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THE  GENERAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


A  NEW  EDITION. 


VOL.  XXIV. 

41 


I 

I 

J 


Printed  by  Niciiots,  Son,  and  Bintlly, 
Ued  Lion  Passage,  Fleet  Street,  London. 


i 


THE   GENERAL 

BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY : 

CONTAINING 

AN  HISTORICAL  AND  CRITICAL  ACCOUNT 

OW  THB 

LIVES    AND   WRITINGS 

OF  THB 

MOST   EMINENT    PERSONS 

IN    EVERY   NATION; 

PARTICULARLY  THE  BRITISH  AND  IRISHt 

FROM  THE  EARLIEST  ACCOUNTS  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME. 


A  NEW  EDITION,. 

-  / 

REVISED  AND   ENLARGED   BY 

ALEXANDER  CHALMERS,  F.  S.  A. 


VOL.  XXIV. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  FOR  J.  NICHOLS  AND  SON ;  F.  C.  AND  J.  lUVINOTON ;  T.  PAYNE  | 
OTRIDGB  AND  SON  ;  O.  AND  W.  KICOL  ;  G.  WILKIB  }  J.  WALKBR  ;  R.  LEA  ; 
W.  LOWNDBS  ;  WHITE,  COCHRANE,  AND  CO.  ;  T.  EGBRTON ;  LACKINGTON, 
ALLEN,  AND  CO. ;  J,  CARPENTER;  LONGMAN,  HUR8T,  REES,  ORME,  AND 
BROWN;  CADELL  AND  DAVIBS ;  CLAW;  i.  BOOKER  ;  J.  CUTHELL  ;  CLARKB 
AND  SONS;  J.  AND  A.  ARCH;  J.HARRIS;  BLACK,  PARRY,  AND  CO.;  J.  BOOTH; 
J.  MAWMAN  ;  GALE,  CURTIS,  AND  FENNER ;  R.  H.  EVANS  {  J.  HATCHARD  ; 
J.  MURRAY;  BALDWIN,  CRADOCK,.  AND  JOY;  B.  BENTLEY  ;  J.  FAULDBR  ; 
OOLBANDCO.;  W.  OINOBR  $  J.  DBIOHTON  AMD  SON,  CAMBRIDGE;  CON8TABLS 
AND  CO.  EDINBURGH  s  AND  WILSON  AND  SON^  YORK. 

1815. 


A  NJ2W  AND    GBNBRAI- 


BIOORAPHICAL  DICTIONABV. 


PaAS-  See  PASI5E, 
.  PAAW  (Pjstpr),  or  in  Latin  Pavius,  a  physician  an4 
anatomist,  born  at  Amsterdi^in  in  1564,  was  ^ducate4  iti 
medical  studies  at  Leyden^  whence  be  prqceeaed  to  Pari^' 
for  farther  improvement.  He  afterwards  spent  some  tini^ 
in  Denmark,  apd  at  Rostock,  where, be  receiv^ed  the  degr^ 
of  doctor  in  1587,  and  at  Padua.  Q^his  return, to  Leydein 
Ike  was  appoint^J  professor  of  medi.qniB  in  l'5S9j  in  which 
oflSce  be  acquired  the  approbation^alid' esteem  both  6f  th^ 
public 'and  bis  colleagues,  and  dieft' Universally  regretted, 
in  August  1617,  at  the  ^ge  of  fifty-foun.  .Anatomy  flin4 
botany  were  the  departments  which  he  most  ardently  cul- 
tivated ;  and  he  was  the  founder  of  the  botanic  garden  of 
Leyden.  His  works  are,  1.  **  Tractatus  4e  Exercitii^,  Lac- 
ticiniis,  et  Bellafiis."'  Rost.  2.  '^  Notae  ia  Q^Ienum,  de 
pibis  boni  et  noall  succi,'*  ibid.  These  two  pieces  appear 
to  have  been  his  inaugural  exercises.  3.  **  Hortus  publi- 
cu8  AcadeiitisB  Lugduho-Batavse,  ejus  Icbnographi^,  de- 
scriptio,  usus,  &c/'  Lugd.  Bat.  1601.  4.  "  Primitias  Ana* 
tomicae  de  hurpani  corporis  Ossibus,*'  ibid*  1615.  5.  ^'  Sue- 
benturiatus  Anatomicus,  continens  Commentdria  in  Hip- 
pocratem  de  Capitis  Vulneribus.  Additas  sun^t  Anuotatio- 
pes  in  aliquot  Capita  Librioctavi  C.  Celsi,"  ibid.  1616.  6, 
^'  Notsp  et  Commentarii  in  Epitomen  Anatpmicum  Andreq^ 
Vesalii,  ibid.  1616^  To  these  we  may  add  spipq  work^ 
which  appeared  after  his  death.  7.  **  De  Valvule  Intestini 
Epistplae  dusB.^'  Oppenheim,  1619,  together  with  the  firsf 
century  of  the  Epistles  of  Fabricius  Hildanus.  8.  "  D« 
l^este  Tractatus,  cum  Henrici  Florentii  additamentis.''  Lug. 
Bat.  1636.  9.  <<  Anatomical  Observationes  selectiores." 
Vol.  XXIV.  B 


a  P  A  A  w. 

Hafiiise,  1657,  in^rted  In  the  third  and  fourth  centiirte^ 
of  the  anatomical  and  medical  hrstories  of  T.Barthoiiiif.  He 
also  left  in  MS.  a  ^^  Methodus  Anatomica,"  which  was  in 
the  library  of  M.  de  Vick  of  Amsterdam  J  - 

PACATUS  (Latinos  Drepanius),   a  poet  and  orator, 
was  born  in  the  fourth  century,  at  Drepanum  in  Aquitania, 
but)  according  to  others,  at  Bourdeaux ;  or,  according  t0, 
Sidpnius,'  at  AgeUk     He  disQOvered  a  remarkable  taste  for 
poetry,  from  his  youth;  and  Ausoniu^  informs  us,  ivrote. 
love  Terses.    Ausonius  adds,  that  he  was  equal  to  Catuliusj 
>aiid  surpassed  all  the  Latin  poets,  except  Virgil.    Ausoniut 
probably  thought  all  this ;  for  he  certainly  had  a  very  high, 
opinion  of  |)im,  dedicated  some  of  his  own  works  to  him,: 
and  paid  the  greatest  deference  to  his  judgment,    Paoattuir 
was  sent  to  Rome  in  the  year  S88,  to  congratulate  Thepdo^ 
sius  the  Great  on  his  victory  oyer  the  tyrant  Maximus ;  and, 
on  this  occasion  he  delivered  it  panegyric  on  the  emperor 
in  the'  senate  house,  for  which  he  was  rewarded,  in  tb^ 
year390,  with  theproconsulship  of  a  province  in  Africa,  ahd>: 
in  the  year  393,  with  the  office  of  superintendant  of  th^:; 
imperial  domain.     We  have  no  farther  particulars  of  his 
life.     None  of  his  pioems  are  extant,  and  the  only  proof  o£ 
his  talents  to  which  we  can  appeal  is  his  panegyric  on; 
Theodosius,  the  second  part  of  which  is  the  most  interest^^ 
ing,  and  gives  some  curious  historical  facts.     In  style  and: 
manner  he  is  thought  to  resemble  Seneca  or  Pliny  rather; 
thain  Cicero.      The  best  edition  is  that  by  ArntzeoiuSy:. 
Arost.  1753,  4to.*  i     ^ 

PACE  (Richard),  a  learned  Englishman,  was  born  about 
14S2,  at  or  near  Winchester^  as  is  generally  supposed,  and 
was  educated  at  the  charge  of  Thomas  Langton,  bishop 
of  that  diocese,  who  employed  him,  while  a  youth,  as  his 
amanuensis.*  The  bishop,  pleased  with  his  proficiency,, 
and  particularly  delighted  with  his  early  turn  for  music, 
which  he  thought  an  earnest  of  greater  attainments,  hew 
stowed  a,  pension  on  him  sufficietit  to  defray  the  expences^ 
of  his  education  at  Padua,  at  that  time  one  of  the  mpst 
flourishing  universities  in  Europe.  Accordingly  he  studied 
there  for  some  time,  and  uiet  with  Cuthbert  T<)nstaU^ 
afterwards  bishop  of  Durham,  and  William  Latimer,  whoni 
he  called  his  preceptors.     On. his  return,  he  studied  for 

f^         '  .  ■  , 

.1  Floy  Diet.  Hist  de  Medicine. 

*^^  %\o%.  Upir.  et  Moreri  in  art.  Drepanius.— Ftbric.  Bibl.  Lat. 


PACE!  i 

9m^  title  at  QVieen's-cOlI^ge^^  Oxford/ of  wbtch  His  pitraif 
Lalrgt€y6  had  be^n  proVo'st ;  and  was'  soon  after  'taken  into 
tbe  service  of  Dr.  Christbpber  Batobridge,  who  aucceedi^d : 
Langton  in'  the  oiBce  of  prbvost,  and  became  afterwards 
a  4;ard{i»'alV-^  He  attended  him  to  Rome,  about  the  begin«^ 
nitig'Of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  continued  ther^e  until  tb€^ 
dardi^al^s  death  in  1514.  He  appears/ before  thi^,  to  bav& 
entered  into  h6lyk!>rders,  for  in  the  beginning  of  tbiryear/ 
atfd' while  abroad,  ^he  waamade  prebendary  of  Bugtborp,^ 
in4be  6hur6h  of  York,  in  the  room  of  \V<ylsey,'  afterwards 
the  celebrated  cardinal ;  and  In  May  df  the  same  year,  wUs^ 
pri^motedto  the  an^hdf^cdnry  pf  Dorset,-  on  the  resigna-' 
tiM^df  his  friend  Langton,  •  at  which  time,  flil-  Willis  sup- 
p&^eky  he  reaigil(9d*<h6  prebenld  of  Bugthorp. '  '  /  • 

Ohliis  returii  to  England,  h'e  was  sent  for  to  court,  pro- 
bably in  consequence  of  the  chai^acter  given  of  him  by  hi$^ 
deceased  patron,  cardinal  Biimbridge ;  and  became  such  a 
favourite  with  Henry  V 111.  thatlie  appointed  bim,  as'some 
say,  secretary  of  state,  which  Mr.  Lodge  doubts ;  but  it 
seems  certain,  thi^t  be  either  held  ihat)  or  the  office  of  pri- 
vate sedretary,  or  sotne  corifidcTnfctiil  ^tuation,  under  Henry, 
wiio  elnployed  him  in  afikir^-of  high  political  importance.' 
In  1515,'  he'  wa^  sent*  to  tbfe  cdtirt  of  Vienna,  where  the' 
object  of  bis  embassy  wislsto  erigagethe  emperor  Maximi- 
lian to  dispossess  the'  BVencb  king  Francis  I.^of  th^  duchy 
oi( Milan,  bis  royal  master  being  alarmed  at  the  progress 
o#  the  French  arms  in  Italy.  Pace  succeeded  in  his  nego- 
ciation,  so  far  as  to  persuade  the  emperor  to  undertake* 
tbh  -expeditieTi ;  ^'and  he  also*  engaged  aome  of  ^ the  Swiss* 
cantons- to 'fifrni^h  him  with  troops;  but  the  scheme  was 
ultimately  so  unsuebessfiiHbat-Maximiliaty  was  obliged  ta 
make  peace  with  France.  Pafce,  however,  profited  so  tnucb 
by  his  acquaintance  with  this^mperor,  as  ta  acquire  a  very^ 
useful  knowledge  of  his' chard^cter ;  and  when-  he  after-* 
w«tfd»tiffemd  to  resign- his  crown  itt  fiiVour^  Henry  VIII. 
li9'W»^  enabled 'to  give  bis  sovereign  the  best  advice^  and 
to  a^ure  htm,  that  Maximilian  had  no  6ther  design,' by  tbis' 
apparently  liberal  offer,  than  to  obtain  another  subsidy, 
and- that,  111  bther  respects,  very  little  credit  was  due  to  faiil^ 
word.  In  this  opiifion  cardinal  WoUey^  at  bome^  seems  to' 
have  concurred.    ' 

In  1319,  Maximiliati  died,  and  the  kings  of  France  andv 
Spain  immediately  declared  themsetves  candidates  for  tba: 
^oiperial  throne.    Henry,  encouraged  by  the  pope,  was 

B  2 


f 

Qrdff^  tQ  s^itund  ibe  diel  of  tb«  einpur^t  fotiM  Uif  #pi^ 
eipp»  0f  tb#  el.eeton^  and  endrnfouf  M>  f^ffli  Ik  |vds*r 
IDI9IU  of  |b^  liMihpod  9f  Iw  sqcx^W^  Pwe»  h»p^ff» 
AQQii  di^QovQTQd  ibiit  bif  rqy»(  «pa^«Mr  bnd  sisrted  loo  kn^ 
«ii4  ib9&  evf  n  ibD  ^to&ioni  of  Ment9»  Cologp^  wd  Tri?9% 
wba  i»ei:e  dWpMftd  In  foiH^ar  bi?  prftenfioiMf  pW«d^» 
^jf(^  a,  »bevi  9f  nrgH^li  ibAt  ihfryt  w#rr  pre^engigfd  Tbt 
^ciiw  fell  on  Cii«rl<i9  V*  In  l^l#9  Pm»  w«f  innin 
(qt^d  ireft9Q/cHr  of  Liebfield,  wbkb  b«  le^tgo^  ia  I.JSS» 
^p  Wwg^  9mAi^  d^fi  of  Cijfter.  Initi^t  ^ wcQMd«d 
Gakt  M  iwn  of  iii«,  P^uF^;,  gnd  ioim  9aqr»  Md  ^lao  tb« 
d(M|^ry  of  Suraiipi,  bul  tbi»  k  noi  auM  clear,  allbongli  ba 
U  called  dean  of  gylUbory  by  H^bcr^  ii>  bit  ^  tife  «od 
ReJf a  Qf  iienty  VUL'^  In  1$9  It  be  w4&  iiiiid«  pr^bf nditfj 
^f  Cfwb^  iui4  lbnihMi»  Julb^  church  of  8«ni«it  wd  wo 
ind  OHsiiim  «f  tom^  Qib^  fibvidi  pr^ftrnMolf  ba  bftid 
iffim  Ui$  IP  i<>»a^  bm  ^jr  nie.  hq  dubkniiiy  f^lai^d  tbfl 
k  is  difficult  ^  g^v«  liiew  In  doff  ordon 

On  the  d«^b  <tf  pope  Lm  Hi,  wbM  eaidmiJ  WoliK^y^a 
4«bilioii  idm^d  «4  IM  ptpal  Afope»  bm  iwi  P^^^o  le  IKqm 
%»  pffwuHn  bit  if|l«r9st }  bill  btAnrt  U«riinriv»l  thera^  AdaM» 
^bop  of  T«rti99$»  l«id  boM  abosm :  md  on  bit  deiiib,  ia 
i&aSf  Pa<9e  wiM  i^gwi  emploj^  to  negoliaia  for  Woltej* 
bia  nitb  no  l^cttef  tnc^w^  Clem^P^  VIL  baing  alecti^d. 
iSt  obminod*  iB^vnmsr^  irofQ  ifae  pope»  in  enkutgwie^i  of 
Wobfi)!*a  powfuri  M  l»K»¥r»  vbicb  ibe  bitftor  w^^  at  ibit  tiioc 
ifsmto/w  t0  obiaipf  Paw  vra«  noon  aftisrwilrda  «»it  on  an 
•fDb«?9y  lo  Vaiuce^  where  be  einrried  wiib  him  ibe  le«niad 
t»fm%  M  bi»  H)cretiry«  WimkI  deolaret,  tbM  on  tUU  ec*< 
cdsion  <^  it  it  bard  to  aay  wb/etb^r  be  ptocured  more  «oiq-« 
•endalipe  er  adtoifaliofi  anoeg  ibe  V^netMUit ;  both  for 
ibft  dmejyty  el  bis  wit^ead  etpecially  for  bk  tiogeier 
proiepuiess  m  tbe  lullafi  toog u?;  wbarein  be  ncemed  p^V 
d^ieg  inCeripr,  neilber  te  P.  Vauoes  bore  ia  CegU»d».  ^ 
iiof^  ie^et«y  foff  »ha  li^lian  .toagu^,  qor  Jfeet  Iq.  »t^ 
iitb^r^  yfbifih  ivere  tibe  beat,  for  that  toogee  ifi jiIl  Voel<^*V 
,  li  was  ai^  tjiis  uiee»  bewefor,  th^t  PacefeUi^iidor  cairdi^ 
ea]  WokeyVdifiiiieasuce.^  tb^  ^^m^ts  o|  vhi^b  are  iNi^d!t» 
Jiava  bee n, v^yy.9firipiis.  TbecardiDal  i^ tboiigbt  ^  ^bii^ 
been  enrageU  against  bimy  fii&t,  because  b4  bAds^ewnii 
ifMeliMsa  u>  aaiwtCbftrlesdul^e ;of.B<>urbon  mont^j 
Inrwhoai  ibe  ieatdiaid  Jml  dq.  great  a6F0^ion ;  aod^  a^r 
jiei)d)y«  b(;c»iiiio  ba  Jto4  a^  forwsiirde^  tbe  (wdiiiarik^^Ufy* 


»  Ad  &  » 

<^f  9btfeibtAg  t1i6  pftpul  chftir  withsb  oiwh  «Mit  at  Woisej 

ii^p&tt^'A.    SiAvh  are  tfae  re^s^nt  ft«iigne'd  by  somt  faisi- 

vpHatiiEi  t&t  Walsey'b  dispieasuri^i  who  is  said  tb  have  ori- 

tiefed  fBa^di^  Id  ^ueh  a  manner^  that  for  nearly  thie  ipace 

t>f  tm  y^iirS,  Pace  recidit^d  no  iiistrtctitms  firotn  his  ooMrt 

3^  toliift  pt^e^ddiitp  at  Veilicl^  V  hi*  allowance  for  »fi^ac^ 

w^al^p  withdrawn,  and  no  answer  returned  to  his  len«fl^ 

^li  orf^  C)^  whteir  the  YeAetian  bMbaSisadtir  resitfiner 

iil  tdn3on  lfek<sd  W4ist>]r  wlMither  he  tM  any  vom'mandb 

for  th<6  English  atfnWsssatiiSf  at  Vetaice^  hit  answered  FMcem 

t^t4pit  Segtm:  aifd  tiiu  siiigular  ti!Wtitieiit,  we  are  t^ld^ 

^1^  affi^ted  Pae(6  that  h(s  became  titsaiiA    As  soofi  as  tlie 

:'lci»g:!#as1fefQVm^  of  this^  Paee  was  iard^red  iioiue ;  am^ 

J^ri)^;eafeftiUy  atl%hd<$d  by  pbysitians  at  «lid  l^ing*^  tnsi^ 

jdiaftdj,  wtf^  V^teired  in  a  shori  time  to  his  sensi^   aa^ 

Hitiused  himself  by  ^tiadying  the  Hebrew  iaii||i;uat^,  witK 

fhe  aisiistanW  dff  ftobe^t  Wak^lieldi    1st  t^  iif^er^^  ^ 

Wilb  iwtrdddeisd  fo  the  kittg  sft  Ricli^ttinid,  wbt>  isapressdl 

Inech  s^t^foejtio^  iX  Ms  t^ov^ry;  sti^  aditiil«eid  bim  to  i 

JM^i^ir^  audli^ni^e^  id  ^k;ll'h<e  tdmtMl«frat^d  «fainfft  tlie<ca;r«' 

^^iiaty  bfddty  16  hVsL ;  Bat  Uii  c^rdinfal  ^»^s  too  |iow«rM 

'alli^is  |i^t,  iiid  wh^  urgied  1>y  tbe  kii^  «<»  sinssiri&r  ^ 

ii!hi^(^:  against  hbfi^  b^  iuniitibii^d  Faee  befons  trio^  «ift4 

i^^in  judgtn^^  with  the  dttke  of  Nol^Mt  atid^ethers^  wh^ 

JbJbhdetrmed  Pa^b,  and  s^nt  Mm  ti^  tbet^ci^^  Lofidofi^; 

#h^t^  H^  VIM  43onfi06d  fOfT  twb  yearsi  tilt  disisliffr^^  it 

l^a^W>y \h^  king>^^^  #a^e»  th*s  ^gtaded^  «iit 

1!d|fe^lf  m  %x[|y^  tftbd  ^hd>  jNeirrgiied  ki^  deaivri^ii  ^  ^ 
i^#^E^<^cif^^W  fitti^^dTdl^  Ms  ^ai:hi  ani,  miHa^ 
b  Ste^fiely  fbr  %# healthy  dii^d there,  ifll m,  WheU  liidit 

ijtiite  fifty  yefefft  of  agfef  ., 

lii^He  4s  M  et%ant  ahd  jQsft  «lmiiB^(«f  i^llith  by  ExsflttHitfi 

fiMtt^  >tt^  ]h^  recartt  iV6iri  1f(S<^dev  ^ayhfa>e  t^ettiaiMy  %^ 
i«r  T^itiii^  Moi^  Md  Si^        itkt^  tatter  aid^{)<ea 

Pfibe  ft>r  hk  candour  and  Sweetness  of  temper;  ail4'#iiS'tie» 
teo^ilfflktdd  ktbfti  rtMmttbdS,t6s(t'he  ^enld  Vi^^A/rg^vii 
^r&aif '^at'^aMi^  ihe^  ^c^  Styles  hitn  «miy^^Ae»^ 
ltt^teib»Mi^  I  abd  Wr&letiffdfe  lenders  t^  \^  «h«in  m 
Ihy^obfe  ^  liis  lehTMd  iti«s!nN»^  iilid  t<^  ^^ 

wmkkm^  d)ai<ai!ter  dfit  rtgkc  wt)ii^tby  iMn,%i^d^»%^4ftM 

ave  in  council  faithful  adyice :  learned  he  was  also,  savk 
^iati^^qiury,j^^^d  enddwi^d  «dt^  inany  extiStent  parti 
and  ^hk  ot  nature ;  oocirfeou^  fJieois^iiiy:  ft^H  d^^^  iti^ 


t 


4  t  ACE' 

music  (  higbly  in  th^  khig^s  favour,  and  well. beard  in  mai« 
4er4  ^f  iveight.'*  There  it  extant  a  remarkable^  letter  of 
his  to  the  king>  written  in  .1527,  in  which,  he  very  honestly 
'gives  his'  opinion  concerning  the  divorce ;  and  Fiddes  oh* 
.B0tredj  that  he  always  used  a  faithful  liberty  to  the  car<^ 
4tinal,  which  brought  him  at  last  to  confittemeut  and  di%^ 
iractidn. 

He  wrote,  1=.  *^  De  fructu  qui  ex  doctrina  percipitur 
liber/*  Basil,  1517,  dedicated  to  Dr.  Colet.  This  was 
written  by  our  author  at  Constance,  while  be  was  ambas* 
^ador  in  Helvetia ;  but,  inveighing  muqh  against  drunken* 
uess  as  a  great  obstacle  to  the  attaining  of  knowledge^  the 
people  there  supposing  him  to  reflect  »upon  them,  wrote ;a 
4»b&fp  dnswer  to  it^  and  even  Erdsmus  calls  it:  an  indiscreet 
performance ;  in  which  Pace  had,  between  je&t  and  e^rnej^t^ 
Irepresenied  him  as  a  beggar^  and  a  beggar  hated  by  the 
•elergy.  He  bids  sir  Thomas  More  exhort  Pace,  since  be 
had  so  little  judgment^  rather  to  Gon6ne  himself  to  ,the 
jtranslatton  of  Greek  writers^  than  tp  ventiire  u|x»n:  works 
i>f  his  own,  and  to  publish  such  m^n.  and -coiKeaifMibJie 
stuff.  (Erasm.  epist.  275,  and  Ep^  287).  .2*;  '  -  Oratio  nor 
perrime  composita  de  fc^dere  percusso  inter  Henricuni  ^nr 
gU«e  regemf  et  Francorum  reg,  Christianiss.  in  aede  PauU 
.Load;  babita,*'  1518.  3.  ^' Epistolse  ad  Erasmuro;'*  &c 
*1520^  These  Epistles  ais  part  of  the,  ^^  Epistol®  altqqot 
6raditorumvirorum«-V  4.  vExeqnplum  literarum^adr^g^ 
:Hen.  YllL  an.  1526,**  inserted  in  a  piece  entitted,  "Syd^ 
tagmade  Hebrsorum  codicum  interpretatioiie,*'  by  Robert 
Wakefield.  « Pace  also  wrote  a  book  against  the  unlawfulr 
ness.of  the  king's. marriage  with  Katharine,  in  1527,  apd 
made  several  translations :  among  others,  one  from  English 
into  Latin,  ^^  Bishop  Fisher's  Sermon,''  preached  at  Lon- 
4on  on  the  day  upon  which  the  writings  of  M.J^uther  were 
publicly  burnt,  Camb.  1521,  and  a  translation,  from, Grefk 
into  Latin  of  Plutarch's  piece,,  '^  De  commodo  ex  inimi^s 
capiendo.''  *•  .  •    c  ^ 

r  PACtiECO  (Francis),  a  Spanish  artist,,  supposed  to 
have  been  born  in  1571,  at  Seville,  is  said  by.lMir.Fusell, 
to  owe  his>  reputation  more  to  theory,,  writing,  and  t^ 
celebrity  of  bis  scholars  Cano  and  Velazquez,  tb^  to  t^e 
superiority  of  his,  works.     He  was  a. pupil  of  Lui«  Fern^nr 

}  Ath.  Ox.  Tol.  I.— Dodd'u  Ch.  Hist.— Lodge's  Illuitriitions,  vol.  I.--Fid<}6S 
kod  OroveVXivet  pt  Cardinal  WoUey. — Knight  and  Jortio'tf  LiFesof  Eraunus.' 


.    FA  CH:EC  O.  9 

idleis,-bot,  ^bough  partial  to  the  great  style,  doea  not  ap«> 
pear  tp  have  atudied  it  in  Italy.  With  sufficient  correct* 
Aess  of  oQtlip^f  judgment  in  composition^  dignity  of  cba** 
nuMrs,  propriety  of  costume,  observance  of  chiaroscuro 

^^ud  perspective,  Paoheco  displeases  by  want  of  colour^ 
timidity  of  exeoution,  and  dryness  of  style.  Seville  pos- 
sesses the  best  of  his  historic  performances;  of  his  numer^ 
ous  portraits,  those  of  his  wife  and  Miguel  de  Cervantes 

\were  the  most  praised.  He  possesses  considerable  erudi- 
tion, and  there  is  much  wit  and  humour  in. bis  epigrams. 
He  died  io  1654.  Of .  bis  works  we  know  only  one,  en- 
titled ^' Arte  de .  la  Piutura,  su  antiguedad  y  graodezas,** 
Seville,  1649,  4to.'  - 

c  PACHOMIUS  (StO,  a  celebrated  abbot  of  Tabenna  in 
£gypt,  was  .born  about  the  year  292,  of  heathen  parents. 
He  bore  arms  at  the  age  of  twenty,  and  was  «o  touched 
with  the  charitable  works  of  some  Christians,  that  he  re- 
turned to  Thebais  when  the  war  ended,  and  embraced 

: Christianity.     He  afterwards  placed  himself  under  the  di- 

^^rection  of  a  solitary  named  Palemon,  and  made  so  astonish- 
ing a  progress  an  religion  with  this  exicellent  master,  that 

-be  became  founder  of  the  monastery  of  Tabenna,  on  tl)e 
banks  of  the  Nile,  peopled  Thebais  with  holy  solit^-ie^, 
-and  had  above  5000  monks  under  his  care.     His  aister 

"founded  a  consent  of  nuns  on  the  other  side  of  the  Nile^ 
'  ivho  lived  in  a  community,  and  practised  great  austerities^ 
St;;Pacbomius  died  May  3,  348.  We  have  some  of  bia 
'^  Epistles^*  remaining,  a '^  Kule,'V  and  some  other  pieces 
in  the  library  of  the  fathers.  M.  Arnauld  D' Andilly  has 
translated  a  life  of  him  in^o  French,  which  may  be  fpiind 
ampng  those  of  the  fathers  of  the  desert  * 

PACHYMERA  (George),  an  eminent  Greek,  flourished 
about-  1280,  under  the  reign  of  Michael  Paleologus^  and 
Andrqnicus  bis  successor.     He  was  a  person  of  high  birt^b,, 

^^and  bad  acquired  no  less  knowledge  in  cburch*af&irs  in  the 
great.posts  he  had  among  the  clergy  of  Constantinople, 

'  tbaa  of  state-matters  in  the  high  employ mei^its  he  held  in 
the  court  of  the  emperor ;.  so  that  his  ^  Hisytory  of  Michael 

'  Paleologps  and  Andron^^us^'  is  the  more  esteemed,  as  bo 

^was  not' only  an  eye-witness  of  the.afiairs  of  which  be^ 
writes,  but  bad  also  a  great  share  in  them.  This  histc^'y 
wa9  published  by  Poussines,  a  Jesuit,  Gr.  et  Lat.  ^'ex  in<^ 

t  puioiigtoDj  by  Faseli  ^  QafC)  toI  I«— Jtf oreri»  ia  PacoBi«% 


*  TJlC  tl  V  M  E  R'A. 

mrpri  ^i  *ttrt  not  F;  Pos^lni,"  Bdnfic,  !156#^6^,  ^  f^Ui 
Pkcliy'tiplera  ootupoied  also  sdtne  Greek  ^^fses;  but  tk^ 
v^6  lktl6  ^stliemed,  md  tli^V^r  )3ftiilted.  Bhltik^t  men^ 
tton^  a  e^mp^niliuiii  of  Hie  A^ist^eltM  ))hUosopb]r  pobi 
Ksfaed  'from  iii^  maniist^Hpts ;  alid  Tilknan  pabthitiiM  bii 
paraphrase  on  4be  eptsrli^  6f  Didhy&m  ^Mi  Attsdpagice*^ 
^  Gticrgii  Patbymeri^  fyarapfarasis  iti  detefid  epteli^l&»  beili 
IModysii  AreopagitdBi"  Paris^  1 538.  * 

•FACIAUM  (Paul  MAftU)^  antiqaiiry  arid  Itbt^riatii  t6 
tbe  tlyke  of  Paroria,  and  bistoriogtapbef  Of  tb^  O^def*  oF 
Mirita;  ifra^  borh  at  Turing  NoV.  IS,  llriO.  Afrei- &tiidyin|r 
m  tfee  univertity  of  Turing  he  look  ibe  r^giotrs  habit  iA 
the  order  of  the  Tbeatins^  at  Venice,  aiid  tbelY  wetit  tb 
BolOgha  to  stody  tnatbetfaaties  and  natural  philosophy  under 
%b&  eetebf-nted  Beccari.  -  It  appears  that  he  begttiv  hk  sub«- 
^e^iiebt'  litetttry  oia^eer  triih  the  lUst-ibentiotied  pnf6iiit; 
aiid  that  as  soOti  as  be  had  kttdined  the  bigheir  Orders^  be 
1fa!l  ilppcddted  -ptbfessoi^  6f  philoiopby  in  the  eeliejf^e  of 
GeiMMt ;  and  ivas  One  of  tbo^e  vrbo  -first  dai*ed  to  es^plode^ 
fvom  tb0^  scbook  of  Italy^  the  did  ixxM-ed  prejudices  Of  f^n^ 
lastic^ystetfis'i  afad  to  sitbatitiite  for  theirt  the  etetfiill  tl^ulbl 
discovered  by  Newton.  H«  did  hot^  bbttever^  Ibhg  re« 
maift  in  tbe  professorship  Of- phiioibpby,  at  bevfo^^  bbt 
Quitted  philoiophy  for  divitiity^  atid  delated  ten  yetvi  t& 
l^rbacbitig  md  the  cottipositioii  of  'sertnbbi»^  by  heithettX 
yifhksh  he  ftcquiired  much  reputation;  bett^tbiil  thid  period 
be  publisbed  ^k^tine  orations,  bis  ^'  Tireati^b  ob^  the  Atitiqtii^ 
tied  et  Ripa  TransOne^''  the  afreienl  Cdpf^  i  lind  three  Jteiifi 
ifter,  bis  ^*  Expi^&tion  of  ati  ancient  engfaVed  ^fte.'' 

The  pret!is»e  date  o#  Flsfeibei'  P^ci^Udi^^  diroet  IxieHtotidtt^ 
labours  may  be  pYdperiy  fixed  at  ITi'T,  the  thlrty-isl:ttb  of 
^is  life ;  Undi  frOiti  that  time  to  1?6&^  be  w^  «eeO  al^st 
kt  a  state  of  continta^tl  preregirihatidn  at^Na|»Ie&,  At  Flor^e^ 
at  ¥eni<:ei  itod  at  fionfte;  In  ttife  #r»t  of  ibe^  eitiesv 
Amittg  the  years  1747,  49,  ftnd  4$^  he  puMi^faed  it  lOflrbed 
^^ssertatfen  On^A  Stetbe  Of  Mercbi-y,'^  ih  4«o;  «  Ob^Oir^ 
fictions  oil  sMie  foreign  a^  odd  Odios/''  fifkeWifs^k  4t<>; 
And,  <<  A  fieries  ol  Medals  ^eprdsi^htin^  tbe  teO^t  fetitaVki 
ible  Events  of  the  Gorei'nlhent  of  Malta,^'  in  fblio.  At 
Florence  >ppesri*ed  jhi  175^)  in  4tO,  bis  <'  Treittb^e  oft  the 
ancient  Grosses  ttlld  Hbly  Monunsetlts  tirbich  itr6  fovtld  «Kt 
Kivenna^^V  ik  Venice,  ui  the  sflme  yeftr/Ml  titkitliited 


*.f* 


tif&m  itSl  (6  175k,  ha  teM  than  aghi  ToliltbeB  in  4t^»  c^oni^ 
IttiHiKg  «9  itiiiay  difl^rettt  iH>rftB,  isftued  ftooi  bi§  pen ;  tli6 
hesn  df  viFhi(*h  wfts  lU^boimted  tb6  titeatise.  *<  De  Aditeuttittk 
Cabheefti.''  Hid  {temtkihj  iti  thn  disquiMilon,  mta,  that 
the  Gi^eks^  though  thi^y  plfteed  danciilg^  ifi  the  same  tknk 
tetbe  inilft^.iti«rcb>  eon^ideti^  it  as  «n  art  tending  t6 
li^aiate^  adjust,  and  beautify  the  monpeinents  of  the  body^ 
Md  divide  it  into  fbiii*  geoei-a  according  to  its  various  ap«* 
plication  to  religious  ceremobies,  warlike  exercises,  theiM- 
tribal  p^rfoiraiancetiy  and  ddtnesfic  enjoytneAts;  yet  the 
enbistic  tut,  whose  object  is  to  ti^acK  joinpihg  atid  ukteothi- 
ibon  corporeal  exertions^  although  ^erfebtly  known,  W«b 
net^  held  in  great  estimation  iti  ancient  Greee^. 

I'he  yeiir  1757  is  perhaps  th6  mbftt  refneirkable  iii  Pa^ 
6hindi'8  literary  life;  that  being  the  perickl  in  Which  hh 
entered  ihto  a  corresfiondfehce  with  ct^iint  dayto!^,  lind 
tiegan  to  inpplj  him  with  mlrtiberless  heads  of  valuable  i^ 
formation  for  his  <<  Reoueil  d'Atitiqiiit^s/'  Paciaudi  inay, 
ill  fact^  be  considered  if  not  one  of  the  Authors,  at  teast  ak 
k  contributor  to  that  work.  And  his  letters,  which  werb 
^nblisbed  in  1S02  at  PliHs,  are  a  proof  of  the  ample  share 
6f  fame  tb  which  he  is  entitled  in  this  respect.  This  cor^ 
tespondence  wa4  carried  on  ^t  eight  years,  firom  1757 16 
1765.  But  neither  were  Paciaudi*^  powers  confined  tb  it 
alone,  tilor  Wsks  he  without  further  eto^foyments  dutitig  that 
j^eriod.  jtwastbetl  (iti  1761)  that  fare  published  his  capi* 
t^^ot)c  •♦Mondmenta  Peloponnesia,"  ih  2  vols.*4to,  con- 
tainidg  a  complete  illustration  df  those  ^dlebrated  statues', 
busts,  bas-V^eliefs,  ahd  isepulchral  stOnes,  -  whidhj  from  tbi^ 
Continent  arid  the  islands  bf  Peioponhebus,  had  b^^n  re^ 
moired  to  y«Hiee,  ^d  which  fcnrfaned  a  part  of  {he  numeVouft 
eoll^ctiaii  of  antiquities  pos^si^^  by  ibb  illustrtpiek^  family 
k  Nai)f^  10  that  meti'opolis.  Thbh  to6  it  ¥rtts  that  he  re^ 
c^ved  from  the  celebrated  PkHi^esan  minister  Tlllot,  the 
iiMtatiOn  to  go  to  Pamia  to  !tupeHnteiid[  the  erection  of  th^ 
hbt^y  whidi  had  bi^fen  projetfed  by  his  hJystl  teghhess  the 
»ilafat  Dbn  t>hHip. 

^  From  id  donfideritifel  de<^U*tifion  to  cdtiAt  Caylus,  it  tp^ 
pears,  that  Mi^.  P^cmudi  was  highly  sMislieci  with  hi^  em^ 
^ymfettt.  H^  cotisid^ed  it  ''in  M  dp[l6rtohity  of  render- 
^  tii^ftil  Ms  Jifxt^nsivi  Erudition,  Withi^t  thoW  tncoow 
ttnkanAei  which  littend  the  necessary  intercontte  with  th^ 
world.     He  therefore  engaged  in  the  business  with  a  seal 


10  >  A  q  I  A  u  D  t 

jbos^daring  ofV;efitbiism8m. .  QesMes  the  acquisirion^  which 
li^jpajd€^.of  tbe  excellent  library  p£  count  Per^usatiat  Rome^ 
4fi;17625  be  went  to  Paris  in  search  of  other  books ;  and 
^cb  was  his  exei;tion9  that,  inf  less  than  six  years,  he  col- 
lected jnor^i;  than  sixty  thousand  volumes  of  the  best  worki 
of  eivery  kind,  and  thus  erected  one  of  the  most  copious 
libraries  in  I|aly.  He  also  compiled  such  an  excelljent 
y  Catalogue  raisonn^e*'  of  its  articles  as  deserves  to  be 
jadopt^d  as. a  mpdel  by  alljsbiO  are  at  the  head  of  large 
biblipgraphi^^LesiabHsbments. 

.  W^bilst  be  was  thus,  active  in  the  organization  of ..  the 
Jibrary,  he  received  additional  honours  and  cooimisftions 
.from  the  royal  court  of  Parma.  In  1763  he  was  appointed 
antiquary  to  bis  royal  highness,  and  director  of  the  exca*- 
.vations  which,  under  the  authority,  of  government,  bad 
.been  undertaken  in  the  aucieiit  toirnof  Velleja,  situated 
in  the  Parmesan  dominions;  and  in  17^7,  on  the  expul- 
jBion.  of  the  Jesuits,  be  was  declared  ^'  presid^itof  stiidies,^^ 
with  the  power  'of  new  modelling  as  he  thought  profi^r, 
the  whole  system  of  public  instruction  throughout  the  state. 
In  this  new  organization  of  studies  be  displayed  tbe  saoipe 
.spirit  of  order  by  which  he  had  been  already  distinguished 
in  the  formation  of  the  library.  He  endeavoured  to  arrange 
,tbe  different  subjects  in  the  minds  of  his  pupils  as  hebad 
formerly  classified  the  books  upon  the  different  shrives*  -^ 

Notwithstanding  so  many  signal  services  to  the  court  of 
Parma,  Paciaudi  fell  a  victim  to  mean  intrigues,  and  lost 
the  favour 'Of  ;his  sovereign.  ,  He  bad  been  intimately  con- 
nected with  the  i;ninister  who  then  happened  to  be  dis- 
graqed,  and  was  ia  some  measure  involved  in  the  same 
misfprtu|ie«  "tie  forfeited  bis  places.  But,  conscious  of 
hi9  own  integrity,  .be  did  not  choose  to  leave  Parma,  and 
patiently  waited  for  thetransitvof  the  storm;  .  His  inno- 
cence beiDg..80on  ascertained,  he  was  restored  to  his  several 
/unctions,  and  to  rtbe  good  opinion  of  the  prince.  .  He 
l&ade, , however^  of  this  fovourable  event,  the  best  use  that 
a  prudent  man  could  do;  he  endeavoured  to  secure  him-v 
self  against  a  similar  misfortune  in  future,  by  soliciting 
permission  to  retire  to  his  native  country;  and  this  >' vo- 
luntary exile,*'  says  M.  Dacier,.in'tbe  eulogy  of  Paciaudi, 
^' banished  .the  last  remains  of  suspicion  against  hioi. 
Nothing  was  now  remembered  but  bis  merit  and  bis  zeal  \ 
bis  loss  was  severely  felt;  and  the  most  engaging  solicita^ 


I^ACIAUDL  11 

^Ds  were  made  to  bim  to  resame  bis  fonctioDs.  In  vain 
did  he  plead  in -excuse  bis  advanced  age,  and  the  necessity 
of  repose;  bis  excuses  were  not  admitted,  and  be  was 
finally  obliged  to  return  to  Farms.** 

.  Tbe  literary  establishments  which  had  been  formed  by 
him  in  that  place,  did  not  then  require  so  much  of  his  at- 
tention  and  care,  as  to  prevent  him  from  indulging  himself 
in  other  pursuits. .  He  therefore  conceived  the  plan  of  a 
general  biography  of  the  grand  masters  of  the  order  of 
Malta.  In  1749,  wbeo  be  published,  at  Naples,  the  series 
of  medals  cunc^roiiig  the  government  of  Malta,  he  bad 
received  from  the  grand  master,  Pinto,  the  place  of  bisto*- 
riograpber  of  tbe  order;  but  his  uninterrupted  labours  in 
<»tber  pursuits  had  prevented  him,  for  nearly  thirty  years, 
from  direi^iiig  bis  atiention  to  that  great  object,  the  most 
inieiesttng,  pefhaps,  in  the  religious  and  military  history 
of  the  oMddle  mgen.  At  last  he  devoted  to  it  some  of  bis 
latler  years,  oind,  in  1780,  published  from  the  unrivalled 
fvess  of  Bodoni,  of  Parma,  his  *'  Memorie  de  Gran  Mae- 
at9,**  &c.  or  ^  Memoirs. of  the  Grand  Masters  of  the  Holy 
Military  Order  of  Jerusalem,**:  in  3  vols.  4to.  Tliis  pub- 
licatipn.  contains  only  tbe  history  of  the  first  century  of  the 
order,  and  consequently,  not  more  than  the  lives  of  its 
founder  and  of  th<e  first  ten. grand  masters.  It  would  have 
been  continued,  if  tbe  author  had  not,  soon  after  its  ap- 
pearance, fallen  into  that  languor,  which  generally  attends 
long  labours  andold  age,  and  which  accompanied  him  till 
his  death,  which  took  place. on  the  3d *of -February  1785, 
in  the  75th  year  of  his  age. 

Mr.  Paciaudi  was  an •  .excellent  man:  religious,  disin- 
.terested,'  and  cordial  ;^aQd*  although  not  without  personal 
vanity,  and  often  cbarge^ible  wi(h  severity  of  criticism  oh 
-bis  antagonists,  w^s  always  kind  and  polite,  beloved  by  the 
great,  consulted  by  the  learned,  and  esteemed  by  people 
'i/it  every  description.  He  was  intimately  connected  with 
the '  greatest  literary  ^en  of  his  age,  among  whom,  be- 
sides'Gay  lus,  it  is '  sufficient  to  mention  the  illustrious 
*Winkehnann,  and  tbe  aujtbor  of  tbe  Travels  of  Anacbarsis, 
to  whom  he  stood  indebted  for  the  academical  honoun 
.  iWbiobf  hre  received  at  Paris«^ 

1  Ess^y  on  hh  Life  prefixed  to  bit -Letters,  pobliabed  at  Paris  in  1802.<^Bal<l* 
win*!' Literary  Jouraalj  vol.  IF.— Fabroni  Vitie  Italoruinj  toI.  XIV. 


It  ■  p  kc  iv  $,  1 

I     I*  ' 

/   PA€IU6  (JciiidsH  an  ettiinent  lawyet  ahd  pbitosophiB)*^ 

tilted  PACitIs  D£  Bcfi(GA)  frdm  ihe  iiam«  of  acbiiiotry  se4t 

beiodging  to  hi»  father's  femiJy,  near  Vicemsa,  was  bomitt 

the  latter  city  in  1550.  '   His  [xLridnts  bestowed  $vtfy  paiai 

vri  Ilk  Bdut^tbnj  and  he  is  said  to  have  made  such  pro* 

g^es^  (li  hib  first  studies  as  to  hate  composed  ^  tjr0atii[e  qii 

arithttii^tid  at  the  age  6f  tbineen.    Fi^r  farther  profj^^ie^y 

he  wais  sent  t<^  Padua^  with  his  ford ther  Fabius^  vfhov^ii* 

tmrds  tecattkie  a  phyMCsian  of  emiii^tx^e,  and  is  ifiiebtioViejl 

with  gn^at/hbnour  by  tbe  medical  foibgraphers*     Jultdi^ 

4ft^r  tsUng  his  degree  df  do<:tor  in  ijaw^  returned  to  liii 

own  trduntr^^y  where,  in  the  lioiirsi  of  his  extensile  read'* 

iti^)  be  be^athe  at^quaibteB  #t<:h  the  senri^nts  of  the  ri^V 

fytm^n^'^hA  c^tktieAled  hi&  attachment  tjo  tti^iA  Witb«]^iitUi 

bam^  thlt  lie  Wats  inedatted  by  the  horrors  of  tb^  inquishiok^ 

Arotti  ^bi^  he  ibtaped  to  Getievtt^^ Tbi^  step  bj^mg  at^ 

tend^  with  thie  lOsa  of  hta  properly,  he  gainefl  a  Ht^liboo^ 

Jhr  isome  iimb  ty  te^ehing  ;^t)ut^,  dntiU  £id  ^h'^fAti^he^ 

CMItug  knb«(b/he  was  eribouraged  15'  gt^d  l^ttCites  on  cit^ 

%w^  wbitck  be  did  foif  tefi  y^r^>i^itb  gi'eal^'^iesaandir^^^ 

pirt atidtii    At  Geneva  libo  be  Ih^r^ed  k  lady  Wbi^sd,  fami% 

had  fled  fr^ib  Lucc^^r  the  i^iniist  of  Mligi^o,  ^itd  hijA  i 

fetiiUy  of  ten  tbildreri  by  h(&r.  ] 

^  'Ifi  1^85  h^  acd^pt^d  the  ^(kt  of  ifaif  law  pn}tetB6tMp  ii 

H^ideiber^^  which*  b€r  held  foi-  tefi  yeirs^  itid  th^ri  rei 

ftnio^d  to  Sethiii,  Where  he  taughi  logic  foraomb  d«io ;  4)Ut 

H)b'war  wUcb  took  p1ac«  iAdtk^ed  kib  tbi^tilrfft  again  t4 

^l^hfei"^^  ttnd  thtM^  to  NittneB)  wbfere  h^  Wa^  a)>^ihte4 
principal  of  the  college.  HisHett  cietileii9etitv  Whiob  bi$ 
bi]^d  would  have  %eed  fibal^  wag  nt  Monipellielv  wiiere 
N  wiUf  tnbde  ^egitiir  pro^fetiior  of  kw^  iind  where  hig  teri 
mainly  acqttin^d  A  high  ^e^ttttt^n^  Mil  bmngfat  logeibe!^ 

it^m  «U  jparhi  a  litlttlerOUs  «>bb«MfM  ^  stttdOdii^  itblot^ 
whoitti  w^s  the  telebrbted  P^i)«ks<?^  wh^  iodbe^d  hihi  tn 
ft^turn    to   Ih^  lioMM^il    tatlMlie  rdi^iM«     A^t  mitbui 

change  Of  |ilac«^  bdwev^if^  h^  fitted  at  ken  at  Vatenco  iA 

eaB^fain«,  WbefO  hO^died  iil  16B9^  at  tbte  agOi)f  bigh^ 
five.  Hii  pfititiftA  Wbtkd  #ere,  t .  *^  iibtpVih  Jiirb  tdiyilis,^ 
<jiieirteva,  'Iijpso,  roU  2.  ^^t^bnaliet^i^ell  FMdofuIti^**  !bid. 
1580,  fol.  3.  "  Justiniam  Iitipbr^t^ris  fA«Atttitii^tttti  LUkfH 
ijuatuor^"  &c.  ibid.  fol.  4.  ^<  Ariatotelis  Or^atiuin,  hjoc. 
est  nbri  oQines  licl  l^gicabi  j)eiii^ntea^  Gri  et  tiu.^  M 
giis,  1584,  8vo,  reprinted  in  15dS(,aud;at^Francfort  in  1598, 
which   is  the  best  editioQ  of  what  is  reckoned  »  verjr 


P  A  0  t  tr  ST.  u 

lmi>  et  «flktU  mafQ^  owlewii  UJbellM«f  Gr.  atXM.''  Uei«' 
ddbtif^  l^MBj  8110.  Tbif  vhm  pqblUbed  bjr  Codioufe 
IHiciiM  mIjf  inpplied  the  MS.  ftom  hu  libfftvy.  '  fi.  ^'  Aruk 
toufo  Mlonik  tntoulmtigoU  Ubri  oot#/*  Giv  and  Lfttp 
JMtefor^  ICS69  8vo.  f.  ^^  Arimolelif  de  winm  libri  tres, 
dr.  irt  Lai.'*  ibid.  Ud«,  &▼«.  a. «'  Amiotalb  die  Cceb 
libri  qaatoor,"  ke.  On  et  Lat  ibid.  1601,  Svo.  9.  <<  Doc^ 
|nki«  Perfprntetka  twii  llres/'  Aoreim  A^tobraguiB  (Ge- 
neva) 'I4M>  4IQC  NJMfon  enuvierates  yarimis  oiher  worU 
ilbiob  be  publitfiedy  iene  of  a  lemporary  Vie^  ud  som* 
fiimpiied faff  the  vse  ef  atudepts ;  but  ibe  above  appear  te 
h»fe  oentriStoted  aaoafc  tft  the  reputatioa  he  enjeyeo.* 

PACK  (&iC]ui98i)kN),  an  English  poetical,  and  mieceU 
h^tom  vriier»  ibf  ion  of  JabQ  Paek»  of  Sutolfs^Aah,  in 
SuBoikf  eibp,  in  1^91  waa  high  sheriff  of  that  daunt;^  vaa 
bern  about  t€80*  |ie  waa  edocaled  at  Merchant  Taylem^ 
icbool,  wfience,  at  the  age  of  stxte^  he  removed  to  St. 
iobn's  eplli^;e»  Qx&rd>  and  remained  there.  Iwo  yoar%  «l 
ibe  eiid  of  wbieb  bia  father  entered  htm  of  fcbe  Middle 
Tefupley  iniendingbioD  for  the  professbn  of  the  kiar.  Hie 
ti>rp6ciency»  at  a  bier  atadent,  vaust  have  appeared  in  a  verjp 
{jivourabie  light  to  the  beoohers  ef  ibis  ^nourable  aoeiety^ 
I9  be  wei  at  eigbt  Urmi  atandin|;  admtttpd  barrister^  Wfaea 
be  fvaa  not  nuidb  above  twenty  years  pf  age.  But  habile  of 
Ittt^^  ancjl  appiicatioH  to  businesa  not  agreeing  either  with 
Mn  health  lor  inclinatioii,  be  went  into  thearmyt  and  his 
irst  eoomiand,  wbidb  h»  obtained  in-  Match  1705,  iwaa 
that  oi  ia  company  of  foot  He  served  afterirards  abroad 
under  general  S^anhopoi  end  the  duke  of  Argyle,  who  fiM 
his  distingMisHed  bravery  proipofted  him  to  the  rank  taS 
fO^f  and;  ever  after  bbnomred  him  with  ^is  patronap^e 
^d  frkindtbip.  Some  of  the  best  of  aiigor  Piusk^s  mii 
^11119  were  in  celebra^n  of  )»s  grace's  charaeter,  at  a  time 
f%en  iibere  was ,:a  jealousy  between  him  and  the  duke  of 

'jtbe.inajpc  died  aft  Aberdeen  io  Sept/17^ 
his,  iegfinatH  hiq^^^  to  bi^  quartered.  'He 

[isbed  Mr$t  a  «4ia!p^buijr  of  pOMas  in  1?  iS,  dedicate  to 
^olflpdi;  ^tAohope,  .  whidli  sold  ^apidll*^  abd  when  it  4;ane 
^j^  la 

1^^9.1^  j^^  t^f^jOff  pQ^ponius  Atticus/'  witft 


H  P  A  C  K.  i 

r^tni^rks  stddresied  to  the  diike  of  Aygyfe ;  in  1720,  **^ttri 
ligion  atid  Philosophy^  a  Tale ;"  and  inl725,"  a  *^*  Neit 
Collection"  of  poetical  miscellanies,  to  which  be  jWefixed 
the  "  Lives  of  Mi^tiades  and  Cymon,"  fr6m  Coi'nejius  Ne* 
pos.  His  "  ^yhole  Works"  were  afterwards  coHec ted  an 4 
published  jn  onevol.  8iro,  1729.  In. all  be  discotefs  eonsi^ 
derable  taste,  vivacity,  and  teaming.  ■  His  connection^'  afe' 
Well  as  his  principles,  appear  to  have  been  of  the  superior 
cast*-''  ■    .  .''■■•:■,  f  ■ 

PACUVIUS  (Marcus),  a  Latin  trs^icpoet^  wasa^nsitivife 
of  BoTidisi,  the  ancient  Brundusium,  and  nephew  to  En-^ 
nius.  He  flourished  at  Romc^  about  1543.  C.  Ac^cojrd- 
ing  to  bis  last  biographer,  he  was  held  in  'high  esteem'  by 
C,  Lelius,-and  particularly  by  Citero,  who  affirmed  hihi 
t6  be  superior  to  Sophocles  in  "'his  tragedy  of  ^ViiNiptra,^*- 
and  classed  hini  in  the  first  rank  of'  tragic  poets.  They 
are  said  likewise  to  have  looked  u^6n  every  one  as  an 
enemy  td  Roman  literature  who  had 'tenierity  enough' to 
despise  his  tragedies,  particularly  his  "  Antiope.'?  We 
have  nothing,  however,  of^fais  works  left,  except  isome* 
fragments  in  Maittaife's  *^Corpus  PotBtarum,''  ^Pacuvins 
was  apainter  alsp)  as  well  asa  poet;  and  Pliny  speaks  of  one 
of  his  pictures  which  was  placed  in  the  temple  of  Hercule's,' 
and  was  admired  by  the  connoisseurs  of  those  times.  'He 
<tied  at  Tarentum,  when  .bey^ynd'  bis*  ninetieth  year. '  He 
vrrote  his  own  epitaph^  which  is  preserved  in  Auids  Gelltus. 
Annibale^di.  Leo,  twbo  was  also  born  at  Brhtdisi,'  publisheiih 
in  1764  a  dissertation  on  bis  life  and  writing^  in  order  to 
do  honour  to  bis  native  place,  which  certainly  would  not 
have  been.  less  honoured  if  he. had  omitted  to  tell  us  that 
among  the  eminent  men  of  Brindisi,  was  M.'  Lenius  Strabo,' 
the  first  inventor  of  bird-cages.  ^ 

PAGAN  (Blaise*  Fjrancis  Coimr  pe)>  an  leminient 
Ffench  mathemiatician,  .was  born. at  'Avignon,  in  Provfencei^ 
March  3,  ,1^04,  and  entered  the  army  at  fourteen;  ^fiw 
which  he  h^d  been  educated  with  extraordinary  care;  rln- 
1620  he  was  engaged  at  the  siege  of  Caen,,  in  the  battle  6f 
the  bridge  of  Ce,  and  ntber  exploits,  in  which  he  signialized' 
himself,  and  ^cjqulred  a  reputation  above  vbis  years. '  He 
was  present,  in  1624,  at  the  siegeof  St.  Jbbn  d'Angeli,  as' 
also  at  that  of  Clerac  and  Montauban,' where  he  lost  ;his( 


vf 


>  Life  prefixed  to  bis  works.— Gibber's  LiTes.— Jacobus  Lives.    '  , 

*  Vossius  de  Poet,  ttt.— Saxii  Qaoma8t.«-Leo*t  Disseftation  Ib  Month;  lUf. 


PAGAN.  U 

left  eye  by  a  musket-shot.  At  this  siege  he  had  another 
loss,  which  he  felt  with  no  less  sensibility,  viz^  that  of  the 
constable  of  Luynes,  who  died  there  of  a  scarlet  fever. 
The  constable  was  a  near. relation  to  him,  and. had  been 
his  patron  at  court.  He  did  not,  however,  sink  under  his 
misfortune,  but  on  the  contrary  seemed  to  acquire  fresh 
energy  from  the  reflection  that  he  must  now  trust  solely 
to  himself.  Accordingly,  there  was  after  this  time,  no 
siege,  battle,  or  any  other  occasion,  in  which  be  did  not 
ftignalize  himself  by  some  effort  of  courage  and  conduct. 
At  the  passage  of  the  Alps,  and  the  barricade  of  Suza,  he 
put  himself  at  the  head,  of  the  forlorn  hope,  *  consisting'  of 
the  bravest  youths  among  the  guards;. and  undelrto6k  to 
ailrive  the  first  at  the  attack  by  a  private  way  which  wa& 
extremely  dangerous ;  but,  having  gained  the  top  of  a  very 
steep  mountain,  he  cried  out  to  his  followers,  ".See  the 
way  to  glory  I"  and  sliding  down  the  mountain,  his  com- 
panions followed  him,  and  coming  first  to  the -attacki  as 
they  wished  to  do,  immediately  began  a  furious  assault  f 
and  when  the  army  came  up  to  their  support,  forced  the 
barrigades.  He  had  afterwards  the  pleasure  of  standing- 
OB  the  left  hand  of  the  king  when  hia  majesty  related  this 
heroic  action  to  the  duke  of  Savoy,  with .  extraordinary 
commendations,  in  the  presence  of  a  very  full  court.  -  Whea 
the  king  laid  siege  to  Nancy  in  1633, ; our.  hero  bad  the 
honour  to  attend  his  sovereign  in  drawing  the  lines  aii4 
forts  of  eircumvallation.  In  1642  his  majeaty  sent  him  Uy 
the  aervice  in  Portugal,  in  the  post  of  field-marshal ;  but , 
that  year  be  had  the  misfortune  to  Jose  bis  eye-sight. ; 

Disabled  now  from  public  service,  he  re-assumed,  with 
greater'^igour  than  ever,  the  study  of  the  mathematics 
and  fortification;  and,   in- 1645,  gave  to  the  public  hisv 
'^  Treatise  of  Fortific^ion.''     It  was  allowed  by  all  who 
underatood  the  science,  that  nothing .  superior  had^thear 
appieafed  on  that  subject;  and,  whatever,  improvements 
have  been  made  since,  they  have  been.dedivedin  a  manner 
fi;pm, 'thia  treatise,  as  conclusions  from  their  principles.* 
la! 651  he  published  his  f^  Geometrical  Theorems,",  which 
tkeyf  a  perfect  knowledge  of  all  parts  of  the  mathematics.' 
In  1635  he  printed  a  paraphrase^  in  French,  of  the"  Ac-; 
count,"  in  Spanish,  **  of  the  River  of  the  Amazons,"  by , 
father  de  Rennes,  a  Jesuit ;  and  we  are  aissured,  that  blind; 
as  he  was,  yet  he. drew  the  chart  of  that  river,  and  the 
^tu  adjacent,'  which  }s  seen  in  thi^  work.     Of  tbi^  work 


If  PAGAN. 

•a  Ett^ruh  traosii^kiPi  was  pybli^i^  \>j  W*  Pnn^ilf^ii  i« 

16«1,  8vo. 

.    In  1657  he  pubUAed^'Th^  Tk^^ry  of  the  PUim$^ 

cleared  from  that  jaauUiplkUy  <)f  ^cc^ntvip  ^irf^t^ib  4.nd 
^piQj^oIes,  wbiqh  the  a^t^^ontoneieFs  iiftd  i.Qy^D|e4  \Q  PKpI^in 
Ibeif  flaotioas.'^  This  distiiiguisb^d  hm  amopg  tbq  ^^tf^r 
nomersy  as  much  as  bis  woirk  .on  fprtificatioi)  did  ap^Qrig 
the  engineers;  and  he  printed,  in  l^^9,  bi^  ^'  AstronomiT 
cal  Tables/^  which  are  very  succinct  and  plain.  Bp(,  a« 
few  great  men  are  witboot  their  foible^  that  of  P^gan  W9« 
a  pr/sjudice  iti  favour  of  judicial  astrology  j  apd>  though  b^ 
is  nid'C  reserved  than  most  others,  yet  what  be  wrqt^  ppoH 
that  subject  most  not  be  classed  among  those  prod^ptiQUf 
which  do  honour  to  bis  understanding.  He  was  b^leyed 
and  visited  by  all  persons  illustrious  for  rank,  as  w^U  «» 
science ;  and  his  bouse  was  the  rendezv<ras  of  all  the  poi^ 
lite  and  wprtby  both  in  city  and  ^ourt.  He  died  at  Paris^ 
Nov.  18,  1665,  having  never  been  i^arried.  Tlie  king  or-* 
^ered  bis  first  physician  to  attend  him  in  his  illness,  and 
gavei  severskl  marks  of  the  extraordinary  esteem  which  be 
Sad  for  his  merit. 

His  efaaracter  i^  that  of  an  universal  genius ;  and,  having 
turned .  lumself  entirely  to,  the  art  of  war,  4ind  partioularly 
to  the  branch  bf  fpFti&cation»  be  made  extraordinary  pro-* 
gross  in  it.  He  updisrstood  mathematics,  not  only  bettet 
than  is  usu^  for  a  gentleman  whose  view  is  t^  ri^e  ia  tbe 
aimy,  but  even  to  a  degree  of  perfection  above  that  of  the 
ordin^iry  masters  who  teach  that  sci^nqe.  He  bad  ao  p^r-r 
ttcular  a  geuius  for  this  kind  of  learning, :  that  he  ^^tain^d 
a  mor/s  readily  by  meditation  than  by  readings  and  accord^ 
isigly  spent  less  time  on  mathematical  boobs  than  he  did  tQ 
those  of  history  and  gepgrapby.  Hjt  bad  also  mad^  mon 
irfity  -afid  politics  his  particular  study  ;  so  that  he  .may .be 
and  to  have  drawn  his  own  character  in  bis  <^  Hi)mme  He-* 
le'ique,*'  and  ta  have  been  one  of  the  completest  gentle* 
men  of  his  lime.  Louis  XUI.  was  heard  to  /say  several 
times,  that  the  count  de  Pagan  wsas  one  q(  the  most  worthy, 
most  adtoit,  and  most  valiant  men  in  his  kingdom.  Thai 
branch  of  bi&  family  which  removed  from  Naples  to  Fransit 
in  1552,  beoame  extinct  ip  his  person. ' 

PAGE  (WiLiOAM },  an  English  divine,  was  born  in  .14^90, 
at  Harroar  on  the  Hill,  Middlesex,  and  entered  of  Saliot 
■     :  .       ,        .        •'  '.     ^  •    •  , 


P  A  G  5.  IT 

tolUge^  OicFord,  in  1606.  Here  be  took  bis  AegreH  Itt 
arts,  and  in  1619  was  csbosen  fellow  of  All  Souli.  In  1629| 
hy  tbe  interest  of  Laud,  be  succeeded  Dr.  Denlsoo»  as 
master  of  the  free  scbool  of  Reading.  lit  1 634  be  was  ad*' 
mitted  D.  D.  but  ten  years  aftef  was  deprived  of  bis  school 
by  the  parliamentary  commissioners  for  Berkshire*  He 
held,  however,  the  rectory  of  East  Locking  in  that  county^ 
to  which  he  bad  been  presented  by  his  college,  until  his 
deathy  which  happened  Feb.  14, 1663,  at  the  rectory-bouse* 
He  was  buried  in  the  chancel  of  his  own  church.  At  the 
restoration  he  had  obtained  a  writ  of  restitution  to  the 
school^  which  was  publicly  read,  he  being  present,  as  ap« 
pears  by  the  diary  of  the  corporation ;  but,  after  some  de^ 
bate  it  was  carried  that  Mr.  Singleton,  the  then  mftster^ 
should  have  notice  hefore  an  answer  was  resolved,upon ; 
and  it  appears  that  Mr.  Singleton  was  confirmed  in  the 
place,  being  the  sixth  person  who  held  it  after  Page. 

Dr.  Page  was  thought  well  versed  in  the  Greek  fathers^ 
an  able  disputant,  and  a. good  preacher.  He  wrote  *^  A 
Treatise  of  justification  of  Bowing  at  the  name  of  Jesus,  by 
way  of  answer  to  an  appendix  against  it,''  Oxford,  1631^ 
4to ;  and  an  *^  Examination  of  such  considerable  reasons  as> 
are  made  by  Mr.  Prynne  ina  reply  to  Mr.  Widdowes  con« 
cerning  %he  same  argument,"  printed  with  the  former. 
The  fate  of  this  publication  was  somewhat  singular.  The 
point  in  dispute  was  at  this  time  eagerly  contested.  Arch^  , 
bishop  Abbot  did  not  think  it  oT  sufficient  importat^^^  to 
be  allowed  to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  church,  and,  by  bis 
^secretary,  advised  Dr.  Page  to  withdraw  his  work  from  the 
press^  if  already  in  it.  Laud,  on  the  contrary,  who  was  , 
then  bishop  of  London,  ordered  it  to  be  printed,  viewing^ 
the  question  as  a  matter  of,  importance,  it  being  a  defence 
of  a  canon  of  the  church ;  and  it  accordingly  appeared% 
Dr.  Page  wi^  also  the  author  of  ^*  (Certain  animadversions 
upon  some  passages  in  a  Tract  concerning  Schism  and 
Schismatics,*'  by  Mr.  Hales  of  Eton,  Oxon.  1642,  4to; 
^^  The  Peace  Maker,  or  a  brief  motive  to  unity  and  charity 
in  Religion,'V  Loud.  1652,  16mo;  a  single  sermon,  and  a 
translation  of  Thomas  a  Kempis,  1639,  12mo,  With  a  large 
epistle  to  the  reader.  Wood  mentions  '^  Jus  Fratrum,  or 
the  Law  of  Brethren,*'  but  is  doubtful  whether  this  belongs 
to  our  Dr.  Page,  or  to  Dr.  Samuel  Page,  vicar  of  Dept- 
ford,  who  died  in  1630,  and  was  the  author  of  some  pious 
trac,ts.     It  belongs,  however,  ^  to  neither,  but  to  a  John 

Vol.  XXIV.  G 


18  P  A  G  I. 

Page,  probably  a  lawyer,  as' the  subject  is  the  pcwrer  of 
parents  in  .disposing  of  their  estates  to  their  children. ' 

PAGI  (Anthony),  a  famous  Cordelier,  and  one  of  the 
ablest  critics  of  hii  time,  was  bom  at  Rognes,  a  small  town 
in  Provence,  March  31,  1624.  He  took  the  monk^s  habit 
in  the  convent  of  the  Cordeliers  at  Aries,  and  professed 
himself  there  in  1641.  After  he  had  finished  the  usual 
course  of  studies  in  philosophy  and  divinity,  he  preached 
some  time,  and  was  at  length  made  four  times  provincial 
of  his  order.  These  occupations  did  not  hinder  him  from 
applying  to  chronology«and  ecclesiastical  history,  in  which 
he  excelled.  He  printed  in  the  Journal  des  Savans,  Nov* 
11,  1686,  a  learned  <'  Dissertation  upon  the  Consular  Of*- 
fice/'  in  which  he  pretends  to  have  discovered  the  rules, 
according  to  which  the  Roman  emperors  took  the  dignity 
of  consul  at  some  certain  times  more  than  others,  but  in 
this  he  is  not  thought  to  have  been  successful.  His  most 
considerable  work  is  ^*  A  Critique  upon  the  Annals  of  Ba- 
ronius;*'  in  which  he  has  rectified  an  infinite  number  of 
mistakes,  both  in  chronology  and  in  facts.  He  published 
the  first  volume  of  this  work,  containing  the  first  four  cen« 
turies,  at  Paris,  in  1689 ;  with  a  dedication  to  the  clergy 
of  France,  who  allowed  him  a  pension:  The  whole  work 
was  printed  after  his  death,  in  four  volumes,  folio,  at  Ge« 
neva,  in  1705,  by  the  care  of  his  nephew,  fdther  Francis 
Pagi;  of  the  same  order.  It  is^  carried  to  the  year  1198, 
where  Baronius  ends.  Pagi  was  greatly  assisted  in  it  by 
the  di>h6  Longuerue,  who  also  wrote  the  eloge  of  our 
author,  which  is  prefixed  to  the  Geneva  edition.  Another 
edition  was  published  at  Geneva  in  1727,  It  is  a  work  of 
great  utility,  but  the  author's  chronology  of  the  popes  of 
the  first  three  centuries  is  not  approved  by  the  learnedi 
He  has  also  prefixed  a  piece  concerning  a  new  chronolo-^ 
gical  period,  which  he  calls  ^^  Graeco-Romana,"  and  uses 
for  adjusting  all  the  different  epochas,  whiph  is  not  with* 
out  its  inconveniences.  Our  author  wrote  some  other - 
works  of  inferior  note  before  his  death,  at  Aix,  in  Provence, 
J^ne  7,  1699.  His  character  is  that  of  a  very  able  bisto- 
.  rian,  and  a  learned  and  candid  critic.  His  style  has  all  the 
simplicity  and  plainness  which  suits  a  chronological  narra-- 
tion.  He  held  a  correspondence  with  several  learned  men, 
as  Stillingfleet,  Spanheim,  Cuper,  Dodwell,  the  cardinal 
Noris,  &c.  •  ' 

1  Ath.  Ox.-^Coate8'8  Hist,  of  Reading. 
£.  ^  Chaufepie,-^i«eroD,  toU  I. — Moreri.— Dupia. 


P  A  G  t  19 

.  t^AOl  (FltAKcis)^  nephew  of  the  pretledtdgi  was  born 
ftl  Lambeso  in  Pravenice  Sept.  7, 1654.  The  Extraordinary 
inclination  that  appeared  in  his  infancy  for  polite  learning 
induced  bis  parents  to  send  him  tostudy^  among  the  priests 
of  the  oratory,  at  Toulon  ;  where  he  soon  made  so  great  a 
proficiency,  that  his  uncle^  Anthony  Pagi,  sent  for  him  to 
Aix,  where  he  then  resided.  The  conversation  of  his  uncle  ia-> 
spired  him  with  a  desire  of  devoting  himself  to  the  churchy 
and  accordingly  he  enteredanto  the  order  of  the  Cordeliers, 
and  made  bis  profession.  After  having  taught  philosophy 
in  several  convents,  he  desired  to  return  to  his  uncle  at 
Aix;  and,  having  obtained  leave,  remained  studying  under 
bis  directions  for  several  years;  and  assisted  him  in  his 
^*  Critique  upon  Baronius's  Annal»  ;'*  of  which^  as  w^  have 
mehtioned  in' the  preceding  article,  he  became  the  editor. 
Father  Francis  afterwards  Ifiid  the  plan  of  another  work, 
which  he  published  under  the  title  *^  Breviarium  Historico* 
cbronologico-criticum,  illustriora  pontiBcum  Romanorum 
gesta,  conciliorum  genemlium  acta,-  nee  non  complura  turn 
sacrorum  rituum^  turn  antiquae  ecclesis  disciplinse,  capita 
compiectens,''  4  vols.  4to,  1717,  &c.  In  this  be  discovers 
the  most  bigoted  zeal  for  the  Ultramontane  theology,  and 
every  thing  which  exalts  the  authority  of  the  pope.  A  long 
illness,  brought  on  by  a  fall,  prevented  his  finishing  the 
last  volume,  which  was  not  published  Until  1727,  six  years 
after  hia  death,  which  took  placd  Jan.  21,  1721'.  ^ 

•  PAGIT,  or  rather' PAGET  (Eusebius),  a  Puritan  di- 
vine^ was  bom  at  Cranford  in  Northamptonshire,  about 
1542,  and  at  the  age  of  twelve  years  came  to  Oxford, 
where  he  was  first  choirister,  and  afterwards  student  of 
Christ  Church.  He  made,  according  to  Wood,  a  coush 
derable  progress  in  logic  and  philosophy,  but^  although  -a 
noted  sopbister,  left  the  university  without  taking  a  degree. 
As  Wood  passes  immediately  to  his  being  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  St  Anne^s,  Aldersgate-str^etj  that  biographer 
seems  to  have  known  nothing  of  the  intermediate  events* 
On  his  leaving  Oxford,  he  became  vicar  of  Oundle,  and 
rector  of  Langton  in  his  native  county,  where,  in  1573,  he 
was  first  prosecuted  for  nonconformity.  He  was  afterwards 
preferred  to  the  rectory  of  Kilkhampton  in  Cornwall,  and 
althou^  1m  bad  acquainted  both  his?  patron  and  ordinary 
that  there  were  some  things  in  the  book  of  Common  Prayer 

>  Cbanfepie.— -Bibl.  Gemumlqae,  vol,  m.-^Niceron,  toI.  V!. 

C  2 


so  P  A  G  r  T. 

wttb  which  he  could  not  comply,  aod  they  had  proflii^ed, 
that  if  he  would  accept  the  cure,  he  should  not  be  mo* 
tested  on  that  account,  yet  a  prosecution  was  commenced 
against  him,  which  ended  in  his  losing  all  his  prefermrents^ 
and  even  a  school  which  he  attempted  to  establish  for  his 
maintenance.  This  appeared  particularly  hard  in  his  case, 
as,  according  to  every  authority,  he  was  ^*  a  learned,  peace- 
able, and  good  divine,  who  had  formerly  complied  with 
the  customs  and  devotionsT  of  the  church,  and  had  been  in- 
defatigable in  the  ministry.*'  He  appears  to  have  remained 
some  years  under  ecclesiastical  censure ;  but  at  last,  in 
September  1604,  was  promoted  to  the  rectory  of  St^Anne 
and  St.  Agnes,  Aldersgate-street,  which  he  held  till  his 
death  in  May  1617,  in  the  seventy- fifth  year  of  bis  age. 
His  remains  were  interred  in  this  church.  An  account  of 
his  prosecution  may  be  seen  in  the  Harleian  MSS.  813,  fo(* 
14,  b.  and  an  abridgment  of  it  iit  NeaPs  '^  History  of  the 
Puritans."  He  was  the  author  of  a  sermon  **  on  Tithes  ;!V 
another  '^  of  Election  ;^'  a  Latin  ^'  Catechism,"  Lond, 
1591,  8vo ;  a  translation  of  Calvin's  *' Harmony  of  the 
Gospels,"  ibid.  1584,  4to;  and  <' The  History  of  the  Bible, 
briefly  collected,  by  way  of  question  and  answer."  It  does 
not  appear  when  this  first  appeared,  but  it  was  afterwarda 
printed  at  the  end  of  several  of  tbe  old  editions  of  the 
Bible. 

He  had  a  son  Eprraim,  who  was  bom  in  1575,  and 
educated  also  at  Christ  Church,  where  he  became,  so  un- 
common a  proficient  in  languages,  that  at  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-six, he  is  said  to  have  understood  and  written  fifteen  of 
sixteen,  ancient  and  modern.  His  only  preferment  was  to^ 
tbe  church  of  St.  Edmund  the  King,  Lombard-street, 
London,  from  which  he  was  driven  by  tbe  usurping  party, 
for  bis  loyalty.  In  religious  sentiments  he  does  not  appear 
to  have  diflPered  from  his  father;  but  he  adhered  to  the 
king  and  constitution,  which  was  then  an  unpardonable 
crime.  He  retired  to  Deptford  in  Kent,  where  be  died  in 
April  1647,  aged  seventy- twa  In  addition  to  the  other 
causes  of  his  sufferings,  he  wrote  much  against  the  Inde- 
liendents,  baptists,  and  other  sectaries,  as  appears  by  his 
*' Heresiograpby ;"  yet,  in  1645,  two  years  before  his 
death,  he  united  with  his  brethren  in  London,  in  petitioh« 
ing^parliament  for  the  establishment  of  the  Presbytieriaii^ 
discipline,  which,  be  thought  better  than  none.  He  wrote 
some  books  di^t  are  still  valued  as  curiosities,  particularly 


I*  A  G  I  T.  «l 

liig  **  Christianographia,  or  a  description  of  the  inultttudes 
and  sundry  sorts  of  Christians  in  the  world,  not  subject  to 
the  pope,"  &c.  Lond.  1635,  4to,  often  reprinted,  witli 
(in  soaie  of  the  editions)  a  ^^  Treatise  of  the  religion  of 
the  ancient  Christians  in  Britany  ;*^  and  his  '*  Hseresio** 
graphia,  or  a  description  of  the  Heresies  of  later  times,** 
ibid.  1645,  &c.  4to.  Of  this  there  have  been  at  least  four 
editions.^ 

PAGNINUS  (Sanctbs),  an  Italian  of  great  iikill  in 
Oriental  languages  and  biblical  learning,  was  born  at  Lucca 
in  1466,  and  afterwards  became  an  ecclesiastic  of  the  order 
of  St.  Dominic,  and  resided  for  the  greater  part  of  his  life 
ai  Lyons.  He  was  deeply  and  accurately  skilled  in  the 
Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  and  Ailabic  tongues,  but 
especially  in  the  Hebrew.  In  the  course  of  his  studies  he 
was  led  to  conceive  that  the  Vulgate  translation  of  the 
Scriptures  was  either  not  by  Jerome,  or  greatly  corrupted  ;.' 
and  he  therefore  undertook  to  make  a  new  one,  following 
Jerom  only  where  he  conceived  that  his  version  corre*^ 
sponded  with  the  original.  This  design,  so  very  soon  aftiet 
the  restoration  of  letters,  is  calculated  to  give  us  a  very 
high  opinion  of  Pagninus^s  courage  and  learning,  and  ap» 
pieared  in  so  favourable  a  light  to  pope  Leo  X.  that  be 
promised  to  furnish  him  with  all  necessary  expences  for 
completing  the  work ;  and  he  was  likewise  encouraged  in 
his  labours  by  the  succeeding  popes,  Hadrian  VI.  and 
Clement  VII.  who  licensed  the  printing  of  it.  It  appears, 
by  a  letter  of  Picus  Mirandula  to  Pagninus,  that  he  had 
spent  twenty-pve  years  upon  this  translation.  It  is  the 
first  modern  translation  of  the  Bible  from  the  Hebrew 
tfext;  and  the  Jews  who  read  it  affirmed,  that  it  agreed 
entirely  with  the  Hebrew,  and  was  as  faithful,  and  more 
exact  than  the  ancient  translations.  The  .great  fault  of 
Pagninus  was,  that  he  adhered  too  closely  and  servilely  to 
the  original  text ;  and  this  scrupulous  attachment  made 
his  translation,  says  father  Simon,  ^^  obscure,  barbarous, 
and  full  of  solecisms.  He  imagined,  that,  to  make  a  faith- 
ful translation  of  the  Scriptures,  it  was  necessary  to  follow 
exactly  the  letter,  according  to  the  strictness  of  grammar. 
This,  however,  is  quite  contrary  to  his  pretended  exact- 
ness, because  two  languages  seldom  agree  in  their  waj^s  of 

•  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  I.  and  II.— Brook's  Lives  of  the  Pttritans.<^Faller*8  Wor- 
Uaies.— Lloyd's  Worthies,  foiio,  jp.  5lO..*Strype>i  Life  of  Wtuf gift,  p,  STT. 


* .'.. 


.V  * 


J2«  P  A  G  N  I  N  U  S. 

speaking  ;  and  therefore,  instead  ojF  expressing  the  origi- 
nal in  its  proper  purity,  he  defaces  iindxobs  it  of  its  oraa^ 
ments."  Father  Simon,  nevertheless,  allows  the  great 
abilities  and  learning. of  Pagninus;  and  all  the  later  eoni* 
mentatorsi and  translators  of  the  Scriptures  have  agreed  in 
giving  him  his  just  coamiendation.  Huetius,  though  he 
e^epis  to  think  father  r  Simon's  criticism  of  him  well 
grounded,  yet  makes  no^  scruple  to  propose  his  manner 
ds  a  model  for  all  translators  of  the  sacred  books  :  ^^  Scrip-t 
turpa  interpretandaB  rationibus  utile  nobis  exemplar  propo« 
suit.Sanctus  Pagninus." 

.  Pe  afterwards  translated  the  "  New  Testament"  from 
the  Qreek,  and  dedicated  it  to  pope  Clement  VII.  It  was 
printed  with  the  former  at  Lyon^  in  1528.  He  w^s  also 
the  author  of  an  ^*  Hebrew  Lexicon  and  an  Hebrew  Grapi'* 
inar ; .  which  Buxtorf,.  who  calls  him  ^^  Vir  linguarum  Ori-*- 
eiitalium  peritissimus,"  made  great  use  of  in  compiling 
bis.  He  died  in  1536,  aged  seventy.  Saxius  places  hi$ 
bjirthjn.I47J,  and  his  death  in  1541.  Though  he  appears 
to  have  lived  and  died  a  bigoted  Catholic,  Luther  spoke 
o^  him,  and  his  translations^  in  term3  of  the  highest  ap^r 
pjause.  * 

PAJDN  (Claude),  a  French  Protestant  divine,  was  born 
in  16^,6,  and  studii^d,  with  great,  success  and  approbation, 
at  Saumur;  after  which  he  becaine  minister  of  a  place 
C;alled  .Marcheiloir  in  the  province  of  Dunois.  He  was,an 
able  advocate  against  tb^  popish  party,  as  appears  by  bis 
best. work,  against  father. Nicole,  entitled  "  Examen  du 
Livre  qui  porte  pour  titre,  Prejugez  legitimes  contre  les 
Calvinistes,"  2  vols.  1673,  12mo.  Mosheim  therefore  very 
improperly  places  him  in  the  class  of  those  who  explained 
the. doctrines  of  Christianity  in  such  a  manner  as  to  dimi^ 
nish  the  4ifference  between  the  doctrines  of  the  reformed 
aitd  papal  churches ;  since  this  work  shews  that  few  men 
l^rote  at  that  time  with  more  learnings  zeal,  and  judgment 
against  popery,  Pajon,  however,  created  so;ne  disturbance 
in  the  x:hurch,  and  became  very  unpopular,  by  explaining 
certain,  doctrines,  concerning  the  influence  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  in  the  j^i'niinian  way,  and  had  a  controversy  with 
Jmrieu  on.  this  subject.  The  consequence  was,  that  Pajoo, 
who  had  been  elected  pjrofes^or  of  divinity  at  Saumur> 
found  it  necessary  to  resign  that  oiBce ;  after  which  he 

1  Moreri  in  Sanctes.— Le  Long  Bibl.  Sacra. 


1 


•''■••*  "•  '^.  ■' 

v. 7    ..•■':. 

,     1»  A  J  O  N.  ti 

resided  at  Orleann^^s^pastor,  and  died  there  Sept.  27,  1685, 
in  tbe  sixtieth  jrenr  of  his  age.  He  left  a  great  many  works 
in  manuscript ;  none  of  which  have  been  printed,  owing 
partly  to^his  unp^ularity,  bat,  perhaps,  principally  to  his 
two  sons  becoming  Roman  Catholics.  A  full  aecount  of  his 
opinions  may  be  seen  in  Mosheim,  or  in  the  first  of  ouf 
authorities. ' 

PAJOT  (LEWis-tEO),  Count  d'Ansembray,  a  French 
nobleman,  was  bom  at  Pariit  in  1678.  During  his  education 
he  discovered  an  inclination  for  mathematical  pursuits^ 
and  was  instructed  in  the  philosophy  of  Des  Cartes. 
After  this  he  increased  his  knowledge  by  an  acquaint^ 
ance  with  Hirygens,  Kuysh,  Boerhaave,  and  other  eminent 
men  of  tbe  time.  On  his  return  from  his  travels  he  wa^ 
apfiointed  director»general  of  the  posts  in  France;  but^ 
coming  into  possession  of  a  country-seat  at  Bercy,  by  the 
death  of  his  father,  be  collected  a  museum  there  furnished 
with  philosophical  and  mechanical,  instruments,  and.  ma- 
chines of  every  description,  which  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  learned,  and  was  visited  by  Peter  the  Great,  the 
emperor  of  Germany,  and  other  princes.  In  the  Trans^ 
actions  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  ^there  are  several  of  his  papers ;  among  which  is 
a  description  of  an  ^^  Instrument  for  the  Measurement  of 
Liquids  ;"  -^of  "  An  Areometer,  or  Wind  Gage  ;*'  and  of  a 
<f  Machine  for  beating  regular  Time  in  Music/'  He  died 
in  1753,  bequeathing  his  valuable  museum  to  tbe  .aca- 
demy. *  ' 

PAINE  (Thomas),  a  political,  and  infidel  writer  of  great 
notoriety,  was  born  in  1737,  ^t.Thetford,  in  Norfolk. 
His  father  was-  a  staymaker,  a  business  which  he  hinmelf 
carried  on  during  his  early  years  at.  London,  Dover,  and 
Sandwich.  He  afterwards  became  an  exciseman  and  gro*- 
cer,  at  Lewes  in  Sussex ;  and,  upon  the  occasion  of  an 
election  at  Shoreham,  in  17T1,  is  said  to  have  written  an 
election  song.  In  the  following  year  he  wrote  a  pamphlet^, 
recommending  an  application  to  parliament  for  the  in- 
crease qf  the  salaries  of  excisemen;  butj  for  some  misde" 
meanours,  was  himself  dismissed  from  his  office  in  1774, 
In  the  mean  time,  the  ability ;  displayed  in  his  pamphlet 
attracted  the  notice  of  one  of  the  commissioners;  of  excise, 

1  Chanfepie. — Moreri.-^Blpunt's  Censura-.— -Saxii.  OiiQEQask 
*  Dicr.  Hist. 


■y. 


