, Wm 62

*Goetze, George Henry ib.

Goez, Damian de 63

fGoff, Thomas 64

fGoguet, Antony Yves . . . . 65

Gotdast, Melch. Haiminsfeld 66
*Golding, Arthur 67

GoMman, Nich 68

*Gpldoni, Charles ib.

f Goldsmith, Oliver 71

Golius, James S2

t Peter 66.

Goltzius, Henry 87

Hubert 88

•j-Gomar, Francis 90

Gombauld, John Ogier de. . 9i
♦Gomberville, Marin le Roi 93
fGomersal, Robert .....*... ib.
fGomez de Cividad Real, Alv. 94

f de Castro, Alv ib.

i Magd. Ang. Polss. de ab^

fGonet, John Bapt .95

Gpngora, Lewis de ib.

Gonzaga, Lucretia. . « 9G.

tGoodal, Walter ib.

496

INDEX.

Page

^Goodman^ Christopher .... 97

* Godfrey 98

<^Goodrich, Thomas 99

fGoodwin^ John 101

t Thomas ib.

♦Googe, Barnaby 103

Gordon^ Alexander 104

♦ Bernard 105

f ■ James ib.

Thomas 106

- William ........ 107

fGore] Thomas 108

fGorelli ib.

Gorgias, Leontinus 109

fGorio, Ant. Francis ib.

GorUeus, Abraham 110

fGorris, John de ib.

*Gorter^ John and David . . Ill

fGosselini, Julian. ib.

^GoflBon, Steph 113

fGotteschalcus. . . .' ib.

fGotti, Vincent Lewis 114

«Gott8ched, JohnChristoph. 115

-fGoudelin, Peter ib.

fGoudimtl, Qaude 1 16

fGouge, William ib.

t Thomas 118

*Gough, Richard 120

fGoujet, Claude Peter 133

fGoujon> John 134

f Goulart, Simon ib.

f Goulston, Theodore 135

-fGoulu, John 136

Goumay, Mary de Jars . . . 137
fGoorville, J,ohn Herauld de 138

fGousset, James. 139

^GoQssier, John James ib.

fGomhier, James 140

*Goux, Francis le ib.

fGouye, Francis 141

fOovea, family of ib.

fGower, John 142

*Goz2oli, Benozzo 146

Graafy Regnier de ib.

*Graat, Barent 147

Grabe, John Emest ib.

f Graeian, Baltasar 154

fGreme^ John ib.

Gnevius, John George. ... 156^
fQra^gDjr, Frances 158

Page

jGraflton} Richard 159

Graham^ peorge 161

Grain, John Bapt. le 162

fGraindorge, Andrew 163

fGrainger, James 164

•fGramaye, John Bapt 171

^Gramm, John 172

*Gramont, Gab. Barth ib.

Philibert, Count 173

fGranoolas, John 174

fGrand, Ant le ib.

f ^ Joachim le 175

* John Bapt. le 176

fGrandet, Joseph 177

Grandier, Urban 178

fGrandin, Martin 179

fGrandius, or Grandi> Guido ISO

fGranet, Fi*ancii 182

fGrange^ Jos. de Chancel . . 18S

*Granger, James ib.

tGrant, Edward 1861

Francis 187

Granville, 6eorce 191

fGrasswinkel, Theodore ..198
Gratdrolus> William ...... ib.

fGratian 199

*Gratiani, Ant. Maria 200

Gratius^ Faliscus . . . : ib.

Ortumus ..201

Graunt^ John ib.

tGravelot, Hen. F. B 205

fOraverol, Fi*ancis 206

*— : John 207

^Graves, Richard ib.

Gr?»"esande, Will. James . . 2lO
Gravina, John Vind^t. ... 21 1

t Peter il4

tGray, Thomas.. :.:215

fGtAzzitii, Ant. Francis 223

fGreatrakes, Val 225-

Greaves^ John 22G

*Grecinus, Julius ........ 23&

Green^ John . . .* ib.

t Matthew 237

fGreene^ Maurice 23^

-f Robert 241

*— Thomas 244

^Greenham^ Rich 24^

Greenhill, John ib.

fCteenviUc^ sir Kicb. 247

INDEX.

497

9
0

Ik
)l
b.

06
Hi
lb.

ilO
!ll
lU

115

1»

,5Jf

t

«.