«♦  PAINE. 

who  sent  him  to  America,  with  a  strong  recoannendation 
to  Dr.  Franklfn,  as  a  person  who  could  be  serviceable  at 
tb4t  time  in  America.  What  services  were  expected  from 
faimi  we  know  not,  but  he  arrived  at  a  time  when  the 
Americans  were  prepared  for  the  revolution  which  followed^ 
und  which  he  is  supposed  to  have  promoted,  by  scatterinpr 
among  the  discontented  his  memorable  pamphlet,  entitled 
^*  Common  Sense.'* 

His  first  engagement  in  Philadelphia  was  with  a  book- 
Mler,  who  employed  him  aa  editor  of  the  Philadelphia 
«M&ga!aine,  for.which  he  had  an  annual  salary  of  fifty  pounds 
currency.  When  Dr.  Rush  of  that  city  suggested  to  Paine 
the  propriety  of  preparing  the  Americans  for  a  separation 
from  Great  Britain,  he.  seized  with  avidity  the  idea,  and 
immediately  began  the  above  mentioned  pamphlet,  which^ 
when  finished,  was  shewn  in  manuscript  to  Dr.  Franklin 
and  Mr.  Samuel  Adams,  and  entitled,  after  some  discus- 
sion, ^^  Common  Sense,''  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Rush; 
For  this  he  received  from  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania, 
the  sum  of  500/.;  and  soon  after  this,  although  devoid  of 
€very.  thing  that  could  be  called  literature,  he  was  honoured 
with  a  degree  of  M.^A.  from  the  university  of.  Pennsylva- 
Dia,  and  was  chosen  a  member  ojf  the  American  Philoso* 
phical  Society. .  In  the  title-page  of  his  l<  Rights  of  Man,*' 
be  styled  himself  .'^  Secretary  for  foreign  aflairs  to  tb^ 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  in  theJate  war.*'  To  this 
title,  however,  he  had  no  pretensions,  and  so  thorough  a 
Republican  ought  at  least  to  have  avoided  assuming  what  he 
condemned  so  vehemently  in  others.  He  was  merely  a 
clerk,  at  a  very  low  salary,  to  a  committee  of  the  congress ; 
and  h>s  business  was  to  copy  papers,  and  number  and  file 
them.  Froni  this  office,  however^  insignificant  as  it  was, 
he  was  dismissed  for  a  scandalous  breach  of  trust,  and  then 
hired  himself  as  a  clerk  to  Mr.  Owen  Biddle  of  PbiladeU 
pbia;  and  early  in  1780,  the  assembly  of  Pennsylvania 
chose  him  as  clerk.  In  1782  he  printed  at  Philadelphia^ 
a. letter  to  the  abb^  Raynal  on  the  affairs  of  North  Ame- 
r  ca,  in  which  he  undertook  to  clear  up  the  mistakes  in 
Baynal's  account  of  the  revolution ;  and  in  the  same  year 
he  ailso  printed  a  letter  to  the  earl  of  Shelburne,  on  his 
^peeph  in  parliament,  July  10,  1782,  in  which  that  noble<«' 
man  bad  piophesied  that,  <<  When  Great  Britain  shall  ac- 
knowledipfK  American  independence,'  the  sun  of  Britain^s 
glory  is  set  for  evc^r."     It  could  not  be  difllcult  to  answer 


PAINE.  25 

•ocfa  a  prediction  a$  this/ which  affords  indeed  a  humilia« 
ting  instance  of  want  of  poKtieal  foresight.  Grfeat  Britaia 
did  acknowledge  American  independence,  and  what  is 
Great  Brimn  now?  Inl7S5y  as  a  compensation  for  his 
revolutionary  writings,  congress  granted  him  three  thou« 
jsand  dollars,  after  having  rejected  with  great  indignation 
a  motion  for  appointing  him  historiographer  to  the  United 
Sutes,  with  a  salary.  Two  only  of  the  states  noticed  by 
gratuities  his  revolutionary  writings.  Pennsylvania  gave 
him,  as  we  have  mentioned,  SOOL  currency;  and  N^ew* 
York  gave  him  an  estate  of  more  than  three  hundred  acres^  I 
in  high  cultivation,  which  was  perhaps  the  more  agreeable 
to  him,  as  it  was  the  conBscated  property  of  a  royalist.  In 
1787  he  came  to  London,  and  before  the  end  of  that  year 
published  a  pamphlet  on  the  recent  transactions  between 
Great  Britain  and  Holland,  entitled  *' Prospects. on  tb^ 
Hubicoti.'*  In  this,  as  may  be  eicpected,  he  censured  the 
measures  of  the  English  administration. 

He  had  long  cherished  in  his  mind  a  most  cordial  hatred 
against  his  native  country,  and  was  now  prepared  in  some 
measure  for  that  systematic  attack  on  her  happiness  which 
he  carried  on,  at  interVaU,  during  the  remainder  of  hit 
life.  Being  released,  iu  November  1789,  from  a  spong- 
ing-house  where  he  was  confined  for  debt,  heheheld  with 
delight  the  proceedings  of  the  French,  and  hastened  to  that 
country,  but  made  no  long  stay  at  this  time;  and  finding, 
on  his  return  to  London  in  1790,  Mr.  Burke^s  celebrated 
work  on  the  French  revolution,  he  produced,  within  a  few 
months,  the  first  part  of  his  ^^  Rights  of  Man,"  and  in  1792, 
the  second  part.  Had  these  been  left  to  the  natural  de- 
mand of  the  public,  it  is  probable  they  might  have  passed 
unnoticed  by  government,  but  the  industry  with  which 
they  were  circulated  by  the  democratic  societies  of  that 
period,  among  the  lower  classes  of  society,  betrayed  inten- 
tions which  it  would  have  been  criminal  to  overlook  ;  and 
prosecutions  were  accordingly  instituted  against  the  author 
and  publishers.  The  author  made  his  escape  to  France, 
and  never  returned  to  this  country  more.  His  inveteracy 
against  her  establishments,  however,  continued  unabated, 
and  perhaps  was  aggravated  by  the  verdict  whicli  expelled 
him-  from  the  only  nation  where  he  wished  to  propagate 
his  disorganizing  doctrines,  and  where  he  had  at  that 
time  many  abettors.  When  the  proceedings  of  the  latr 
ter  had  roused  the  loyal  part  of  the  nation  to  address  the 


26  PAINE, 

Ibrone  in  behalf  of  pur  constitiition,  Paine  published  ^^  A 
Letter  to  the  Addressers/'  the  object  of  wbkh  was  to  pror 
cure  a  natk>Qal  coxivention  in  conteoipt  of  die  parliaments 
This. likewise  was  circulated  by  his  partizans  with  no  small 
industry.  In  the  mean  trnoe,  although  ignorant  of  the 
French  langiiege,  b.e  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  French 
conventipn,  and  in  consistency  with  his  avowed  malignity^ 
gave  his  vote  for  a  declaration  of  war  against  Great  Britain^ 
His  adopted  country,  however,  was  not  very  grateful  for 
his  services,  for  when  Robespierre  gained  the  ascendancy, 
he  sent  Paine,  with  that  mad  enthusiast  Anacharsts  Cloots, 
to  prison  at  the  Luxemburgb,.  and  Paine  narrowly  escaped 
hieing  guillotined,  amidst  the  hundreds  whof'  then  under* 
went  tbf^t  fate,  or  were  murdered  in  other  ways. 

During  his  confinsement,  which  lasted  eleven  months,  he 
certainly  merited  the  praise  .of  his  friends^  for  his  calm 
unconcern,  and  bis  philosophy ;  a^d  they  no  doubt  would 
rejoice  to  hear  that  he  passed  those  hours  of  danger  in 
^'  defying  the  armies  of  the  living  God,''  by  his  blasphe- 
mous composition  called  >^  The  Age  of  Reason,*'  the  first 
part  of  which  was  published  at  London  in  1794,  and  the 
jsecoud  the  year  following. .  If  any  thing  can  exceed  the 
Biischievous  intention  of  this  attack  on  revealed  religion, 
and  which  certainly  produced  very  alarming  effects^  on  the 
minds  of  many  of  the  lower  classes,  among  whom  it  was 
liberally  circulated,  it  was  the  ignorance  of  which  his  an<^ 
swerers  have  convicted  him  in  every  species  of  knowledge 
pecessary  for  .a  discussion  of  the  kind  *. 

His  subsequent  publications  were  ^^The  Decline  and 
Fall  of  the;  English  system  of  Finance;"  a  most  impudent 
letter  to  general  Washington,  whom  he  had  the  ingratitude 
■.,      .  .        .    ■  '•   .  '    .  .■'-.. 

'*  Should  our  language  in  speaking  writer.  His  excess  of  folly  will  be  la- 
6^  Paine's  ignorance  and  arrogance^  mented  by  all  his  friends,  not  estrang- 
appear  too  barsh>  the  reader  who  is  of  ed,  like  himself,  from  shame  and  mo- 
that  opinion,  may  exchange  it  for  what  desty ;  and  his  enemies  will  re^d  bif 
Mr.  GHbert  Wakefield  has  said  of  the  outrageous  Taunts,  united  to  such  an 
tecond  part  of  his  "  Age  of  Reason :"  excess  of  ignorance  and  stupor,  with 
"  Every  man  who  feels  himself  .solicit  that  pleasure,  which  results  from  a  just 
tous  for  the  dignity  of  human  nature,  expression  of  mingled  abhorrence,  de- 
who  glories  in  the  prerogative  of  ra-  rislon,  and  contempt.  For  my  part, 
tiooality,  or  is  charmed  by  tbe  loveli-  his  unprecedented  ii^fatnatioii  almost 
ness  of  virtue,  will  observe,  with  hu-  strikes  me  dumb  with  amazement.  I 
miliating  sympathy,  a  debasement'  of  am  not  acquainted  with  such  a  corn- 
bis  species,  in  the  most  asfonishing,  pound  of  vanity  and  Ignorance  as 
Qjnprincipled,  and  unparalleleii  arro-  Thomas  Paine,  in  the  records  of  lite- 
gance,  to  the  last,  of  such  a  cobtemp-  rary  history.'' 
tuous,    self-opinionated, '  ill-i&fbrmed 


PAINS.  tr 

to  revile  as  an  apostate  and  impostor.  ^^  Ag^rarian  Justfee 
opposed  to  Agrarian  law,  and  to  Agrarian  Monopoly;*' 
^f  Letter  to  Mr.*  Erskine  on  the  prosecution  of  T.  Williamfly 
for  publishing  the  Age*  of  Reason."  He  cimtinued  in 
France  till  1803,  <<  drunk,"  as  his  biographer  informs  us, 
^^evety  day,  imxiiig  with  the  lowest  company,' and  ito 
61tfay  in  his  person,  as  to  he  avoided  by  all  men  of  decency. 
JEiifl  habitoal  drunkenness  seems  to  have  commenced  with 
the  delirium  of  the  French  revolution,  and.  the  practice 
gained  upon-  him  while  in  London."  Tired  at  length  with  . 
£rance,  which  now  had  nothing  of  a  republic  left,  be 
wished  to  return  to  America,  but  knew  not  well  what  to  do 
with  himsel£  He  could  not  return  to  England,  where  he 
had.  been  outlawed,  and  tie  was  aware  that  he  was  odious  in 
the  United  States,  where  Washington  had  justly  considered 
bim  as  an  anarchist  in  government,  and  an  infidel  in  religion. 
fie  had  no  country  in  the  world,  and  it  nay  be  truly  said 
he  had  not  a  friend.  He  was  obliged,  however,  to  return 
to  the  United  States,  where  bis  farm,  no^  greatly  in- 
creased in  value,  would  supply  all  bis  waifts. 

In  Oct.  1802,  accordingly,  be  arrived  at  Baltimore,  under 
the  protectionof  the  president  Jefferson,  but  was  no  longer 
an  object  of  curiosity,  unless  among  the  lower  classes  di 
emigrants  from  England,  Scotland,  or  Ireland.  With  them, 
it  appears,  *^  he  drank  grog  in  the  tap^room,  morning, 
noon,  and  night,  admired  and  praised,  strutting  and  istag- 
gering  about,  showing  himself  to  all,  and  shaking  hands 
with  all;  but  the  leaders  of  the  party  to  which  he  had' at- 
tached himself  paid  him  no  attention.^'  He  had  brought 
ivith  him  to  America  a  woman,  named  madaine  Bonneville, 
whom  he  had  seduced  from  her  husband,  with  her  twb 
sons;  and  whom  he  seems  to  have  treated  with  the  utmost 
meanness  and  tyranny.  By  what  charms  he  had  seduced 
this  lady,  we  are  not  told.  He  was  now  sixty-five  years 
old,  diseased  in  body  from  habitual  drunkenness,  and  gross 
in  manners;  It  would  be  too  disgusting  to  follow  bis  bio- 
grapher in  his  description  of  the  personal  viced  of  this  man. 
It  may  sufice  that  he  appeared  for  many  months  before  his 
death  to  be  sunk  to  the  lowest  state  of  brutality. 

The  closing  scene  of  his  life,  as  related  by  his  medical 
attendant.  Dr.  Manley,  is  too  instructive  and  adinonitory 
to  be  omitted.  *^  During  the  latter  part  of  his  life,"  says 
this  physician,  *'  though  his  conversation  was  equivocal^  his 
conduct  was  singulaTi,    He  would-  not  bie  left  alone  night 


28  .?  A  I  N  E. 

or  day.  He  not  only  required  to  have  som^  penon  with 
hiniy  but  be  must  see  that  be  or  she  was  there,  and  would 
not  allow  .bis  curtain  to  be  closed  at  any  time;  and  if,  i^ 
it  would  sometimes  unavoidably  happen,  he  was  left  alone, 
be  would  scream  and  holla,  until  some  person  came  to  him. 
When  relief  from  pain  would  admit,  he  seemed  thougfatful 
and  contemplative,  his  eyes  being  generally  closed,  anA 
bi$,  hands  folded  upon  his  breast,  although  be  never  slept 
without  the  aa»stance  of  an  anodyne.  There  was  some^ 
thing  remarkable  in  bis  conduct  about  this  period  (which 
coqnprises  about  two  weeks  immediately  preceding  his 
death),  particularly  when  we  reflect,  that  Thomas  Paine  was 
author  of  the  /'  Age  of  Reason.'*  He  would  call  out  durins 
his^  paroxysms  of  distress,  without  intermission,  <  O  Lord 
help  me,  God  help  me,  Jesus  Christ  help  me,  O  Lord  help 
ine/  &c.  repeating  the  same  expression  without  any  the 
least  variation,  in  a  tone  of  voice  that  would  alarm  the 
bouse.  It  was  this  conduct  which  induced. me  to  think 
that  be  had  'abandoned  his  former  opinions ;  and  I  was 
more  inclined  to  that  belief,  when  I  understood  from  his 
nurse  (who  is  a  very  serious,  and,  I  believe,  pious  wo- 
man,) that  be  would  occasionally  inquire,  when  be  saw  her 
engaged  with  a  book,  what  she  was  reading,  and  being 
answered,  and  at  the  same  time  asked  whether  she  should 
read  aloud^  he  assented,  and  would  appear  to  give  parti- 
cular attention.  The  book  she  usually  read  was  *  Hobart's 
Companion  for  the  Altar.^ 

^*  I  took  occasion,  during  the  night  of  the  5th  and  6th 
of  June,  to  test  the  strength  of  his  opinions  respecting  re- 
velation, I.  purposely  made  him  a  very  late  visit;  it  was 
a  time  which  seemed  to  sort  exactly  with  my  errand ;  it 
was  midnight ;  be  was  in  great  distress,  constantly  ex- 
claiming in  the  words  above  mentioned ;  when,  after  a 
considerable  preface,  I  addressed  him  in  the  following 
manner,  the  nurse  being  present : 

**  Mr.  Paine,  your  opinions,  by  a  large  portion  of  ike  com* 
munity,  have  been  treated  with  deference :  you  have  never 
been  in  the  habit  of  mixing  in  your  conversation  words  of 
course :  you  have  never  indulged  in  the  practice  of  pro- 
fane swearing  :  you  must  be  sensible  that  we  are  acquainted 
with  your  religious  opinions  as  they  are  given  to  the  world. 
What  must  we  think  of  your  present  conduct  ?  Why  do 
you  call  upon  Jesus  Christ  to  help  you  ?  Do  you  believe 
that  he  can  help  you  ?    Do  you  believe  in  the  divinity  of 


PAINE.  29 

Jesos  Christ  ?  Come  now,  answer  me  honestly;  I  want 
ao  aoswer  as  from  the  lips  of  a  dying  man,  for  I  verily  be- 
lieve that  you  will  not  live  twenty-four  hours.'  I  waited 
some  time  at  the.  end  of  every  question ;  he  did  not  answe)*, 
but  ceased  to  exclaim  in  the  above  manner.  Again  I  ad- 
dressed him :  ^  Mr.  Paine,  you  have  not  answered  my 
questions ;  will  you  answer  them  ?  Allow  me  to  ask  again, 
do  you  believe?  or  let  roe  qualify  the  question,  do  you 
wish  to  believe  that  Jesus  Christ  is  the  son  of  God  ?'  After 
a  pause  of  some  minutes,  he  answered,  *  I  have  no  wish 
to  believe  on  that  subject.'  I  then  left  him,  and  know  not 
wliether  he  afterwards  s|)oke  to  any  person,  on  any  subject, 
though  he  lived,  as  I  before  observed,  till  the  morning  of 
the  8  th. 

^<.  Such  conduct,  under  usual  circumstances,  I  conceive 
absolutely  unaccountable,  though  with  diffidence  I  would 
remark,  not  so  much  -so  in  the  present  instance;  for 
though  the  fir$t  necessary  and  general  result  of  conviction 
be  a  sincere  wish  to  atone  for  evil  committed,  yet  it  may 
be  a  question  worthy  of  (U>le  consideration  whether  exces- 
sive pride  of  opinion,  consummate  vanity,  and  inordinate 
self-love,  might  not  prevent  or  retard  that  otherwise  natu- 
ral consequence  ?" 

On  the  8tb  of  June,  1809,  about  nine  in  the  morning, 
died  this  memorable  man,  aged  seventy-two  years  and  five 
months ;  who  at  the  <  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  had 
wefl  nigh  persuaded  the  common  people  of  England  to 
thinky  that  all  was  wrong  in  that  government  and  that  re- 
ligion which  their  forefathers  had  transmitted  to  them,  and 
und^r  which  they  had  enjoyed  so  many  blessings.  He  had 
the  merit  of  discovering,  that  the  best  way  of  diffusing  dis- 
content and  revolutionary  fanaticism  was  by  a  broad  dis- 
play, in  their  naked  and  barbarous  forms,  of  those  infidel 
and  anarchical  elements,  which  sophistry  had,  till  bis  time, 
refined  above  the  perceptions  of  the  vulgar.  By  stripping 
the  mischief  of  the  dress,  though  still  covering  it  with  the 
name  and  boast  of  philosophy,  he  rendered  it  as  familiar 
to  the  (Capacity  as  it  was  flattering  to  the  passions  of  the 
mob;  and  easy  to  be  understood  in  proportion  to  the 
ascendancy  of  the  baser  qualities  of  the  mind. 

To  this  mmt,  and  in'  a- literary  point  of  view,  it  is  a 
merit,  he  seems  justly  entitled.  He  was  familiar  with  those 
artifiqes. of  writing: which  very  much  promoted  his  objects. 
Things  that  are  great  are  easily  travestied.    It  is  only  to 


30  P  A  1  N  E. 

c^xpress  t)>em  in  a.  vulgar  idioai„  and  mcorporate  them  ^kh 
low  ideas.  This  is  always  very  gratifying  to  the  mean,  th# 
little,  and  the  envious ;  and  perhaps  this  was  one  of  Ym 
ipost  successful  tricks  upon  the  multitude.  He  had,  be- 
sides^ 9  sort  of,  plebeian  simplicity  of  style;  ahnost  border-* 
ing.upon  naivet6,  which  clothed  his  imposture  with  the- 
semblance  4>f 'honesty;  while  the  arrogance  with  which  he 
treated  great  names  was^  with  the  base  and  contumelious^ 
an  argutpent  of  his  conscious  pride  and  independence  of 
thinking. 

.  What  he  calls  <^  the  principles  of  society,^  acting  nplon* 
the  nature  and  conduct  of  man,*'  are  sufficient  of  them* 
selves,  according  to  his  simple  theory,  to  produce  and  per-* 
petuate  all  the  happiness  and  order  of  civilized  life.  Go-^' 
vernment.i^  only  imposition  disguising  oppression,  and 
protecting  wrongful  .accumulation.  The  dignity  of  bumair 
nature,  in  its  lowest  forms,  is  thus-  flattered  by  the  disco- 
i^ery  that  the  beggar  and  the  felon  have  justice  on  their 
i^e  while  the  one  petitions  for,  and  the  other  enforces, 
the  restitution  of  bis  original  rights.  What  hungry  repro- 
bate does  not  relish  the  proposition,  that  it  is  government* 
which  debauches  the  purity  of  our  iporals,  and  brings  in 
passion  over  reason,  by  a  sort  of  usurpation,  to  perplex 
the  siinplioity  of  God's  appointments  ?  Philosophy  must 
not  be  insulted  by  opposing  her  polished  weapons  to  thi» 
beggarly  sophistry.  There  is  one  short  and  simple  aphorism 
of  common  sense  by  which  the  whole  of  his  theory  is 
abundantly  answered;  and  it  is  this,  ^^  Government  is  not 
made  for  men  as  they  ought  to  be,  but  for  men  as  they 
are ;  not  for  their  possible  perfection,  but  for  their  prae-> 
tical  indigence*''  This  answer  is  co«extensive  with  the 
whole  work  of  Mr.  Paine  upon  the  rights  of  man.  It  de- 
i|)olishes  the  whole  fabric  of  his  treacherous  system.  It 
dispels  at  once  the  clumsy  fiction  of  his  barbarous  Utopia. 

In  perusing  a  man^s  writings,  a  picture]  of  the  author 
himself  is  sometimes  insensibly  drawn  in  the  imagination  of 
the  reader.  By  the  perusal  of  the  works  of  Thomas Taiue, 
a  most  disgusting  idea  is  presented  to  our  thoughts  both  of 
the  man  and  his  manners.  This  idea  is  completely  verified 
by  the  account  which  Mr.  Cheetham  has  given  us  of  his> 
person  and  deportment.  The  paintings  of  Zeuxis  attained 
a  sort  of  ideal  perfection  by  combining  the  scattered  ex- 
cellencies of  the  human  countenance:  to  conbeive  the 
countenance,  or  the  mind,  of  Mr.  Thomas  Paine,  now  that 


P  A  I  N  £.  SI 

dealh'bas  withdrawn  the  living  models  we  must  jcondenae 
into  an  imaginary  foeui  all  the  ofFensiveness  and  malignity 
that  are  dispersed  throughout  actual  existence.  Mr* 
Cheetbam  seems  to  have  no  hostility  towards  the  man,  and 
to  be  disposed  to  draw  no  inferences  against  him  but  what 
fEiirly  arise  frcna  the  facts.  We  may  add  too,  that  bis  facts 
appear  to  be  collected  from  very  credible  sources  of  inceU 
tigence;  from  persons  with  whom  Paine  passed  great  part 
of  i|is  existence ;  and  who,  though  not  appearing  to  have 
much  intercourse  together^  agree  in  the  substance  of  their 
communications  on  this  subject.' 

-  PALiEMON  (QuiNTUs  Rhemnius  Fannius)j  a  cele- 
brated grammarian  at  Rome,-  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius,  was 
born  of  a  slave  at  Vicen^a.  It  is  said  he  was  first  brought 
up  in  a  mechanical  business,  but  while  attending  his 
master's  son  to  school,  be  discovered  so  much  taste  for 
learning,  and  made  so  much  progress  in  it,  that  he  was 
thought  worthy  of  his  freedom,  and  became  a  teacher  or 
preceptor  at  Rx>me.  With  his  learning  he  joined  an  ex* 
cellent  memory,  and  a^  ready  elocution  ;  and  made  extem-^ 
pore  verses,  then  a  very  popular  qualiiication.  With  all 
this  merit,  his  manners  were  very  dissolute,  and  he  was  so 
arrogant  as  to  assert,  that  learning  was  born  when  he  was 
born,  and  would  die  when  he  died ;  and  that  Virgil  had 
inserted  bis  name  in  his  '^  Eclogues*'  by  a  certain  prophe- 
*  tic  spirit;  for  that  he,  Pal8emon>  would  infallibly  become 
one  day  sole  judge  and  arbiter  of  all  poetry.  He  was  ex-' 
eessively  prodigal  and  lavish,  and  continually  poor,  not^ 
withstanding  the  great  sums  he  gained  by- teaching,  andi- 
the  profit  he  made,  both  by  cultivating  his  lands,  and  m 
the  way  of  traffic.  There  is  an  "  Ars  Grammatica"  as- 
i^ribed  to  him  in  the  edition  of  the  "  Grammatici  Antiqui,''^ 
and  separately  printed ;  and  a  work  "  De  Ponderibus  et 
Mensuris,"  which  is  more  doubtful.' 
,  PALiEPHATUS  was  a  Greek  philosopher,  of  whom  a 
treatise  in  explication  of  ancient  fables  has  been  several 
tinoies  reprinted  in  Greek  and  Latin ;  the  best  edition  is 
ibat  of  Fischer,  Lips.  1761.  But  little  is  known  of  him, 
and  ^here  are  several  ancient  writers  Oif  this  name ;  one  an 
Athenianf  placed  by  the  poets  before  the  time  of  Homier ; 

^  Cfaeetham'i  Life  of  Paine,  1809,  reviewed  in  the  «  British  Review,"  for 
June  1811,  an  arttete  from  which'  the  best  pairt  of  the  abore  sketch  has  been 
borcawed.  >  Moreri.—Fabric.  Bibl.  Lat.^-Sazii  Onomast. 


,  32  TALMPUAtVii. 

one  a  native  of  Parbs,  who  lived  under  Artaxerxeft  Idtfe^ 
mon ;  and  one,  a  grainoiarian  and  philosopher,  bornr  a^ 
Athens  or  in  Egypt^  posterior  to  Aristotle.  Which  of 
these  is  author  of  the  work  already  noticed,  is  not  at  all 
certain.* 

.  PALAFOX  (John  de),  natural  son  of  James  de  Paia-« 
fox,  marquis  de  Hariza,  in  the  kingdom  of  Arragon,  wa» 
bornin  1600.  His  mother^  it  is  said,  atteihpted  to  drowti 
bim  at  ins  birth,  but  one  of  hia  father^s  vassals  drew  him 
out  of  the  water,  and  took  care  of  him  till  the  age  at  which 
he  was  acknowledged  by  hrs  parents.  Philip  IV.  appointed 
Palafox  nlember  of  the  council  of  war;  then  that  of  the 
Indies.  Having  afterwards  chosen  the  ecclesiastical  pro* 
fession,  he  was  made  bishop  of  Los  Angelos,  *^  Angelo^ 
polis,"  in  New  Spain,  in  1639,  with  the  title  of  visitor  of  the 
courts  of  chancery  and  courts  of  audience,  and  judge  of  the 
administratioQ  of. the  three  viceroys  of  the  Indies.  Palafox 
employed  his  authority  in  softening  the  servitude  of  the 
Indians,  checking  robbery  in  the  higher  ranks,  and  vice  in 
the  lower.  He  had  also  great  contentions  with  the  Jesuits 
concerning.,  episcopal  rights.  He  was  made  bishop  of 
Osina  or  Osma,  in  Old  Castille,  in  1653,  which  diocese  be 
governed  with  much  prudence  and  regularity,  and  died, 
in  great  reputation  for  sanctity,  September  30,  1659,  aged 
59.  This  prelate  left  some  religious  books,  of  which  the 
principal  are,  *^  Homilies  on  the  Passion  of  Christ,*'  trans-* 
lated  into  French  by  Amelot  de  la  Houssaye,  16 to ;  seve-^ 
ral  tracts  on  the  ^'  Spiritual  Life,"  translated  by  the  abb6 
le  Roi ;  ^^  The  Shepherd  of  Christmas-night,''  &c«  but  he 
is  best  known  by  his  **  History  of  the  Siege  of  Fontarabia;'* 
and  '<  History  of  the  Conquest  of  China  by  tbei  Tartars,'^' 
8vo.  There  is  a  collection  of  bis  works  printed  at  Madrid 
in  13vols.  fol.  1762,  and  a  life  by  Dinouart  in  Frenob, 
1767,  8vo.»  / 

PALAI^RAT  (John),  seigneur  de  Bigot^  a  French  poet^ 
waa  born  in  May.  1650,  at  Toulouse,  of  a  noble  family^ 
He  was  a  member  of  tbe  academy  of  the  Jeux  Floraux^. 
became  chief  magistrate  of  Toulouse  in  1675,  when  scarcely' 
twenty-five  years  of  age ;  and  was  made  bead  of  tbe  con« 
sistory  1684,  in  which  office  he  acquitted  himself  with  great 
integrity.     He  went  to  Rome  two  years  after,  and-  at 

1  Vottioi  de  Hist,  Grec.— ^Fischer*!  edition,  bat  etpeciaUy  Ims  **Tnlivi$l6am/^ 
1771.  t  Ant<^iiio  Bibl.  Hisp.^Moreri.--Dict.  Hist, 


•  / 


PALAPRAT.  3S 

length  to  Paris,  in  which  city  he  chiefly  resided  from  that 
time,  and  where  M.  de  Vend6me  fixed  him  in  his  service 
in  1691,  as  one  of  his  secretaries.  He  died  October  23, 
1721,  at  Paris,  aged  71,  leaving  some  *^  Comedies,"  and 
a  small  collection  of  miscellaneous  ''  Poem^,*'  most  of 
them  addressed  to  M.  de  Venddme.  M.  Palaprat  wrote  for 
the  stage  with  his  friend  Brueis,  and  their  works  have  been 
collected  in  five  small  volumes  12mb,  of  which  his  is  the' 
least  part  His  style  is  gay  and  lively,  but  he  discovers 
little  genius  or  fancy,  and  he  seems  to  have  been  indebted 
for  his  literary  reputation  to  his  private  character,  which 
was  that  of  a  man  of  great  candour  and  simplicity.  * 

PALEARIUS  (AONlus),  an  excellent  writer  in  the  six- 
teenth century,  was'  born  at  Veroli,  in  the  Campagha  di 
Roma,  and  descended  of  noble  and  ancient  families  by 
both  his  parents/  He  wa^  baptised  by  the  name  of  An- 
thony, which  according  to  the  custom  of  the  times,  he  al- 
tered to  the  classical  form  of  Aonius.  He  applied  himself 
early  to  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  in  which  he  made' 
great  progress,  and  then  proceeded  to  philosophy  and  dl-* 
vinity.  The  desire  he  had  of  knowledge,  prompted  him* 
to  travel  through  the  greatest  part  of  Italy ;  and  to  listen 
to  the  instructions  of  the  most  famous  professors  in  every 
place  he  visited.  His  longest  residence  was  at  Roine, 
where  he  continued  for  six  years,  till  that  city  was  taken 
by  Charles  V.  when  the  disorders  committed  by  the  troops 
of  that  prince  leaving  no  hopes  of  enjoying  tranquillity,  he 
resolved  to  depart,  and  retire  to  Tuscany.  He  had  at  this 
time  a  great  inclination  to  travel  into  France,  Germany, 
and  even  as  far  as  Greece ;  but  the  narrowness  of  his  for- 
tune would  not  admit  of  this.  Oh  his  arrival  in  Tuscany, 
he  chose  Sienna  for  his  abode,  to  which  he  was  induced  by 
the  pleasantness  of  the  situation,  and  the  sprightliness  and 
sagacity  of  the  inhabitants :  and  accordingly  he  sold  his 
estate  at>  Veroli,  with  the  determination  never  to  see  a  place 
aoy  morer,  where,  though  he  was  born,  yet  he  was  not  be- 
loved. He  purchased  a  country-house  in  the  neighbour- 
hood o(  Sienna,  called  Ceciniano,  and  pleased  himself 
with  the  fancy  of  its  having  formerly  belonged  to  Cecina, 
one  of  Cicero's  clients.  Here  he  proposed  to' retire  on  his 
leisure*  days,  and  accordingly  embellished  it  as  much  as 
possible*    At  Sienna  he  married  a  young  woman,  of  whom 

«  Moreri.— Diet.  Hist. 

Vol.  XXIV.  D 


34  P  A  L  E  A  R  t  U  S. 

he  w^;  P^sionately  fond,  and  who  brought  him  four  chil* 
dren,  two  boys  and  two  girls.  He  was  also  professor  of 
polite  letters,  and  had  a  great  number  of  pupils. 

But  his  career  was  disturbed  by  a  quarrel  he  had  with 
one  of  his  colleagues,  who  was  enraged  to  see  his  own 
reputation  eclipsed  by  the  superior  lustre  of  Palearius. 
We  are  not  told  the  particular  point  upon  which  the  con- 
test commenced ;  but  it  is  certain  that  otir  professor  was 
defended  by  Peter  Aretin,  who,  perhaps  more  to  revenge 
his  own  ca^use,  or  eratify  a  detracting  humour,  than  from 
any  respecffor  Palearius,  composed,  against  his  envious 
rival,  an  Italian  comedy  or  farce,  which  was  acted  upon 
the  stage  at  Venice;  and  so  poignant  was  the  ridicule, 
that  the  subject  of  it  thought  proper  to  quit  Sienna,  and 
retire  to  Lucca.  Hither  he  was  followed  some  time  after^ 
th6ugh  with  much  reluctance,  by  Palearius,  concerning^ 
lyhich  we  have  the  following  account :  Anthony  Bellantes, 
a  nobleman  of  Sienna,  being  ioipeacbed  of  several  mis- 
demeanors, employed  Palearius  to  plead  his  cause,  who 
ixiade  so  excellent  a  speech  before  the  senate  of  that  city 
in  his  defence,  that  he  was  acquitted  and  dismissed ;  but, 
the  same  nobleman  having  some  time  after  accused  certain 
monks  of  robbing  h^  grandmother,  employed  his  advocate 
again  to  support  the  charge.  The  monks  accused,  making 
qath  of  their  innocence,  were  cleared  by  the  court,  but 
were  incensed  at  the  prosecution,  and  aspersed  Palearius 
both  in  their  sermons,  and  on  all  other  occasions,  as  an 
impious  wretch,  unfit  to  be  harboured  in  a  Christian  coun- 
try<  They  also  declared  him  a  heretic,  because  he  disap* 
proved  several  superstitious  practices;  neither  didi  they 
approve  of  the  book  he  had  written  on  the  **  Death  of 
Christ.'*  Palearius,  however,  defended  himself  with  so 
much  strength  of  reason  and  eloquence,  that  the  accussi- 
tions  were  dropped.  Yet  finding  himself  still  exposed  to 
vexatious  persecutions,  bethought  proper  to  a.ccept  of  an 
invitation  to  teach  polite  literature  at  Lucca. 
.  Although  he  had  here  a  handsome  gratuity,  and  was 
only  to  attend  his  scholars  one  hour  in  the  twenty*four, 
yet  it  was  entirely  owing  to  the  expences  of  his  family  that 
he  engaged  in  this  employment,  which  was  otherwise  irk- 
some to^ini.  He  passed,  however,  some  years  at  Lucca, 
before  he  obtained  the  pffer  of  several  immunities,  and  a 
handsome  stipend  from  the  magistrates  of  Milan,  where  he 
hoped  that  he  was  now-settled  iii  peace  for  life,  but  the  event 


\ 


,    P  A  L  E  A  R  J  U  S-  35 

.{Proved  otherwise.  Paul  V.  who  had  been  a. Dominican 
monk^  coming  to  the  pontificate  in  1566,  determined  to 
show  bis  bigotry  against  every  thing  that  had  the  appear- 
lance  of  heresy,  and  therefore  ordered  the  cause  of  Pa-^. 
learius  to .  be  re-heard.  On  which  Palearius  was  suddenly 
arrested  at  Milan,  and. carried  to  Rome,  where  they  found 
^t  not  difficult' to  convict  him  of  having  said  '^  That  the 
German  doctors  who  followed  Luther  were  to  be  com- 
mended in  respect  to  some  points  ;<  and  that  the  court  of 
the  inquisition  was  erected  for  the  destruction  of  men  of 
learning.'^  He  was  then  condemned  to  be:  burnt,  which 
sentence  was  executed  the  same  year,  1566..  He  was 
greatly  respected  by  the  most  eminent  scholars  of  his  time, 
such  as  Bembus,  Sadoletus,  Sfondratus,  Philonardus,  car-^ 
dinals ;  Benedictus  Lampridius,  Anthony  Flaminius,  and 
Andreas  Alciatus;  besides  others,  whose  names  may  be 
seen  in  the  catalogue  to  the  last  edition  of  his  ^<  Letters,^* 
Contaiuing  the  names  of  his  literary  correspondents.  - 

He  was.  the  author  of  several  works.  In  the  piece  on 
the  immort^Llity  of  the  soul,  1.  *^  De  immortalitate  ahim», 
libri  tres,^'  which: is  reckoned  his  mkster-piece,  he  esta- 
blishes the  doctrine  of  the  souPs  immortahty,  against  Lu- 
cretius ;  for.  which  reiison  Daniel  Parens  annexed  it  to  his 
edition  of  that  poet  at  Frahcfort,  16S1,  ^o.  Sadolet  be- 
stows high  encomiums  upon  this  poem,  in  a  letter  to  Pa- 
lesprius.  It  was  printed  by  Gryphius  in  F5S6,  in  1.6mo; 
and  is  inserted  in  our  author's  works.  2.  '^  Epistol^rum, 
Uliri  4,!'  "  Orationum,  lib.  3,*?  1552.  3.  "  Actio  in  pon- 
tifices  Romanos  et  eorum  asseclas,  ad  imperatorem  Rom. 
reges  et  pcincipes  Christians^  reipublicee  summos  Oecu- 
ipenici  concilii  prsesides  conscripta  cum  de  consilio  Tri- 
dentino  habeodo  deliberaretur."  He  drew  up  this  piece 
with  a  design  to  get  it  presented  by  the  emperor's  agibas- 
sadors  Xo  the  council  of  Trent.  .  It  is  a  regular  plan  in  de- 
fence of  the.  protestants,  and  was  published  at  Leipsic  in 
1606.  4. .^^  Poemata;"  these  are  some  poems  printed  at 
Paris  in  1576.  His  works  came  out  under  this  title,  ^' Aonii 
Palearii  opera,"  Amst.  1696,  8vo.  In  the  preface  is  given 
s^  pircjum$tantial.  account  of.  the  author's  life.  They  were 
reprjiitcsd^  Jens,  1728,  8vo..  There  is  also  a  piece  extant, 
with  the  following  title :  /^Dialogo  intitulato  il  grammatico 
oy^Q  delle  false  Esercitationi,  delle  scuele  (da  Aonio  Pa«* 
leario),"  Perugia,  1717.  He  also  wrote  a  ^*  Discourse  upon 
the  Passion  of  'Christ,"  in  Italian,  which  is  lost ;  but  the 

D  2 


86  PALEARIUS. 

plan  of  it  is  in  his  ^^  Orations,^*  p.  90,  91.  In  Schelhorn's 
^^:  Amcsnitates/'  Leipstc,  1737,  is  ^^  Aonii  Palearii  ad  Lut- 
therum,  Calvinum,  altosque  de  concilio  Tridentino  epis- 
toU ;''  a  letter,  in  which  he  adrises  the  .  Lutherans  and 
Calvinists  to  unite,  as  the  best  means  of  resisting  the  at* 
tack  made  by  the  council  of  Trent  on  both.'   ^ 

PALEOTTI  (Gabriel),  a  learned  Itoltan  ^cardinal^ 
descended  from  an  illustrioos  family,  was  born  at  Bologna, 
Oct  4,  1524.  He  was  intended  for  the  profession  of  the 
civil  and  canoii  law,  in  which  some  of  his  family  had  ac- 
quired fame,  and  he  made  great  progress  in  that  and  other 
studies.  His  talents  very  early  procured  him  a  canonry  of 
Bologna ;  after  which  he  was  appointed  professor  of  civil 
law,  and  obtained  the  title  of  the  new  Alciatus  from  his 
emulating  the  judgment  and  taste  of  that  learned  writer. 
Some  business  requiring  bis  presence  at  Rome,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  cardinal  Alexander  Farnese,  who  had  been  his 
fellow-student  at  Bologna,  and  who  was  then  perpetual 
legate  of  Avignon,  governor  of  Vaisson,  in  the  county  of 
yenaissin,  but  hearing  of  the  death  of  his  mother,  he  made 
that  a  pretence  for  declining  the  office,  and  therefore  re- 
turned to  his  professorship  at  Bologna.  The  Farnese  family 
were,  however,  determined  to  serve  him  in  spite  of  his 
modesty,  and  in  1557  obtained  for  him  the  post  of  auditor 
of  the  rota.  When  Pope  Pius  IV.  opened  the  council  of 
Trent,  Paleotti  was  made  proctor  and  counsellor  to  his  le-^ 
gates,  who,  in  truth,  did  nothing  of  importance  without 
his  advice.  Of  this  council  Paleotti  wrote  a  history,  which 
atill  remains  in  MS.  and  of  which  Pallavicini  is  said  to  have 
availed  himself  in  his  history.  After  this  council  broke  up 
be  resumed  his  functions  at  Rome,  where  in  1565  he  was; 
liaised  to  the  dignity  of  the  purple  by  Pius  IV.  and  by 
Pius  V.  he  was  created  bishop  of  Bologna,  but  the  see 
upon  this  occasion  was  erected  into  an  arcfafadshopric  to  do 
honour  both  to  Paleotti  and  his  native  country.  Being  a 
conscientious  man,  he  was  always  so  assiduous  in  the  duttetf 
of  his  diocese,  that  it  was  with  the  greatest  reluctance 
the  popes  summoned  him  to  atteiftd  the  consistories  and 
other  business  at  Rome.  He  died  at  Rome,  July  23,  1597^ 
a,ged  seventy- three.  He  was  author  of  several  vwtkn  of 
Qonsiderable  merit,  on  subjects  in  antiquities,  jurispru-^ 
dence,  and  morals.  Of  these  the  most  conidderable  are 
» .  ■    ■ 

*  NiceroD,  toI.  XVI.— G<n.  Diet— Moreri» 


PALE  O  T  T  I.  »7 

the  following:  ^^Ai^cbiepiscopale  Bonnoniense  ;^'  ^^Deima'* 
ginibus  SacriSi  et  Profanis/'  1582,  4to,  io  Italian;  and  in 
Latin,  1594;  *^  De  Sacri  Ccmsistorii  Consulutionibus  ;^! 
^'DeNotbis,  Spuriisque  Filiis,"  FraDcfort,1573,  8vo;  ^<D« 
Bono  Senectutis ;"  Pastoral  Letters,  8lc^ 

PALESTRINA  (John  Peter  Loui^,  called  by  Dr. 
Barney  tbe  Homer  of  the  most  ancient  music  that  has  been 
preserved,  was,  as  bis  name  imports,  a  native  of  tbe  ancient 
Prseneste,  now  corruptly  called  Palestrina,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  been  born  some  time  in  1529.  All  tbe  Italian 
writers  who  have  mentioned  him,  say  he  was  tbe  scholar  of 
Graodio  MelK  Flamingo,  by  which  name  they  have  been 
generally  understood  to  mean  Claude  Goudimel,  of  whom 
ve  have  given  some  account  in  vol.  XVI. ;  but  this  seems 
doubtful,  nor  is  there  any  account  of  his  life  on  which 
reliance  can  be  placed.  AH  that  we  know  with  certainty 
is,  that  about  1555,  when  he  had  distinguished  himself  as 
a  composer,  he  was  admitted  into  the  Pope^s  chapel,  at 
Rome;  in  1562^  at  the  age  of  thirty-three,  he  was  elected 
maestro  di  capella  of  Santa  Maria  Maggiore,  in  tbe  same 
^ity;  in  1571  was  honoured  with  a  similar  appointment 
at  St.  Peter's ;  and  lastly,  having  brought  choral  harmony 
to  a  degree  of  perfection  that  has  never  since  been  ex« 
ceeded,  he  died  in  1594,  at  the  age  of  sixty-five.  Upon 
his  coffin  was-  this  inscription,  ^^  Johannes  Petrus  Aloysius 
Pr^nestinus  Musics  Princeps.'' 

By  the  assistance  of  signor  Santarelli,  Dr.  Burney  pro* 
cured  at  Rome  a  complete  catalogue  of  all  the  genuine 
productions  of  Palestrina,  which  may  be  classed  in  the 
following  manner:  masses  in  four,  five,  and  six  parts, 
twelve  books ;  of  which  lib.  i.  appeared  at  Rome  in  folio, 
1554,  when  the  author  was  in  the  twenty-6fth  year  of  his 
age;  and  in  that  city  only  went  through  tbree  several 
editions  during  his  life.  -  Lib.  ii.  of  his  masses,  which  in<« 
dudes  the  celebrated  composition  entitled  ^'  Missa  Papas 
Marcelli,''  was  published  likewise  at  Rome,  in  1567.  Of 
this  production  it  has  been  related  by  Antimo  Liberati, 
and  after  him  by  Adami;  Berardi,  and  other  musical  wri- 
ters, that  the  pope  and  conclave  having  been  offended  and 
scandalized  at  the  light  and  injudicious  manner  in  which 
the  mass  had  been  long  set  and  performed,  determined  to 
banish  music  in  parts  entirely  from  the  church ;  but  that 

1  Moreri.— Undi  HisU  de  la  liUeratare  D'ltalie,  toI.  IV.— Diet.  Hi«t. 


S8  PALESTRINA. 

Palestrina,  at  the  age  of  twenty-sixy  during  the  short  pon^^ 
tificate  of  Marcellus  CerviouSy'  intreated  bis  holiness  to 
suspend  the  execution  of  his  design  till 'he  had  iheard  a 
mass  comgpsed  in  what,  according  to  his  id^as,  waathe 
true  ecclesiastical  style.  Hi's  request  being  granted,  the 
dooipiDsitioh,'  in  six  parts,  was  performed  at  Easter  155 5, 
before  the  pope  and  college  of  cardinals,  who  found  it  b6 
grave,  noble,  elegant,  learned,  and  pleasing,  that  music 
was  restored  to  favour,  and  again  established  in  the'  cele- 
bration of  sacred  rites.  This  mass  was  afterwards  printed, 
and  dedicated  to  the  successor  of  Marcellus,  pope  Paul  IV. 
by  whom  Palestrina  was  appointed  chapel-master. 

The  rest  of  his  massies  appeared  in  the  following  order : 
Lib.  iii.  Romas  per  Valerium  Doricum,  1570,  in  folio,  Ven* 
1599  ;  Lib.  iv.  Venet.  p|er  Ang.  Gardanum,  1582,  quarto ; 
Lib.  V.  Romie,  1590;  Lib.  vi.  Ven.  1596;  Lib.  vii.  1594; 
Lib.  viii.  atfd  ix.  Ven.  1599  ;  Lib.  x.  and  xi.  Ven.  16O0t; 
and  lib.  xii.  without  date,  or  name  of  the  printer.  Besides 
this  regular  *  order  of  publication,  these  masses  were  re- 
printed in  different  fprms  and  collections,  during  the  six« 
teenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  in  most  of  tb6  principal 
cities  of  Italy.  The  next  division  of  Palestrina^s  works, 
consists  of  Motets  for  five,  six,  seven,  and  eight  voices,^ 
five  books,  at  Rome  and  Venice,  1569,  1588,  15&9,'1596„ 
and  1601.  Motets  for  four  voices,  lib.  i.  Romae,  1590; 
Lw,  ii.  Venet.  1604- ;  Two  books  of  OfFertorij,  a  5  and  a  6 
voc.  Romse,  1593 ;  Lamentationi,  a  4  yoc.  Roms,  1588; 
Hymns  for  five  voices,  Ven.  1598  ;  Litanie,  a  4,  Ven.  1600; 
Magniiicat,  8  tomum.  Romsei,  1591;  Madrigali  Spirituali^ 
t^wo  books,  Rome' and  Venice,  1594. 

To  the  above  ample  list  of  the  works  of  this  great  and 
fertile  composer,  are  to  be  added  ^'  La  Cantica  di  Salo^ 
ibone,''  a  5 ;  two  other  books  of  "  Magnificats,*'  a  4,  5, 
and  6  voc.  One  of  '^  Lamentationi,"  a  5  ;  sind  another  jof 
secular  Madrigals.  These  have  been  printed  in  miscel- 
laneous publications  after  the  author^s  death;  and  there 
still  remain  in  the  papal  chapel,  inedited,  another  mass, 
with  his  ^'  Missa  Defunc^^orum,^^  and  upwards  of.  twenty 
motets,  chiefly  for  eight  voices,  a  due  cori.  Nothing  more 
interesting  remains  to  be  related  of  Palestrina,:  than  that 
most  of  his  adtnirable  productions  still  subsist.  .  Few  of  his 
admirers  are  indeed  possessed  of  the  first  editions,  or  of 
all  his  works  complete,  in  printer  manuscript ;  yet  curious 
ajad  diligent  collectors  in  Italy  can  still,  with  little  difficulty]^ 


P  A  L  E  S  T  R  I  N  A.  ?§ 

fomish- themselves  with  a  considerable  number  of.  these 
models  of  counterpoint  and  ecclesiastical  gravity.  The 
befst  church  compositions  since  his  time  have  been  pro- 
vcjrbially  called  alia  Palestrina. ' 

.  PA  LEY  (WiLLiAM)y  a  very  celebrated  English  divine, 
and  one  of  the  most  successful  writers  of  his  time,  was 
born  at  Peterborough  in  July  1 743,  and  was  educated  by  his 
father, .  who  was  the  head  master  of  Giggleswick  school,  in 
Yorkshire,  vicar  of  Helpstone  in  Northamptonshire,  and  a 
minor  cieinon  of  Peterborough.  In  his  earliest  days  he  ma- 
nifested a  taste  for  solid  knowledge,  and  a  peculiar  activity 
of  mind.  In  Nov«  1758  he  was  admitted  a  sizar  of  Christ's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  before  he  went  to  reside  there 
was  taught  the  mathematics  by  Mr.  William  Howarth,  a 
master  of  some  eminence  at  Dishworth,  near  Rippon.  In 
December  1759,  soon  after  be  took  up  his  residence  in  the 
university,  he  obtained  a  scholarship,  and  applied  to  his 
studies  with  such  diligence  as  to  make  a  distinguished' 
figure  in  the  public  schools,  particularly  when  he  took  his 
bachelor's  degree  in  1763.  He  was  afterwards  employed 
for  about  three  years  as  assistant  at  an  academy  at  Green- 
wich ;  in  1765  he  obtained  the  first  prize  for  a  prose  Latin 
dissertation ;  the  subject  proposed  was  *^  A  comparison 
between  the  Stoic  and  Epicurean  philosophy,  with  respect 
to  the  influence  of  each  on  the  morals  of  a  people,'*  in 
which  he  took  the  Epicurean  side. 

Having  received  deacon's  orders,  he  became  curate  to 
Dr.  HincblifFe,  then  vicar  of  Greenwich,  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Peterborough ;  and  when  he  left  the  academy 
above-mentioned,  continued  to  officiate  in  the  church.  In 
June  1766  he  was  elected  a  fellow  on  the  foundation  of 
Christ's  college,  and  at  the  ensuing  commencement  took 
his  degree  of  M.  A.  He  did' not,  however,  return  to  his 
residence  in  college  until  Oct.  1767,  when  he  engaged  in 
the  business  of  private  tuition,  which  was  soon  followed  by 
bis  appointment  to  the  office  of  one  of  the  college  tutors. 
On  the  21st  of  December  1767,  he  was  ordained  a  priest 
by  bishop  Terrick, 

The  duties  of  college  tutor  Mr.  Paley  discharged  with 
uncommon  assiduity  and  zeal ;  and  the  whole  of  his  system 
of  tuition,  as  given  by  his  biographer,  appears  to  have  been  " 
eminently  calculated  to  render  instruction  easy,  pleasant, 

and  of  permanent  effect.     It  is  somewhat  remarkable,  that 

.i .  .  i 

^  Ha«lMDt*s  and  Baraey's  fiigtoriet  of  Musick. — and  Buroey  in  Reet'iCyclopttd. 


40  PAL  E  Y. 

T^hile  thus  employed  in  improving  others,  he  was  laying  the 
foundation  of  his  future  fame  ;  for  his  lectures  on  moral 
philosophy,  and  on  the  Greek  Testament,  contained  the 
outlines  of  the  very  popular  works  which  he  afterwards 
published.  He  maintained  an  intimate  acquaintance  with 
almost  every  person  of  celebrity  in  the  university  ;  but  his 
particular  friends  were  Dr.  Waring,  and  Dr.  John  Jebb, 
well  known  for  his  zeal  in  religious  and  political  contro- 
yersy,  and  with  whom,  in  some  points,  Mr.  Paley  was 
thought  to  have  coincided  more  closely  than  afterwards 
;ippeared  to  be  the  case.  Even  now  they  could  not  per- 
suade him  to  sign  the  petition  for  relief  in  the  matter  of 
subscription  to  the  thirty-nine  articles,  although  he  was" 
prevailed  on  to  contribute  to  the  cause,  by  an  anonymous 
pamphlet,  ehtitled  "  A  Defence  of  the  Considerations  on 
the  propriety  of  requiring  a  subscription  to  Articles  of 
Faith,"  in  answer  to  Dr.  Randolph's  masterly  pamphlet 
against  the  "  Considerations.'*  After  he  had  spent  about 
ten  years  as  college-tutor,  he  quitted  the  university  io 
1776, 'and  married.  His  first  benefice  in  the  church  was 
the  rectory  of  Musgrove,  in  Westmoreland,  worth  only 
about  eighty  pounds  a-year,  which  he  obtained  in  th^ 
month  of  May  1775,  and  in  December  1776  he  was  in^ 
ducted  into  the  vicarage  of  Dalston,  in  Cumberland ;  and 
not  long  after  to  the  living  of  Appleby,  in  Westmoreland, 
worth  sibout  300/.  per  annum. 

In  1776,  a  new  edition  of  bishop  Law's  *' Reflections  on 
the  Life  and  Character  of  Christ,"  originally  published  ia 
the  "  Consideration  on  the  Theory  of  Religion,"  was  given 
in  a  separate  form  at  Cambridge,  for  the  use  of  the  stu- 
dents. To  this  treatise  some  brief  "  Observations  on  the 
character  and  example  of  Christ"  were  added,  with  an 
[**  Appendix  on  the  Morality  of  the  Gospel;"  both  from 
Mr.  Paley's  pen.  From  a  passage  in  this  little  essay  it  ap- 
pears, that  his  theory  of  morals  was  not  then  altogether  firmly 
fixed  on  the  basis  which  supports  it  now. 

While  at  Appleby,  he  published  a  small  volume  selected 
?rorn  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and  the  writings  of 
some  eminent  divines,  entitled  **  The  Clergyman's  Com- 
panion in  visiting  the  Sick."  This  useful  work  at  first  ap-r 
peared  without  his  name,  but  it  has  passed  through  nine 
editions,  and  is  now  printed  among  his  works.  In  June 
1780,  he  was  collated  to  the  fourth  prebendal  stall  in  th^ 
cathedral  church  of  Carlisle,  and  thus  became  coadjutor  ia 


P  A  L  E  Y. 


4^1 


the  chapter  to  his  friend  Mr.  Law,  who  was  now  arch*- 
deacon;  but  in  1782,  upon  Dr.  Law^s  being  created  an 
Irish  bishop,  Mr.  Paley  was  made  archdeacon  of  the 
diocese,  and  in  1735,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Burn,  author 
of  "The  Justice  of  Peace,"  in  the  chancellorship.  For 
these  different  preferments  he  was  indebted  either  to  th^ 
venerable  bishop  of  Carlisle,  Dr.  Law,  or  to  the  dean  and 
chapter  of  the  cathedral  church.  While  his  residence  was 
divided  between  Carlisle  and  Dalston,  Mr.  Paley  engaged 
in  the  composition  of  his  celebrated  work,  ^'  The  Element^ 
of  ]VIoral  and  Political  Philosophy  ;**  but  hesitated  long  ai 
.to  tb6  publication,  imagining  there  would  be  but  few 
readers  for  such  a  work  ;  and  he  was  the  more  determined 
on  this  point  after  he  had  entered  on  the  married  state^ 
thinking  it  a  duty  that  he  owed  his  family  to  avoid  risking 
any  extraordinary  expense.  To  remove  this  last  objection. 
Dr.  John  Law  presented  a  living  then  in  his  gift  to  Mr.  Paley^ 
on  the  promise  that  he  would  consider  it  as  a  compen8a«» 
tion  for  the  hazard  of  printing,  and  he  immediately  set 
about  preparing  his  work  for  the  press,  which  appeared 
in  1785,  in  quarto.  Of  a  work  *  so  generally  known  an4 
admired,  and  so  extensively  circulated,  it  would  be  un«^ 
necessary  to  say  much.  Although  the  many  editions  whiph 
came  rapidly  from  the  press  stamped  no  ordinary  merit  on 
it,  yet  some  of  his  friends  appear  to  have  not  been  com- 
pletely gratified.  They  expected,  that  from  his  intimacy 
with  Jebb,  and  the  latitudinarian  party  at  Cambridge,  he 
would  have  brought  forward  those  sentiments  which  Jebb 
in  vain  endeavoured  to  disseminate  while  at  the  university ; 
and  they  were  surprized  to  find  that  his  reasoning  on  sub- 
scription to  articles  of  religion,  and  on  the  British  con- 
stitution, in  which  he  not  only  disputes  the  expediency 
of  reform  in  the  House  of  Commons,  but  vihdicatf^s  the 
influence  of  the  crown  in  that  branch  of  parliament^  wap 
diametrically  opposite  to  their  opinions  and  wishes. 
.  When  at  Dalston,  in  addition  to  his  ordinary  duties,  hei 
gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  New  Testament,  pn  the 


*  In  this  work  there  are  some  opi- 
nions equivocally  expressed,  without 
the  characteristic  decision  which  be- 
eomes  A  public  teacher;  and  the 
foundation  of  bis  system  has  also  been 
thought  liable  to  objection.  In  1789, 
Mr.  Gisbome  published  strictures  on  it, 

3nder  the  title  of  "  l*be  Principles  of 
loral  Philosophy  investigated.*'    His 


system  was  also  attacked  by  Mr.  Pear-> 
son,  tutor  of  Sidney  college,  Cam- 
bridge, in  **  Remarks  on  the  Theory 
of  Morals,"  1800,  and  *<  Annotations 
on  the  practical  part  of  Df.  Paley'a 
Principles  of  Moral  ynd  Political  Ptii^ 
losophy,"  1801.  ^11  these  desenr* 
the  attention  of  the  readen  of  Paley.  , 


42.  P  A  L  E  Y. 

Sunday  afternoons.  There  i&  no  part  of  bis  character  more 
just]y  entitled  to  respect  than  the  active  and  zealous  db« 
charge  of  his  professional  duties,  and  his  ,eyen  enlarging 
them,  as  in  thi^  instance,  when  he  thought  it  would  be  for 
the  ^benefit  of  his  flock.  While  officiating  as  examining 
chaplain  to  the  bishop  of  Carlisle,  he  caused  a  new  edi* 
tion  to  be  pubjished  of  CoUyer's  "  Sacred  Interpreter," 
a  work  which  he  recommended  to  candidates  for  deacon's 
orders.  In  1788,  he  joined  to  his  other  meritorious  la- 
bours, an  effort  in  favour  of  the  abolition  of  the  slave 
trade,  and  corresponded  with  Mr.  Glarkson  and  the  com* 
nittee  whose  endeavours  have  been  since  crowned  with 
success. 

On  the  death  of  the  venerable  bis|iop  of  Carlisle  in  1787^ 
Mr.  Paley  drew  up- a  short  memoir  of  him.  (See  Lawj 
£dmukd).  His  next  work  places  him  in  a  high  rank  among 
the  advocated  for  the  truth  and  authenticity  of  the  Christian 
Scriptures.  It  is  enthled  "  Horse  Paulinae  ;  or,  the  Truth  of 
the  Scripture  History  of  St.  Paul  evinced,  by  a  comparisoii 
of  the  Epistles  which  bear  his  name  with  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles,  and  with  one  another,"  which  he  dedicated  to 
bis  friend  Dr.  John  Law,  at  that  time  bishop  of  Killala. 
The  principal  object  of  this  work  is  to  shew,  that  by  a  com- 
parison of  several  indirect  allusions  and  references  in  the 
Acts  and  Epistles,  independently  of  all  collateral  testimony^ 
their  undesigned  coincidence  affords  the  strongest  proof  oif 
their  genuineness,  and  of  the  reality  of  *^e  transactions  to 
which  they  relate.  .  Instead  of  requiring  the  truth  of  any 

£  art  of -the  apostolic  history  to  be  taken  for  granted,  he 
.'aves  the  reader  at  liberty  to  suppose  the  writings  to  have 
been  lately  discovered,  and  to  have  come  to  our  hands  des* 
titute  of  any  extrinsic  or  collateral  evidence  whatever.  The 
design  was  original,  and  the  execution  admirable.  Soon 
after  ^  he  compiled  a  small  work,  entitled  ^^  The  Young 
Christian  instructed  in  Reading,  and  the  Principles  of  Re« 
Ugion.''  '  This  having  brought  upon  him  a  charge  of  pla- 
giarism, be  defended  himself  in  a  good-humoured  letter 
in  the  Gentleman^s  Magazine.  Previously  to  the  appear- 
ance of  these  work$  he  was  offered  by  Dr.  Yorke,  bishop  o( 
Ely,  the  mastership  of  Jesus  college,  Canobridge,  which, 
after  due  deliberation,  he  declined.  In  May  1792,  he  was 
instituted  to  the  vicarage  of  .Addingham,  near  Great  SaU 
keldy  on  the  presentation  of  the  dean  and  chapter  of  Car* 
lisle.    During  the  {political  ferment  excited  b^  the  French 


P  A  L  B  Y.  4» 

fevolatibhy  be  published  *^  Reasons  for  Contentment,  ad- 
dressed to  the  labouring  classes,'^  ^^^  ^^^  chapter  in  bis 
"Moral  Philosophy,"  on  the  British  Constitution.  In  1793, 
he  vacated  Dalston,  on  being  collated  by  the/bishop  of  Car- 
lisle (Dr.  Vernon)  to  the  vicarage  of  Stanwix.  His  bio- 
grapher informs  us  that,  "being  afterwards  asked,  by  a 
clerical  friend,  why  he  quitted  Dalston,  he  answered  with 
afrankness  pecnliar  to  him,  for  he  knew  no  deceit,  *  Why, 
Sir,  I  bad  two  or  three  reasons  for  taking  Stanwix  in  ex-' 
change :  first,  it  saved  'me  double  house-keeping,  as  Stan- 
wix was  within  a  twenty  minutes  walk  of  'my  house  in  Car- 
lisle :  secondly,  it  was  fifty  pounds  a-year  more  in  value  r 
and,  thirdly,  I  began  to  find  my  stock  of  sermons  coming 
over  ag^in  too  fast'." 

In  1794,  he  published  "  A  View  of  the  Evidences  of 
Christianity,  in  three  parts:   L  Of  the   direct  historical 
Evidence  of  Christianity,  and  wherein  it  is  distinguished 
from  'the  Evidence  alleged  for  other  Miracles.     II.  Of  the 
Auxiliary  Evidences  of  Christianity ;    and,    I'll.  A  brief 
Conitideration   of  some  popular  Objections."     This  work 
was  first  published  in  three  volumes,  12mo,  but  in  a  few 
months  it  was  republished  in  two  volumes,  8vo,  and  has* 
been  continued  in  this  form  through  many  successive  edi*' 
tions.     It  is  perhaps  thie  most  complete  summary  of  the 
evidences  of  our  holy  religion  that  has  ever  appeared.     In 
August  of  the  same  year  the  bishop  of  London,  Dr.  Por- 
teus,  instituted  him  to  the  prebend  of  St.  Pancras,  in  feh^ 
Cathedral  of  St.  PauPs,<  and  in  a  very  short  time*  he  was 
promoted  to  the  subdeanery  of  Lincoln,  a  preferment  of 
700/.  per  stpnum,  by  'Dr.  Pretyman,  bishop  of  that  dio- 
cese. ^    In  January  1795,  be  proceeded  to  Cambridge  to 
take  his  degree  of  D.  D. ;  and  before  be  left  that  place, 
he  was  surprized  by  a  letter  from  the  bishop  of  Durham, 
Dr.Barringtbn,  with  whom  he  had  not  the  smallest  acquaint- 
ance, offering  him  the  valuable  rectory  of  Bishop- Wear** 
mouth,  estimated  at  twelve  hundred  pounds  a-year;  When 
he  waited  otk  his  new  patron  to  express  his'  gratitude,  his 
lordship  instantly  interrupted  his  acknowledgments :  '*  Not 
a  word,"  said  he,  **  you  cannot  have  greater  pleasure  in 
accepting  the  living' of  Bishop-Wearmouth,  than  I  have  in 
offering  it  to  you."     After  reading  himsetf  in,  as  a  pre- 
bendary, at  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  March  8th,  Dr.  Paley,  for  he 
noi^  assumed  that  title,  imniediately  proceeded  to  Bishop- 
Wearmouth,  took  possession  bf  his  valuable  cure,  and  then 


44  PA  LEY. 

returned  to  Cambridge  against  the  commencement,  t^ 
cpmplete  the  Doctor's  degree,  and  on  Sunday  July  Sth, 
j)reac^ed  before  the  university  his  sermon  **  On  the  dan- 
gers incidental  to  the  Clerical  character.*'  He  now  re- 
signed the  prebend  of  Carlisle,  and  the  living  of  Stanwix, 
and  divided  his  residence  principally  between  Lincoln  and 
Bishop- Wearmouth,  spending  his  summers  at  the  latter^ 
tod  bis  winters  at  the  former  of  those  places.  He  next  un* 
dertook  the  composition  of  his  last  work,  entitled  *'  Natu-; 
xal  Theology  ;  or  Evidences  of  the  Existence  and  Attri-t 
hutes  of  the  Deity,  collected  from  the  appearances  of  Na- 
ture." In  this  he  proceeded  very  slowly,  and  was  much  in- 
terrupted by  ill-health  ;  but  the  work  was  published  in 
the  summer  of  1802.  It  was  dedicated  to  the  bishop  of 
Durham,  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  most  acceptable 
return  he  was  able  for  a  great  and  important  benefit  con- 
ferred upon  him.  In  this  work  he  has  traced  the  marks  of 
wi$dom  and  design  in  v^irious  parts  of  the  creation ;  but. 
l^as  dwelt  principally  on  those  which  may  be  discovered  in 
t\ip  constitution  of  the  human  body.  It  is  replete  with  in- 
struction, and  from  its  style  and  manner  peculiarly  calcu-* 
l^ted  to  fix  the  reader's  attention. 

In  1804,  Dn  Paley's  health  was  much  upon  the  decline, 
and  having  experieiiqed  a  severe  attack  in  May  1805,  it 
was  evident  that  the  powers  of  nature  were  exhausted,  and 
medicine  of  no  avail.  He  died  on  the  25th,  under  the  ac- 
cumulated influence  of  debility  and  disease,  and  was  in- 
terred in  the  cathedral  of  Carlisle  by  the  side  of  his  first 
wife,  by  whom  he  had  eight  children,  viz.  four  sons  and 
four  daughters.  His  second  wife  survived  him.  Since  his 
<^th  a  volMme  of  his  ^^  Sermons"  has  been  published,  and 
received  by  the  public  with  nearly  the  same  avidity  as  bis 
other  work^. 

la  private  life,  Dr.  Paley  is  said  to  have  had  nothing 
of  the  philosopher.  He  entered  into  little  amusements 
with  a  degree  of  ardour  which  formed  a  singular  con- 
tjBSt  with  the  superiority  of  his  mind.  He  was  fond  of 
cpnipany,  which  he  had  extraordinary  powers  of  eiuer- 
tfiining ;  nor  was  he  at  any  time  more  happy,  than  wheq- 
qommunicating,the  pleasure  he  co.uld  give  by  exerting  bis. 
tdlepts  of  wit  s^nd  humour.  No  man  was  ever  more  be- 
Ipyed  by  his  particular  friends,  or  returned  their  ^fFectjoii 
with  greater  sincerity  and  ardour.  That  such  a  man^^  and^ 
fifich  a  writer,  should  09t  have  been  promoted  to  the  bencb 


P  A  L  E  Y.  4S 

» 

of  bislao^s^  has  been  considered  as  not  very  creditable  to 
the  times  in  which  we  live.  It  is  generally  understood 
that  Mr.  Pitt  recommended  him  to  bis  majesty  some  years 
ago  for  a  vacant  bishopric,  and  that  an  Opposition  waj 
made  from  a  very  high  quarter  of  the  church,  which  ren* 
dered  the  recommendation  ineffectual.  If  this  be  true,  it 
is  a  striking  proof  of  Mr.  Pitt's  Kberality ;  for,  according 
to  his  biographer,  Dr«  Paley  frequently  indi'ilg^d  in  sar- 
castic and  disrespectful  notice  of  that  celebrated  staites-^ 
man.  What  truth  may  be  in  this,  or  what  justice  in  the 
complaints  of  his  friends,  we  shall  not  inquire,  jfudging^ 
from  his  writings,  we  should  be  inclined  to  regret,  witK 
them,  that  he  had  not  higher  preferment;  but,  (iontem* 
plating  his  character,  as  given  in  the  "  Memoirs  of  Wil- 
liam Paiey,  D.  D.  by  George  Wilson  Meadltey,*'  we  mustf 
rather  wonder  .that  he  had  so  much.  It  will,  hovv^ever^  be 
universally  acknowledged,  that  no  author  ever  Wrote  moM 
pleasingly  on  the  subjects  he  has  treated  than  Dr.*  Pal^y. 
The  force  and  terseness  of  his  expressions  kr6  ndt  less' 
admirable  than  the  strength  of  his  conceptions  ;  antt  there 
is  both  in  his  language  and  his  notions  a  peculiarity  of  man- 
ner^ stamped  by  the  vigour  of  his  mind,  which  will  per"- 
petuate  the  reputation  of  his  works.* 

PALFIN  (John),  a  surgeon  of  eminence,  was  Bbrh  ar 
Ghent  in  Flanders  in  1649;  and,  being  m^de  anatotnist 
and  reader  in  surgery  in  that  city,  was  much  distitigiiished 
liy  his  lectbres  as  well  as  practice,  and  wrote  upon  several 
subjects  with  learning  and  judgment.  He  died  at  Ohent^ 
about  eighty  years  old,  in  1730.  He  paid  various  visits 
to  London,  Paris,  and  Leyden,  where  he  formed  an  ac- 
quaintance with'  the  most  eminent  surgeon's  of  his  time^* 
profited  by  their  discoveries,  and  was  himself  the  inventor 
of  some  instruments.  His  first  publication  was  a  ^'  Systeni 
of  Osteology,'*  in  Flemish,  which  be  afterwards  translated 
into  French,  and  which  was  often  reprinted.  In  1708,'  he 
published  his  *^  Description  Anatomique  des  Parties  de  la . 
Femme  qui  servent  a  la  Generation,'*  together  with  Li- 
cetus'  treatise  on  monsters,  and  a  description  of  one  bora 
at  Ghent  in  1703.  In  1710,  he  printed  his  ^^Anatomie 
Cbirurgicale,  ou  description  exacte  des  Parties  du  Corps 
humaih,  avec  des  remarques  utiles  aux^  Chirurgiens  dans 

«  Uf^  by  Meadley.— 6«at.   Ma;,  vol.  hVlh  LVIII.  LXII.  LXXV.  aad 
LXXVL  «6C.  , 


46  I?  A  L  F  1*1. 

la  pratique  6e  leur  art,**  in  French;  and  in  1718;; fe* 
printed  it  in  Flemish.  It  was  regarded  as  a  vaiaabte  work, 
anjd  was  republished  after  bis  death,  in  Franpe,  It$ily,  and 
Germany.  Palfin  also  translated  the  treatise .  of  Anthony 
Petit  on  .'<  Diseases  of  the  Eyes,"  into  Flemish,  adding 
several  other  tracts  on  the  same  subject. ' 

PALINGENIUS  (Marcellus),  an  Italian  poet,  who 
fioorished  in  the  sixteenth  century,  was  born  at  Stellada^ 
in  Ferrara,  upon  the  bank  of  the  Po.  We  are  told  by 
$ome,  that  his  true  name  was  Pietro  Angelo  Manzolij,  of 
which  "  Marcello  Palingenio"  is  the  anagram  *.  He  is 
chiefly  known  by  his  ^'  Zodiacus  Vitae,"  a  poem  in  twelve 
books,  dedicated  to  Hercules  II.  of  Este,  duke  of  Feirara.,' 
Some  say  he  was  physician  to  that  prince,  but  this  will  ad- 
mit of  a  doubt;  at  least  it  is  certain  be  was  not  so  when  he 
wrote  the  dedication  to  bis  *^  Zodiac."  This  poem,  oiv 
which  he  had  en^ployed  several,  years,  brought  hi.m  into 
trouble,  as  it  contained  many  sarcastic  atti^cks  on  mqnka 
and  church-abuses  ;  and  his  name  therefore  appears  in  the 
5^  Index  librorum  prohibitorum,"  as  a  Lutheran  heretic  of 
the  first  class,  and  as  an  impious  author.  It  is  thought,  he; 
<;arries  too  far  the  objections  of  libertines  4nd  scoffers  at 
religion  ;  otherwise  his  work  is  interspersed  with  judicious- 
maxima,  and  some  have  considered  it  as  a  truly  philo$o- 
phical  satire  against  immorality  and  prejudice.  In  the 
close  of  the  dedication^  he  declares  himself  a  good  catholic, 
so  far  as  to  submit  all  bis  opinions  to  the  censure  of  the 
church ;  and  this  declaration  might  perhaps  have  secured 
hjm  against  the  inquisition,  had  the  affair  related  only  la 
some,  particular  tenet;  but  it  could  not  acquit  him  of  that 
impiety,  which  Palingenius  was,  not  without  reason^  sus« 
pected  to  teach. .  In  his  third  book,  for  instance,  he  in- 
eulcates  Jthe  doctrine  of  Epicurus  without  the  least  reserve. 
He. published  this  book  in  1536,  and  again  at  Basil,  ia 
1537  t/  and  seems  not  to  have  lived  long  after  that  date*.^ 
Qyraldus,  who  wrote  about  1543,  relates,  that,  after  bis 
burial,  his  body  was  ordered  to  be  dug  up,  in  order  to  be 

*  Perhaps  Palingenius  is  not  Ibe  a  French  translation,  by  M.  de  la  Moti- 

name  of  his  facniiy,  but  that  name  nerie,  was  printed  in  Holland  in  1731  j; 

turned  into,  Greek,  according  to  the.  and  again  with  notes   in   1733.    An 

custom  of  those  times,  ,  imitation  of  it  was  written  by  Barthiusa, 

•f  It  wag  also  published  under  this  and  entitled,  <*  Zodiacus  viti»  Chrifti^  ' 

title,  **  Palingenii   Marcelii   Zodiacus  anae,"  fce.  Francf.  1623,  8vo,  and  anOk^ 

Tjt«  emendattts  et aactus,  Rott.  1 722 ;V  ther  in, French  by  M.  de  RiTiere* 

^  Moreri.— Eloy.  Diet.  Hist,  de  Medicine. 


P  A  L  I  N  G  E  N  I  U  S.  47 

fahurnt ;,  which  execution  was  prevented  by  the  dtichest  of 
Ferrara,  who,  it  is  thought,  had  received  him  at  her  court 
among  the  Lutherans. ' 

PALISSY  (Bernard  de),  an  ingenious  artist,  was  bora 
at  Agen  in  France,  about  1524.     He  was  brought  up  as  a 
common  labourer,  and  was  also  employed  in  surveying* 
Though  destitute  of  education,  he  was  a  very  accurate  ob« 
server  of  nature ;  and  in  the  course  of  his  surveys,  v  he  con<- 
ceived  the  notion  that  France  had  been  formerly  covered 
by  the  sea^  and  propagated  his  opinion  at  Paris,  against  a 
ho$t  of  opponents,  with  the  greatest  boldniess.     It  was  con- 
sidered as  a  species  of  heresy.     For  several  years  after,  he 
employed  himself  in  trying  different  experiments,  in  order 
to  discover  the  methpd  of  painting  in  enamel*     But  some 
person  presenting  him  with  a  beautiful  cup  of  that  kind  of 
stone-ware  called  by  the  French  faience^  because  it  was 
first  manufactured  in  a  city  of  Italy  called  Faenz^^  the 
'  sight  of  this  cup  inflamed  him  with  an  insurmouatable  de- 
sire to  discover  the  method  of  applying  enamel  to  stone- 
ware.    At  this  time  he  was  ignorant  of  even  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  the  art  of  pottery,  nor  was  there  any  person  withia 
his  reach  from  whom  he  could  procure  information.     His 
experiments  were,  therefore,  unsuccessful,  and  he  wasted 
his  whole  fortune,'  and  even  injured  his  health,  without 
gaining  his  object    Still  he  gave  it  up  only  for  a  time, 
and  when  a  few  years  of  industry  and  frugality  had  put  it 
in  his  power,  he  returned  to  bis  project  with  more  ardour 
than  ever.     The  same  fatigues,  the  same  sacrifices,  the 
same  expences  were  incurred  a  second  time,  but  the  re« 
suit  was  different.     He  discovered,  one  after  another,  the 
whole  serie9  of  operations,  and  ascertained  the  method  of 
applying  enamel  to  stone-ware,  and  of  niaking  earthen* 
ware  superior  to  the  best .  of  the  Italian  manufacture.     He 
was  now  treated  with  respect,  and  considered  as  a  man  of  < 
genius.     The  court  of  France  took  him  under  its  protect 
tion,  and  enabled  him  to  establish  a  manufactdry,  where 
the  manufacture  of  the  species  of  stone-ware  which  he  had. 
invented  was  brought  to  a  state  of  perfection.     The  only 
i)Dprovement  which  was  made  upon  it  afterwards  in  France, 
was  the  application  of  different  colours  upon  the  enamel,, 
and  imitating  the  paintings  which  had  been  executed  long 
before  on  porcelain  vessels*    This  improvement  scarcely 

-    ^  Qen.  Dict-^Moreri.   . 


48  P  A  L  I  S  S  Y. 

I 

dates  farther  back  than  thirty  or  forty  years.  It  was  first 
put  in  practice  by  Joseph  Hanon,  a  native  of  Strasbourg, 
and  was  suggested  by  a  German,  who  sold  to  Hanon  the 
method  of  composing  the  colours  applied  upon  the  por- 
celain of  Saxony.  These  vessels  were  soon  after  super- 
sededby  the  Qxieeri*s  wdre  of  the  cdebrated  Wedgewood, 
Mrhich  both  in  cheapness,  beauty,  and  elegance  of  form, 
far  surpassed  any  thing  of  the  kind  that  had  appeared  in'* 
Europe. 

'  After  Palissy  had  thus  succeeded  in  his  favourite  object,' 
he  pursued  the  science  of  chjemistry,  and  applied  hiskndw*^ 
Icidge  to  the  improvement  of  agriculture.  *  He  was  the  first.' 
person  who  formed  a  collection  of  natural  history  at  Paris,* 
upon  which  he  gave  lectures  at  the  rate  of  half  a  crown' 
each  person,  a  hrge  sum  for  that  period,  but  he  eriterefl '. 
into  an  obligation  to  return  the  money  four-fold,'  provided' 
it  vrete  found  that  he  taught  any  thing  that  proved  false.' 
In  Ii?6^3  he  printed  at  Rochelle  "  Recepte  veriliable  par' 
I&quelfe  tons  les  hommes  de  la  France  pourrbnt  apprendre 
a  augmenter  leur  tresors,''   &c.  which,  after  hiil  dejgitB," 
v^as  reprinted  under  the  title  of  **^Moyen  de  devenir  riche,'*' 
iti  i  vols.  8vo.     In  1:580  he  published  "  Discours  admira- 
ble de  la  Nature  des  Eaux,  et'Fontaines,  de  Metaux,  des' 
Sols,  des  Saline,  des  Pierres,  des  Terres,"  &c.     This  work ' 
was  exceedingly  valuable  in  the  then   existing  state  bf 
koowliedge,  and  in  it  he  first  taught  the  true   theory  of  , 
springs,  and  asserted  that  fossil-shells  were  real  sea- shells 
deposited  by  the  v^aters  of  the  ocean.     He  also  pointed  out 
the  u^e  of  marie  a'nd  of  lime  in  agricultui'e. 

Palissy  is  supposed  to  have  died  about  1590  :    he^was  of 
tbfe  protestant  Religion,  and  was  sometimes  threatened  on 
that'account.     His  reply  to  Henry  the  flld.  deserves  to  be 
commemorated.     "  If,"  says  the  king,  "  you  do  not  change* 
yobV  reWgiorty  I  shall  be  compelled  to  give  you  lip  to  the' 
power  of  your   enemies.'*     ^*  Sire,"  said    Pal issy,  **  yoii» 
have  often  said  that  you  pitied  me,  but  I  must  now  pStyT 
yoii,  for  your  expression  of  ^  I  shall  be  compelled  f  giVe^ 
me  leave  tp  tell  yotir  majesty,  that  it  is  not  in  youf  powei^* ' 
to  compel  a  potter  to  bend  bis  knee  before  the  images^ 
which  he  fabricates.'*     His  memory  'is  still  respected '  iti' ' 
,     France',  and  a  complete  edition  of  his  works,  with  a  life,* 
vvay published  at  Paris'  in  1777,  by  Fadjas  de  St.  FoT)d,'#tor.*' 

}  Moreri.— Diet  Hiit.— Baldwin's  Literary  Jouroa),  vol.  I.  • 


P  A  L  L  A  D  I  N  0. 

PALLADINO  (James)^  known  aim  by  tb6  hwie  of 
James  de  Teramo^  from  the  city  where  he  was  .born  in 
1449,  chose  the  ecclemastical .  profession,  was  sucoes* 
sively  archbishop  of  Tareuto,  Florence,  and  Spoletto,  had 
the  administration  of  the  duchy  for  pope  Alexander  Y.  and 
lohn  XXIII.  and  was  sent  as  legate  into  Poland  in  14 17, 
vriier^  he  died  the  same  year.  He  wrote  some  forgotten 
works  eniunerated  by  Marchand,  bat  is  most  known  by  bis 
xeligioiis  romance,  entitled  ^^  J.  de  Teramo  compendium 
perbreve,  consolatio  Peccatorum  nuncupatum,  et  apud  non- 
pnllos  Belial  Tooitatuns  i  id  est, .  Processus  Luciferi  contra 
Jesum,*'  Attsb.  1479,  fol.  but  it  seems  doubtful  whether 
the  first  edition  is  not  in  German,  and  published  without  a 
date.  Mr.  Dibdin  has  amply  described  both  in  the  ^  Bib- 
Uotheca  Spenceriaoa,V  and  Marchand  has  discussed  the 
history  of  the  work  at  great  l^igth.  It  was .  reprinted  se« 
▼eral  times  since  io  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries, 
and  in  a'colleclioa  entitled.  *' Processus  juris  joco'^serii," 
Hanovis,  1611,  8vo,  which  contains  likewise  ^^  the  Pro- 
cess of  Satan  against  the  Virgin,"  .  by  Barthole,  and  ^^  Les 
Arr^  d' Amour.'*  Peter  Farget,  an  Augustine,  has  trans* 
lated  ^<  Belial's  triar*  into  French,  Lyo^ns,  14S5,  4to,  printed 
often  since,  in  the  saine  form.  It  has  also  been  .published 
■nder  the  name  of  James  d'Aooharano;  and  has  i^^onsi 
ferm  or  other  been  translated  into  most  of  .the  European 
langiniges.  ^ 

PALLADIO  (AMZ>a£W),.  a  celebrated  Italian  architect^ 
ia»  born  in  15  IS  at  Vicenza  in  Lombardy.  As  soon  as  he 
had  learned  the  principles  of  art  from  Trissino,  the  cele- 
brated poet,  who  was  his  townsman,  he  went  to  Hornet 
wnd  applying  himseif  with  gp^at  diligence  to  study  the  an* 
dent  monameats,  h^  entered.intothe  spirit  of  their. arcbi- 
tMts,  and  formed  his  taste  upoa  tihem*  On  bis  return  he 
was  employed^  construct  various  edifices,  and  obiaiped 
great  reputatioQ  tbMMigheut  Italy,  which  abounds  in  nuinu- 
qients  of  his  dull^  particulsurJy  the  palace  Foscari,  at  Ve- 
nice, and  tbe  Olypipic  theatre  at  Vicenza,  where  he  died 
io  1580.  He  excelled  likewise  in  the  theory  of  his  art, 
«L  appears  by  his  publications,  which  are  still  in  the  highest 
mpntation.  .His  ^rst  was  bis  treatise  oa  arobsteetare,  <<  I 
qaattfo  libri  deli'  Arcbitettara,'*  Venice,  1570..  This  haa 
been  often  reprinted,  and  our  country  has  the  merit  of  a 

<  Mardiuid.— L'Avocat't  Diet.  Hiit'-BiM.  Spcneerimnt,  irel.  HI.?;  .Hl->-3. 

Vot.  XXIV.  E 


4»  .  1>;A'L*L/AT)II  O.i 

irery  splendid  edittbn,  published  at  Lonfdoti  in*  fTVS'ji.  in 

iKnglisby  Italian,  and  French,  2  or  3  vol^.,  faL  .  Tbis^  ediW 

tion,  published  by  Leotfi,  is  enriched  with  .the  most.Valoi- 

able  of  the  notes  which  Inigo  Jones  wrote  on  bis  copy  of 

the  original,  now  in  the  library  of  Worcester  college^  Ox-i 

i^ord.     A  French  edition  of  the.Landoo  one  was  publisbed 

by  Nic.  da  Bois,  at  the  Hague  in^  1726,  2  voh.  fol. ;  andrin 

1740,  one  oiuch  enlarge  in  Italian  and  Freacby  at  Veaicei' 

i5  vols,  foh     This 'bos   been   mone   recently  followed  by 

Scaniozzi's  fine  edition  in  Italian  and  French,  printed  ait 

Vicenza,  1776^—83,  4  vok.  fol.     In  1730,  our  countryman^ 

lord  Burlington,  printed  an  elegant  work,  entitled  ^^  Fa-»% 

briche  anticbe  designate  da  Andrea  Palladio,  e  dale  iaWe 

da  Riceardo  Conte  de  Burli^gton,.'^  foL     This  colleciiaib 

of  Palladio's  designs  is  very  scarce,  as  >  the  noble  editor 

printed  only  a  liiaited  nnmber  of  copies  for  hiis  frieudki 

Palladio  also  composed  a  small  work,  entitled  ,^^  Le  Antiv 

cbita  di  Roma,"  not  printed  till  after  bis  death;'    He  a)ius*< 

trated  CsDsar^s  ^^Commentaries,"'  by  annexinig  to.BadelHIa 

translation  pf  that  work,  ^  prefafce  on  the  military  systeoii 

of  the  Romans,  with  copper-plates,  designed,  for  the  most 

|>art,  by  bis  t^vo  sonsy  Leooida  and  Qrazio,  who  bpth  diedi 

soon   aften     Palladio  Was  modest  in  regard   to   bis  owii> 

merits  but  be  was  the  friend  to  all  jnen  of  talents.^  hiy 

memory  is  bigUy  faonoui^ed  ^by   the   votaries  of  the  finer 

arts.^  and  the  simplicity  and  purity  of  bis  taste 'have  gi.veE^ 

bim  the  appelliitiiob  of  the  Raphael  of  architects.  * . '    .    i 

:■   PA LLA Dies,  bishop  of  Helenopolis  inBitbynia,  aiifdr 

afterwards  x>fAspona^  waa.by.uationa  Galatia;n^  and  bom* 

^bout  the  year.  368  at  Gappadoeia.     He.  became  an  ao«) 

cboret  in  tbe  mountain  of  Nebriarin  the  year. 388,  and.  was 

made  a.bisfaop  in  the  year  4<aL.     This  prelate  was  a  steady » 

friend  to  St,  John  Chryso^tom,  whom  be  neirer  forsooki 

during  the  tiiQe  of  bis  persecution,  nor  even  in  bis.£xiie«r 

Ue  went  to  Rome,  sometime  after  the  deatl^of  that  saint }' 

at)d  at  tbe  request,  of  Lausus,  governor  of  Cappadocia^i 

«;€Mnposed  the  history  of  the  Anohorets,  or*  Herioits,  ,ancb 

^titled  it  ^^  Laitsiaca,'?  after  the  name  of  fthat  lord^.ttx 

whom  he  tdedicated  it  in  tbe  year4209  w.ben  it  was  ivritt^n^ 

being  tben. id  the  20tb  year  of  bis  episcopacy,  and>53dpfT 

his  age.     Paliadius  was  'aCQused  of  being  aa  Origentstjt 

i'  . '        ■  '•  .     ■  ' '  '  '  '  - 

1  tandi  Hist.   Litt    dMtalle,  vol.  IV.— Hutton's  Pkt.'-Dicti  HisU^Reet't' 
^^c]ope!dia.-^Bruaet*s  Manuel  (la  Libraire.    '.,.,.'    -,..  '    ■■-    '■ 


I 


PALLAbltJi.  it 

t>4cause  he  ctoes  not  sp^ak  very  farburably  of  St.  Jerome^ 
lind  was  intimaitely  connected  •  with  Ruffinud  $  but  pertfaps 
no  good  proof  can  be  drawn  thence  of  his  Origenism.  He 
isad  been  the  disciple  of  Evagrias  of  Pontud,  and  was  even 
suspected  to  adhere  to  the  sentiments  of  Pelagius.  He 
died  in  the'  fifth  centtiry^  but  what  year  is-  not  known; 
His  *<  History"  was  published  ill  Greek  by  Meursiiis,  at 
Amsterdam/ in  1619,  aiid  in  Latin  in  the  '^  Bibliotheca 
Patrum  t'V  but  he  seems  not  to  have  beeii  the  writer  of  the 
'^  Life  of  St.  John  Chrysostom,  in  Greek  and  Latin^  by 
M»  Bigot/'  printed  in  168a.  ^ 

PALLAS  (Peter  Simon),  a  ceiebrated  naturalist,  th^ 
son  of  Simon  Pallas,  professor  of  surgery  at  Berlin,  was 
b^m  in  that  city,  Sept.  22,  1741,.  and  educated  at  first 
under  private  tuto^,  who  spokewith  astonishment  of  the 
progress  he  made.  .  So  early  as  the  fifteenth  year  of  hi^ 
age,  he  entered  upon  a  course  of  lectures  on  medicine  and 
the  branches  connected  with  it ;  and  two  years  afterwards 
was  enabled  to  read  a  course  of  public  lectures  on  anatomy. 
Yet  while  thus  occupied  in  his  professional  labours,  he^ 
found  leisure  to  prosecute  the  study  of  insects,  and  other 
classes  of  zoology,  for  which  he  seems  to  have  very  early 
conceived  a  predilection,  and  in  which  he  particularly  ex« 
ceiled.  In  the  autumn  of  175S  he  went  to  the  university 
of  Halle,  and  in  1759  to  Gottingen;  and  during  his  resi« 
dence.at  the  letter,  among  other  ingenious  researches,  hit 
attention  was  drawn  to  the  worms  w^ich  breed  in  the  in«^ 
festines.  This  produced  a  treatise  entitled  <^  De  itifesti^ 
Viventibus  intra  vivientia,''  in  which  he  has  with  sihgdiar 
Accuracy  described  thdae  wbtnls  which  are  found  in  th^ 
human  body, 

lit  July  1760  he  went  to  Leyden,  and  studied  under  Al^ 
binus,  Gaubius,  and  Miisehenbroeck ;  and  in  Decetbbef^ 
took  his 'doctoir^s  degree,  on  which  occasion  his  inaugural 
dissertation  had  for  its  sxibject  his  dissertation  on  worms; 
with  new  experiments;  During  his  stay  at  Leyden,  hatti'i 
ml  ^istorry  became  his  predbmifnant  passion.^  H«  employed 
all  the  time^  he  could  steal  from  his  professional  studies  in' 
lisitrng'the  -public  and  private  eabtnets  of  natural  history,^ 
with  which  Leyden  abounded,  and  was  particularly  charmed 
with  the  collection  of  Gronovius,  which  h^  repeatedly  exa^* 

.  •  .        L  .         ( 

■■  ^  Depiik— Moreri.— Lardoer's  Works^-r-Ca^e,  vol*  I«-^Saxii  Onojnaat  nhen 
are  atbrnn  of  th«  Qan^, 

«  2 


IS  PALLAS^ 

a^:rived  at  London,  is  July  1761,  Th^  pni^^pai  ipteniibn 
jof: bis  journey  tp  f^PglaQd  was  to  improvf  his  I^DpwIfKigf  ifl 
i^edi^ii^p  and  surgeiyt  and  to  inspect  t|^e  ho6|>!iutls>  Uit 
was  noiy,  hofifever,  ^O  n]^ucb.ahsofb^d  ii^  hiBp^^^ipq  tojr  n^r 
tural  b^is^ory,  that  be  neglected  eyery  other  pmnsuit,  ^tid 
gav^  hin(iself  taul}y  Mp  to  this  favourite  branch  of  loieqcj?* 
At  this  jiiitckuret  b^  zeal  was  so  ardent»  fbat  i^fte^  having 
pafsfi^d  the  ^ay  in  cuf iously  ^xMoining  the  vsMrious  cpUecf 
(\oi)s  ID  iia^r^l  bistPTyt  ^^>^  pisrusiQ^g  t\k^  principal  books 
he  could  procure  on  that  subject*  he  vfould  frequently  emf 
plqy  tb^  greater  part  of  tbf  niglitf  &H<1  qcc^ionaJly  eten 
ivt^ple  nights  together)  wtienever  he  iBet  with  neyr  pubii? 
Rations  tba^  either  awakened  his  cMriosity  of  int^epted  fai^ 
rese^cbiBs.  With  a  vi^w :  oC  €ixt0nding  ^is:  infprfttatioci  in 
|bis  departjment)  be  took  sev^rfl Journeys  to  the  9e<t-coast^ 
fnd  particularly  in  Sussex* 

Being  at  length  sqi^dpqned  by  his  fatbef  to,  ri^tu^m  to 
Berlii^  be  quitted  London  lyitb  reigret  jq  t^  iMiisr  end  of 
April  1762,  and  repaired  to  Harwich  ii|  or^er  to  ^mWI: 
for  Hqll^d.    Peingtb^re  fortuua^elj  detauiod  9000  day» 
by  cpcv^^ry.  winds^  b^  embraced  \h§x  opportiiQJty  of  e%$^ 
oijnipg  the  spa-cpaft,  fi^d  collecting  a  yarifity  of  ttiArino 
productions.    Qp  the  13th  pf  ^^y  i^  ^pd«4  w  H(4lii;Dd^ 
smdp^ssiag  throflgb  th^.%g<Wt  lijdw,  ^n4  Aqs^r(i»Qi^ 
l|^e  CQutiou^  bis  route  thiroiigh  the  Circlei  <9f  Wiestphftlif^ 
aud  arriv^  at  BMin  o;i  the  i^th  pf  Jiuiif^ 
;    Previously*  to,  h|^  comoifncipg  pr^^fotic^^  ^  father  Wit 
faim  to  HaaiQver  for  ^bo  pHrpQ^  of  prop^ri^g  tho.  p9»%  Of 
surgeon  ia  the  allied  ^TfPJi  but  ^  uppif  b<f  ^rrital  in  tb#l 
city,  in  the  month  of  July,  peace  was  on  the  point  x>f  being 
conciudied,  1^  rciiurnfd  40  %r{i9tt  !vb^e  he  pa^edvCI.  y^ar, 
chiefly  in  preparing  m^t^risAf^.^of  §  f^C^aunA  lQ$^cta(uM 
Marchica,"  or  «i  descriptiop  pf  tbe  insects  19  tbei9ftrcb<)|f 
Braiid^n^urg.     Having  at  length  pr/sva^lod  upop  his  fath^ 
to  let  biflot  settle  in  ^loll^nd;,  be  took  pp  bis  r«sidoni^at  thf» 
^%ue,  and  his  reputatiop  a^  a  pian  oJP  science  wa^,  by* 
thi;  timet  &o  well  established)  that  b^  iya9>  the  ^apie  yntp 
elected  fellow  of  thp  Royal  iSocioty  pf  Loodoo ;  atid  in  the 
.  following  ye^r  ipeaiber  of  the  Acad^piie  d^  Cprieuo^df^  la 
iKature ;  to  both  of  which  soci^ti(^s  ho  bad  previously  aetit 
▼ery  interesting  and  ingenious  papers. 
'    The  intimacy  be  now  «ontra6ted  with  the  most  celebrated 
naturalists  in  Holland^  and  particularly  with  "those  oflLfie 


r  A  L  L  A  a  M 

tiagii«,  Wbb'had  jbst  4>egoft  b  forth  « lilii^ftfy  so&ietjr  ^'ibcj 
fre^  ac(^5»  ^bhsh  he  hitd  to  tte  uvuifeiibi  of  ihe  pririob  6f 
Ofiitfge,  sind  dftbe'r  cUrioui  esbinetf ;  the  systetnatie  cata-I 
loguesDf  thOfit  cblhieiiMs'ifait  be  Hew  tip,  and  sbreral  of 
which  bl$  gat^e  ltd  dlb  pubiki;  coit^ihiited  td  4Hrahce  hib 

of  the  g&te^  Irtfd  enabled  him  to  colleot  web  inat»riais  i^ 
pLT^  h'mh  tt>  fifbie  aMbFa«e  eobi^ositiotia  4n  ^cologyn 
which  httt^  d6sbrtediyd)ftitfg|bhhed  bim^s  the  fihst  zoold^ 
gist  of  £tiW)3^«  OM'  o)F  bis  «i^li(Mt  works  'in  Ibis  bratH^b  of 
Sbiett^e,  which  Hindered  -him  emimntly  b(if»picQ0<i;i3,  w«i 
hii  **  EkMhtii  fiS<tt)i^by|[otiiti^."  U  a  dedication  piMiod 
to  bii  ^<  MisC^Uatiea  fiootogkm/*  pubibihed  iii  tbe  «amb 
^ear,  tta6  ttbthdf  }aj^s  befc^rbtbb  pritide  of  Orange  a  plan 
for  d  vdyage  t6  fbe  Cap^  of  Qood  ilope,  tod  to  the  other 
Doteb  aettiedients  in  the  Eb'^t  Indies^  and  which,  impelled 
by  his  Wonted  ard^oir  fer  seil^iitiiic  knowtedge,  lie'ofFered 
to  undertake  and  inperintend.  Ttiils  prcgeet  was  strongtj 
Fecdmflieiided  by  Gaubips,  >  and  approy^  by  dib  prmce } 
but  wad  pirevented  from  bein^  earned  into  esiiccilioh  bjt 
the  authop^i  father ;  Who  not  otHy  refuted  his  consent  td 
hvi  taking  ^tich  a'disiatit  eKpeditioni  but  even  recalled  bhit 
to  Berlin :  in  i^bedlefi<d^  ko  bis  fittfaer-s  wisbes,  but  witb 
great  rehelsanc^,  he  qtfhted  Hollahd  in  Noveniber  1^66. 

On  his  rbtniiii^e  Sertiii  (^BODtiimes  Mr.  Coxb,  from  whose 
ingenro^  tap^^U  tbeise  pariioolars  ai^  ettti^od),  bis  only 
couMiatiw  in  being  separaited  from  bis  ^iefada  in  Holland, 
and  in  baftiAg  Idst  so  niAny  oppdrtunities  nf  improving  him- 
setif  in  natural  biitefy^  consisted  in  paKing  into  order  ibw 
numerous  materials  be  bad  collected^  and  the  obteri^ationa 
be  was  ineediahtlj^  rit^akingj  aod  ih  giving  tbbm  to  the  pnb- 
Ke.  He  bad,  l^everi  fcabrcely  begun  to  poblfish  bfi» 
<'  Spicilegia  Zoologica/'  before  he  was  intited  by  tbe^m^- 
press  Oai:barine  tt.  to  accept  of  tbe  profeasc/rship  of  natural 
history  in  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Seteneea 'at  Si.  Peters*: 
burghl  Although  in  thtl  instance  his  fa^hfer  |ind  relatione 
again  refused  their  assent ;  yet  ibe  au%6f*s  ardent  ze^l  f^r 
bifi  favourite  sdien^ee,  jbinefd  to  an  irresistible  desire  to  visit 
regions  so  littteeitplorefd,  indueedbi^^  without  a  niomeiitfi 
ttestutibn,  to  aicoede  to  the  invitatioh,  and  to  hasten  his  de-^' 
partare  fo^  a  Country  v^bere  bis  ouriority  was  so  likely  tta 
be  amply  gratified.  H^  accordingly  quitted  Berlin  iii  June 
i[76ty  and  arrived  at  Pe'teisbnt^giontike  loth  bf  Aogust. 

taade^hid  ^p<ea#an«ii  amoug  tb^  Raasiafis  at  a  drittcal 


M  P  A  L  L  A  % 

period.  The  empress  had  already  brder^  the  Academfjf 
of  Sciences  to  send  astronomers  into  varioiis  parts  of  the 
Russian  empire,  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  over  tbo 
^un-s  disk  in  1769.  Being*  just  returned  ffom  a  voyage 
4lown  the  Volga,  and  from  visiting  the  interior  provinces 
of  European  Russia,  she  bad  perceived  the  deficiencies  of 
ihe  topographical  and  geographical  accounts,  and  antici-* 
pated  the  advantage  of  deputing- learned  and  skilful  men  to 
visit  the  distant  provinces  of  her  extensive  dominions.  For 
this  purpose  Catharine  had  directed  the  academy  to  send^ 
jn  company  with  the  astronomers,  the  most  s^ble  naturalists 
and  philosophers.  Pallas  instantly  offered  to  accompany 
this  expedition;  and  was  as /eagerly  accepted.  He^  was 
immediately  charged  with  drawing  put  general  instructions 
for  the  naturalists,,  and  wias  gratified  with  the  choice  of  hia 
associates.  To  him.was  submitted,  at  hjis  own  request,  tb^ 
conduct  of  the  expedition  to  the  east  of  the^  Volga,  and  to-< 
wards  the  extreme  parts  of  Siberia ;  and  be  was  the  most 
calculated  for  tliat  expedition, .  as  the  elder  Gmelin,  who 
bad  been  bis  precursor  in  those  regions,  bad  almqst  en^ 
tirely  neglected  the  zoology  of r  those  remote .  districts. 
Pallas  employed  the  winter  previous  to  his  departure  in 
fiH'ming  a  systematic  catalogue  of  the  animals  in  the  cabi-^ 
net  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences ;  in  putting  into  order  the 
celebrated  collection  of  professor  Breyn  of  Dantzic,  latiely 
purchased  by  prince  Orlof;  in  preparing  for  the  press  six 
numbers  of  his  '^  Spicilegia  Zoologica,'-  which  were  printed 
during  his  absence,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Martin  ;  and 
in  forming  the  necessary  arrangements  and  notices  for  bi& 
intended,  expedition. 

At  lengthy  in  June  1768,  he  quitted  Petersburg,  itt 
company  with  Messrs.  Falk,  Lepekin,  and  Guldenstadt,  as 
bis  associates ;  passed  through  Moscow,  Vlodimir,  Kasi-^ 
mof,  Murom,  Arsamas,  to  Casan  ;  and  having  examined 
great  part  of  that  province,  wintered  at  Simbirsk.  From 
thence  he  departed,  in  March  of  the  following  year ;  and 
penetrated  through  Samara  and  Orenburg,  as  farasGurief, 
)a  small  Russian  fortress,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Yaik  or  Ural.  There  he  examined  the  confines  of  Kalmuo 
Tartary,  and  the  neighbouring  shores  of  the  Caspian,  and 
xeturning  through  the  province  of  Orenburg^  passed  the 
second  winter  at  Ufa.  After  several  expeditions  in  the  ad<r 
jaceqt  parts  of  that  province,  be  left  Ufa  on  the  I6tb  of 
May  1770;    prosecuted  hia  route  ibroogb  the  Uralian 


9  K  tL  t  A  S.  #« 

ivbiinitm8.'to'C^tban«(e^b«K^b;  \i3]t^d'lhtf  tfiines  of  \hat 
jdistrict;  ':pi^oc^dedtb'Teb4Uabihik^  a  small  fohressin  the 
goirernment  of  Ontubnrg* ;  and  in  Deeember  made  itii  ex-^ 
cuYsion  M  far-as  Tobolsk.  The  nextj^ear  he^was  employed 
in  traTttrsing  the  Altai  mouolains,  and  in  tracing  tbe  course 
«f/tbeIftisbtip'toOinskand  Koly van  f  where  having  in'^ 
apected  the  ceiobtaiced'  siltKer  raines^  b^-  made  for  Tomsk^ 
and  finished  tkac yeav'scfsptiditioti^a);  t^rdsnoyarsk/  a  tfowii 
upon  tbe¥enisei<  ^In^'thstt  place^  Mtuated  only  in  56"*  nortH 
latitude^  the  ooldwas.^  tnt^ns^,*  that  the  learned  prbfessoi^ 
WAS  ^Mficness  to  tbe  natural  freezing iof  '(jiiteksilver ;  whicii 
0ui»obs  f>h4nofliiehoni;be  has  ^mtnotely' described.  Froiri 
Krasnoyarsk  be  liaiied>  On  tbe  7tb  of  Marcb^  i772  ;^  afnd 
proceed«d  ^by  Irkutsk^  And  aaroissr  the  lake  Baikal/  td 
Udinsk^  Selenginsk^  arMi.KiaktayMvfaere  the  trade  between 
iltiS9ia.and  China' is^piinoipally  carried  on.^ '  Having pen^^ 
tcated  litito  that  poet  ot  Dauria^  nd^eh  is  situated  in'  t^e 
soutb-easternniostztpaipt?  erf  iMberia^  he  Journeyed*  between 
tberiveralngoda  ami  Argoon^^iae  no  great/distanoe  frOnr 
tbe  Amoor;  thence  tracing  the  linea 'wbicb  separate' the 
Russian  enspvOifrcpn  £kei  Mongul  bovdea  dependent  lipion 
Cfaina^  be  rensmed  io  iSelenginsk,  and  a^aiti^  idt^inteFed  a^ 
KcaanoyajTsk.  ill!  tbe  aununer  of  1 7  7»S^  her  visited  Ttkt^^ 
¥aitak^<«iDd  ^atracaii^^and  ooDcbided  'bis.roote  for  tb^tr 
}sear  at  Tdsariixinr^  a  txmu  upon* tbe  :Vei|^ai:;''from»  whence-h<? 
eoatinued^bis  joarney  :ip  the  ensoingi  spring ;« 'and ' arrived^ 
at^Petec^burg  on  the  30tb  of  Jjuly,  1.374^  aftei^  anabeericef 
of'sixyiearsi  •'---'' -<  ;■■  i'--"-  '.^  *  •  '- 
•  The  account  ofi^tbis  extenstv^'^nd  interesUngtour  was 
published  by  Dr.  PaUais  in  (itfr^vol nines,  4tt)>  wtiich  greatly 
extepded  bis '  fame,  and  eitablisbed  bis  cbaracter;  ^^be* 
author,,  in  this:  valuable  work^  bas^enaetfed  intp  a  ge^ra^ 
phical  and  topograpbical  description:  of  tbe  px'ovin^i^Syi 
towjis,  and  vjfilages,  wbicb*  he  visited  in-  bis  ton i",  adcotn-; 
panied  with  an  accurate  detail  of  their  antiqoitie^  history,' 
prodactions,  and  cot»meroe«  He  has  discrimihatfed-  man/* 
0f  tbe  tribes  who  wander  over  the  various  districtfi^and  near 
tbe.confines  of  Siberia;  and. specified  with  ^peiiuttar  pHre0« 
sioR  their  costoma,  manners,  and  languages  >  .be*  has  also* 
rendered*  his  trav^s  invaluable  to  the  naturali$ty  by -the 
maay.iiBportant  discoveries  ill  the  animai,- vegecUble^  and 
mifier'al  kingdoms,  ^witb  wbicb.be  bas  eanched  the  science 
of  natural  faistory.  ^  - 
;  ;Xwqp  y«ara  afterwai'ds,.  ia  177&,  tbe  pcofessor  published 


H  P  A  £.  t  A  8. 


^i9l?9vy  of  tbe  Mongul  tribiei ;  is  vfjnch.  be  throws  mlr 
li|^  t  on  ihe  ftnudls  ol  a  people^  wbosa^  aBceslors.  oonqveeid 
BiMisia,  Cbina,  Persia,  a«d  Hiildoi>sUO)  and,  alwoiotbaa 
ooq  periodi  0sliablisbed  pechaps  a  latter  empife  tban  over 
m9fi  possessed  bj  any  single-Aaliioiu  Mr.  Pallassbeci  proTbs 
luique^tionably  ibal  tbe  Mongiil  iribei  aie  a  distiriot^tafie 
Iromr  tbe  Tartavs ;  IbnbJtbejr  di&r  ffoca  tbofe  in  tbeiK  £aa» 
loresi  language^  aad 'geirernaient ;  and  resemble  them  ia 
MtbiQg  except  iti  ^a  siaiilar  propebsiiy  to  a  roving  life.  M4 
iiueoded  a  secoiidi  v^ne^  deacribiog  tbeir  rcligiow  esta^ 
blisbmeml,  oofisistiQ^  int  tbe  wdrsbip  of  Ibe  Dsdbu^ijtmoi 
]t  is  tbe  raligiofti>f  Thibet  aad  of  the  Maacbbur  sofemtgiy^ 
wbo.iKm  sit  upon  tbe  fcbmne  of  Cbtoa.  '  <<  A  vaarhi^'  as 
]tfr.  Tooke,  ia  his  BqssMk  Ilfasttafc%  latrodi  p^  exU  justly 
observes^  <^  that,  will  ^hinob  the  stoobof  human  knowledge 
wkfa  disQov^ies,  the  malest  part  entirely  new,  aad  wfaich 
no  persOQ  but  Mr.  Palla&is  able  lo  ceoKinNHeate.'*  Wbe<^ 
tber,  boKiTeYer,  this  seeood ,  irokiBie  ever  ibade  its  appeaa^ 
9iifie,  we  have  oiirdoobts* 

lo  the  leme  )war  ia  wbieh  Sis.  PaUaa  ptlnied  fats  **  Ekm 
fbiis  iSoophytoi^iMii^''^ ha tdso  jmUbhed  atrealise  nhder  th# 
t^H^e  of  <^  Miacetianea  .Zoologiew  qoifaus  ncnrss  impnmioakir 
fM^/obsieunsf  anianalimtaapeciea  descnbuDtal^  el^  obaarea^ 
liooibiiaiioofiibuiqueilki^saQtM.'^  This  work  is  ia  angtwat 
fsgwqye  ineorpoiiatwd  inlir asnbaeqaettt  wiiblioitiooi  sbade 
^  neiit'yeac on  bis  return  to  Berlin,  eotitied  ^'Sfxiciiegaa 
Zoologica,''  and  was  continued  in  numbers,  wt/mcuuti^ 
till  hl^.  Tbe  vdrka  of  ooontt  Buiffon^  the  ilbislrious 
Fireocb  2MX)lQgist^  wipfy  ^Ulest  the  Isboiirs  cf  PaUas  y  and 
9ar.coi}otfymao;Mr6  Pennant  makes  frequent  adkiiowledg«i 
ments  of  bis  QbligatioBs.  to^the  same  sowreoi  paiiidaul^riy  foa 
bis  hiiitory  of  qnadsupeds  and  arctic  aoology*  b  ^Inne  ITf^jj 
the  learaed'  professQfi  read  be&oe  tbe  academy  of  Pcilora>« 
burgb^u)  a  meeting  at  which  thelungof  SwedcawaS'piesmit^ 
a  dwerfcation  qa  the  forulKatidn  of  raoniitains^  aad  Jhe  dbaageii 
which  this  gtobe  has  undergone^  more*  partionlarly  asi  i^ 
appeara  in  the  Ruasian  empire.  Tbia  treatise^  appeared^  acn 
c^rtoua  to  Mip,.Todkev  who  was  also^  as^a  member  of  .^e^ 
academy,  present  at  thatt  sitting,  tfaafthe  bas.tgirenfttrMSM 
buion  of  it  in  bis.^<  Russia  Ulustrata.''  In  1778;  the  doe^nsr 
p«ibtisbed  *^  Nov»' species  quadrupedum  e  Glirinmoiditi^'*' 
describing  numbers  of  the. rat  genus  and  their  fuialonoy^ 
In^nai  hebcooght  oiit  <^  Snuctif folio fj^eiltariiai/ q!^^ 


9  A  h  L  A  9.  5f 

hiM0  Proeopil  i  Dtmldof  Moteiift  Tigmt;*'  w  Mldttgoe  of 
the  plaoM  HI  M*  Bimid^f't  gafdetta  at  Moaeom  His  bmt 
tunthent  ^roUadiMls  os  vtiaDua  a«ibj4eti^  is  gtogimpbjs  ii*> 
ittlai  biatoiy^  md  «gpficilkiii^»  oa«t  fbrtii  tbe  smm  year  $ 
te  wluali  #ere  4fMrwaMla  sddild  Mq  aiMa.  TotttaMfl; 

In  I7M  be  pvklovtb  twofaaaieiritortiuinkQrf  of  ^itsonea 
ittsectarom  praBseitibr  Rassm  Stbferteqoe  pdcnltanmii/'  M 
»««  ha  puUitlteit  tbar first  ovttber  of  bii  <'  Elbra  BJdsaica;** 
at-qrfftoiid  m6tki  esMOtited/ an  «hn  €it>pteia  GatbalricM^a  ost^ 
pateOi  Abmt  tbi»  period  her  ma|eiff  c^iceived-  iho  ikfelt 
^  eoHeeiifif  froaa  ait  ^nairtera  <lf  Jkte  gtobeio  vttihroraal  to^ 
mkmlmty,  Ihe  fcoperilueQdaBca  wfaet*^  she  oommtttad  14 
e«#  Mtbor^  Ubich  secksaarily  iar  a  tiflko  tetirded  his  aoo^ 
logical  leaoarchos*  fixoliiaivo  of  ih^o  aopdrato  ptrirlica^ 
tioQsj  be  pnotod  in  the  acta  of  die  ianiicaial  acotiemy  of 
iKuenoei>  varioln  toolejgioal  and  bottmieal  diiiertations.  v 

Not  long-  aftdr  tbia  he>  woa  diattngiriaiied  by  ftpeouiiar 
mtaik  of  iaiperial 'CisNNir^  in  being  appointed  member  of 
ibo'boiLrd  of  mthosi  vitb  ao  additionai  salary  qf  960l.  per 
aanaiti,.  and  b^nbured  with  the  order  of  St.  Vlodiioin  Thd 
eanpveas  albo  poitcbaaed  Ida  aoiplefcellectton  of  naitiiiral  fai«« 
tory^  inonmanorbigMy  flottoring  to*  themuthor,  and  boi 
noliri^ble  to  berael£  8faa  not  only  goeebtm  five  thoosand 
mbiba  aaore  than  he  bad  valued  it  at^bm  infiofnied  btas  than 
itabo^  reibain  in  his  posscasioAdoring  bis 'life.  lo  1784 
the  eore-of  pnkting  in  order  and  publMhiag'  ther  papers  of 
Gaietia  and  profeaftor  Gnltenstaodt,  vatf  consigned  to  Dri 
Palboy  vbi^ii  h«  eaecated  Mth^great  diligence  ami  aeeo^ 
HM^;  bat^  for  aome  reasDo^-ibe  finit  voioaae  orfly  of  Oulten^ 
stttda*a remaiasbkt'appeafed.  In i7e4»  Dr.  Pallas  trareiked 
to  the  Giimeb^  tad  oa  hi^  return 'ptithtiafaed  his  <<  Physieot 
and  Tepagia|iliiefd:  pteturs  of  Twkide.**  Oe  hss  return^ 
fioduig  his  hi9altb^  by  long  and  iilceasai^  laboiirs^  upon  ttie 
deoiiiie^'So^a  t0ttefMler>iineoesaary  for  him  toremoae  ta^ 
naarii  oltonie,  bt  pitehednpon  Taurtda,  aad  faia  mnnigeooa 
peaaottoss^  the  enspiesil,  granted  hioi-an  estate  in*  tbat.pro<- 
vioc^  ea^  ^i^e  him  «  poesent  of  lO^OOa  rubles  towarda 
bis^esfeablisiMaea^-  Here  in  i^eoo;  be  ^saa  visited  by  I^.> 
Clarhei  sriKiiD  his  taie  ttavela^  baa  given  some  Interesting 
paftaaahrs  of  bis;  InteHnasrs .  vttb  him.  It  does  not  appeal^ 
thaa  Dr.  PaUaa  was  >udioiott&  in  selecting  this  place  iaa  onac 
in  which  liealtb  could  be  promotei^  nor  was  he  in  oth^r 
re^pectb  Irttbont  disappointments  wfaieb  embittered  his  de«» 
cliai^  days*    He  survived  Dr.  Clarke's  departure,  bow^ 


ts  1^  A  L  L  A  S. 

ever,  n^Mgards  6£ ten  years,  wfaen-detevtmnihg  oiTcf^  mtst^ 
to  see  bis  brother  and  his  native  city,'  b^  took  a  jdurney  td 
JBerlin,  wfaerebedied  Sept.  S,  1811,  in  the  71sti  ye^kf- of 
his  age;*-^The' collection  of  dried  plants,  fnade*  by  Pblia^ 
for  hts  own  use,  was  purehased  of  him  by  Mr j  CripfM;  th« 
companion  of  Dr.  Clarke,  and  now  form»  a  part  of  the  va- 
liiabie  mnseam  of. >A.  B,  Lambert,  esq.*  *  .  .  i 

' :  PALLAVICINO  (Ferrantb),  one  of  the  wits:  of  ftaty; 
the  aon  of  JerbmePallavicinoy  was  bom  at  Placentiei about 
il6l5,  or  from  that- to  16201  Less  front  iildfnlation;' than 
fcom'some  family  reasons,  he  entered  tfaw  congregation  Of 
Ahe.regoiar  oanons  of  Latran,  and  took  the  habit,  .mib'tbe 
name  of  Mark  Anthony,  in  their  house  at  Milan;;  AAiev 
GonbBiencing  his  stadies  here  with  much- success,  he  went 
te  Padaa  for  f»rtber  profieiency.  He  then  set^led^at  Ve-^ 
nice,  where  be  waa  cbo^n  a.  memb^  of  the  academy  of 
ibe  Ifieogniti.  Here  he  became  captttated  by  a  courtezan, 
ivboae  cliorms  proved- irresistible  fiand,  in  order  to  Jitfva 
the  fait  enjoyment  of  them  wttbont.  restraint,  be.obtainect 
}ea\'e  from:his.'g.enel^abto<iiiak0  tbe^'toorof  Fvance,  botM 
fact  oominued  privately >at  Yeniee,  .whiiefaefaad  thear^««» 
impose  upon  his  friefitls,' by  sendifug  them  frequently,  iti 
letters,  feigned  accsountS'Of  his  travels  throirgh  France^  -Vte 
aftenKatds  went  txy  Germany,  about  1639,  with  "duko 
Amalfi  in.  the  cfajaracter  of  his  diapiain^  During  thii( 
residence  inGomany^  which  lasted  about  sixteen  months^ 
be  .addicted  himself  to,  every  species  of  debauchery;  and  . 
having  a  turn  for  satire,  employed  hispen  in  repeated 
attacks  on  the  court  laf  Rome*  iti.generaly.and  on  tbe^Ifar^ 
barini  family  in  particular.  The  chief  vehicle  of  his  ^tirer 
was  a  publication  called  ^^Tbe  Courier  robbed  of  his  matlf^^ 
aad  this  as  well  as  hisi  other  worka  contained' sq  many  |)as6 
oeosiires  of  the  abuses  of  die  court  of  Rome,  that  he  mighv 
have*  been  ranked,  among  those  honourable  nsen  who  batA 
eontributed  to  enlighten:  bis  coonttymcn,.  *had  henot  beeir 
as  remarkable  for  his  indec^icies/  wbtcb  were  so  gross  that 
many  of  his  works  were  obliged  to  be  published  trader  con-^ 
cealed  names.  His  personal  attacks  on  the  pope,  and^tbe^ 
Barbarini  family,  naturally  rouaed  their  ittdignation ;.  ancit 
after  much  search,  foe  him,  one  Charles  Morfu,  a-French-^ 
man  of  a  vile  character,  engaged  to  ensnare  him,  and-hav^ 

.■•..,.:.•■■ 
1  Rees's  Cyclopaedia,  from  Coxe's  and  Clarke's  Trareb,— Toa^e^'f  Vipw  oC    . 
Ore  Russian  Empire. 


f.ALttAYlClNO:  $♦ 

$Ag  iniumaled  bi«i«elf .  into  bis  frieadship,  at  lengtff  ek^ 
iHurted'biai  to.  go  with,  him  to  France.  He  ftattered  hinv 
with  ibe  extraordinary  encouragement  which  was  given  to^ 
men  of  letters  by  cardinal  Richelieu ;  anJ,- to  deceive  hinr 
the  mor^,  even  produced  feigned  letters  frpna  the  cardinal^ 
inviting  our  author  to  France,  andexpressihg  a  desire  be^ 
had  to  esta1;>lish  in  Paris  an  aci^eniy  for  tbe  Italian  tongue,* 
under  the  direqiioo  of  Pallavioind  Pallavicino,  young,' 
thoughtless^  aud  densperate,  and  uow  fascinated  by  tbei 
prospect  of  gain,  left  Venjce  much  against  the  advice  of 
{lis  friends,  aod  went  first  to  Bergamo,  where  he  spent  a; 
few  days  with  spine  of. bis  relations,  who  entertaiaed  his 
betrayer.  Theyi  tb^n  set  out  ior  Geneva,  to  the -great 
satisfaction  of  our  author,  who  proposed  to  get  somJe  if  hit 
works  printed  there,  which  be  bad  notbeenable  to  doii^ 
Italy.  But  Morfa,  jr»stead  of  conducting  him  to  Paris, 
took  the  road  to  Avig>noi> ;  where,  cros^ng^  the  bridge  of 
Horaces,  in  the  county  of  Veinai:ssia.(in  the  pope's  tern* 
Tories),  they  were,  seized  by  pffieets  on  pretence  of  carrya. 
ing  contraband, goods,  and  confined.  Morfu  was  soon  dis-: 
charged,  and  liberally  rewadrded;.  butrPaHaTicini,  being^ 
^arriedt.to  Avignon,  waa  thrown  into  prison;  and,  afte<* 
being  kepti. there,  for  some  months,  was'brought  to  trial,- 
and  was  beheaded  in  1 643. or  1^44.  Those  who  are  de-* 
sirous  of  farther  information  respecting,  this  young  man^* 
unfortunate  lustory,  may  be  amply  gratified  in  .the  prolix' 
articles  drawa  up  by  Bayle,  aod  particularly  Marchand.' 
(iis  \yorks  were  first  published  collectively  at  Venice,  in^ 
1655,  4  vols.  12mo.  This  ^edition,  according  to  Marchand, 
contains  only  such  of  bis  works  as  had  hetn  permitted  to 
be  printed  in  bis  life-time.  Those  which  had  been  pro- 
hibited were  afterwards  printed  in  2  vols.  i2mOy  ac  Villa* 
/ranca„  a  Bctitious  name  for  .Geneva,  1 660:  Among  these 
is  a  piece  called  ^^  U  divortio  Celeste/'  which  some  deny^ 
to  be  his*  It  is  a  very  coarse  satire  on<the  abuses  of  thei 
Romish  church,  and  was  translated  aud  4>ubUsheduinEng* 
lish  in  1679,  under  the  title  of  '*  Christ  divorced  from  the* 
church  of  Rome  because  of  their  lewdness,**  Lond.  8vo.  ^ 

PALLAVICINO  (Sforza),  an  eminent  cardinal,  was^ 
the  son  of  the  Qiarquis  Alexander  Pallavicini  and  Frances 
^fprza,  and  born  at  Rome  in  1607.  Although  the  eldest 
ion  of  his  family,  yet  he  diose  the  ecclesiastical  life,  and 

« 

I  • 

I  Marcband.— Bayle.^*-Morffri. 


#«  PA  LLAVlCINa 

VM  y^rytMj  mtddabishopby  fbpe  Urimh  VtH.  Hiirh^iA 
ki«  eondnci  wds  so  «cceptablr,    thiit  be  ^s  kpp^ititksA 
Me  of  those  [icelb«e«  who  assist  in  tbe  aiH^ikibli^  idled 
congregations  at  Rome.     Re  Was  alw)  received  iiilb  lb§ 
fi^DftOHs  tcademj  df  the  Haroortstii  amon^  #b6tti  k<E^  dftea 
sal  in  quality  of  president*     He  wai  iike#iie 'gioveiinbt  6f 
•|ei»i,  and  aftek-wards  bf  Orvietto  and  Camerino,  trbd^  tbi^ 
above  pomiiF*    Bat  all  these  bonours  and  prefermi^hts  wertt 
in9uffieient  to  divert  him  from  a  design  be  b^d  for  s^ttilei' 
ISime  forkned  6f  renonncing  the  woiid,  and  enttting  into  tfili 
aoeielry  of  the  Jesuits,  where  he  was  admkted  in  1699.   Ai 
s<K>n'  aa  be  bad  cbmpieted  bis  noviciate  be  taught  i^bilo* 
at^b^y  atid  then  theology.    At  length  Innocent  X.  bb<< 
vriliued  lum  to  examine  into  divers  matterii  reladti^  to  thift 
peaKi6catd ;  and  Atexabder  VII.  credited  him  a  caHihal  in 
1657.   Tbis  pbpe  was  an  old  friend  of  Pallavicinb,  who  had 
been  lerticeable  to  bttn  when  be  caane  to  Rbtti^  wilh  the 
n^nne  of  Fabio  Cbsgi.    Pattavicino  had  even  ebrfttibuted  to 
advance  his  temporal  fovtime,  and  bad  received  him  into 
tbe  academy  of  tb^  Hbmoristt ;  in  gratitude  fbir  whicli^ 
Chigi  addressed  to  bim  sotne  verses,  printed  in  liis  bbol^ 
entitled  <^  Phiiomathi  Musai jtrrenites/'    Wb^n  PaU^idtib 
obtained  a  plaee  in"  tbe  saered  college,  be  Wa^  ;^1so  ap^ 
pointed  at  the  same  tim^  examiner  of.  tbe  biftbop^ ;  and  b^ 
wsis  afterwards  a  member  of  the  congregation  of  tbe  holy 
o€Bce,  r.  e.  the  inqnimion,  and  of  that  of  tbe  cobncil,  &c 
His  prcMnotioh  to  the  cardiMUte  wrought  no  cbat^ge  in  bla 
m^aaner  of  life,  which  was  devoted  to  study  or  tb  tbe  duAe^ 
of  bis  office.     He  died  in  1667,  in  bis  sixtieibj^ear. 

He  composed  a  *^  History  of  tbe  Couticit  of^^TVcnt,'*  ih 
opposition  to  that  by  father  Paul.  The  history  is'  w^ 
written,  and  contains  many  facts  given  with  imptirtialitj, 
but  the  general  design  is  a  laboured  defence  bf  the  pitie 
cecdinga  of  that  council.  It  was  originally  publisbed  m 
ItaKan,  IGS^j  2  vols,  fol.;  but  tbe  Lutbi  edition  by  Ota^ 
tino,  in  3)  vols.  4to,  is  preferred.  He  Was  th^  abthbir  bf 
vajrioos  other  works  that  are  now  in  littte  estifbaiion,  e^c^plt 
pdrbaps  bis  <^  Letters,'*  which  contain  s^e  partlbulars  of 
literary  Instory  and  criticism,  Imd  seoie  critical  treatises. ' 

PALLAVICINO,  orPALLAVlCINI  (HoAAtici),  was  of 
the  same  family  with  the  preceding  cardinal,  and  mf^rits  k 
brief  notice  here,  as  being  in  soiA^  Aegtt^  cbMect^  ^ii^ 
ear  history,  although  tbe  figure  he  makes  .in  it  has  not  been 

i  Fabroni  ViUe  lUloranif  vol.  XVII.— Landi  Hbt  de  Litt  d'ltsiM,  Vol.  V. . 


P  A  Lt^yiC  IVt  O.  SI 

tlK>i|ght tbQ  jsmt reputable.    TheFatOiil;  of  Pallavibilvo,  or, 
d$  spn(ietiine&  spelt,  Paiavioini,  is  on«  of  tbe  most  nobltt  and 
ftncient  in  Jtaly^  and  its  branches  have  extended  to  RooMe, 
{ienoa,  and  Looabardy.     Many,  of  them  appeat  to  have  at-^ 
tained  tbe  highest  ranlts  in  churcb,  state,  and  €pqinierce.  Sir 
fioratiQ,  the  subject  of  this  article,  belonged  to  the  Ge-i- 
tiQese  branch,  and  was  born  in  that  city,  but  leaving  Itaiyi 
>re9t  to  reside  in  tbe  Low  Countries,  whence,  after  mar<* 
ryiog  two  wives,  one  a  person  of  low  birtb,  whom  be  did 
iiQt  acknowledge,  ajid  ibe  other  a  lady  of  distinction,  ha 
c^me  over  to  England,  with  a  recommendation  to  queen 
^Iary,  probably  from  a  relation,  one  Rango  PalktvicinOi 
who  belonged  to  Edward  Vlth^s  hottsehold.     Miiry,  who 
\id4  then  i?estored  the  Roman  catholic  religion,  appointed 
jSorittio  collector  of  the  papal  taxes  to  be  gathered  in  thia 
iiingdoaiv  but  at  her  death,  having  a  largf  sum  of  money 
in  his  bands,  he  abjured  the  religion  of  Rome,  apd  thougbl 
it  no  batm  to  keep  (he  money*    This  transaction,  howev^r^ 
does^  not  appear  to  have  much  injured  bis  cbayaoter>  or 
pierh^Mi  time  bad  efiaced  the  remembrance  of  it;,  for  in 
i5S6  queen  Elizabedi  gave  him  a  patent  of  deniBMien^ 
lind  in  tb^  following  year  honoured  nim  willi  knighthiood« 
He '  appears  to  have  been  a  man  of  courage,  and  wartnly 
i^poused  the  interests  of  th6  nation  at  a  most  critical  pe« 
Tied.     In  1538  he  fitted  out  and  commanded  a  ship  agaii^i 
ibe  Sjianisb  armada,  and  must  have  rendered  himself  con- 
spicaous  on  that  occasion,  as  his  portrait  is  given  in  th^ 
tapestry  iii  the  Hottse  of  Lords,  among  the  patriots  and 
fkiifttl  commanders  who  assisted  in  defieatii^  that  me* 
morable  attack  on  the  liberty  of  England.    The  queen  also 
employed  him  in  negociations  with  tbe  German  prineeHi 
and  in  raising  loans,  by  which  he  very  opportunely  assisted 
ber,  and  improved  bis  own  fortune.     Be  died  immcnseljl 
ficb,  July  6,  16Q0,  and  was  buried  in  tbe  church  of  Ba-* 
beiWn,  in  Cambridgeshire,  near  which,  at  Litde  Sbelfordy 
be  had  built  a  seat,  in  tbe  Italiain  style,  with  piazzas*     Ue 
bad  likewise  t^Q  considerable  miLnors  in  Essex,  aod  pro-" 
bably  landed    property  in  other  counties*    His  wioow; 
abont  a  yeair  after  his  death,  married  sir  Oliver  Cromwell, 
VLB.   and  bis  only  dangbter,   Baptina,    was  mamed  to 
Henry  Cromwell,  esq.  son  to  this  sir  Oliver,  who  was  uiicle 
tsk  the  usurper.:  H^  left  three  sons>  but  the  family  is  no¥^ 
unknown tn  England.* 

*  Noble's  Memoin  of  the  CromwelU.— ^Lodge's  lUustrations,  toI^  III.— Wal- 
pole'f  Anocdolet. 


^t  IP  A  L  L  J  O  T. 

.  PALLtOT  (Pet^r),  htstoriograpber,  printer,  ih&'h(uM^ 
Heller  to  the  Icing,  and  genealogist  of  the  duchy  of  Bur-« 
gundy,  was  born  at  Paris,  March  19,  1608.  In  his  youth 
he  sho)ved  a  taste  for  genealogy,  and  beraldtc  stadies,  ift 
^faich  be  appears  to  have  been  instructed  and  encouraged 
by  his  relation,  Louvaiis  Gelliot,  who  published  a  work  oti 
iirinarial  bearings..  In  his  twenty-fifth  year  he  settled  at 
Dijon,  where  he  married  Vivanda  Spirinx,  the  daughter  of 
a  printer  and  bookseller,  with  whom  he  entered  into  busi-« 
ness.  At  bis  leisure*,  hours,  however^  he  still  continiled 
his  heraldic  researches,  and  laboured  with  so  much  per-* 
severance  in  this  s^tudy  as  to  produce  the  following  works  5 
J,.  *^  Le  parlemeut  de  Bourgogne,  avec  lesrarmoiries,*VA.Ci 
3660,  fol. .  2.  **  Genealogie  dcs  comte&'d'Amansfe,*'  fol; 
3*  ^^La.vraie  et  p^rfatte  science  des  Armoiries  de  Gelliot) 
avec  de  plus^  de  600O  ecussons,"  1660,  fol.  4*  *^^Hisfarrd 
^eneajogique  de  comtes  de  Chamilli.'*  5. '^  Extraits  d^ 
}a  chambre  des  comptes  de  Bourgogne,  foL  He  left  also 
thirteen  volumes  of  MS  collections  respecting  the  families 
of  Biirgundy.  It  is  an  additional  and  remarkable  proof  of 
his  industry  and  ingenuity,  that  be  engraved  the  whole  of 
the  plates  in  ibese  volumes  with  bis  own  hand.  His  bistor^p 
pf  the  parliament  of  Burgundy  was  continued  by  Peticoti 
and  published  in  17S3.  Palliot  died  at  Bijon  in  1698,  at 
Ihe  age  of  eighty-nine.*    . 

,  PALMA  (Jacob),  an  eminent  artist,  born  at  Serinalto,  \ti 
the  territory  of  Bergamo,  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  was  a  disciple  of  Titian.  Heemulated  bis  master'^ 
manner,  but,  according,  to  Fuseli^  v^as  more  anxious  to  attaint 
the  colour  and  breadth  of  Giorgioni.  This  appears  chiefiy 
in  his  **  St.  Barbara." :  His  colouring  had  extraordinary 
strength  und  brightness,  and  his  pictuves  are  wrought  to  great 
perfection)  yet  with  freedom,  and  withoiit  the  appearance 
of  labour.  Yasari  describes,  with  great  fqrvbur,  a  compos 
sition  of  the  elder  Palma^  at  Venice,  representing  tbe  shif^ 
in  which  the  body  of  St.  Mark  was  brought  from  Alexan- 
dria tp  Venice,  *'  In,  that  grand  design,"  he  says,  ^*  tbe 
vessel  was  struggling  agaiust  the  fury  oT  an  impetuous  tem^ 
pest,  and  is  expressed  with  tbe  utinost  judgment ;  the  dis* 
tress  of  the  maripers,  tbe  violent  bursting  of  the  wAvM 
agaiiist  the  sides  of  tbe  ship,  the  horrid  gloom,  only  eit^ 
Uvened  with  flashes  of  lightoihg^  and  every  part  of  the 

1  MQreri.--2)ict.  Hitt 


$cetie  filled  with  iinag:«s  of  terror^  sfre-  ^iir^ng^  sa  lively, 
and  naturally  represented,  that  it  seema  impossible  for  ih6 
2>ower  of  colour  or  pencil  to  rise  to  a  higher  pitch,  of- truth 
and  perfection;  and  that  performance  very  deservedly 
gained  him  the  highest  applfkqse/'  Notwithstanding  this 
deserved  praise^  his  pictures  in  general  are  not  correct  in 
design,  and  his  latter^  works  did  not  maintain  his  early  re*<» 
putation.  He  died,,  according  to  Vasari,  at  the  age  of 
forty- eight,  but  in  what  year  is  not  absolutely  kuown,  aU 
though  some  (ix  it  in  1588. ' 

PALMA  (Jacob)}  the  Young,  so  called  in  contradis* 
tinction  of  the  preceding  Jacob,  his  great-uncle,  may  he 
considered  as  the  last  master  of  the  good,  and  the  first  of 
the  bad  period  of  art  at  Venice.  Born  in.  1544,  he  left  the 
ficanty  rudiments  of  his  father  Antonio,  a  weak  painter,  to 
ftudy  the  works  of  Titian,  apd  particularly  those. of  Titii^ 
^oretto,  whose  spirit  and  slender  disengaged  forms  were 
congenial  to  his  own  taste.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  be  was 
iaken  under  the  protection  of  the  duke  of  Urbino,  carried 
to  that  capital,  and  for  eight  years  maintained  at  Rome, 
where,  by  copying  the  antique,  Michael  Angelo^  Raphael^ 
^nd  more  than  all,  Polidoro,  he  acquired  ideas  of  correct- 
ness, style,  and  effect:  these  he  endeavoured  to  embody 
if)  .the  first  worli^s  which  he  produced  after  his  return  to 
Venice,  and  there  are  who  have  discovered  in  them  ait 
union  of  the  best  maxims  of  the  Romau  and  Yenetiaa 
schools :  *they  are  all  executed  with  a  certain  facility  which.* 
i^  tbe<great  talent  of  this  master,  but  a  talent  a9  dangerous 
in  painting  as  in  poetry.  He  was.  not,  however,  success- 
ful in  his  endeavours  to  procure  adequate  eiuployment ; 
the  posts  of  honour  and  emolument  were  occupied  by  Tin- 
toretto and  Paul  Veronese,  and  he  owed  his  consideration 
as  the  third  in  rank  to  the  patronage  of  Vittoria,  a  fa-, 
shionable  architect,  sculptor,  and  at  that  time  supreme 
umpire  of  commissions :  he,  piqued  at  the  slights  o£  Paul 
and  Robusti,  took  it  into  his  bead  to,  favour  Palma,  ta 
assist  him  with  his  advice,  and  to  establish  his  name.  Ber- 
sini  is  said  to  have  done  the  same  at  Rome,  in  favour  of 
Fietro  da  Cortona  and  others,  against  Sacchi,  to  the  de-. 
struction  of  the  art;  and,  adds  Mr.  Fuseli,  as  men  and 
passions,  resemble  each  other  in  all  ages,  the  same  will 
probably  be  related  of  some  fashionable  architect  of  our; 
aime^. 

*  PlIkiDgton.— -D'ArjeQTHIe,  vol.  I. ' 


M  P  A  L  M  A. 

.  Pafada,  orerwbekned  hy  coiiraihsionS}  soon  relaxed  flrom 
hisvvonted  dtligeilK^e;  and  bis  carelessness  increased  when; 
at  ibe  dealb  of  bis  former  competitors,  and  of  Leonard<> 
Corona,  bis  nevr  rival,  he  found  himself  alone  and  in  pos^ 
session  of  the  field.  His  pictures,  as  Cesare  d*Arpino  told 
]bim,  were  seldom  more  than  sketches ;  sometimes,  indeed^ 
wben  time  a«^d  pride  were  iefk  to  bis  own  discre^n,  in 
which  he  did  not  abornid^  b^  prodnced  some  work  worthy 
ef  bh  former  fame ;  snob  as  the  aliar-piece  st  8.  Cosmo 
and  Damiano ;  the  celebrated  Naval  Battle  of  Francesco 
Bembo  in  tbe  pdi)li^,p«lae^ ;  the  S.  Apolkmiaat  Cremona  j 
18c  Ubaldo  and  the  Nunziata  at  Pesaro ;  the  Ffndmg  of  tbe 
Cross  at  Urblno :  works  partly  unknown  to  Ridoifi,  but  of 
rich  compo3itiofi,  fall  of  beauties,  variety,  and  expression, 
Hia  tints  ffesb,  sweet,  and  transparent,  less  gay  than  those 
•f  Paul,  but  livelier  than  those  of  Tintoretto,  though 
aiigfatly  laid  on,  sjtili  preserve  ^eir  bloom.  In  vivacity  of 
expression  he  is  not  much  inferior  to  either  of  those  masters; 
and  his  Plague  of  the  Bdrp^nts  at  8t.  Bartolomeo  may  vit 
for  features,  gestures,  and  bnes  of  horror,  with  the  same 
gnfa^e^t  by  Tintoretto  in  the  school  of  St  Rocco :  t>ot  none 
ef  his  pictures  are  without  some  commendable  part;  and 
it  surprises  that  a  man,  from  whom  the  depravation  of  iftyle 
may  be  dated  in  Venieo,  as  from  Vasari  at  Florence,  and 
Zttccari  at  Rome,  should  still  preserve  so  many  chatms  of 
aatuf  e  and  art  to  attract  the  eyeand  interest  the  heart.  Re 
died  in  1628,  in  the  eighty«-fourlh  year  of  his  age.'^- 
•  PALMER  (HERfiBRT),  a  learneHil  and  pious  divine,  was 
tbe  second  son  of  sir  Thomas  Palmer,  knt.  Of  Wiiigham,  in 
Kent,  where  be  was  bbrn  in  1601.  He  was  educated  at 
St.  John^s  college,  Can^bridge,  but  was  afterwards  chosen 
fisllow  of  Queen^s.  In  1626  arehbisbop  Abbot  licensed 
bim  to  preach  a  lecture  at  Stv  Alphage'^  church  in  Can- 
terbury, every  Sunday  aftei»nQOn  ;  but  three  years  after,  he 
was  silenced,  on  a  charge  of  noheORformity,  fOratime,  but 
was  again  restored,'  the  accusation  being  fpund  trffling. 
Although  a  puritan,  bis  character  appeared  so  amiabte  that 
bishop  Laud  presented  him  in  16S2^  with  tbe  vicafage  bf 
Asbw«U)  in  Hertfordshire,  and  when  the  unfortunate  prelate 
was  brought  ta  bis  trial,  he  cited  this  asan  instance  of  bh 
impartiality.  -At  Ashwell  Mr.  Pdmer  became  no  less  po- 
[Mar  than  be  bad  been  at  Canterbury.     In  the  same  year 

;     »  PilkingtQu.— jp'Ar|ot^Tim»  TfU  I- 


PALMER.  6S 

be  was  chosen  one  of  the  prctachers  to  the  nniyersity  of 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  one  of  the  clerks  in  convoca-^ 
tipn.  In  1643,  when  the  depression  of  the  hierarchy  had 
mad^  great  progress,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  assembly  of 
divines,  in  which  he  was  distinguished  for  his  moderation, 
afid  his  aversion  to  the  civil  war*  He  preached  also  at 
various  places  in  London  until  the  followihg^  year,  wheii 
the  earl  .of  Manchester  appointed  him  master  of  Queen*s 
college,  Cambridge.  He  preached  several  times  before 
^he  parliament,  and  appear^  to  haVe  entered  into  theii* 
views  in  most  respects,  although  his  sermons  were  generally 
of  the  practical  kind.  He  did  not  live,  however,  to  see  tlijer 
issue  6f' their  proceedings,  as  he  died  in  1647,  aged  fprty-^ 
six.  Graiiger  gives  him  the  character  of  a  man  of  uncom*- 
jDon  learning,  generosity,  and  politeness,  and  adds,  that  he 
spoke,  the  French  language  with  as  much  facility  as  his 
own.  .  Clark  enters  more  fully  into  his  character  as  a 
diviiie.  His  works  are  not  numerous.  Some  of  his  par- 
fianaentary  sermons  are  in  prints  and  he  had  a  considerable 
tixw6  in  the  **  Sabbatum  Redivivum,"  with  Cawdry ;  but 
hjU  principal  work,  entitled  *^  Memorials  of  Godliness,^* 
acquired  great  popularity.  The  thirteenth  edition  was 
printed  in  1708,  12mo.  ^ 

iPALMER  (John),  a  dissenting  writer  of  the  last  century^ 
was  born  in  Southwark,  where  bis  father  was  an  undertaker^ 
and  of  the  Calvinistic  persuasion.  Under  whom  he  received 
his  classical  education  is  not  known.  In  1746  be  begs^ii 
to  attend  lectures,  for  academical  learning,  under  the  rev. 
Dr.  David  Jennings,  in  Wellclose  square,  London.  Sooa 
after,  leaving  the  academy,  about  1752,  he  was,  on  the 
rev.  James  Read's  being  incapacitated  by  growing  disorders, 
chosen  as  assistant  to  officiate  at  the  dissenting  me€^ting 
in  N^ew  Broi^rstreet,  in  coi^unction  with  Dr.  Allen ;  and 
on  the  renioval  of  the  latter  to  Worcester,  Mr.  Palmer  wa« 
ordained  sole  pastor  of  this  congregation  in  1759.  He 
continiied  in  this  connection  till  1780,  when  the  society, 
greatly  reduced  in  its  numbers,,  was  dissolved.  For  a  great 
part  of  this  time  be  filled  the  post  of  librarian,  at  Dr.  Wii- 
lianis's  library,  in  Red- Cross-street.  After  the  dissolution 
pi  his^  congregation  he  wholly  left  off  preaching,  and  re- 
tired to  Islington,  where  he  lived  privately  till  his  death,  on 
Jttoe  26^  1790^  in  the  sixty-first  year  of  his  ag^.     He  mar^- 

t  Claik't  LiT«l.«»Cd«^  US  Mbegm  in  Brit  ICiu.— drufer. 

Vol.  XXIV.  F 


$&  PALMER. 

ried  a  lady  of  considerable  property,  and  daring  the  latter 
years  of  bis  life  kept  up  but  little  connection  with  the  dis* 
senters.  H^  was  a  man  of  considerable  talents,  and  acr- 
counted  a  very  sensible  and  rational  preacher.  His  pulpit 
compositions  were  drawn  up  with  much  perspicuity,  and 
delivered  with  propriety.  He  allowed  himself  great  lati- 
tude in  his  religious  sentiments,  and  was  a  determined 
enemy  to  any  religious  test  whatever.  Tests,  indeed,  must 
have  been  obnoxious  to  one  who  passed  through  all  the 
accustomed ,  deviations  from  Calvinism,  in  which  he  had 
been  educated,  to  Socinianism. 

He  published,  besides  some  occasional  sermons,  1^'^Pray-, 
ers  for  the  use  of  families  and  persons  in  private;  with  a 
preface,  containing  a  brief  view  of  the  argument  for  prayer,*^ 
1773,  12mo.  There  has  been  a  second  edition  of  these 
prayers,  which  are  much  admired  by  those  who  call  them-, 
selves  ratmial  dissenters.  2.  '^  Free  thoughts  on  the  in-, 
consistency  of  conforming  to  any  religious  test,  as  a  con- 
dition of  Toleration,  with  the  true  principle  of  Protestant 
Dissent,'*  1779.  3.  '^  Observations  in  defence  of  the  Li- 
berty of  Man,  as  a  moral  agent ;  in  answer  to  Dr.  Priestley's 
Illustrations  of  Philosophical  Necessity,*'  .1779,  8vo.  As 
the  doctor  replied  to  it,  '^  In  defence  of  the  Illustrations 
of  Philosophical  Necessity/'  'Mr.  Palmer  published,  4.  *'  An 
Appendix  to  the  Observations  in  defence  of  the  Liberty 
of  Man,  as  a  moral  agent,  &c«"  17^0,  8vo.  Thje  contro- 
versy terminated  with  ^^  A  second  Letter  to  the  rev.  John 
Palmer,"  by  Dr.  Priestley.  5.  "  A  summary  view  of  the 
grounds  of  Christian  Baptism  ;  with  a  more  particular  re- 
lierence  to  the  baptism  of  infants  ;  containing  remarks,  ar- 
gumentative and  critical,  in  explanation  and  defence  of  the 
rite. .  To  which  is  added,  a  form  of  service  made  use  of  x>ii 
such  occasions,"  8vo.* 

PALMIER!  (Matthew),  an  Italian  chronicler,  was  born 
in  1405,  at  Florence;  and  after  being  educated  under  the 
best  masters,  arrived  at  high  political  rank  in  the  republic,, 
was  frequently  employed  on  embassies,  and  was  promoted 
to  the  great  dignity  of  gonfalonier.  He  died  in  1475.  He 
compiled  a  general  "  Chronicle"  from  th^  creation  to  his 
own  time;  of  which  a  part  only  has  been  published,  includ- 
ing the  events  from  .the  year  447  to  1449.     The  first  edi- 

»' Life  by  Mf.Toulmin  in  MontbJy  Ma^:  for  1797.— WilWtt»«  Hiitory  ©f  DU- 
sentiag  Cburchfi. 


;?  A  L  M  I  £  R  I*  67 

lion  was;  poblished^  at  the  end  of  Ensebius*  Cfaroniclf^ 
without  date  or  place,  but,  as  supposed,  at  Milan  in  14?5, 
4to.  It  was  reprinted  at  Venice  in  1483,  4to.  It  was 
continued  to  the  year  1482,  by  Matthias  Palmieri,  who» 
although  almost  of  the  same  names,  was  neither  his  relatiou 
jitor  country maUk  This  Matthias  was  a  native  of  Pisa^  waa 
apostolical  secretary,  and  accounted  a  very  able  Greek  an<i 
Latin  scholar.     He  died  in  his,  sixtieth.year,  in  1483. 

Besides  his  **  Chronicle/'  Matthew,  or  Matteo,  Pal- 
mieri wrote  in  Latin  the  life  of  Nicolas  Acciajuoli,  .grandr 
seneschal  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  which  is  printed  ia 
the  thirteenth  volume  of  Muratori^s  '^  Script.  Rer.  Ital.  ;*'  a 
work  on  the  taking  of  Pisa  by  the  Florentines,  '^  De  cap- 
tivitate  Pisarum,"  printed  in  Muratori's  nineteenth  volume^ 
and,  ^n  Italian,  *^  Libro  della  vita  civile,^*  written  in  the 
form  of  dialogues*  and  printed  at  ^Florence  in  1529,  iSvo* 
It  was  tuaoslated  into  French  by  Claude  des  Rosiers,  Paris, 
1557,  8vo.  Palmieri  was  also  a  poet.  He  composed  ia 
the  terza  rima,  in  imitation  of  Dante,  a  philosophioal,  or 
rather  a  theological,  poem,  which  had  great  celebrity  ia 
bis  day :  its  title  was  *^  Citta  di  Vita,*'  and  was  divided 
into  three  books,  and  an  hundred  chapters.  But  having 
^idvanced,  among  other  singular  opinions,  that  human  souU 
5vere  formerly  those  angels  who  remained  neuter  during 
the  rebellion  in  heaven  against  their  Creator,  and  were 
sent  to  the  world  below  as  a  punishment^  the  Inquisition^ 
after  his  death,  ordered  his  poem  to  be  burnt,  although  it 
had  never  been  published,  but  read  in  manuscript.  Some 
assert,  that  he  was  burnt  along  with  his  poem  ;  but  Apos« 
tolo  Zeno  has  proved  that  he  died  peaceably  in  1475,  and 
itas,  honoured  with  a  public  funeral,  by  order  of  the  state 
of  Florence,  that  Rinuccini  prpnounoed  his  funeral  ora-» 
tion,  and  that,  during  the  ceremony,  his  poem  was  laid  on 
bis  breast,  as  his. highest  honour.  ^ 

PALOMINO  (Don  Acislo  Antonio  y  Velasco),  a 
Spanish  painter  and  writer  on  the  art,  was  born  at  Buja- 
lance,  and  studied  at  Cordova  in  grammar,  philosophy^ 
.theology,  and  jurisprudence.  The  elements  of  art  he 
acquired  of  Eton  Juan  de  Valdes  Leal ;  and  to  acquaint 
Jiioftself  with  the  style  of  different  schooU^  went,' in  com- 
pany of  Don  Juan  de  Alfaro^  in  1 678,  to  Madrid.  Here 
.the  friendship  of  Carrenno  procuring  him  the  Cc^qpiission 

I  Tinbofchi.-^iDguen^  Hist.  titt.  d'ltalif-^CbSafepie.  '  ^  ~ 

F   3   , 


is  PALOMINO. 

of  painting  the  gallery  del  Cier^o,  be  pleased  the  king  und 
the  minister,  aqd  in  1688^  he  was  made  painter  to  the 
king.  He  was  now  overwhelmed  with  commissions^  for 
many  of  which>  notwithstanding  the  most  surprising  activity^ 
he  could  furnish  only  the  designs;  their  ultimate  finii^ 
was  left  to  the  hand  of  his  pupil  Dionysius  Vidal ;  but 
whatever  was  designed  and  terminated  by  himself,  in  frescd 
or  in  oil,  possesses  invention,  design,  and  colour,  in  the 
essefntial;  and  what  taste  and  science  could  add,  in  the 
ornamental  parts.  His  style  was  certainly  more  adapted 
to  the  demands  of  the  epoch  in  which  he  lived,  than  to 
those  of  the  preceding  one,  and  probably  would  not  have 
libtained  from  Murillo  the  praises  lavished  on  it  by  Luca 
Giordano ;  but  of  the  machinists,  who  surrounded  him,  he 
was,  perhaps,  the  least  debauched  by  manner. 

Palomino  may  be  considered  as  the  Vasari  of  Spain  ;  as 
copious,  as  credulous,  as  negligent  6f  dates;  too  garru- 
lous for  energy,  and  too  indefinite  for  the  delineation  of 
character,  but  eminently  useful  with  the  emendations  of 
modern  and  more  accurate  biographers.  His  work  is  di- 
vided into  three  parts,  theoretic,  practic,  and  biographic. 
The  two  first  bear  one  title,  "  El  Museo  pictorico  y  es- 
cala  optica,"  1715,  2  vols,  folio.  The  third  part,  distin- 
guished by  that  of  '^  El  Parnaso  Espannol  Pintoresco  lau- 
reado,  &c.  Tomo  Tercero,  Madrid,"  1724,  though,  per- 
haps, only  intended  as  an  appendix  to  the  two  former,  is 
by  far  the  most  important  and  interesting,  l^alomino  died 
in  1726.* 

PALSGRAVE  (John),  a  polite  scholar,  who  flourished 
in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VII.  and  VIII.  was  a  native  of 
London,  and  educated  there^in  grammar.  He  afterwards 
studied  logic  and  philosophy  at  Cambridge,  at  which  uni- 
versity he  resided  till  he  had  attained  the  degree  of  bache- 
lor of  arts;  after  which  he  Went  to  Parisy  where  he  spent 
iteveral  years  in  the  study  of  philosophical  and  other  learn- 
ing, took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts,  and  acquired  such 
excellence  in  the  French  idngue,  that,  in  1514,  when  ^ 
treaty  of  marriage  was  ri^gotiated  between  Louis  XII.  king 
of  France,  and  th^  princess  Mary,*  sister  of  king  Henrj 
VIII.  of  England,  Mr.  Palsgrave  was  chosen  to  be  her 
tutor  in  tb^c  language.  But  Louis  XII.  dying  almost  im- 
ifnedia^y  after  his  marriage.  Palsgrave  attended  his  fair 

.         (  ....         * 

1  Pilkinglon,  by  FuselL 


PALSGRAVE.  69 

pupil  bdok  to  England,  where  he  taught  the. French  laur 
guage  to  many  of  the  young  nobility^  and  was  appointed 
by  the  king  one  of  his  chaplains  in  ordinary.  He  is  said 
also  to.  have  obtained  some  church  preferments,  but  we 
know  only  of  the  prebend  of  Portpoole,  in  the  chyrch  ai 
St.  Paul's,  which  was  bestowed  upon  him  in  April  1514, 
and  the  living  of  St.  Dunstan's  in  the  East,  given  to  him 
by  archbishop  Cranmer  in  1553,  In  J  531,  he  settled  at 
Oxford  for  some  time,  and  the  next  year  was  incorporated 
master  of  arts  in  that  university,  as  be  had  before  been  in 
that  of  Paris ;  and  a  few  days  after  was  admitted  to  the 
degree  of  ^bachelor  of  divinity.  At  this  time  he  was 
highly  esteemed  for  his  learning ;  and  was  the  first  author 
who  reduced  the  French  tongue  under  grammatical  rules, 
or  that  had  attempted  to  fix  it  to  any  kind  of  standard.  This 
be  executed  with  great  ingenuity  and  success,  in  a  large 
work  which  he  published  in  that  language  at  London,,  eu-r 
titled  '^  UEclairctsseqient  de  la  Language  Francois,''  con* 
taining  three  books,  in  a  thick  folio,  1530,  to  which  he 
has  prefixed  a  large  introduction  in  English.  This  work- 
is  now  extremely  scarce.  In  the  dedication  he  says  that 
he  had  written  two  books  en  the  subject  before ;  one  dedi*^ 
cated  to  his  pupil  M^ry,  the  other' to  Charles  Brandon 
doke  of  Suffolk.  He  made  a  literal  translation  into  Eng* 
lish  of  a  Latin  comedy  called  <<  Acolastus,*'  written  .by 
FuUonius,  and  published  it  in  1540.  He. is  said  also  to 
have  writteasorae  "  Epistles." 

When  Mr^  Palsgrave  was  born,  or  to  what  age  he  lived, 
are  particulars  which  we  have  not  been  able  to  trace ;  yet 
bis  death  probably  happened  before  September  1554,  as 
Jn  that  month  Edmopd  Brygotte,  S.  T.  P;  was  .collated  to 
the  prebend  of  Portpoole  "  per  mortem  Job.  Pallgrave."  * 
'  PAMELIUS  (James),  a  learned  Fleming,  was  the,  son 
of  Adolphus,  counsellor  of  state  to  the  empei^or  Charles  V* 
and  borJi  at  Bruges  in  1536»  He  was  educated  at  Louvaia 
and  Paris,,  and  became  afterwards  a  learned  divine  and 
critic.  Obtaining  a  canonry  in  the  church  of  Bruges,  he 
collected  a  library,  and  formed  a  design  of  giving  igood 
editions  of  the  fathers ;  but  the  civil  wars  obliged  hi|n  to 
retire  to  St  Omer's,  of  which  place  the  bishop  pnade  him 
archdeacon.  Some  time  after,  Philip  II.  king  of  Spain 
named  him  to  the  provostship  of  St.  Saviour  at  Utrecht^ 

» 

1  Ath.  Ox.  TOl.  I.  new  editioo.— Tanner.— 'Allies**  Typo^Mphical  Antiqaitief. 
—ecu's  MS  Atbenn  in  Brit  Mm. 


to  P  A  M  E  L  I  tJ  S. 

f 

• 

ancf  after  that  to  the  bishopric  of  St  Omer^s :  huti  as  bd 
went  to  Brussels  to  take  possession  of  it,  he  died  nt  Mons 
in  Hainault,  in  1587.  He  is  chiefly  known  for  his  cHtics&l 
labours  upon  '<  Tertullian  and  Cyprian  ;*'  of  both  which 
writers  he  published  editions,  and  prefixed  lives.  *^  The 
commentaries  of  this  author  upon  Tertullian/'  says  Dupin^ 
<*  are  both  learned  and  useful ;  but  he  digresses  too  much 
from  his  subject,  and  brings  in  things  of  no  use  to  the  un-* 
defstanding  of  his  author  :'*  and  he  passes  much  the  same 
judgment  of  his  labours  upon  Cyprian.  All  the  later  edi« 
tors,  however,  of  these  two  fathers  have  spoken  well  of  Pa« 
melius,  and  have  transcribed  his  best  notes  into  their  edi- 
tions. 

A  new  edition  of  Rabanus,  wbieh-he  was  preparing  at 
the  time  of  .his  decease,  has  been  since  published  at 
Cologn,  and  includes  Commentaries  by  Pamelius  on  Ju- 
dith, and  St  Paul's  <<  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews."  His  other 
works  are,  <*  Catalogus  Commentar.  veterum  selectorum 
in  universa  Biblia,"  Antwerp,  1566,  8vo ;  "  Conciliorura 
Paralipomena,^'  a  discourse  in  Latin,  addressed  to  the 
Flemish  States ;  ^*  De  non  admittendis  un&  in  Republic^ 
diversorum  Religionum  exercitiis,"  1589,  8vo;  **  i^licro* 
logus  de  Ecclesiasticis  observationibus  ;'*  an  edition  of  Cas- 
siodorus  ^'  De  Dividis  nominibus  ;**  and  two  books  of  the 
<*  Liturgies  of  the  Latins,**  1571,  2  vols.  4lo./ 

PANARD  (Cj^arles-Francis),  a  French  poet,  was  born 
at  Couville  near  Chart  res  in  1691^  where  he  remained  a 
long  time  in  obscurity^  upon  some  small  employment.  At 
length,  the  comedian  Le  Grand,  having  seen  some  of  his 
pieces,  went  to  find  him  out,  and  encouraged  him ;  and 
Marmontel  called  him  the  Fontaine  of  the  place.  Panard 
bad  many  qualitiies  of  Fontaine ;  the  same  disinterested- 
ness, probity,  sweetness,  and  simplicity  of  manners..  He 
knew,  as  well  as.  any  man,  how  to  shar«pen  the  point  of  an 
epigram  \  yet  always  levelled  it  at  the  vice,  not  the  per- 
son. He  bad  a  philosophic  temper,  and  lived  contented 
with  a  little.  He  died  at  Paris  June  13,  1764.  His  works, 
under  the  title  of  "  Th^toe  &  Oeuvrea  diverses/*  have 
been  printed,  1763,  in  4  vols.  12mo.  They  consist  of 
comedies,  comic  operas,  songs,  and  all  the  various  kinda^ 
pf  smaller  poetry.' 

.  •  .1 

I  Morari.— Foppen  Bibl«  Belg.— Blonnt't  Censura.— Saxii  Onomatt] 
I  l^ecipl^iie  des  Hoounes  Cdebres  pour  aoa4e  n66,-->I>i9t.  Uitt. 


PA  N  C  t  R  O  L  U  S.  71 

PANCIROLUS  (Guy),  the  son  of  Albert  Pancirolus,  a 
fiamous  Jawyef  in  bis  time,  and  descended  from  an  illustri- 
ous family  at  Reggio,  was  born  there  April  17,  1523.     He 
learned  Latiu  and  Greek  under  Sebastian  Corrado  and  Bas- 
siano  Lando,  and  made  so  speedy  a  proficiency  in  them^ 
that  his  father,  thinking  him  fit  for  the  vtudy  of  the  law  at 
fourteen,  taught  him  the  first  elements  of  that  faculty  him- 
self;  and  Guy  studied  t^m  incessantly  under  his  father 
for  three  years,  but  without  neglecting  the  belles  lettres. 
He  was.  afterwards^  sent  into  Italy,  in  order  to  complete 
his  law-studies  under  the  professors  of  that  country.     He 
W6nt  first  to  Ferrara ;  and,  having  there  heard  the  lectures 
of  Pasceto  and  Hyppoiitus  Riminaldi,  passed  thence  to 
Pavia,  where  he  had  for  his  master  the  famous  Alciat,  and 
to  Bologna  and  Padiia,  where  he  completed  a  course  of 
seven  years    study,    during  which  he  had  distinguished 
himself  in  public  disputations  on  several  occasions ;  and  the 
fame  of  bis  abilities  having  drawn  the  attention  of  the  re- 
public of  Venice,  he  was  nominated  by  them  in   1547, 
while  only  a  student,  second  professor  of  the  Institutes  in 
the  university  of  Padua.     This  nomination  obliged  him  to 
take  a  doctor's  degree,  which  he  received  from  the  hands 
of  Marcus  Mantua.     After  he  had  filled  this  chair  for  seven 
years,  be  was  advanced  to  the  first  of  the  Institutes  in 
1554 ;  and  two  years  after,  on  the  retirement  of  Matthew 
Gribaldi,  who  was  second  professor  of  the  Roman  law,  Pan- 
cirolus succeeded  him,  and  held  .this  post  foi*  fifteen  years. 
At  length,  having  some  reason  to  be  dissatisfied  with  his 
situation,  he  resigned  it  in  1571,  when  Emanuel  Philibert 
^uke  of  Savoy  offered  him  the  professorship  of  civil  law^ 
with  a  salary  of  a  thousand  pieces  of  gold.     Here  his  patron 
the  prince  shewed  him  all  imaginable  respect,  as  did  also 
hh  son   Charles   Emanuel,  who  augmented  his  appoint* 
toenlis  with  a  hundred  pieces.     The  republic  of  Venice 
soon  became  sensible  of  the  loss  sustained  by  bis  departure, 
and  were  desirous  of  recalling  him  to  a  vacant  professor- 
ship in  l$dO.     This  Pancirolus  at  first  refused,  and  would 
indeed  have  been  content  to  remain  at  Turin,  but  the  air 
of  the  plaqe  proved  so  noxious  to  him,  that  he  lost  one 
eye  almost  entirely,  and  was  in  danger  of  losing  the  other; 
t^e  dread  of  which  induced. him  to  hearken  to  proposals, 
^hat  were  .made  afresh  to  him  in  1 582  ;  and  having  a  salary 
of  a  thousand  ducats  offered  to  him,  with  the  chair  he  had 
MP  much  wished  for,  he  returned  to  Padua.    The  city  of 


7St  P  A  N  C  I  RQ  L  U  S. 

Turin,  willing  to  give  biia  some  macks  oif  tbeir  esteem;  at 
bis  departure,  presented  bim  with  his  freedom,  aeeom-" 
panied  with  some  pieces  of  silver  plate..  -He  then  remained 
at  Padua,  where  bis  stipend  was  raided  to  the  sum  of.  twelve 
Iiundred  ducats.  Here  be  died  in  June  1599,  and  was  in- 
terred in  the  church  of  St.  Justin,  after  funeral  service  had 
been  performed  for  him  in  the  church  of  St.  Antfaony ; 
where  Francis  Vidua  of  that  university  pronounced  bis  fa* 
oeral  oration.  He  was  author  of  a  number  of  learned  works, 
of  which  the  principal  are :  1.  '^  Comroentarii  in-  Notttiam 
utriusque  Imperii  et  de  Magistratibus,''  Venice,  1593,  it>L 
often  reprinted,  and  inserted  in,  the  Roman  Antiquities  (tf 
Grsevius;  2.  '^  De  Numismatibu!^  antiquis;"'  3.  ^^Dequaw 
tuordecim  Regionibus  Urbis  Romas,*?  printed  in  the  Ley-^ 
den  edition  of  the  Notitia,  1608 ;  4.  ^^  .Rerum  Memora*^ 
bilium  jam  olim  ^deperditarum,  et  contra  rec^n»  atque  in*^ 
l^eoiose  inventarum,"  1599,  2  voI&;  8vo,  often  reprinted 
and  translated.  He  wrote  alsd  a  valuable  treatise,  which 
lyas  not  published  till  1637,  entitled  ^^De  Claris  Legum 
Int^rpretibus."  * 

PANORMITA.     Ste  BECCADELLI. 

PANT^NUS,  a  Christian  philosopher,  of  the  Stoic 
sect,  flourished  in  the  second  century.  Some  say  he  was 
born*  in  Sicily,  others  at  Alexandria,  of  Sicilian  parents. 
He  is^aid  to  have  taught  the  Stoic  philosophy  in  thereign 
of  Commodus,  from  A.  D.  180,  in  the  school  of  Alexan<> 
dria;  where  from  the  time  of  St.  Mark,  founder  of  that 
church,  there  had  always  been  some  divine  wbo-explained 
the  Holy  Scriptures,  The  Ethiopians  Jiaving  requested 
Demetrius,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  to  send, a  proper -persoa 
to  instruct  them  in  the  Christian  religion,  he  sent  PantsB'^ 
nus;  who  gladly  undertook  the  mission,  and  acquitted 
himself  very  worthily  in  it.  It  is  said,  that  he  found  the 
Ethiopians  already  tinctured  with  the  truth  of  Christian 
faith,  which  had  ^been  declared  to  them  by  St.  Bartholo- 
mew ;  and  that  he  saw  the  gospel  of  St.  Matthew  ih  He* 
btew,  which  had  been  left  there  by  that  apostle.  St.  Je^ 
rome  says,  that  Pantaenus  brought  it  away  with  him,  and 
that  it  was  still  to  be  ^een  in  his  time  in  the  AlexandHan 
library;  but  this  story  is  not  generally  credited,  since  no 
good  reason  can  be  giveti,  why  St.  Bartholomew  shoiUd 
leave  a  Hebrew  book  with  the   Ethiopians.     Pantse^s^ 

1  Cbaiifepie.«^Niceron|  toI.  IX. — ^Tiraboscbw— iSaxii  Onomi^t. 


P  A  N  T  iE  N  tJ  S.  IS 

apon  his  return  to  AlexAndria,  conttnued  to  explain  the 
•acred  books  under  the  reign  of  Severus  and  Antoninus 
Caracalia,  and  did  great  service  to  the  church  by  his  dis- 
courses. He  composed  some  **  Commentaries**  upoh-  the 
Bibie,  which  are  lost.  Theodoret  informs  us  that  Pantsnus 
first  started  the  remark,  which  has  been  followed  by  many 
interpreters  of  the  prophecies  since,  <*  That  they  are  often 
expressed  in  indefinite  terms,  and  that  the  present  tense 
is  frequently  used  both  for  the  preterite  and  future  Senses.'* 
We  may  form  a  judgment  of  the  manner  in  which  Pantae* 
nus  explained  the  Scriptures,  by  that  which  Clemeus 
Alexandrinus,  Origen,  and  all  those  have  observed,  who 
wete  trained  up  in  the  school  of  Alexandria.  Their  com- 
mentaries abound  with  allegories;  they  frequently  leave 
the  literal  sense,  and  find  almost  every  where  some  mys- 
tery or- other;  in  the  explaining  of  which,  they  usually 
shew  more  erudition  than  judgment.'  Milner  observes,  that 
the  combination  of  Stoicism  with  Christianity  must  have 
very  much  debased  the  sacred  truths;  and  we  may  be 
assured  that  those  who  were  disposed  to  follow  implicitly 
the  dictates  of  such  an  instructor  as  Pantsenus,  must  have 
been,  furnished  by  him  with  a  clouded  light  of  the  gospel. 
Cave  is  of  opinion-  that  Pantsenus's  death  occurred  in  the 
year  213.* 

-  PAKTALEON  (Henry),  a  learned  physician  and  his- 
torian, wasl)orn  at  Basil  June  13,  1522.  In  his  early  edu- 
cation he  made  very  considerable  proficiency,  but  it  ap- 
pears that  his  friends  differed  iti  their  opinions  as  to  his 
profession,  some  intending  him  for  a  learned  profession^ 
and  some  for  a  printer,  which  they  conceived  to  be  con- 
nected with  it.  At  length  after  a  due  course  of  the  Itin- 
guages  and  polite  literature,  he  studied  divinity  according 
to  the  principles  of  the  refomied  religion,  but  changing 
that  design,  he  taught  dialectids  and  natural  philosophy  at 
Basil  for  about  forty  years.  He  then,  at  an  advanced  age, 
studied  medicine,  took  the  degree  of  doctor  in  that  faculty, 
and  practised  with  much  reputation  until  his  death,  March 
8,  1595,  inthe  seventy- third  year  of  his  age.  He  com- 
posed various  works  both  in  medicine  and  history,  some  in 
Latin  and  some  in  German,  and  translated  certain  authors 
into  the  latter  language.  His  most  useful  work,  now 
aaaroe,  was  an  account  of  the  eminent  men  of  Germany, 

>  Cave^  Tol.4:-^Dnpiii.A-Lair(lner'iWoriu.— Miller's  Cb.Hiit, 


74  P  A  N  T  A  L  E  O  N. 


4 


published  at  Basil  in  1  B&S,  fol.  under  the  title  of  ^<  Poso« 
grs^hia  heroum  et  iliustrium  virorum  Germanise,"  dedi^ 
cated  to  the  emperor  Maximilian  IL  who  honoured  him 
Mdth  the  title  of  Count  Palatin.  He  published  also  a  Latii» 
history  of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  J  581,  folio. 
^5  Historia  Militaris  ordinis  Johannitarum,  Rhodiorum  aut 
Melitensium  Equitum ;''  ^^  Cbronographia  Ecclesie  Chris- 
^ti/'  ibid.  1568;  <<  Diarium  Historicum,"  1572;  aad,  m 
his  youth,  ^<  Comcedia  de  Zaccheo  piriilicaBonim  prtnctpe,'' 
1546,  8vo.* 

PANVINIUS  (Onuphrius),  a  learned  scholar  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  was  born  at  Vctrona  in  1529.     He.dis*^ 
covered  an  attachment  to  history  and  antiquities  in.  bis, 
earliest  years,  and  entered  into  the  order  of  the  Augustins. 
As  soon  as  he  had  made  profession,  th^  general  g£  his 
order  sent  him  to  Rome  to  complete  his  studies,  and  in 
1553  he  was  appointed  to  instruct  the  novices.     He  thea 
.taught  scholastic  theology  at  Florence  for  some  time^  but 
his  chief  residence  was  at  Rome,  where  he  was  patronized 
by  cardinal  Marcello  Cervini,  afterwards  pope  Marcellua  IL 
From  theiice  he  passed  into  the  court  of  cardinal  Alexan- 
der Farnese,  with  whom  he  travelled  into  Sicily  in  1568, 
where  he  died  in  bis  thirty-ninth  year.     One  of  his  first 
labours  was  an  edition  of  the  ^^  Fasti  <  Consulares,^'  first 
brought,  to  light  by  Sigoniys,.  which  he  published,  illus- 
trated with  notes,  at  Venice  in  1557.     He  published  trea-» 
tises  also,  ^*  De  Antiquis  Romanorum  Nominibus;'*  <^  De 
Pi^incipibus  Romanis;"  "  De  Republica;*'  **  De  Trium- 
phis  et  Ludis  Circensibus ;"  and  **  Topographia  RomsB.*' 
These  valuable  works  are  founded  in  a  great  measure  upon 
ancient  inscriptions,  of  which  he  had  collected  and  copied 
nearly  three  thousand.     Some  time  after,  this  collection, 
which  had  come  into  the  handa  of  cardinal  Savelji,  disap* 
peared,  and  Maffei  is  of  opinion  that  the  collection.  p«|b* 
fished  at  Antwerp  by  Martin  Sanctius,  in  1538,  and  which 
served  as  a  foundation  for  Gruterus*s  great  work,  was  in 
reality  that  of  Panvinius.     Panvinius  was  also  a  profound 
investigator  of  sacred  or  Christian  antiquities,  as  appears 
by  bis  works,  *^De  Ritu  sepeliendi  mortuos  apud  veteres 
Christianos ;''  **  De  antique  Ritu  bapti^ndi  Catechume- 
'   nos.;^'  **  De  Primatu  Petri  ;^*  **  Cbronicon  Ecclesiasticuaa  ;^* 
^^  De  Episcopatibus  Titulis,  et  Diacouis  Cardinalium.;.? 