^Groen^ille, nr Bevil S48

*■ ■■ Denis 249

Gregory^ the Great 251

* XIII. pope 262

■ Nazianzen 265

Nvssen 270

: — llbeodofus 271

of Tours 274

of Rimini ib.

of St. Vincent. . . . ib;

James 275

David,of Kinardie 28 1

David, of Qjtfoni 283

David, son 286

— James ib.

Charles ib.

John, M.D 287

■ John, divine .... 290

George 292

^Grenada, Lewis de 293

Gresham, sir Thomas .... 294

fGresset, J. B. Lewis 304

Gretser, James 305

GreviUe, Fulk ib.

* Robert 311

Grevin, James ib.

Grew, Obadiah 312

■f - ' Nehemiah 314

Grey, lady Jane 316

* Nicholas 327

Richard 328

t .. Zachary 329

Gribaldus, Matt 334

fGribner, M. H 335

Grierson, Constantia 336

+Griflfet, Henry 337

fGriffier, John ib.

♦Giiffith, eiz 338

Grimaldi, John Francis . . 340

^rimani, Dominick 341

♦Grimbold, or Grimoald, N. 342
*Grimston, sir Harbottle . . 343

Qrindal, Edmund 345

Grisaunt, William 353

fGrive, John de la 354

Grocyn, William 355

♦Groenvelt, John 357

♦Grollier, John 358

Gronovius, John Fred ib.

■■ James 360

Pag«

♦Gronovius, John Fred. . . . ^66

*. Laurence Theo. 368

tGros, Nich. le 368

f Grose, Francis 370

JGrosley, Peter John 372

fGrosseteste, Robert . . 373

*Grosvenor, Benjamin 380

fGroteste, Claude 381

Grotius, Hugo 382

*Groto, Lewis 406

Grove, Henry 407

fGruchius, Nich 409

fGruner, Jbhn Fred 410

Gruterus, Janus ib.

Grynseus, Simon 414

*■ , John James. ... 415

Gryphius, Andrew 416

■f Christian ib.

■ Sebastian 41T

*Gua, John Paul de 418

Guadagnolo, Philip 4^9

fGuagnini, Alex 420

JGualdo Priorato, Gal . . ib.

fGualterus, Rodolphus .... 421

fGuarin, Peter 422

+Guarino, Veronese. ....... ib.

f Battista 424

*Guay-Trouin, Rene du 429

*Gudin de Brenellerie, P. . . 430

Gudius, Marquard 431

*Guerard, Robert 435

fGuercino .ib.

tGuerct, Gabriel 436

♦Guericke, Otto 437

fGuettard, John Stephen . . \ 438

Guevara, Ant. de ib.

fGuglielmini^ Dominick . . . 439

♦Guibert 440

* James Ant. Hyp. . . . ib.

Guicciardini, Francis 442

•f. ■ I^wis 450

fGuichenon, Sam ib.

Guidi, Alexander .^ ib.

♦Guidiccioni, John 453

fGuido, Reni ib.

♦Guignes, Joseph de 456

f GuiM, William . , 457

JGuilandinus, Melchior. . . . 460

fGuillemeau, James 461

♦Guillet, DerSt. George Guy;; ib.

Vol. XVI.

K K

IM IND

Page

Gaillim; John. 4&1

fOdintier, Jobn ib.

«Gttiran» GaUiard 4^

f€cii8chard» Ch. GoCt ib.

Guise, WiUiam 464

fGuittone ITArezzo 46B

Ouldenstaedt» John Aat. . . 466
fGun^ling, Nkh. Jerome .. . ib*
*OuDner, John Ernest .... 4G7

Guuning, Peter ib.

Gonter, Edmund 4710

'fOttrtler, Nich 473

GuBtanu Vasa . • 475

EX

raps

GuataTUs AtMpbCifl .... . .47S

♦Guthrie, W. divine 477

t-^ r- W. Historian., . • 478

fGuttenberg, Jolti . ; 479

Guy, Thomas 480

Guyet, FrancU , . . 483

fGuyon, J. M. de la Mothe 483

+-- Marie CUude 487

*Guy8, P.A;..... 48S

*Guyse, John 489

♦Gwilym. David Ap 490

fGwinne, Matthetfif ib.

*Gyllenborg; Charks 499

EKD or TH5 SIXTEENTH VOLUMt.

Printed by Nichols, Son, and Bentjfey,
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