I  Melehior  Adam  ki  tiUi  PbUoiopboniiiv 


P  A  N  V  I  N  I  U  S.  TS 

■^  Annotationes  et  Sopplementa  ad  Platinam  de  Vitis  Pon* 
tificmn  ;*'  <<  De  Septem  precipois  Urbis  Romie  Baailicis;'* 
**  De  Bibliotheca  Vaticana/*  He  bad  undeitakeo  a  gene- 
mi  ecclesiastical  history,  for  which  he  collected  matter 
suiBcient  to  fill  six  large  manuscript  volumes,  which  are 
preserved  in  the  Vatican.  He  wrote  a  chronicle  of  his 
own  order,  and  a  history  of  his  native  city,  Verona,  *  in- 
cluding an  account  of  its  antiquities,  printed  many  years 
after  his  death.  ^ 

PANZER  (George  Wolfgang  Francis),  an  eminent 
bibliographer,  was  born  at  Sulzbach  in  the  Upper  Pala- 
tinate, March  16,  1729,  and  having  beeu  educated  for  the 
cfamt^h,  took  his  doctor^s  degree  in  divinity  and  philoso- 
phy, and  became  pastor  of  the  cathedral  church  of  St.  Se- 
baldus  at  Nuremberg,  where  he  died  in  1805.  No  farther 
particulars  have  yet  reached  us  of  this  learned  and  labori- 
ous writer,  who  has  long  been  known  here  by  his  **  An- 
nates Typographic!,  ah  artis  invents  origine  ad  annum 
,M.  D.  post  Matttairii,  Denisii,  aliorumque  doctissitoorum 
vironnn  ouras  in  ordinem  redacti,  emendati  et  aucti,V  Nu- 
remberg, 1793 — 1S03,  11  vols.  4i;o.  This  is  unquestion- 
ably a  work  of  the  very  first  importance  to  bibliographersy 
and  is  thought  to  exceed  Maittaire^s  in  clearness  of  ar?- 
rangement  and  accuracy.  It  conies  down,  beyond  his  ori- 
ginal intention,  to  1536  ;  but  is  not  quite  complete  without 
another  work  of  his  printed  in  German,  ^'  Annals  of  aur 
cient  German  Literature,  or.  an  account  of  books  printed  in 
Germany  fronl  the  invention  of  the  art  to.  15 20,"  Nurem- 
berg, 1788,  4to.  His  other  works,  also  unfortunately  in 
German,  are  an  ^^  Account  of  tbe^  most  ancient  Qerman 
Bibles,  printed  in  the  fifteenth  century,  which  are  in  the 
library  at  Nuremberg,"  1777,  4to;  "History  of  Bibles 
printed  at  Nuremberg,  from  the  invention  qf  the  Art,'* 
Knremberg,*  1778,  4to.  And  a  <*  History  of  early  Print- 
ing at  Nuremberg  to  the  year  1600,"  ibid.  1789,  4to.* 

PAOLI  (Pascal  de),  a  very  distinguished  character  in 
modem  times,  born  at  Rostino,  in  the  island  of.  Corsica» 
in  1726,  was  the  son  of  Hiacente  Paoli,  a  Corsican  patriot^ 
who,  despairing  of  the  freedom  of  his  country,  had  retired 
with  his  family  to  Naples.  Panoal  was  educated  among  the 
Jesuits,  and  at  their  college  be  made  a  rapid  progress  in 

}  CbaQfepie.— >Tiraboschi. — Bullart's  Acadefnie  dts  Scieuces.— Saxii  Onoou 
S  jp^^t.  l|ist.rrpibdi(i'i  Biblioqiasra.-7eBroDet  Manuel  da  X^ibraire^ 


7«  F  A  O  L  I. 

liis  studies,  and  displayed  an  understanding  iequally  ^Hd 
aiid  capacious.     He  appeared  in  so  favourable  a  light  to  his 
•countrymen,  that  he  was  unanimously  chosen   generalis- 
simo, in  a  full  assembly  of  the  .pec^ie,  when  he  had  at- 
tained but  to  the  29th  year  of  his  age.     He  began  with 
'new-modelling  the  laws  of  Corsica,  and  establishied  the  ap- 
p^aranccj  if  not  the  reality,  of  subordination :  he  also  in»- 
-stituted  schools,    and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  maritime 
power.     In  1761  the  government  of  Genoa,  perceiving  the 
change  lately  effected  among  the  natives,  sent  a  deputation 
to  a  general  council,  convoked  at  Vescovato,  for  the  ex* 
'press  purpose  of  prQf>osing  terms  of  accommodation ;  but 
4t  was  unanimously  resolved  never  to  make  peace  with 
-diem,  unless  upon  the  express  condition  of  Corsica  being 
guaranteed  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  its  independence.     A 
•memorial  to  the  same  effect  was  also  addressed,  at  the 
same  time,  to  all  the  sovereigns  of  Europe.     But  nothing 
was  gained  by  this  step;  and  in  1768,  the  Genoese,  despair- 
ing of  rendering  xthe  Corsicans  subservient  to  their  will, 
transferred  the  sovereignty  of  their  island  to  Erance,  on 
•condition  of  receiving  in  lieu  of  it  40,000,000  of  livres. 
^Notwithstanding  this,  Paoii  remained  firm  to  his  cause : 
and  a  vigorous  war  commenced,  in  which,  for  some  time, 
the  French  were  beaten,  and  in  one  instance  their  general 
was  obliged' to  capitulate,  with  all  his  infantry,  artillery^ 
-and  ammunition ;  but  an  immense  force  bing  now  sent 
from  France,  overwhelmed  the  Corsican  patriots ;   they 
'were  defeated  with  great  slaughter,  and  Paoli,  left,  with 
only  about  500  n^en,  was  surrounded  by  the  French,  who 
'were  anxious  to  get  possession  of  his  person :  he,  however, 
'cut  his  M^ay  through  the  enemy,  and  escaped  to  England 
with  his  friends,  where  they  were  received  with  every  de- 
gree 6f  isjrmpathy  and  respect.     Paoli  was  introduced  at 
tsourt,  and  the  duke  of  Grafton,  then  prime  minister,  ob- 
tained for  him  a  pension  of  1200/.  a-year,  which  he  libe* 
rally  shared  with  his  companions  in  exile.     From  this  time 
lie  lived  a  retired  life,  devoting  himself  chiefly  to  the  cul^ 
iivation  of  literature.     During  his  retirement,  which  lasted 
vnote  than  twenty  years,  he  was  introduced  to  Dr.  Johnson 
by  Mr.  Boswell,  and  lived  in  habits  of  intimacy  with  that 
eminent  sdholar.    Much  of  tfaek  conversiation  is  recorded 
by  Mr.  Bdswell.    . 

'  When  the^  French  revolution  took  place,  the  national 
convention  passed  k  decree  by  which  Corsica  was  num- 


P  A  O  L  t  TT 

heted  mnong  the  departiooents  of  France,  and  entitled  to 
all  the  privileges  of  the  new  constitution,  and  Paoli  was 
induced,  by  the  promising  appearance  of  a&irs,  and  fhe 
solicitations  of  the  French  assembly,  to  return  to  the  island; 
Accordingly  he  resigned  his  peusioa  from  the  English  court, 
took  a  grateful  leave  of  the  country  in  which  he. had  been 
so  hospitably  entertained,  and  in  the  month  of  April  1790, 
presented  himself  at  the  bar  of  the  national  assembly  at 
Paris,  together  with  the  Corsican  depaties.  Soon  after 
this  be  embarked  for  Corsica,  where  he  was  received  with 
an  extraordinary  degree  of  attachment  and  respect.  He 
was  elected  mayor  of  Bastia,  commander-in-chief  of  the 
national,  guard,  and  president  of  the  department ;  and,i  in 
short,  he  at  once  acquired  more  authority  in  the  island, 
than  before  its  subjugation  by  the  French.  He  was,.bow^ 
ever,  not  quite  contented ;  he  was  ambitious  of  seeing 
Corsica  wholly  independent,  which,  upon  the  execution  of 
Louis  XVL  was  the  prevailing  wish  of  the  Corsicans^  The 
French  convention,  however,  meant  nothing  less,  and  at 
length  declared  Paoli  a  traitor.  On  this  he  resolved  upon 
an  expedient  which,  though  it  was  a  renunciation  of  inde-^ 
pendence,  promised  to  secure  all  the  advantages  of  real 
liberty.  This  was  an  union  of  Corsica  with  the  crown  of 
Great  Britain  ;  after  effecting  which,  he*  returned  to  Eng** 
laud,  having  unfortunately  lost  all  his  property,  by  the 
failure  of  a  mercantile  house  at  Leghorn,  -•  and  passed  the 
reA»ainder  of  his  life  in  great  privacy.  He  died  in  Lon-^ 
don,  February  5,  1807,  in  the  eighty-first  year  of  his  age^ 
Few  foreigners,  however-  distinguished,  have  been  so  much 
caressed  in  England  as  general  PaolL  By  living  in  habita 
of  iamiliarity  with  men  of  letters,  his^  name  and  exploits 
acquired  high  celebrity :  and  Goldsmith,  Johnson,  and 
many  others,  equally  eminent  in  the  literary  world,  although 
differing  in  almost  every  thing  else,  cordially  united  in  hia 
praise.  On  the  continent  hi&  reputation  was  greatly  re-^ 
spected :  it  was  usual  to  compare  Paoli  to  Timoleon  and 
£paminondas.  He  was  unquestionably  a  great  man ;  but 
it  is  the  opinion  of  those  who  have  enjoyed  the  opportunity 
of  studying  his  character,  that  he  was  a  politician  rather 
than  a  soldier:  that  he  shone  more  in  council  than  inarms; 
and  that  the  leading  feature  of  his  public  conduct  was  a 
certain  degree  of  Italian  policy,  which  taught  him  to  te^ 
6ne  and  speculate  on  every  event.^  ^ 

*  Bofwell's  Account  of  Corsica.—AiheasBttm,  ?ol.  I.-^Rees*t  Cyclo|i»dla. 


fS  P  A  P  E  N  B  K  O  C  a  ' 

PAT^ENBHOCH  (Daniel),  a  native  of  Antwerp,  md 
born  in  162B,  and  was  educated  as  a  Jesuit.  He  has  ail<* 
ready  been  mentioned  in  our  account  of  Boilandus,  as  thcf 
coadjutor  of  that  writer  in  the  compilation  of  the  ''Acta 
Sanctorum/'  He  died  in  1714,  in  the  seventy -eighth  year 
of  his  age.  He*  was,  according  to  Dapin,  less  credulous 
than  Bollandus,  and  became  involved  in  a  controversy  with 
tbe  Carmelites  respecting  the  origin  of  their  order.  Thei^ 
is  little  else  interesting  in  his  history;  but  in  addition  to 
the  account  given  in  our  article  Bollandus,  of  the  **  Acta 
Sanctorum,"  we  may^  now  mention,  that  the  work  has  been 
continued  to  the  fifty-third  volume,  folio,  which  appeared 
in  1794,  but  is  yet  imperfect,  as  it  comes  only  to  October 
14th.  Brunet  informs  us  that  there  are  very  few  perfect 
copies  to  be  found  in  France,  some  of  the  latter  volumes 
being  destroyed  during  the  revolutionary  period.  The  re-* 
print  at  Venice,  17S4,  42  vols,  is  of  less  estimation.' 

PAPIAS,  bishop  of  Hierapolis,  a  city  of  Phrygia  in 
Asia  Minor,  near  to  Laodicea,  was  the  disciple  of  St.  John 
the  Evangelist,  or  of  another  of  that  name ;  but  Irenaeus 
says  positively,  that  he  was  the  disciple  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist;  tor  Polycarp  was  his  disciple,  and  he  says, 
Papias  was  Polycarp's  companion.  Papias  wrote  five  books, 
entitled  <*  The  Expositions  of  the  Discourses  of  the  Lord  f ' 
of  which  there  are  only  some  fragments  left  in  the  writings 
of  Irenseus  and  Eusebius.  He  made  way  for  the  opiniotv 
several  of  the  ancients  held  touching  thp  temporal  reigii  of 
Christ,  who  they  supposed  would  come  upon  earth  a  tbpu^ 
sand  years  befol-e  the  day  of  judgment,  to  gather  together 
the  elect,  after  the  resurrection,  into  the  city  of  Jerusa-- 
Iqm,  and  let  them  there  enjoy  all  felicity  during  that  pe« 
riod.  Irenseus,  who  was  of  the  same  judgment,  relates  a 
fragment  he  took  out  .of  Papias^s  fourth  book,  where  he 
endeavours  to  prove  that  opinion  from  a  passage  in  Isaiah  ^ 
and  Eusebius,  after  having  quoted  a  passage  taken  out  of 
Papias's  Preface,  adds;  ^' That  that  author  relates  divert 
things  which  he  pretended  he  had  ^by  unwritten  tradition  ; 
such  as  were  the  last  instructions  of  our  Lord  Christ,  which 
are  not  set  down  by  the  Evangelists,  and  some  other  fabu" 
lous  histories,  amongst  which  number  his  opinion  ought  to 
be  placed  touching  the  personal  reign  of  Christ  upon  eartb 
after  the  resurrection.     <^  The  occasion  of  his  falling  inter 

^  Dupio.— >Moreri."— Diet.  Hist,— Brunei's  Manuel  du  Librairer 


P  A  P  E  N  BH  O  C  H.  n 

that  error,^*  days  Eusebius  again,  ^'  was  bis  misuricl^rstand- 
iogof-tbe  discourses  and  instructions  of  the  Apostles,  as 
not  thinking  that  those  expressions  ought  to  bear  a  mysti« 
cal  sense ;  and^  that  the  Apostles  used  them  only  for  illus- 
tration, for  he  was  a  man  of  a  mean  genius,  as  his  books 
manifest,  and  yet  several  of  the  ancients,  and,  among  the 
rest,  Irenseus,  maintained  their  opinions  on  the  authority 
of  Papias,'" 

PAPILLON  (Philibbrt),  a  learned  oanon  of  la  Cha* 
pelle-au  Riche,  at  Dijon,  .in  which  city  be  was  born.  May 
1,  1666,  was  the  son  of  Philip  Papillon,  advocate  to  the 
parliament.  He  was  a  man  of  literature,  and  an  able,  cri- 
tic, and  furnished  Le  Long  of  the  Oratory,  Desmolets, 
Niceron,  and  several  others  among  the  learned,  with  a 
number  of  important  memoirs  and  anecdotes.  He  died 
February  23,  1738,  at  Dijon,  aged  seventy-two.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is,  '*  La  Bibliotheque  des  Auteurs  de  Bour- 
gogne,"  DijoD,  1742,  2  vols,  folio,  printed  under  the  in- 
spection of  his  friend  M.  Joly,  canon  of  la  Chapelle-aa- 
Ricbe.' 

PAPILLON  (John),  was  one  of  a  family  of  engravers 
on  wood,  who  obtained  considerable  reputation  in  the  se- 
venteenth and  eighteenth  centuries*  He  flourished  about 
1670,  but  attained  less  fame  than  bis  son  John,  who  was 
bom  at  St.  Quentin  in  1661.  The  grandson  John  Bap- 
tist Michel  was  the  most  successful  in  his  art,  especially 
IB  those  engravings  which  represent  foliage  and  flowers, 
many  beautiful, specimens,  of  which  are  inserted  in  his  pub- 
lication on  the  art  of  engraving  in  wood ;  and  the  whole 
prove  that  he  was  a  very  skilful  master  in  every  branch  of 
the  art  he  professed.  The  human  figure  he  seems  to  have 
been  the  least  acquainted  with,  and  has  consequently  failedr 
most  in.  those  prints  into  which  it  is  introduced.  He  died 
in  1776  ;  about  ten  years  before  which  event  he  published 
in  2  vols.  8vo,  his  <<  Traite ,  histoHque  et  pratique  de  la 
gravure  en  bois,^'  a  work  of  great  merit  as  to  the  theory  of 
an  art,  which,  it  is  almost  needless  to  add,  has  of  late 
years  been  brought  to, the  highest  perfection  by  some 
ingenious  men  of  our  own  country,  led  first  to  this  pur« 
suit  by  the  excellent  example  and  success  of  the  Messfs» 
Bewickes.  * 

*  Care,  vol.  I.— Lardaer^s  Works.«-Dtipin. 

•  MorerL— J)icU  Hist.  »  Strutt.— Morcru— Diet. 


SOT  P  A  P  I  N. 

PAPIN  (Denys),  ah  ingenious  physician^  the  son  of 
Nicholas  Papin»  also  a  physician,  was  born  at  Blois.  He 
took  the  degree  of  doctor,  and  travelled  to  England,  where 
he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  in  December 
1680.  He  passed  the  following  year  in  London,  and  pub« 
lished  in  English  an  account  of  a  machine  which  he  bad 
invented,  and  which  still  bears  his  name :  this  was  ^<  The 
New  Digester,  or  Engine  for  the  softening  of  Bones,'^ 
2681,  4 to.  It  soon  appeared  in  French,  with  the  title  of 
^La  Meniere  d'^mollir  les  Os,  et  de  feire  cuire  touted 
sortes  des  Viandes  en  pen  de  terns  et  k  pen  de  fraix,*'  Pa« 
ris,  1682.  The  machine  consists  of  a  very  strong  metal 
boiler,  with  an  air*tight  cover  screwed  down  with  great 
force ;  hence  the  contained  matter,  being  incapable  of 
escaping  either  by  evaporation  or  by  bursting  the  machine, 
may  be  heated  to  a  degrise  far  beyond  that  of  boiling  wa-« 
ter,  so  as  to  dissolve  the  gluten  of  bones*  and  cartilages*' 
He  afterwards  improved  this  digester,  and  it  has  since 
been  much  employed  in  chemical  and  philosophical  expe« 
riments.  He  assisted  Boyle  in  various  experiments,  of 
which  an  account  is  given  in  the  history  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. Papin  was  a  protestant,  and  being  therefore  pre«» 
vented  from  returning  home  by  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Marpurg,  where  he 
taught  the  mathematics,  and  published  a  '^  Fasciculus  Dis<- 
sertationum  de  quibusdam  Machinis  Physicis,''  1696, 12mo;' 
and  in  1707  he  published  at  Francfort  an  account  of  a 
machine  which  he  had  invented  for  raising  water  by  the 
action  of  fire,  entitled  f^  Ars  nova  ad  aquam  ignis  admini-* 
culo  efficacissime  elevandam.^' 

His  father,  Nicholas  Papin,  was  author  of  several  works^ 
which,  however,  are  nearly  forgotten.  Two  of  them  re^ 
hted  to  the  powder  of  Sympathy,  whiph  he  defended; 
and  one  to  the  discovery  of  Harvey,  which  he  opposed.^ 

PAPIN  (Isaac),  some  time  a  minister  of  the  church  of 
England,  and  afterwards  reconciled  to  that  of  Rome,  was 
the  author  of  some  pieces  which  made  a  great  noise  in  the 
seventeenth  century.  From  an  account  of  his  life,  pnh-^ 
lished  by  himself,  it  appears  that  he  was  born  at  Blois  itt 
161^7,  and  descended  from  a  family  of  the  reformed  reli-* 
gion.  He  passed  through  his  studies  in  divinity  at  Ge* 
neva.  That  university  was  then  divided  into  two  parties 
-''■  ■•'<■  -I"-  * 

1  Morerit— Bloyi  Diet,  Hist,  de  MediGine.«-Rees's  Cyclop«dia. 


P  A  t  I  K.  81 

Hpbo  the  subject  of  gthce^  called  ^'p&rticularists'^  and 
^^universaliftts,"  of  virbich  the  former  were  the  most,  nu- 
merous and  the  most  powerful.  The*  universalists  de- 
sired nothing  more  than  a  toleration ;  and  M.  Claude 
wrote  a  letter  to  M.  Turretiu,  the  chief  of  the  preJo- 
miiiant  party,  exhorting  him  earnestly  to  grant  that  fa- 
vour. But  Torretin  gave  little  heed  to  it ;  and  M.  de 
MaratisSi  professor  at  Groningen,  who  had  disputed  the 
point  warmly  against  Mr.  Dailie,  opposed  it  zealously; 
and  .j^upported  his  opinion  by  the  authority  of  those  synods 
who^  :bad  determined  agi^inst  such  toleration.  There 
happened  also  another  dispute  upon  the  same  subject| 
which  ocoa^oned  Papin  to  make  several  reflection<i.  M. 
Pajon,  who  was  his  uncle,  admitted  the  doctrine  of  effica- 
cious grace,  but  explained  it  in  a  different  manner  from 
the  refor^ned  in  general,  atid  Jurieu  in  particular ;  and 
though  the  synod  of  Anjou  in  1667,  after  many  long  de- 
bates upon  the  matter,  dismissed  Pajon,  with  leave  to 
continue  his  lectures  at  Saumur,  yet  as  his  interest  there 
was  not  great,  his  nephew,  who  was  a  student  in  that  uni- 
versity in  1633,  was  pressed  to  condemn  the  doctrine, 
which  was  branded  with,  the  appellation  of  Pajonism. 
Papin  declared,  th^t  his  conscience  would  not  allow  him 
to  subscribe  to  the  condemnation  of  either  party  ;  on  which 
the  university  refused  to  give  him  a  testimonial  in  the 
usual  form.  All  these  disagreeable  incidents  put  him  out 
of  humour  with  the  authors  of  them,  and  brought  him  to 
view  the  Roman  catholic  religion  with  less  dislike  than  be- 
fore. In  this  disposition  he  wrote  a  treatise,  entitled  '<  The 
Faith  reduced  to  its  just  bounds  ;^*  in  which  he  maintained, 
lliat,  as  the  papists  profaned  that  they  embraced  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  they  ought  to  be  tolerated  by 
tbe  most  zealous  protestants.  He  also  wrote  several  letters 
to  the  reformed  of  Bourdeaux,  to  persuade  them  that^they 
might  be  saved  in  the  Bomish  church,  if  they  would  be 
reconciled  to  it. 

,  This  work,  as  might  be  expected,  exasperated  the  pro- 
tesstants  against  him;  and  to  avoid  their  resentment,  lie 
crossed  the  water  to  England,  in  1686,  where  James  II. 
was  endeavouring  to  re*establish  popery.  There  he  re- 
ceived deacon's  and  priest's  orders,  from  the  bands  of 
Turner^  bishop  of  Ely;  and,  in  1687,  published  a  book 
against  Jurieu,  entitled  ^*  Theological  Essays  concerning 
Providence  and  Grace,  &c."  This  exasperated  that  mi- 
Vol.  XXIV.  G 


82  -         P  A  P  I  N. 

oister  so  mucbj  that  when  be  knew  Papin  was  attemptiBg 
to  obtain  some  employ  as  a  professor  in  Grermanyi  be  dis- 
persed letters  every  where  in  order  to  defeat  bis  applica- 
tions ;  and,  tbough  he  procured  a  preacher's  place  at  Ham- 
burghy  Jurieu  found  means  to  get  him  dismissed  in  a  few 
months.  About  this  time  bis  ^^  Faith  reduced  to  just 
bounds"  coming  into  the  hands  of  Bayle,  that  \yriter  added 
some  pages  to  it,  and  printed  it.  These  additions  were 
ascribed  by  Jurieu  to  our  author,  who  did  not  disavow  the 
principal  maxims  laid  down,  which  were  condemned  in  the 
synod  of  Bois-le-duc  in  J  687.  In  the  mean  time,  an  offer 
being  made  him  of  a  professo»*s  chair  in  the  church  of  the 
French  refugees  at  Dantzic,  he  accepted  it :  but  it  being 
afterwards  proposed  to  him  to  conform  to  the  synodical  de- 
crees of  the  Walloon  churches^  in  the  United  Provinces, 
and  to  subscribe  them,  he  refused  to  .comply ;  because 
there  were  some  opinions  asserted  in  those  decrees  which 
he  could  not  assent  to,  particularly  that  doctrine  which 
maintained  that  Christ  died  only  for  the  elect.  Those  who 
^  had  invited  him  to  Dantzic,  were  highly  offended  at  his 
refusal ;  and  he  was  ordered  to  depart,  as  soon  as  he  bad 
completed  the  half  year  of  his  preaching,  which  had  been 
contracted  for.  He  was  dismissed  in  1689,  and  not  long 
after  embraced  the  Roman  catholic  religion  ;  delivering  his 
abjuration  into  the  hands  of  Bossuet^  bishop  of  Meaux^ 
Nov.  15,  1690. 

Upon  this  change,  Jurieu  wrote  a  pastoral  letter  to  those 
of  the  reformed  religion  at  Paris,  Orleans,  and  Blois  ^  in 
which  be  pretended  that  Papin,  had  always  looked  upon  aU 
religions  as  indifferent,  and  in  that*  spirit  had  returned  to 
the  Roman  church.  In  answer  to  this  letter,  Papin  drew 
up  a  treatise,  *^  Of  the  Toleration  of  the  Protestants,  and 
df  the  Authority  of  the  Church."  The  piece,  being  ap-» 
proved  by  the  bishop  of  Meaux,  was  printed  in  1692 :  the 
author  afterwards  changed  its  title,  which  wa&.a  little  equi* 
vocal,  and  made  some  additions  to  it ;  but,  while  he  was 
employed  in  making  collections  to  complete  it  farther,  and 
finish  other  books  upon  the  same  subject,  be  died  at  Paris 
the  19th  of  June,  1709.  His  widow,  who  also  embraced 
the  Roman  catholic  religion,  communicated  these  papers, 
which  were  made  use  of  in  a  new  edition  printed  at  large 
in  1719,  12mo.  M.Pajon  of  the  Oratory,  his.  relation, 
published  all  his  <<  Theological  Works/'   1723,    3   vols. 


P  A  P  I  N  I  A  N.  83 

I 

^3mo :  they  are  all  in  French,  and  written  with  shrewdness 
and  ability.* 

PAPINIAN,  a  celebrated  Roman  lawyer,  born  in  the 
year  175,  was  advocate  of  the  treasury  or  exchequer,  and 
afterwards  pretorian  prefect  under  the  emperor  Severus^ 
about  the  year  194.    This  emf»eror  had  so  high  an  opinion 
of  his  worth,  that  at  his  death  he  recommended  his  sons 
Caracalla  and  Geta  to  his  care  :  but  the  first,  having  mur- 
dered his  brother,  enjoined   Papinian  to  compose  a  dis- 
course, to  excuse  that  barbarity  to  the  senate  and  people. 
Papinian  could  not  be  prevailed  on  to  comply  with  this  : 
but  on  the  contrary  answered  boldly,  that  it  was  easier  to 
commit  a  parricide  than  to  excuse  it ;  and  to  accuse  an 
innocent  person,  after  taking  away  his  life,  was  a  second 
parricide.     Caracalla  was  so  much  enraged  at  this  answer, 
that  be  ordered  Papinian  to  be  beheaded,  which  sentence 
was  executed  in  the  year  212,  when  he  was  in  his  thirty- 
seventh  year,  and  his  body  was  dragged  through  the  streets 
of  Rome.     He  bad  a  great  number  of  disciples,  and  com- 
posed several  works  :  among  those,  twenty-seven  books  of 
"  Questions  in  the  Law ;"  nineteen  books  of  **  Responses 
or •  Opinions ;"  two  of  "Definitions;"  two    others  upon 
**  Adultery  ;"  and  a  single  book  upon  the  "  Laws  of  Edilea." 
His  reputation  was  so  great,  that  he  is  called  "  the  honour 
of  jurisprudence,  and  the  treasure  of  the  laws."  * 
PAPIRE-MASSON.     See  MASSON. 
PAPPUS,  a  very  eminent  Greek  of  Alexandria,  flou- 
rished, according  to  Suidas,  uiider  the  emperor  Thebdo- 
sius  the  Great,  from  the  year  379  to  395,  and  acquired 
deserved  fame  as  a  consummate  mathematician.     Many  of 
his  works  are  lost,  or  at  least  hare  not  yet  been  discovered. 
Suidas  and  Vossius  mention  as  the  principal  of  them,   his 
•*  Mathematical  Collections,"  in  8  books,  of  which  the  first 
and  parj:  of  the  second  are  lost;  a  "  Commentary  upon 
Ptolomy's  Almagest;"  an  "Universal  Chorography';"  "  A 
Description  of  the  Rivers  of  Libya  ;"  a  treatise  of  "  Mili- 
tary Engines ;"  "  Commentaries  upon  Aristarcbus  of  Sa- 
jnos,  concerning  the  Magnittide  and  Distance  of  tbe  Sun 
and  Moon,"  &c.     Of  these,  there  have  been  published, 
*<  The  Mathematical  Collections,"  in  a  Latin  translation, 
with  a  large  GOtnmentary,  by  Commandine,  in  1 588,  folio ; 
reprinted  in    1660.      In    1644,    Mersenne  exhibited  an 

1  Cbaufepie.— Niceron,  rol.  IT.— Mosheim.  '  Moreri.— Saxii  Oooma^t, 


/ 


8*  PAPPUS. 

abridgiiieilt  of  them  in  his  ^*  Synopsis  Mathematical'  in 
4l:o,  containing  only  such  propositions  as  could  b^  UbdiBr^. 
stdod  withoiit  figiHe^.  In  1655^  Mieibomius  gave  som6  of 
the  Lemmata  of  the  seventh  book^  in  his  *^  Dialogue  upott 
Proporti^nsv^'  In  1688>  Dr.  Wallis  printed  the  last  twelve 
propositions  o^  the  Isecbod  book,  at  the  end  of  his  *^  Aris* 
tarehuis  Safi&itis."  In  1703,  Dr.  David  Gregory  gave  part 
of  the  preface  of  the  seventh  book,  in  the  Prolegoitiena  to 
his  Euclid.  And  in  1706,  Dr.  Halley  exhibited  that  pre- 
fa<Je  entire,  iti  the  beginning  of  his  "  Apollonius."  Dr. 
Hiitton^  in  his  Dictionary,  has  given  an  excellent  analyst's 
of  the  "  Mathematical  Colle^ttens.''  * 

PARABOSCO  (Jeromb),  an  Italian  cowic  writer,  born 
at  Piacentia,  in  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  centuryy 
was  an  author  of  some  eu^nence  in  hiis  time.     Bis  come^ 
dies  have  a  eertain  chariicter  of  originality,  which  still,  in 
some  tJegree^  supports  their  credit.     They  are  six  in  num*> 
ber,  five  in  pro»e>  and  one  in  vei'se.     The  best  edition  i» 
that  printed  at  Venice,  in  1560,  in  two  small  volumes,  dud-^ 
deciitoo.     There  is  a  volume  of  letters  by  him,  entitled 
"  Lettere  Amorosie  di  M.  Girolamo  Parabosco^"  printed 
also  at  Venice  in  1545.    These  were  republished  in  154S, 
^  con  alcune  Novelle  e  Rime ;"  and  these  is  a  volume  af 
**Rime"  alone,  printed  by  Giolitoat  Venice,  in  1547,  8vo. 
He  compois^ed  also,  novels  iti  the  style  of  Boccacio  and 
Bandelli,  which  were  published  at  Venice  in  1552,  under 
the  title  of  "I  Diporti  di  M.  Girolamo  Parabosca,"  and 
reprinted  in  1558,   1564,   1586,  and  1598,  and  lately  in- 
serted in  the  collection  entitled   '*  Novelliero  Italiano,** 
1791,  26  vols.  Svo,  with  the  imprint  of  Londra  for  Livorno. 
The  work  consists  of  three  days,  or  **  Giornate ;"  the  first 
and  second  of  which  .comprise  sixteen  tales,  and  four  cu- 
rious questions.     The  third  contains  several  <'  Motti,^'  or 
bon^mots,  with  a  few  madrigals,  and  other  short  poems. 
There  is  also  a  volume  by  him  entitled  "  Oracolo,"  thi$^ 
oracle,  published  at  Venice,  in  1551,  in  4to.     In  this  the 
author  gives  answers  to  twelve  questions  proposed  in  the 
beginning  of  the  book ;  which  answers  ate  given  and  varied 
according  to  some  rules  laid  down  in  the  preface.     It  ap- 
pears that  Parabosco  lived  chiefly,  if  not  entirely,  at  Ve- 
nice, as  all  his  books  were  pifblished  there.     His  **  Di« 
porti,*'  or  Sports>  open  with  a  panegyric  upon  that  city.* 

.1  Hntton'f  Dictionwy.^Vossius  de  Soiejit  Mftth.-*Saxii  Onomast. 
3  Crescembini  Hist,  delta  Voig.  Poes.  rol.  lib.  III.  cap.  25.— Urunet  Ma- 
nuel du  Libraire. 


PARACELSUS.  85 

PARAC£LSU8  (Philippus  Aureolus  Theophrastus), 
a  man  of  a  strange  and  paradoxical  genius,  and  classed  by 
Brucker  among  the  Theosophists,  wat  born,  as  is  generally 
supposed  (for  his  birth-place  is  a  disputed  matter),  fit  Ein- 
fidleo  nearZurick,  in  1493.     His  family  name,  which  was 
B(n»ha$tusj  he  afterwards  changed,  according  to  the  custom 
of  the  age,  into  Paracelsus.     His  father,  who  was  a  phy- 
sician, instructed  him  in  that  science,  but,  as  it  would  ap- 
pear, in  nothing  else,  for  he  was  almost  totally  ignorant 
of  the  learned  languages.     So  earnest  was  he,  however, 
to  penetrate  into  the  mysteries  of  nature,  that,  neglect- 
i^g   books,  he.  undertook   long    and  hasardous  journeys 
tbiTQUgh  Qermany,  Italy,  Spain,  Denmark,  Hungary,  Mos- 
covy,  and  probably  several  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa.     He 
QOt  only  visited  literary  and  learned  men,  but  frequented 
the  workshops  of  mect^anies,  descended  into  mines,  and 
tlniugbt  no  place  mean  or  hazardous,  if  it  aflbrded  him  an 
opportunity  of  increasing  bis  knowledge  of  nature.     He 
also    consulted   barber*surgeons,    monks,   conjurors,    old 
woioen,  qoaoks  of  every  description,  and  every  person  who 
prfiiendad  to  be  possessed  of  any  secret  art,  particularly 
«aob  as  were  skilled  iri  metallurgy.     Being  in  this  manner 
a  self-taught  pbilociopher  and  physician,  he  despised  the 
medical  writings  of  the  ancients,    and  boasted  that  the 
whole  contents  of  his  library  would  not  amount  to  six  folios. 
}Ie  appears  indeed  to  have  written  more  than  he  ever 
read.     His  quackery  consisted  in  certain  new  and  secret 
medicines  procured  from  metallic  substances  by  the  che- 
mical art,  which  he  administered  with  such  wonderful  suc- 
cess, .  that  be  rose  to  the  summk  of  popular  fame,  and  even 
obtained  the  professorship  of  medicine  at  Basil.     One  of 
his  nostrums  be  called  Azoth,  which  he  said  was  the  philo- 
sopher's stOfie,  'the  medical  panacea^  ||nd  his  disciples  ex- 
U^led  it  as  the  tincture  of  life,  given  through  the  dii^ine 
favour  to  man  in  these  last  days.     But  while  his  irregular 
practice^  aiid  arrogant  invectives  against  other  physicians, 
cir^ted  him  many  enemies,  his^  rewards  were  by  no  means 
i4equate  to  bis*^  vanity  and  ambition  ;  and  be  met  frequently 
with  mortifications,  one  of  which  determined  him  to  leave 
Basil.     A  wealthy  canon  who  happened  to  fall  sick  at  that 
pUce^  offered  .hira  a  hundred  florins  to  cure  his  disease, 
fyhicb  Paracelsus  easily  effected  with  three  pills  of  opidm^. 
one  of  his  most  powerful  medicines.     The  canon,  restored 
to  health  so  soon,  and  apparently  by  such  slight  means^ 


S6  PARACELSUS. 

refused  to  stand  to  bis  engagement.  Paracelsus  brought 
the  matter  before  the  magistrate,  who  decreed  him  only 
the  usual  fee.  Inflamed  with  violent  indignation  at  the 
contempt  which  was  thus  thrown  upon  his  art,  he  railed  at 
the  canon,  the  magistrate,  and  the  whole  city,  and  leaving 
Basil,  withdrew  into  Alsace,  whither  bis  medical  fame  and 
success  followed  him.  After  two  years,  during  which  tihie 
he  practised  medicine  in  the  principal  families  of  the  coun- 
try, about  the  year  1530  he  removed  into  Switzerland, 
where  be  conversed  with  Bullinger  and  other  divines. 
From  this  time,  he  seems  for  many  years  to  have  roved 
through  various  parts  of  Germany  and  Bohemia.  At  last, 
in  the  year  1541,  he  died  in  the  hospital  of  St.  Sebastian, 
in  Saltsburg. 

Different  and  even  contradictory  judgments  have  been 
forqned  by  the  learned  concerning  Paracelsus.  His  ad- 
mirers and  followers  have  celebrated  him  as  a  perfect  mas- 
tjer  of  all  philosophical  and  medical  mysteries,  have  called 
him  the  medical  Luther^  and  have  even  been  weak  enough 
to  believe  that  he  was  possessed  of  the  grand  secret  of  con- 
verting inferior  metals  into  gold.  But  others,  and  parti«» 
cularly  some  of  his  contemporaries,  have  charged  his  whole 
medical  practice  with  ignorance,  imposture,  and  impu- 
dence. J.  Crato,  in  an  epistle  to  Zwinger,  attests,  that  in 
Bohemia  his  medicines,  even  when  they  performed  an  ap- 
parent cure,  left  his  patients  in  such  a  state,  that  they  soon 
^fter  died  of  palsies  or  epilepsies.  Erastus,  who  was  for 
two  years  one  of  his  pupils,  wrote  an  entire  book  to  detect 
bis  impostures.  We  have  mentioned  his  want  of  educa- 
tion, iand  it  is  even  asserted,  that  he  was  so  imperfect  a 
master  of  his  vernacular  tongue,  that  he  was  obliged  to 
have  his  German  writings  corrected  by  another  hand.  His 
adversaries  c^so  charge  him  with  the  most  contemptible  ar- 
rogance, the  most  vulgar  scurrility,  the  grossest  intem- 
perance, and  the  most  detestable  impiety.  Still  it  Appears, 
that  with  all  these  defects,  by  the  mere  help  of  physical 
knowledge  and  the  chemical  arts,  he  obtained  an  uncom- 
mon share  of  medical  fame;  while  to  support  bis  credit 
with  the  ignorant,  he  pretended  to  an  intercourse  with  iii- 
'  visible  spirits,  and  to  divine  illuminations. 

With  regard  to  his  system  of  chemistry,  in  which  his 
real  merit  lies,  the  fundamental  doctrines  of  it  resolved 
fsvery  thing  into  three  elements,  salt,  sulphur,  and  mer- 
cury, and  were  for  a  long  time  received,  although  in  fact 


PARACELSUS.  87 

they  were  borrowed  from  bis  predecessor,  Basil  Valentine. 
His  medical  skill  consisted  principally  in  tbe  bold  adminis- 
tration of  some  poweil'ul  remedies,  which  bad  been  here* 
tofore  thought  too  dangerous  to  be  used,  particularly  opitim, 
a  drug  with  which,  it  is  obvious,  he  would  be  able  in  many 
instances  toaflbrd  great  and  speedy  relief;  but  with  which 
also  few  permanent  cures  could  be  effected,  and  much 
mischief  would  necessarily  be  produced,  when  it  was  mis- 
applied. Antimony  and  mercury  were  also  medicines  which 
he  liberally  prescribed,  and  he  used  various  preparations 
of  them  of  the  most  active  kind.  He  deserves  the  praise^ 
however,  of  having  been  one  of  the  first  to  employ  mercury 
for  the  care  of  the  venereal  disease,  and  of  course  he 
must  have  been  successful  in  a  degree,  to  which  none  of 
bis  contemporaries^  who  did  not  resort  to  that  remedy, 
oottld  attain.  From  his  total  ignorance  of  anatomy  and  ra«> 
tional  physiology,  bis  inability  from  want  of  literature  to 
investigate  the  doctrines  of  the  ancients,  which  he  never- 
theless boldly  impdgned,  and  bis  employment  of  a  bar* 
barous  jargon,  as  well  as  bis  infatuated  notions  of  magic, 
a&trology,  geomancy,  and  all  the  other  branches  of  mysti- 
cal imposture,  be  is,  as  a  theorist,  beneath  contempt.  We 
shall  not  pretend,  therefore,  to  enter  into  any  detail  of  the 
unintelligible  jargon  and  absurd  hypotheses  which  he  Em- 
ployed, or  to  enumerate  the  immense  farrago  of  treatises,^ 
which  made  their  appearance  under  bis  name  after  his 
death,  the  notices  of  which  occupy  above  nine  quarto 
pages  in  the  Bibliotheca  of  Haller :  for  the  first  we  are 
unable  to  comprehend,  and  tbe  latter  would  be  a  waste  of 
time.  The  most  complete  edition  is  that  of  Geneva,  1658, 
3  vols,  folio.'  ^ 

PARADIN  (WiLLUM),  a  French  historian,  and  labo- 
rious writer  of  the  sixteenlb  century,  was  still  living-  in 
1581,  and  was  then  turned  fourscore.  He  was  the  author 
of  many  works,  among  which  the  following  are  remarka- 
ble :  1.  '^  The  History  of  Aristeeus,  respecting  the  version 
of  tbe  Pentateuch,"  4to.  2.  **  Historia  sui  temporis,"' 
written  in  Latin,  but  best  known  by  a  French  version  which 
was  published  in  1558.  3.  **  Annales  de  Bourgogne," 
1 566,  folio.  This  history,  by  no  means  well  dfgested,  be- 
gins at  the  year  378,  and  ends  in  1482^    4.  **  De  moribus 

1  Brucker.— Haller.— Tiiom80ii*s  Hist,  of  the  Royal  Society. *-Eloy,  Diet. 
Hist  de  MediciDe.— Reea's  Cyclopaidia. 


aa  P  A  R  A  D  I  N. 

GaUii&9  Historia/?  4to.  5.  <<  Mew^ir69  de  THUtQife  de 
Lyon/'  1625,  folio.  6.  <' De  rebus  in  Belgio,  i^nno  IS4>3 
gestis,"1543, 8vo.  7.  "  La  Chronique  de  Sayoie,"  1602^  fol. 
9.  '*  Historia  GaUiae,  a  Fraa<;iaci  1,  coronaijone  ad  annum 
1550.'*  9.  "  Historia  Kcclesiae  GaUican®,"  10*  ^*  Me* 
moralia  inaignium  Franci®  Famiiiarum."  H^  was  an  eccle*- 
siastiCy  and  becaoie  dean  of  Beauji^u* '  * 
.  PARCIEUX,  or  rather  DEPARGIEUX  (Antbony),  atk 
able  matbematiciau,  was  .bora  in  1703,  ai  a  hamlet  Mar 
Nismesy  of  iiidustrious  but  poor  parj^uts,  who  were  noable 
^o  give  him  education ;  be  soon,  however,  found  a  patron>^ 
who. placed  him  in  the  college  at  Lyons,  where  he  made 
astonishing  progress  in  roatheoiaticst.  ^  On  bis  ftrrival  at 
Paris,  he  was  obliged  to  accept,  of  humble  employment 
from  tbe  matbematieal  icistrument  makers,  .until  his  worba 
brought  him  into  notice.  Tbijse  ;wefe^  1.  **  Table  astro- 
nomiques,"  1740,  4to«  2»  ^^  Trait6  de  trigonometfie  rec^ 
tiUgffie  et  spberique,  avec  un  trait^  ue:  gnomonique  et  des 
tables  de  logarithm's,"  174.1,  4to..  3*  *^  £^$a]  sur  leaparof- 
babliit^s  de  la  dur^e  de  la  vie.  bam^iae,".  1746,  4to.  4.. 
"Reponae  aux  objections  coatre  ce  livre,"  1746,, 4to*  5. 
^  Additions  a  reasai,  &c/V  1760,  4to.  €i.  >f  Memoires'suT' 
la  possibility  et  la  facility  d'ameoer  aupres  de  I'Estrapad^ 
a  Paris,  les  eaux  de  la  riviere  d'Yvet^te,"  1763,  4to,  jre*i> 
printed^  with  additions,  in  1777.  It  was  always  Depar- 
cLeux^s  object  to  turn  bia  knowledge:  of  mathematics  ta 
practical  purposes,  and  in  the  memoirs  of  the  aeademy.-of 
sciences  are  many  excellent  papers  which  be  contributed 
with  this  view.  He  also  introduced  some  ingenious  iin<» 
provt;inent9  in  machinery.  He  was  censor-royal  and  mem-*- 
ber  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  of  those  of 
Berlin,  Stockbolm,  Metz,  Lyons,  and. .  Montpellier.  He 
died  at  Paris  Sept..  2,  1768,  aged  sixty-iive.  He  had m 
nephew  of  the  same  namei  burn  in  1763,  who  was  edu^ 
cated  at  tbe  college  of  Navarre  at  Paris,  where  he  studied 
mathematics  and  philosophy,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty*-, 
ibur  gave  public  lectures.  In  1779  be  began  a  course  of 
experimental  philosophy,  in  the  militaryschoolof  Brienne; 
after  which,  he  occupied  the  philosophical  professorship 
at  the  Lyceum  in  Paris,  where  he  died  June  23,  1799,  in 
a  state  bordering  on  indigence.  He  wrote  a  ^^  Trait6  ele<> 
mentaire  de   Mathennatiques,"  for  the-  use  of  students; 

1  Diet.  Hist. — Le  Long  Bibl.  Hist,  de  France. 


P  A  R  C  I  E  U  X.         '  »9 

"  Tr^it^  d«s  aomiu^fr  ou  dea  reotet  a  teirme,''  178l»  4to ; 
"  Disseitatioo  sur  le  moyen  d'elever  Teau  par  ia  rotation 
4'ane  corde  verticale  vans  6u/'  Amst  1782»  Hvo;  **  Dis** 
sertation  aur  les  globes  areoatottques,^*  Paris^  1783^  8va« 
He  left  also  some  uiifioiabed  works ;  and  a  ^^  Coiirs  complet 
^.  physique  et  de  cbimie/'  was  in  the  press  when  he  diftd.^ 

PARDIES   (10NAT1U3  Gastok),   an  ingenious  French 
SBattiematit^ian  and  philosopher,  was  born  at  PaU|  in  the 
provint*e  of  Gascony^  in  1636;  his  father  being  a  conn** 
i^eilor  of  the  parltaoient  of  that  city.     At  the  age  of  sixteen 
be  entered  into  the  order  of  Jesuits,  aad-oiaJe  so  greaS 
proficiency  in  his  studies,  that  he  taoght  polite  literature^ 
and  composed  many  pieces  in  prose  and  verse  withconsi^ 
d^rs^ie  delicacy  of  thought  and  style,  before  be  wastwell 
arrived  at  the  age  of  manhood.     Propriety  and  elegance  of 
lAi^Ut^e  appear  to  have  been  his  first  parsuits,  for  which 
parpose  he  «tudi0d  the  belles  lettres^  but  afterward^  h«i 
devoted  himself  to  matbematioai  and  philosophical  studies^ 
and-iPead,  with  due  attention,  the  most  valuable  authors, 
ancieiut  and  modern,  in  those  sciences..    By^sttcfa  assidiiity^ 
ift  a  3bort  time  he  m^de  himself  master  of  the  Peripatetic 
and  Cartesian  philosophy,  and  taught  them  both  with  gMati 
reputation.  .Notwithstanding  he  embraced  Cartesianism^^ 
yet  he  affected  to  be  rather  an  iniremor.  in  pbalosophy  bim^H 
self.     Ia  this  ^pint  he  soi^ietimes  advanced  very  bold  opii*. 
niona  in  natural  philosophy^  which  met  with  opposers,  who 
charged  him  with  starting  absurdities :  but  he  was  inge*-' 
aioua  enough  to  g^ve.  his  notions  a  pkuisible  turn,  so  as  to> 
dear  them  seemingly  fcom  contradtotions.    .His  reputation 
procured  him  a  call  to  Paris,  as  |nrolessor  of  rhetoric  in  the; 
college  of .  Louis  the  Great*     He  also,  taught  the  matbe<-' 
maiics  in  that  city,  as  he  had  before  done  in  other  places  ; 
but  the  high  expectations,  which  his. writings  very  reason^^ 
ably  created,  were  all  disappointed  by  his  early  death,  in 
1673,  at  tbirty«^even  years  of  age.     He  fell  a  victim  to  his' 
:9eal,  having  caught  a  contagious  disorder  by  preaching  tcr 
the  prisoners  in. the  Bicetre. 

Pardies  wrote  with  great  neatness  and  elegance.  His 
principal  works  are  as  follow:  1.  <^  Herologium  Thauma* 
ticum.duplex,*'  1662,  4to.  2,^' Dissertatio  de  Motu  et 
Natura  Cometarum,*'  1665,  8vo.  3.  ^<  Discours  du  Mouve- 
ment  Local,*'  1670,  l2mo.     4.  "  Elemens  de  Geometric," 

1  fiiog;  Utilv*  art.  Deparcieux. 


9t>  P  A  R  D  I  E  S. 

1670^  12mo.  This  has  been  translated  into  several  Ian-* 
guages;  in  English  by  Dr.  Harris,  in  171 1.  5.**  Discours 
de  la  Connoissance  des  Betes,**  1672,  12mo.  €.  ^'  Lettre 
d'un  Pbilosophe  a  un  Cartesien  de  ses  amis,"  1672,  12mo. 
7.  *^  La  Statique  ou  ia  Science  ^es  Forces  Mouvantes,*' 
1673,  12ino.  8.  ^<  Description  et  Explication  de  deux 
Machines  propres  a  faire  des  Cadrans  avec  une  graade  fa- 
cility,*' 1673,  12mo.  9#  ^^  Remarques  du  Mouvement  de 
la  Lumiere."  10.  ^^  Globi  Coelestis  in  tabula  plana  redact! 
Descriptio,*'  1675,  folio.  Part  of  bis  works  were  printed 
together,  at  tbe  Hague,  1691,  l2n)o;  and  again  at  Lyons, 
1725.  Pardies  had  a  dispute  also  with  sir  Isaac  Newton, 
about  his  new  theory  of  light  and  colours,  in  1672.  His 
letters  are  inserted  in  the  Philosophical  Transaotionsfor 
that  year.' 

PARE'  (Ambkose),  a  French  surgeon  of  eminence^  was 
born  at  Laval,  in  the  district  of  the  Maine,  in  1509.  He 
commenced  the  study  of  his  profes^on  early  in  life,  .and 
practised  it  with  great  zeal  both  in  hospitals  and  in  tbe  army ; 
and  when  his  reputation  was  at  its  height,  he  was  appointed 
surgeon  in  ordinary  to  king  Henry  II.  in  1552;  and  he 
held  the  same  office  under  the  succeeding  kings,  FrancisIL 
Charles  IX.  and  Heury  III.  To  Charles  IX.  especiatiy^ 
he  is  said  to  have  on  one  occasion  conferred  great  profes- 
sional benefits,  when  some  formidable  symptoms  had  been 
produced  by  the  accidental  wound  of  a  tendon  in  yenesec* 
tion,  which  he  speedily  removed.  His  services  app^ir  to 
have  been  amply  acknowledged  by  the  king ;  who  spared 
him  in  the  horrible. massacre  of  St. Bartholomew's,  although 
a  protestant.  ^^  Of  all  those,*'  says  the  *  duke  of  Sully, 
<*  who  were  about  the  person  of  this  prince  (Charles  IX.) 
none  possessed  so  great  a.  diare  of  his  confidence  as  Am* 
brose  Par^,  his  surgeon.  This  man,  though  a  Huguenot, 
lived  with  him  in  so  great  adegree  of  familiarity,  that,  on 
the  day  of  the  massacre,  Charles  telling  him,  the  time  was 
now  come  wheu'  the  whole  kingdom  would  be  catholics ; 
he  replied,  without  being  alarmed,  *  By  the  light,  of  God, 
sire,  I  cannot  believe  that,  you  have  forgot  yoor  promise 
never  to  command  me  to  do  four  things  ;  namely,  to  enter 
into  my  mother's  womb^,  to  be  present  in  the  day  of  bat^ 

*  This  absurd  promise  seems  injtended  as  an  illatiratioii  of  the  impossibility 
of  tbe  king's  breaking  his  word  with  him  in  tbe  other  cases.     ^ 

1  Cbaufepie.«^Niceron,  I.  and  X.—Martin's  Biog.  Philos.'— Mutton's  Diet. 


PARE'.  91 

tie,  to  quit  your  service,  or  to  go  to  mass.'  The  king 
soon  after  took  him  aside,  and  disclosed  to  him  freely  the 
trouble  of  his  soul :  *  Ambrose/  said  he,  ^  I  know  not  nrfiat 
has  happened  to  me  these  two  or  three  days  past,  but  I 
feel  my  mind  and  body  as  much  at  enmity  with  each  other, 
as  if  I  was  seized  with  a  fever ;  sleeping  or  waking,  the 
murdered  Huguenots  seem  ever  present  to  my  eyes,  with 
ghastly  faces,  and  weltering  in  blood.  I  wish  the  innocent 
and  helpless  bad  been  spared  !*  The  order  which  was  pub- 
lished the  following  day,  forbidding  the  continuance  of  the 
massacre,  was  in  consequence  of  this  conversation.*'  Par^, 
after  having  been  long  esteemed  as  the  first  surgeon  of  his 
tbae,  and  beloved  for  his  private  virtues,  died  Dec.  20, 
1590,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one;  and  as  he  was  buried  in 
the  church  of  St.  Andrew,  Eloy  would  from  that  circum* 
stance  infer  that  he  died  a  Roman  catholic,  of  which  we 
have  no  proof. 

>  Par6  was  not  a  man  of  learning,  although  we  meet  with 
I^rned  references  and  numerous  quotations  from  the 
ancients,  in  his  writings ;  but  he  must*be  considered  as  a: 
bold  and  successful  operator,  and  a  real  improver  of  his 
art ;  particularly  in  the  practice  of  tying  divided  arteries, 
which  he  effected  by  drawing'  them  out  naked,  and  passing 
a  ligature  over  them  ;  and  in  the  treatment  of  gun-shot 
wounds.  Even  in  anatomy,  in  which  he  did  not  excel,  he 
was,  by  frequent  dissections,  enabled  to  add  some  obser- 
vations of  his  own  to  what  he  had  borrowed  from  Vesalius. 
As  an  author  he  bad  high  fame,  and  his  works  were  uni- 
versally read  and  translated  into  most  of  the  languages  of 
Europe.  His  first  treatise,  '*  Maniere  de  traiter  les  playes 
faites  par  harquebuses,-  fleches,  &c.*'  was  published  at  Pa<» 
ris  in  1545,  and  again  in  1552  and  1564.  He  afterwards 
laboured  strenuously  to  put  his  brethren  in  possession  of  a 
body  of  surgical  science  in  their  native  tongue ;  and  in 
1 561  published  the  first  edition  of  his  works,  in  folio.  This 
was  translated  by  Thomas  Johnson,  Lond.  1634,  and  re* 
printed  with  additions  in  1649.  His  treatise  on  gun*shot 
wounds  was  published  by  Walter  Hammond  in  1617,  and 
that  on  the  plague  in  1630.  Numerous  editions  of  his 
whole  works  were  afterwards  printed  in  German,  Dutch, 
and  French ;  and  his  pupil,  Guillemeau,  who  was  also  sur* 
geon  to  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  IV.  translated  them  into 
Latin.  This  translation  has  been  frequently  reprinted  at 
variousplaces,  with  the  title  of  **  Ambrosii  Parsei,  Opera, 


Sl2  PAR  E'. 

QOV18  Tconibus  elegantissitnis  illustrata^  et  I^atiuitatd  do- 
nata.'*  This  volume  contains  twenty^six  treatises^  and 
there  is  no  branch  of  surgery  which  is  not  touched  upon,  in 
the  collection. ' 

PARENT  (Antony),  a  French  mathematiciaH,  was 
born  at  Paris  in  1666.  He  shewed  early  a  propensity  la 
mathematics,  eagerly  perusing  such  books  at  f^l  in  hit 
way.  His  custom  was  to  write  remarks  upon  the  margins 
of  the  books  which  he  read  ;  and  he  had  filled  ^ome  of 
these  with  a  kind  of  commentary  at  the  age  of  thirteen. 
At  fourteen  he  was  put  under  a  master  who  taught  rhe* 
toric  at  Chartres.  Here  he  happened  to  see  a  Dodeca* 
^dron,  upon  every  face  of  which  was  delineated  asun-^dial, 
except  the  lowest,  on  which  it  stood,  St;ruck  immediately 
with  the  curiosity  of  these  dials,  he  set  about  drawing  one 
himself;  but,  having  a  book  which  only  shewed  the  pra(>* 
tical  part  without  the  theory,  it  was  not  till  some  time 
after,  when  his  rhetoric-master  came  to  explain  the  doc- 
trine of  the  sphere  to  him,  that  he  began  to  understand 
how  the  projection  of  the  circles  of  the  sphere  formed  sun* 
dials.  He  then  undertook  to  v^rite  a  ^<  Treatise  upon  Gno^ 
monies,"  and  the  piece  was  rude  ^nd  unpolished  enough  ^ 
but  it  was  entirely  his  own.  About  the  same  time  he  wrote 
also  a  book  of  ^^  Geometry,'*  at  Beauvais. 

At  length  his  friends  sent  for  him  to  Paris,  to  study  the 
law ;  and,  in  obedience  to  them  he  went  through  a  coarse 
in  that  faculty,  but  this  was  no  sooner  finished,  than,  his 
passion  for  mathematics  returning,  he  shut  himself  up  in 
the  college  of  Dormans,  and,  with  an  allowance  of  less  than 
200  livres  a  year,  he  lived  content  in  this  retreat,  which  he 
never  left  but  to  go  to  the  royal  college,  in  order  to  hear 
the  lectures  of  M.  de  la  Hire,  or  M.  de  Sauveur.  As  sood 
as  he  found  himself  able  enough  to  teach  others,  he  took 
pupils ;  and,  fortification  being  a  part  of  mathematics 
which  the  war  had  rendered  very  necessary,  be  turned  his 
attention  to  that  branch ;  but  after  some  time  began  to 
entertain  scruples  about  teaching  what  he  knew  only  io 
books,  having  never  examined  a  fortification  elsewhere, 
and  communicating  these  scruples  to  M.  Sauveur,  that 
friend  recommended  him  to  the  marquis  d*Aligre,  who 
happened  at  that  time  to  want  a  mathematician  in  his  suite* 
Parent  accordingly  made  two  campaigns  with  the  marquis, 

1  Eloy,  Diet,  Hist,  de  Medicme.-»Hi|tler.-*Moreri.-*-Kees's  Cyclopaedia,  , 


PARENT.  9* 

and  insCrfticted  himself  thoroughly   by  viewing  fortified 
places^  of  -which  be  drew  a  Dumber  of  plans,  though  he 
had  never  received  any  instruction  in  that  branch.     From 
tbia  time  he  assiduounly  cultivated  natural  philosophy,  and 
the  mathematics  in  all  its  branches,  both  speculative  and 
practical ;  to  which  he  joined  anatomy,  botany,  and  che- 
mistry,  and  never  appears  to  have  been  satisfied  while 
there  was  any  thing  to  learn.     M.  de  Billettes  being  ad- 
mitced  into  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris  in  1699,  with 
the  tide  of  their  mechanician,  nominated  for  bis  eleve  or 
disciple.  Parent,  who  excelled  chiefly  in  that  branch.     It 
was  soon  found  in  this  society,  that  he  engaged  in  all  the 
various  subjects  which  were.brought  before  tbem,  but  often 
with  an  eagerness  and  impetuosity,  and  an  impatience  of 
contradiction,  which  involved  him  in  unpleasant  disputes 
with  the  members,  who,  on  their  parts,  exerted  a  pettish 
fastidiousness  iti  examining  his  papers.     He  was  in  parti- 
cular charged  with  obscurity  in  his  productions ;  and  in- 
deed the  fault  was  so  notorious,  that  he  perceived  it  him* 
self,  ai&d  could  not  avoid  correcting  it. 

The  king  having,  by  a  regulation  in  1716,  suppressed 
the  class  of  eleves  of  the  academy,  which  seemed  to  put 
too  great  an  inequality  betwixt  the  members,  Parent  was 
made  a  joint  or  assistant  member  for  geometry;  but  be 
enjoyed  this  promotion  only  a  short  time,  being  taken  off 
by  the  small-pox'  the  same  year,  aged  fifty.  He  was  au-« 
thor  of  a  work,entitled  ^^  Elements  of  Mechanics  and  Na? 
tural  Philosophy ;"  "  Mathematical  and  Physical  Re- 
searches,'' a  sort  of  journal,  which  fiirst  appeared  in  1705, 
and  wbioh  in  1712  was  greatly  enlarged,  and  published  m 
three  vols.  4to  ;  and  **  A  treatise  on  Arithmetic."  Besides 
these,  he  was  the  author  of  a  great  number  of  papers  in 
the  different  French  "  Journals,"  and  in  the  volumes  of  the 
^^  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,"  from  1700  to 
1714,  and  be  left  behind  him  in  manuscript  many  works 
of  considerable  research :  among  these  w^re  some  com-* 
plete  treatises  on  divers  branches  of  mathematics,  and  a 
work  containing  proofs  of  the  divinity  of  Jesus  Christy  in. 
four  parts.  ^. 

PAREDS  (David),  a  celebrated  divine  of  the  reformed 
reli^on,  was  born  Dec.  30,  1 548,  at  Frankenstein  in  Si- 
lesia,  and  put  to  the  grammar-school  there,  apparently; 

1  Cbanfepiei— Niceron,  vol.  XI.— Moreri. 


94  P  A  R  E  U  S. 

with  a  design  to  breed  him  to  lealrning;  but  bis  father 
marrying  a  second  time,  a  capricious  and  narrow-minded 
woman,  she  prevailed  with  him  to  place  his  son  apprentice 
to  an  apothecary  at  Breslau  ;  and  afterwards  changing  her 
mind,  the  boy  was,  at  her  instigation,  bound  to  a  shoe- 
maker.     Some  time  after,    however,   his  father  resumed 
his  first  design,  and  his  son,  about  the  age  of  sixteen,  wai^ 
sent  to  the  college-school  of  Hirchberg,  in  the  neighbour*' 
hood  of  Frankenstein,  to  prosecute  his  studies  under  Chris- 
topher Schilling,  a  i^an  of  considerable  learning,  who  was 
rector  of  the  college.     It  was  customary  in  those  times 
for  young^  students  who  devoted  themselves  to  literature, 
to  assume  a  classical  name,  instead  of  that  of  their  family/ 
Schilling  was  a  great  admirer  of  this  custom,  and  easily 
persuaded   his  scholar  to   change   his  German  name  of 
Wangler  for  the  Greek  one  of  Parens,  from  ma^&ay  a  cheeky. 
which  Wangler  also  means  in  German.     Pareus  had  not 
lived  above  three  months  at  his  father^s  expence,  when  be 
was  enabled  to  provide  for  bis  own   support^  partly  by 
means  of  a  tutorship  in  the  family,   and  partly  by  the 
bounty  of  Albertus  Kindier,  one  of  the  principal  men  of 
the  place.      He  lodged  in  this  gentleman*s   house,   and 
wrote  a  poem  upon  the  death  of  his  eldest  son,  which  so 
highly  pleased  the  father,  that  he  not  only  gave  him  a 
gratuity  for  it,  but  encouraged  him  to  cultivate  his  poetical 
talents^  prescribing  him  proper  subjects,  and  rewarding 
bim  handsomely  for  every  poem  which  he  presented  to 
him. 

In  the  mean  time,  his  master  Schilling,  not  content  with 
making  him  change  his  surname,  made  him  also  change 
his  religious  creed,  that  of  the  Lutheran  church,  with  re- 
gard to  the  doctrine  of  the  real  presence,  and  effected  the 
same  change  of  sentijinent  throughout  his^ school;  but  this 
was  not  at  first  attended  with  the  happiest  effects,  as 
Schilling  was  expelled  from  the  college,  and  Pareus's  fa- 
ther threatened  to  disinherit  him  ;  and  it  was  not  without 
the  greatest  difficulty,  that  he  obtained  his  consent  to  go 
into  the  Palatinate,  notwithstanding  he  conciliated  his  fa- 
ther's parsimony  by  assuring  him  that  he  would  continue 
his  studies  thera  without  any  expence  to  his  family. 
Having  thus  succeeded  in  his  request,  he  followed  his 
master  Schilling,  who  had  been  invited  by  the  elector 
Frederic  III.  to  be  principal  of  his  new  college  at 
Amberg,  and  arrived  there  in  1566.     Soon  after  he  was 


P  A  R  £  U  S.  95 

sent,  with  ten  of  bis  school-fellows,  to  Heidelberg,  where 
Zacbary  Ursiuus  was  professor  of  divinity,  and  rector  of 
the  college  of  Wisdom.  Tbe  university  was  at  that  time 
in  a  most  flourishing  condition,  with  regard  to  every  one 
of  the  faculties ;  and  Parens  had  consequently  every  ad* 
vantage  that  could  be  desired,  and  made  very  great  pro- 
ficiency,  both  in  the  learned  languages  and  in  philosophy 
and  divinity.  He  was  admitted  into  tbe  ministry  in  1571, 
and  in  May  that  year  sent  to  exercise  his  function  in  a  viU 
lage  called  Schlettenbach,  where  very  violent  contests 
subsisted  between  the  Protestants  and  Papists.  The  elec- 
tor palatine,  his  patron,  had  asserted  his  claim  by  main 
force  against  the  bishop  of  Spire,  who  maintained,  that  the 
right  of  nomination  to  the  livings  in  the  corporation  of 
Alfestad  was  vested  in  his  chapter.  The  elector  allowed 
it,  but  with  this  reserve,  that  since  he  had  the  right  of  pa- 
tronage, the  nominators  were  obliged,  by  the  peace  of 
Passaw,  to  present  pastors  to  him  whose  religion  he  ap- 
proved. By  virtue  of  this  right,  he  established  the  reformed 
religion  in  that  corporation,  and  sent  Pareus  to  propagate 
it  in  the  province  of  Schlettenbach,  where,  however,  he 
met  with  many  difficulties  before  be  could  exercise  his 
ministry  in  peace.  Before  the  end  of  the  year  he  was  called 
back  to  teach  the  third  class  at  Heidelberg,  and  acquitted 
himself  so  well,  that  in  two  years*  time  he  was  promoted  to 
the  second  class ;  but  he  did  not  hold  this  above  six  months, 
being  made  principal  pastor  of  Hemsbach,  in  the  diocese 
t>f  Worms.  Here  he  met  with  a  people  more  ready  to 
receive  the  dpctrines  of  tbe  Reformation  than  those  of 
Schlettenbach,  and  who  cheerfully  consented  to  destrov 
the  images  in  the  church,  and  other  remains  of  former 
superstition.  A  few  months  after  his  arrival  he  married 
the  sister  of  John  Stibelius,  minister  of  Hippenheim  ;  and 
the  nuptials  being  solemnized  Jan.  the  5tb,  1574,  publicly 
in  the  church  of  Hemsbach,  excited  no  little  curiosity  and 
surprize  among  the  people,  to  whom  the  marriage  of  a 
clergyman  was  a  new  thing.  They  were,  however,  easily 
reconciled  to  the  practice,  when  they  came  to  know  what 
St.'  Paul  teaches  concerning  the  marriage  of  a  bishop  in 
his  epistles  to  Timothy  and  Titus.  Yet  such  was  the  un- 
happy state  of  this  country,  rent  by  continual  .contests 
about  religion,  that  no  sooner  was  Popery,  the  common 
enemy,  rooted  out,  than  new  disturbances  arose,  between 
the  Lutherans  and  Calvinists.    After  the  death  of  the  elec- 


96  p  A  R  E  u  a. 

tor  Frederic  III.  in  1577,  hit  ton  Louis,  a  very  sealon 
Luiberan,  established  every  wfaere  in  tkiat  domioioiis  miiiia*> 
ters  of  that  persuasron,  to  tbe  exclusion  of  the  Sacrainen- 
tarians,  or  Calvinists,  by  which  measare  Pareus  lost  bis 
living  at  Hemsbach,  and  retired  into  the  territories  of 
prince  Jobn  of  Casiniir,  the  elector^s  brother.  He  was 
now  chosen  minister  at  Ogersheim^  near  Fraokenthal, 
ffbere  he  continued  three  years^  land  then  removed  to  Win* 
zingen,  near  Neustadt,  at  which  last  place  prince  Casiniir^ 
in  1578y  bad  founded  a  school,  and  settled  there  all  tbe 
professors  that  had  been  driven  from  Heidelberg.  This 
rendered  Winziugen  much  more  agreeable,  as  well  as  ad^^ 
vantageous ;  and,  upon  tbe  death  of  tbe  elector  Louis,  in 
1583,  tbe  guardianship  of  his  son,  to^getiier  with  the  ad* 
ministration  of  the  palatinate,  devolved  upon  prince  Casi* 
mir,  who  restored  the  Calvihist  ministers,  and' Parens  ob* 
tained  the  second  chair  in  the  college  of  Wisdom  at  Hei<^ 
delberg,  in  Sept.  1584.  He  commenced  author  two  years 
afterwards,  by  printing  his  '^  Method  of  tbe  Ubiquitariati 
controversy;*'  ^^Methodus  Ubtquitarias  controversisB."  He 
also  printed  an  edition  of  the  **  German  Bible,**  with  notes, 
at  Neustadt,  in  1589^,  which  occasioned  a  warm  controversy 
between  him  and  James  Andreas,  an  eminent  Lutheran 
divine  of  Tubingen. 

In  1591,  lie  was  made  first  professor  in  his  college;  u^ 

1592,  counsellor  to  the  ecclesiastical  senate;  and  in  1593, 

was  admitted  doctor  of  divinity  in  the  most  solemn  mannen 

He  had  already  bekl  several  disputes  against  tbe  writers  of 

the  Augsburg  Confession,  but  that  of  1596  was  tbe  most 

cotisi'.ierable,  in  which  he  had  to  defend  Calvin  against 

tbe  imputation  of  favouring  Judaism,  in  his  Commentaries 

iipon  several  parts  of  Scripture.     In  1595,  he  was  pro* 

moted  to  the  chair  of  divinity  professor  for  the  Old  Tes*- 

tanient  in  his  university ;  by  which  he  was  eased  of  the  great 

fatigue  he  had  undergone  for  fourteen  years,  in  governing 

the  youth  who  were  educated  at  the  college  of  Wisdom. 

Tossanus,  professor  of  divinity  for  the  New  Testament,  dy« 

ing  in   1602,  Pareus  succeeded  to  that  chair,  and  a  few 

years  after  he  bought  a  bouse  in  tbe  suburbs  of  Heidel- 

burg,  and  built  in  the  gairden  an  apartment  for  his  library, 

which  he  called  bis  ^'  Pareanum."     In  this  he  took  great 

delight,  and  the  whole  bouse   went  afterwards  by   that 

name,  the  elector  having,  out  of  respect  to  him,  honoured 

it  with  several  privileges  and  immunities.     At  tbe  same 


1>  A  R  E  US.  '        ^1 

time^  his  reputation  spreading'it^elf  every  where,  brought 
young  students  to  hiov  from  the  remotest  parts  of  Hun- 
gary and  Poland. 

In  1617  au  evangelical  jubilee  w^s  instituted  in  memory 
of  the  church's  deliverance  from  popery  an  hundred  years 
before,  when  Luther  began  to  preach.  The  solemnity 
lasted  three  days,  during  which  orations,  disputations, 
poems,  and  sermons^,  were  delivered  on  the  occasion.  Pa- 
rens also  published  some  pieces  on  the  subject,  which 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the.  Jesuits  of  Mentz  ; 
and  a  controversy  took,  place  between  them.  The  fol- 
lowing year,.  1618,  at  the  instance  of  the  States  General, 
he  was  pressed  to  go  to  the  synod  of  Dort,  but  excused 
himself  on  account  of  age  ahcl  infirmities.  After  this  tim0 
he  enjoyed  but  little  tranquillity,  '  The  apprehensions  he 
had  of  the  ruin  which  his  patron  the  elector  Palatine  would 
bring  upon  himself  by  accepting  the  crown  of  Bohemia, 
obliged  him  to  change  his  habitation.  He  appears  to  have 
terrified  himself  with  a,  thousand  petty  alarms,  real  or 
imaginary,  and  therefore  his  friends,  in  order  to  relieve 
him  from  this  timidity  of  disposition,  advised  him  to  take 
refuge  in  the  town  of  Anweil,  in  the  dutchy  of  Deux- 
Ponts,  near  Landau,  at  which  he  arrived  in  Oct.  1621.  He 
left  that  place,  hqwever,  some  months  after,  and  went  to 
Neustadt,  where  bis  courage  reviving,  he  determined  to 
return  to  Heidelberg,  wishing  to  pass  his  last  moments  at 
his  beloved  Pareanum,  and  be  burled  near  the  professors 
of  the  university.  His  wish  was  accordingly  fulfilled;  for 
he  died  at  Pareanum  June  15^  1622,  and  was  interred  with 
all  the  funeral  honours  which  the  universities  in  Germany 
usually  bestow  on  their  members.    , 

He  left  a  son  named  Philip,  who  wrote  the  life  of  his 
father.  Although  Pareus  was  a  great  enemy  to  innovations, 
yet  his  "  Irenicum'*  proves  that  he  was  a  friend  to  conci-  . 
liation,  and  his  services  in  promoting  the  reformedretigion 
were  very  extensive.  ,His  exegetical- works  were  pub- 
lished ,  by  his  son  at  Francfort  in  1647,  in  3  vols,  folio. 
Among  these  are  his  "Commentary  upon  St.  Paul's  iEpistle 
to  the  Romans,*'  in  1617,;  which  gave  such  offence  to 
James  L  of  England,  as  containing  some  anti-mon£^rchical 
principles,  that  he  caused  it  to  be  burnt  by  the,  common 
hangman  ;  and  the  university  of  Oxford  also  condemned  it. 
It  was  refuted  by  David  Owen,  who  was  D.  D.  arid  chap- 
lain to  John  Ramsay,  viscount  Haddington  and  earl  oi 

Vol.  XXIV.  H 


Holderness,  io  apiece  entitled  " Anti-taraus,  sive  deter- 
'^minatio  de  jure  regio  habitk  C^ntabfi^id^  ih  scholis  tfaeolo- 
gicis,  19  April,  1619,  contra  Davidem  Pkraeum,  caeterbs- 
que  refofmatde  religionis  ^n'titnonaYdbds/*  Caritab.  1%32, 
'8vo.  He  had  before  pubRsbed  "  The  Cbncord  of  a  Papist 
and  Puritan,  for  the  doerci6ti,  depoBition,  and  ktlliog  of 
kings,'*  C^tnb.  1610,  4to.* 

PARE  US  (John  PfirLiP),  Soft  of  the  preceding,  one  elf 
the  taost  laborious  grammariails  that  Germany  ever  pro- 
duced, was  born  ^t  Hembacb,  May  24,  1576.     He  began 
"his  studies  sit  Neustadt,  continued  thetn  at  fieidelberg, 
"ancf  afterwards  "visited  some  df  the  foWign  tiniversities,  at 
*the  expence  of  thie  elector  Palatine,  where  he  was  always 
courteously  received,  not  only  dn  account  of  his  own  merits 
but  his  father's  high  re^utatioii.     Among  others,  he  re- 
'iJeived  great '  civilities  from  Isaac  ;Casaubon  at  Paris.     Ih 
1612,  he  wis' made  rector  of  the  coUege  of  Neustadt,  which 
post  be  held  till  the  plaCe  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  iiF 
1622,  when  he  was  ordered  by  thoden'ew  masters  to  leave 
the  country  immediately,  at  which  tirne  his  library  was 
lalso  pldndfered  by  the  soldiers.  He  ptiblisHed  several  boo°ks 
on  gi^n\tbaiticat  subject's,  sLtid  Was  remarkably  fond  of  Plau- 
'tus.     This  Are'w  him  into  a  dispute  with  John  Gruter,  pro- 
fessor'at  tieiddbefrg,  in  1 620,  Whieh  Was  carried  to  such 
a  height,  that  neither  the  desolatioh  which  ruined  both 
'their  urtivtefsities  and  their  libraries,  and  reduced  their 
persons  to  the  greatest  extremities;  nor  even  their  banish- 
ment, proved  sufficient  to  restrain  theif  atiitnosity,  or  in- 
'cline  them  to  the  forbearance ' of  mutual  sufferers.     Philip 
Also  undertook  the  cause  of  his  late  fathisr  against  Oweri, 
mentioned  in  the  last  article,  V^hom'he  answered   in    a 
'piece  entitled  "  Anti-Owetlils,'*  &c.     He  was  principal  of 
^several  colleges,  as  he  was  bf  that  at  tlanau  in  1645.    The 
dedication  of  his^  father^s  e^tegetlcal  works  shews  him  to  he 
living  in  1 647,  and  Saxnis  corijectures  that  he  died  the 
following  yfear.     The  satte  wWt^r  iftforms  us  that  his  lirst 
publication  was  **  CastigatioU^s  in  brevem  et  maledicam 
aditaonitionem  Jbannis   Magiri  Jesuits   predicantis   apud 
Nemetes'Spiratites,'*  Heidelberg,  16()8,  8vo.    This  refers 
to  a  controversy  which  his  father  had  with  Magirus,  the 
Jesuit.  'He 'wrbte  also  soiDe  comtnentaries  upon 'the  "Holy 
Scriptures,^'  and  other  theological  works.     He  published 


A .Qen.  Dict.-^Lif0  by hiirion.^MortH.'-'4ftxiiO*«nait. 


P  A  R  E  U  -S.  9» 

"Maatqs,**  in  1609,  with  notes;  also  a  ."  Lexicon  Plau- 
.tinum,'*  in  1614;  «*  Analecta  Plautina/*  in  1617  ;  a  trea- 
.tise  <'  De  imitatione  TerentianSl,  ubi  Plautum  imitatus  est,*' 
1617;  a  second  edition  of  <*  Plautus/'  in  1619,  and  of 
the  **  Analecta  Plautina/^  in  1620,  and  again  in  1623.  R« 
also  published  a  third  edition  of  his  '^Plautus''  in  I64i. 
The  "  Prolegomena"  which  it  contains  of  that  poet's  life, 
,  the  character  of  his  versification,  and  the  nature  of  his  co- 
medy, have  been  prefixed  entire  to  the  Delphin  edition. 
Re  published  his  answer  to  Gruter  in  1620,  with  this  title^ 
'^  Provocatio  ad  senatuni  criticuoi  pro  Plauto  et  electis 
jPlautinis;"  and  more  of  this  angry  controversy  may  be 
seen  in.  the  long  preface  prefixed  to  his  **  Analecta  Plati- 
tina/^  He  also  published  *^  Calligraphia  Romana,  sive 
Thesaurus  phtasium  linguae  Latinse,"  in  1620;  and  <^  Electa 
Symmachiana,  Lexicon  Symmachianum,  Calligraphia  Syik-' 
machiana,'^  in  1617,  8vo:  to  which  we  may  add  his  father's 
life,  "  Narratio  de  curriculo  vit»  et  obitu  D.  Parei,'*  1633, 
8vo. ' 

PAREUS  (Daniel),  son  of  the  preceding,  trod  in  the 
«atepsof  his  father,  applied  himself  vigorously  to  the  study 
of  the  classics,  and  published  several  laborious  pieced  i 
for  which  he  was  obliged  to  Vossius,  who  had  a  great  re- 
spect for  him,  and  made  it  his  business  to  procure  book- 
sellers who  would  print  his  works.  He  was  unfortunately 
killed,  in  1635,  by  a  gang  of  highwaymen,  or,  as  others  say, 
by  some  soldiers  at  the  siege  of  Keiserslauteren.  He  was 
a  considerable  master  of  Greek.  His  publications  are,  1. 
'*  The  Poem  of  Mussbus  upon  the  Loves  of  Hero  and  Le- 
ander,  with  notes,"  1627.  2.  "  Mellificium  Atticum,"  a 
thick  4to,  being  a  collection  of  sentences  extracted  from 
Greek  authors,  which  he  dedicated  to  the  university  of 
Oxford.  3.  Medulla  Historise  Ecclesiasticae,"  in  1631  ;  tq 
which  he  added  **  Notes."  4.  An  edition  of  Lucretiiis, 
Fjfancfort,  1631,  Svo.  5.  "  Historia  Bavarico-Palatina,'* 
1633.  6.  '^  Spiciiegium  subsecivum,"  or  notes  upon  Quin« 
tiiian,  published  in  an  edition  of  that  author  at  London,  in 
1641,  8vo.* 

PARIS  (Francis),  usually  called  the  Abb6  Paris,  would 
not  have  deserved  notice  here  unless  for  certain  impostures 
connected  with  his  name,  in  which,  however,  he  had  ho 
hand.     He  was  )>orn  at  Paris^  and  was  the  eldest  soil  of  a 

^      1  Gen.  Dict.*-Freheri  Theatnin.— ^Moreri.-^'Saxii  Onomatt. 
*  Gen,  Diet.— Mortri.— Saxii  OnomMt. 

H  2 
I 


100  PARIS. 

<;ounseIIor  to  the  parliament,  whom  he  was  to  hav.e  suc- 
ceeded in  that  office ;  but  he  preferred  the  ecclesmsticai 
profession;  and,  when  his  parents  were  dead,  resigned 
the  whole  inheritance  to  his  brother,  only  reserving  to 
himself  the  right  of  applying  for  necessaries.  He  was  a 
^man,  says  the  abb6  L'Avbcat,  of  the  tnost  devout  temper, 
.  and  who  to  great  candour  of  mind  joined  great  gentleness 
.  of  manners.  He  catechized,  during  some  time,  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Cdme  ;  undertook  the  direction  of  the  clergy, 
and  held  conferences  with  theni.  Cardinal  de  Noailles,  to 
.  whose  cause  be  was  attached,  wanted  to  make  him  curate 
.  of  that  parish,  but  found  many  obstacles  to  his  plan  ;  and 
M.  Paris,  after  different  asylums,  where  he  had  lived  ex- 
tremely retired,  confined  himself  in  a  house  in  the  faux- 

.  bourg  St.  Marcoul,  where,  sequestered  from  the  world,  he 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  prayer,  to  the  practice  of  the 
most  rigorous  penitence,  and  to  labouring  with  bis, hands, 
having  for  that  purpose  learnt  to  weave  Istockingsi. '  He 
was  one  of  those  who  opposed  the  bull  Unigenitus,  and 
was  desirous  also  to  be  an  author,  and  wrote  ^*  Explications 
of  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Romans,"  to  the  *^  Galatians," 
and  "An  Analysis  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews;"  but 

.  acquired  no  reputation^  by  these*  He  died  May  1,  1727, 
at  Paris,  aged  thirty-seven,  and  was  interred  in  the  little 
church-yard  belonging  to  St.  Medard's  parish.  Though 
M.  Paris  had  been  useless  to  the  Jansenists  while  alive,  they 
thought  proper  to  employ  him  in  working  miracles  after 
his  death;  and  stories  were  invented  of  miraculous  cures 

,  performed  at  his  tomb,  which  induced  thousands  to  flock 
thither,  where  they  practised  grimaces  and  convufsions  in 
so  ridiculous  and  disorderly  a  manner,  that  the  court  was 
at  last  forced  to  put  a  stop  to  this  delusion,  by  ordering 
the  church-yard  to  be  walled  up,  January  27,  1732.  Some 
time  before,  several  curates  solicited  M.  de  Vintimille,  arch- 

.  bishop  of  Paris,  by  two  requests,  to  make  judicial  inquiry 
into  the  principal  miracles  attribiited  to  M.  Paris ;  and  that 
prelate  appointed  commissioners 'who  easily,  detected  the 
imposture,  which  would  not  deserve  a  place  here^  had  it 
not  served  Hume  and  some  other  deists  with  an  argument 
against  the  real  miracles  of  the  gospel,  the  fallacy  of  which 
argument  has  been  demonstrated  with  great  acuteijess  by 

the  late  bishop  Douglas,  in  his  "  Criterion."  * 

••  •  ■  . 

1  Diet.  Hist.-*Doug1ftsVCrtterioD,  . 


P  A  R  L  S.   ei  IQI 

PARIS  (Matthew),  an  English  historiani  was  a  Bene- 
dictine monk  of  the  congregation  of  Clugny,  in  the  monas- 
tery of  St.  Alban's,  the  habit  of  which  order  he  took  in 
1217.  He  was  an  universal  scholar;  understood,  and  had 
a  good  taste  both  in  painting  and  architecture.  He  was 
also  a  mathematician,  a  poet,  an  orator,  a  divine,  an  his- 
torian, and  a  man  of  distinguished  probity.  Such  rare 
accomplishments  and  qualities  as  these,  did  not  fail  to 
place  hioi  very  high  in  the  esteem  of  his  contemporaries ; 
and  he  was  frequently  employed  in  reforming  some  monas- 
teries, visiting  others,  and  establishing  the  monastic  disci- 
pline in  all.  He  reproved  vice  without  distinction  of  per- 
sons, and  did  not  even  spare  the  English  court  itself;  at 
the  same  time  he  shewed  a  hearty  affection  for  his  country 
in  maintaining  its  privileges  against  the  encroachments  of 
the  pope.  Of  this  we  have  a  clear,  though  unwilling, 
evidence  in  Baronius,  who  observes,  that  this  author  re- 
monstrated .with  too  sharp  and  bitter  a  spirit  against  the 
court  of  Rome ;  and  that,  except  in  this  particular  only, 
his  history  was  an  incomparable  work.  He  died  at  St. 
Alban^s  in  1259.  His  principal  work,  entitled  "  Historia 
Major,*'  consists  of  two  parts  :  The  first,  from  the  creation 
of  the  world  to  \Yilliam  the  Conqueror  ;  the  second,  from  ■ 
that  king's  reign  to  1 250.  He  carried  on  this  history  after- 
wards to  the  year  of  his  death  in  1259'.  Rishanger,  a' 
monk  p{  the  monastery  of  St.  Alban's,  continued  it  to 
1272  or  1273,  the  year  of  the  death  of  Henry  HI,  It  was 
first  printed  at  London^  1571,  and  reprinted  1640,  1684, 
fol.  besides  several  foreign  editions.  There  are  various 
MS  copies  in  our  public  libraries,  particularly  one  which 
he  presented  to  Henry  III.  and  which  is  now  in  the  British 
Museum.  From  his  MSS.  have  also  been  published  "  Vitse 
duorum  Offarum,  Merciae  re'gum,  S.  Albahi  fundatorum ;" 
**  Gesta  viginti  duo  abbatum  S.  Albani;"  "Additamenta 
chronicoriim  ad  historiam  majorem,'"all  which  accompany 
the  editions  of  his  "  Historia  Major"  printed  in  1640  ar^d 
1684.  Among  his  unpublished  MSS..  are  an  epitome  of 
bis  **  Historia  Major,"  and  a  history  from  Adam  to  the 
conquest,  principally  from  Matthew  of  Westminster.  This 
is  in  the  library  of  Bene't  college,  Cambridge.  The  titles 
of  some  other  works,  .but  of  doubtful  authority,  may  be 
«een  in  Bale  and  Pits.  *  ' 

•1  Tanner.— Bale  and  Pits.— Nico1son*s  HistoftOal  Library. 


162  P  A  A  r  8  d  T. 

'  .       ■  * 

PARISOT,  or  NORBERT  (Peter),  famous  for  his 
adventures,  and  bis  hostility  to  the  Jesuits,  was  the  son  of 
a  weaver  at  Bar-le-duc,  of  the  name  of  PariSot,  whi^re  he 
was  born  March  8,  1697,  He  embraced  the  monastic  life 
in  1716,  and  the  provincial  of  his  order  going  to  Rome,  tb 
attend  the  election  of  a  general  in  1734,  took  Parisbt  with 
him  as  his  secretary.  In  1736  he  went  to  Pondicherry, 
and  was  made  a  parish-priest  of  that  city  by  M.  Dupleix, 
the  governor ;  but  the  Jesuits,  with  whom  he  quarrelled, 
found  means  to  remove  him  from  the  East  Indies  to  Ame- 
rica, whence  he  returned  to  Rome  in  1744.  He  was  now 
employed  in  drawing  up  an  account  of  the  religious  rites 
of  the  Malabar  Christians;  but,  dreading  the  intrigues  of 
the  Jesuits,  withdrew  to  Lucca,  where  he  completed  his 
work,  under  the  title  of  ^<  Historical  Memoirs  relatke  to 
the  Missions  into  the  In*dies,^^  in  2  vols.  4to.  Ad  this  work 
contained  some  curious  discoveries  of  the  means  made  use 
of  by  the  Jesuit  missionaries  to  increase  their  number  of 
converts,  he  greatly  offended  both  his  own  order  and  them^ 
and  was  obliged  to  quit  bis  country :  he  went  first  to  Ve- 
nice, then  to  Holland,  and  afterwards  to  England*  where 
he  established  in  the  neighbourhood  of  London  two  nianu- 
factories  of  tapestry.  From  London  he  removed  to  Prussia, 
and  from  thence  into  the  duchy  of  Brunswick.  Here  he 
was  allowed  by  the  pope  to  assuoie  the  habit  of  a  secular 
priest.  He  now  assumed  the  name  of  the  .abb£  Platel, 
went  to  France,  and  from  thence  to  Portugal,  where,  on 
account  of  the  persecutions  which  he  endured,  he  obtained 
a  pension.  Having  completed  his  great  work  against  the 
Jesuits,  he  revisited  France,  and  committed  it  to  the  press, 
in  6  vols.  4to.  Afterwards  he  re-entered  the  order  of  the 
capuchins  at  Commercy,  but,  being  of  a  restless  disposi- 
tion, he  soon  quitted  their  community,  and  took  up  his 
abode  at  a  village  in  Lorrain,  where  lie  died  in  ^70,  at 
the  age  of  seventy- three.* 

PARKER  (Henry)  Lord  Morley,  a  nobleman  of  lite- 
rary taste  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  was  the  son  and  heir 
of  sir  William  Parker,  knight,  by  Alice,  sister  and  heir  of 
Henry  Level,  and  daughter  of  William  Level,  a  younger 
^son  of  William  lord  Lovel  of  Tichmersh,  by  Alianore, 
daughter  and  heir  of  Robert  Morley,  lord  Morley,  who 
died  21  Henry  Vlth.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  but  at 
what  college,  or  at  what  time,  does  not  appear.    After 

1  Diet.  Hilt.— and  L'Avocat. 


PARKiTR.  ifi9t 

lf9iung  ^  vmzw^  be.  i^^tjf^  tp  hi^  <9^t%  i/^  Nonh- 
apciDton^hir^  and  in  the  2lst  jear  pf  t^ie  reigp,  o(  He^iy. 
yi|I.  w^  ^upuQoued  t<x  p^rliafji^egit  by  U^e  title^  of  lor^ 
Jjilojcl^y*  He  w(as  pae  pf  {be  ^js^ons,  \?jhp,  iq  tbe  y.?ar  fpji- 
lowii^,  sigyed  the  memor^hl!^  4^.<^lar4tiod  to  pppe  Cj^-, 
ipent  V^.  tjijrea.teiv^g  bipi  wii;ljii,  th^  Iq$s,  p^  h^j  ^ppcemacy. 
ip  Epgl^ad^  ivaWss  ^e  cpja^s^nt^  t9  t^e  kip^'s  divorce,  bu^ 
be  atiU  ren^^ined  abigoj^e^  J^^hejcent  tq  the  ppp.isb  r^igioa. 
In  the  25th  of  the  s;gi,pip  reign,  haying;  ^  disppte  fcv  p,rece- 
4epc.e  YfMh  lofd  Papre.  of  (^l\^l^ftd,  nU  pretensions  werei 
con^rmed  by  Pfirliament  Aptl^yr^j^Wood  s^ys,  that  "  his 
younger  ^eara  were  ^domf  d  wi^b  a.11  kii\d  of  superficial 
k^rpipg,  especially  with  dr^^iatip  ptoetty,  and  his  elder 
vi(itb  tb^t  whicb  was  divine."  Wood  adds^  that  he  was, 
l^vingy  "  f^n  ancient  (nap^  and  'm  esteem  afnong  the  nobility, 
in  the  lat^eif  end  of  Hepry  YIU-'*  ^^^  fv^"*  bis^  epitaph, 
which  is  inserted  in  CoUins's  Peerage,  it  appears  that  hq 
died  in  Nov.  1556,  aged  eighty,  His  grf  at  grandson,  Ed-r 
^ard  lord  Morley,  ^ho  piarried  Elizabeth,  sole  daughter 
^nd  heir  of  WilUapa  Stanley,  lo^d  Montegle,  had  issue 
Mary,  who  by  her  husband  Thomas  (labington,  of  Henlip 
in  Worcestershire,  was  fpotber  pf  WilUani  ll^bington  the 
poet,  and  wa^  supposed  ^o  have  been  the  person  who  wrote 
to  her  brother  William,  lord  Morley  and  Montegle,  the 
famous  letter  of  warning  respecting  the  gun-rpowder  plot. 

Phillips  Sfiy«  that  pur  lord  Morjey  w^s  sent  by  Henry 
yni.  with  the  garter  to  the  archduke  of  Austria*  Of  bis 
works,  nothing  nas  been  published  bpt  ^'  A  Declaration  oi 
the  94th  Psalm,'*  printed  by  T.  Berthelet  in  1539.  Th^ 
rest,  lyhich  remain  in  MS.  in  ihe  king's  library,  and  whosc^ 
titles  are  given  in  Casley's  catalogue,  are  translations  from 
catholic  writers,  three  or  four  livef  ifrom  piut^rch,  and! 
gully's  Dream  of  Scipio.  Waldron,  in  his  "  Literary  Mu- 
seuip,"  has  ^iven  a  specirjjen  of  one  of  lord  Morley's  trans-, 
lations  from  Boccaccio.  Lord  Morley  is  also  said  to  have 
written  several  tragedies  and  coniedies,  whose  very  titles 
^re  lost,  and  which,  as  Mr.  Warton  thinks,  were  nothing 
more  than  grave  mysteries  and  n^oralities,  which  probably 
would  not  ha.ve  been  lost  had  tbey  deserved,  to  live* 
**  Certain  Ehimes,"  and  the  "  Lives  pf  Sectaries,'*  are 
mentioned  as  his,  but  of  tbepi  nothing  is  np\y  known,  e^-' 
cept  some  lines  which  may  be  seen  in  our  authorities.^ 

^  Alb.  Ox.  vq!L  I.  n«w  edit. — VviVa  edition  of  Uie  jtpyal  aad  Nobl^  AnUMrs* 
—Phillips's  Theatrum,  by  sir  £.  Bryd£«s.—WarU)a'8  Hist,  of  Poetry. 


/ 

104  PARKER. 

PARKER  (Matthew)/  the  second -protestant  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  a  very  learned  prelate,  and  a  great  bene- 
factor' to  the  literature  of  his  country,  was  born  in  the 
parish  of  St.  Saviour's,  Norwich,  Aug.  6,  1504..  He  was 
of  ancient  and  reputable  families  both  by  the  father^s  and 
mother's  side.  .  His  father  dying  when  he  was  only  twelve 
years  of  age,  the  care  of  his  education  devolved  on  his. 
mother,  who  appears  to  have  spared  no  pains  in  procuring 
him  the  best  tutors  in  such  learning  as  might  qualify  him 
for  the  university,  to  which  he  was  removed  in  September 
1521^.  He  was  entered  of  Corpus  Christi  or  Bene't  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  was  at  first  maintained  at  his  mo- 
ther's expense,  but  in  six  months  after  admittance  that 
expense  was  in  some  measurejrelieved,  by  his  being  chosea 
a  scholar  of  the  house,  called  a  bible  clerk.  In  1524  he 
took  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts,  and  in  1526  was  made 
subdeacon,  under  the  titles  of  Barnwell,  and  the  chapel  in 
JNorwich  fields.  While  at  college,  he  had  for  his  contem- 
poraries Bacon  and  Cecil,  Bradford  and  Ridley,  afterwards 
men  of  great  eminence  in  state  and  church,  and  the  two 
latter  distinguished  sufferers  foir  the  sake  of  religioa. 

In  April  1527  he  was  ordained  deacon,  in  June  priest, 
and  in  September  created  master  of  arts,  and  chosen  fel- 
low of  the  college,  having  approved  himself  to  the  society 
by  his  regular  and  studious  behaviour.  He  now  studied 
the  Scriptures,  fathers,  and  ecclesiastical  writers,  with  such 
diligence  and  attention,  that  in  a  few  years  he  made  great 
progress  in  every  branch  of  knowledge  necessary  for  a  di- 
vine ;  and  began  to  be  so  much  noticed  on  thataccount,  that 
when  cardinal  Wolsey  was  looking  out  for  men  of  the 
greatest  learning  and  character,  to  fill  his  new  college  at 
O^^ford,  Mr.  Parker  was  one  of  those  whom  he  selected 
for  this  mark  of  distinction ;  but,  through  the  persuasion 
of  his  friends,  he  declined  the  cardinal's  offer,  as  did,  at 
the  same  time,  his  celebrated  predecessor  Cranmer,  then 
on  the  eve  of  being  n;iade  archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

In  1533,  when  Mr.  Parker  had  reached  his  twenty-ninth 
year,  Cranmer,  who  was  now  promoted  to  the  archbishop- 
ric, granted  him  a  licence  to  preach  through  his  province, 
as  the  king  did  a  patent  for  the  same  throughout  the  king- 
dom, good  and  solid  preachers  being  at  that  time  very 

*  In  thig  and  a  few  following  dates  wer  have  followed  Mr.  Masters,  in  bis 
History  of  Corpus  Christi  college,  who  seems  to  correct  Strype's  dates  on  good 
Authority. 


P  A  R  K  E  R.^  105 

rare.  The  university,  likewise,  as  he  was  much  afflicted 
with  a  head-ache,  readily  passed  a  grace  that  he  might 
preach  covered,  and  showed  him  other  marks  of  thetr  re- 
gard. We  have  already  noticed  some  of  bis  celebrated 
coDteinporaries,  and  it  may  now  be  added,  that  he  lived 
in  great  intimacy  and  friendship  with  Bilney,  Stafford, 
Arthur,  friar  Barnes,  Sowode,  master  of  the  college,  Fowke, 
and  many  others,  by  whose  means  religion  and  learning 
were  beginning  to  revive  at  Cambridge.  For  Bilney  he 
had  so  great  a  veneration,  that  he  went  down  to  Norwich 
to  attend  his  martyrdom,  and  afterwards  defended  him 
against  the  misrepresentations  of  sir  Thomas  More,  who 
had  asserted  that  he  recanted  at  the  stake.  In  the  above- 
mentioned  year  (1533)  he  ^as  sent  for  to  court,  and  made 
chaplain  to  queen  Anne  Boleyn,  with  whom  he  soon  be- 
came a  great  favourite,  she  admiring  his  piety,  learning, 
and  prudence.  .  A-  short  time  before  her  death,  she  gave 
him  a  particular  chiarge  to  take  care  of  her  daughter  Eliza- 
beth, 'that  she  might  not  want  bis  pious  and  wise  counsel ; 
and  at  the  same  time  laid  a  strict  charge  upon  the  young 
princess,  to  make  him  a  grateful  return,  if  it  should  ever 
be  in  Jier  power. 

In  July  1535  he  proceeded  B.  D.  and  in  the  same  year 
was  preferred  by  the  queen  to  the  deanry  of  the  college  of 
Stoke-Clare  in  Suffolk,  which  was  the  more  acceptable,  as 
affording  him  an  agreeable  retirement  for  the  pursuit  of  his 
studies.  His  friend  Dr.  Walter  Haddon  used  to  call  it 
Parker's  Tusculanum.  Meeting  here  with  many  super- 
stitious practices  and*  abuses  that  stood  in  need  of  correc- 
tion, he  immediately  composed  a  new  body  of  statutes, 
and  erected  a  school  for  the  instruction  of  youth  in  gram- 
mar and  the  studyof  humanity,  which  by  his  prudent  care 
and  management  soon  produced  the  happiest  effects. 
These  regulations  were  so  generally  approved,  that  when 
the  duke  of  Norfolk  was  about  to  convert  the  monastery  at 
Thetford,  of  his  own  foundation,  into  a  college  of  secular 
priests,  he  requested  a  sight  of  them  for  his  direction. 
Mr.  Parker  now  continued  to  be  an- assiduous  preacher, 
often  preaching  at  Stoke,  and  at  Cambridge,  and  places 
adjacent,  and  sometimes  at-  London,  at  St.  Paur^-cross. 
•At  what  time  he  imbibed  the  principles  of  the  reformers 
we  are  not  told,  but  it  appears  that  in  these  sermons  he 
attacked  certain  Romish  superstitions  with  such  boldness, 
that  articles  were  exhibited  against  him.  by  some  zealous 


10«  ^  ,P;  A  R  K,  E  R,. 

jj^pists,  a^nst  w|;ioia  be  yiildicated  hioo^lf  wit^p  grea^ 
ability  before  the  li^rd  ChanceUor  Audleyy  wl^  QiiQpi}rage4 
bim  io  gq  on  without  feajr.  On  tbe  death  of  queen,  Ani^ 
In  1537,  the  king  took  bipi  under  his  more  imincfdiate  ^^q^ 
lection,  appointed  him  one  of  bis  ch^plain^^^  and,  up9i^ 
pew*modelling  tbe  church  of  Ely,  nqmii^ted  biof^  to  oi^l 
pf  tbe  prebends  in  the  charter  of  erection. 

In  163$  he  made  a  visit  to  the  university,  ^heroy  aftei 
having  performed  his  exercises  with  general  applauae^  h% 
fsommenced  D.  O.  In  1542  be  was  presented  by  tbe^^hi^ 
ter  of  Stoke  to  the  reqtory  of  A«ben  iii  £ssiei(,  which  h^ 
resigned  in  1544,  and  wa^  presented  to  the  rectory  9f  Birn 
mingbam  All  Saints,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk;  bi|t  hi^ 
most  important  pronation  that  year,  was  %o  the  miuitersbip 
of  BeneU  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  had  been  educatecU 
On  this  occasion  be  was  recommended  to  the  society  by 
the  king,  as  the  (ittest  person  in  every  respect;  and  they 
knowing  his  character,  did  not  hesitate  to  elect  him,  an4 
he  was  admitted  accordingly  Pec.  4,  1544.  He  began  hii| 
government  of  the  college  with  making  some  useful  ojfdon^ 
concerning  certain  benefactions  and  foundations  belonging 
to  the  college;  and,  to  prevent  the  college  goods  from 
being  embezzled,  he  caused  exact  inventories  of  them 
to  be  made,  and  deposited  in  the  common  chest,  ordering 
at  the  same  time  that  they  should  be  triennially  inspected 
find  renewed  by  the  master  and  fellow^.  Finding  likewise 
their  accounts  in  great  confusion,  oci^asioned  principally 
by  tbe  neglect  of  registering  them  in  books  belonging  tQ 
the*  society,  be  put  them  into  such  a  *  method,  that  by 
pomparing  tbe  rentals,  receipts,  expenses,  &c.  together, 
they  might  at  aqy  tio^e  appear  as  clear  as  possible,  and 
these  be  caused  to  be  annually  engrossed  pn  parchmept  for 
their  better  preservation.  He  also  undertook  the  rey^isal  of 
the  statutes,  and  reduced  them  to  nearly  their^  present 
form,  being  assisted  in  this  by  his  friend  Pn  Mey,  the 
civilian,  and  one  of  the  visitors  who  cpnfirDied  th^p^in  tha 
^cond  year  of  Edward  VJ.  All  these  regulajt^ojis  and 
transactions,  with  sogae  other  matters  relating  both  tp  the 
college  and  university,  be  caused  to  b^  registered  in  a 
book,  called  the  Black  Book,  ^hiph  has  ever  si^ge  beej^ 
in  the  custody  of  the  master.  The  pld  si^atjates  yv^re  in- 
4eed  once  more  introduced  in  the  time  of  queen  Mary, 
hut  continued  no  longer  iji  force  thw  to  the  first  year  of 

.Elizabeth's  reign,  when  the  fon»^r  were  9gaia  Jcevivied, 


P  A  R  K  £  K.  109 

^ndiD  iS^Sfinally  reviewed,  corrected,  and  approved  bjr 
faer  visitors.  In  1  545  he  was  elected  vice-chancellor, '  in 
which  office  he  batd  an  opportunity  of  exerting  btmseif  stift 
farther  for  the  wel  fare  of  his  college  and  the  aniversitj  at 
large ;  and  he  gav<r  such  satisfaction,  that  within  the  space 
of  three  years  he  vras  elected  to  the  same  office.  On  his 
election.  Dr.  Haddon,  the  public  orator,  gave  him  this 
character  to  his  friend  Cheke,  *^  cujas  td  gravitatem,  con  ^ 
siliutn,  literas,^  120^^1,  no%  experimur  ;^*  adding,  ^^Catonem* 
aut  QuintQfn  Fabium  renatum  putes.'* 

In  the  same  year,  1545,  the  society  presented  htm   to 
ibe  rectory  of  Land-Beach  ;  but  to  his  great  mortification, 
he  was  obliged  to  resign  his  beloved  college  of  Stoke  in 
1547,  although  be  laboured  as  much  as  possible  to  pre- 
-vent  its  dissolution.     To  preserve,  however,  as  far  as  he 
could,  the  m€l6iOfy  of  its  founder  Edmund  Mortimer,  earl 
of  Mar<cb,  he  braogbt  away  with  him  his  arms  painted  on 
glass,  and  placed  them  in  a  window  of  the  master* j  lodge; 
and  secured  the  books  of  history  and  .antiquities,  which 
made  part  of  that  invaluable  collection  with  which  he  after- 
awards  enriched  his.  college.     The  same  year,  and  in  the 
forty-third  of  his  age,  he  married  Margaret  the  daughter 
of  Robert  Harlstone,  gent,  of  Mattishall  in  Norfolk,  and 
-sister  of  Simon   Harlstone,  who  bad  lived  some. time  at 
Mendiesbam  in  Suffolk,  where  he  was  distinguished  for  his 
piety  and  sufferings  in  the  reign  of  queen  M^ry.     Or* 
Parker  had  been  attached  to  this  lady  for  about  seven  years, 
but  they  were  prevented  A'om  marrying  by  the  statute  of 
Henry  VIII.  which  made  the  marriage  of  the  clergy  felony. 
Mr.  Masters  conjectures  that  it  was  about  this  time  he 
drew  up,  in  his  defence,  a  short  treatise  still  preserved  in 
•the  college  library  ^' De  conjugio  Sacerdotum,'*  and  an- 
t)ther  against  alienation  of  the  revenues  6f  the  church, 
^wfavch  Strype  has  printed  id  his  Appendix,' No.  VII.     It  is 
also  probable  that,  on  the  increase  of  hiis  family,  be  added 
'the  long  gallery  to  the  master's  lodge.     The  lady  fae^  mar- 
ried proved  a  most  affectionate  wife,  and  had  so  much 
sweetness  of  temper  and  amiable  disposition,  that  bishop 
Ridley  -te  said  to  have  asked,  **  If  Mrs.  Parker  had  a  sister  ?•* 
intimating  that  he  would  have  been  glad  to  have  married 
c^ne  who  'ca,me  near  her  in  excellence  of  character. 

In  1545,  wlien  Kett*s  rd>ellion  broke  out,  Dr.  Parker 
'  happened  to  be  on  a  visit  to  iiis  friends  at  Norwich,  where 
'^ke  4id  gi^at  service  by  his  exhortations  and  sermons;  aod 


les  .     P  A  K  K  E  B. 

ieven  yentuced  into  the  camp  o£  therebels,  and,  withoul 
regarding  the  imminent  danger  to  which  this  exposed  bim^ 
boldly  inveighed  against  their  rebellioo  atid  cruelty,  ex- 
horted them  to  temperance,  sobriety,  and  submission,  and 
placed  in  the  strongest  light  every  argument  and  warning 
that  was  likely  to  prevail.  To  give  a  faithful  account  of 
this  affair,,  he  s^fterwards  employed  Mr.  Nevile  (see  Ne* 
VILE,  Alexander),  who  wrote  it  in  elegant  Latin,  and  re- 
ceived for  his  resvard  an.  hundred  pounds.  In  1550  he  lost 
bis  most  intimate  friend  Dr.  Martin  Bucer,  who  left  him 
one  of  his  exeputors;  and  to. testify  his  great  regard. for 
that  eminent  reformer,  he  preached  his  funeral  sermon. 
In  this,  with  great  modesty  and  diffidence,  he  has  drawn  a 
most  ea;cellent  character  of: him,  and  indeed  the  whole. is 
written  in  a  style  so  plain  and  uniform,  as  to  be  much  su,- 
perior  to  the  common  rate  of  sermons  in  those  days.  It 
was  printed  by  Jugge,  under  the  title,  '^  Howe  we  ought 
to  take  the  death  of  the  godly, .  a  sermon  made  in  Cam- 
bridge at  the  burial  of  the  noble  flerck,  D.  M.  Bucer.  .  By 
Matthew,  Parker,  D.  of  Divinitie." 

In  1552.  the  king  presented  him  to  the  canonry  and  pre- 
bend of  Covingham,  in  the  church  of  Lincoln,  where  he 
was  soon  after,  elected  dean,  upon  Dr.  Taylor's  promotion 
to  that  see.  He  had  before  been  nominated  to  the. master- 
ship of  Trinity-college,  probably  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Red- 
man in  1551,  but  this  did  not  take,  effect.  It  is  also  said 
that  he  declined  a  bishopric  in  this  reign. .  On  the  acces- 
sion of  queen  Mary,  however,  the  scene  was  changed,  and 
be,  w.ith  all  the  married  clergy  who  would .  not  part  with 
their  wives,  and  conform ,  to  those  superstitious  rites  and 
ceremonies  they  had  so.  lately  rejected,  were  stript  pf  their 
preferments.  He  bore  this  reverse  of  fortune  with  pious 
resignation.  "  After  my  deprivation"  (he  says,  in, his  pri- 
vate journal)  "  I  lived  so  joyful  before  .God  iu  my  con- 
science,, and  so  neither' ashamed  nor .  dejected,  that  the 
most  sweet  leisure  for  study,  to  which  the  good  providence 
of  God  has  now  recalled  me,  gave  me. mugh. greater,  and 
more. solid  pleasures,  than  that.fornjer  busy  and  dangerous 
kind  of  life  ever  afforded  me.  What  will  hereafter  befall 
me,  I  know  not;  but  to  God,  who  takes. care,  of  all,  an.d 
who  will  one  day  reveal  the  hidden  things. of  men*s  hearty, 
I  commend  myself  wholly,  and  my  pious  and  most  qhfiste 
wife,  with  my  two  most  dear  little  90ns.*'  It  appears  aUo 
by  a  MS.  in  the  college,  quoted  by  Strype,  th^t  Dr.  Parker 


.i 


1»  A  R  K  E  R.  10J> 

**  lurked  secretly  \h  those  years  (the  reign  of  queen  Mary) 
within  the  house  of  one  of  his  friends,  leading  a  poor  life, 

"without  8«ny  men's  aid  or  succour ;  and  yet  so  well  con- 
tented with  his  lot,  that  in  that  pleasant  rest,  and  leisure 
for  his  stxidies,  he  would  never,  in  respect  of  himself,  have 
desired  any  other  kind  of  life,  the  extreme  fear  of  danger 
only  excepted.  And  therein  he  liv^d  as  all  other  good 
men  thf3n  did.  His  wife  he  would  not  be  divorced  from,  or 
put  her  away  all  tbis  evil  time  (as  he  might,  if  he  would,  in 
those  <bays,  which  so  rigorously  required  it),  being  a  woman 
very  chaste,  and  of  every  virtuous  behaviour,  and  behav* 
ing  herself' with  all  due  reverence  toward  her  husband.** 

It  ^may  seem  extraordinary  that  one  who  had  so  early 
imbit>ed  the  sentiments  of  the  reformers,  and  had  adhered 
to  th(em  so  constantly,  should  have  escaped  the  vigilance 
t)f  the  persecut6rd  ;  and  it  is  certain  that  strict  search  was 

-sometimes  made  for'him,  and  that  on  one  occasion,  when 
t)bUged  to  make  his  escape  on  a  sudden,  he  got  a  fall  from 
his  horse,  by  which  he  was  so  much  hurt,  that  he  never  re- 
corered  it.  Yet  either  from  the  remissness  of  his  enemies, 
•or' the  kindness  of  his  friends,  he  was  enabled  to  secrete 
Lifaiself,  and  notwithstanding  the  danger  he  was  in,  he 
«Biployed  his  time  in  study.  Among  other  things,  it  was 
during  this  alarming  interval,  that  he*  wrote  or  rather  en- 

;  lirged  a  treatise,  supposed  to  be  drawn  up   by  bishop 

'  Ponet,  in  defence  of  priests*  miarriages,  against  a  book  of 
i)r.  Martin's,  which  he  caused  to  be  printed,  biit  without 
his  name,  in  1562.  The  title  was  "  A  Defence  of  Priests' 
[Marriages,  established  by  the  Imperial  laws  of  the  realm 
(of  England ;  against  a  civilian,  naming  himself  Thomas 
Martin,  dbctor  of  the  civil  laws,"  &c.  This  work  is  no- 
ticed in  our  account  of  Dr.  Martin^  and  a  full  account  of 
it  is  given  by  Strype,  p.  504.     Dr.  Parker  also  employed 

^  6ome  part  of  his  time  in  translating  the  book  of  Psalms  into 
'various  and  elegant  English' metre,  which  was  likewise 
afterwards  printed,  but  in  what  year  is  uncertain,  unless 
in  1567,  as  mii^uted  with  a  pen  in  the  copy  which  is  in  the 
college  -library.  This  book,  which  Strype  says  he  never 
could  get  a  sight  of,  is  divided  into  three  quinquagenes 
with  the  argument  of  each  psalm  in  metre  placed  before  it, 
and  a  suitable  collect  full  of  devotion  and  piety  at  the  end. 
Some  copies  of  verses,  and  transcripts  from  the  fathers  and 
others  on. the  use  of  the  psalms  are  prefixed  to  it,  with  a 
^table  dividing  them  into  Propheticiy  Eruditorii,  Consolatorii, 


&c.  and  at  the  eod  are  ad4ed  the  ^ght  sever^  ii  tuties^  wllb 
alphabetical  tables  to  the  whole.  , 

On  the  acces&ion  of  queen  Elizabeth,  be  )eft  ^  bis  retrei^t 
in  Norfolki  and  being  on  la  vi§it  to  his  friends    at  Oam-^ 
bridge^  was  sent  for  up  to  tawn  by  hi$  old  acc^.uaintanqe 
and  contetnjporaries  at  tbe  university,  sir  Nicholl\:  s  Baco^, 
BOW  lord-keeper,  of  tbe  great  seal,  and  sir  Williav  n.Ceci)^ 
secretary  of  statef  who  well  koew  bis  wor^b.     9ujt    be  w^ s 
now  become  enamoured  pf  retirement,  and  suspectl  ng  they 
designed  him  for  some  high  dignity  in  tbe  cbtircb,  o\  f  whiqb 
however  no  i^ntifHation  bad  yet  h,ee^  given^  be  wrot<  3  4tb^^ 
many  letters^,  setting  forth  his  owii  inabilities  and    in&f-' 
mities,  and   telling  the  lord-keeper  in  confidence}    ^^  he 
would  mucb  rather  end  bis  days  upon  some  sucb  smaL  I  pr^"* 
ferment  as  tbe  mastership  of  bis  college,  a  living  of  t%  ^enty 
nobles  p^r  a72n.  at  most,  than  to  dwell  in  the'deam^  9^ 
Lincoln,  which  is  200  at  the  least,'*     These  statesi^  nen, 
however,  still  considered  him  as  in  every  respect  (;be  *  be^t 
fitted  for  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury  ;  and  tbe  re^  uc^« 
ance  be  showed  to  accept  it,  and  |be  letters  be  wrpte  };,  >o(h 
to  them  and  the  queen,  only  served  to  convince  all  paf>  ti^s 
that  they  bad  m^de  a  proper. choice.     He  was  aecprdini  g^y 
consecrated  on  Dec.  17,  .1559,    in  ^Ifambetb  chapel,     by 
William  Barlow,  late  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  th  ^Q 
elect  of  Chichester ;  John  S^ory,  late  bishop  of  Cbichestti  ^r, 
and  then  elect  of  Hereford;  Miles  Qoverdale,  bishop  ^pf 
£xeter,  and  John  Hodgkin^  suffragaji  bishop  of  Bedfort  .1 
'An  original  instrument  of  the  rites  aqd  ceremonies  used  o,n 
this  occcasion,  corf^$pon4ing  exac^tly  with. the  archbishop^,  s 
jegister,  is  still  carefjully  preserved  iii  BeqeH  college  library; , 
jaod  prov.ed  of  great  service,  wben^tbe:papis.ts,  some  yeani  > 
after,  invented  a  story  that  Parfcer  was  cqnsecrs^ted  at  tb^ 
Nag's  head  inn,  or  tavern,  in  Qboapside.    .That  this  was  ^ 
.mere  fable  has  been  sufficiently  shown  by  many  aptbors^ 
and  is  ;acknowledged  even  by  catholic  "writers,     ^i^ifig  tbi^ 
constituted  primate  and  metropolitan,  .Dr.  Parker  end^^ 
vouired  to  fill  the  vacant  sees  with  m^en  of  l^^rning  ;a|[i4 
piety,  who  were  well  affected  to  tbe  refprmation ;  ,and  spofi 
.after  his  own  consecration,  bec^oQseorated  in  bis  chapel  s^t 
Lambeth,  Grindal,  bishop  of  J^ondon ;  >Cox,  bishop  of  Ely,; 
Sandys,  bishop  of  Worcester;  Jewell,  b^bpp  <;>f  .^aUsburyj 
mad  several  others. 

*  These  letters  are  printed  in'  Bur-  of  his  '*  Antiqnitates''  in  tbe  Lambeth 
vet's  Hmlory  of  the  Reformation,  Uuttbe  library,rp|th  many  other^cnriojis^iy 
•rif  inals  are  in  tbe  arohbishop's  copy   '  docnmeixts  resjpectiog  him. 


PARKER.  lU 

Tti€  sifb^tient  history  of  an^bishop  Porktr  is  tbit  of 

the  church  of  Er>gIaiKl.     He  had  assisted  atherfoundatioR, 

and  for  the  remainder  of  his  Kfe  had  a  principal  hand  in 

ibe  superstructure.    Referring^   however,   to  ecclesiastic 

histoiyj  and  particularly  to  Strype's  invaluable  vo1u«b«,  for 

the  full  details  of  the  archbishop's  conduct,  we  shall  confine 

ourselves  to  a  few  of  the  most  prominent  of  tiiose  measures 

in  which  he  was  personally  ^concerned*     Soon  after  bis  oon«- 

^isecration  he  veceived  a  letter  from^^e  celebrated  Calvin, 

ih  which  that  reformer  said  that  <<  be  rejoiced  in  the  hi^«. 

piness  of  England^  and  that  God  had  raised  up  so  gracious 

a  queen,  to  be  instrumental  in  propagating  tbe  true  faifih 

^f  Jesus  Ohrist,  by  restoring  the  gospel,  und  expelling 

-idoiaitry,   together  with  the  bishop  of  Rome's    usurped 

^wer."     And  then  in  order  to  unite  protestants  together, 

-as  he  had  attempted  before  in  king  Edward'iEt  ^ign,  he 

intreated  tbe  archbishop  to  prevail  with  her  miyesty,  to 

"•tfmmon  a  geheral  assembly  of  all  tbe  {M-otestant  clergy, 

whete^oever  dispersed ;  and  that  a  set  form  and  method 

(natfiely  of  public  service,  and  government  of  the  cburcb) 

"toiight  be  established  ^^  not  only   within   her  dominions, 

but  also  among  all  the  reformed  and  evangelical  chm'ches 

^abroad.     Parker  commanicated  this  letter  to  the  queen^s 

'^council,  and  they  took  it  into  consideration,  and  desired 

'^e  archbishop  to  return  thanks  to  Calvin  ;  and  to  signify 

^ihat  they  thought  his  prq)osals  very  fair  and  desireabit, 

but  as  to  church-government,   to  inform  bim,  that  the 

iihurch  of  England  would  adhere  to  the  episcopal  form. 

Thle  death  of  Calvin  prevented  any  farther  intercourse  on 

^thfs  subject,  but  Strype  has  brought  sufficient  evidence 

that  -Calvin  was  not  absolutely  averse  to  episcopacy,  and 

-that  be  was  as  zealous  for  uniformity^  as  our  archbishop, 

iN^ho  has  been  so  much  reproached  for  his  endeavours  to 

promote  it. 

In  1560,  Parker  wrote  a  letter  to  tbe  queen,  with  the 
concurrence  of  tbe  bishops  of  London  and  Ely,  exhorting 
her  majesty  to  marry,  which  it  is  well  known  she  declined. 
He  also  visited  several  dioceses,  in  some  of  which  he 

*  It  is  worth  the  noUee  of  tliMevlfo  the  refotmen,  «nd  that  no  man  «»■• 

Tail  against  Parker  for  bis  ondeaTOurs  ceired  that  religion  would  be  benefited 

to  prdmote  uniformity,  and  his  conse-  by  being  split  into  an  hundred  sects, 

i|«eBt  fa«rB)i  treatment  of  the  Paritans,  with  as  many  difftrent  ways-of  thinU 

that  in  those  d«y»  tun  etiaibUtknmnt  of  ing,  and  petty  diurch  goTernmeota. 
■ome  description  was  the  object  of  all' 


112  PARKER. 

found '  tbe  cBorches  miserably  supplied  with  preacbeHtf^ 
The  bishop,  of  Ely  certifiefd,  that  of  152  livings  in  his  dio^ 
cese,  fifty-two  only  were  duly  served ;  and  that  there  were 
thirty-four  benefices  vacant^  thirteen  that  had  neither  rec- 
tors nor  vicars,  and  fifty-seven  that  were  enjoyed  by  non- 
residents. This  was  not  owing  to  the  popish  clergy  beiog 
deprived  of  their  benefices,  for  the  number  so  deprived 
did>not  exceed  two  hundred  in  the  whole  kingdom;  but 
the  truth  was,  that-  at  the  conclusion  of  Mary's  reign  the 
great  bulk  of  the  clergy  were  grossly  ignorant,  and  it  was 
long  before  the  universities  were  encouraged  to  furnish  a 
series  of  learned  divines. 

In  1561,  archbishop  Parker  and  some  of  the  other  pre- 
lates made  an  application  to  the-  queen  against  the  use  of 
images,  to  which  hter  majesty  still  discovered  a  very  great 
inclination,  and  it  may  be  inferred  that  they  induced  her 
to  change  her  opinion  on  this  matter,  from  tbe  anecdote 
given  in  our  account  of  deaaNowell,  who  incurred  her 
'displeasiire  by  only  presenting  her  with  a  prayer-book, 
illustrated  with  engravings.  In  other  respects  she  adhered 
to  many  of  her  father's  notions,^  and  when  about  this  time 
•she  took  a  journey  into  Essex  and  Suffolk,  she  expressed 
great  displeasure  at  finding  so  many  of  the  clergy  married^ 
and  at  observing  so  many  women  add  children  in  cathedrals 
and  colleges. '  She  had,  indeed,  so- strong  an  aversion  to 
matrimony  in  the  clergy,  that  it  was  owing  to  Cecil's  cou- 
rage and  dexterity,  as  appears  by  a  letter  of  his  to  Parker, 
that  she  did  not  absolutely  prohibit  the  marriage  of  all 
ecclesiastics.  He  was>  however,  obliged  to  consent  to  an 
injunction,  '^  that  no  head  or  member  of  any  college  or 
cathedral,  should  bring  a  wife,  or  any  other  wonian,  into 
the  precincts  of  it,  to  abide  in  the  same,  on  pain  of  for* 
'feiture  of  all  ecclesiastical  promotions."  Archbishop  Par- 
ker took  the  liberty  to  remonstrate  with  the  queen  against 
this  order,  and  on  this  interview  she  treated  the  institution 
of  matrimony  with  contempt,  declared  to  him  that  she  re- 
pented her  making  any  of  them  bishops,  and  wished  it  had 
been  otherwise ;  nay,  threatened '  him  with  injunctions  of 
another  nature,  which  his  grace  understood  to  be  in  favour 
of  the  old  religion;  In  his  letter  to  Cecil  on  this  occasion^ 
he  assures  him  that  the  bishops  have  all  of  them  great  rea- 
'son  to  be  dissatisfied  with  the  queen;  that  be  repents  his 
having  engaged  in  the  station  in  which  he  was;  atid  that 
the  reception  which  he  had  from  her'  majesty  the  day 


F  A  a  K  K  H.  11$ 

before,  h«d  quUe  iodUpc^ed  bim  for  nU  other  business,  and 
he  could  Qoly  looQrQ  to  God  in  the  bitterness  6f  his  sou}; 
bat  if  abe  went  on  to  £urce  the  clergy  to  any  compliance^ 
they  muat  obey  God  rather  than  men,  and  that  m^any  of 
them  had  cop^ience  and  courage  epough  to  sacrifice  their 
lives  in  defence  of  their  religion. 

But,  whatever  our  archbishop  might  suffer  from  the  des*- 

potic  caprices  of  the  que^n^  he  had  yet  moi:e  trouble  with 

the  di^seotions  which  appeared  in  the  diurch  itself,  and 

n^ver  cfiased  to  prevail,  in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  until 

the  w^le  fabric  wa$  overturned  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

These  first  appeiMred  in  the  opposition  given  t,o  the  efscle* 

siastic  habits  by  a  considerablie  niimber  of  divines,  and 

those  wen  of  worth  aad  piety,  \yho  s(c»emed  to  be  of  opinioi) 

that  pppery  might  consji^t  in  4re$s  as  well  as  doctrine^     By 

virtue  of  the  clause  in  the  act  of  uniformity,  which  gav^ 

the  queen  a  power  of  adding  aqy  other  rit^s  and  c^remo* 

nies  she  pleased>  she  3et  forth  inji^nctions  ordering  tbMt  thi9 

clergy  should  wear  seemly  garmentsi,  sqjuaitQ  cap$,  and 

copes,  whiph  bad  been  laid  asi4e  in  the  reign  of  Hing  Ed-t 

war4.     Many. conformed  to  tbe&e  in  every  ^iroum^rice, 

but  others  refused  the  cap  and  surplice^  Qon^id^nng  the?) 

as  relics  of  popi^ry,  and  therefore,  b^th  aupi^ratitic^s  aad 

niijfuK    The  queen,  enraged,  at  tbi^  oppoaiitioat  which  wa^ 

favoured  even  by  some  of  her  courtiers,  wri9te  a- lettec  to 

the  two  archbishops,  reflecting  with  spin^  acriiaony  on<  it, 

as  the  eijEect  of  remissness  in  the  bishops ;  and.  requiring 

them  to  confeir  wi(b  her  ecol^^i^stica)  qom^mi^sion^rs,  thac 

an  exact  oirder  and  ouiformity  might  be  mP^Otaioed  in  all 

external  xit^s  and  cereippni^s ;  and  that  none  b^r^s^ftec 

should  be  admitted  t^  any  ocpleaias^tical  pr^ermei^it,  hi^t 

those  who  were  disposed  to  obedW^QQ  m  thia  re9[>eQtV 

Arvhl>i^hop  Parker,   aooorrfiogly^  wilh   the  a^ff^f^^^®  ^f- 

s^v^i»l  (of  bis  brethren,  drew  up  ordiflanojjs  for.  the  dw^ 

order  in  pre^jihifig  and  adwipis^e^ing  tti^  ^<rram^ft^j  J>nd:fori 

the  apparel  of  persori*  ecglewft^tical.  Ao^ort^i  vug  to  tbi^ei  th« 

pre^ph^rs  wpre.  directed  to  study  «difi<;qktift0,.and:tp  mam^i^ 

cpntroyerpy  with  sobriety;  exhorjii^g  tii^  p^ojple  to  frei^; 

q^j^nt  the  commnniop,  and  to  ob.(^y.  the  laws,  ai)d  ibe. 

queen's  injon9tioQ9p    AH  the  liceucjes  for  preaobing  weir© 

declaried  void  aQd.of  no. effect,  bu^t  wt^^.to  be  renewed  to 

such  .as  theif  bishops  thought  ^oxtby  of  the  offi?^ ;  and 

si^ph  «s  preached  unbound  doqtrine  were  tq  be  deooupoed, 

19  the  bishop,  an4i>Qt  ooo^radict^  ift.thc  ohorch.    Thi^t 

Vol.  XXIV.  I 


114  PARKER. 

who  bad  licences  were  to  preach  once  in  three  months ; 
and  those  who  were  unlicensed,  were  to  read  homilies.  In 
administering  the  sacrament,  the  principal  minister  was  to 
wear  a  cope,  but  at  all  other  prayers  only  the  surplice  ;  in 
cathedrals  they  were  to  wear  hoods,  and  preach  in  them  ; 
the  sacrament  was  to  be  received  by  every  body  kneeling ; 
every  minister  saying  the  public  prayers,  or  administering 
the  sacraments,  was  to  wear  a  surplice  with  sleeves ;  and 
every  parish  was  to  provide  a  communion-table,  and  to 
have  the  ten  commandments  set  on  the  east  wall  above  it. 
The  bishops  were  to  give  notice  when  any  persons  were  to 
be  ordained,  and  none  were  to  be  ordained  without  de» 
grees.  Then  followed  some  rules  about  wearing  apparel, 
caps,  and  gowns ;  to  all  which  was  added,  a  form  of  sub* 
scription  to  be  required  of  all  who  were  admitted  to  any 
office  in  the  church ;  that  they  would  not  preach  without 
licence,  that  they  would  read  the  Scriptures  intelligibly, 
that  they  would  keep  a  register-book,  that  they  would  use 
such  apparel  in  service-time  especially  as  was  appointed, 
*  that  they  would  keep  peace  and  quiet  in  their  parishes, 
that  they  would  read  some  of  tbe  Bible  daily,  and  in  con- 
clusion, that  they  would  observe*  uniforniity,  and  conform 
to  all  the  laws  and  orders  already  established  for  that  pur- 
pose ;  and  to  use  no  sort  of  trade,  if  riieir  living  amopnted 
to  twenty  nobles. 

It  might  have  been  expected  that  these  ordinances 
would  have  pleased  the  queen,  as  being  in  conformity  with 
her  wishes,  and,  in  fact,  in  answer  to  her  orders ;  but  the 
opponents  of  the  habits,  who  began  to  be  called  Puritans, 
applied  to  their  friends  at  court,  and  especially  to  her 
great  fa^rourite  Robert  Dudley,  earl  of  Leicester,  who  pre- 
vailed so  far  with  her  niajesty,  that  all  her  former  resolu- 
tion disappeared,  and  she  refused  to  sanction  the  ordi- 
nances with  her  authori^,  telling  tbe  archbishop,  that  the 
oath  tof  canonical  obedience  was  sufficient  to  bind  the  in- 
feriof  i&lergy  to  their  duty,  without  the  interposition  of  the 
crowti.  The  archbishop,  hurt  at  such  capricious  conduct, 
and  at  being  placed  in  such  a  situation  between  the  court 
and  the  church,  told  Cecil,  that  if  the  ministry  persisted 
in  their  indifference,  he  would  '^  no  more  strive  against 
the  stream,  fume  Or  chid^  who  would  ;^*  and  it  is  most  prOf 
bable  his  remonstrances  prevailed,  for  the  above  ordi- 
nances were  a  few  days  after  published,  under  the  name 
#f  Advertisements ;  and  he  then  proceeded  upon  them  wit^ 


P  A  tl  K  E  R.  Us 

that  zeal  which  procured  him  from  one  party  the  reproach 
of  being  a  persecutor,  and  from  the  other  the  honour  of 
being  a  firm  friend  and  supporter  of  the  church-estabiish- 
ment.  The  particular -steps  he  took,  the  trials  he  insti- 
tuted, and  the  punishments  he  inflicted,  are  detailed  at 
length  by  Strype  and  other  church-^historians  ;  but  on  the 
merit  of  his  conduct  there  is  great  diversity  of  opinion. 
It  has  been  said,  both  in  excuse  and  in  reproach  of  his 
measures,  that  he  was  too  subservient  to  the  queefi.  To  us 
it  appears,  that  he  took  as  much  liberty  in  advising  'th6 
queen,  and  in  contending  with  her  humours,  as  any  prelate 
or  statesn^an  of  her  reign,  and  that  what  he  did  to  pro- 
mote uniformity  in  the  church  arose  from  a  sincere,  how- 
ever mistaken  opinion,  that  uniformity  was  necessary  to  the 
advancement  of  the  reformation,  and  in  itself  practicable. 
All  that  is  wrong  in  this  opinion  tnust  be  referred  to  the 
times  in  which  he  lived,  when  no  man  conceived  that  an 
established  church  could  flourish  if  surrounded  by  secta- 
ries, and  when  toleration  was  not  at  all  understood  in  its 
present  sense. 

He  continued  to  struggle  with  the  difficulties  attending 
his  oflSce  and  measures,  until  his  seventy-first  year,  when, 
finding  himself  in  a  declining  condition,  he  signed  his 
Will  April  5,  1575,  and  died  on  May  17  following.  He  was 
buried  in  his  own  chapel  at  Lambeth,  with  a  Latin  inscrip- 
tion by  his  friend  Dr.  Walter  Haddon :  but  this  was  de*^ 
molished,  and  his  bones  taken  up  and  scattered,  during  the 
usurpation ;  nor  was  it  known  what  became  of  them  till 
they  were  discovered  by  Dugdale,  in  archbishop  Bancroft's 
time,  who  again  replaced  them  in  the  midst  of  the  area  of 
the  chapel,  as  a  small  marble  stone  facing  the  altar,  with 
this  inscription  upon  it,  now  denotes,  **  Corpus  Matthaei 
archiepiscopi  tandem  hie  quiescit  f '  the  monument  itself, 
with  an  epitaph  upon  it  of  his  own  drawing  up,  being  since 
temOved  into  the  anti-chapel. 

Concerning  his  learning  and  zeal  for  the  promotion  of 
learning,  there  is  no  difference  of  opinion.  His  skill  in 
ancient  liturgies  was  such,  that  he  was  one  of  the  first  se- 
lected to  draw  up  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer;  and  when 
he  came  to  be  placed  at  the  head  of  the  church,  he  la- 
boured much  to  engage  the  bishops,  and  other  learned 
men,  in  the  revisal  and  correction  of  the  former  transla- 
tions of  the  Bible.  This  was  at  length  undertaken  and 
tarried  on  under  his  direction  and  inspection,  who  assigned 

I  2 


116  p  A  R  |C  E  p. 

.particular  portions  to  each  of  hif  assistantf,  which  he  after- 
wards perused  and  corrected,  and  spared  no  pains  in  get- 
.tipg  it  completed.     It  was  first  publisbed  in  1569}  and  h;|s 
usually  been  called  the  *'  Bishop's  ^ible,'*   an^    ran   its 
course  with  the  Geneva  tr^sj^tion,  until  the  present  ver- 
sipn  was  executed,  in  the  reign  of  \Xug  James.     He  also 
published  a  *^  Saxon  homily  on  the  Sacrament/'    trans- 
lated oiit  of  Latin  into  that  langufige,  by  £lfrlc  a  learned 
abbot  of  St.  Alban's^  about  900  years  before ;  with  two 
epistles  of  the  same,  in  which  is  not  the  least  mention  of 
the  (ioctrine  of  transubs^antiation.     He  was  the  editor  also 
of  editions  of  the  histories  of  Matthew  of  \Vestminster  and 
Matthew  ofParis^  and  of  various  other  works,  enumerated 
.by  Tanner ;  some  of  which  were  either  composed  by  him, 
or  printj^d  at  his  expence.     The   work  on  which   he  if 
thought  to  have  spent  most  time  was  that  **  I)e  Antiqui- 
itate  Britannic®  Ecclesiis  /'  but  his  share  in  this  is  a  disputed 
point  among  antiquaries.     In  his  letter  to  the  lord  treasu-: 
rer,  to  whom  he  presented  a  copy,  he  speaks  of  it  as  hif 
own  collection,  which  had  been  the  employment  of  his 
leisure  houri^.     Dr.  Drake  likewise,  in  the  preface  to  bis 
edition  of  it,  quotes  a  letter  of  the  archbis||ip{>'s  in  tbe| 
pollege-library,  in  which  he  expressly  styles  it,  *'  My  booi( 
of  Canterbury  Predecessors;"    and  archbishop  Bramball 
was  of  opinion,  that  the  conckision  of  the  preface  proved 
Parker  himself  to  have  been  the  author.     But  notwith^ 
standing  these  testimonies,  the  matter  is  (i|oubtful.     SeU 
deh  was  the  first  who  called  it  in  question,  although  with- 
out giving  his  reasons ;  and  sir  Henry  Spelman  considered 
Dr.  Ackworth  to  have  been  either  the  author  or  collector 
of  the  work.  Archbishop  Usher  thinks  that  Ackworth  wrote 
only  the  first  part,  concerning  the  British  antiquities ;  and 
he,  Selden,  and  Wharton,  ascribe  the  lives  of  the  arch- 
bishops to  Josselyn,  and  make  Parker  little  more  than  tb^ 
director  or  encourager  of  the  whole.     And  this  certainly 
seems  to  be  confirmed  by  the  copy  now  in  the  Lambeth- 
library.    This  copy,  which  originally  belonged  to  that  li- 
brary, but  was  missing  from  the  year  1720,  was  replaced 
in  1757   by  Dr.  Trevor,  bishop  of  Durham,  who  found 
it  in  the  Sunderland-library.     This,  which  Dr.  Ducarel 
thought   the   only   perfect  one  existing,  contains-  many 
manuscript  papers,    letters,  a.nd  notes,    respecting  arch* 
bishop  Parker  and  the  see  of  Canterbury;  and,  ainpog 
tiiese,  soo^e  proofs  that  Ackworth  and  Josselyn  bad  ^  c^n- 


P  A  H  K  E  r:  in 

i 

^der^ble  sfaftri  lA  the  eornntpositidn  of  the  woVE  A,t  tbel 
beginning  o6St  Augustine's  life  we  find  this  note:  ^' These 
94  pages' of  St  Atigustine*s  Hfewere  thus  begun  by  George- 
Acworib  Dr.  of  taiws^  at  n  the  appointment  of  Matthe\f 
Kavker  Abp.  df  Cdfit«  and'  the  lives  of  all  the  arch- 
bishops should  hi^ve  in  thi^  course  been  perfected  —  (sonie 
words  not  intelligible) — ^but  deth  prevented  it."  This  Dr. 
AckWorth,  ais  we  b^ve  memj'oined  in  our  account  of  him 
(vol.  i.)  ttna^  alive  in  VSl^y  bttt  how  long  after  is  not  known; 
bnti  as  thiB  i^  a  y^ar  aftev  out'  prelate's  death,  there  seems 
iome  di^divy  in  undersiat^ding  the  latter  part  of  thjs^ 
■otie,  witkouC  adopting  arobbi^bop  Usher's  opinion  above 
mSentioned;  We  aftso  find  in  the  Lambeth  copy,  on  the' 
title-pageof  the  Irii^tQry,  the  following  note-:  << This  His- 
torife  was  oollMted  and-  penned  by  John  Jotsselyn,  one  of 
the  sons  €^  sk"  Tliomas  Jt>s6elyn)  knight,  by  the  appoint-^ 
fiiem  and  oversigiit  of  Matthew  Parker  archbishop  of  Cant.- 
tjle  said  Jobm  beitlg-  entertained  in  the  said  archb.  house, 
a»  One  of  bifr  aotiquaries,  to  whom,  besides  the  allowance 
arfforde^  to  biiii  in  his  howse,  he  gave  to  hym  the  parsonage 
df  Bollinborn  in  Kent,''  &c.     . 

It  seettis  probable  therefore  that  Parker  planned  this- 
iroffe,  ilnd  s^uppHed  his  assistants  with  materials  from  bis! 
own  colie<}tiona  respecting  ecclesiastical   antiquities.      It 
was  printed  probably  at  Lambeth,  where  the  archbishop 
bad   an   eis^blishment  of  printers,    engravers^    and   iitu«- 
mmatorsr,   ih   ai  folio,  volume,   in  1572.     The  number  of. 
copies  piriinted  appears  to  have  been  very  small,   some 
tbfilk  nbt7  more  than  four  or  ilve^   lor  private  distribu- 
tion; but  tbifs:  must  be  a  mistake;  for  Dr.  Drake   men- 
tions bis  having    consulted  twenty^one   copies,    most  of 
whiieb,    He  add^,   were  imperfect.      The  copies   ettant^ 
however,  in  a  perfect  state,  are  very  few:  Strype  mentions 
only  five,  and  one  of  these,   which  he  calls  the  choicest  of' 
aVl,  belonged  to  archbishop  Sancroft,  came  afterwards  into 
tW  b$mdsvof-Mr.  Wharton,  and  appears  to    be  the  one 
n0w  at  Latubeth.     There  is  a  very  fine  copy  in  the  British 
Museum,  bo^nd  io  green  velvet  eutbroidered,  which  ap- ' 
piaafK  to  have  been  the  presentation-copy  to  qu^en  Eliza- 
bolb.    A  bad  edition  of  the  work  was  published  at  Har^over 
'\%\^0^\  afod  a  Very  elegant  one  by  Dr.  Di^£ike  in  J 729, 
folio.     Iti  1574,  a  short  lite  ef  archbishop  Parker  was  pub- 
lished abroad,  most  probably  by  one  of  his  eneitiies  among 
the  puritans,  iind«fr  the  title  ^<  The  Life  of  the  70  Arch<* 


lis  P  A  R  K  E  B. 

hUhopp  of  Castcrboryy  preieiidj  settings  En^khedy  and 
to  be  added  to  tbe  69  lately  sett  forth  in  Latin.  This 
number  of  serenty  is  so  complete  a  oninber  as  it  is  great 
pitie  tber  sbonld  be  one  more :  bnt  that  as  Angnstin  was 
the  first,  to  Matthew  might  be  the  last.**  Of  this  scnrri- 
loos  publication  an  account  may  be  seen  in  the  '^  Besti- 
tota,**  vol.  I. 

To  tbe  oniversity  of  Cambridge,  and  particulariy  to 
Ills  own  college,  be  was  a  most  munificent  benefactor, 
founding,  at  bis  own  expence,  many  fellowships  and  sebo* 
Jarsbips.  He  was  also  tbe  founder  of  tbe  first  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  over  which  be  presided  during  bis  life,  and  in 
this  oiEce  was  succeeded  by  ^  archbishop  Whitgift.  He 
bad  the  taste  and  spirit  of  an  antiquary  from  his  earliest 
years,  and  employed  bis  interest,  when  he  rose  in  tbe 
world,  as  well  as  bis  fortune,  in  accumulating  collections, 
or  transcripts  of  manuscripts,  from  tbe  dissolved  monas* 
teries.  In  bis  library  is  a  letter  from  tbe  privy-council, 
dated  July  1568,  signifying  tbe  queen*s  pleasure,  that  the. 
archbishop,  or  bis  deputies,  sbould  be  permitted  to  peruse 
all  tbe  records  of  the  suppressed  houses.  The  greatest 
favour,  tberefore,  which  be  conferred  on  literature,  was 
the  invaluable  collection  of  MSS.  and  printed  books  which 
he  gave  to  bis  college,  and  which  is  there  still  preserved. 
Fuller  styled  this  collection  ^^tbe  Sun  of  English  Antiquity^ 
before  it  was  eclipsed  by  tbat  of  sir  Robert  Cotton,**  and 
justly,  as  it  contained  more  materials,  relating  to  the  civil 
and  ecclesiastical  history  of  this  kingdom,  than  bad  ever 
been  collected,  Tbe  manuscripts  are  of  tbe  eleventh, 
twelfth,  thirteenth,  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth 
centuries.  Some  are  as  old  as  tbe  tenth,  ninth,  ^  and 
ejghth.  They  relate  to  the  writings  of  the  fathers  and 
sphodl-divinity,  to  civil  and  ecclesiastical  matters,  to  the 
concerns  of  various  religious  houses,  of  the  university,  &c. 
Many  of  them  are  in  tbe  old  Saxon  character,  and  they 
are  all  well  described  in  Nasmith*s  Catalogue.  A  copy  ^ 
his  will  is  preserved  in  the  College-library,    as  are  tw^ 

I)ictures  of  him  in  oil,  with  a  beautiful  one  iu  water-co- 
ours,  taken  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age,  at  the  end^ 
of  the  college-statutes.  His  only  surviving  son,  John,  was 
knighted  in  1603,  and  died  in  1618,  but  diere  is  nothing 
remarkable  in  his  history;  and  the  family  is  now.  thought 
^o  be  extinct. ' 

I  Strype*s  Lifv.— Mtaters't  Hist,  of  C.  C.  C.  C. — Biog.  Brit  •  Tery  cupey*. 


PARK  E  R.  Yl» 

PARKER  (Robert),  wigts  a  puritan  divinQ  of  con^f- 
.deffable  learmng  and  reading,  but  bis  early  history  is  very 
variously  represented.  Mr.  Brpok,  lo^iis  late  ^^  Lives  (^ 
tbe  Puritans/'  places  bim  as  rector  of  North- Benflete,  ift 
Essex,  in  1 57 1,  on  the  authority  of  Newcourt,  but  New^ 
court  is  evidently  speaking  of  a  Robert  Parker,  who  held 
Bardfield*parva  in  1559,  and  must  have  been  a  diiferent 
person..  Ou  the  other  band,  Mr.  Masters,  in  his  History 
of  C.  C.  G*  C.  informs  us  that  he  was  in  1581  a  pensioner 
of  Bene't  collie,  Cambridge,  and  was  made  scholar  of 
the  house  in  1583,  at  which  time  he  published  a  copy  of 
. Latin  verses  on  the  death  of  sir  William  Buttes,  and  suc*- 
ceeded  to  a  fellowship  in  the  latter  end  of  tbe  year  follow-^ 
ing.  He  was  then  A*  B.  but  commenced  A.  M.  in  1585, 
and  left  the  university  in  1589.  Both  his  biographers  agree 
.that  the  person  they  speak  of  was  beneficed  afterwards  at 
Wilton,  in  Wiltshire,  and  the  author  of  '*  A  scbolastical 
Discourse  against  symbolizing  with  Anti*christ  in  cere*» 
monies,  especially  in  the  sign  of  the  Cross,"  printed  in 
1607,  without  a  printer^s  name,  consisiing  of  near  400 
pages  closely  printed  in  folio.  In  this  he  appears  to  have 
employed  very,  extensive  reading  to  very  little  purpose, 
aecordiog  to  Dr.  Grey;  and  even  Mr.  Pierce,  in  bis  ^<  Vin- 
dication of  tbe  Dissent^rsf"  owns  that  ^^  bis  fancy  was 
somewhat  odd  as  to  his  manner  of  handling  his  argument." 
Iticontained  at  the  same  time  matter  90  very  offensive,  that 
a  proclamation  was  issued  for  apprehending  the  author, 
who,  after  many  narrow  escapes,  was.  enabled  to  take  re- 
fnge  in  Hojlaod.  Here  i^Oine  of  his  biographers  inform  os 
that  he  was  chosen  minister  of  tbe  Engliah  church  at  Aoir 
aterdam  ^  but  tbe  magistrates  of  the  city,  being  unwilling  to 
disoblige  the  king  of  England  by  continuing  him  their 
pastor,  he  removed  to  Doesburgh,  where  he  became  chap- 
lain to  tbe  garrison.  Others  tell  us  that  he  would  have  been 
chosen  pastor  to  tbe  English  church  at  Amsterdam,  had  not 
.the  magisjtrates  bieen  afraid  of  disobliging  king  James. 
According  to  Mr.  Brook,  it  would  a|>pear  tbat  he  had  pubr 
Jished  his  work  *^  De  Descensu"  before  he  left  England, 
Jbmt  we  can  more  safely  rely  on  Mr.  Masters,  who  had  seen . 
tbe  bo(^,  and  who  inform^  ustbat  it  was  while  he  was  at 
Amsterdam  tbat  he  publi^ed  a  treatise,  >^  De  Descensu 

iicial  aiticle.-^Le  Neve's  Protestant  Bishops.— Burnet's  Hist  uf  tbe  Reforma. 
tion.— MS  Letter  of  Dr.  Ducarel's,  &c.  &c.  ,  See  also  various  ourioui  fii^f^* 
jUcttUrt  in  Lysoiis's  Envirunsj  the  ^isiory  vf  Lamiieth,  ^c» 


120  PARKER. 


'■'  5^ 


>domini  nonfari  Jesa  Gbristi  ad  Inferos^"  4to^  M&iiili  bad 
1>een  begun  by. fab  learncki  friend  Hvgb  Sotndford,  who 
iinding  deatb  iipproacbing)  comoiitt^d  tbe  peiiiectirrg  of  it 
to  bioi.  This  be  wa&  about  to  do  When  compellvd  to  leait^ 
Englaml.  His  prefhce  is  dated  Amsterdam,.  Ded.>  30^  1611. 
He  was  also  the  autb6r  of  a  traadse  ^'  De  PoUtia  Eeete- 
«iastica  Cfaristi  et  Hierarcbicaoppdsita^*'  published  in  16l'6, 
at  which  time  he  bad  been  dead  two  years.  Ke  is  indeed 
here  represented  ^'  as  an  emimdnt  serranl  of  Christ,  callied 
jbotne  to  rest  from  his  labonrs  in'  tbe  midst  of  his  course.** 
The  Bodleian  catalogue  assigns  to  him  t^o  other  post- 
bumous  works,  ^^  A  Discourse  concerning  PuntanV' 1641, 
4to^  and  ^'  Tbe  Mystery  of  tb^  Vials  opened  in  tbe  \Mh 
chapter  of  the  Revelatiofns.*'  He  left  a  son,  ThomsM, 
author  of  a  wofk  called  '^^  Mieibodus  gratitiB'ditiU{6  it^  ^tna^ 
dtjctione  bominis  peccatoris  ad  vitan^"  Lond.  1657^  Hyo, 
'which  the  editor  considered  as  a  work  of  importance  by  tbe 
care  be  took  to  c6llate  four  MS  copies.  Brodk  say's  hie 
wrote  also  <*  Meditations  on  the  Pfo^ecy  of  Daniel,'^  ftAd 
died  in  1677,  in  New  England,  to  whicii  fae  went  in  1634, 
io  avoid  the  consequence^  of  nonconforimity  at  botfie.  * 

PARKER  (Samuel),  a  t&kn  of  sodio  learning,  and  nb 
contemptible  writer,  but  of  despicable  dbatiiot^f,  was  bcffti 
an  Sept.  1640,  at  Northampton,  where  bis  father,  John 
Parker,  then  practised  tbe  law.  John  bad  \teen  bfsed  to 
that  profession  in  one  of  tbe  Temples  at  London,  slnd  i^ 
dining  to  the  parliament  against  the  king,  wtts  prefen^eii 
to  be  a  mtoilier  of  the  high  court  of  jumiide  in  1€49,  in 
ivbich  office  he  gave  sentence  i^inst  the  thuee  lords,  Ca- 
pel,  Huiland)  and  Hamilton,  who  were  bebeaded.  During 
■Oliver's  U9urpati6n  be  was  made  an  assistant  committee- 
man for  his  county*  In  1650,  be  published  m  book  in  de<- 
/ence  of  the  new  government,  as  a  common wetflKhi  wicfaw 
€)ut  a  king  or  hou^e  of  lords,  entitled  "Tbe  Governwent 
of  tbe  People  of  England,  precedent  and  presenjt,*'  with 
An  emblematical  engraved  title-page*  lb  Jntie  16i5,wfa6n 
Cromwell  was  declared  protector,  he  was  appointed  one  6f 
the  commissioners  for  removing  obbtructioiis  at  WdrdentieN 
bouse,  in  the  Strand,  near  London,  and  was  swom  seij^Mstt 
at  law  next  day.  In  Jan.  16.59,  he  was  appointed  hf  ^t 
rump-^pttfliament  onfe  of  tbe  barons  of  th^  ^mbequetr;  bt^ 

*  Master's  Hist,  of  C.  C.  C'C. — Broi»k*fi  Lives  of  th€  Puritiins*— ^ie*l>g  P#- 
rifcana*  mitik  Orey's  ExtiiimdiiflAi,  vol.  L 


If  A  B  K  E  K.  121 

Upon  a  ocfQtiplaint  againit  h\tti^  wad  soon  afb^  disiilaced. 
His  cbaracteri  hofwiever^  appearrs  to  have  been  midh^  that 
he  was  again  made  i^gQlarly  sex^eant  at  Uw,  by  the  re- 
commendatioti  of  chancellor  Hydei  at  the  first  call  after 
die  return  of  Charles  IL 

His  son,  Samuel,  tbe  i»ub}eotv  of  the  present  article,  was 
educated  among  the  Puritans  ti  Northampton ;  whence, 
when  prepared  for  tbe  university,  he  was  sent  to  Wadlilam'* 
college  in  Oxford,  and  addditted,  in  1659,  under  a  pres-^ 
byterian  tutor.  While  here  be  affected  to  lead  a  strict  and 
reHgioas  life,  entered  into  a  weekly  society,  then  called 
the  gruellers,  because  their  chief  diet  waa  wafcer-grael; 
and  it  was  observed  **  that  he  put  m^ire  graves  into  his 
porridge  than  ^U  the  rest.'*  This  society  met  at  a  house 
in  Holywell,  where  he  was  so  zealous  and  constant  an  at- 
tendiant  upon  prayers,  sermons,  and  aacramentSi  that  he 
was  est^^emed  one  of  the  most  vaioable  young  men  in  tbe 
university.  He  took  the  degree  B.  A.  Feb.  28,  1 660.  At 
the  titue  of  the  restoration  he  was  a  vibl^nt  independent, 
and  as  forborne  time  be  eontintied  to  rail  against  episco- 
pacy, he  was  mueh  diseountenanced  by  the  new  warden, 
Dn  Blandford.  Upon  this  he  nemoved  to  Trinity  college, 
wb6rei  by  the  advi<^^  of  Dr.  Ralph  Bathtirst,  then  a  senior 
fellow  of  that  society,  b6  was  induced  to  change  his  opi- 
nions, and  became  as  violent  against  the  nonconformists  as 
he  bad  ever  been  for  them.  He  afterwards  thanked  Dr. 
Balhurst  for  having  restored  him  '^  from  the  chaiiis  and 
fetters  of  an  unhappy  education."  He  now  proceeded 
M.A.  in  1663,  add  .having  taken!  orders,  resorted  fre« 
gueutly  to  Londt>n,  and  became  chaplain  to  a  nobleman, 
whom  be  atliuaed  by  his  humourous  sallies  at  the  expenco' 
of  his  old  fri^dds  tbe  prtdsbyteriiiiTs,  independents,  &c. 
Mason  was  R0.y6r  more  mistaken  than  when  in  his  ^*  Ode 
to  Independence"  be  misntions  him  by  the  epithet  *^  mitred 
dullness."  Parker  was  undoubtedly  a  man  of  wit,  and 
although  Marvel!  was  his  match,  y^t  the  success  of  the 
latter  was  not  a  litde  owing  to  his  having  tbe  best  cause* 

In  1665  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  and 
published  about  th^  same  time  some  phyricb-^theological 
assays,  in  Latin,  with  tbid  title  '^  Teotaihina  Pbysico-Theo<^ 
logica  de  Deo ;  sive  Tbeologia  Scholastica,  ad  normam' 
nov8^  et  reformats^  pbilosophite  cohcinnata,"  Lond.  1665, 
4tov  This  he  dedicated  to  archbishop  ShjeMon.  .  The  work 
iras  attatked  by  N.  Fairfax,  M.  D.  in  a  treatise  with  tbe 


122  P  A  R  K  £  It 

wbinisical  tide  of  <^Tbe  Bulk  and  Selvedge  of  the  World.** 
Ill  1666  he  published  **  A  free  and  impartial  Censure  of 
tbe  Platonic  Philosophy ;"  and  shortly  after  '<  An  account 
of  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  Divine  Dominion  and  Good- 
ness, especially  as  they  refer  to  the  Origenian  hypothesis 
"coticerning  tbe  pre-existence  of  souls,  together  with  a 
special  account  of  tbe  vanity  and  groundlessness  of  tbe  hy^- 
pothesis  itself/'  Oxon;  1666, 4to.  About  Micbaelfnas,  1667, 
archbishop  Sheldon  appointed  him  one  of  his  chaplains,  a 
proof  that  at  this  time  be  was  in  estimation ;  and  this  seems 
to  have  led  the  way  to  higher  preferment.  He  now  left 
Oxford,  and  resided  at  Lambeth,  under  the  eye  of  his  pa<^ 
iron;  who,  in  June  1670,  collated  him  to  the  archdea^ 
conry  of  Canterbury,  in  the  room  of  Dr.  Sancroft,  after* 
wards  archbishop.  On  Nov.  26,  the  same  year,  having  accom- 
panied William  prince  of  Orange  on  his  visit  to  Cambridge, 
he  bad  the  degree  of  D.  D.  conferred  upon  him.  On  Nov.  1 8, 
1672,  he  was  installed  prebendary  of  Canterbury ;  and  had 
the  rectories  of  Ickham  and  Chartham,  in  Kent,  conferred 
upon  hi  in  by  the  archbishop  about  the  same  time.  About 
this  time  he  published  some  of  those  writings  against  the 
presbyterians  which  involved  him  in  a  controversy.  The 
iirst  of  these  was  his  **  Discourse  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity, 
wherein  tbe  authority  of  the  civil  magistrate  over  the  con* 
sciences  of  subjects  in  matters  of  external  religion  is  as^ 
serted."  This  was  first  answered  by  the  anonymous  author 
of  ^*  Insolence  and  Impudence  triumphant,"  &:c.  1669;  and 
by  Dr.  John  Owen,  in  "Truth  and  Innocence  vindicated.** 
He  then  published  "  A  Defence  and  Continuation  of  Ec- 
clesiastical Polity  (against  Dr.  Owen),"  Lond.  .1671,  6vo  $ 
"  Toleration  discussed,'^  &c.  1670,  4to;  "  A  DisCourset  in 
Vindication  of  bishop  Bramhall  and  the  Church  of  Eng-* 
land,  from  the  fanatic  charge  of  Popery,"  &c.  This  was 
prefixed  to  a  ^  Treatise"  of  the  said  bishop,  written  in  hii 
bwii  defence,  1672,  8vo.  A  humourous  censure  of  this 
piece  being  published  by  Andrew  Marvellj  entitled  ^^  The 
Rehearsal  Transprosed,"  &c.  our  author,  in  the  same  hu* 
mourous  taste,  wrote  *^  A  Reproof  to  the  Rehearsal  Trans- 
prosed,"  1673,  8vo.  Wood,  however,  observes,  that,  "  find- 
ing  himself  beaten  in  this  cudgelling  way,  his  high  spirit 
was  abated  for  ever  after,  and  though  Marvell  replied  to 
fkis  ^  Reproof,'  yet  he  judged  it  more  prudent  to  lay  down 
tbe  cudgels.  It  put  him  upon  a  niore  sober,  serious,  and 
inodeiraie  way  of  writing."  (S^se  M^rvelv)    Parker'^  bst 


PARKER.  12S 

publication  Id  this  coDtroversy  was  ^*  A  free  and  impanial 
Inquiry  into  the  causes  of  that  very  great  esteem  and  ho-^ 
nour  the  Nonconformist  Ministers  are  in  with  their  foU 
lowers/^  1673,  Hvo.  In  1678  be  published  bis  <<  Disputa- 
tiones  de  Deo  et  providentia  divioa,"  &c.  4to,  which  is 
highly  commended  by  Dr.  Henry  More  in  the  general  pre* 
tsLce  to  his  works.  This  was  followed  by  other  works,  en^ 
titled  ^'  Demonstration  of  the  divine  authority  of  the  Law 
of.  Nature,  and  of  the  Christian  Religion,'*  1681,  4to ; 
'^  The  Case  of  the  Church  of  England  briefly  stated  in  the 
three  first  and  fundamental  principles  of  a  Christian  Church, 
i.  The  Obligation  of  Christianity  by  Divine  Right.  II. 
The  Jurisdiction. of  the  Church  by  Divine  Right.  III.  The 
institution  of  Episcopal  Superiority  by  Divine  Right," 
London,  8vo ;  ^'  An  account  of  the  Government  of  the 
Christian  Church,  in  the  first  six  hundred  years;  parti* 
cularly  shewing,  I.  The  Apostolical  practice  of  Diocesan 
and  Metropolitical  Episcopacy.  II.  The  usurpation  of  pa<- 
triarchal  and  papal  authority.  III.  The  war  of  two  hundred 
years  between  the  bishops  of  Rome  and  Constantinople,  of 
universal  supremacy,"  London,  1683,  8vo  ^  *^  Religion 
and.  Loyalty,  or,  a  demonstration  of  the  power  of  the 
Christian  Church  within  itself,  supremacy  of  sovereign 
powers  over  it,  and  duty  of  passive  obedience  and  nonr 
resistance  to  all  their  commands,  exemplified  out  of  re^* 
eords,^'  &c.  8vo  ;  and  the  year  following,  the  second  pari 
of  the  same  work,  containing  ^*  the  history  of  the  concur- 
rence of  the  imperial  and  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  in  the 
.Government  of  the  Church,  from  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  Jovian  to  the  end'Of  Justinian,"  1685,  8vo. 

As  he  thus'by  his  writings,  as  well  as  personal  conduct, 
maintained  an  unreserved  obsequiousness  to  the  court,  du*' 
ring  the  reign,  of  Charles  II.  so  upon  the  accession  of  his 
brother  to  the  throne,  kp  continued  in  the  same  servil^ 
complaisance ;  and  it  was  not  long  before  he  reaped  the 
fruits  of  it  in  the  bishopric  of  Oxford,  to  which  be  was 
nominated  by  James  11.  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Fell  in  1686, 
being  allowed  to  hold  the  archdeaconry  of  Canterbury  in 
jcommendam.  He  was  also  made  a  privy  counsellor,  and 
constituted,  by  a  royal  mandamus,  president  of  Magdalen^ 
college  in  Oxford,  a  situation  which  amounted .  to  a  dis* 
grace,  as  it  was  in  violation  of  the  statutes,  and  in  resist^ 
^nce  to  the  lawful  election. of  Dr.  Hough.  (See  Hou€»H  )  • 

flaying  now  openly  rejected  the  4:hurch  of  £nglamd| 


124  P  A  H  K  £  R. 

which  h^  had  «aeriftoed  to  his  ambition,  be  became  oiie'  of 
the  Romish^  m^cenariesi  prostituttng  bis  pen  in  defepcd 
of  transubslantiation,  and  the  worship  of  saints  and  itaagen* 
The  papists,  it  is  certain,  made  sure  of  htm  as  a  proselyte; 
one  of  whom,  in  a  letter  from  Liege,  informs  his.  cor-* 
respondent  that  be  even  proposed  in  council,  whether  ii 
was  not  expedient  that  at  least  one  college  in  Oxford  should 
be  allowed  to  be  catholics,  that  they  niight  not  be  f6rced 
to  be  at  such  charges  by  going  beyond  the  seas^  to  study. 
In  the  same  spirit,  having  invited  two  popish  noblemen, 
with  a  third  or  the  church  of  England,  ta  dn  entertaifi^ 
rhent,  he  drank  the  Icing's  health,  v^ishing  a  happy  succesi 
to  all  bis  affairs ;  adding,  that  the  religion  of  the  protest- 
ants  in  England  seemed  to  him  to  be-  in  no  better  a 
condition  than  Buda  was  before  it  was  takeo,  and  thai 
tbey  were  next  to  Atheists  who  defended  that  faith«  So 
very  notorious  was  his  conduct,  that  the  more  prudent  and 
artful  of  the  popish  party  condemned  it  Father  Peter,  a 
JjCsnit,  and  privy-counsellor  to  king  James,  in  a  letter  ti^ 
father  la  Chaise,  confessor  .to  Louis  XIY.  uses  these  ex^ 
pressioos:  ^^  The  bishop  of  Oxford  has  not  yet  declared 
himself  openly;  the  great  obstacle  is  his  wife,  whdm  he 
cannot  rid  himself  of;  his  design  being  to.  continue  d 
bishop,  and  only  change  communion,  as  it  is  not  doubled 
but  the  king  will  permit,  and  our  holy  father  confirm ; 
though  I  don't  see  how  he  can  be  farther  useful  to.  u^siu< 
the  religion  be  is  in,  because  he  is  suspected,  and  of  no* 
esteem  among  the  heretics  of  tbe  Eirglish  cbdrch ;  nor  dty 
I  see  that  tbe  example  of  hi^  conversion  is  like  to  dtaw^ 
many  others  aft^r  hitn,  because  be  declared  bimlself,  so> 
s,udd:enly.  If  he  bad  believed  my  counsel,  which  ii^as  to 
teotiporize  for  some  longer  time,  he  would  have  done  beuer ; 
but  it  is  his  temper,  or  rather  zeal,  that  hurried  hi  in  4n  to 
it"  These  two  letters  were  first  printed  in  a  **  Third  Col-. 
lection  of  Papers  relating  to  the  present  juQctt»re  of  affairs 
in  England,^'  &c.  1689,  4ta^  and  havd  been  sinee  inserted^ 
in  Ecbard's  and  Rapin's  bistoi^ies. 

His  character  vf^as  now  become  ctotemiptible,  amd  hk- 
authority  in  his  diocese  so  very  insignificant,  that  when  be> 
assembled  his  ckrgy  and  desired  them  to  s^ubftcribe  an 
^'  4ddress  of  Thanks  to  tbe  king  fi»  bis  deotai'^iofi  of  Li*' 
beity  of  Conscience,''  tbey  rejected  it  with  such  ananlmity, 
that  be  got  btit  one  clergyman  td  eo^tir  wifb  him  in  it. 
The  last  eiffbrt  be  ^nade  to  serve  the  ^jsurt  was  ]»s  pub*- 


.      P  A  R  K  e  R.  i25 

iisbiug  <<  Reasons  for  abrbgating  the  Test  ;*'  and  this  pro- 
duped 'a  controversy,  in  which  be  was  completely  foiled, 
bis  character  despised,  and  his  spirit  broken.  He  died  nn- 
l^rpeoted  at  Magdalen  college,  May  20,  1687,  and  was 
buried  in  the  outer  chapel.  He  was  a  man  of  learning, 
iM>d  in  sooie  instances  an  acute  writer*.  Of  that  character 
l^aryeirs  wit  cannot  deprive  him.  But  it  may  be  allowed, 
with  Burnety  that  he  was  a  man  of  no  judgment,  and  of  as 
little  virtue ;  and  as  to  religion,  rather  impious ;  that  he 
wa?  covetous  and  ambitious,  and  seemed  to  have  no  other 
suiise  of  religion  but  as  «  politioal  interest,  and  a  subject 
pf  party  and  faction.  He  seldom  came  to  prayers,  or  to 
finy  exercises  of  devotion  ;  and  was  so  lifted  up  with  pride 
that  be  grewinsuflPerable  to  all  that  came  near  him. 

It  iQUst  have  been  as  the  last  effort  of  a  desperate  cause 
when  he  sent  a  **  Discourse''  to  James,  persuading  him  to 
embrace  the  protestant  religion,  with  a  ^'  Letter"  to  the 
same  purpose,  which  was  printed  at  London  in  1690,  4to. 
His  works  have  but  few  readers  at  this  day ;  and  Swift 
observes,  tliat  /'  Marvell's  remarks  on  Parker  continued  to 
be  read  when  the  book  which  occasioned  them  was  long 
ago  sunk.'*  He  left  a  son  of  his  own  name,  who  was  an 
ei^cellent  scholar,  and  a  man  of  singular  modesty.  He 
Qever  took  the  oaths  after  the  revolution.  He  married  a 
bookseller's  daughter  at  Oxford,  where  he  resided  with  a 
numerous  family  of  children ;  to  support  which  he  pub-> 
liahed  some  books,  particularly,  I .  <^  An  English  Transla- 
tion of  TuUy  de  finibus,  1702,''  Svo,  in  the  preface  to 
which  he  has  some  aoimad  versions  upon  Locke's  Essay  con- 
cerning Human  Understanding.  2.  *^  An  abridgment  of 
the  Ecclesiastic  Histories  of  Eusebius,  Socrates,  Sozomen, 
s^nd  Theodoret,"  1729.  He  also  published  a  Latin  ma- 
nuscript of  bis  father,  containing  the  history  of  his  own. 
tigie,  under  this  title,  '^  Reverendi  admodum  in  Christo 
patris  Sartiuelis  Parkeri  episcopide  rebus  sui  temporis  com* 
mentariprum  Jibri  quatuor,"  1726,  8vo,  of  which,  two 
English  translations  were  afterwards  published,  one  by  the 
rev.  Thomas  Newlin,  fellow  of  Magdalen  college.  But 
Mr.  Paifker's  last  and  greatest  work  wa^  entitJed  **  Biblio- 
tbeca  Biblica,"  printed  at  Oxford  in  5  vols.  4to,  the  first 
of  which  appeared  ia  two  parts  in  1720,  and  the  fifth. in 

.*  Lafdoer  ipeaks  ia  termi  of  r«*  use  of  it  in  chapter  xmcix  of  fans  »<  Tes- 
•pect  of  his  "  Demonstration  of  tb6  limonies  uf  Ancient  Hfathsns,"  vol. 
itriM  Authority,"  !atnd'  makes  great     VILI,  of  his  Works. 


126  P  A  R  k  E  ft. 

*  1735|  with  an  account  of  the  other  writings  of  the  autbo^ 
and  some  particulars  of  his  life,  drawn  up  by  Dr.  Thomas 
Haywoody  of  St.  John^s  college,  to  whom  were  attributed 
most  of  the  dissertations  in  the  work.  He  describes  it  asr 
.^*  being  a  neW  Comment  upon  the  five  Books  of  Moses, 
extracted  from  the  ancient  fathers,  and  the  most  famous 
critics  both  ancient  and  modern,  with  occasional  annota- 
tions or  dissertations  upon  particular  difficulties,  as  thej 
were  often  called  for."  Mr.  Parker  died  July  I*,  1730, 
in  his  fiftieth  year,  leaving  a  widow  and  children.  The 
metrical  paraphrase  of  Leviticus  xi.  13,  &c.  in  vol.  IIL 
was  written  by  Mr.  Warton,  of  Magdalen  college,  father 
to  the  late  learned  brothers,  Joseph  and  Thomas  Warton ; 
and  the  ^^  Fragment  of  Hyppolitus,  taken  out  of  two  Arabic 
M8S.  in  the  Bodleian,"  in  the  fourth  vol.  was  translated  by 
the  late  Dr.  Hunt.  Mr.  Parker  never  was  in  orders,  as  he 
could  not  reconcile  his  mind  to  the  new  government;  but 
he  associated  much  and  was  highly  respected  by  many 
divines,  particularly  nonjurors,  as  Dr.  Hickes,  Mr.  ColHer, 
Mr.  Dodwell,  Mr.  Leslie,  Mr.  Nelson,  and  Dr.  Grabe, 
whose  liberality  lessened  the  difficulties  which  a  very  large 
family  occasioned.  He  appears  to  have  had  a  place  in  the 
Bodleian  library,  as  Mr.  Wheatly,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Raw- 
linson^  dated  Dec.  1739,  says,  *^  Sam.  Parker's  son  I  had 
heard  before  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Clements :  but  the 
account  you  give  me  of  his  extraordinary  proficiency  is 
new.  If  it  be  true  also,  I  hope  some  generous  patron  of 
learning  will  recall  him  from  the  bookseller's  shop,  and 
place  him  in  his  father's  seat,  the  Bodleian  library.'*  This 
son,  Sackville  Parker,  was  afterwards  for  many  years  an 
eminent  bookseller  at  Oxford,  and  one  of  the  four  Octo* 
genarian  booksellers,  who  died  in  1795  and  1796,  namely, 
James  Fletcher,  at  eighty-six ;  Sackville  Parker,  at  Weighty- 
nine ;  Stephen  Fletcher,  at  eighty -two,  and  Daniel  Prince, 
at  eighty-five.  They  were  all  born  at  Oxford,  except 
James  Fletcher.  The  present  worthy  bookseller,  Mr.  Jo- 
seph Parker,  is  nephew  and  succer^sor  to  Mr.  Sackville 
Parker." 

PARKHURST  (John),  an  eminent  prelate  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  was  born  at  Guildford,  in  Surrey,  in  1511, 
and  was  tfae  son  of  Mr.  George  Parkhurst  of  that  place. 

■  Alfa.  Ox.  vol.  If. — Bfcg.  Brit.->Bor»el'8  Own  Tines.— Gnit.  Mag.  Tof. 
LXX.  p..7.— LeUers  by  eminent  PerscMS,  1813,  3  vols.  8vo  —D* Israeli's  QuftrW 
rel?,  vol.  II.  p.  174.— Crosby's  Baptists,  vol.  II.— Nichols**  Bowyer. 


P  A  R  K  H  U  R  S  T.  12T 

fie  was  educated  there  in  the  grammar-school  adjoining" 
to  Magdalen  college  gate,    under  Thomas  Robertson,  a 
▼ery  falnous  teacher.     He  was  elected  fellow  of  Merton 
college  in  1529,  and  three  years  after,  proceeding  in  arts, 
entered  into  holy  orders;    Anthony  Wood  says  that  he  was 
at  this  time  better  esteemed  for  poetry  and  oratory  than 
divinity.     Yet  we  find  him  recorded  in  the  life  of  Jewell, 
as  the  tutor  of  that  excellent  prelate,  who  entered  of  Mer- 
ton college  in  1535,  and  as  "  prudently  instilling,  tog^her 
with  his  other  learning,  those  excellent  principles  into  this 
young  gentleman,  which  afterwards  made  him  the  darling 
and   wonder  of  his  age."     Among  other  useful  employ^ 
ments,  we  find  him  collating  Coverdale  and  TindaPs  trans* 
lations  of , the  Bible  along  with  his  pupil,  of  whom  he 
conceived  a  very  high  dpinion,  and  on  one  occasion  ex- 
claimed *^  Surely  PauPs  Cross  will  one  day  ring  of  this 
boy,'*  a  prophecy  which  was  remarkably  fulfilled  in  JewelPs 
celebrated  sermon  there  in  1560.     Parkhurst,  it  is  true, 
was  a  poet  and  an  orator,  but  he  had  very  early  examined 
the  controversy  that  was  about  to  end  in  the  reformation, 
and  imbibed  the  spirit  of  the  latter.     In  154S,  according 
to  a  MS  note  of  Baker,  he  was  presented  by  Thomas  lord 
Seymour  to  the  rich  benefice  of  Bishcfp's  Cleve  in  Glou- 
cestershire, which  he  held  three  years  in  commendam, 
and  where  be  did  much  good  by  his  hospitality  and  charity ; 
but  the  author  of  Jewell's  life  says  that  he  held  this  living 
in  1544,  and  when  in  that  year  Jewell  commenced  master 
of  arts,  he  boce  the  charges  of  it.     Nor,  says  Jewel  l*s  bio- 
grapher, ^'  was  this  the  only  instance  wherein  he  (Jewell) 
did  partake  of  this  good  man's  bounty,  for  he  was  wont 
twice  or  thrice  in  a  year  to  invite  him  to  his  house,  and  not 
dismiss  him  without  presents,  money,  and  other  things  that 
were  necessary  for  the  carrying  on  bis  studies*     And  one 
time  above  the  rest,  coming  into  his  chamber  in  the  morn- 
ing, when  he  was  to  go  back  to  the  university,  he  seized 
upon  his  and  his  companions  purses,  saying,  What  money,  I 
wonder,   have  these  miserable,  and  beggardly  Oxfordians? 
And  finding  them  pityfuUy  lean  and  empty,  stuffed  them 
with  money,  till  they  became  both  fat  and- weighty.'* 

After  the  death  of  Edward  VI.  be  joined  the  exrlei 
abroad,  and  took  up  his  residence  at  Zurich,  where  he 
remained  till  the  death  of  queen  Mary.  Here  he  met 
with  his  pupil  Jewell,  and  on  the  change  of  affairs  in 
England  they  intended  to  have  retvirned  together^    bu^ 


128  F  A  B  K  H  U  R  S  T. 

Parkhur9t,  thinking  that  Jewell  bad  not  chosen  the  sa&i^ 
route  for  bis  travels,  lef(  bim  and  went  by  himself^  tbe  cod^ 
sequence  of  wbicb  was  tbat  Parkhorst  was  robbed  of  all  he 
ba^  on  the  road^  and  Jewell  arrived  safe  in  England,  and 
had  the  satisfaction  of  relieving  tbe  wants  of  bis  fbrmer 
benefactor.  Soon  after  Parkburst  arrived,  be  was  elected 
to  the  see  of  Norwich  April  13,  1560,  and  consecrated  by 
archbishop  Parker,  &c.  on  Sept.  1.  He  held  tbe  living  of 
Cleve  for  some  tiine  after  this  along  with  bis  bisbopiic« 
He  now  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Thomas  Garnish^ 
of  Kenton  in  Suffolk,  esq.  by  Margaret  bis  wife,  daugihter 
of  $ir  Hugh  Francis,  of  Giffard^s  Hall  in  Suffolk,  kin'ght. 
In.  15 66,  by  virtue  of  a  commission  from  the  principal 
ministers  of  tbe  university  of  Oxford,  directed  to  Laurence 
Humphrey,  the  queen's  divinity  professor,  he  and  four 
other  bishops  were  created  doctors  of  divinity,  Oct.  30,  in 
the  house  of  one  Stephen  Medcalf  in  Loudon,  in  tbe  pre-^ 
sence  of  William  Standbib,  public  nc^ary  and  registrar  of 
the  university,  and  others. 

In  the  conduct  of  his  diocese,  it  appears  that  be  differed 
in  many  respects  from  his  metropolitan  archbishop  Parker, 
and  exerted  bis  authority  towards  tbe  puritans  with  such 
moderation,  as  was  accounted  ^^  great  remissness."  This 
produced  frequent  remonstrances  on  the  part  of  tbe  arch- 
bishop. To  one  of  the  last  of  these  recorded  l^  Strype,* 
our  prelate  returned  for  answer,  ^^  What  I  am  and  what 
my  doings  are,  cannot  be  hidden.  And  therefore  do  refet' 
myself  to  the  reports  not  of  any  one,  but  of  all  severally. 
This  I  find  by  good  proof,  that  the  rough  and  austere, 
manner  of  ruling  doth  the  least  good.  And  on  the  other 
part,  the  contrary  hath  and  doth  daily  reclaim  and  win 
divers.  And  therefore  do  I  chuse  rather  to  continue  my 
accustomed  and  natural  form  and  manner,  which  I  know, 
how  it  hath  aiid  doth  work,  than  with  others  by  rigour  and 
extremity  to  over-rule,"  &c. 

Strype»  on  the  authority  of  his  contemporary  Becaij^^' 
who  knew  him  well,  gives  him  this  character  :  '^  He  war 
naturally  somewhat  hasty ;  but  soon  appeased  again.  He 
would  speak  his  mind  freely,  and  fear  none  in  a  good 
Qause.  A  true  friend,  and  easily  reconciled  to  any 
against  whom  be  had  taken  a  displeasure.  He  appointed: 
in  his  diocese  (that  was  %ge)  for  the  better  oversight 
thereof,  ten  commissaries^  to  whom  he,  as  occasion  servied, 
il^nt  instructions  for  the.  regulation  and  ordef  of  bis  iffe^' 


P  A  R  K  H  U  H  S  T.  129 

He  could  bave  been  willing  lo  allow  a  liberty  of  officiating 
in  the  church,  to  such  as  could  not  conform  to  some  of  the 
ceremonies  of  it,  looking  upon  them  as  indifferent  matters ; 
but  upon  command  from  aboye,  he  readily  obeyed  his 
prince's  and  metropolitan's  authority.  He  was  a  friend  to 
frophesjfes ;  that  is,  to  the  meetings  of  the  ministers  in 
several  appointed  parish  churches  in  his  diocese,  as  in  St. 
Edmund's  Bury,  &c.  to  confer  together  about  the  inter- 
pretation and  sense  of  the  scriptures.  But  the  queen  for- 
bidding it,  upon  some  abuses  thereof,  the  archbishop  sig- 
nified to  him  her  will,  and  he  in  obedience  sent  to  his 
archdeacons  and  commissariesi,  to  have  them  forborn  for 
the  future.''  *'  As  for  his  life  and  conversation,  it  was 
such  as  might  be  counted  a  mirror  of  virtue ;  wherein  ap- 
peared nothing  but' what  was  good  and  godly;  an  example 
to  the  flock  in  righteousness,  in  faith,  in  love,  in  peaces 
in  -wordy  in  purity.  He  preached  diligently,  and  exhorted 
the  people  that  came  to  him.  He  was  a  learned  man,  as 
well  in  respect  of  human  learning/  as  divine,  well  seen  in 
the  sacred  Scriptures;  an  earnest 'pro  test  ant,  and  lover  of 
sincere  religion ;  an  excellent  bishop, .  a  faithful  pastor, 
and  aAvorthy  example  to  all  spiritual  ministers  in  his  dio- 
cese, both  for  doctrine,  life,  and  hospitality."  This  cha- 
racter is  confirmed  by  Bale,  in  the  dedication  to  Parkhurst^ 
of  his  <<  Reliques  of  Rome,"  printed  in  1563. 
.  Dr.  Parkhurst  died  Feb.  2,  1574,  and  was  buried  in  the 
nave  of  the  cathedral  of  Norwich,  on  the  south  side  be- 
tween  the  eighth  and  ninth  pillars.  Against  the  west  part 
of  the  latter  was  a  monument,  now  inuch  mutilated ;  his 
figure  iu  a  gown  and  square  cap,  and  the  inscription,  being 
taken  away  during  the  rebellion,  with  the  epitaph,  which 
is  still  on  record  in  Blomefield's  History  of  Norwich. 

His  works  bave  not  mncb  connexion  with  his  profession, 
ail,  except  his  letters,  being  Latin  poetry  on  sundry  oc*- 
casions.  He  was. indeed  one  x)f  the  translators  of  the  Bi- 
shops' Bible,  of  which  bis  share  was  the  Apocrypha  from 
the  book  of  Wisdom  to  the  end ;  but  he  is  best  known  to 
the  curious  by  his  ^'  Ludicra,  sive  £pigrammata  juvenilia," 
In  1572  he  sent  a  copy  of  thes^to  his  old  and  dear  friend 
Dr.  Wilson,  master  of  St.  Catherine's,  as  a  new-year's  gift, 
and  styled  them  his  ^^  good,  godly,  and  pleasant  epigrams;" 
and  they  were  in  the  following  year  printed  by  Day,  in  u 
small  4to  volume*  Why  Anthony  Wood  should  give  thd 
report  that  these  epigrams  were  as  mdecent  as  Martial's, 

Vol.  XXIV.  K 


1  sa  P  A  B  K  H  U  R  S  T. 

wbeo  he  adds  at  the  same  time  that  *<  be  cannot  perceive 
it»^'  seems  unaccountable ;  but  even  Blomefield  has  adopted 
this  fierlse  accusation.  Many  of  them  appear  to  have  been 
first  printed  at  Zurich  in  15689  whejce  they  were  written^ 
and  republished  now.  Among  the  commenda;iory  verses 
is  a  copy  by  dean  Nowell,  to  whom  two  of  the  epigrams 
are:  addressed,  and -who  was  not  likdy  to  have  comsiended 
indecencies,  if  we  could  sn[^K>se  our  pious  prelate  capable 
of  publishing  such.  ^^  His  epigrams,'^  says  archdeacon 
Churton,  ^'affcM-ding  notices  of  persons  and  things  not 
elsewhere  easily  found,  arie  on  the  Grecian  rather  than  the 
Rotnan  model,  not  sparkling  with  wit,  but  grave  and  di>- 
dactic.V  The  other  works  attributed  to  bishop  Parkhurst 
are,  1.  ^^  £pigrammata  in  mortem  duorom  fratrum  Suffol-- 
oiensium,  Caroli  et  Henrici  Brandon,'*  Lond*  1552,  4to. 
These  were  the  sons  of  Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk^ 
and  died  of  the  swearing-sickness.  2.  ^^  Epigrammata 
secia,"  ibid.  1560,  which  seem  to  be  a  part  of  bis  larger 
collection  ;  and  some  of  them  had  been  long  before  pub^ 
liafaed  at  Strasburgb,  alpng  with  Shepreve's  ^*  Summa  et  . 
synopsis  Nov.  Test,  distichis  ducentis  sexagiiita  compre*^* 
bensa^"  3.  ^*  Vita  Christi,  carm.  LaL  in  lib.  precum  pri- 
vat."  ibid.  1578.  He  also  addressed  Henry  VIII.  and 
qjaeen  Catherine  in  some  complimentary  verses,  wbein  they 
were  about  to  Visit  Oxford  in  1 543 ;  and  there  is  ao  epkapb^ 
of  his  on  queen  Catherine  in  the  chiq)el  of  Sudtey-castie» 
Several  of  his  letters  )have  been  published  by  Strype^  and- 
more  in  MS.  are  in  the  British  Miiseum.^ 

PARKHURST  (John),  a  late  learned  divine  and  lexi<- 
cograpber^  was  the  second  son  of  John  Parkhurst,  esq^  of 
Catesby,  in  Nortbampt6nsbire,  by  Ricarda  Dormer,  daugh- 
ter of  judge  Dormer.  He  was  born  in  June  172,9,  was 
educated  ^t  Rugby  school  in  Warwickshire,  and  was  after- 
wards of  Clar^-^ball^  Cambridge^  where  he  took  his  degr^- 
of  B.  A.  in  174S,  that  jof  M.  A.  in  1^512,  and  was  many 
years  fellow,  of  his  college.  Being  a  younger  brother,  he 
waa  intended  for  the  church,  and  entered  into  ovders,  but^ 
becoming  heir  to  a  very  considerable  estate,  he  was  re^  ' 
lieved  from  the 'Usual  anxieties  respecting  preferment,  and 

was,  now  a  patron  himself.     Still  he  continued  to  cultivate 

^         ■         % 

1  Atb.  Ox.  vol.  1,  new  edit. — ^.Tanner  and  Bale.— Strype'fi  AQoals.— Stnrpe's 
Parrkef,  |>,  67.  106,  101.  192.  209.  246—8.  310.  335.  t548.  368.  450.  452.  455. 
460.  480.--JLif(B  ot  Jewell. -^Bloinefleld's  Norwich. ^ Neat's  PiirUa«s<i—Arch»o* 

logia,ro!.  IX.— Churtou's  Life  of  Noweti, — Eeloe's  AneCjdQiet,  Tol.  11. 


P  A  B  K  H  U  R  S  T.  131 

the  fttidie»  becoming  a  clergjrman ;  and  in  the  capacity  o£ 
a  curate,  but  without  any  salary,  he  long  did  the  duty, 
with  exemplary  diligence  and  zeal,  in  bis  own  chapel  at 
Catesby,  which,  after* the  demolition  of  the  church  of  ther 
nunnery  there,  served  as  a  parisb-church,  of  which' also  be 
was  the  patron.  When  several  years  after,  in  1784,  it  fell 
to  bi$  lot  to  exercise  the  right  of  presentation,  he  presented 
to  the  vicarage  of  Epsom  in  Surrey,  the  late  rev.  Jonathan 
Boucher  (see  BouCHBl),  as  one  who  in  his  opinion  had 
given  the  best  proofs  of  his  having  a  due  sense  of  the 
duties  of  his  office.  It  was  by  marriage  be  bad  become 
patron  of  this  living,  having  in  1754  married  Susanna 
Myster,  daughter,  and,  we  believe,  heiress  of  John  Myster, 
esq.  Of  Epsom. 

-  In  17^3  he  began  his  career  of  authorship,^  by  publish- 
ing in  9vo,  ^^  Aisetious  and  friendly  Address  to  the  rev. 
Jdbn  Wesley,  in  relation  to  a  principal  doctrine  advanced 
and  maintained  by  him  and  his  assistants."  This  doctrine 
is  what  is  called  the  faith  of  assurance,  which  Mr.  Park-* 
huri^t  objects  to^  in  the  maooer  stated  by  Wesley,  as  lead<) 
ittg  to  presumption  and  an  uncharitable  spirit.  Mr.  Park* 
burst's  next  publication  was  of  jnote  importance,  ^<  An 
Hebrew  and  English  Lexicon,  without  points;  to  which  is 
added,  a  methodical  Hebrew  grammar,  without  points, 
adapted  to  the  use  of  learners,"  1762,  4to.  To  attempt  a 
vindication  of  all  the  etymological  and  philosophical  dis^ 
quisitions  scattered  through  this  dictionary,  would  be  very 
fruitless;  but  it  is  not  perhaps  too  much  to  say,  tbat  we 
have  nothing  of  the  kind  equal  to  it  in  the  Ekiglish  lan^- 
guage.  *  The  author  continued  to  correct  and  improve  it^ 
trough  various  editions,  the  last  of  which  was  publish^ 
ed  in  1813.  But  his  philological  studies  were  not  .con- 
fined  to  the  Hebrew  language ;  for  be  published  a  *^  Greek 
and  Engliah  Leiicou,*'  with  a  grammar,  17fi9,  4u>,  which 
ba^  Jikewise  gone  t^irongh  many  editions,  tbe  first  of  whiob, 
in  octavo^  the  form  in  which  they  are  now  printed,  was 
ftuperintended  by  his  learned  daughter,  the  wife  of  i^he  rev. 
J^^epb  TlMUnas.  The  continued  demaiKl  for  both  these 
l0smiQ»%  seems  to  be  a  sufficient  proof  of  their  merit;  and 
th^MT  usefulflie&s  to  biblLoal  students  has  indeed  been  gene- 
/aUy  acknowledged. 

.  Mr.' ParkUurst*$  only  remaining  publication  was  eoititled, 
'^  The  Divinity  and  Pne-«xtstenc;e  of  our  Lord  and  Saviour. 
Jeaiks  Christ,  demonstrated  from  Scripture ;  in  answer  to 

K  2 


132  P  A  R  K  H  U  R  S  T. 

the  first  section  of  Dr.  Priestley's  Introduction  to  the  history  * 
of  early  opinions  concerning  Jesus  Christ ;  together  witb 
strictures  on  some  other  parts  of  the  work,  and  a  postscript 
relating  to  a  late  publication  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Wakefield/' 
1787,  8vo.  This  work  was  very  generally  regarded  a»' 
completely  performing  all  that  its  title-page  promised; 
and  accordingly  the  whole  edition  was  soon  sold  off.  A 
very  unsatisfactory  answer  was,  however,  attempted  by 
Dr.  Priestley,  in  "A  Letter  to  Dr.  Home,'*  &c. 

Mr.  Parkburst  died  at  Epsom  in  Surrey,  March  21,  17d7. 
He  was  a  man  of  very  extraordinary  independency  of 
mind  and  firmness  of  principle.  In  early  life,  along  with 
many  other  men  of  distinguished  learning,  it  was  objected 
to  him  that  he  was  a  Hutchinsonian  ;  and  this  has  been 
given  as  a  reason  for  his  want  of  preferment.  Abetter 
reason,  however,  may  be  found  in  the  circumstances  of 
bis  acquisition  of  property,  which  rendered  him  indepen^ 
dent,  and  his  love  of  retirement,  which  was  uniform.  He 
always  gave  less  of  his  time  to  the  ordinary  interruptions 
of  life  than  is  common.  In  an  hospitable,  friendly,  and 
pleasant  neighbourhood,  he  visited  little,  alleging  th^t  such 
a  course  of  life  neither  suited  his  temper,  bis  healthy  or 
brs  studies.  Such  a  man  was  not  likely  to  crowd  the  levee 
of  a  patron.  Yet  he  was  of  sociable  manners;  and  bis 
conversation  always  instructive,  often  deligrhtful  'y  for  has 
stores  of  knowledge  were  so  large,  that  he  has  often  beeti 
called  a  walking  library.  Like  many  other  men  of  infirm 
and  sickly  frames,  he  was  occasionally  irritable  and  quick, 
warm  and  earnest  in  his  resentments,  though  never  unfor- 
giving. Few  men,  upon  the  whole,  have  passed  through 
a  long  life  more  at  peace  with  their  neighbours,  more  re* 
spected  by  men  of  learning,  more  beloved  by  their  friends^ 
or  mere  honoured  by  their  family. 

'  Of  his  strict  sense  of  justice,  the  following  has  been  re- 
'  lated  ^  a  very  striking  instance.  One  of  bi|  tenants  fall^ 
ing  behind-hand  in  the  payment  of  bis  rent,  wluch  was 
SOOL  per  annum,  it  was  repitiserited  to  bis  landlord  that  it 
was  owing  to  bis  being  over*rented.  This  being  believed 
to  be  tbe  case,  a  new  valuation  was  made  ^  and  it  was  then 
agreed,  that,  for  the  future,  the  rent  should  not  be  more 
than  450/.  Many  in  his  situation  would  have  stopped  here, 
iand  considered  the  sacrifice  as  sufficient.  Mr.  Parkburst, 
.  however,  justly  inferring  that  if  the  farm*  was  then  tdo 
dear,   it  must  necessiarily  have  been,  always    too  dear,. 


P  A  R  K  H  U  R  S  T-  13$ 

unasked^  and  of  his  own  accord,  immediately  stracfc  off 
60L  from  the  commencement  of  the  lease,  and  iastantly 
refunded  all  that  he  had  received  more  than  450/. 

Mr.  Parkhurst  was  in  his  person  rather  below  the  middle 
size,  but  remarkably  upright,  and  firm  in  his  gait  He 
was  throughout  life  of  a  sickly  habit ;  and  his  leading  a  life 
8o  remarkably  studious  and  sedentary  (it  having,  for  many 
years,  been  his  constant  practice  to  rise  at  five,  and,  in 
winter  to  light  his  own. fire),  to  the  v^ry  verge  of  David's 
limits  of  the  life  of  man,  is  a  consolatory  proof  to  men  of 
similar  habits,  how  much,  under  many  disadvantages,  may 
still  be  effected  by  strict  temperance  and  a  careful  regimen. 

Mr.  Parkhurst^s  first  wife  died  in  1759,  leaving  him  a 
daughter,  now  the  widow  of  the  rev.  James  Altham,  and 
two  SODS,  both  since  dead.  In  1761  he  married  again 
Milicent  Northey,  .daughter  of  Thomas  Northey,  esq.  by 
whom  he  had  the  daughter,  Mrs.  Thomas,  whom  we  have 
already  mentioned.  This  lady  having  received,  under  the 
immediate  inspection  of  her  learned  and  piou$  father,  an 
.education. of  the  first  order,  acquired  a  degree  of  classical 
knowledge  rarely  to  be  met  with  in  the  female  world. 
She  wrote  a  very  affectionate  memorial  of  her  father!8 
worth,  which  is  e^ngraven  over  his  remains  in  Epsom 
church.  Her  mother,  the  second  Mrs^  Parkhurst,  died  in 
1800.' 

PARKINS  (John),  one  of  our  early  law-writers,  was 
born  of  a  genteel  family,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  but 
left  it  without  a  degree,  and  became  a  student  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  where,  Wood  says,  he  n^ade  wonderful  proficiency 
in  the  common  law.  After  being  called  to  the  bar,  be 
became  eminent  in  his  profession,,  aqd  had  great  practice 
as  a  cbamber-^counsel.  Whether  be  was  ever  a  reader  of 
his  inn,  or  a  bencher,  seems  doubtful.  He  died,  accord- 
ing to.  Pus,  in  1544,  but  according  to  Bale,  in  1545,  and 
is  supposed  to  have  been  buried  in  the  Temple  church. 
He  wrote,  in  Norman  French  (but  Wood  gives  the  title  in 
Latin),  ^*  Perutilis  Tractatus ;  sive  explanatio  quorundam 
capitulorum  vaide  necessaria,*'  Lood.  1530,  a  work,  which 
.must  have  answered  its  character  of  ^^  valde  necesaaria,'^ 
as.it  was  reprinted  in  1532,  1541,  1545,  1567,  1597^  I6OI9 
and  1639.  There  were  also,  two  English  translations,  of 
.  1642  and  1657^  all  in  8vo.* 

>  Gent.  Ma;,  vols.  LXVII.  tXX, — ^^Dr.  Gleig's  Sapplement  to  the  Eocyclojp. 
Brit.  3  Tannery  Bale,  and  Pit>.— Atb.  Ox.  vol.  I. 


184  I»  A  R  K  1  N  S  ON. 

PARKINSON  (JoHN)^  a  celebrated  old  herbaKst;  wa$ 
barn  in  1567,  and  bred  up  as  a  London  apothecary,  ill 
which  profession  he  became  eminent,  and  was  it  length 
appointed  apothecary  to  king  James  I.  King  Charles  I. 
afterwards  conferred  upon  him  the  title  of  Botamcus  R^giks 
Primaritis,  A  great  share  of  bi&  attention^  during. a  long 
life,  was  devoted  to  the  study  of  plants.  He  had  a  garden 
well  stored  with  rarities,  and  he  bestowed  equal  pottee 
upon  the  curiosities  of  ihe  flower-garden,  and  on  thena* 
iiire  productions  of  hit»  own  and  other  countries,  embracing 
their  literary  history^  as  well  as  their  practical  investiga-i 
tion. 

His  first  publication  was  his  *^  Paradisi  in  Sole  Paradi- 
sus  terrestris,  or  a  choice  Garden  of  all  sorts  of  Rarest 
Flo.weri,  &c. ;  to  which  is  annexed  a  Kitchen  Garden,"  &c. 
This  was  primed  at  London,  anno  162d,  in  a  folio  of  612 
pages.  A  second  edition,  **  much  corrected  and  enlarged,'^ 
appeared  in  1656,  after  the  decease  of  the  author.  Both 
editions  are  dedicated  '^  to  the  Qiueen's  most  excellent 
Majesty,' •  which  could  hardly  have  been,  as  Dr.  Pulteney 
supposed,  qiieen  Elizabeth;  but  rather  the  queen  of 
Charles  L ;  and  it  is  to  the  honour  of  tho^e  who  edited  the 
new  impression,  in  1656,  that  this  dedication  was  not  then 
suppressed.  About  a  thousand  plants,  either  species  or 
varieties,  are  described  in  this  book,  of  which  780  are 
figured,  in  wood  cuts,  partly  copied  frd^i  Clusius  and 
Lobel, .  partly  original,  but  all  of  them  eoarse  and  stifF, 
though  sometimes  expressive.  Numerous  remarks  are  in- 
terspersed, respecting  the  botanical  history  or  mediqal  vir- 
tues of  the  plants,  as  well  as  their  culture ;  but  the  latter 
subject  is,  for  the  most  part,  given  in  the  introductory 
chapters,  which  display  no  small  degree  of  intelligence 
and  experience.  This  book  affords  a  very  correct  and 
pleasing  idea  of  the  gardens  of  our  ancestors,  at  the  time 
it  was  written  -,  and  has  been  considered,  by  the  learned 
authors  of  the  f'  Hortus  Kewensis,"  unequivocal  authority 
as  to  the  time  when  any  particular  species  was  introduced 
or  cultivated  among  us.  Though  our  kitchen-gardens  had 
not  arrived  at  such  perfection  as  they  attained  in  king 
William^s  days,  and  have  since  preserved,,  there  is  reason 
to  think. the  science  of  horticulture  declined  considerably 
after  the  time  of  Parkinson,  previous  to  its  restoration  at 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century.  It  is  no  small  praise 
to  Parkinson's  work,  that  the  late  Mr.  Curtis  held  it  in  parti-^ 


PARKINSON.  135 

cubir  escalation,  always  citing  it  in  his  Maga2ine  with  pe- 
culiar pleasure  and  respect. 

In  1640  our  author  published  his  principal  work,  the 
^^  Theatrum  Botanicum,  or  Theatre  of  Plants,  or  an  Herbal 
of  large  extent;"  &c.  a  ponderous  folio  of  1746'page8,  with 
innumerable  wooden  cuts.  This  work  and  the  Herbal  of 
Glhrarde  were  t^ie  two  main  pillars  of  botany  in  England 
till  the  time  of.  Ray ;  one  or  other,  or  bod),  being  the  in- 
exbanstibie  resource  of  all  who  had  any  love  for  plants,  or 
any  interest  in  inquiring  into  their  qualities. «  Of  th^se  two 
writers  it  is  justly  obsierved  that  Parkinson  was  by  far  the 
most  original  and  the  most  copious,  but  his  cuts  being  of 
▼astly  inferior  merit  to  those  admirable  ones  prepared  for 
Conrad  Gesner,  with  which  Gerarde  had  the  means  of 
adorning  his  publication,  the  latter  has  greatly  prevailed 
in  popularity,  as  a  book  of  reference.  It  is  indeed  chiefly 
for  the  figures  that  we  ncfw  cit^  these ^vorks.  Nrce.dis- 
tinctiops  of  species,  or  any  discrimination  between  species 
and  Varieties,  are  not  to  be  expected ;  still  less,  any  ideas 
of  classification  or  scientific  arrangement,  -worthy  a  mo- 
inent^s  consideration  or  comparison.  It  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered at  if  these  great  i?i^orks  contain  some  hundreds  of 
repetitions,  when  we  consider  how  obscurely  many  [Hants 
had  been  described,  or  even  figured,  by  previous  authors ; 
insomuch  that  it  was  in  many  tases  next  to  impossible  to 
discover  whether  a  given  plant  had  been  described  before. 
Parkinson,  however,  is  entitled  to  superior  praise  on  this 
head,  having  taken  all  possible  pains  to  avoid  such  mistakes, 
by  his  deep  study  of  synonyms.  Some  papers  of  Lobel 
are  said  to  have  fallen  into  the  hands  of  Parkinson^  after 
the  death  of  the  former,  which  proved  of  use  to  his  under- 
taking ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  implicitly  confided 
in  such,  any  more  than  in  previously  printed  authorities, 
without  a  due  investigation,  and  therefore  they  became  in 
some  measure  his  own. 

The  time  of  Parkinson's  decease  is  not  known,  but  he 
appears  lb  have  been  living  when  his  Herbal  was  published, 
^n  1640,  at  which  period  he  was,  if  Dr.  Pulteney's  date  of 
his  birth  he  correct,  seventy-^three  years  old.  Nothing  is 
-recordi^d  of  his  family.  Some  copies,  of .  his  "  Paradjsus" 
have  an  engraved  portrait  of  the  author,  done  in  his  sixty- 
seconayear;  and  there  is  a  small  oval  one  in  the  title-page 
of  bis  ^'  Herbal,  or  Theatrum  Botanicum.'*  *  . 

1  Pulteney's  Sketches,  voL  I.— R«et'»  Cyctopttdii. 


iSg  PA  RMENIDE3. 

PARMENIDES,  a  philosopher  of  the  Eleatic  sect,  flon*. 
rished  about  the  sixty-ninth  olympiad,  or  504  B.  C.  Some 
have  supposed  he  was  a  pupil  of  Anaximander.  He  was, 
however,  at  first  a. man  of  property  and  Consequence  in 
civil  life,  until  Diocbetas,  a  Pythagorean,  introduced  him 
into  the  recesses  of  philosophy.  Cebes,  in>  bis  allegorical 
table,  speaks  of  Parmenides  as  an  eminent  pattern  of  Virtue. 
He  wrote  the  doctrines  of  his  school  in  verses,  of  which  a 
few  fragments  still  remain  in  the  collection  ^^  Poesis  Pfat« 
losopbica,'*  by  Henry  Stephens,  Paris,  1573,  but  insuffi* 
cient  to  explain  his  system  of  philosophy.  Plato,  in  the 
dialogue  which  bears  the  name  of  Parmenides,  professes 
to  represent  his  tenets,  but  confounds  them  with  his  own. 
From  the  scattered  reports  of  the  ancients,  Brucker  has 
compiled  the  following  Abstract  of  the  philosophy  of  Par* 
menides. 

Philosophy  is  two-fdid,  that  which  follows  the  report  ef 
the  senses,  and  that  which  is  according  to  reason  and  truth. 
The  former  treats  of  the  appearances  of  sensible  objects^ 
the  latter  considers  the  abstract  nature  of  things,  and  in« 
quires  into  the  constitution  of  the  universe.     Abstract  phi- 
losophy teaches  that  from  nothing  nothing  can  proceed. 
The  universe  is  one,   immoveable,    immutable,  eternal, 
and  of  a  spherical  form.    Whatever  is  not  comprehended 
in  the  universe,  has  no  real  existence.    Nothing  in  nature 
is  either  produced  or  destroyed,  but  merely  appears  to  be 
so  to  the  senses.     Physical  philosophy  teaches  that  the 
principles  of  things  are  heat  and  cold,  or  fire  and  earth,  of 
which  the  former  is  the  efficient,  the.  latter  the  material 
cause ;  that  the  earth  is  spherical,  and  placed  in  the  center, 
being  exactly  balanced  by  its  distance  from  the  heavens, 
so  that  there  is  no  cause  why  it  should  move  one  way  ra- 
ther than  another;  that  the  firs)  men  were  produced  from 
mud,  by  the  action  of  heat  upon  cold  ;  that  the  frame  of 
the  world  is  liable  to  decay,  but  the  universe  itself  remains 
the  same ;  and  that  the  chief  seat  of  the  soul  is  the  heart. 
Brucker  adds,  that  there  is  a  near  resemblance  between 
the  metaphysical  doctrine  of  Parmenides  and  Xenophanes, 
but  that  Parmenides  adhered  more  strictly  to  the  Pytha* 
gorean  doctrine.    Telesius  revived  the  doctrine  of  Par-> 
menides  in  the  sixteenth  century.^ 

PARMENTIER  (John),  a   French  author  and  poet,^ 
whose  works  are  now  scarce,  as  well  as  obsolete,  was  orU. 

\  Brucker. — Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr»c.  kc 


P  A  R  M  E  N  T  I  E  R.  137 

ginally  a  merchant  at  Dieppe^  where  he  was  born  in  14d4, 
and  b^caIne  famous  by  means  of  his  voyagesi  and  his  taste 
for  the  sciences.  He  died  in  the  island  of  Sumatra,  A.  D* 
1j5  30,  being  then  only  thirty-six.  The  collection  of  his 
verses  in  4to,  printed  in  1536,  is  entitled  **  Description 
nouvelle^  des .  Dignit^s  de  ce  Monde*  et  de  la  Dignity  de 
'Pfaomme,  compos^e  en  rHhme  Frangoise  et  en  maniere 
d'exhortatiqn,  par  Jean  Parmentier :  avec  plusieur  chantii 
Royaulx,  et  une  Morality  a  I'Honneur  de  la  Vierge,  mise 
par  personaiges ;  plus  la  d^ploration  sur  la  mort  dudit  Par* 
mentier  et  son  frere,.  compos6e  par  Pierre  Crignon.** 
This  book  is  very  rare.  Crignon,  who  published  it,  was 
Parmentier^s  particular  friend,  and  thus  speaks  of  him : 
**  From  the  year  1522,  he  had  applied  to  the  practice  of 
cosmography,  on  the  great  fluctuations  of  the  sea ;  he  be- 
came very  profound  in  astrology ;  he  composed  several 
maps,  spherical  and  plain,  which  have  been  used  with 
-success  in  navigation.  He  was  a  man  worthy  to  be  known 
by  all  the  learned  ;  and  capable,  if  he  had  lived,  of  doing 
honour  to  his  country  by  great  enterprises.  He  was  the 
.first  pilot  who  conducted  vessels  to  the  Brasils,  and  the 
•  first  Frenchnian  who  discovered  the.  Indies,  as  far  as  the 
inland  Samothra  or  Sumatra,  named  Taprobane  by  the  an- 
cients. He  reckoned  also  upon  going  to  the  Moluccas ; 
and  b^  has  toiid  me  several  times,  that  when  he  should  re- 
turn to  Fjfance,  his  intention  was  to  seek  a  passage  to  the 
North,  and  to  make  disc5veries  from  thence,  to  the  South.'* 
Another  work  by  him  i3  entitled  ^'  Moralit^s  tres-excel- 
lens  en  rhonneqr  de  la  benoiste  Vierge  Marie ;  mise  e^ 
rime  Frangoise  et  en  personnaiges,  par  Jehan  Parmentier,'' 
Paris,  1 5 3 1 , 4 to,  black  letter.  This,  also  is  extremely  scarce, 
but  is  reprinted  in  the  **  Description  nouvelle,"  &c.^ 

PARMIGIANO  (II),  whose  family  naoie  was  Francis 
Mazzuoli,  is  more  generally  called  Pakmigiano,  from 
Parma,  where  he  was.  bom  in  1503.  He.studied  under  two 
.uncles,  Micbele  and  Philip,  but  the  chief  model  of  his 
imitation  was  Correggio,  from  whose  works,  compared  with 
those  of  Michael  Angelo,  Raphael,  and  Julio,  he  formed  that 
peculiar,  style  .for  which  he  is  celebrated.  He  displayed 
^is  natural  genius  for  painting  so  very  early,  that  at  six- 
teen be  is  said  to  have  produced  designs  which  would  have 
^one  honour  to  an  experienced  painter.     His  first  public 

1  Diet.  Hist. — Brujiet  M^auel  da  Xibrair^^ 


138  PARMIGIANO. 

\ 

>^orky  the  St.  Eostacfaius,  iv  the  church  of  St^  PetroniOB^ 
SB  Bolog-na,^  wi^s  done  when  be  was  a  boy.  In  1527,  when 
Some  was  sacked  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  Parmigiano 
was  found,  like  Protogenes  at  Rhodes,  so  intent  updh  his 
work  as  not  to  notice  the  confiisioo  of  the  day.  The  e^ent 
is  variously  reUited  ;  some  say  that  he  escaped,  like  the  an- 
cient artist,  from  all  violence,  by  the  admiration  of  the 
soldiers*;  others,  that  he  was  plundered  by  them  of  kb 
pictures,  though  his  person  was  safe ;  the  first  party  who 
came'  taking  only  a  few,  while  those  who  followed  swept 
away  the  rest.  His  turn  for  music,  and  particularly  Ids 
talent  for  playing  on  the  lute,  in  some  degree  seduced  him 
from  his  principal  pursuit ;  and  Vasari  says  hi^  was  much 
diverted  from  bis  art  by  the  quackery  of  the  alchymists ; 
but  this  fact  has  by  some  writers  been  questioned.  He 
died  of  a  violent  fever,  in  1 540,  at  the  early  age  of  36.  - 
'  The  ruling  features,  says  Mr.  Fuseli,  of  Parmigiano's 
style,  are  elegance  of  form,  grace  of  countenance,  con- 
trast in  attitude,  enchanting  qhiaro-scuro,  and  blandish- 
ments of  colou'r.  When  these  are  pure,  be  is  ininskable ; 
bat  his  elegance  is  often  stretched  to  excessive  slenderness^ 
hi^  grace  deformed  by  affectation,  contrast  driven  to  esc- 
Iravagance,  and  from  the  attempt  to  anticipate  the  beauties 
which  time  alone  can  give,  his  shade  presents  often  nothing 
but  a  pitchy  m^ss,  and  his  lights  a  faded  bloom.  The 
taste  of  Parmigiano  was  exquisite,  but  it  led  him  iliol^e'to 
imitate  the  effects  than  the  principles  of  his  .ttiasters ;  with 
less  comprehension  than  ardour,  he  adopted  the  grace  of 
Raphael,  the  contrasts  of  Michael  Angelo^  ti[ie  harmony  of 
Correggio,  without  adverting  that  they  were  fouiided  oti 
propriety,  energy,  and  grandeur  of  conception,  and  the 
permanent  principles  of  chiaro-scuro  ;  hence  the  cautious 
precept  of  Agostino  Caracci,  which  confines  his  pupil  to  a 
little  of  Parmigiano^s  grace. 

Parmigiano  was  a  learned  designer;  to  his  depth  in  de- 
sign we  mu^t  ascribe  that  freedom  of  execution,  those  de- 
cided strokes  of  his  pencil,  which  Albano  calls  divine,  and 
which  add  grace  to  the  finish  of  his  pictures ;  they  have 
not,  indeed,  all  equal  **  impasto^*  of  colour^  nor  equftl 
effect,  though  soilde,  for  the  amOre  with  Whitib  ib^  are 

'*  It  is  said  that  at  this  dangerous  quis  of  Aberoorn  .purchased  in  Italjr 
time  he  was  employed  on  the  famous  for  1500/.  and  sold  to  Mr.  Davis,  of 
picture  of  the  Vision^  which  the  mar-     Bristol,  in  1809,  for  3000  guineas. 


P  A  It  M  I  G  r  A  N  O.  139 

inducted,  haFe  been  ascribed  to  €onreggio ;  such  is  the 
Cupid  scooping  his  bovr,  with  the  two  infants  at  his  feet^ 
one  laughing,  the  other  crying,  of  which  thiere  are  scTeral 
repetitions.  We  see  indeed,  some  of  the  pictures  of  Par« 
migiano  so  often  repeated,  that  though  we  may  grant  them 
the  respect  due  to  age,  we  can  scarcely  allow  them  all  the 
praise  of  originality.  Such  is,  among  his  lesser  works, 
the  picture  of  the  Madonna  with  the  Infant,  St,  John  and 
St*  Catherine,  and  the  bead  of  St.  Zaocbaria,  or  some 
other  sainted  elder,  in  the  fore-ground ;  its  duplicates  are 
nearly  spread  over  every  gallery  of  Italy.  His  altar-pieces 
are  not  numerous,  and  the  most  valued  of  them  is  perhaps 
that  of  St.  Marguerita,  in  Bologna,  a  composition  rich  in 
figures,  contemplated  with  admiration,  and  studied  by  the 
Csu^cci;  Guido  even  preferred  it  to  the 'St.  Cecilia  of 
Raphael.  The  last  of  his  works  is  the  '^  Moses  breaking 
the  Tables,"  at  Parma,  in  which,  says  sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
we  are. at  a  loss  which  to  admire  most,  the  correctness  of 
drawing,  or  the  grandeur  of  the  conception.  The  etchings 
of  Parmigiano,  models  of  freedom,  taste,  and  delicacy,  are 
universally  known. 

Parmigiano  had  u  cousin  and  pupil,  G.  Maz^uoli;  who 
JB  little  known  beyond  Parma  and  its  districts,  though  for 
f^  impasto,"  and  the  whole  mystery  of  colour,  he  has  few 
equals.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  several  pictures 
ascribed  to  Francis,  especially  those  of  a  stronger  atid 
gayer  tone,  have  been  painted  by  this  artist.  He  was 
inore  attacjbed  to  the  style  of  Correggio  than  Francis^  and 
seized  its  character  with  great  felicity  in  the  Nuptials  of 
St.  Catherine,  in  the  church  del  Carmine.  He  excelled 
in  pel'spective,  and  in  the  Last  Supper,  in  the  refectory  of 
8.  Giovanni,  placed  and  painted  a  colonnade  with  all  the 
illusion  of  Pozzo.  To  the  most  harmonious  chiaro-scuro, 
he  added  grandeur,  variety,  vivacity,  in  fresco.  None  of 
his  fellow  artists  equalled  him  in  copiousness,  fertility,  and 
execution;  and  tb  these  perhaps  we  may  ascribe  the  in-* 
equality  perceptible  in  his  works.  He  flourished  about 
1580,  and  had  a  son  Alexander,  who  painted  in  the  dome 
of  Parma,  in  1571.  He  was  a  feeble  imitator  of  the  fa-* 
mily  style.^  . 

PARNELL  (Thomas),  a  very  pleasing  English  poet, 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  family,  settled  for  some 

•  •' 

1  Argenville,  vol.  II,— Fiikin^n,  by  Fuseli. — Reynolds's  Works,  fol  II.  p.  194» 


140  P  A  R  N  E  L  L. 

centuries  at  Congleton,  in  Cheshire.  His  fatbier,  of  tfa^ 
same  name,  was  attached  to  the  republican  party  in  tb^ 
reign  of  Charles  I. ;  and  on  the  restoration  found  it  conve- 
nient to  go  over  to  Ireland,  carrying  with  him  a  large  per- 
sonal fortune,  with  which  he  purchased  estates  in  that 
kingdom.  These,  with  the  lands  he  had  in  Cheshire,  de- 
scended to  the  poet,  who  was  born  in  1679,  in  Dublin. 
In  this  city  he  was  educated,  and  entered  of  Trinity-col- 
lege, Dublin,  at  the  age  of  thirteen.  He  becaaie  M.  A« 
in  1700,  and  in  the  same  year  was  ordained  deacon,  al- 
though under  the  canonical  age,  by  a  dispensation  from 
the  primate.  Three  years  after  he  was  admitted  into 
priest's  orders,  and  in  1705,  Dr.  Ashe,  bishop  of  Clogher^ 
conferred  upon  him  the  archdeaconry  of  Clogber.  About 
the  same  time,  he  married  miss  Anne  Minchin,  an  amiable 
lady,  by  wbom  be  had  two  sons,  who  died  young,,  and  a 
daughter  who  long  survived  him. 

He  had  by  this  time  given  some  occasional  specimens 
of  his  poetical  talent,  but  his  ruling  passion  led  him  to  the 
enjoyments  of  social  life,  and  the  company  of  men  of  wit 
and  learning ;  and  as  thiis  was  a  taste  he  could  gratify  at 
home  but  in  a  very  small  degree,  he  contrived  many  e:c«* 
cursions  to  London,  where  he  became  a  favourite.  From 
some  letters  published  by  his  biographer.  Dr.  Goldsmith, 
we  learn  that  he  was  admired  for  his  talents  as  a  cdmpanioii, 
and  his  good  nature  as  a  man  ;  but  with  all  this,  it  is  ac- 
knowledged, that  his  temper  was  unequal,  and  that  he  wns 
always  too  much  elevated,  or  too  much  depressed*  It  is  added^ 
indeed,  that  he  was  sensible  of  this ;  but  bis  attempts  to 
remove  his  spleen  were  rather  singular.  Goldsmith  tells 
us,  that,  when  under  its  influence,  he  would  fly  with  all 
expedition  to  the  remote  parts  of  Ireland,  and  there  make 
out  a  gloomy  kind  of  satisfaction  in  giving  hideous  descrip- 
tions of  the  solitude  to  which  he  retired.  Having  tried 
this  imaginary  remedy  for  some  time,  he  used  to  collect 
his  revepues,  and  set  out  again  for  England  to  enjoy  the 
conversation  of  his  friends,  lord  Oxford,^  Swift,  Pope,  Ar- 
buthnot,  and  Gay.  With  Pope  he  had  a  more  than  usual 
share  of  intimacy.  Pope  highly  respected  biQ^j)  dn<l  they 
exchanged  opinions  on  each  other's  productions  with  free*^ 
dom  and  candour.  He  afforded  Pope  sonfie  assistance  in 
his  translation  of  Homer,  and  wrote  the  life  prefixed  to  it  | 
but  Parnell  was  a  very  bad  prose- writer,  and  Pope  had 
more  trouble  in  correcting  this  Ufe  than  it  would  have  cost 


P  A  R  N  E  L  L*  l;ll 

him  to  write  it  Being  intiniate  with  all  the  Scriblerus* 
tjribe,'  ^be  contributed  the  *^  Origin  of  the  Sciences  :**  and 
alao  wrote  the  ^  Life  of  Zoiius,''  as  a  satire  on  Dennis 
and  Theobald,  with  whom  the  club  had  long  been  at  va- 
riance. To  the  Spectator  and  Guardian  he  contributed  a 
few  papers  of  very  considerable  merit,  in  the  form  of 
**  Visions." 

.  It  seems  probable  that  he  bad  an  ambition  to  rise  by 
political  interest.  When  the  Whigs  were  ejected,  in  the 
end  of  queen  Anne's  reign,  he  was  persuaded  to  change 
his  party,  not  without  much  censure  from  those  whom  he 
forsook,  and  was  received  'by  the  earl  of  Oxford  and  the 
new. ministry  as  a  valuable  reinforcement  When  Oxford 
was  told  that  Dr.  Parnell  waited  among  the  crowd  in  the 
outer.room,  he  went,  by  the  persuasion  of  Swift,  with  bis 
treasurer's  staff  in  his  hand,  to  inquire  for  him,  and  to  bid 
him  welcome ;  and,  as  may  be  inferred  from  Pope's  dedi- 
cation, admitted  him  as  a  favourite  companion  to  his  con- 
vivial hours;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  all  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  preferment  Parnell  also,  conceiving  himself 
qnaltfied  to  become  a  popular  preacher,  displayed  his  elo- 
cution with  great  success  in  the  pulpits  of  London  ;  but 
tbe*  queen's  death  putting  an  end  to  his  expectations, 
abated  his  diligence,  and  from  that  time  he  fell  into  a  ha- 
bit of  intemperance,  which  greatly  injured  his  health.  The 
death  of  his  wife  is  said  to  have  first  driven  him  to  this 
miserable  resource. 

Having  been  warmly  recommended  by  Swift  to  arch- 
bishop King,  this  prelate  gave  him  a  prebend  in  1713,  and 
in  May  1716,  presented  him  to  the  vicarage  of  Finglass, 
in  the  diocese  of  Dublin,  worth  400/.  ayear.  <<  Such  no- 
tice," says  Dr;  Johnson,  *^  from  such  a  man,  inclines  me 
to  believe,  that  the  vice  of  which  he  has  been  accused  was 
not  gross,  or  not  notorious."  But  h^  enjoyed  these  pre- 
ferments little  more  than  a  year,  for  in  July  1717  he  died 
at  Chester,  on  his  way  to  Ireland,  in  his  tbirty*eigbth  yean 
Dying  without  male,  issue,  his  estate,  but  considerably  em-' 
barrassed  by  his  imprudence,  devolved  to  his  nephew,  sir 
John  Parnell,  bart.  one  of  the  justices  of  the  King's-bench 
^  in  Ireland,  and  father  to  the  Irish  chancellor  of  the  Exche- 
quer, sir  John  Parnell,.  who  died  in  1801. 

A  collection  of  his  poems  was  published  in  1 72 1  by  Pope, 
with  an  elegant  epistle  to  the  earl  of  Oxford.  The  best  of 
ibis  collection,  aod  on  which  ParnelPs  fame  as  a  poet  is 


142  P  A  R  N  E  L  L. 

juatly  founded,  are,  his  ^^Rise  of  Womas;**  the  ^^Faoy 
Tale;"  the  "Hymn  to  Contentment;"  "Health;"  the: 
"Vigil  of  Venus;"  the  "  Night-piece  on  Death ;"  the 
<f  Allegory  on  Man,"  and  "  The.  Hermit.^'  These  have 
been  respectively  criticised  by  his  biographers  Goldsmithf 
and  Johnson,  and  hare  stood  the  test  of  nearly  a  century. 
"  His  praise,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  must  be  derived  fironi 
the  easy  sweetness  of  his  diction ;  in  his  verses  there  is 
more  happiness  than  pains :  he  is  sprightly  without  effort, 
and  always  delights,  though  he  never  ravishes:  every 
thing  is  proper,  yet  every  thing  seems  caaual.'' 

In  17.589  a  volume  was  pubUshed,  it  is  not  known  by 
whom,  entitled  ".  The  Posthumous  Works  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Parnell."  This,  although  it  exceeded  the  volume  published 
by  Pope  in  bulk,  appeared  so  far  inferior  in  merit,  tha^ 
the  admirers  of  Parneil  questioned  the  authenticity  of  mosi; 
of  the  pieces;  and  there  are  but  a  few  of  them. indeed 
which  can  be  ascribed  to  him  without  some  injury  toM» 
character.  Goldsmith  refused  to.  incorporate  them  wtth 
the  collection  he  published  in  1770;  but  they  'were  after-" 
wards  added  to  the  edition  in  Johnson's  Poets,  and  iappm-» 
lently  without,  his  consent.  He  says  of  them*.  <^Irkoo«P 
not  whence  they  came,  nor  have  ever  inquired  whithertfaey 
are  going."  * 

PARR,  Catherine.     See  CATHERINE. 

PARR,  (Richard),  an  English  divine,  was  the  son  of 
Richard  Parr,  likewise  a  divine,  and  was  born  at  Fermoy^ 
in  the  county  of  Cork,  where,  we  presume,  his  fal;her  was 
beneiiced,  in  1617  ;  and  this  singularity  is  secorded  of  hii 
birth,  that  bis  mother  was  then  fifty^five  years  of  age.  H« 
wai  educated  in  granmiar  at  a  country  school,  under  the 
care  of  some  popish  priests,  who  w^e  at  that  time  the  orAj 
schoolmasters  for  the  Latin-tongue^  In  16S5,  hfi  was  seat 
to  England,  and  entered  as  a  servitor  of  Exeter  college, 
Oxford,  where  his  merit  procured  him  the  patronage  of 
Dr.  Prideaux,  the  rec4{or,  by  whose  interest,  as  soon  as 
he  bad  taken  his  baohelor^s  degree  in  arts,  in  1641,  he  w^ 
chosen  chaplaio*feUow  of  the  college.  •  He  found  here 
another  liberal  patron  and  instiHustor .  in  the  celebra/ted 
archbishop  Usher,  who,  in  1643,- retired  to  this  coUege 
from  the  tumult  then  prevailing  through  the  nation;  and 

*  Life  by  Goldsmith,  prefixed  to  his  Poenfis.— Johnson's  Life. — Swiftjs  lua^ 
Pope's  Works;  (Bowles's  edition)  see  Indexes.— Nichols's  Poems^  to).  III.  &c, 


P  A  R  ».  14$ 

obsertiiig  the  talents  of  Mr.  Parr  a»  a  preacher,  roadeiiiia 
bis  cbaptaki ;  and,  about  the  end  of  that  year,  took  him 
with  him  to  Glamorganshire.  On  his  return  with  this  pre* 
lat^,  he  obtained  the  vicarage  of  Ryegate  in  Surrey,  on  the 
presentation  of  Mr*  Roger  James,  gent,  son  of  sir  Roger 
James,  knight,  whose  sister  he  married,  a  widow  lady  of 
considerable  property.  In  doctrinal  points  he  appears  to 
have  concurred  with  the  assembly  of  divines,  who  were 
mostly  Calvinists ;  but  it  seems  doubtful  whether  he  ever 
took  the  Covenant.  In  1649,  he  resigned  his  fellowship 
of  Exeter  college,  and  continued  chaplain  to  archbishop 
Usher,  while  that  prelate  lived.  In  1653,  he  was  instituted 
U>  the  living  of  C^mberwell  in  Surrey,  and  appears  to  have 
been  some  time  rector  of  Bermondsey,  where  his  signa- 
ture occurs  in  the  register  of  1676,  and  he  is  thought  to 
have  resigned  it  in  1682.  •  At  the  Restoration  he  was  cre-« 
atdd  D.  J5.  and  bad  the  deanery  of  Armagh,  and  an  Irish 
bishopric^  offered  to  him,  bo<;h  which  he  refused;  but 
accepted  a  canonry  of  Armagh.  He  remained  vicar  of 
Camberwell  alfnost  thirty-eight  years,  and  was  greatly  be- 
loved and  followed.  Wood,  in  his  quaint  way  says,  <<  He 
was  so  constant  $ind  ready  a  preacher  at  Camberwell,  that 
his  preaching  beipg  generally  approved,  he  broke  two  coU'- 
venticles  thereby  in  his  neigbh.ourbood  ;  that  is  to  say,  that 
by  his  out-vying  the  Presbyterians  and  Independents  ia 
bis  extempormian  preaching,  their  auditors  would  leave 
them,  and  flock  to  Mr.  Parr."  All  who  speak  of  him*  in- 
deed concur  in  what  is  inscribed  on  his  monument,  that 
'^  be  w^s  in  preaching,  constant :  in  life,  exemplary  :  in 
piety  and  charity,  most  eminent :  a  lover  of  peace  and 
hospitality  :  atid,  in  fine,  a  true  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ.'' 
He  died  at  Can^erwdl  November  2,  1691,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  the  church-yard,  where  the  abotve  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory.  His  wife  died  before  him.  Dn . 
Parr  wrote  ^^  Christian  Reformation :  being  an  earnest 
p^suas)on  to  the  fiipeedy  practice  of  it :  proposed  to  all,' . 
but  .especially  designed  tor  the  serious  consideration  of  his . 
dear  kindred  and  coui^trymen  of  the  county  of  Cork  in 
Ireland,  and  the  people  of  Ryegate  and  Camberwell  in 
Sarrey,"  Lond.  1660,  8vo.  He  published  also  three  oc- 
casional sermons;,  but  the  most  valuable  present  he  made 
to  the  publick  was  his  "Life  of  Archbishop  tFsher,'*  pre- 
fixed to  that  prelate's  Letters,  printed  in  folio,  1  ^^6.  It  is  the 
most  ample  account  we  have  of  Usher ;  and  fevrtnen  could 


144  1>  A  R  R 

have  enjoyed  better  opportunities  of  knowing  his  real  cba-* 
racter.  Wood,  mentions  Dr.  Thomas  Marsbairs  intetitiofi 
of  enlarging  this,  as  noticed  in  our  account  of  him. ' 

PARRHASIUS)  a  celebrated  painter  of  Epbesns,  or, 
according  to  others,  of  Athens,  flourished  in  the  time  of 
Socrates,  as  we  learn  from  Xenophon,  who  has  introduced 
him  iq  a  dialogue,  discoursing  with  that  philosopher.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  excellent  painters  of  his  time.  Pliny 
tells  us,  that  it  was  be  who  first  gave  symmetry  and  just 
proportions  in  the  art ;  that  he  also  was  the  first  wbo  knew 
how  to  express  the  truth  of  character,  and  the  different 
airs  of  the  face ;  that  he  found  out  a  beautiful  disposition 
of  the  hair,  and  heightened  the  grace  of  the  visage.  It  was 
allowed  even  by  the  masters  in  the  art,  that  he  bore  away 
firom  all  others  the  glory  of  succeeding  in  the  outline,  in 
which  consists  the  grand  secret  of  painting.  Bat  the  same 
author  observes,  that  Parrhasius  became  insupportable  by 
his  pride ;  and  affected  to  wear  a  crown  of  gold  upon  his 
head,  and  to  carry  in  his  hand  a  baton,  studded  with  nails 
of  the  same  metal.  It  is  said  that,  though  Parrhasius  was 
excelled  by  Timanthes,  yet  he  excelled  Zeuxis.  Among 
bis  pictures  was  a  celebrated  one  of  Theseus ;  and  another 
representing  Meleager,  Hercules,  and  Perseus,  in  agroupe 
together ;  as  also  £neas,  with  Castor  and  Pollux  in  a  third. 
But  of  him,  or  bis  pictures,  the  accounts  handed  down  to 
us  are  extremely  imperfect,  and  little  to  be  relied  on  in 
forming  a  just  estimate  of  his  merit* 

PARRHASIUS  (AuLUS  Jakus))  an  eminent  grammarian 
in  Italy,  was  born  at  Codenzain  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
in  1470.  He  was  designed  for  the  law,  the  profession  of 
bis  ancestors  ;  but  bis  inclination  was  to  study  classical  li* 
terature.  His  family  name  was  Giovanni  Paulo  Parisio ; 
^et,  according  to  the  humour  of  the  grammarians  of  that 
age,  he  adopted  that  under  which  we  have  classed  him. 
He  taught  at  Milan  with  great  reputation,  being  particu* 
larly  admired  for  a  graceful  delivery,  which  attracted  many 
auditors  to  his  lectures.  He'  went  to  Rome  during  the 
pontificate  of  Alexander  VI.  and  was  like  to  have  been  in- 
volved in  the  misfortunes  of  the  cardinals  Bernatdint  Ca->^ 
jetan,  and  Silius  Savello,  whose  estates  were  confiscated^ 

a 

1  Ath.  Ox.  Tol.  11^— Lysoiu'8  Environs,  vol.  I«— Manning  and  Bfay'«  Surrey^ 
▼ol.  I. 

*  Pliny,  lib.  xxXT.^Qainlilian,  lib.  xii.— Diodorns,  lib.  zxT.^^Atbenseas,  lib. 
sMi.— fVasari«--*Felibien. — Junius  de  pictura  veterua. 


PARR  HA  St  us.  141 

«nil  thMiselvet  Wished  for  ooiMpiriig  lo  d^poit  the  pope* 
A»  it  wa$  well  known  that  he  b»d  corresponded  with  thest 
Bien,  lie  took  the  atlvioeof  a  friend,  in  retiring  frooi  Rome. 
N<^t  leiig  after,  be  was  appointed  public  professor  of  rbe^ 
toric  at  Milan,  where  his  superior  merit  drew  upon  him.thft 
eiiTjr  of  his  contemporary  teachers,  who,  by  f»lse  aecusa<» 
lions,  tendiered  his  situation  so  uneasy,  that  he  was  obliged 
IQ  taave  Milan,  and  retire  to  Vicejiza,.  where  he  (diiained 
the  professorship  of  eloquence,  with  a  larger  salary ;  and 
^  held  tbisptofessorship,  till  the  states  of  the  Venetians 
awre  laid  waste  by  the  troops  of  the  league  of  Cambray. 
Hejiow  withdrew  to  his  native  .country^  having  made  hia 
•aeape  through  the  amy  of  the  enemies.  He  was  after«» 
war«ds  sent  for  by  Lee  X.  who  was  before  favourably  tn^ 
dined  to  him;  and  on  bit  arrival  at  Rome,  appointed  him 
piro&ssor  of  polite  liieratuce.  He  had  been  aow  some 
time  married  tia  a  daughter  of  Demetrius  Cfaalcondylas; 
and  he  took  with  him  to  Rome  Basil .  Chalcondyla^,  has 
wife's  brother,  and  brother  ai  DeoAetrius  Chalcondylaa, 
pcofesaor.^  Greek  at  IMao*  He  did  not  long  enjoy  fthi^ 
em(rioyment  eooferned  upon  him  by  tiie  pope :  for,  beinjj; 
worn  out  by  his  st-udies  and  labocMrs,  be  became  so  cruelly 
•fl^ed  with  the  gout^  m»  to  lose  the  use  of  bis  limbs. 
Poverty  was  added  to  his  other  suibrings ;  and  in  this  un^ 
happy  state  lie  left  Rome,  and  returned  into  Calabria^  hia 
nalive  country,  where  he  died  of  a  fever  in  ISS$. 
.  His  wosks  were  published,  collectively,  by  Henry  8te» 
piietm,  itt'  15^7,  of  which  -the  principal  is  entitled  *^  Lfbec 
de  rebus  per  Epistoiam  dusesitis.**  This  consists  of  a 
Bumbec;  of  leUers  written  to  different  learned  men,  con* 
Inining  explanations  of  passages  in  the  ancient  writers,  and 
elucidations  of  paints  of  antiquity,  which  display  mucherii* 
dition.  There  are  also  iildstratioua  of  Ovid's  Heroical 
Epistles;  of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry;  of  Cicero^s  Oratioa 
for  Milo,  and  various  other  tracts  on  classical  subjects.  Thie 
whole  collection  was  reprinted  in  the  £rst  volume  of  6ra« 
ler^s  *>  Thesaurus  Critkus."  A  new  edition  of  the  book 
^>DeQ,ttflBsitis,'*  with  .additions  from  the  author's  manvi* 
aonpt,  was  given  at  Naples  in  1771.^ 
•  PARR¥  (BiCHAmD),  D.  O.  rector  of  Wioharapton  ia 
Dorsetshire,  and  preacher  at  Market«Harborough  in  Lei* 

eestershire,  for  which  latter  county  he  was  in  the  commia* 

.  >• 


iiob  of  tbe  pMcOy  9Vfts  born  in  Bary street,  St  Jtaoen'u^ 
in  1722.  He  was  admitted  a  soholar  of  Westminster  in^ 
1736,  whence,  in  1 740,  be  was  elected  i^  student  of  Christ-^ 
church,  Oxford,  and  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  March  31, 
1747  ;  B.  p.  May  25,  1734;  and  D.  D.  July  8,  1757,  He 
was  a  very  learned  divine;  and  an  able,  active,  magis<* 
trate.  He  was  appointed  chaplain  in  1750;  preacher  ai 
Market* Harborough  in  Leicestershire  in  1754;  and  in  1756 
.was  presented  by  Richard  Fleming,  esq.  to  the  rectory  of 
Wichamptoo.  He  died  at.  Market •Harborough,.  April  9^ 
1780.  His  publications  were,  1.  *<The  Christian  Sabbatk 
as  old  as  the  Creation,''  1753,  4to.  2.  **The  Scripture  Ac^ 
count  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  The  Substance  of  Thre# 
Sermons  preached  at  Market-Harborough,  in  1755,  1756," 
6vo.  3.  '*  The  Fig-tree  dried  up ;  or  the  Story  of  that  re* 
markable  Transaction  as  it  is  related  by  St.  Mark  consi* 
dered  in  a  new  light ;  explained  and  vindicated ;  in  a  Let*. 

ter  to  .  .  • esq."  1758,  4to.     4.  **  A  De-» 

ieuce  of  the  Lord  Bishop  of  London's  [Sherlock]  Inter*, 
pretation  of  the  famous  text  in  the  book  of  Job,  *  I  know 
that  my  Redeemer  liveth,'  against  the  Exceptions  of  the 
Bishop  of  Gloucester  [Warburton],  the  Examiner  of  the 
jbishbp  of  London's  Principles;  with  occasional  Remarks, 
on '  the  arjgument  of  the  Divine  Legation,  so  far  as  this/ 
point  is  concerned  with  it,"  1760,  3vo,  5.  ^*  Dissertation 
on  Daniel's  Prophecy  ot.  the  Seventy  Weeks,''  1762,  8vo. 

6.  <<  Remarks  on  Dr.  Kennicott's  Letter,"  &c.  1763^.8yo. 

7.  ''The  Case  between  Gerizim  and  EbaV*^&c.  1764| 
8vo«  8^  ''  An  Harmony  of  the  Four -Gospels^  so  far  as  re- 
lates to  the  History  of  our  Saviour's  Resurrection,  with  a^ 
Commentary^and  Nojtes,"  1765,  4to.  9.  '' The  Genealogy 
olJesus  Christ,  in  .Matthew  and  Luke,  explained  ;  aud  the 
Jewish  Objections  removed,'*  1771,  8vo.  10.  Dr.  Parry 
wrote  one  of  the  amovers  to.  Dr.  Heathcote's  pamphlet  on 
^ibe.  Leicestershire  election  in  1 775. ' 

PARSONS  (James),  an  excellent  physician  and  polite 
«sbolar,  was  born  at  Barnstaple,  in  Devoo;ihire,  in  Marpl^ 
005.  His  father,  who  was  the  youngest  of  nine  sons  of 
colonel  Parsons,  and  nearly  related  to  the  baronet  of  that 
name,  being  appointed  baitack-m^ster  at  Bolton,  in. Ire* 
litod,  reinoved  with  his  familjr  into  that,  kingdom  *  sood 

•       •         •  .  •  .      "  '  • 

1  NichoIf'sBoiryer. 
*  In  the  Preface  ta  ihe  "  Memoiri     ye«n  pf  my  life  in  Irelattd^  wad  tlMre 
•f  Japhet,"  be  leyf,  ••  I  s|ieat  tersrsl     attained  to  a  tokral^Js  KBP«i*!d$0  Ifi.tba  . 


PAR«0>Ja  Ut 

tffier  the  birth  of  hit  ihen  only  son,  James,'  who  TeceiTed 

9X  Dublin  the  early  part  of  bis  education,  and,  by  the  as^ 

•istahce  of  prufier  Inasterd,  laid  a  considerable  founda^ 

lion  of  classical  and  other  useful  learning,  which  enabled 

bim  to  become  tutor  to  lord  Kingston.     Turning  bis  at<^ 

.tentioti   to  the  study  of  medicine,   be  went  afterwardi 

to  Paris,  where  (to  use  his  own  words)  **  be  followed  th^ 

most  eminent  professors  in  the  several  schools,  as  Astruc^ 

Dubois,  Lemery,   and' others;    attended  the  anatomical 

l^tures  of  the  most  famous  (Hunaud  and  Le  Cat) ;  an4 

chemicals  at  the  king^s  garden  at  St.  Come.     He  followed 

the  physicians  in.  both  hospitals  of  the  Hotel  Dieu  and  Li 

Cfaariti,  and  the  chemical  lectures  and  demonstrations  of 

Lemery  and  Bdulduc ;  and  in  botany,  Jussieu.     Having 

finished  these  studies,  his  professors  gave  hitfi  honourable 

attestations  of  brs  having  followed  them  with  diligence  and 

industry,  which  entitled  him  to  take  the  degrees  of  doctor 

and  professor  of  the  art  of  medicine,  in  any  university  in 

the  domiaions  of  France.    Intending  to  return  to  England^ 

he  judged  it  unnecessary  to  take  degree's  in  Paris,  unlesa- 

he  had  resolved  ta  reside  there ;  and  as  it  was  more  ex-* 

pensive,  be  therefor  went  to  the  nniversity  of  Rheims,  in 

Champaign,  where,  by  virtue  of  his  attt^stalions,  be  wae 

immediately  admitted  to  three  examinations,  as  if  he  bad 

fibished  his  studies  in  that  academy;'  and*  there  was-  ho-^ 

Ronred  with  his  degrees  June  11,  1736.     In  the  July  foU 

lowing  be  came  to  London,  and  was* first  employed  by  Dr« 

James  Douglas  to  assist  him  in  bis  anatomical  works,  but: 

after  some  time  began  to  practise.  He  was  elected  a  meOK^ 

ber  of  tbe  royal  society  in  1740 ;  and,  after  due  examina-^ 

tion,  was  admitted  a  licentiate:^f  the  college  of  pbysiciansy 

April  1,  1751. 

On  his  arrival  in  London,  by  the  recommendation  of  hit 

^ery  ancient  tongue  of  that  Ofrantry,  nnd  inrfiriae,  ivticn,  tiM  more  I  iik 

nliicli  enablnl  me  to  oontull  lome  of  qaired.  the  more  nearly  relat^td  thai 

tbeW  aairatcript#9  and    become    io^  Irish  and  Welsh  taafvagei  appeared, 

atmcted.  in,  their  rranmattcal  insti*  When  1  was  tent  abrofd  to  ttvdy  the. 

tntea.   Afterwards  I  became  acqyaint*  medicinal  art»  I  frequently  conversed  . 

cd  with  several  gentlemen  from  Wafea^  with  young  gentlemen  fronl  moat  parts 

wen  versed  in  their  own  hiatory  and  of  BorOpe,  who  caaw  to  ?laris,.  and? 

^Bgnage  ^  men  of  sfiiso  and  liberal  IbHowed  the  ^^aoie  maslersy  in  evefy 

learning;  who,  in  many  oonversationa  branch  of  the  profttsioo,  with  lAe;  and 

upon  tttch  tobjeett,  gave  me  such  sa-  my  snrprixe  was  agreeably  increased' 

ti»iaoiien  and  light»  in  matters  of  high  in  finding  that,  in  every  one,  of  their 

•ntiquityy  at  to  occasioo  my  applica-  naiive  tongoet,  I  cq«M,  discover  tbe 

tioir  to' the  study  of  the  Welsh  toi^e  roots  ^f 'moat  of  their  espreasioia  iai' 

1^^ ittt mhieti  thod-eqanl  pieMre  . theliiilrotWeMu*' 


t4t  n  R  9  O  M  K 

P«rts  frieadv  h^  w^  ioUroduced  to  the  ^tciqwainfiDce  of  Ok 
Meadv  sir  Hans  Sloanc,  and  Dr.  James  Douglas.  TUa 
gf^at  difiatofnist  inade  use  of  his  assisiftnce^  not  only  in  his 
^n^tomical  preparations,  but  also  in  his  repfesentations  of 
inorbtd  and  other  appearances^  a  list  of  several  of  which 
i^as  in  the  hands  of  his  friend  Dr.  Maty;  who  bad  prefKirod 
Hn  eioge  on  Dr.  Parsons^  which  was  never  used,  but  wluolii 
\>y  the  favour  of  Mns.  Pacsons»  Mr.  Nichols  has  preserved 
M  Wge.  Though  Dr.  Parsons  cultivated  the  » several 
branches  t>f  the  profession  of  physic,  he  was  j^rincipalljt 
tmpl^y^d  in  midwifery.  In  1738,  by  the  interest  of  hiS 
ifrfend  Dri.  Doughs^  be  was  appointed  physician  to  iIm 
)>ublic  infirnaafry  in  St.  Giles's.  In  1739  be  carried  luisi 
Elizabeth  Reynolds,  by  whodi  he  bad  two  sons  and  ft 
dMigbter^  who  all  died  youngw  I)i^.  Parsons  raided  fof 
teany  yeai^  in  Red  Lion-squaf«|  where  he  freqaentlj^ 
^n^oyed  the  company  and  conversation  of  Dr.  I^tukeley^ 
Vishoip  Lytiieloii^  Mr.  Henry  Baker,  Dr.  Knight,  apd  mftaj^ 
iAber  of  tbe  most  distinguished  members  of  the  rOyal  and 
Antiquarian  socteues,  and  that  :of  arts,  manufactures,  and 
ceasmerce ;  giving  weekly  an  elegant  dinner  to  a  ki^  but 
f rieot  (MM*tjr.  He  enjoyed  also  the  Uterary  correspoudence 
id  D'Ai'geQviMe,  Bufibiif  Le  Cat,  Beccaria,  AnU>  Bertraod^ 
VaiisaSrers,  Aseaoius,  Tarb^ville  Needhaipn,  Dr.  GardcA, 
ami  others  of  the  most  distingubhed  rank  in  science*  Ai 
a  jiracfiitioner  he  was  judicious,  careful,  hooest,  abd  re* 
mftirka9bl||r  buasane  to  the  poor ;  as  a  friend,  obligk>g  and 
-todiiliialiiioalive ;  cheerful  and  decent  isn  conversation  ;  ae* 
ireie  and  alrictin  bis  morala,  and  attentive  to  ftll  with  pco^. 
pm^  aH  tbe  various  duties  of  life.  In  1769,  fVodiiig  -hia 
Jl^ealtk  i|9ipatired,  he  proposed  to  retire  from  business  and 
from  London,  and  with  that  view  disposed  of  a  conssidefaUA 
Buoiber  of  lua  jbodis  aad  fossils,  and  went  to  BmM,  Sut 
he  returned  soon  after  to  his  old  house,  and  died  in  it  after 
^  W^ek^s  iHneSs,  'on  tbe  4th  of  April,  1770,  much  lamented 
by  his  iamly  and  frienda.  By  bis  4ast  will,  dated  in  Oc|x>« 
ber  17^6,  be  gave  bia  whole  property  to  M<rs.  Parsons; 
^ndy  in  (base  61  he):  death  before  him,  t6  miss  Mary  ft^* 
Holda^  ^r  only  sister,  '<  in  t«co«peffioe'  £or>l>er  aftectionate 
siMehtion  to  him  htfd  to  his  lirife,  foi"  a  long  cout^edf  ye^rs,  itt 
sickness  and  io  health.^'*  It  was  bis  parrticujac  requ^t  tbit 
he  Bbeuid  ttotbe  %«rried  tnli  some  change  shonkl  bopetfr  in 
his  corpse;,  anofoest  which  occasioned  bim  td  be  l^t  un- 
buried  17  day«,  Mftd^^vaiD  ^d  soaice4lp««li^te8t  aikopa^ 


P  A  K  S  Q  K  &  ««# 

H^n  wM  pereemUe.  He  irts  burred  ml  Hfiiddn^  ih  ft  vault 
ivhick  be  brnd  etaiosed  ta  be  btiili  on  the  grbaiid  fmrcbMed 
on  the  death  ef  bis  aen  James,  where  hit  tomb  had  a  nerf 
commendatory  inscription.  .  A  portrait  of  Dh  Parsont,  bjr 
Mr.  Wilson,  is  now  in  tjhe  British  Mbseum ;  aaotbeiv  by 
Wells^  .lisft  in  the  hands  of  bit  widovr,  who  died  ia  17M; 
^t£h  a  third  udfini^hed  ;  and  one  of  hifi  son  Jainei;  also  « 
fainity  piece,  in  which  the  same  son  is  iairpdtt€ed>  with 
the  doctor  and  bis  lady,  aoeompanied  by  bcr  aistf  r.  Amooy 
vaey  40ther  portrait,  Mnau  Parsons  had  acme  that  were 
Miy  fine  of  the  illastrious  H&rvey,  of  bishop  Burnet,  atid 
of  Dr.  John  Freind ;  a  beautiful  miniature  of  Dr.  Stakeleyt 
wattib  good  paintings,  by  .her  hpsband's  own  band^  pata^ 
etilariy  the  rhinoceros  which  ha  described  in  the  **  Pbih)4 
•ephical  Transactions."  She  posaessed  alio  hfe  Md^*  and 
tome  capital  printed  book's -)  a  large  £aUe  yoliiaie  eniiikid 
^  Figorss  quasdam  Mis^eUaneidB  :qisflB  ad  rem  ^matomiosiii 
HistorisfiiiqQe  Natutalem  speotant;  quas  proprii  adam^ 
bravifc  ttano  Jabobqs  Pavsons,  M.  D.  S.  S.  &•  Ant;''  &ei 
another,  called  ^^  Drawings  of  curious  Fossils,  Shells,".  &ce\ 
in  Dr.  Parsons^s  CoUectioti^  dr^wn  by  himself;''  &c.  &c; 
Mrs.  Parsons  professed  herself  ready  tq  give,  on  proper 
applicsition,  either  to  the  royal  or  abtiquarian  society^  m 
ponrait  of  her  husband,  and  a  sum  of  oioney  to  fomd  It 
lecture  to  perpetuate  hisinei^iory,  simiiar  to  thai;  estebtished 
by  his  fitend  Mr.  Henry  Baker. 

Of.  Parsons  left  the  following  worlds  :  1«  ^^  A  flie<dianical 
end  cri()ieal  Enquiry  into  the  nature  ef  I}jef>niapbfedite9^'^ 
1741,  8vo,  wfaieh'  was  principally  a  cooipikitioa.  9.  ^  A 
description  of  the  Urinary  Hiiflian  Bladder,  and  the  parti 
betonging  to  it,  with  figures,'^  1742^  which  was  intended 
to  disprore  the  reported  utility  of  Mrs.  fitepheas-s  oaedisifief. 
for  thestone*  6.  ^  Philosof^ical  Obseryiitions  .on  the  ana* 
logy  between  the  Propagation  of  Animals  and  that  of  Ve» 
getables,'*  1752,  8vo.  As  an  antiquary^  Di^  Par^on<^  disir 
tingttlshed  bimself  by  an  elaborate  publication,,  eniide4 
^^'^eihaiiis  of  iapfaet;  being  historical  inquiries  into  the 
affinity  and  origin  of  the  £]uropean  languages,^*  1767,  4to* 
Thia  is  a  pierforniairc^  of  great  erudition  »nd  raseaffciL 
Besides  these  separaite  publioatijDos,  Dr.  Parsons  was  the 
4«tfaor  of  sererwl  papers,  prisited  in  the  Pbilosophaaal  Trans* 
fctions;  v\%.  ^*  €rooni»n:  Lectunes  oo  Muscular*  Motion,^^ 
l74JS(f  m  whieh  be  considers  the  enmcwlai  fibres  as  tubes  | 
^Hunien  Phji^siogeomy  eapiained^'^  io  the  iAppe&di|^  ^ 


tS6 


LARSONS. 


the  Philbs.  Trant.  for  1746;  and  several  otlie^  papert  eit 
^nlktdmical  and  physiological  sobjects,  especially  >an  ac* 
tiountof  the  dissection  of  a  rhinoceros,*  which  is  yaluable, 
Ifnd  illustrated  by  ^ood  figures.  . 

We  sbali  close  this  article  with:  an  extract  from  Df« 
Maty*s  eulogium:  ^  The  surprising  variety  of  branches 
iifhich  Dr.  Parsons  embracedi  and  the  several  living  as  well 
as  dead  languages,  be  had  a  knowledge  of,  qualified  him 
abundantly  for  the  place  of  assistant  secretary  for  foreign 
correspondences,  which  the  eouncil  of  the  royal  society 
jbestowed  upon  him  about  1750.  He  acquitted  himself  to 
the  utmost  of  bis  poiver  of  the  functions  of  this  plac^/till  a 
few  years  before  his  death,  when  be  resigned  in  favour  of  bia 
friend,  who  now  gratefully  pays  this  Ijast  tribute  to  hia 
memory.  Dr.  Parsons  joined  to  his  academical  faondura 
those -which  the  royal  ^soUege  of  physicians  of  London 
bestowed  upon  him,  by  admitting  him,  after  due  exami- 
nation, licentiate,  on  the  first  day  of  April,  1751.  The 
lUffusive  spirit  of  our  friend  was  only  equalled  by  his  desire 
cftf  information.  To  both  these  principles  he  owed  tire 
intimacies  which  he  formed  with  som^  6f  the  greatest  men 
of  his  time.  The^names  of  Fotkes,  Hales,  Mead,  Stukeley, 
Needham,  Baker,  Collinson,  and  Garden,  may  be  meri^ 
tioned  on  this  occasion ;  and.  many  more  might  be  added^ 
Weekly  meetings  were  formed,  where  the  earliest  intellt'* 
gence  was  received  and  communicated  of  any  discovery 
both  here  and  abroad ;  and  new  trials  were  made,  to  bring 
to  the  test  of  experience  the  reality  or  usefulness  of  these 
discoveries.  Here  it  was  that  the  microscopic;al  animals 
found  in  several  infusions  were  first  produced ;  the  propa* 
gation  of  seieral  inse<its  by  section  ascertained;  the  con** 
•tancy  of  nature  amidst  these  wonderful  changes  esta-< 
hiished.  His  <  Remains  of  Japhet,  being  historical  in^ 
quiries  into  the  affinity  and  origin  of  the  European  Lan«t 
guages,*  is  a  most  laboriotis  performfaoce,  tending  to 
jprove  the  antiquity  of  the  first  inhabitants  of  these  islands^ 
as  being  originally  descended  from  Gotner  and  Mi^g, 
abovQ  lOOO'years  before  Christ,  their '4)rimitive  and  still 
subsisting  language,  and  its  affinity  with  some  others.  It 
cannot  be  denied  that  there  is  much  ingenuity  as  ivell 
true  learning  in  this  work,  which  helps  conviction,  and 
often  supplies  the  want  of  iu  But  we  cannot  help  thinking 
that  our.  friend^s  warm  feelings  now  and  then  mislead  his- 
jiidgment,^  and  tkataome  at  least  of  bia  coajeciures^  rtsti^ 


^  A  R  8  O  N  S.  m 

|pg  vpOQ  partinl  tradUions,  and  poettctl  ipmps  of  IriA 
fiiids  and  Wel«b  bards,  are  less  satisfactory  than  bis  table$ 
Qif  affinity  between  tbe  several  northern  languages,  as  de- 
duced from  one  common  stock.  Literature,  bowever,  i^ 
ipneb  obliged  to  him  for  having  in  this,  as  well  as  iii  many 
Qf  bi^  other  works,  opened  a  new  field  of  observations  and 
discoveries.  In  enumerating  our  learned  friend's  disserta- 
tions,  we  find  ourselves  at  a  loss  whether  we  should  foilovr 
tbe  order  of  subjects,  or  of  time ;  peitber  is  it  easy  to  ac- 
count for  their  surprising  variety  and  quick  succession. 
The  truth  is,  that  bis  eagerness  after  knowledge  was  suctr, 
as  to  embrace  almost  with  equal  facility  ail  its  branches,- 
and  with  equal  zeal  to  ascertain  tbe  merit  of  inventions, 
sod  ascribe  to  their  respective,  and  sometimes  unknown, 
authors,  the  glory  of  tbe  discovery.  Many  operations 
which  tbe  ancients  have  transmitted  to  us,  have  been 
thought  fabulous,  merely  from  our  ignorance  of  the  art  by 
which  they  were  performed.  Thus  the  burning  of  the 
abips  of  tbe  Romans  at  a  considerable  distance,  during  the 
j^ege  of  Syracuse,  by  Archimedes,  would,  perhaps,  still 
continue  to  be  exploded,  had  not  the  celebrated  Mji  BufTon 
ill  France  shewn  the  possibility  of  it,  by  presenting  and 
describing  a  model  of  a  speculum,  or  rather  assemblage 
of  mirrors,  by  which  he  could  set  fire  at  the  distance  of 
several  hundred  fee^*  In  the  contriving,  indeed,  though 
ijqt  in  tbe  executing  of  such  an  apparatus,  be  had  in  some 
measure  been  forestalled  by  a  writer  now  very  little  known 
or  read.  This  Dr.  Parsons  proved  in  a  very  satisfactory 
manner;  and  be  had  the  pleasure  to  find  fhe  French  phi-  - 
losopher  did  not  refuse  to  the  Jesuit  his  share  in  tbe  inven- 
tionj  and  was  not  at  all  oiFended  by  the  liberty  he  had 
V^ken.  Another  French  discovery,  .1  mean  a  new  kind  of 
painting  fathered  upon  the  ancients,  was  reduced  to  its 
Ileal  value,  in  a  paper  which  shewed  our  author  was  pos- 
sessed of  a  good  taste  for  the  fine  arts :  and  I  am  informed 
^ai  his  skill  in  music  was  by  no  means  inferior,  and  that 
bis  favourite  amusement  was  tbe  flute.  Richly,  it  appeairs 
from  these  performances,  did  our  author  merit  the  honour  • 
of  being  a  member  of  the  antiquarian  society,  which  long 
ago  bad  associated  him  to  its  labours.  To  another  society,^ 
£Dunded  upon  the  great  principles  of  bumanity,  patriotism, 
s^tid  uatural  emulation,  be  undoubtedly  wsus  greatly  Useful  *•- 

*  The  society  for  the  encoitragt'     the  Oeconomicsl    toewty  at 
■i^til  of, ant,  manufactures,  and  com-;    QaOi  S^iil^d*     . 
folarde.    Ue  likewisi^  *m  associi^i^d  t«^ 


U^  P  AK80N  & 


He  iwiitaJ  9t  moit  of  tbeir  gcwnl  mced^  aad 
littaff ;  ^mi  was  finr  mw^f  years  chainMB  ta  that  of 
cnitoic ;  ahfmjs  cqaaily  mady  to  porat  oot  and  to  pioaftot^' 
vsefol  loipgoreaKatSy  and  io  oppoce  the  inteieitcA 
of  fraed  and  q^noranccy  so  inseparabie  froai  very  ei 
aawciatioiia.  No  soooer  was  iUs  society^  fbffMed»  thaa* 
Dr*  Panoos  becaoie  a  member  ctf  k.  Indnately  eoovioeed 
of  the  oobleocss  of  its  Tiean^  iboogh  froai  his  statioii  m 
life  little  cooceroed  io  its  saceesSy  he  gmdged  neither  at«» 
teodanee  nor  expenoe.  Neither  ambitioiis  of  ukingtho' 
lead,  nor  fond  of  oppositioD,  he- joined  in  any  aseasnre  he 
thot^ght  right ;  and  submitted  ehcerfaUy  to  the  seotimeBts 
of  the  majority,  though  against  his  own  private  opinioB. 
The  just  ideas  he  had  of  the  dignity  of  onr  piofcssioa,  atf 
well  as  of  the  common  links  which  ought  to  unite  all  its- 
memben,  notwithstanding  the  differences  of  coontry,  re« 
ligion,  or  places  of  education,  made  him  bear  impatiently 
the  shackles  hud  upon  a  great  number  of  respectable  prac^ 
tiiiooers ;  he  wished,  fondly  wished,  to  see  these  broken  ;• 
not  with  a  view  of  emp^  h<mour  and  dangerous  power,* 
but  as  the  only  means  of  serving  mankind  more  effectually,* 
checking  the  progress  of  designing  men  and  illiterate  prtc* 
titioners,  and  diffusiDg  through  the  whole  body  a  spirit  of 
emulation*  Thongh  by  frequent  disappointments  he  fore-* 
saw,  as  well  as  we,  the  little  chance  of  a  speedy  redress, 
be  nobly  persisted  in  the  attempt ;  and,  bad  be  lived  te* 
the  final  event,  would  undoubtedly,  like  Cato,  still  have 
preferred  the  conquered  cause  to  that  supported  by  the 
gods.  After  having  tried  to  retire  from  business  and  from 
London,  for  the  sake  of  bis  health,  and  having  disposed  of 
most  of  his  books  with  that  view,  be  found  it  inconsistent 
with  his  happiness  to  forsake  all  the  advantages  which  a 
long  residence  in  the  capital,  and  the  many  connexions 
be  bad  formed,  bad  rendered  habitual  to  him.  He  tfaere*- 
fore  returned  to  his  old  bouse,  and  died  in  it,  after  a  short 
iHness,  April  4,  1770»  The  style  of  our  friend's  compo«> 
sitions  was  sufficiently  clear  in  description^  though  in  ar- 
gument not  so  close  as  coutd  have  been  wished.  Full  of 
his  ideas,  he  did  not  always  so  dispose  and  connect  them, 
together  as  to  produce  in  the  minds  of  bis  readers  that 
conviction  which  was  in  his  own^  He  too  much  despised 
those  additional  graces  which   command  attention  when 

•  *  K  meMcu}  9oe^y  mitituti^d  by'  Dr.  their  privile^e^:  where,'  it  should  seem, 
7o(bergiU,  and  other  reipectable  phy*  this  eulogy  WM  intended  to  ba  pr6- 
tictaniy  Ucentiatesy  in  ^ikidieation  of    flOuDCtd. 


I 

PARSON  S.  15% 


JYiloed  to  teaming',  obienratton,  and  sound  rea9i>ning>  Let 
IIS  Jiope  that  bis  exampAe  and  spirit  will  animate  all  his 
o^lea^es^;  and  that  those  practitioners  who  are  in  the 
same  cirenanstances  will  be  indaced  to  join  their  brethren,^, 
atte  to  find  amongst  tbem  those  great  blessings  of  life^ 
fi^edoBD)  eqaalicy,  information,  and  friendship.  As  long* 
as  these  gveat  principles  shall  subsist  in  this  society,  and  [ 
trost  they  will  outlast  the  longest  lirer,  there  is  no  doubt 
hot  the  members  will  meet  with  the  reward  honest  men 
2ste  ambitiouB  of,  the  approbation  of  their  conscience,  ther 
esteem  of  the  trirtuous,  the  remembrance  of  posterity.*' ' 

PARSONS  (JoBN),  another  learned  and  amiable  phy-* 
sieian,  thdngh  less  known  as  an  author,  the  son  of  major 
Parsdtis,  of  the  dragoons,  was  bom  in  Yorkshire,  in  1742. 
He  was  educated  at  WestminMer  school,  whence  in  1759 
he  was  eleeted  to  a  studentship  in  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
Having  made  ehoioe  of  medicine  as  a  profession,  he  pro-^ 
secated  the  study  of  it  with  uncomknon  assiduity, ,  not  oniy^ 
at  Oscfiird,  but  also  at  London  and  Edinburgh.  But  while 
he  bestowed  much  attention  on  every  branch  of  medicat 
knowledge,  he  at  first  showed  a  particular  predilection  for 
natsral  history  and  botany,  and  in  the  latter  branch  made 
a  vety  distinguished  figure  during-  his  stay  at  Edinburgh^ 
In  1766  he  had  the  honour  of  obtaining  the  prize  medal 
givon  by  Dr.  Hope  for  the  most  extensive  and  elegant 
hmrtus  siccus,  and  the  same  year  took  his  degree  of  M.  A^ 
ThiSi  however,  was  only  a  prelude  to  more  distinguished 
honours.  In  1769#  when  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  B.  he 
was  appointed  to  the  anatomy  lecture  at  O^^ford,  and  was 
also  the  first  reader  in  anatomy  at  Christ  Church,  on  the 
institution  of  John  Freind  and  Matthew  Lee,  M.  D.  and 
students  of  that  hous^.  In  consequence  of  this  appoint-^ 
ment,  his  attention,  it  may  natur^iUy  be  supposed,  was 
more  particularly  directed  to  anatomy,  and  under  his  di-i 
rection  a  very  commodious  anatomical  theatre  was  built ; 
and  for  the  instruction  of  'his  pupils  he  provided  a  set  of 
anatomical  preparations,  which  for  neatness  and  elegance 
have  seldom  be^n  surpassed.  From  the  time  of  his  ap« 
pointment  he  read  two  courses  of  anatomical  lectures  every 
yeal*;  and  although  they  were  calculated  rather  for  the 
general  philosopbei*  than  the  medicat  practitioner,  yet  they 
were  not  only  highfy  instructive  to  alt  his  audience,  but 
afforded  incoutestable  evidence  of  his  genius  and  abilities. 

f  Ni«hoI»'s  Bowyer. 


15*  PARSONS; 

be  was  soon  after  elected  one  of  the  pb jsici«ii9  to  the  Hb6^ 
clifFe  in6rrnary,  and  in  J«nel772  proceeded  M«  D.  Ha 
bad  a  considerable  share  also  of  private  practice^  and  from 
bis  attention  and  success  bis  reputation  with  the  pubtiii 
kept  pace  with  the  esteem  in  wbicb  be  was  held  by  the 
nnivertiity.  In  1780  he  was  elected  the  first  clinical  pro* 
fessor  on  the  fonndation  instituted  in  1772  by  Gforg^. 
ilenry,  earl  of  Lichfield,  late  chancellor  of  the  university. 
In  this  departnient  also  he  read  lectures  daring  the  winter 
Hionths  with  much  credit  to  himself.  But  it  is  not  impro* 
bable.  that  the  various  active  employments  in  which  he  waa 
engaged,  and  which  necessarily  exposed  him  to  fatigtie  and 
danger,  bad  some  share  in  overthrowing  a  constitution  na* 
turatly  «trong.  He  was  not,  however,  cut  off  by  any  te- 
dious or  painful  ailment,  but  died  of  a  fever  April  3,  178^4, 
in  the  forty* fourth  year  of  bis  age,  and  was  buried  in  tbd 
north  transept  of  the  cathedral,  where  four  of  bis  cbildreii 
were  buried  before  him. ' 

•   PARSONS  (Phi UP),  ah   English  divine,  and  iiiiscellft<»- 
neous  writer,  was  born  at  Dedham,  in  Essex^  in  1729.   Hisfa* 
mily  was  ancient,  and  aettled  at  Hadleigb^  in  Suffolk,  as 
early   as  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  whbre  some  of  their 
descendants  •  still  reside^     He  lost  his  father  when- veryi 
young,  and  owed  the  care  of  his  education  to  bis  materjial 
uncle,  the  rev.  Thomas  Smythies,  master  of  the  grammar 
school  at  Lavetiham,  in  Suffolk,  with  whom  be  continwd 
till  he  went  to  Cambridge,  where  be  was  entered  of  Sidney 
Sussex  college,  and  took  bis  degrees  there  of  B;  A.  in  1752» 
and  M«  A.  in  1776.    After  be  bad  taken , orders  be  vf^ 
appointed  to  the  free  school  of  Oakham,  in  Rutlaadshirciy- 
and  remained  there  till  17f}l, -when  he  was  presetited  to 
the   school  and  curacy  of  Wye  by  Daniel  earl  of  Win*- 
Chelsea  and  Nottingbami     In  the  sedulous  discharge  of  tliii. 
twofold  duties  of  this  preferment  he  was  engaged  upwards 
of  half  a  century,  and  was  distinguished  by  his  iirbanity^ 
diligence,  and  classical  talents,  nor  was  be  less  esteeoied' 
in  bis  clerical  character.     He  was^  also  presented  to  tb» 
rectory  of  Eastwell,  in  1767,  by  the  same  patron,  ajid  to 
the  small  rect^ory  of  Snave  in  1776,  by  archbishop  Corn« 
wallii^,  who  enhanced  the  value  of  this  preferment  by  a- 
very  kind  letter,  in  which  his  grace  testified  his  high  respect 
for  the  character  and  talents  of  the  new  inoumbent. 

1  Life  in'  the  Edinburgh  Medical   Commentaries,  ▼ol.  X.  and  publitked  tai*^ 
parULaly  at  fidiuburi^h,  1786.— CoDlinttauoo  of  ^ood'i  Aimaia  by  Qutcb. 


PARSONS;  I5i 

^Iff.  l^arsODS  wfts  the  author  of  «iereral  publications,  among 
^hicb  were,  The  nine  first  papers  in*  the  second  volume  of 
the  '<  dtudent/*  publkbed  in  1750^;  *<  On  advertising  for 
Carates;**  a  paper  in  The  World;  "The  inefficacy  of 
Satire,  a  poem,*'*  17€6)  4to;  ^*  Newmarket,  or  an  Essay  on 
the  Turf,*'  1774,  2  vols.;  ^<  Astronomic  Doubts,  a  pamphlet,** 
r774  ;  ^  A  volume  of  Essays,**  1775 ;  ^^  Dialogues  of  the 
Dead  with  the  living^**  1782;  <<  Simplicity,'*  a  poem, 
1784 ;  and  **  Monuments  and  Painted  Glass  in  upwards  of 
loo  churches,  chiefly  in  the  eastern  part  of  Kent/*  1794^ 
lto«  This  work,  which  is  interspersed  with  judicious  re« 
marks  and  interesting  anecdotes  by  the  compiler,  is  become 
scarce,  owing  to  the  6re  in  Mr.  Nichols's  premises^  but  \i 
highly  valuable  to.  the  antiquary  and  lorer  of  such  researches* 
Mr.  Parsons  also  established  a  Sunday  school  at  Wye ;  and 
recommended  and  contributed  much  to  their  establishment 
in  the  county  of  Kent  by  a  sermon  and  some  letters  which 
be  published  on  this  occasion.  The  last  years  of  his  life 
^ere passed  in  great  retirement;  alternately  engaged  iii 
the  discharge  of  his  ministerial  functions,  and  in  literary 
pursuits  and  correspondence,  which,  boweyer,  were  tnter<^ 
Yupted  by  the  loss  of  his  sight  about  a  year  before  his  deathj 
and  at  the  same  time  by  a  very  painful  disorder.  He  bore 
these  trials  with  exemplary  patience  and  resignation,  ft 
was  his  frequent  practice,  when  on  his  bed,  and  free  froni 
the  more  excruciating  pains  of  bis  disorder,  to  compose 
moral,  lively,  and  religious  pieces^  which  be  afterwardi 
dictated  to  a  faithful  amanuensis,  who  wrote  them  dowhj 
He  died  at  Wye,  June  12,  1812,  in  the  eighty-third  year 
of  his  age. '  . 

PARSONS,  or  PERSONS  (Robert),  in  both  which 
Ways  he  wrote  his  name,  a  celebrated  English  Jesuit,  was 
the  son  of  a.  blacksmith,  at  Nether  Stowey,  near  Bridge- 
Water  in  Somersetshire,  where  he  was  horn  in  1546;  and, 
j^ppearing  to  be  a  boy  of  extraordinary  parts,  was  taught 
Latin  by  ihe  vicar  of  the  parish,  who  conceived  a  great 
affection  for  him  f,  and  contributed  to  his  support  at  Ox« 
ford,  where  he  was  admitted  of  fialiol  college  in  1563.     In 

«  *  This  it  not  accurate.    He  may         f  He  wai  sii(j>6cte<l  to  b<*  hit  real 

.liave  been  a  contribuior  to  the  **  Stu-  fattier !  an«l  ir  is  «aid  that  Baiiol  college. 

dent,'*  bcri  could  not  have  written  either  had  a  cenificaie  that  he  was  a  bastard. 

XhfSTOHgJini,  or  the  Jirsi  nine  papers  of  Poulis's  Life  of  Parsons  tn  bis  '*  H'i$^ 

^  lecond  Tolume.  tory  of  Ronii>h  TreaiODi." 

^  »  Gcot.  Mag«  Tol.  LXXXII* 


IM  1^  A  H  S  O  N.  $1 

the  university  he  becaise  96  reoaiirkiLbh^  M  nn  aetft^  dist- 

Julant  io  jscholasuc  exereisesi  then  mocb  in  rogu^)  tbiit^ 
eving  tfiken  his  first  degree  in  arts  in  1568»  he  was  iJbe 
same  year  made  j^robationer  fellow  of  his  coliege.  Ht 
Upon  after  became  the  most  famous  tutor  in  the  society^ 
and  when  be  entered  into  orders,  was  made  socips  saeerdoSi 
or  chaplain  fellow.  In  1^572  he  proceeded  M.  A,  was  bur- 
9ar4batyear,  and  the  ne^t  dean  of  the  college;  but  it  if 
laid  that  being  cbarg^  by  the  society  with  incontinency^ 
^nd  en^beezling  thie  college-money,  to  avoid. the  shame  of 
a  format  expulsion,  be  was  permitted,  out  of  respect  t^ 
bis  leairuing,  to  resign,  which  be  did  in  Feb.  1574^  obr<t 
laioifig  leave  to  keep  his  chsmber  apd  pupils  as  long  as  b« 
pleased,  and  to  have  his  commons  also  till  the  ensuing 
Caster.  These  last  circumstances  have  induced  some  wk'iters 
%o  tbink  that  it  was  merely  a  change  of  rtsligious  prineiples 
ivhicb  occasioned  his  resignatioik 

He  had  till  this  time  opi^nly  professed  himself  a  protests 
it^t,  and  was  very  zealous  in  introducing  books  of  that  re^ 
Iigion  into  the  college  library  :  but  soon  after  bis  resigna-* 
tidQ,  he  quitted  Oxford  for  London,  and  went  tbence^ 
^une  1374,  to  Louvain  :  where,  meeting  with  fether  Wih 
iiam  Good,  his  countryman,  a  Jesuit,  he  spent  a  week  in 
the  spiritual  exercises  at  the*  collie  of  that  order,  and 
began  to  entertain  an  affection  for  it.  He  proceeded^ 
however,  to  Padua,  in  consequence  of  a  determination  bo 
bad  formed  before  be  left  England,  which  was  to  study 
physic  as  a  profession  ;  but  he  had  not  been  long  at  Padua, 
beforto  the  unsettled  state, of  bis. mind  and  fortune  excited 
in  him  a  curiosity  to  visit  Rome,  where  meeting  with  some 
£riglish  Jesuits,  he  gavfa  up  all  thoughts  of  the  mediical 
profession  foir  that  of  the  church.  He  now  went  back  to 
Padcia,  settled  bis  afiairs  there,  and  at  Rome  in  May  1515^ 
W%B  chosen  a  member  of  the  society  of  Jesusi,  and  admitted 
into  the  English  college. 

He  was  indeed  in  all  respects  qualified  to  make  a'figure 
in  this  society,  being,  according  to  Camden,  fierce,  tur» 
bolent,  and  bold ;  and  he  soon  answered  every  expectation 
his  new  friends  could  entertain.  Having  completed  the 
eoarse  of  his  studies,  he  became  one  of  the  principal  pe» 
nitentiaries ;  and  was  in  such  credit  with  the  pope  iii  l&79p 
that  he  obtained  a  grant  fronil  his  holiness  to  change  ati 
hospital  at  Rome,  founded  in  queen  Mary's  titne,  into  4 
college  or  seminary  for  the  English^  by  the  name  of  "  CoU 


JP  A  R  8  Q  N  S.  iSf 

jium  de  urbe^'*  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Tritiiiy  and  St. 
Thomas  (k  Becket),  where  the  students  were  obliged  to 
take  the  following  oath:  ^^I.  N.  N.  consideriag  with  ho^ 
great  benefits  God  kath  biessed  me,  ^c.  do  promise,  by 
God^s  assistat>ce,  to  enter  into  holy  orders  as  soon  as  I 
shall  be  fit,  and  to  return  to  England  to  conirert  my  coun- 
trymen there,  whenever  it  shall  please  the  superior  of  this 
faonse  to  cominand  me/'  He  had  no  sooner  seen  thia  cot-* 
lege  established,  and  bis  friend  father  Allen  chosen,  by 
his  recommendation,  rector  of  it,  than  he  was  appointed' 
to  go  as  superior  missionary  to  England,  in  order  to  pro* 
mote  the  Romish  religion  in  that  kingdom,  being  tlie  firA 
e^er  appointed  on  stich  a  business.  Edmund  Campian  wai 
joined  with  him,  and  other  assistants,  in  this  arduous  pro« 
yince;  and  they  managed  matters  ao  artfully,  that,  not<r 
withstanding  the  time  of  their  departure  from  Rome,  and 
the  whole  route  of  their  journey,  and  even  their  portrait 
bad  been  setit  to  England  before  them,  yet  they  found 
means  by  disguise  to  escape  the  strictest  aearcb  that  wai 
made,  and  arrived  safe  in  London. 

Here  they  bired  a  large  house,  in  the  name  6f  lord 
Paget ;  and,  meeting  the  heads  of  their  party,  communi** 
eated  to  them  a  £aouHy  they  brou^t  from  the  pope^  Gre« 
gory  XIIL  dispensing  with  the  Romanists  for  obeying 
que^i  Etizab^th  ;  notwithstanding  the  bull  which  had  been 
published  by  bis  predecessor  Pius  V.  absolving  tbe  ^ueen'i 
aiftbjects  from  their  oath  of  allegiance,  and  pronouncing  an 
anaitbema  against  all  that  should  obey  hen  They  then 
dispersed  tbemselves  into  different  parts  of  the  kingdom^ 
the  mid4atid  coandea  being  chosen  by  Parsons,  that  he 
mi^bt  be  near  etiongh  to  London,  to  be  ready  upon  atl 
emergencies,  Campian  went  into  the  North,  where  th^ 
bad  tbe  least  success.  Tbe  harvest  was  greatest  in  Wales. 
Parsons  tra^^l  ted  about  the  tamstry  to  gentlemen' if  houses, 
disguised  either  in  the  habit  of  a  soldier,  age^leman,  a 
mifytstef,  or  an  iapf»arhoT;  and  appKed  himself  to  the  work 
iMk  so  much  dihgence,  that,  by  ^hevhelp  of  bis  associates, 
be  entirely  psit  an  end  to  the  cnstom^  that  had  till  then 
pKfrailed  among  the  ^wipists,  -of  frequenting  the  protestant 
ofaorthes,  and  joining  4a  the  servioe.  And  notwithstand- 
itig  the  opposition  made  by  a  more  moilerate  class  of 
paptstft,  who  denied  the  pope's  deposing  power,  and  some 
of  %bo«  even  took  the  oath  of  lallegiance,  yet,  if  we  may 
believe  himself,  be  bad^pai^the  way  for  a  general  insure 
rection  before'  Christmas, 


ISS  P  A  R  S  O  N  & 

But  all  bis  desperate  designs  were  defeated  by  the  Tlgil 
lance  of  lord  fiurleigb ;  and  CampiaQ  being  discovered, 
ioipiisoiiedy  and  afterwards  executed,  Parsons,,  wbo  was 
then  in  Kent,  found  it  necessary  to  revisit  the  continent^ 
and  went  to  Koaen  in  Nornandy.  He  had  contrived  pri^^ 
vately  to  print  several  books  for  the  promotion  of  his  cause^ 
while  he  vvas  in  England  :  and  now  being  more  at  ease,  be 
coa»po8ed  others^  which  he  likewise  procured  to  be  dis- 
persed very:  liberally.  In  1583,- he  returned  to  Rome, 
being  succeeded  in  his  office  of  superior  to  the  English 
mission  by  a  person  named  Hey  ward.  The  management 
of  that  mission,  however,  was  left  to  him  by  Aqua▼iw^  tb^ 
general  of  the  order;  and  be  was  appointed  prefect  of  it 
in  1592.  In  the  interim,  having  procured  for  the  EngHsh 
sen[iinary  before  mentioned,  at  Rome,  a  power  of  choosing 
an  i^nglish  xector  in  i586,  be  was  himself  elected  into 
that  office  the  following  year. 

Whrn  Spain  bad  prepared  her  'Mnvincible  armada'Vto 
invade  England,  Parsons  was  dispatched  thither^  to  avail 
himself  of  the  present  temper  of  the  Spanish  monarch,  and 
reconcile  him  a  little  to  the  order  of.  the  Jesuits,  whose 
etiormtties  h^d  nearly  brought  them  under  the  eensure  of 
the  inquisition.  Parsons  found  means  not  only  to  elude  the^ 
severity  of  that  tribunal,  but  obtained  of  the  king,  that: 
bis  majesty  should  ap|)oint  one  of  the  judges^  and  hiiaself 
another,  for  this  inquififition;  atid  then  ^undertook  the  prtn*' 
cipal  business  of  the  voyage.  While  he  was.  iu  England,: 
be  bad  laboured  to  promote  the  popish  recusancy,  and  tot 
bring  the  English  papists  under  the  government  of  the 
Jesuits.,  In  the  same  spirit,  after  he  was  obliged  to  quit: 
this  icountry,  he  employed  all  his  arts  and  interest  for  the 
erection  of  seminaries  to  supply  England  from  time  to  time- 
with  priests  to  keep  up  that  .recusancy,  and  to  prepare  the^ 
papists  there,  to  join  with  any  invasion  which  those  abroad; 
should  procure*  /  > 

Thus,  for  instance,  as  Mr.  Gee  remarks  in  his^introduc**^ 
tion  to  the  Jesuit's  memorial.  Parsons  treated  witb  Abe- 
duke  of  Guise  to  erect  a  seminary:  for  such  a  •purpoae  in: 
Kormandy ;  and  he  now  prevailed  with  Philip  U.  to  ex** 
tend  these  foundations  in  Spain :  so  that  in  a  short  time* 
they  could  boast  not  only,  of  their  seminaries  at  Rome  and  ^ 
Rbeims,  but  of  those  at  Valladolid,  Seville*  and  St..  Lucarr 
in  Spain,  at  Lisbon  in  Pc^rtogal,  and  at  Douay  atid  St»> 
Omers  in  Flanders,    Xn  all  these,  their  youth  wem  eduf-^ 


.  I 


^ted  with  the  strongest  prejudices  agftinst' their  cbuntrjr^ 
and  their  minds  formed  to  all  the  purposes  that  Parsiont 
had  in  his  head.  AmOog  other  favourite  objects,  he  obliged 
them  to  subscribe  to  the  rig^t-of  the  Infanta  of  Spain  to 
the  crown  of  England,  and  defended  this  position  in  hit 
*^  Conference*  about  the  next*  succession  to  that  crown/^ 
which  went  so  far  as  to  ^sert  the  lawfulness  of  deposing 
queen  Elizabeth.  The  secular  priests  likewise  inform  us^ 
that,  after  the  defeat  of  his  designs  to  dethrone  that  queen^ 
while  he  stayed  in  England,  he  consulted  with  the  duke  of 
Guise  in  France  upon  the. same  subject;  and  endeavoured 
to  make  a  list  of  catholics,  who,  under  the  conduct  of  the 
duke,  were  to,  change  the  state  of  England,  upon  pretenc^ei 
0f  sopporting  the  title  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 

After  the  defeat  of  the  armada  in  J5S8,  he  used  every 
IDQeans  in  his  power  to  persuade  the  Spanish  monarch  to  a 
second  invasion;  and  when  he  failed  in  this,  be  endea* 
▼oured  to  raise  a  rebellion  iq  England,  urging  the  earl  of 
Derby  to  appear  at  the  head  of  it,  who  is  said  to  have  been 
poisoned,  at  his  instigation,  for  refusing  to  acquiesce.  Nor 
did  he  stop  here.  We  find  sir  Kalph  Winwood  informing 
secretary  Cecil  from  Paris,  in  1602,  of  an  attempt  to 
assassinate  the  queen  that  year  by  another  English  Je^uit^' 
at  the  instigation  of  father  Parsons ;  and  when,  all  these 
plans  proved  abortive,  he  endeavoured  to  prevent  the  suc-> 
cession  of  king  James  by  several  means.;  one  of  v\hich  was,' 
exciting  the  peopleao  set;up  a  democratic  form  of  govern^ 
mentf  tor  which  be  had  furnished  them  with  principltfs  ia 
seveial  of  bis  books*  Another  was,  to  persuad^^  ttie  pope 
to.make<his  kinsman  the  duke  of  Parma  king  of  England, 
by  joining  with  the  lady  Arabella,  and  marrying  her  to  the 
duke^s  brother,  cardinal  farnese*  Cardinal  d'Ossat  gives 
the  king  of  France  a  large  account  of  both  these  projects  ia 
eiie  of  bis  letters;  aad  in  another  mentions  a  third  contriv-. 
ance  which  Parsons  had  communicated  to  him,  and  whose 
object  was,  that  the  pope,  the  king  of  France,  and  the  king 
of  Spaiui  should  first  appoint  by  common  consent  a  successor 
for  England,  who  should  be  a>  catholic ;  and  then  should 
form  an  armed  confederacy  to  establish  him  on  the  throne. 

The  death  of  his  friend  cardinal  Allen,  hpwever,}iH.  1594, 
diverted  bis  attention  for  a  while  from  these  weighty  public 
affairs,  to  the  objects  of  bis  private  a(nbitj,on;  As.itwa#. 
chiefly  .by-  bis  interest,  that  the  cardinal  liaii  obtained  the 
littrple.(sM.  AtAii.  or  A|iL££(,  WudMU),   be  conceived^ 


tee  PAIS  ON  ft. 

great  hop^  of  succeeding  bim  in  it    The  dignity  vi« 
worth  his  utmost  endeayoursy  and  b^  spared  ho  p»tns  to 
compass  it.    Among  other  eiforts  be  employed  sofoe  Je- 
suits to  obtaiti  in  Flanders  a  petition  to  the  king  of  Spaiin^ 
in  his  favour,  subscribed  by  great  numbers  of  the  lowest 
Df  the  pisople,  as  well  as  those  of  superior  rank.     He  ap** 
f>lied  also  to  that  monarch  by  John  Pir^ueS;  one  of  bia 
prime  coiifideRts,  but  received  no  ai^wer.;  and  then  went 
bimseif  to  RoEOse  in  UBS,  under  pretenee  of  settling  some 
dis-putesy  that  bad  arisen  in  the  English  college  there  duiy 
ing  his  absence.     He  bad  the^year  before  been  compU*- 
inented,  in  a  letter  from  some  of  the  principal  persans  oi 
his  order  there,  on  the  assured  prospect  of  success ;  and 
upon  his  arrival  was  visited,  among  others  of  the  higheat 
rank,  by  cardinal  Bellarmin,  who  encouraged  bim  to  wait 
upon  the  pope.    At  tfai^  interview  he  entertained  the  pomt 
ttff  with  an  artful  account  of  tiie  reports  tkat  w^efie  spi^eiMl 
all  over  Flanders,  and  even  at  Rome,  of  bis  boUaess'a  de<* 
sign  to  confer  tbe  purple  «pon  ham^  and  that  the  king  of 
Bpain  had  written  to^kia  boltnesa  iifMU  tbe  «>ceasion'.     Father 
More,  w^ho   furnishes  tbese  particulars,  lells  us  further^ 
that  Parsons  made  a  modest  speedb,  as  usual  an  -^uob  oo<» 
casions,  intimating  that  he  &ared  he  was  unworthy  of  se 
high  an   honour:  but  he  wsis  mncb  mortified  when  the 
pope,  Clement  VII  I.  wbo  was  moire  in  tbe  secret  than  h# 
supi>osed,  assured  him,  thait  be  bad  beard  toothing  from  tbufk 
Spaniards  upon  any  suich  subject;  that  idle  reports  were  iKOt 
to  be  minded  ;  that  he  was  very  well  satisfied  with  his  aer* 
vices,  and  exhorted  him  to  continue  in  tbe  same  ctmrae* 
The  truth  appeared  to  be,  that  the  pope  having  received 
many  complaints  of  him  from  the  secular  clergy.,  instead  of 
bringing  bim  into  tbe  sacred . college,  had  some  thoughta 
of  stripping  bim  of  tbe  posts  be  already  possessed.     Dis^ 
appointed  in  this  attempt,  and  threatened  with  such  dis^ 
grace,  Parsons  withdrew  on  pretence  of  health. to  Naples^ 
ai)d  did  »ot  return  to  .Rome  till  after  the  death' of  dlesaeot 
in  1606. 

But  this  check  did  not  hinder  him  from  exercisiog  bia 
j^uriedictfou  over  the  Romanists  in  England,  as  prefect  of 
the  English  mission  ;  and,  after  his  return  to  Rome»  tvi. . 
find  him  removuig  tbe  arch-presbyter  of  England,  Blaki* 
well,  for  taking  tbe  oath  «if  suptemaoy  to  James  I^  Hm 
likewise  obtained  a  brief  from  Paul  V.  to  deprive  all  such 
priesta  as  should  take  that  oatb ;  and  thus-fiontiuttad  aealoua 


PARSONS.  161 

ia  tbe  discharge  of  this  office  lo  the  last.  Father  Mdre 
bas.  given  copies  of  three  letters,  one  to  the  mission  in 
England,  another  to  the  rector  of  St.  Omer's,  and  the 
tibird  to  the  arcb^-presbyter  Berkit,  successor  to  Blakwell ; 
aU  dictated  by  him,  while  he  Jay  past  recovery  in  the 
opinioD  of  his  physicians.  The  last  was  Bhisbed  the.  13th 
of  April ;  and  the  fever^  which  bad  seized  him  on  the  lOtb^ 
pnt  a  period  to  his  life  on  the  18th,  1610..  Pope  Paul,  as 
sflfoti '  as  be  .  heard  of  his  illness,  indulged  him  in  all  the 
ceremonies  usually  granted. to  cardinals  at  the  point  of 
deathi-  His  body  was  afterwards  embalmed  and  interred^ 
pursuant  to  his  owa  request,  in  the  chapel,  of  his  college 
^  Rome^  close  to  that  of .  cardinal  AHen.  A  monument 
was.  soon  after  erected  to  his  memory,  with  an  inscription ; 
a-eopy.  of  which  may  be  seen  in  Ribadineira's  Bibl.  Soc, 
Jes.  under  the  letter  P.  . 

The  character  of  father  Parsons  was  variously  reprei- 
aented  by  proteatants  and  catholics,  but  even  the  latter 
are  not  agreed.  More  recent  writers  seem'  litde  disposed 
to  eieyate  it,  although  belonging  to  the  same  communiofi. 
B«rringtoii»  who  has  draWn  a  very  impartial  character^ 
begins  with  asserting  that  *^  intrigue,  device,  stratagem, 
and  all  the  crooked  policy  of  the  Miachiavelian  school,"  aria 
associated  with  the  sound  of  his  name.  Dodd,  the  getie^al 
biographer  of  the  popish  writers,  is  not  without  a  consider-* 
able  degree  of  impartiality  in  characterizing  Parsohs,.hut 
yet  appears  more  zealous  to  defend  him  than  strict  impar- 
tiality admits.  Parsons,  however,  was  certainly  a  man  of 
talents,  and  beyond  comparison  th^  best  wiiter  of  his  party. 

His  works  are,  1.  *^  A  brief  Discourse,  containing  the 
ReasMs  why  Catholics  refuse  to  go  to  Church,"  with  a  De- 
dication to  Queen  Elizabeth,  under  the  fictitious  name  of 
John  .Howlet,  dated  Dep.  i5,  .1580.  2.  ^<  Reasoos  for 
his  coming  into  the  Mission  of  England,  &c."  by  sonrie 
ascribed  to  Campian.  3.  "  A  brief  Censure  upon  two 
Books,  written  against  the  Reasons  aud  Proofs."  4.  "  A 
Discovery,  of  John  Nichols,  misreported  a  Jesuit;"  all 
written  and  printed  while  the  author  was  in  England.  5. 
**  A  Defence  of  the  Censure  given  upon  his  two  Books; 
&.C."  15&3.  6.  "  De  persecutione  Anglicana  epistola,'* 
Rome  and  Ingolstadt,  1582.  7.  "  A  Christian  Directory," 
1583.  8.  "  A  Second  Part  of  a  Christian  Directory,  &c.*' 
i591.  l^bese  tvvo  parts  being  printed  erroneously  at  Lon^- 
doB,  Parsons  published  an  edition  of  them  under  this  title: 

Vol.  XXIV.  M 


162 


PARSONS. 


^<  A'  Christian  Directorj,  guidiog  miein  to  their  Salvatioiri; 
&c.  with  many  corrections  and  additions  by  the  Author, 
himself."  This  book  is  really  an  excellent  one,  and  wa» 
afterwards  put  into  modern  English  by  Dr.  Stanhope,  dean 
of  Canterbury ;  in  which  form  it  has  gone  through  eight  or 
ten  editions.  9.  ^*  Responsio  ad  Eliz.  Reginse  edkctum 
contra  Catholicos,"  Romse,  1593,  under  the  name  of  And. 
Philopater.  10.  '^  A  Conference  about  the  next  Succes* 
sion  to  the  Crown  of  England,  &c."  1594,  under  the 
feigned  name  of  Doleman.  This  piece  was  the  production 
of  cardinal  AHen,  Inglefield,  and  others,  who  furnished 
the  materials,  which  Parsons,  who  had  a  happy  talent  thi» 
way,  put  into  a  proper  methods  Parsons's  style  is  among 
the  best  of  the  Klizabethan  period*.  11.  ^^  A  temperate 
Ward  word  to  the  turbulent  and  seditious  Watchword  of  sir 
t^r.  Hastings,  knight,"  &c.  1599,  under  the  same  name.. 
12.  "  A  Copy  of  a  Letter  written  by  a  Master  of  Arts  at 
Cambridge,  &c."  published  in  1583.  This  piece  was  com- 
siionly  called  "  Father  Parsons's  Green  Coat,"  being  sent 
from  abroad  with  the  binding  and  leaves  in ,  that  livery, 
but  there  seems  reason  to  doubt  whether  this  was  his  (see 
4Ath.  Ox.  vol.  XL  new  edit,  note,  p.  74).  13.  "  Apologe- 
tical  Epistle  to  the  Lords  of  her  Majesty's  Privy  Council,. 
&c."  1601.  14.  "  Brief  Apology,  or  Defence  of  the  Ca-. 
*  tholic  Ecclesiastical  Hierarchy  erected  by  pope  Clement 
VIIL  &c."  St.  Omers,  1601.  15.  "A  Manifestation  o£ 
the  Folly  and  bad  Spirit  of  secular  Priests,'*  1 602.  1 6.  "  A 
Becachordon  often  Quodlibetical  Questions,"  1602.  17.* 
"  De  Peregrinatione."  18.  **  An  Answer  to  O.  E.  whether 
Papists  or  Protestants  be  true  Catholics," .  1 603.  1 9.  "  A 
Treatise  of  the  three  Conversions  of  Paganism  to  the 
Christian  Religion,"  published  (as  are  also  the  two  folk>'w-^ 
fng)  under  the  name  of  N.  D.  (Nicholas  Doleman),  in  3. 


*  The  intention  of  this  book  was  to 
•up|V)rt  the- title  of  the  Infanta  against 
that  of  king  James,  after  the  death  of 
^ueen' Elizabeth,  and  to  prove  that 
there  are  better  titles  than  lineal  de- 
scent It  is^reoiarkable  that  this  wea- 
pon, which  was  obliquely  aimed  at 
Elizabeth,  should  afterwards  be  em- 
ployed against  Charles  1.  Ibbotson's 
pamphlet  concerning  the  power  of  par- 
Laments,  &c.  which  was  published  pre- 
paratory^ to  the  destruction  of  that 
prince,  was  no  more  than  a  republica- 
lioa  of  X^Qleraan  (or  PurtODs),  with 


very  few  alterations.  Bradshaw's  lonf 
speech  at  the  king's  condemn ati0O|,' 
and  a  considerable  part  of  MiltonTs 
*'  Defensio  pro  Populo  Angl."  are 
chiefly  borrowed  from  the  same  per- 
formance ;  and  it  was  even  reprinted 
in  1681,  when  the  parliament  were  de- 
bating the  subject  of  the  exclnaioii  of 
the  duke  of  York;  but  in  1683  the  uni- 
versity of  Oxfonl  ordered  it  to  b« 
burnt  by  the  hands  of  the  hangman. 
Podd  labours  hard  to  prove  that  Par- 
touf  was  not  the  aathor  of  it. 


V. 


PARSONS.  161 

Tbis.  1 2mo, ,  1 603,  1 604.  20.  "  A  Relation  of  a  Trial  made, 
before  the  king  of  France  in  1600,  between  the  bishop. of 
Ei^reux  ancl  the  lord  Plessis  Mornay,"  1604.  21.  "A. De- 
fence of  the  preciedent  Relation,  &c."  22.  "A  Review, 
of  ten  public  Disputations,  &c.  concerning  the  Sacrifices 
and  Sacranjent  of  the  Altar,"  leo*.  23.  '<  The  Forerun- 
ner of  Bell's  Downfall  of  Popery,"  1605.  24.  "An  An- 
swer to  the  fifth  Part  of  the  Reports  of  Sir  Edward  Coke, 
&c."  1606,  4to,  published  under  the  name  of  a  Catholic; 
Divine.  25.^^  De  sacris  alienis  ndn  adeundis,-  queatipnes 
duae,"  1607.  26.  "  A  Treatise  tending  to  Mitigation  to-* 
wards  Catholic  subjects  in  England,  against  Thomas  Mor- 
ton (afterwards  bishop  of  Durham),"  1607.  27.  ."  The 
Judgment  of  a  Cathplic  Gentleman  concerning  king  James's 
Apology,  &c."  1608.  28.  "  Sober  Reckoning  with  Thomas 
Mortoo,"  1609.  29.  "A  Discussion  of  Mr.  Barlow's 
Answer^  to  the  Judgment  of  a  Catholic  Englishman  con- 
cealing the  Gath  of  Allegiance,"  1612.  This  book  being 
left  not  quite  finished  at  the  author's  death,  was  afterwards 
completed  and  published  by  Thomas  Fitzherbert.  .The 
following  are  also  posthiicftous  pieces  :  30.  <^  The  Liturgy^ 
of  the  Sacrament  of  the  Mass,"  1620.  31.  "A  Memorial 
for.  Reformation,  &c.  ;"  thought  to  be  the  same  with' 
"The  High  Court  and  Council  of  the  Reformation,'** 
finished  after  twenty  years'  labour  in  1596,  but  not  pub- 
lished till  after  Parsons's  death ;  and  republished  from  a 
copy  presented  to  James  II.  with  an  introduction  and  some 
animadversions  by  Edward  Gee,  under  the  title  of,  "  The 
Jesuits  Memorial  for .  the  intended  Reformation  of  the 
Church  of  England  under  tbieir  first  Popish  Prince,"  1690, 
Svo.  32.  There  is  also  ascribed  to  him,  "  A  Declaratioa 
of  the  true  Causes  of  the  great  Troubles  pre-supposed  to 
be  intended  against  the  Realm  of  England,  &c..  Seen 
and  allowed,  anno  1581."  33.  Parsons  also  translated 
from  the  English  into  Spanish,  ^^  A  Relation  of  certain 
Martyrs  Jn  England^"  printed  at  Madrid  1590,  Svo.  Seve- 
ral of  bis  MSS.  are  preserved  in  Baliol  college  library,  pac- 
ticularly  a  curious  one  entitled  ^^  Epitome  controversiarum 
hujus  temporis."  ^  « 

PARUTA   (Paul),   a  noble  Venetian,  born   in    1540, 
was  made  historiographer  of  the  republic  in  1579,  and 

*  Ath.  Ox.  ?ol.  I.  new  edit. — Biog.  Brit.  art.  Parsons.— Dodd's  Ch.  Hist. — 
Berrin^on's  Panzani,  Iniroduction^  p.  24. — Gent.  Mag.  LXIV.-  wher«  is  a  fine 
portrait  of  Panons . 

M  2 


U^  P  A  R  U  T  A. 

afterwards  was  employed  in  aereral  embassies,  was  xnida 
goirernor  of  Brescia,  and  finally  elected  a  procurator  ot 
St.  Mark.  Sucb  was  his  character  for  wisdom,  integrity, 
and  aeal  for  the  public  welfare,  that  be  was  called  the 
Cato  of  Venice.  He  died  in  1598,  at  the  age  of  58.  He 
culti^ed  the  sciences  and  general  literature,  and  was  tfao 
author  of  several  works  of  merit.  Among  these  are : 
*i  DeUa  Perfczioue  della  vita  Political'*  "  Dbcorsi  PoU^r 
tici,'*  published  by  his  sons  in  1599 ;  "  A  HistcNry  of  Ve-* 
nioe,  from  i5l3  to  1551,  with  the  Addition  of  an  Aceouni 
of  the  War  of  Cyprus  :''  written  silso  in  Italian,  but  he  had 
begun  to  write  it  in  Latin,  in.  imitation  of  the  style  o£ 
Sallust,  and  had  finished  foiiir  books  in  that  language.  A 
new  edition  of  this  history  was  given  by  Apostolo  Zeno  in 
1T03.* 

i  PARUTA  (Philip)^  a  learned  antiquary,  was  a  t^oble  of 
Palermo,  and  secretary  to  the  senate  of  that  city,  where 
1^  died  in  1629.  He  was  author  of  several  works,  but  is 
principally  known  by  his  ^*  SiciliadescrittaconMedaglie,'* 
Palermo,  1612,  fol.  This  wovk  waa  afterwards  enlarged 
by  LeoBardo  Agostini,  and  printed  at  Roiae  in  1649,  and 
at  Lyons  in  1697.  Havercan^  published  a  Latin  edition 
of  it  in  three  volumes  folio,  1 72^3,.  which  makes  part  of  the 
Italian  Antiquities  of  Gra&vius  and  Barman*  * 
♦  PAS.     See  FEUQUIERJES. 

'  PASCAL  (Blaisk),  a  French  matbemfatician  and  philo«« 
aopber,  and  one  of  the  greatest  geniuses  and  best  writers 
that  country  has  produced^  was  horn  at  Clermont  in  Au« 
vergne,  June  19,  1623.  His  father,  Stephen  Pascal,  was 
president  of  the  Court  of  Aids  in  his  province,  and  was 
aleo  a  very  learned  man,  an  able  naathematiciai^  and  a 
friend  of  Des  Cartes.  Having  an  extraordinary  tenderuess 
for  this  child,  his  only  son,  he  quitted  bis  office  and 
settled  at  Paris  in  1631,  that  he  might  be  quite  at  leisure 
|o  attend  to  bis  son's  education,  of  which  he  was  the  sole 
superintendant,  yoiing  Pascal  never  having  had  any  other 
master.  From  his  infancy  Blaise  gave  proofs  of  a  very 
extraordinary  capacity.  He  was  extremely  inquisitive ; 
desiring  to  know  .the  reason  of  every  thing;  and  when 
ffiood  reasons  were  not  given  him,  he  would  seek  for  better; 
nor  would  he  ever  yield  his  assent  but  upon  aucb  as  'ap<» 
peared  to  him  well  grounded.     What  is  told  9f  his  manner 

1  Chaufepic-^Nicerod,  rol.  XI.       «  Laiidi  Hist.  I<it.  d»ltaUe.--Pict  mst. 


PASCAL.  166 

of  learning  the  matbemattcsy  as  well  as  the  progress  h^ 
qui ckiy  made  in  tliat  Bcienct^,  neems  almost  ttiiractilou^. 
His  fatfaier,  perceiving  in  him  an  extraordinary  inclination 
to  reasoning,  was  aiVaid  lest  the  knowledge  of  x)k6  madie« 
nutics  mig^ht  hinder  bis  learning  th«  languages,  so  n^eces^ 
sary  att  a  foundation  to  all  sotind  leaming.  He  therefore 
kept  hitti  as  much  a«  he  eo^ld  fnom  all  notion's  of  geometry^ 
locked  ap  alt  hn  books  of  ttuae  kind,  and  refrained  even 
from  speaking  of  it  in  his  presence.  He  eonld  not  h<^^ 
ever  pmvetit  his  son  from  mmitig  oti  that  -seiefice ;  and 
one  day  io  pani«(^Ut  he  «ar(kised  him  at  work  with  ehat*^ 
t^at  upon  his  isfaamber  ftdor,  and  i«i  the  mid^  of  figu^ea; 
The  father  asked  Idm  what  he  was  doing  r  'M  am  search^ 
mg/^  says  ^Alcai)  <<fe>r  sueh  athing;^'  whitsh  was  jtist  the 
sanve  as  the  3!2d  proposition  of  the  1  lU  book  of  Euclid.  Ht 
asked  hiai  then  how  he  came  to  think  of  this :  *^  It  was/' 
^ys  Blaise,  *'  because  I  fonnd  o«i t soch  another  thing ;'^  and 
•o,  going  backw«ird,  and  ysing  th^  names  of  bdl^  aAd  roiuid, 
be  came  at  length  to  tbe  definitions  and  axioms  he  had 
foimed  to  himself.  Of  this  singalar  progress  we  are 
assured  by  his  sifter,  madame  Perier,  and  several  other 
pnrsons,  the  credit  of  whos^  testimony  cannot  reasonably 
be  questiotied. 

From  this  time  he  had  full  liberty  to  indnlge  his  genius 
in  mathematical  pursuits.  He  understood  £uclid^s  Ele« 
fnents  as  soon  as  he  cast  his  eyi^s  npon  them.  At  sixteen 
years  of  age  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  Conic  Actions,  which 
wasaccotmted  a  great  effoft  of  genius;  so  mnch  so,  that 
Des  Cattes,  who  had  been  in  Holland  a  long  time,  upon 
i?eading  it,  fancied  that  M.  Pascal  ikte  father  was  tbe  reiA 
author  of  it.  At  nineteen  he  cofrtrived  an  admirable  arith-* 
tnetioal  machine,  whit^hwoald  have  done  credk  as  an  'm^^ 
rention  to  any  man  vei'led  in  tetence,  and  much  more  to 
tittch  a  yoath. 

AboHt  this  time  his  health  became  so  impaired^  that  he 
was  obliged  to  suspend  his  labours  for  the'  space  of  fbur 
years.  After  this,  having  seen  Tbrricelli^s  experiment  re* 
apf^cting  a  Tacanm  and  the  Weight  of  the  air,  he  turned 
his  thoaghts  towards  these  objects,  and  nndertook  several 
new  experiments,  one  of  which  was  as  follows:  having 
provided  a  glass  tube,  46  feet  in  length,  open  at  oiie  end^ 
and  hermetically  sealed  at  the  other,  he  fiiied  it  with  red 
wine,  that  be  might  distinguish  tbe  liquor  from  the  tube, 
(Mid  stopped  up  the  orifice  j  then  having  inverted  it,  ^and 


I66r  PASCAL. 

placed  it  in  a  .vertical  position^  with  the  lower' end. itB.<« 
mersed  into  a  vessel  of  water  one  fqot  deep,  he  opened  the 
lower  end,  and  the  wine  descended  xo  the  distance  of 
about  32  feet  from' the  surface  of  the  vessel,  leaving  a  eon« 
siderable  vacuum  at  the  upper  part  of  the  tube.  He  next 
inclined  the  tube  gradually,  till  the  upper  end.  becanie 
only  of  32  feet  perpendicular  height  above  the  bottom,  and 
be  observed  the  liquor  proportionally  ascend  up  to  the 
top  of  the  tube.  He  made  also  a  great  many  experiments 
with  siphons,  syringes,  bellows,  and  all  kinds  of  tubes, 
making  use  of  different  liquors,  »uch  as  quicksilver,  water, 
wine,  oil,  &c. ;  and  having  published  them  in  1647,  he 
dispersed  his  work  through  all  countries. 
•  All  these  experiments,  however,  only  ascertained  effects, 
.without  demonstrating  the  causes.  Pascal  knew  that  Tor- 
xicelli  conjectured  that  those  phenomena  which  :he  had 
observed  were  occasioned  by  the  weight  of  the  air,  though 
they  had  formerly  been  attributed  to  Nature's  abhorrence 
of  a  vacuum :  but  if  Torricelii's  theory  were  true,  he  rei^* 
soned  that  the  liquor  in  the  barometer  tube  ought  to  stand 
higher  at  the  bottom  of  ^  hill,  than  at  the  top  of  Jt*.  An 
order  therefore  to  discover  the  truth  of  this  theory,  h^ 
made  an  experiment  at  the  top  apd  bottom  of  a  mountain 
in  Auvergne,  called  le  Puy  de  DomCy  the  result  of  which 
gave  him  reason  to  conclude  that  the  ait  was  indeed  heavy. 
Of  this  experiment  he  published  an  account,  and  sent 
copies  of  it  to  most  of  the  learned  men  in  Europe.  He 
also  renewed  it  at  the  top  and  bottom  pf  several  high 
towers,  as  those  of  Notre  Dame  at  Paris,  St.  Jaques  de  la 
Boucherie,  &c.;  and  always  remarked  rthe  same  difference 
in  the  weight  of  the  air,  at  different  elevations.  This  fully- 
convinced  him  of  the  general  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  ; 
smd  from  this  discovery  he  drew  many  useful  and  iolporr 
tant  inferences.  He  composed  also  a  large  treatise,  in 
which  he  fully  explained  this  subject,  and  replied  to  .all 
the  objections  that  had  been  started  against  it.  As  be 
jtifterwards  thought  this  work  rather  too  prolix,  and  being 
fond  of  brevity  and  precision,  he  divided  it  into  two  small 
treatises,  one  of  which  he  entitled  "A  Dissertation  on  the 
Equilibrium  of  Fluids ;''  and  the  other,  ^^  An  Essay  on  the 
Weight  of  the  Atmosphere."  These  labours,  procured 
Pascal  so  much  reputation,  that  the  greatest  mathemati*^ 
cians  and  philosophers  of  the  age  proposed  various  que^-* 
tiods  to  him,  and  consulted  hioi  respecting  such  di(&cultie4 


PASCAL.  Ul 

T«s  they  could  not  resolve*  Upon  one  of  these  oceasioiii? 
'he  discovered  the  solution  of  a  problem* proposed  by  Me^- 
seone,  which  had  baf&ed  the  penetration  of  all  that  had 
attempted  it«  This  problem  was  to  determine  the  curve 
.described  in  the  air  by  the  nail  of  a  coaqh-wheel^  while 
the  machine  is  in  motion ;  which  curve  was  thence  called 
a  FoulIette>  but  now  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  cy« 
eloid.  Pascal  offered  a  reward  of  40  pistoles  to  any  one 
who  should  give  9  satisfactory  answer  to  it.  No  person 
having  succeeded,  he  published  his  own  at  Paris ;  but,  as 
lie  ,begaji  now  to  be  disgusted  with  the  sciences,  he  would 
.not  set  bis  real  ntame  to  it,  but  i^eot  it  abroad  under  that 
«f  A.  d'Ettooville.  This  wasthe  last  work  which  he  pub** 
lished  in  the  mathematics;  his  infirmities,  from  a  delicate 
jconstitutiop,  though  still  young,  now  increasing  so  much, 
.that  he  was  under  the  necessity  of  renouncing  severestudy, 
iiuid  of  living  so  repluse,  that  be  scarcely  admitted  any 
person  to  se^  him.  Another  subject  on  which  P^sc^l  wrota 
•very  ingeniously,  and  in  which  he  has  been  spoken  of  af 
jBLU  inventor,  was;  what  has  been  called  his  Arithtnetical 
Triangle,  being  a  set  of  figurate  numbers  disposed  in  that 
jTorm.  But  such  a  table  of  numbers,  and  many  properties 
of  them,  had  been  treated  of.  more  than  a  century  before^ 
py.  Cardan,  Stifelius,  and  other  arithmetical  writers. 

After  having  thus  laboured  abundantly  in  ipathematical 
wd  philosophical  disquisitions,  he  forsook  those  studies 
and  all  human  learning  at  onc^  to  devote  himself  to  acts 
4of  devotion  and  penance^  He  was  not  tweaty^four  years 
of  age,  when  the  reading  some  pious  books  had  put  him 
ppon  taking  this  resolution ;  and  he  became  as  great  a  de- 
votee as  any  age  has  produced.  He  now  gave  himself  up 
entirely  to  a  state  of  prayer  and  mortification  ;  and  he  had 
|tlwa3&s  in  his  thoughts  these  great  maxims  pf  renouncing 
all  pleasure  wd  aU  superfluity  ;  and  this  he  practised  with 
ligour  even  in  his  illnesses,  to  which  he  was  frequently 
,^bject,  being  of  a  very  invalid  habit  of  body. 

.Though  P^tscal  bad  thus  abstracted  himself  from  the 
.  W^orld^  yet  he  could  not  forbear  paying  some  attention  to 
what  was  doing  in  it;  and  he  even  interested  himself  in 
the  contest,  between  the  Jesuits  and  the  Jansenists.  Tak- 
ing the  side  of  the  latter,  he  wrote  his  celebrated  "  Let- 
tees  Provinciales,^',  published  in  1656,  under  the  name  of 
jCouis  de  MimtaltCf  making  the  former  the  subject  of  ridii- 
..  i^e.    **  TTl^ese  letters,"  says  Voltaire,  "  may  be  consider^ 


m  i^  A  S  C  A  t. 

tti  k  mod^l  of  i^loqu^TXits  mA  huifioiir.  Ttae  btfMTcOff^^i^ 
of  Moli^re  have  dot  ntbr^  vrit  thtfn  the  first  part  of  tb^b 
letters ;' and  the  sublimity  6f  the  iauet  part  of  tb^tfi  i^ 
equal  to  aify  thing  in  Bossu^t*  It  is  true  indeed  that  tb« 
whole  book  was  bdiUupon  a  fftlsfe  fouhdatioh  \  for  the  4ixi. 
travagAnt  notions  of  a  f^w'Spariish  and  Fl^ttil^h  Jesuits  were 
artfully  ascribed  i\S  the  whole  sociexy.  Mdny  absurdtti^ 
ttiight  Hk6wise  have  been  discovered  affk)D«f  the  Dominican 
and  Franciscan  tasuisis;  bii!  this  would*  rfOt  hav^  answered 
the  purpose ;  for  tftfe  whole  raillei^y  was  to  be  ieved^  only 
at  the  Jesuits.  Thdse  letters  were  int€'nded  to  pi'o^e,  that 
the  Jesuits  had  formed  d  d^sigti  td  corrupt  mankind ;  -h 
design  which  no  sect  oi*  sociefjr  evtr  had,  or  can  hftre.'* 
Here,  however,  Voltaire  is  not  altogether  cori'ect ;  for  th^ 
Jesuits  cited  by  Pascal,  were  considered,  as  oracles  by 
theii*  order ;  and  the  ^hole  society  always  acted  so  system 
Ihatically  as  a  body,  that  th^  ddcirines  of*onG  may  beimw 
puted  to  the  rest,  ttiore  fairly  than  in  any  othef  class  <rf 
tneh\ '  Voltaire  calls  Pascal  the  first  of  their  satirists;  fot 
toespr^aux,  saj's  be,  nlu&t  be  considered  ai  only  thfe  ie^' 
cond.  In  another  placd,  Speaking  df  this  work  <rf  Pascal^ 
he  says,  that  "exarfiples  of  all  thd  various  spades  of  elp** 
quence  are  to  be  fburtd  in  it.  Thoiigh  it  has  now  beeA 
written  almost  100  years,  yet  riot  a  single  word  occurs  irt 
It,  savouring  of  that  vicissitude  t6  which  living  languages 
^re  so  subject.  Here  then-  we  are  to  fix  the  epoch  wheti 
6ur  language  may  be  sdid  to  have  sujsunried  A  settled  fofm; 
The  bishop  of  Lucori,  k)ti  of  the  celebrated  Biissy,  told 
itie,  that  asking  one  day  the  bi^hdp  of  Meaair  What  Work 
he  would  covet  mbst  to  be  the  author  of,  sU)>posing  hi^ 
6wn  performances  set  iiside,  Bossu  replied,  •  The  Proviil^ 
6ial  Letters*."  These  letters  were  first  published  in  1^59, 
l2mo,  an  edition  highly  valued,  and  were  aJFfcerwards  trans« 
lated  into  all  languages,  and  printed  over  and  bver  agaio; 
Some  have  said  that  there  were  decrees  of  fdrmfal  cohdeld-^ 
nation  against  them ;  and  also  that  Pascal  himself  ill  his 
last  illness,  detested  them,  and  repented  bf  tlaVrng  been  a 
Jansehist :  but  both  these  particulars  are  without  foi:inda<>; 
tion.  It  was  supposed  that  father  Daniel  was  the  inony* 
mous  author  of  a  piece  against  tlieih,  entitled  **  The  Dia-« 
logues  of  Oleander  and  Eudoxusi" 

Pascal  was  but  about  thirty  years  oJF  age  when  these  li?t* 
ters  were  published ;  yet  he  was  extremely  infirm,  and  his 
disorders  increasing  soon  after  so  much,  that  he  conceived- 


PASCAL.  169 

bk  ttid  fiu^  ftpptoaching^  he  gtiTe  tip  all  farther  thoughts 
d€  literary  composition.  He  resolved  to  spend  the  remain^, 
der  of  his  days  in  retirement  and  pious  meditation ;  and 
i^tb  this  view  be  broke  off  all  his  former  connections, 
changed  bis  habitation^  and  spoke  to  no  one,  not  even  to 
Us  own  servants,  and  hardly  ever  even  admitted  them  into 
his  room.  He  made  his  own  bed,  brought  his  dinner  from 
the  kitchen^  and  (tarried  back  the  plates  and  dishes  in  the 
evening;  so  that  he  employed  his  servants  only  to  cook 
for  bim>  to  go  to  town,  and  to  do  such  other  things  as  he 
could  not  absolutely  do  bimsejf.  In  his  chamber  nothing 
was  to  be  seen  but  two  or  three  chairs,  a  table,  a  bed,  and 
a  few  books.  It  had  ho  kind  of  ornament  whatever ;  he 
had  neither  a  carpet  on  the  floor,  nor  curtains  to  his  bed. 
But  this  did  not  prevent  him  from  sometimes  receiving 
visits ;  and  when  his  friends  appeared  surprised  to  see  him 
thfis  without  furnitdre,  he  replied,  that  he  had  what  was 
necessary,  and  that  any  thing  else  would  be  a  superfluity, 
unworthy  of  a  wise  man.  He  employed  his  time  in  prayer, 
and  in  treading  the  Scriptures  ;  writing  down  such  thoughts 
as  this  exercise  inspired.  Though  his  continual  infirmities 
obliged  him  to  use  very  delicate  food,  and  though  his  ser- 
vatlts  employed  the  utmost  cave  to  provide  only  what  was 
^iccelient,  he  never  relished  what  he  ate,  and  seemed 
quite  indifierent  whether  they  brought  him  good  or  bad. 
ii is  indifference  in  this  respect  was  so  great,  that  though 
his  ^aste  was  not  vitiated,  he  forbad  any  sauce  or  ragout  to 
be  made  fat  him  which  might  excite  his  appetite. 

Though  Pascal  had  now  given  up  intense  study,  and 
though  be  lived  in  the  most  temperate  manner,  his  health 
continued  to  decline  rapidly;  and  his  disorders  had  so  en*- 
feebled  his  organs,  that  his  reason  became  in  some  mea- 
Mte  affected.  H6  always  imagined  that  he  saw  a  deep 
abyss  on  one  side  of  him,  and  he  never  would  sit  down  till 
a  chair  was  placed  there,  to  secure  him  from  the  dangler 
Which  he  apprehended.  At  another  time  he  pretended 
that  he  had  a  kind  of  vision  or  ecstasy ;  a  memorandum  of 
ithith  he  preserved  during  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  a 
Mt  of  paper,  put  between  the  cloth  and  the  lining  of  his 
coat,  and  which  he  always  carried  about  him.  Some  of  the 
JesuitSTeproached  him  with  insanity ;  but  his  disorder  had 
nothing  more  in  it  than  a  fever,  or  a  vertigo.  During  the 
last  years  of  his  life,  indeed,  he  became  very  superstitious, 
and  exhibited  a  melancholy  example  of  human  infirmity 
in  that  respect. 


IW  t  A  S  C  A  !• 

'  In  company  Pascal  was  distinguished  by  his  amiable  be* 
haviour,  by  bis  easy,  agreeable,  and  instructive  conversa- 
tion, and  by  great  modesty.  He  possessed  a  natural  kind 
of  eloquence,  which  was  in  a  manner  irresistible.  The  ar- 
guments he  employed,  for  the .  most  part  produced  the  ef- 
fect which  he  proposed  ;  and  though  his. abilities  entitled 
Jiim  to  assume  an  air  of  superiority,  he  never  displayed 
that  haughty  and  imperious  tone,  which  ipay  often  be  pb« 
served  in  men  of  shining  talents.  Toward  the  close  of  bis 
life,  he  employed  himself  whoHy  in  pipus  and ,  moral  re- 
flections, writing  down  those  which  he  judged  worthy  <^ 
being  preserved.  The  first  piece  of  paper  he  could  find 
was  employed  for  this  purpose ;  and  be  commonly  put 
down  only  a  few  words  of  each  sentence^  as  be  wrote 
them  merely  for  his  own  use.  The  bits  of  paper  uppu 
liirhich'he  had  written  these  thoughts,  were  found,  after  his' 
death,  filed  upon  different  pieces  of  string,  witho.ut  .any 
order  or  connection;  and  being  copied  exactly  as  they 
were  written,  they  were  afterwards  arranged  and  publisbed* 

Pascal  died  at  Paris,  August  19,  1662,  aged  thirty^-iiioef 
He  had  been  some  time  about  a  work  against  atheists  and 
infidels ;  but  he  did  not  live  long  enough  to  digest  the  ma-r 
terials  he  had  collected.  What  was  found  among,  his  papers 
was  published  under  the  title  ^*  Pens^es,''  or  Thougbts 
upon  Religion,  and  other  subjects;  and  has  been  much 
admired.  After  bis  deiath  appeared  also  two  other. little 
tracts ;  one  of  which  is  entitled  ^'  The  Equilibrium  of 
Fluids;"  and  the  other  ^^  The  Weight  of  the  mass  qf 
Air." 

The  celebrated  Menage,  in  that  collection  called  **  Me* 
nagiana,"  selects  the  two  following  passages  in  the  wri- 
tings of  M.  Pascal,  for  the  acute  observations  theycour 
tain :  "  Those  minds  which  are  capable  of  invention  are 
;very  scarce.  Those  to  whom  this  power  is  denied,  being 
much  the  greater  number,  are  of  course  the  prevailing 
party  ;  insomuch,  that  when  works  of  invention  come  for^ 
ward,  to  claim  the  praise  due  to  their  authors,  the  public 
opinion  treats  them  as  visionaries."  And  again,  ^'It  seems 
jptber  a  fortunate  circumstance,  that  some  conamon  error 
should  fix  the  wanderings  of  the  human  mind.  For  instancpi 
tb^  moon  is  supposed  to  influence  the  disorders  of  the  buf 
man  body,  and  to  cause  a  change  in  human  affairs,  &c. 
which  notion,  though  it  be  false,  is  not  without  its  advan*^ 
tage ;  as  men  are  thereby  restrained  from  an  inquiry  'i0tj| 


PASCAL.  171 

things  to^rhich  the  fafumai>  understanding  is  incompetent, 
•and  from  a  kind  of  curiosity  which  is  a  malady  of  the 
imind.'* 

The  works  of  Pascal  were  collected  in  five  volumes  oc* 
.tavo,  and  published  at  Paris  in  1779.  This  edition  of  Pas- 
cal's works  may  be  considered  as  the  first  published ;  at 
fleast  the  greater  part  of  them  were  not  before  collected  into 
«one  body ;  and  some  of  them  had  remained  only  in  manu- 
script. For  this  collection  the  public  were  indebted  tp 
the  abbot  Bossut,  and  Pascal  deserved  to  have  such  an 
editor.  "  This  extraordinary  man^"  says  he,  "  inherited 
,from  nature  all  the  powers  of  genius.  He  was  a  geome«- 
.trician  of  the  first  rank,  a  profound  reasoner,  and  a  sub- 
lime and  elegant  writer.  If  we  reflect^  that  in  a  very  short 
.life,  oppressed  by  continual  infirmities,  be  invented  a  cu- 
rious arithmetical  machine,  the  elements  of  the  calculation 
xjtf  chances,  and  a  method  of  resolving  various  .problems 
.respecting  the  cycloid ;  that  he  fixed  in  an  irrevocable 
manner  the  wavering- opinions  of  the  learned  respecting  * 
the  weight  of  the  air ;  that  he  wrote  one  of  the  completes^t 
:Works  which  exist  in  the  French  language;  and  that  in 
^Bis  thoughts  there  are  passages,  the  depth  and  beauty  of 
which  are  incomparable? — we  shall  be  induced  to  believe^ 
'that  a  greater  genius  never  existed  in  any  age  or  nation. 
AH  those  who .  had  occasion  to  frequent  his  company  in 
the  ordinary  commerce  of  the  world,  acknowledged  his  su- 
periority ;  but  it  excited  no  envy  against  him,  as  he  was 
never  fond  of  shewing  it.  His  conversation*  instructed^ 
without  making  those  who  heard  him  sensible  of  their  own 
{inferiority  ;  and.  he  was  remarkably  indulgent  towards  the 
faultsnof  others.  It  may  be  easily  seen  by  his  Provincial 
Xetters,  and  by  some  of  his  other  works,  that  he  was  born 
jRrith  a  great  fund  of  humour,  which  his  infirmities  could 
^ever  entirely  destroy.  In  company,  he  readily  indulged 
in  that-harmless  and  delicate  raillery  which  never  gives  of«- 
fence,  and  which  greatly  tends  to  enliven  conversation*; 
Jbut  its  principal  object .  generally  was  of  a  moral  nature. 
JPoT  example,  ridiculing  those  authors  who  say,  *^  my  book, 
my  commentary,  my  history;  they  would  do  better,''  added 
J>e,  **  to  say  o^r  book,  aur  commentary,  ot^r  history ;  mibt 
^here  are  in  them  much  more  of  other  people's  tbaa  their 


A  Life  by  Bossat  and  by  madsune  Perler.—Hutton's  Dictionary.— Tbomion's 
Hist,  of  the  Royal  Society,  &c. 


172  P  A  S  C  H  A  S  I  U  S. 

PASCHASruS  tlATB£RT^  a  celebrated  llenedictiii^ 
of  the  dinth  century,  was  born  at  Soissonsy  and  carefully 
educated  by  the  monks  of  Notre  Dame  jn  his  native 
-city,  in  the  exterior  part  of  their  abbey.  He  afterwards 
took  the  religious  habit  under  St.  Adelard  in  the  abbey  of 
Corbey^  and  during  the  exile  of  his  abbot  Wala,  who  suc^ 
eeeded  Adelard,  wrote,  about  the  year  831,  a  treatise 
"  On  the  Body  and  Blood  of  Christ;*'  for  the  instnictioti 
of  the  young  monks  at  New  Corbey  in  Saxony,  where  he 
teaches,  that  the  same  body  of  Christ  which  was  born  df 
the  Virgin,  which  was  crucified,  rose  again,  and  ascended 
iikto  heaven,  is  really  present  in  the  Eucharist.  This  trea- 
ti^  made  a  great  noise  in  the  reign  of  Charles  the  BaU. 
Bertram  (otherwise  Ratram),  John  Scotus  Erigena,  and 
-some  others,  wrote  against  Paschasius,  who  was  then 
Abbot  of  Corbey ;  and  Frudegard,  abbot  of  New  Corbey, 
Wrote  to  him  on  the  subject  about  the  year  8^64,  in*- 
forming  him  that  many  persons  understood  in  a  figu^ 
yative  sense  the  words  "  this  is  my  Body ;  this  is  my 
Blood,*'  in  the  institution  of  the  Eucharist,  and  supported 
theinselves  on  the  authority  of  St.  Augustine.  Paschasiua 
on  the  other  side  maintained  that  be  taught  nothing  in  hia 
treatise  different  from  the  faith  of  the  church,  nor  from 
what  had  been  tiniversaliy  believed  from  the  time  of  thO 
apostles;  but  these  disputes^  together  with  some  dis* 
turbances  raised  against  htm,  induced  htm  to  resign  hia 
«ibbey,  and  he  died  soon  after,  April  26,  in  theyea^  8€5. 
lie  was  only  a  deacou,  having  declined  taking  piiest*a 
orders  from  a  principle  of  humility.  Claude,  and  several 
other  protestant  writers,  have  asserted  that  Paschasius  waa 
the  fifst  who  taught  the  doctrine  of  thi  real  presence;  but 
the  popish  writers  maintain  that  this  doctrine  has  been  al^ 
ways  believed  and  taught  in  the  Romish  church.  Hift  ye*- 
ttiaining  works  are,  "  Commentaries"  on  St.  Matthew^  oft 
l^alm  xliv.  and  on  the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah;  *<Tbe 
Life  of  St.  Adelard,'*  and  other  works  in  the  Library  of  the 
Fathers,  which  Father  Sirmond  printed  separatoly  at  Parla^ 
1€18,  folio.  Father  d'Acheti,  in  tom.XlL  of  his  "  Spi- 
Oiteglum,  has  published  Paschasius  Ratbert*a  treatiao  *^  Bt 
Partu  Virginis  ;'*  another  question  itiudi  agitated  in  iho 
.  iiimh  century.  His  treatise  "  De  Corpore  Chriatl**  baa 
been  inserted  by  Martenne  in  his  collection,  where  it  ia 
'    more  accurate  than  in  P.  Sinnond*s  edition.  V 

>  Care,  toI.  U.— Dupin.— Diet,  HHrt.  de  L'Avoeat 


P  A  S  O  R..  ^79 

PASOR  (Matthias),  the  son  of  George  Pasw,  a  learned 
professor  of  divinity  and  Hebrew  in  the  academy  of  Her«> 
borne^  by  ApoUonia  bia  wife,  daughter  of  Peter  HepdschiiiSt , 
fliensttot  of  that  •  place,  was  bom  there  April  12,  I  $99. 
Discovering  a  very  docile  dispositipn,  he  was  carefully 
educated  in  the  elements  of  Greek  and  Latin  iu  his  native 
place,  until  the  appearance  of  the  plague  obliged  him  lo 
be  removed  toMarpurgia  1614;  but  the  following  year 
i^e  returned  toHerborne,  and  again  applied  hi^9e^lf  plosely 
to  bis  studies.  In  1616,  he  was  sent  to  Heidelberg;  and> 
meeting  there  with  skilful  professors,  he  i&ade  such  im** 
provement,  that  he  wuis  employed  as  a  tutor,  and  tavxght 
in  private,  both  mathematics  and  Hebrew^  He  was  ho** 
noured  also  with  the  degree  of  M.  A.  by  the  university  ixk 
Feb.  1617,  and  then  studied  divinity  under  David ^Pareus^ 
Abraham  Scultetus,  and  Henry  Alting. :  In  April  1620,  ha 
was  appointed  mathematical  professor ;  which  ofBoe  be  re* 
tained  until  Heidelberg  was  invested  by  the  duke  of  Bava«« 
ria^s  troops,  in  September  1622,  when  he  lojst  bis  books 
and  MSS.  and  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life  to  Herbprite» 
where  he  found  a  comfortable  employment  in  the  aci^ 
demy  till  1623.  .Proceeding  thence  to  Leydeo,  he  con- 
stantly attended  the  lectures  of  the  most  eminent  Dutch 
divines,  particularly  those  of  Erpenius  upon  Om.  Arabia 
Ji^ngue,  and  of  Snellius  upon  divinity. 

After  a  few  weeks  stay  at  this  university,  be  arrived  in 
{England;  and^  bringing  proper  testimonials  with  him  to 
Oxford,  was  incorporated  M.  A.  there,  in  June  1634..  Here 
be  began  to  teach  Hebrew  and  the  mathematics  privately^ 
but  at  the  end  of  the  year  took  a  tour  into  France  with 
some  gentlemen  of  Germany  ;  and  spending  the  winter  at 
Paris,  attended  the  lectures  of  Gabriel  Sionita,  regius  pro^ 
fessor  of  Syrtac  and  Arabic  :  who,  having  left  off  reading; 
ip  public  some  years  for  want  of  auditors,  wajs  prevailed 
upon  by  Pasor  to  resume  those  exercises  in  his  own  houses 
Having  much  improved  himself  under  this  excellent  mastety 
he  returned  to  Oxford  in  1625,  and  bad  chambers  in 
Exeter  college,  in  v^hieh  he  preferred  residing,  notwith* 
sounding  the  plague  had  ^dispersed  the  studeuis,.  rather 
than  go  to  Ireland  with  archbishop  Usher,  who  offered 
him  bis  table  and  a  handsome  pension.  As  soon  as  the  in* 
fection  ceased,  he  had  some  pupils,  either  in  divinity  or 
the  oriental  tongues;  and  in  tlie  latter  he  was  tutor  to  the 
celebrated  Pococke.  Afterwards,  upon  bis  petition,  he  was 


114  PASO  R. 

appointed  to  read  public  lectures  in  Arabic,  Cbaldee,  and 
Syriac,  twice  a  week  in  term  time,  in  the  divinit/-scbooI^* 
for  whicb  he  was  handsomely  rewarded.      He  held  this 
temporary  professorship  for  about  three  years  from  Oct.* 
1626,  during  which  time  he  also  delivered  a  Hebrew  lee— 
ture-in  New  college.     In  1629  he  accepted  an  invitation  to* 
be  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Groningen  ;  and,  upon' 
the  death  of  Muller,  the  mathematical  professor,  six  years- : 
itfiter,  Pasor  succeeded  to  that  chair;  but  when,  in  1645,'  < 
he  was  raised  to  that  of  divinity,  oJF  which  faculty  he  W3»- 
then  created  doctor,  be  resigned  his  mathematical  profes- 
sorship, retaining  that  of  moral  philosophy.     AH  these  fa*-   • 
vours  induced  him  to  remain  at  Groningen,  where  he  died- 
Jan.  28,  1658. 

He  published  few  books,  for  which  be  is  said  to  have' 
given  two  reasons:   first,    '*  Because  be  was  not  willing    ^ 
that  youth  should  be  diverted  from  reading  the  good  books' 
already  published  ;'*  arid  secondly,  **  Because  he  did  not' 
care  that  the  booksellers  should  risk  their  money."     Hes 
published,   however,    while  at   Oxford,    an   **  Oratio  pro- 
lingusB  Arabicas  professio^le,  publice  ad  academicos  babita 
in  Scbola  Tbeologica  universitatis  Oxon.  25  Oct,  1626,'* 
Oxon.  1627,  4to.     He   was   also   editor   of  those   useful- 
works    which   his    father   (who' died   in    1637)   compiled' 
for  the  use   of  Greek  scholars,  and  whicb  were  at  one* 
time  very   popular;    viz.   his   "  Manuale  GraeGorum  vo- 
cum    Novi    Testamenti,    deque   Graecis   N,  Testamenti; 
accentibus.''  Leyden,    1634,    12mo,    often    reprinted    BlV 
Herbom,  Amsterdam,   and   other  places ;  ^*  Syllabus  sive 
idea   omnium  Novi   Test,  dictionutn,    seu    diaiectorun^,'* 
] 2mo,  Amsterdam,  Franeker,  Francfort,  &c.  &c. ;  "Lex- 
icon Grseco-Latiuum  in  N.  Testanfientum,**  8vo.     There 
are  editions  of  this  printed  at  London,  Amsterdam,  Ge- 
i^eva,  &c.  and  two  at  least  with  Leusden's  ijfnprovementSy 
Amsterdam,  1675*,    and   Leipsic,   1695*.     George  Pasor 
was  nineteen  years  professor  at  Herbprn,  and  eleven  yeari^ 
at  Franeker,  where  he  was  buried  with  a  monumental  in- 
scription.    It  remains  to  be  mentioned,  that  a  Latin  life  of 
Matthew   Pasor    was  published,    containing   his  journal, 

^  Tn  the  Bodleian  catalogue  we  find  litia  Christiana  ;*'  "  Oratio  in  obitunif 

the  following  works  attributed  to  hioi :  J.  Piscatoris,"  ibid.  1624»  4to ;  '*  Am- . 

**£tymonpropriorumnominuminNov.  lysis  difBciliorum  vocum  in  openbaa 

Test."  Herborn,! 680, 8T03"Ptedagogu8  •  Hesiodi/' Amst.  162),  8vo,  often  re* 

Cbristianus  de  quiuque  religiunis  ca-  printed;  and  "  Index  ad  Hesiodani>*, 

^itibu8»\'  ibid.  1 624,  Syo; "  Oratio  de  mi-  Amst.  1701;  8ro. 


P  A  S  O  R.      .  175 

mttny  trifling  particulars  in  which,  Bayle  says,  ought  to 
have  been  left  out.  But  what  would  have  become  of 
Bayle^s  own  wotks,  particularly  his  Dictionary,  had  his* 
editors  left  out  what  was  trifling,  obscene,  and  impious  ?  ^ 

PASQUIER,  or  PAQUIER  (Stephen),  a  learned 
Fr^nchiqan,  was  born  in,  1528  at  Paris;  of  which  city  he* 
was  an  advocate  in  parliament,  afterwards  a*  counsellor,- 
and  at  last  advocate-general  in  the  chamber  of  accounts!. 
He  pleaded  many  years  with  very  great  success  before  the 
parliament,  where  be  was  almost  constantly  retained  in  the. 
most  difficult  causes,  and  every  day  consulted  as  an  oracle. 
He  did  not,  however,  confine  his  studies  to  the  law ;  but 
was  esteemed  a  general  scholar.  Henry  IH.  gave  hiin  the 
posb  of  advocate  of  the  chamber  of  accounts,  which  he  filled 
with  his  usual  reputation,  and  resigned  it  some  tim^  after 
to  Theodore  P^uier,  bis  eldest  son.  He  was  naturally' 
beneficent  and  generous ;  agreeable  and  easy  in  conversa* 
tion  ;  his  manner  sweet,  and  his  temper  pleasant.  >  He  died 
at  Paris,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-seven,  Aug. -31, 
1615,  and  was  interred  in  the  church  of  St.  Severin. 

His  works  show  considerable  knowledge  of  ancient  bis-r 
tory,  especially  that  of  France;  and  he  raised  no  little  re- 
putation by  his  attacks  on  the  Jesuits  in  his  <^  Les  Re- 
cherches,"  which  war  answered  by  father  Garasse.  His 
animosity  to  that  order  laid  him  in  some  measure  open  to 
(his  antagonist,  for  he  very  readily  adopted  any  story,  ever 
so  improbable,  which  he  heard  of  them  from  their  bitterest 
enemies.  All  his  works,  however,  are  written  with  de* 
gance  and  humour,  and  he  appears  to  have  been  formed! 
by  nature  equally  for  a  poet  and  a  lawyer.  His  works  were 
first  printed  together  atTrevoux,  and  passed  through  many 
editiousj  the  last  in  1665.  They  were  afterwards  printed 
along  with  those  of  his  son  Nicholas,  at  Amsterdam,  in  1 723, 
2  vols.  fol.  Of  his  ^^  Letters,"  the  best  edition  is  that  at 
Paris,  in  1619,  in  5  vols.  8vo.  His  "Poems"  consist  of 
one  book  "  Of  Portraits ;"  six  books  of  "  Epigrams  ;•■  and 
a  bo^k  of  "  Epitaphs."  But  in  this  collection  is  wanting 
his  "  Catechism  of  the  Jesuits ;"  instead  of  which  are  in-» 
iertied  the  letters  of  his  son  Nicolas.  Among  his  pieces  in 
verse,  "La  Puce"  had  atone  time  a  fashionable  reputa* 
tion.  It  is  entitled  "  La  Puce  des  grands  tours  de  Poitiers  ;'* 

I  •     •  » 

»  Effigies  et  Vit»  Prof.  Acad.  Groninga,"  1654,  fol— Gen,  Dicf.--Ath.  Ox. 
vol.  11.— Foppen  Bibl.  Belg,  toK  I.-^Saxii  Oaomatf. 


\is  P  A  S  Q  U  I  £  R. 

and  cotitaina  several  poems  upon  a  6ea  which  P&qnier 
spied  on  the  breast  of  tbe  learned  Catharine  de  Roches^  m 
a  visit  to  her  on  tbe  extraordinary  sessions  at  Poitiers  in 
1569.  Such  are  the  trifles  by  which  a  nation  is  sometimea 
aroused.  He  left  three  sons,  of  whom  the  eldest,  Tbao- 
dore,  was  advocate»generaI  in  the  chamber  of  accounts  i 
Nicolas,  master  of  requests,  whose  ^^  Letters'*  were  printed 
in  1623,  at  Paris,  containing  several  discourses  upon  the 
occurrences  in  France  in  tbe  time  of  Henry  IV.  and  Loaia 
XUL  ;  and  Guy,  who  was  auditcur  of  tbe  accounts.  ^ 
.  PASSE,  or  PAS  (Crispin),  tbe  chief  of  a  family  of  en*, 
gravers,  and  likewise  a  man  of  letters,  was  a  native  of 
Utrecht,  but  we  have  no  account  of  bis  education,  or  dates 
either  of  birth  or  death.  It  appears  that  he  applied  him- 
self very  early  in  life  to  tbe  study  of  the  arts,  and  particu** 
larly  delighted  in  drawing  and  designing  from  tbe  works  of 
the  most  eminent  artists  his  contemporaries.  He  was  sent 
by  prince  Maurice  to  teach  drawing  in  an  academy  at  Paris. 
At  what  time  he  came  to  England  is  not  very  clear  ;  none 
of  his  works  done  here  are  dated,  says  Vertue,  later  than 
1635.  From  tbe  paucity  of  English  beads  engraved  by 
Crispin,  and  other  circumstances,  lord  Orford  seems  in* 
dined  to  doubt  whether  he  ever  was  in  England,  and 
thinks  it  not  improbable  that  drawings  were  senttohioi 
from  this  country,  as  we  know  was  the  case  afterwards 
with  Houbraken,  when  he  was  employed  on  the  ^^  lUus-^ 
trious  Heads." 

How  long  he  lived  is  not  known*  His  fame  was  at  itt 
highest  from  1610  or  sooner  to  1643.  In  this  last  year^ 
when  probably  very  old,  he  published  at  Amsterdam  bia 
famous  drawing  book  in  Italian,  French,  High  aiid  Low 
Dutch,  a  foiioy  with  forty-eight  plates.  His  next  work, 
according  to  lord  Orford,  was  entitled  ^^  Instruction  du  roy 
en  Pexercise  de  mohter  a  cheval,  par  Messire  Antoine  de 
Pluvinel,"  a  work  in  dialogues,  French  and  Dutch,  foolisb 
enough  in  itself,  but  adorned  with  many  cats  admirably 
designed  and  engraved,  and  with  many  portraits*  Hoi* 
land's  ^^  Heroologia^*  was  executed  at  bis  expence,  for 
which  he  employed  the  best  Flemish  engravers,  but  does 
not  mention  any  share  he  had  himself  in  that  cotlectioaof 
j^ortraits.  Crispin  Passers  works  are  so  numerous  tbaa  it 
would  be  difficult  to  obtain  a  complete  catalogue*    Lord 

■  ^  Moreri.««X)ict.  Hietii 


PASSE.  177 

Oxford  and  Mr.  Strutt  have  mentioned  the  principal^  as 
connected  with  the  English  series ;  but  they  have  omitted 
his  Virgil,  Hoiner^  and  Ovid,  and  his  *^  Eiortus  Flohdus/* 
the  latter  a  folio,  and  the  other  in  4to,  which  are  much 
valued  abroad,  but  very  scarce.  There  is,  or  was,  a  com* 
plete  collection  of  bis  illustrated  books,  and  single  plates, 
in  the  royal  library  at  Paris,  and  many  of  them  are  in 
every  English  collector's  portfolio  or  library. 
.  Passe -worked  entirely  with  the  graver,  in  a  neat,  clear 
style,  which  has  much  originality  in  it;  and,  excepting 
S|Ome  little  stiffness  which  frequently  appears,  and  the  want 
of  harmony,  with  respect  to  the  distribution  of  the  light 
aiid  shadow,  a  fault  which  prevailed  at  the  time  in  which 
he  lived,  his  best  worka  possess  a  very  considerable  share 
of  merit,  especially  his  portraits,  many  of  which  he  drew 
from  the  life ;  and  the  far  greater  part  of  his  historical  and 
emblematical  subjects  are  engraved  from  his  own  compo- 
sitions. He  drew  the  human  figure  very  correctly,  and 
marked  th^  extremities  with  a  degree  of  ei^actness,  not 
usually  found  in  the  works  of  those  masters  who  employed 
themselves  upon  small  subjects ;  when  he  attempted  large 
ones  he  was  not  equally  successful. 

His  family  consisted  of  three  sons,  Crispin,  William, 
and  Simon,  and  a  daughter  Magdalen,  all  of  whom,  except 
perhaps  the  first,  attained  considerable  fame  in  their 
fjBither's  art.  William  and  Simpn  resided  some  time  in 
England,  and  executed  many  portraits  in  the  English 
series,  but  particulars  of  their  lives  are  unknown.  V 

PASSEMANT  (Clau0E  Simeon),  an  able  French  opti-. 
eian,  was  born  in  1702,  and  at  first  brought  up  to  trade, 
which  he  partly  relinquished  for  the  study  of  natural  philo-^ 
aophy  and  astronomy,  and  being  already  known  to  his  ad*« 
vantage  by  several  members  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  he 
published  a  volume  in  1738,  12mo,  on  the  construction  of 
a  reflecting  telescope  from  sixeeen  inches  to  six  feet  and 
a  half,  the  latter  producing  the  effect  of  a  telescope  15a 
£eet  long;  and  some  time  after,  he  wrote  *^The  Descrip-* 
tion  and  use  of  Telescopes,  Microscopes,"  &c.  of  his  own 
invention.  He  also  constructed  an  astronomical  pendulum^ 
orowued  with  a  moving  sphere,  which  was  made  to  repre*" 
sent  the  revolutions  of  the  planets,  in  a  manner  that  exactly 
Corresponded  with  the  astronomical  tables.     He  presented 

i  WftI|>Qle  and  SUutt. 

Vol.  XXIV.  N 


174  P  A  S  S  E  M  A  N  r. 

this  machine  to  Lewis  XV.  and  it  was  formerly  to  be  seeirf 
id  the  royal  apartments  at  Versailles.  He  made  a  similar 
instrument  for  the  Turkish  emperor,  which  shewed  th« 
rising  and  setting  of  the  sun  and  moon.  He  furnished  the 
king  and  other  great  men  in  France  with  sets  of  instruments 
for  making  experiments  in  optics,  and  other  branches  of 
science.  In  1765  he  gave  some  plans  for  making  canals^ 
by  means  of  which  ships  might  come  up  to  Paris ;  and  bi» 
proposal  is  inserted  in  M.  de  la  Lande'^s  work  on  '^Navi* 
gable  Canals,''  published  1778;  but  be  had  not  the  satis* 
faction  of  seeing  it  accomplished,  being  carried  off  in 
twenty-four  hours,  by  a  lethargy,  November  6,  1769.* 

PASS£RAT  (John),  a  celebrated  professor  of  eloquence 
in  the  royal  college  at  Paris,  and  one  of  the  politest  writers 
of  his  time,  was  born  Oct.  18,  1534,  atTroyes  in  Cham-^ 
pagne.  His  uncle,  who  undertook  to  educate  him,  placed^ 
him  at  the  college  of  his  native  city,  where  som^  harsh 
condpct  of  his  master  induced  him  to  run  away;  Arriving 
at  Bourges,  he  entered  first  into  the  service  of  a  farrier,  and 
afterwards  waited  upon  a  monk ;  but,  growing  in  time  sa-' 
gacious  enough  to  see  his  folly,  he  returned  to  his  uncle, 
who  pardoned  him,  and  maintained  him  for  three  years  at 
college,  where  he  proceeded  in  his  studies  with  so  much 
diligence,  that  he  became  in  a  short  time  able  to  teach  in' 
public.  In  that  capacity  his  first  post  was  master  of  the- 
second  class  in  the  college  of  Du  Plessis,  from  which  he 
jremoved  to  that  of  cardinal  Le  Moine  ;  but  being  obliged 
to  retire  for  some  time  from  Paris  on  account  of  the  plague, 
oh  his  return  he  engaged  in  the  business  of  teaching  Latin. 
At  length  he  took  up  a  resolution  to  study  the  law ;  for 
which  purpose  he  went  to  Bourges,  apd  spent  three  years' 
tinder  Cujacius ;  but  at  last  became  professor  of  elo-' 
queuce,  having  obtained  that  chair  in  1572,  on  the  va- 
cancy which  happened  by  the  assassination  of  Ramus.  In 
the  discharge  of  this  post  he  grew  so  eminent,  that  the^ 
most  learned  men  of  the  time,  and  the  counsellors  of  the' 
aupreme  courts  at  Paris,  went  to  hear  his  lectures..  He 
was  an  indefatigable  student,  passing  frequently  whole  days' 
without  taking  any  food  ;  yet  to  an  extraordinary  erudition 
he  joined  an  uncommon  politeness  of  manners,  having^^ 
nothing  of  the  mere  scholar,  except  the  gown  and  hood.' 
These  accomplishments  brought  him  acquainted  with  all 

4 

.»PictHist 


PA  S  S  E  R  A  T.  It? 

'  the  people  of  quality ;  but  he  contracted  an  intims^cy  only 
with  M .  de  Mesmes^  in  whose  house  he  lived  for  thirty 
years,  till  his  deaths  which  was  occasioned  by  a  palsy,  Sept* 
14,  1602. 

He  was  highly  esteemed  by  Ronsard,  Belleau,  and  Baif ; 
and  was  much  admired  as  a  Latin  poet ;  he  was  indeed 
chiefly  partial  to  the  Latin  authors,  and  formed  a  dictionary 
of  that  language,  which  some  say  was  incorporated  in  an 
improved  edition  of  Calepin.  His  chief  works  are,  1. 
^*  Chant  d'altegresse  pour  Pentrle  de  Charles  IX.  en  sa 
▼ille  de  Troyes,**  Troyes,  1564,  8vo.  2.  *^  Complainte  sur 
la  mort  d'Adrien  Tumebe,''  Paris,  1565,  8vo.  3.  <<  Son* 
nets  sur  le  tombeau  du  Seigneur  de  la  Ch&tre,  1569,  8vo, 
4.  *^- Hymne  de  la  paix,  Paris,  1563,  8vo.  5.  '^  Recueil 
des  poesies,  Francoises  et  Latines,**  Paris,  1606,  8vo.  6. 
**  Orationes  et  prsefationes.*'     7.  "  Conjecturarum  liber.'* 

8.  ^^  De  literarum  inter  se  cognatione  et  permutatione/* 

9.  **  Commentarii  in  Catullum,  TibuUum,  et  Propertium.'* 

10.  ^*  Kalends  Januariee."  11.^*  Oratio.de  Csscitate."  12. 
**  Not»  in  Petronii  Arbitri  satyricon*"  13.  ^^  Encomium 
Asini."  Besides  which,  Grievius  tells  us  that  be  had  met 
with  academical  questions  by  Passerat  in  manuscript  upon 
some  of  Cipero^s  orations,  out  of  which  he  took  what  was 
for  his  purpose  in  illustrating  that  author;  and  Pithou  said 
that  Passerat  knew  nothing  else  but  Cicero.  ^. 

PASSE RI  (John  Baptist),  a  painter  and  a  poet,  of  no 
great  merit  in  either  lide,  died  at  Rome  in  1679,  at  the 
age  of  about  seventy.  The  work  which  is  most  likely  to 
preserve  bis  name  is  his  **  Lives  of  the  Painters,  Sculptors, 
ftnd  Architects,  who  flourished  at  Rome  in  his  own  time.'' 
This  book  is  full  of  curious  and  interesting  anecdotes,  and 
was  published  in  Italian  at  Rome  in  1772.  Fuseli  speaks 
of  him  as  celebrated  for  his  impartiality  and  acumen  in 
this  work.  Though  no  great  painter,  he  was  a  disciple  of 
the  famous  Dominichino;  and  though  his  sonnets  were  bad, 
one  of  them  is  said  very  materially  to  have  promoted  his 
fortune.  • 

PASSERI  (Joseph),  nephew  of  the  former,  was  born  at 
Rome  in  1654,  and  was  at  first  a  pupil  of  his  uncle,  but, 
soon  discovering  the  inability  of  that  teacher,  became  the 
disciple  of  Carlo  Maratti.     Under  such  a  master  he  made 

1  Life  by  Le  Clerc  in  Bibl.  Anc.  et  Moderae,  yol.  VII.— >Niceron,  toI.  U,*^ 
BttUurt'«  Acadeniie  des  Scieoce«i— Blount's  Ceosura.  '  Pilkini^on. 

V  a 


tSO  PASSER  I. 

great  progress^  and  became  famous.  His  style  of  bisto^-f  • 
cal  composition,  was  grand,  bis  colouriDg  like  tbal  of  bU 
master  Mamitr,  bis  invention  fruitful,  aad  bis  expre»sioi» 
natural  and  agreeable.  One  of  bis  best  works  is  bis  ^  Stv 
Jerome  meditating  on  the  last  Judgmenty''  at  Pesaro^  He 
died  in  1714. ' 

PASSERI  (John  Baptist),  a  learned  Italian  antkyijh^ry 
and  philologer,  was  born  at  Gubioin  the  duchy  of  Urbino, 
in  Nov.  1694^  His  father,  who  was  a  pbrysician  atTo^i, 
desigiied  him  fov  the  study  of  the  law,  wbicb  aocordingly  * 
be  followed,  but  pursued  with  it  that  of  antiquities,  fo^r 
which  he  had  a  strong  genius.  After  residing  four  yeaKI 
at  Rome  he  returned  to  Todi,  and  began  to  coil^ct  th^ 
antiquities  of  that  city  and  its  environs.  In  1 72^.  he  turned 
his  attention  chiefly  to  the  Etruscan  antiquities,  and  cot^ 
lected  a  vast  number  of.  lamps,  which  he  arraAged  ia 
classes.  Having  lost  his  wife  in  1733,  after  twelve  yeaf« 
of  happy  uniony  he  became  asi  ecclesiastic,  and  was  apos-^ 
tolic  prothonotary,  and  vicar'-general  of  Pesaro.  In'  Fe^ 
bruary  1780;  hd  was  overturned  in  bis  cairiage,  an-d  died 
in  consequence  of  the  falk  His  works  are,  1.  ^  Lucernae 
ftetiles  Musei  Passerii,"  a  splendid  book  in  3  voia.  folio^ 
He-  hadi  drawn  up  a  fourth,  on  the  lampa  of  the  Christians^ 
but  this  h^  not  been  publisbed.  These  came  ouli  in  1739^ 
1743,  and  1751.  2,  **  LettereRoncagliesi ;"  Letters  from 
bis  villa  at  Roiicaglia,  on  Etruscan  aiitiquities,  173^.  There 
were  seventeen  letters,  and  a  continuation  was  after ward«( 
published;  S.^^  In  Tbonise'  Dempsteri  Libros  d^  Etmria 
cegaii  Paralipomena,,  quibus  taboke.  eidem  operi  additdB 
illustrantnr.  Aocednnt  dissertatio  de  re  numaria  Etrusco^ 
rum  }  de  nominibus  Etruscorum ;  et  notas  in  tdbulas  Eogar 
binaa,  auctore  I.  Baptistei  Passecio,"  Lucsb,  1767,  folio.  4» 
*^  Picturaei  Etruscorum  in  vaseulis,  nunc  primum  in  unum 
'collectse,  explibataonxbus  et  dissevtationibus  iUustmtac,'? 
Romae,  1767,  3  vols,  folio.  5.  Many  leavned.  disaertation$ 
published  in  several  collections ;  as^  for  example,  five  in 
the  third  volume  of  Gori's  Museum  Etruscum  ;  De  Geni^ 
domestico,  de  Ara  sepulehrali,  de  funeribu^  Etruscorum^ 
de  Velciorum  familia,  de  Architectura  Etrusca.  Theae'are 
^i  full  of  the  most  recondite  leambng.  * 

PASSEROTI  (Bartholomew),  an  artist  of  Bdogna,  was 
one  of  the  pupils  and  assistants  of  Zuccari,  and  the  first  of 

}  PllkiDgtQ]i««»ArgeDTille,  vol.  !•'  f  Pict.  Bi8t.-ii»Saxu  Ofiovittt. 


P  A  S  S  £  R  O  T  L  ISl 

Bologne$6  paknters  who  introduced  naked  torsoes  in  sacred 
suiojecte.  The^most  eminent  ^  bis  ahar-pieces  are  ti>e 
Decoilatioo  of  St.  Paul  alte  Tre  Fontane,  at  Rome»  and  at 
S.  Giacoiao,  of  Boiogua^  our  Lady  with  various  Saifrts, 
painted  in  tompetition  with  the  Caracci,  and  honoured  bj 
tbeir  praise.  His  Tityus,  \vb«n  exhibited  to  the  public  at 
Bologna,  was  by  the  Dilettanti  mistaken  for  a  work  of 
Michael  Angelo.  But  ko  did  not  always  husband  his  powers 
with  equal  diligence  and  refinemeiit^  hurried  away  by  that 
frankness  and  facility  of  execution  which  debauched  Cesari', 
whom  he  howiever  excelled  in  correctness  of  design.  In 
portrait,  for  character,  digfiity,  and  proporiety  of  eotnpo- 
sitioa,  he  approached  Titian  himself,  in  the  opinion  of 
Guido.  His  power  of  drawing  with  the  pen  attracted 
Agbstitio  Caracci  to  his  s6ho6l^  who  made  it  the  guide  of 
his  line  in  engraving.  He  ciimposed  a  book  on  symmetry 
and  anatomy,  which  may  be  considered  as  a  commentary 
on  his  works.  He  had  three  sons  of  consider2d>le  merit  as 
artists.  A  sparrow,  often-  introduced  in  the  works  of  Bar* 
tholomew,  is  an  allusion  to  his  name*     He  died  in  1595.^ 

PASSIONEl  (DOMIKICK),  an  Italian  cardinal,  famous 
rather  as  a  patron  of  letters,  than  as  a  writer,  and  em*- 
ployed  by  the  see  of  Rome  in  many  important  negooiations^ 
was  bom  at  Fossombrone  in  the  dtftchy  of  Urbino,  in  1682. 
He  studied  in  the  Clementine  college  at  Rome,  where  he 
afterwards  formed  that  vast  library  and  curious  collectioH 
of  manuscripts,  from  which  the  learned  world  has  derived 
so  much  advantage*   In  1706  he  attended  the  nuncio  GuaU 
terio,  his  relation,  to  Paris,  where  he  formed  an  intimacy 
witli  the  most  learned  men  of  the  time,   and  examined 
every  thing  that  deserved  attention.     He  was  particularly 
intimate   with  Mabiilon,  and   Montfaucon.     In    1708   he 
went  into  Holland,  at  first  for  the  sak^s  of  lit^ary  inquiries, 
but  afterwards  as  a  kind  of  secret  agent  for  the  pope  at  the 
Hague,  where  he  resided  four  years,  and   attended  the 
congress  at  Utrecht  in  1712.     On  his  return  to  Rome,  he 
passed  through  Paris^  where  he  was  most  graciously  and. 
honourably  received  by  Louis  XIV.   who  gave   him   bis 
portrait  set  with  diamonds.     He  then  proceeded  to  Turiu 
to  accommodate  some  differences  between  the  pope  and 
the  duke  of  Savoy  ;  and  upon  his  return  to  Rome  was  de^ 
stared  president  of  the  apostolic  ehamber.     In  the  two 

^  PilkJDgto«»  by  FoselU 


182.  >ASSIONEI. 

coDgressesatBale  in  1714,  and  at  Soleure  in  1715,  be  was 
again  employed,  and  strongly  ennced  bi^  zeal,  talents, 
activity,  prudence,  and  otber  qualities  of  a  great  nego- 
tiator. His  account  of  this  embassy  was  published  in  1738, 
in  folio,  under  the  title  of  ^^  Acta  Legationis  Helvetica^/* 
which  may  be  considered  as  a  model  of  conduct  for  persons 
employed  in  such  services.  Upon  the  accession  of  Cle- 
ment XII.  he  was  sent  as  nuncio  to.  the  court  of  Vienna, 
where  he  pronounced  the  funeral  oration  of  prince  Eugene. 
In  the  pontificate  of  Innocent  XIII.  which  lasted  from  1721 
to  1724,  Passionei  had  been  made  archbishop  of  Ephesus ; 
lie  continued  in  favour  with  the  successors  of  that  pope, 
Benedict  XIIL  and  Clement  XII.  the  latter  of  whom,  in 
1738,  raised  him  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal,  having  at  the 
same  time  made  him  secretary  of  the  briefs.  Benedict 
XIV.  in  1755  made  him  librarian  of  the  Vatican,  whicli 
he  enriched  by  many  important  accessions;  and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  admitted  into  the  French  academy,  under  the 
peculiar  title  of  associ6  etranger.  He  died  on  the  15th  of 
July,  1761,  at  the  age  of  seventy-nine. 

Cardinal,  Passionei  did  not  write  much  besides  the  ar- 
ticles that  have  been  already  mentioned.     He  worked,  in- 
deed, witb  Fontanini,  in  revising  the  ^^  Liber  diurnus  Ro- 
manorum  Pontificum,''  and  produced  a  paraphrase  on  the 
nineteenth  psalm,  with  a  few  more  small  pieces :  but  he 
was  most  illustrious  for  his  enlightened  knowledge  of  let- 
ters, and  his  judicious  and  liberal  patronage  of  learned 
men  and  useful  works ;  an  example  but  too  little  followed 
in  the  present  age.     He  had  one  of  the  most  valuable  li- 
braries in  Rome,  composed  of  the  best,  the  scarcest,  and 
most  remarkable  books  in  all  sciences,  and  in  all  languages, 
ancient  and  modern.     He  himself  was  the  librarian,  and 
did  the  honours  of  it  in  a  manner  the  more  satisfactory  to. 
the  learned,  as  no  one  was  more  able  to  second  and  extend 
their  views  on  the  subjects  of  their  researches.     *^  In  this,^* 
says  a  Swedish  traveller,  "  he  was  very  different  from  the 
cardinals  Davia,  Gualterio,  and  Imperiali,  all  three  also 
very  rich  in  books.  .  The  first  was  always  readingj^  and 
never  wrote;  the  second  was  always  writing,  and  never 
read ;  and  the  third  neither  read  nor  wrote."     Cardinal 
Passionei's  temper,  however,  was  not  equable,  and  Bene- 
dict XIV.  delighted  to  put  him  in  a  rage,  sometimes  by 
taking  away  one  of  his  books,  and  making  him  think  it  was 
lost,  but  more  frequently,  which  was  the  greatest  prove- 


P  A  S  S  I  O  N  E  I.  l«8 

cation  out  cardinal  could  receivCi  by  introducing  a  wor|c 
written  by  a  Jesuit.  On  one  occasion  when  the  pope  did 
this,  the  cardinal  opened  the  window,  and  threw  the  book 
with  all  his  force  into  the  square  of  Monte  Cavallo.  At 
this  instant  the  pope  appeared,  and  vouchsafed  hioi  his 
grand  benediction.  It  is  said,  that  by  way  of  answer  to 
this  benediction,  a  certain  gesture  of  the  cardinal's  put  a 
stop  to  the  pleasantry  that  the  pope  had  promised  himself 
from  this  scene.  He  most  cordially  hated  the  Jesuits ;  and 
bad  it  depended  on  him,  tl^eir  society  would  have  beea 
soon  dissolved.  On  this  subject  and  every  other  on  which 
he  entered  with  the  pope  Benedict,  he  spoke  with  the 
firmest  independence,  and  the  pope  generally  found  it 
necessary  in  all  disputes  to  yield  to  him.  Let  us  not 
forget,  however,  that  it  was  this  cardinal  who  opened  the 
treasures  of  the  Vatican  to  Dr.  Kennicott,  in  a  very  hand- 
some order  signed  by  his  name.  This  was  at  the  time 
justly  said  to  be  an  honour  which  no  work  relating  to  the 
Bible  could  boast  of  since  the  reformation. 

His  nephew,  Benedict  Passionei,  rendered  an  important 
service  to  the  learned  world  by  publishing  at  Lucca,  in 
1763,  '^  Inscrizioni  antiche,  con  annotaz/'  a  folio  volume, 
containing  all  the  Greek  and  Latin  inscriptions  collected 
by  the  cardinal.  His  valuable  collection  of  antique  urns, 
bas-reliefs,  and  other  works  of  art,  was  dispersed  after  his 
death.  * 

PATEL,  a  celebrated  painter,  was  a  native  of  France ; 
but  neither  his  Christian  name,  his  age,  nor  the  master 
under  whom  he  studied,  are  known  to  the  writers  on  these 
subjects.  He  has  sometimes  been  called  the  French 
Claude,  from  his  successful  imitation  of  that  master.  In 
bis  figures  he  is  clearly  superior  to  him.  The  forms  of  his 
trees  are  elegant  and  free,  his  scenery  rich,  and  his  build- 
ings and  other  objects  designed  in  a  very  pleasing  manner. 
His  touch  is  light,  yet  firm ;  bis  colouring  generally  clear 
^nd  natural.  Two  of  his  works  have  been  engraved  by 
Strange,  and  all  of  them  prove  that  he  studied  nature  with 
nice  observation,  and  his  choice  from  her  productions  was 
always  agreeable.  In  France  he  is  sometimes  called,  Patel 
le  tue,  or  le  ban  Patel;  and  there  was  also  a  Patel  le  Jeune^ 
pf  whom  still  less  is  known.' 

*  Diet.  Hist. — «  Aoecdotes  of  Rome.  &c,  by  a  Swedish  Traretler/'  1768,  in 
«efit,MBg.vol,  XXXVIII. 

*  Pilkin^ton,— Strangers  Catalogue. 


184  P  A  T  E  R  C  U  L  U  S. 

PATERCULUS  (Caius  Velletits),  an  ancient  Roman 
historian,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius  Caesar, 
was  born  in  the  year  of  Rome  735.  His  ancestors  were 
illustrious  for  their  merit  and  their  offices.  His  gi'and* 
father  espoused  the  party  of  Tiberius  Nero,  the  emperor^s 
father  ;  but  being  old  and  infirm,  and  not  able  to  accom- 
pany Nero  when  he  retired  from  Naples,  he  ran  himself 
through  with  his  sword.  His  father  was  a;  soldier  of  rank, 
and  Paterculus  was  a  military  tribune,  when  Caius  Caesar, 
a  grandson  of  Augustus,  had  an  interview  with  the  king  of 
the  Parthians,  in  an  island  of  the  river  Euphrates,  in  the 
year  753.  He  commanded  the  cavalry  in  Germany  utider 
Tiberius,  'and  accompanied  that  prince  for  nine  years*  suc- 
cessively in  all  his  expeditions.  He  received  honourable 
rewards  from  him ;  but  wef  do  not  find  that  he  Was  preferred 
to  any  higher  dignity  than  the  prsetorship.  The  praises  he 
bestows  upon  Sejanus  give  some  probability  to  the  conjec- 
ture, that  he  was  looked  upon  as  a  friend  of  this  favourite; 
and,  consequently,  that  he  was  involved  in  his  ruin.  His 
-death  is  placed  by  Dpdwell  in  the  year  784,  when  he  was 
in  his  fiftieth  year. 

'  He  wrote  "An  Abridgment  of  the  Roman  History,  in 
two  Books,"  in  which  although  his  purpose  was,  to  begin 
from  the  foundation  of  Rome  to  the  time  wherein  he 
lived,  we  find  in  what  remains  of  the^  beginning  of  his  first 
book,  some  account  of  many  cities  more  ancient  than 
Rome.  He  promised  a  larger  history,  of  which  this  is 
only  an  outline,  and  had  opportunities  to  have  acquired 
valuable  materials,  during  bis  military  expeditions  and  tra« 
Tels.  Even  in  the  present  work  we  have  many  par^culars 
related,  that  are  no  where  else  to  be  found.  The  style  of 
Paterculus,  although  injured  by  the  carelessness  of  tran- 
scribers, and  impossible  to  be  restored  to  purity  for  want 
of  manuscripts,  is  yet  manifestly  worthy  of  an  age,  which 
produced  his  celebrated  contemporaries  Vifgil^  Sallust, 
Livy,  &c.  His  manner  of  drawing  characters  is  one  of  his 
chief  merits ;  yet  he  is  condemned,  and  indeed  with  the 
greatest  reason,  for  his  partiality  to  the  house  of  Augustus, 
and  for  his  extravagant  praise,  not  only  of  Tiberius,  but 
even  of  his  favourite  Sejanus. 

Of  Velleius  Paterculus,  as  of  Hesychius  among  the 
Greeks,  one  MS.  only  was  discovered,  called  the  codex 
Murbacensis,  and  even  that  is  now  lost.  In  it,  says  Ben^- 
lej,  "  the  faults  of  the  9cribes  are  found  so  numerous,  and 


PATERCULUS.  t85 

the  defects  so  beyond  all  redress,  that,  notwithstanding 
the  pains  of  the  learnedest  and  acutest  critics  for  two  whole 
centuries,  these  books  still  are,  aird  are  like  to  continue, 
a  mere  heap  of  errors."  No  ancient  author  but  Priscian 
makes  mention  of  Paterculus  :  the  moderns  have  done  him 
infinitely  more  justice,  and  bav6  illustrated  him  with  notes 
and  commentaries.  He  was  first  published,  from  the  ma- 
nuscript of  Morbac,  by  Rhenanus,  at  Basil,  in  1520,  but 
under  such  circumstances,  that  this  edition  was  considered 
as  a  spurious  work.  It  was  reprinted  by  Paul  Manutius  at 
Venice  in  1571  ;  afterwards  by  Lipsius,  at  Leyden,  in  1581*: 
then  by  Gerard  Vossi us,  in  1639:  next  by  Boeclerus,  at 
Strasburg,  in  1642:  by  Peter  Burman,  at  Leyden,  in  ^719, 
in  Svo:  by  Ruhnkenius,  at  Leyden,  1779,  2  vols.  8vo: 
and  lastly,  by  Krausius,  at  Leipsic,  1 800,  Svo.  To  the 
Oxfbrd  edition,  in  1693,  Svo,  were  prefixed  the  •*  An- 
nales  Velleiani"  of  Dodwell,  which  shew  deep  learning, 
and  a  great  knowledge  of  antiquity.* 

PATERSON  (Samuel),  a  gendeman  who  deserves  ho- 
nourable notice  in  the  literary  history  of  his  country,  was 
the  son  of  a  wool  I  en -draper  in  the  parish  of  St.  Paul,  Co- 
vent-garden,  and  born  March  17,  1728.  He  lost  bis  father 
when  about  the  age  of  twelve  years ;  and  his  guardian  not 
only  neglected  him,  but  involved  his  property  in  his  own 
bankruptcy,  and  sent  him  to  France.  Having  there  ac- 
quired a  knowledge  of  foreign  literature  and  publications 
beyond  any  persons  of  his  age,  he  resolved  to  engage  in 
the  importation  of  foreign  books;  and,  when  little  more 
than  twenty  years  old,  opened  a  shop  in  the  Strand :  the 
only  person  who  then  carried  on  such  a  trade  being  Paul 
Vaillant.  Though,  by  the  mis-conduct  of  some  who  were 
•charged  with  his  commissions  in  several  parts  of  the  conti- 
nent, it  proved  unsuccessful  to  the  new  adventurer,  he 
continued  in  business  till  1753,  when  he  published  Dr. 
•Pettingars  **  Dissertation  on  the  original  of  the  Equestrian 
Figure  of  the  George  and  ,of  the  Garter."  At  the  same 
early  period  in  which  he  engaged  in  business  he  had  mar- 
Tied  Miss  Hamilton,  a  lady  of  the  most  respectable  con- 
nexions in  North  Britain,  still  younger  than  himself,  both 
-their  ages  together  not  making  38  years.  He  next  com- 
.  flieuced  auctioneer  in  Essex-house.  This  period  of  hts 
life  tended  to  develope  completely  those   extraordinary 

,  I  VoMiai  Qiit,  lat,"r-Saiii  OooMMt-HOibditt'*  Clastic^. 


186  P  A  T  E  R  S  O  N. 

talents  in  bibliography  (a  science  hitherto  so  little  attended 
to)  which  soon  brought  him  into  the  notice  of  the  literary 
world.  The  vahiable  collection  of  MSS.  belonging  to  the 
right  hon.  sir  Julius  Caesar,  knt.  judge  of  the  Admiralty  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  and,  in  the  reigns  of  James  I. 
and  Charles  I.  chancellor  and  under-treasurer  of  the  Ex- 
chequer,  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  some  uninformed 
persons,  and  were  on  the  point  of  being  sold  by  weight  to 
a  cheesemonger,  as  waste  paper,  for  the  sum  of  ten  pounds; 
3ome  of  them  happened  to  be  shewn  to  Mr.  Paterson,  who 
examined  them,  and  instantly  discovered  their  value.  He 
then  digested  a  masterly  catalogue  of  the  whole  collection, 
and,  distributing  it  in  several  thousands  of  the  most  singu- 
lar and  interesting  heads,  caused  them  to  be  sold  by  auc- 
tion, which  produced  356/.;  and  had  among  the  purchasers 
the  late  lord  Orford,  and  other  persons  of  rank.  These 
occurrences  took  place  in  1757. 

The  first  person  who  attempted  to  give  a  sketch  of 
universal  bibliography  and  literary  history  was  the  learned 
and  laborious   Christopher-Augustus   Hermann,  professor 
in  the  university  of  Gdttingen,  in  the  year  1718,  when 
he  published   his  well  known  work,   '^  Conspectus   Rei- 
publicae  Literarise,   sive   Via  ad   Historiam  Literariam ;'' 
which   gradually  went  through  seven  editions,    the  l^t 
of  which  was  published  at  Hanover,   1763.     Numberless 
other  Works,   analogous  to  this,    were    published   in   th^ 
same  interval,  in  Germany.     About  the  period  alluded 
to,  many  detailed,  descriptive,  and  rational  catalogues  of 
books  appeared  in  the  several  countries  of  Europe ;  the 
art  and  the  taste  of  constructing  libraries  becatme  mor^ 
general  than  in  any  preceding  age;  and  the  only  thing 
which  appears  worthy  of  remark,  and  rather  unaccountable, 
is  that,  even  after  the  progress  of  philosophy  or  bibliogra^ 
phy,  the  Germans,  in  this  department,  have  excelled  every 
other  people  in  Europe.     It  is  universally  acknowledged, 
that  the  best  work  of  the  kind  that  ever  appeared,  about 
,that  time,  was  the  catalogue  of  the  celebrated  library  of 
the  count  of  Bunau,  better  known  under  the  name   of 
<^  Bibliotheca  Bunaviana,!'  so  remarkable,  indeed,  for  num- 
ber, selection,  order,  connexion,  references,  and  universal 
inteirest.     The  only  historical  system  of  national  literature, 
exhibited  in  Europe  was  that  of  the  Italian,  by  Tiraboschi. 
Mr.  Paterson  supplied  some  important  materials  towards 
one  among  ourselves,  in  his  ^^  Bibliotheca  Anglica  Curiosa^ 


P  A  T  E  R  S  O  N.  18T 

1771/'  He  was  an  enemy  to  those  systems  of  bibliogra* 
pby  which  are  now  generally  practised  on  the  continent ; 
and  he  set  no  importance  even  on  the  newly-established 
classification  of  the  "  Universal  Repertory  of  Literature,*^ 
published  at  Jena.  We  hope,  indeed,  that  those  among 
the>  readers  themselves,  who  have  happened  to  look  at  the 
above-mentioned  catalogue,  will  not  only  coincide  with 
our  bibliographer's  opinion,  but  will  perhaps  smile  at  see- 
ing all  th^  branches  of  human  knowledge  confined  in  six- 
teen classes,  and  the  last  of  them  entitled  **  Miscellaneous 
Works ;"  the  proper  meaning  of  which  words  has  a  ten- 
dency to  destroy  the  whole  classification  !  Mr.  Paterson 
acted  consistently  with  these  ideas  in  all  his  bibliographical 
performances ;  and  it  is  owing  to  the  merit  of  an  appropri- 
ate,,  circumstantial,  and  judicious  classification,  that  his 
catalogues  are  unrivaled,  and  some  of  them  are  justly  re- 
garded as  models.  We  refer  the  readers  to  the  catalogues 
themselves,  and  especially  to  the  Bibliotheca  Fleetwoodi- 
ana,  Beauclerkiana,  Croftsiana,  Pinelliana,  published  from 
time  to  time,  as  well  as  to  those  of  the  Strange,  Fagel,  and 
Tyssen  libraries,  which  he  performed  within  the  last  two 
years  of  his  life ;  and  they  will  perceive  in  each  of  them 
an  admirable  spirit  of  order,  exhibited  in  different  ways, 
and  suggested  by  those  superior  abilities  which  alone  can 
discover  and  appreciate  these  variable  combinations  of  the 
several  circumstances. 

A  man  so  thoroughly  conversant  in  the  history  of  lite- 
rature could  not  fail  to  perceive  that  a  vast  number  of 
books  were  held  as  valuable  and  scarce  in  £ngland, 
which  were  rathier  common  in  other  countries.  He  thought 
he  could  do  his  native  country  an  essential  service,  and 
procure  emolument  for  himself,  if  he  should  undertake 
a  journey  through  some  parts  of  the  continent,  and  suc- 
ceed in  purchasing  some  articles  of  this  description.  With 
this  view  he  set  out  for  the  continent  in  the  year  1776,  and 
actually  bought  a  capital  collection  of  books,  which,  6n 
his  return  to  England,  he  digested  in  the  catalogue  (the 
best,  perhaps,  of  his  performances)  that  bears  the  title  of 
"  Bibliotheca  Universalis  Selecta."  One  of  the  most  re- 
spectable booksellers  of  London  bad  been  his  fellow-travel- 
ler in  that  journey;  and,  being  informed  of  bis  design, 
and  relying  on  his  good  sense  and  excellent  ini^ention, 
offered  him  his  friendly  assistance.  He  lent  him  a  thou- 
sand pounds,  to  be  employed  in  an  additional  purchase 


1SS  P  A  T  E  R  S  O  N. 

of  bookfiy  in  hopes  that  be  might  hare  the  moiiey  re- 
turned to  him  when  the  speculation  was  carried  into  exe^ 
cution.  Mr.  Paterson,  as  usual,  proved  unsuccessful ;  and 
ihe  generous  friend,  sympathising  in  his  misfortunes,  never 
claimed  the  return  of  his  loan!  Mr.  Paterson^s  fame 
had  come  to  the  ears  of  the  late  marquis  of  Lansdown,  who 
requested  the  learned  bibliographer  to  arrange  his  elegant 
find  valuable  library,  to  compile  a  detailed  catalogue  of 
his  books  and  manuscripts,  and  to  accept,  for  the  purpose, 
the  place  of  his  librarian,  with  a  liberal  salary.  Mr.  Pa- 
terson  accordingly  entered  into  the  office  of  librarian,  re- 
mained in  it  for  some  years,  and  perhaps  expected  to  close 
bis  life  in  the  same  station ;  when,  unfortunately,  a  mis- 
understanding  took  place  between  the  noble  lord  and  him^ 
by  which  he  was  obliged  to  withdraw. 

Mr.  Paterson  was  a  writer  of  some  consideration,  and 
from  time  to  time  indulged  in  several  publications,  to 
none  of  which  he  ever  put  his  name.  The  first,  in  order 
of  time,  is,  to  our  knowledge,  "Another  Traveller;  or, 
Cursory  Remarks  made  upon  a  Journey  through  Part 
of  the  Netherlands,  by  Coriat,  jun.  in  1766,"  in  three 
volumes  12mo;  the  second  is  "  The  Joineriana :  or,  The 
Book  of  Scraps,"  in  two  volumes  8vp,  1772,  consisting 
of  philosophicat  and  literary  aphorisms ;  the  third  is 
**  The  Templar,"  a  periodical  paper,  of  which  only  four- 
teen numbers  appear  to  have  been  published,  and  the  last 
of  thein  in  December  1773,  intended  as  an  attack  on 
the  newspapers  for  advertising  ecclesiastical  offices,  and 
places  of  trust  under  government ;  and  the  last  is  **  Spe- 
culations on  Laiv  and  Lawyers,"  1778,  tending  to  evince 
the  danger  and  impropriety  of  personal  arrests  for  debt 
previous  to  any  verification.  At  the  pressing  solicitations 
of  his  friends,  he  consented,  as  soon  as  the  Fagel  cata- 
logue was  completed,  to  undertake  some  "  Memoirs  of  the 
Vicissitudes  of  Literature  in  England  during  the  latter 
Half  of  the  Eighteenth  Century;"  of  which  it  is  not  im- 
probable some  materials  may  be  found  among  his  papers. 

Mr-  Paterson  died  in  his  house  in  Ndrton-street,  Fitzroy- 
isquare,  on  the  29th  of  October,  1802,  in  the  77tb  year  of 
his  age  ;  and  on  the  4th  of  ^be  subsequent  November,  he 
was  buried  in  the  parish-church  of  his  birth,  in  Covent- 
garden.  He  was  rather  below  the  middle  size,  and  thiii, 
but  well  proportioned,  of  philanthropic  looks,  sonorous 
voice,  and  unassuming  and  polite  manners.     His  mordl 


PATERSON.  18* 

character  was  eminent^  and  unexceptipoable,  in  every  seos^ 
of  the  wore,!.* 

PATIN  (Guy),  a  French  physicUn,  wit,  and  free-thinker, 
was  born  Aug.  3 1,   1601,  ac  Uodenc  en  Bray,  a  Tillage 
tiear  Beauvais.     He  appears  to  have  been  at  first  a  cor* 
rector  of  the  press  at  Paris,  and  in  that  capacity  was  noticed 
by  the  celebrated  Kiolan,  who  became  his  friend  and  ad- 
viser ;  and  Patii^  baying  applied  to  the  study  of  niedicinei 
acquitted  himself  so  ably  in  all  his  academic  trials,  that  he 
received  the  degree  of  doctor  in  the  Paris  school  of  medif 
cine  in  16^7.     In  this  city  he  began  practice,  but  became 
iBore.  noted  for  his  wit  and  humour,  both  of  the  inost  sar^ 
castic   kind,    whije  he   laid  himself  open   to   the  wit   of 
others  by  the  pecuUarity^f  bis  opinions,  by  his  censure 
of  every  thing  modern,  and  his  utter  aversion  to  all  iin« 
proveoiefM:  in  medicine*     Notwithstanding  these  .singula- 
rities, his  entertaining  conversatioa  procured  him.  acc^s  to 
Qtany  families  of  distinction ;  and  the  president  LamoignoQ 
ofteo  diverted  the  cares  of  bis  professional  life  by  the  sal-* 
ties  and  bon-motst  of  Patin.     Patin  was  an  excellent  Latia 
scbiolar,  and  expressed  hioiself  with  such  elegance  in  that 
la&^«iage,  that  all  Paria  fiocked  to  his  theses  as  to  a  comedy^ 
Some  fancied  be  bad  tbe  air  and  countenance  of  Cicero,- 
^01  he  won  more  upon  them  by  having  the  disposition  of 
Rabelais^ 

In  1650  be  was  chosen  dean  of  tbe  faculty  of  medicine^ 
and  afterwards  succeeded  Riolaa^  the  younger,  in  the  pro* 
fessorship  of  medicine  in  the  Royal-college,  where  he 
taught  with  great  reputation.  The  disputes  which  took 
place  in  bis  time  respecting  tbe  use  of  antimony  roused  all 
his  spleen,  as  he  regarded  this  medicine  ajs  a  poisoo,,  and 
had  even  made  out  a  list  of  patients,  which  he  called  the 
martyralogy  of  antimony.  Great,  however,  was  his  naor« 
tification  when,  in  1666,  a  majority  of  the  faculty  decided 
to  admit  emetic  wine  into  the  list  of  prescriptions;  He 
was  quite  inconsolable. 

Patin  died  iri  1672,  with  the  character  of  a  man  of  learn- 
ing. He  had  a  good  library,  and  knew  books  well,  but  his 
judgment  was  not  equal  to  his  erudition;  he  projected 
some  works  in  his  profession,  particularly  a  history  of  cele- 
brated physicians,  but  executed  little,  except  a  life  of 
Simon  Pietre,  which  appears  not  to  have  beeo  printed* 

1  Gent.  Mag.  1802.-«Sk6toh  of  His  Life  by  Mr.  Dstmiani— and  another  hj 
Mr.  Mortimer  in  European  Mag.  1802. 


190  i»  A  r  I  N. 

I 

His  memory  is  preserved  by  his  **  Letters,"  publiiibed  iff 
six  vols.  li2mOy  a  miscellany  of  literary  history,  criticism^ 
and  satire,  mixed  with  many  of  those  loose  opinions  which 
have  made  some  rank,  him  among  the  philosophers  of 
France.  His  great  consolation  on  his  death-bed  was  that 
he  should  meet  in.  the  other  world  with  Aristotle,  Plato^ 
Virgil,  Galen,  and  Cicero.  His  "  Letters"  were  long  read 
with  avidity,  but  are  not  to  be  relied  on  in  point  of  fact. 
Every  thing  of  that  kind  is  disfigured  by  prejudice.  Therel 
is  a  collection  of  his  sayings  among  the  ^^  Ana."  ^ 

PATIN  (Charles),  son  of  the  preceding,  and  an  able 
physician  and  antiquary,  was  born  at  Parisi  Feb.  23,  1633; 
He  was  educated  with  great  care  by  his  father,  and  made^ 
such  surprizing  progress  in  his  studies,  that  at  the.  age  of 
fourteen  he  defended  Greek  and  Latin  theses  in  philoso* 
phy,  with  the  greatest  applause  in  an  assembly  composed 
of  thirty-four  prelates,  the  pope's  nuncio,  and  many  other 
persons  of  distinction.  Being  intended  for  the  bar,  he 
completed  his  law  studies^  and  became  an  advocate  in  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  but  he  soon  relinquished  this  career 
for  the  study  of  medicine,  which  in  his  opinion  promised 
greater  advantages.  He  became  afterwards  a  considerable 
practitiouer,  and  a  teacher  of  reputation  in  the  medical 
school  of  Paris,  where  he  took  his  doctor's  degree  in  1656  ^ 
but  was  about  this  time  obliged  to  leave  France  for  fear  of 
imprisonment.  The  cause  of  this  is  variously  related,  but 
the  most  probable  account  is,  that  he  had  been  in  some 
way  accessary  to  the  circulation  of  certain  libels  which 
drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  the  court. 

He  then  visited  Germany,  Holland,  England,  Swisser-* 
land,  and  Italy,  and  finally  settled  at  Padua,  where  he  was, 
in  Sept.  1676,  appointed  professor  extraordinary,  in  1681 
first  professor  of  chemistry,  and  in*  1663,  professor  of  the 
practice  of  physic.  In  all  these  appointments  he  acquitted 
himself  with  such  credit  and  ability,  that  the  Venetian 
state  honoured  him  with  knighthood  of  the  order  of  St. 
Mark ;  the  academy  ^^  naturae  curiosorum"  also  admitted 
him  a  member,  under  the  titled  of  Galen  I.,  and  he  was  a 
long  time  chief  director  of  tlie  academy  of  the  Ricovrati. 
He  died  at  Padua  Oct.  2,  1693.  He  was  a  man  of  exten* 
sive  learning,  and  a  voluminous  writer  both  iu  Latin^ 
Jrench,  and  Italian. 

1  Eloy,  Diet,  mit  de  Mediciae. 


?  A  T  I  N.  191 

'  Such  of  his  works  as  relate  to  medicine  are  only  inau- 
gtiral  orations ;  hut  those  by  which  he  is  best  known,  relate 
to  the  medaliic  science,  in  which  he  was  a  great  proficient. 
These  are,  1.  ^*  Familiae  Romans  ex  antiqais  numismatic 
bus  ab  urbe  condita  ad  tempora  D.  Augusti,"  1663,  folio. 
This  is  chiefly  founded  on  the  work  of  Fulvius  Ursinus. 
2.  '<  Introduction  a  1'  Histoire  par  la  Connoissance  des  Me- 
dailies,'*  1665,  12mo.  3.  <*  Imperatorum  Romanorum 
Numismata,''  1671,  folio.  4.  "  Thesaurus  Numismatum,'* 
1672,  4to.  5.  "Practica  delle  Medaglie,"  1673,  12mo. 
6.  ^' Suetonius  ex  Numismatibus  illustratus,'*  1675,  4to,'^ 
and  some  other  pieces.  He  published  also  the  lives  of  the 
professors  of  Padua,  with  the  title  of  ^'  Lyceeum  Patavi- 
Bum,  sive  Icones  et  Vits  Professorum  Patavi,  anno  1682, 
docentium,''  Pat.  1682,  4to.  His  wife  and  two  daughters 
were  learned  women,  and  members  of  the  Academy  of  Ri- 
covrati  at  Padua,  in  which  they  distinguished  themselves. 
Charlotte-Catherine,  the  eldest  daughter,  pronounced  a 
Latin  oration  on  the  raising  of  the  siege  of  Vienna,  and 
published  ^'  Tabellee  Selects,"  which  contained  an  expla- 
nation of  forty-one  engravings  from  the  most  celebrated 
painters.  Gabrielle-Charlotte,  the  youngest  daughter, 
published  a  panegyrical  oration  on  Louis  XIV.,  and  a  La- 
tin dissertation  on  the  phcenix  on  a  medal  of  Caracalla,  Ve- 
nice, 1683.  His  wife  was  author  of  a  collection  of  moral 
and  Christian  reflections. ' 

PATRICK  (Simon),  a  learned  English  prelate,  suc- 
cessively bishop  of  Chichester  and  Ely,  was  born  at  Gains- 
borough in  Lincolnshire,  Sept  8,  1626.  His  father  was  a 
mercer  of  good  credit  in  that  place,  and  sent  him  to  a 
school,  with  a  view  to  alearned  education,  which  was  kept 
by  one  Merry  weather,  a  good  Latin  scholar,  and  the  trans-> 
lator  of  sir  Thomas  Browne's  *^  Religio  Medici.'*  In  1644, 
June  25,  he  was  admitted  as  a  sizar  of  Queen's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  was  elected  fellow  March  1,  1648.  He 
took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1647  ;  that  of  M.  A.  in  1651  ; 
and  that  of  B.  D.  in  1658.  Previous  to  this  period  he 
received  holy  orders  from  the  celebrated  Dr.  Hall,  bishop 
of  Norwich,  then  ejected  from  his  bishopric  by  the  usurp- 
ing powers,  and  living  at  Higham.  This  was  probably  about 
1651,  as  in  1652  Mr.  Patrick  preached  a  sermon  at  the  fu^ 

serai  of  Mr.  John  Smith,  of  Queen's  college,  who  died 

t  .  ■  ■ 

>  Eloy,  Diet,  Hi8t,  de  Medicine.— den.  Dict^ 


•• 


193  PATRICK. 

Aug.  7/16^52,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  that  collegtf^ 
He  was  soon  after  taken  as  chaplain  inta  the  family  of  sit 
Walter  St.  John  of  fiattersea,  who  gave  him  that  living  in 
1656.     This  vacated  his   fellowship,  and   the  same  year 
he  took  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity,  and  published 
his  first  work  (if  we  except  the  funeral -sermon  above  men-* 
tioned),  entitled  '^  Mensa  Mystica:  or  a  Discourse  eon«» 
teeming  the  Sacrament  of  tFw  Lord's  Supper ;  to  which  is. 
added,  a  Discourse  concerning  Baptism,,''  Land.  8vo.    In 
^tbe  following  year  he  published  "  The  Heart's  Ease,  or  a 
remedy  against  all  troubles ;  with  a  consolatory  discourse,, 
particularly  directed  to  those  who  have  lost  Uieir  friends 
and  dear  relations,"  ibid.  1659,   12mo^  this  went  through 
many  editions.     In  1660  appeared  "  Jewish  hypocrisy  ;  a 
caveat  to  the  present  generation,"  &c. 
.  In  1661,  he  was  elected,  by  a  majority  of  the  fellows, 
master  of  Queen's  college,  in  opposition  to  a  royal  man- 
damus, appointing  Mr.  Anthony    Sparrow  for  that  place; 
but  the  affair  being  brought  before  the  king  and  CQuncil| 
was  soon  decided  in  favour  of  Mr.  Sparrow;  and  ^om^  o£ 
the  fellows,  if  not  all,  whp  bad  sided  with  Patrick,  were 
ejected.  His  next  preferment  was  the  rectory  of  St.  Paul's^ 
Covent- Garden,  LondoU)  in  room  of  the  celebrated  non- 
conformist. Dr.  Manton.     Tbis  was  given  him  by  Williamr 
^arl  of  Bedford,  in  1662,     He  endeared  himself  much  t(> 
the  parishioners  by  instruction  and  example,  and  parti- 
cularly by  continuing  all  the  while  among  them  during 
the  plague  in  1665.     It  is  said  further,  that,  oat  of  a  spe^ 
^ial  regard  to  them,  he  refused  the  archdeaconry  of  Hun-< 
tingdoa.     His  rem^aiding  in  London,  however,  during  the 
plague  was  an  instance  of  pio.us  heroisya  which  ought  not 
to  be  slightly  passed  over.     He  was  not  indeed  the  on.ly 
clergyman  who  remained  at  hi^  po»t  on  this  occasion ;  but 
their  number  was  not  great.     We  s;hall  now  prdsent  qur 
readers  with  a  few  extracts  from  some  letters  which  ha 
wrote  to  his  friends  who  importuned  htm  to  leave  Lon« 
don,  as  they  give  a  nvore  faithful  and  pleasing  picture 
of  his  real  character  than  is  elsewhere  to  be  found. 

In  one  of  them,  dated  Sept.  9,  1665,  be  says,  *^  I  S0p« 
pose  you  think  I  intend  to  stay  here  still :  though  I  un* 
-derstand  by  your  question,  you  would  not  have  me.  But^ 
loy  friend,  what  am  I  better,  than  another.?  Somebody 
must  be  here ;  and  is  it^  fit  I  should  set  such  a  value  upon 
myself  as  my  going  away,  and  leaving  unotheri  will  sig- 


Ak 


PATRICK.  J» 

tify^  For  it  will,  io  eflpect,  be  to  say,  that  t  am  too  good 
IQ  be  io8it ;  but  it  is  no  matter  it  another  be.  Truly^  I  do 
pot  think  myself  so  considerable  to  the  world  :  and  though 
pay  friends  ^et  a  great  price  upon  me»  yet  that  temptation 
hath  uot  yet  made  me  of  their  mind :  and  I  know  their 
love  makes  me  passe  for  more  with  them  than  I  am  worth. 
Wh^n  I  mention  that  word,  love,  I  confess,  it  moves  me 
much,  and  I  have  a  great  passion  for  them,  and  Wish  X 
fBigbt  live  to  embrace  them  odce  again ;  but  I  most  not 
take  any  undue  courses  to  satisfy  this  passion,  which  i!i 
but  too  strong  in  me.  I  must  let  reason  prevaile,  and  stay 
with  my  charge,  which  I  take  hitherto  to  be  my  duty,  whatr 
ever  come.  I  cannot  tell  what  good  we  do  their  souls : 
though  I  preach  to  those  who  are  well,  and  write  to  those 
who  ^re  ill  (I  mean,  print  little  papers  for  them,  which  yet 
are  too  big  %o  send  you  by  the  post) :  but  I  am  sure, 
while  I  stay  here,  I  shall  do  good  to  their  bodies;  and, 
perhaps,  save  some  from  perishing;  which  I  look  upon  ais 
A  considerable  end  of  my  continuing.  •My  dear  friend,  do 
not  take  it  ill,  that  I  cannot  comply  with  your  desires  ia 
this  thing :  you  see  what  sways  me,  and  I  know  you  will 
yeild  to  it,  and  say,  it  ought  to  be  stronger  than  the  love 
of  you.  If  you  can  convince  me,  that  I  may,  with  a  good 
conscience,  go,  you  may  think  it  will  be  acceptable ;  bul; 
I  know  DQt  upoQ  what  grounds  you  will  make  it  good.  Try^ 
if  you  have  a  mind.'' 

Ill  another  letter,  dated  Sept.  21,  he  resumes  the  sub- 
ject of  the  former,  "  My  deare  friend,  I  must  tell  you, 
for  you  will  heare  it  from  other  hands,  that  the  plague  is 
again  increased,  as  I  suspected  it  would,  according  ad 
you  would  understand  by  my  last.  Our  only  comfort  is^ 
that  we  are  in  the  hands  of  God,  and  not  in  the  bands  df 
men  ;  for  his  mercies  are  very  great,  I  am  very  joyfull  to 
heare  at  last,  that  you  bend  your  thoughts  to  resign  me 
up  to  God.  I  hope  it  will  make  your  life  inore  happy, 
whether  I  die  or  live.  .  You  do  not  trouble  me  by  your 
instances  to  leave  this  place,  because  I  think  most  of  yoiir 
love,  which  is  conspicuous  therein :  and  I  should  have  re** 
fleeted  ds  much  without  these  intreaties  of  yours,  upon 
the  desirableness  of  seeing  my  friends  once  more,  who,  I 
think,  I  may  truly  say,  have  fasten  hold  of  me  than  anjf 
thing  in  this  world.  But  if  God  will  ))ull  me  from  them, 
his  will  be  done!  I  ought  to  esteem  him^my  best  frit-nd, 
who  doth  not  envy  to  me  any  other,  apd  will  spare  my  Ufi^» 

Vol.  XXIV.  O 


lU  JP  A  T  R  1  C  It 

iinless  it  be  l)etter  for  me  to  die.  To  him  I  stilt  refern^ 
myself,  which  I  call  trusting  in  God,  (as  you  would  hare 
veene^  if  ft  had  been  fit,  before  this  time :  but  I  doubt 
you  will  be  afraid  to  receive  papers  printed  in  London)  t 
but  It  is  not  to  accomplish  )ei  martyrdome,  as  you  call  ii 
(that 's  too  high  a  name);  but  to  do  a  little  service  to  my 
neighbors^  who  I  think  would  not  be  so  well  if  I  was  not 
here.** 

One  more  extract  will  not  be  thought  uninrterestingr 
<<  There  are  people  who  rely  opon  pitiful  things  as  certain 
tokens  of  its  (the  plague's)  going  away  shortly.  I  have 
been  totd,  more  than  once,  of  the  falling  ont  of  the  clap^ 
per  of  the  great  bell  at  Westminster,  which,  they  sayv 
it  did  before  the  great  plague  ended ;  and  this  they  take 
>for  a  very  comfortable  sign.  Others  speak  of  the  dawei 
0iore  frequenting  the  pallace  and  abbey,  which,  if  true> 
is  a  better  sign,  supposing  the  aire  to  have  been  infected^ 
'For  the  bookes  I  read  tell  mee,  that  the  goeinge  away  of 
birds  is  the  forerunner  of  the  plague,  and  that  one  shaU 
see  few  in  a  plague-year.  The  death  of  birds  in  houses 
where  they  are  caged,  ordinarily  preceeds  the  death  of 
the  inhabitants ;  for  these  aiery  creatures  feel  the  alteration 
in  that  element  sooner  than  wee.  Thus  you  see  how  de^ 
sirous  all  are  for  some  token  for  good,  and  how  they  catch 
at  the  smallest  shadows  for  it.  But  the  best  sign  of  all,  I 
doubt,  is  much  wanting:  and  that  is,  the  reformation  of 
•men's  manners ;  of  which  I^heare  little,  unless  that  those 
come  to  church  who  did  not  before.  I  think  often  of  a 
saying  in  the  second  book  of  Esdras,  wJhich  describes  the 
•temper  of  the  world  exactly,  chap.  xvi.  19,  20.  A  sad 
thing  that  the  event  of  these  judgments  proves  no  better; 
but  so  it  commonly  falls  out,  and  men  soon  forget  both 
their  smart,  and  also  the  good  resolutions  which  it  formed. 
I  hop^e,  my  friend,  the  hand  of  God  will  not  be  without 
its  instruction  to  us,  and  that  we  shall  be  careful,  if  he  l6t 
tis  live,  to  improve  it  as  we  ought.  I  cannot  but  acknp\r* 
ledge  a  great  wisdom,  as  well  as  justice,  in  this  restraint 
-which  I  now  suffer;  and  therefore  I  thankfully  accept  jt, 
and  intreat  you  to  assist  me  with  your  prayers,  that  I  may 
1>oth  understand  the  meaning  of  it,  and  likewise  make 
the  right  use  which  God  intends.  I  must  ever  also  acknoww 
ledge  a  wonderful  kindnesse  of  God  to  me,  mixed  with  this ; 
for  It^m  well  and  cbearful  to  my  admiratioii  and 'asti(>n]sli^ 
went,  when  I  seriously  think  ofJt.!'     '•  ^  .f 


-P  A  T  R  I  C  K*  19* 

•  Two  of  the  papers  mentioned  in  the  above  letters,  wjxich 
lie  circulated  during  the  plague^ » wiere  printed  in  the  latter 
editions  of  his  *^  Hearths  Ease."  Having  some  reason  to 
.be  offended  with  the  treatment  he  met  with  at  Cambridge, 
he  went. to  Oxford  for  bis  degrees  in  divinity;  and  enter- 
ing himself  of  Christ-church,  was  incorporated  B.  D.  and 
completed  bis  doctor's  degree  in  1666,  about  which  time 
he  was  made|  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king.  In  1668 
he  published  his  "  Parable  of  the  Pilgrim,"  4to,  which 
some  have  thought  the  precursor  of  Bunyan's  more  popu* 
lar  work ;  but  the  di^erence  is  too  strikingly  marked  in  the 
reception  these  two  "  Pilgrims"  have  met  with  to  admit 
of  any  comparison,  or  detract  from  the  genius  that  pre- 
dominates in  the  humble  tinker's  performance.  This  was 
followed  by  tir.  Patrick's  "  Exposition  of  the  Ten  Com-> 
Inandments,"  1668,  8vo,  and  by  a  controversial  work  of 
some  importance,  printed  the  following  year,  with  the 
title  "  A  friendly  debate  betwixt  two  Neighbours,  the  one 
9L  conformist,  the*  other  a  non^conformist,  about  several 
weighty  matters^  Published  for  the  benefit  of  this  city.  By 
^  lover  of  it,  and  of  pure  religion."  This  consisted  of  twp 
iparts^  to  which  a  third  was  added  in  1670,  and  was  an- 
swered by  some  of  the  non-conformist  writers,  who  were; 
inuch  exasperated  at  it^. 

*  Harris,  the  Writer  of  the  Life  of  y^ars ;  hut  th&t  he  had  lived  Ion|^ 
"Di,  Mantoa  the  fion«confonni8t,  flays,  enough  to  see  reason  to  alter  his  opl> 
that  "  it  has  been  generally  allowed,  nion  of  that  people,  and  that  way  of 
that  Dr.  Patrick  wrote  the  first  volume^  writing ;  and  that  he  was  verily  per* 
'Of  the  *  Friendly  Debate,'  in  the  heat  ,  suaded  there  were  some,  who  were  ho- 
of his  youth,  and  in  the  midst  of  his  nest  men,  atid  good  Christians,  who 
expectations ;  which  by  aggravating  would  b^e  neither,  if  they  did  not  ordi« 
^me  weak  and  undautiods  expressions  narily  gb  to  church  and  sonietimes  to 
in  a  few  particular  writers,  designed  to  the  meeting;  and  on  the  other  bari^^ 
«xp08«  the  noQ-confbrmist  ministry  to  some  were  honest  men  and  good  Chris- 
<»ntempt  and  ridicule.  The  design  was  tiahs,  who  would  be  neither,  if  they^ 
afterwards  carried  on  by  a  worse  hand  did  not  ordinarily  go  to  the  meet* 
..(bishop  Parker),  and  with  a  more  yiru-  ings,  and  sometimes  to  the  church.'  A 
lent  spirit:  a  method  altogether  un-  rare  instance  this  of  retractation  and 
reasonable  and  unworthy,  because  it  moderation,  which,  I  think,  redounds 
will  be  always  easy  to  gather  rash  and  greatly  to  bis  honour,  and  is  wurtby 
unadvised  expressions  firom  the  weaker  of  imitation."  This  was,  bovver, 
persons  of  any  party  of  men$  and  only  viewed  in  a  dtflerent  light  by  Wharton, 
serves  to  expose  religion  to  the  scorn  who  i^  his  MS  notes,  says,  i>r.  Pv 
and  contempt  of  the  profane.  But  bi-  trick  **  was  a  person  of  great  leaminj^ 
shop  Patrick,  in  his  advanced  age,  and  and  reputation,  for  goixtness  and  wit- 
in  a  public  debate  in  the  House  of  dom,  before  he  was  made  bishop ;  but 
Iiords  abbnt  the  Occasional  Bill,  took  .  after  that,  he  losthi^  reputation  through 
Ihe opportunity  to  declare  himself  to  impndent  management,  openly  &• 
this  purpose ;  *  Hiat  he  bad  been  vouring  the  dissenters,  an^  employifi|f 
known  to  write  against  the  Dissenters  none  bnt  such*" 
with  seg^e  warmth  ia  liis  younger 

O  2 


IQB  PATRICK. 

Dr.  Patrick's  next  publication,  of  the  more  ptacticsd 
kind,  was  his  "  Christian  Sacrifice;  a  tt-eatise  showing  the 
necessity,  end,  and  manner  of  receiving  the  rioly  Commur 
liion,  &c.'*  1671,  8vo.  This  was  followed  by  his  "  Devout 
Christian,*'  a  book  of  forms  of  prayer,  1672;  >*  Advice 
to  a  Friend,"  1677,  12mo;  "Jesus  and  the  Resurrectioh 
Justified  by  witnesses  in  Heaven  and  Earth,**  1677,  8vo ; 
**The  Glorious  Epiphany,*'  1674,  8vo;  a  translation  cf 
Grotius,  "  De  Veritate,'*  16^0,  8vo;  and  various  'piou)^ 
tracts  of  the  popular  kind,  published  from  this  date  to 
1703,  and  a  considerable  number  of  occasional  sertnobs.  ^ 

In  the  interim,  in  July  1672  he  was  made  pi'ebendarjr 
of  Westminster,  and  dean  of  Peterborough  in  Atig.  167i?. 
Here  he  completed  the  **  History  of  thd  Church  of  Petet* 
borough,'*  which  had  been  coulpiled  by  Simon  Gunton'^ 
who  was  a  native  and  prebendary  of  Peterborough.  Guh- 
toh  died  in  1676;  and  Patrick  published,  in  1686,  hik 
inanuscript  in  folio,  with  a  large  "Supplement,"  from 
page  225  to  332,  containing  a  fuller  aCcoutit  6(  the  abbots 
and  bishops  of  Peterborough,  than  had  been  given  by 
Gunton.  In  1680,  the  lord-chancellor  Fin<Jh  offered  hiih 
the  living  of  St.  Martin's  in  the  Fields;  but  be  refused  it, 
"and  recommended  Dr.  Thomas  Tenison.  fn  1682,  "DK 
Lewis  de  Moulin,  who  had  been  *  history-professor  at  O:^-^ 
ford,  and  had  written  much  against  the  church  of  England, 
tent  for  Patrick  upon  his  death-bed^  and  solemnly  dcf- 
xlared,  before  l3r.  Burnet  also,  his  regret  tipon  that  ac- 
count ;  which  declaration  being  signed,  was  published  after 
lis  death.  -      • 

During  the  reign  of  James  II.  t)r.  Patrie^L  ftras  one  of 
those  able  champions,  who  defended  the  proteslant  reii- 
igion  against  the  designs  of  the  court,  ail'd  published  som% 
pieces,  which  were  afterwards  reprinted  in  the  coUeetion  of 
:"  Controversial  Tracts,"  3  vols.  fol.  ButhiifiAdst  rematif- 
able  service  in  this  way  was  his  conference  with  twp 
Romish  priests,  of  which  we  have  the  followttrg  accoui6t': 
'**  0reat  endeavours  were  used  to  bring  Laurence  Hy<Jfe, 
earl  of  Rochester,  lord  high  treasurer  in  king  Jameses 
yeign,  ^o  embrace  popery ;  but  in  vain.  At  length  hi«  loi*d- 
fhip  being  pressed  and  fatigued  by  the  king^  intreatiey, 
told  his  majesty,  that  to  let  him^ee  it  was  not  tlii'ougb  an% 
rejudice  of  education,  or  obstinacy,  that  lie  persevere<J  in 
is  religion,  be  would  freely  consent  to  bear  some  protec- 
tant divines  dispute  with  some  popish  priests,  ^nd  prd«« 


« 


PATRICK.  19T 

ipbed  to  side  with  the  conquerors.  On  this  the  king  ap- 
Ipointed  a  cpnfference  to  be  held  at  Whitehall,  at  which  hii 
ftiaj^stjr  and  se?eral  persons  of  rank  were  present.  Th§ 
fliptjsstAnt  champions  were  Dr.  Patrick  and  Dr.  Willian) 
J[^Re,.ithe  two  chaplains  then  in  waiting.  Those  on  th^ 
popisli  side  were  GifFord,  a  doctor  of  the^Sorbonne,  pro* 
babl^  the  same  ^yhom  king  James  wished  to  obtrude  upogi 
Magdat/fn- college,  a^id  a  Mr.  Tilden,  who,  having  turne4 
jlStpi^t  at  Lisbon,  went  by  the  name  of  Dr.  Godden.  Th^ 
fll^ject  o^  tbjeir  dispute  was  the  ^  rule  of  faith,'  and  *  th^ 
proper  judge  iacontrpyersies.*  The  conference  was  ver^r 
iQOg ;  Md  at  last  t^e  Ropnish  doctors  were  pressed  with  s9 
tQu^h  strength  of  reason  and  authority  'against  them,  that 
they  were  really  put  to  silence.  0,n  this  the  earl  of  Ro- 
chester declared  ^  that  the  victory  the  protestant  divines 
Jpad  gained  made  no  alteration  in  his  mind,  being  before- 
i^apd  co.|iv^a<ced  of  the  truth  of  his  religion,  and  firmly  rer 
Italved  never  to  forsake  it.*  The  king,  going  off  abruptly^ 
Sv^  heard  t0  say,  he  never  saw  a  bad  cause  so  well,  nor  ^ 
^ood  on^  SQ  ill  maintained."  , 

^  Such  .is  the  account  given  of  this  debate  by  Kennet  in 
^  VCompl^lie  Ijiisjtory  of  England  :"  bishop  Burnet*s  aci- 
pp^njt. is  somewhat  different  He  says,  *^  That  the  king 
^j^siried  of  the  earl,  he  wpuld  suffer  himself  to  be  instructed 
ff^  teji^ifi^.  He  answered,  he  was  fully  satisfied  about  hi$ 
f^ljglon;  but,  \ipon  the  king's  pressing  it  that  he  jwould 
ikear  his  priests,  he  said  l^e  desired  then  to  have  some  qf 
ijlie  £nglish  clergy  pXi^stent,  to  which  the  king  consented ; 
D^ly  ih(e  ^xc^pted  to  JiHotson  ^nd.Stillingfleet..  Lord  Ro'^ 
<?hester  said  be  would  take  those  who  should  happen  to  bp 
^  waiting ;  for  the  forms  of  the  chapel  w^re  still  kept  up. 
i^nd  Drs,  Patrick  and  Jane  w^re  the  men.'*  "  Patrick,'* 
Jidds  Burqet,  '^  told,  me,  that  at  the  conference  there  was 
j}0  occasion  lor  them  to  say  much.  The  priests  began  the 
attack.  And  when  they  had  done,  the  earl  said,  if  they 
tod  i^iothiag  stifonger  to  urge,  be  would  not  trouble  those 
jyearsi^d  gentjleme^i  to  say  any  thing ;  for  he  was  sure  he 
iKM^td  anaw^  all  ,that  he  had  heard.  And  so  SLiiswered  all 
;fli|h<m^h  he9,t  a^d  spirit,  ,not  without  some  scorn,  saying, 
dJKer^ibe^e  grounds  to  persiuade  men  to  chapge  their  reli-' 
l^ion^?  This  be  \irg<ed  over  and  over  again  with  great  vehe- 
jUieiM^e.  T4>e  king,  seeing  in  wh^  temper  he  was,  broke 
#ff  the  c^nf^rence,  charging  all  that  w^e  present  to  say 
fiJ^pg  of  it.'* 


l9S  PATRICK* 

'  The  ting  had  often  taken  pains  to  gain  tfftr  Patrick^ 
isent  for  biniy  treated  him  kindly,  desired  him  to  abate  biti 
zeal  against  his  church,  and  quietly  enjoy  his  own  religion  t 
but  the  dean  replied,  with  proper  courage,  **That  he 
tcould  not  give  up  a  religion  so  well  proved  as  that  of  the 
Protestants."  Conforniably  to  this  principle,  he  opposed 
the  reading  of  his  majesty's  declaration  for  liberty  of  con-^ 
science ;  and  assisted  Dr.  Tenison  in  setting  up  a  school 
)at  St.  Martin's,  in  opposition  to  the  popish  one,  opened  ill 
the  Savoy,  in  order  to  seduce  the  youth. of  the  town  i^nto 
popery ;  and  this  was  the  origin  of  the  ward  and  parish 
schools  of  London.  He  bad  also  a  great  share  in  the  cooi^ 
prehension  projected  by  archbishop  Sancroft,  in  order  t<l 
bring  over  the  dissenters,  which,  it  is  well  known,  was  \xfkm 
successful.  * 

'  At  the  Revolution  in  1688,  great  use  was  tnade  of  the 
dean,  who  was  very  active  in  settling  the  affairs  of  the 
church :  he  was  called  upon  to  preach  before  the  prince 
^nd  princess  of  Orange;  and  was  soon  after  appointed  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  the  review  of  the  liturgy.  H0 
\vas  thought  to  have  excellent  talents  for  devotional  com*? 
position,  and  his  part  now  was. to  revise  the  collects  of  the 
whole  year,  in  which  he  introduced  some  amendments  und 
improvements  of  style^  In  October  1689,  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Chichester ;  and  employed,  with  others  of  the 
new  bishops,  to  compose  the  disorders  of  the  church  of 
Ireland.  In  July  1691,  he  was  translated  to  the  see  c^ 
Ely,  in  thp  room  of  Turner,  who  was  deprived  for  refusr 
ing.  the  oaths  to  government.  Here  he  continued  to  per«<- 
form  all  the  offices  of  a  good  bishop,  as  well  as  a  good  man^ 
which  he  had'  ever  proved  himself  on  all  occasions,  -  He 
died  at  Ely,  May  31,  1707,  aged  eighty;  and  was  interre4 
in  the  cathedral,  where  a  moiiumefit  is  erected  to  his  me* 
Ipoioryi^  with  an  inscription  said  to  have  been  written  by  Dev 
Leng^  afterwai^ds  bishop  of  Norwich* 

This  prelate  was  one  of  the  most  learned  men  as  well  e$ 
best  writers  of  his  time*  We  have  noticed  his  principal 
■writings,  but  have  still  to  add  his  ^^  Paraphrases'^  and  dom*^ 
mentaries  upon  the  Old  Testament,  as  far  as  the  prophets,; 
which  are  the  result  of  extensive  reading,  and  perhaps  tbei 
most  tiseful  of  any  ever  written  in  the  English  language 
They  were  published  at  various  times,  <but  reprinted  in 
^  vols,  folio;  and,  with  Lowth oa  the  Rropbets,  Arnald  oa 
|be  Apocrypha,  and  Whitby  on  the  New  TesitameQt^  bav^ 


PATRICK.  W9 

%een  ^pubUsbedt,  in  folioi  and  very  recently  in  4t6,  a$  ^ 
regular  commentary  upon  all  ibe  sacred  books.  The  ^tyle 
of  this  prelate  is  even  and  easy,  bis  compositions  rational, 
iand  full  of  good  and  sound  sense.  Burnet  ranks  him. 
among  those  many  .^vorthy  and  eminent  clergymen  in  this 
laation,  who  deserved  a  high  character;  and  were  indeeci 
an  hodour  to  the  church,  and  to  the  age  in.  which  they 
lived*. 

;  Our  prelate  bad  a  brother  John  Patrick,  preacher  at  the 
Charter»house,  according  to  Wharton,  aud  one  of  the  trans- 
lators of  Plutarch*  Dr.  Samuel  Patrick,  the  editor  of  an 
edition  of  Ainsworth's  Pictionary  was  also  at  ibe  Charter- 
kouse,  but  whether  a  relation  does  not. appear.  Wharton^ 
also  says  he  had  a  son,  who  wasted  an  estate  left  him  by  bis 
father,  and  it  was  sold,' after  his  death,  *^  for  debts  and 
portions."  Mrs.  Catherine  Patrick,  a  maiden  lady  of  eighty <• 
two  years  old,  said  to  be  oijr  prelate's  grand-daughter,  died 
At  Bury  in  1792.  Wbtstoa  speaks  of  a  life  of  bishop  Patrick, 
written  by  himself,  which  he  had  read,  and  which  was  in 
Dr.  Knight's  hands,  but  where  now,  is  not  known.  ^ 

PATRIX  (Peter),  a  French  minor  poet,  was  born  at 
Caen  in  1585,  and  being  the  son  of  a  lawyer,  was  designed 
by  his  father  for  the  same  profession.  This  destination, 
which  seldom  suits  a  poetical  imagination,  was  accordingly 
rejected  by  Patrix,  who  addicted  himself  entirely  to  poetry, 
^bont  the  age  of  forty,  he  attached  himself  to  the  court  of 
Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans,  to  whom,  and  to  his  widow^ 
Margaret  of  Lorraine,  he  faithfully  devoted *his  services, 
A  Norman  accent,  and  a  certain  affectation  of  rustic  sim<7 
pHcity,  did  not  prevent  him  from  being  in  high  f^.vour  at 
jtbat  little  court:  his  wit,  liveliness,  and  social  talent| 
snaking  amends  for  such  imperfections.  Towards  the  latter 
«nd  oif  life,  he  became  strongly  touched  with  sentiments  of 
religion,  and  suppressed,  as  far  as  hie  could,  the  licentious 
poems  which  bjC  had  written  in  his  youth.  H^  lived  to  th0 
great  age  of  eighty rejght,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1672.  At 
^g;hty,  he  had  a  violent  illness,  and  when  he  recovered 
from  it,  bis  friends  advised  bim  to  leave  his  bed ;  ^^  Alas  V* 
said  he,  "  ajt  my  time  of  life,  it  is  hardly  worth  while  to 
jtake  the  trouble  of  dressing  myself  again.^'  He  proved 
Jiowisver  jaaistaken,  as  to  the  shortness  of  his  subsequent 

*  Biog.  Brit— Gfeq.  Diet. — ^Buraet*^  Own  Times.— Whision's  Meinoir8.-^R»- 
•titata,  Tol.  i.  p.  56,<^Birch'8  I^fe  of  Tiilotson.— Cole's  MiS  Atheaa  in  Britiel 


too  P  A  T  R  I  X. 

life.  Of  bis  works  there  are  extant,  1.  A  eoUectioti  of 
verses  entitled  *^  La  misericorde  de  Diea  sur  on  pecbeor 
p6niient,'*  Blois,  1660,  4to.  These  were  written  in  his 
stge,  yet  possess  some  fire.  2.  **  Plaiiiu  des  Consonnes 
^ui  n'ont  pas  Thonneur  d^entrer  dlaifis  le  nom  de  Neufger* 
main,''  preserved  in  the  woriis  of  Voiture.  S.  Misceilane-* 
ous  paems,  in  the  collection  of  Barbin»  ^  The  greater  patt 
of  them  are  feeble,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  original 
passages.  The  poem  most  known  was  made  a  few  days 
before  bis  deatb.  It  is  called  the  Dream  ;  and,  though  it 
is  of  a  serious  cast,  a  translation  of  it,  oddly  enough,  po$*- 
sesses  a  place  in  all  our  English  jest  books,  beginning,  <*  I 
dreamt  tbat  buried  in  my  fellow-clay,*'  &c.  It  asserts  a 
inoral  and  religious  axiom,  which  is  undeniable,  tbat  death 
levels  all  conditions.  The  original  is  little  known ;  it  ik 
this : 

Je  songeois  cette  nuit  que,  de  mal  consume, 

C6te  k  c6te  d'un  Pkuvre  on  m*avait  inhum^^ 

£t  que  n*en  pouvant  pas  soui&ir  le  voisinage^ 

En  mort  de  quality  je  lul  tins  ce  langage : 

''  Retire  toi>  coquin !  va  pourrir  loin  d'ici, 

II  ne  t'appartient  pas  de  m*approcher  ainsi.'* 

**  Coquin!"  me  dit  il>  d*une  arrogance  extreme, 

*'  Va  chercher  tes  coquinsiailleurs,  coquin  toi-m^me  ! 

Ici  tous  sont  egauxj  je  ne  te  dois  plus  rien  $ 

Je  suis  sur  mon  famier«  comme  toi  sur  le  tien.'* ' 

PATRIZI  (Francis,  or  Patricius),  a  platonic  pbiloso*^ 
pber  and  man  of  letters,  was  born,  in  1529,  at  Clissa  in 
Illyricum,  and  was  educated  at  Padua.  In  1553  he  began 
to  appear  as  an  author  by  some  miscellaneous  Italian  tracts. 
In  1537,  with  the  view  of  obtaining  the  patronage -of  the 
duke  of  Ferrara,  he  published  a  panegyrical  poem  on  tlie 
house  of  Este,  entitled  "L'Eridano,"  in  a  novel  kind  of 
heroic  verse  of  thirteen  syllables.  After  this,  for  several 
years,  he  passed  an  unsettled  kind  of  life,  in  which  he 
twice  visited,  the  isle  of  .Cyprus,  where  he  took  up  his 
abode  for  seven  years,  and  which  be  finally  quitted  on  liil 
reduction  by  the  Turks  in  1571.  He  also  travelled  intb 
France  and  Spain,  and  spent  three  years  in  the  httdr 
jcoiintry,  collecting  a  treasure  of  ancient  Greek  MSS, 
which  he  lost  on  his  return  to  Italy.  In  1578  be  was  irtm 
vited  to  Ferrara  by  duke  Alptionso  11.  to  teach  philosophy 
in  the  university  of  that  city.    Afterwards^  upon  the  9bc^ 

i  l^icerwh  TQi.  iP^lV.-T-Moreri,— Ptct.  Bist/ 


P  .A  T  R  I  Z  I.  SOI 

^essson  of  CSetnent  VIII.  to  the  popedom^  he  was  appointed 
public  profesior  of  the  Platonic  philosophy  at  Rome,:  an 
effice  which  be  held  with  high  reputation  till  his  death,  m 
1597.  He  professed  to  unite  the  doctrines  of  Amtotle  and 
Plato,  but  in  reality  undermined  the  authority  of  the  for«> 
met.  He  wholly  deserted  the  obscurity  of  the  Jewish 
Cabbala,  and  in  teaching  philosophy  closely  followed  the 
ancient  Greek  writers.  During  his  lecturing  at  Rome,  be 
more  openly  discovered  his  av^sion  to  the  Aristotelian 
philosophy,  and  advised  the  pope  to  prohibit  the  teaching 
of  it  in  the  schools,  and  to  introduce  the  doctrine  of  Ptatb^ 
as  more  consonant  to  the  Christian  faith.  His  ^'  Discus*- 
■iones  Peripatetiess,'*  a  learned,  perspicuous,  and  elegant 
«vork,  fully  explains  the  reason  on  which  his  disapprobation 
cf  the  Peripatietic  philosophy  was  founded.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  of  the  moderns  who  attentively  observed  the  pheno- 
mena of  nature,  and  be  made  use  of  every  opportunity, 
that  bis  travels  afforded  him,  for  collecting  remarks  con- 
cerning various  points  of  astronomy,  meteorology,  and 
natural  history.  In  one  of  his  ^*  Dialogues  on  Rhetoric,** 
he  advanced,  under  the  fiction  of  an  Ethiopic  tradition,  a 
theory  of  the  earth  which  some  have  thought  similar  to 
that  afterwards  proposed  by  Dr.  Thomas  Burnet.  His 
other  principal  works  were,  "Nova  Geometria,"  1587; 
*'  Parallel!  Milikari,"  1594,  both  of  which  are  full  of  whim- 
aical  theories ;  and  an  elaborate  edition  of  *>  Oracula  Zo- 
Toastris,  Hermetis  Trismegisti,  et  aliorum  ex  scriptis  Pla- 
tonicorum  collecta,  Orece  et  Latine,  prehxa  Dissertatione 
fiistorica/'   1591.' 

PA.TRU  (Oliver),  a  polite  scholar,  and  memorable  for 
being  one  of  the  first  polishers  and  refiners  of  the  French, 
language,  was  born  in  1604  at  Paris,  where  bis  father  was 
procurator  to  the  parliament.  After  studying  the  law,  and 
peing  received  an  advocate,  he  went  into  Italy ;  and,  on 
bis  retarn  to  Paris,  frequented  the  bar.  *^  He  was  the 
fitrst,**  says  Voltaire,  '^  who  introduced  correctness  and 
^rity  of  language  in  pleadings.*'  He  obtained  the  repu- 
taftion  of  a  tnost  exact  speaker  and  excellent  writer,  and 
Wsts  esteemed  so  perfectly  knowing  in  grammar  and  in  hit 
Wn  language,  that  all  his  decisions  were  submitted  to  aa 
foracles.-  Vaiigelas,  the  famous  grammarian,  to  whom  tb^ 
.French  language  was  greatly  indebted^  for  much  ofJtU 

^  Gen.  Dist.—'Liadi  Hist,  I<itk.  4^ti|He.--BnidMr^*-4Kaes's  Cyofc^eduu 


lOJ  F  A  T  B  IT. 

* 

perfection,  confesses  that  be  learned  much  from  Palm  i 
and  Boileau  applied  to  him  to  review  his  works,  and  usei) 
to  profit  by  bis  opinion.  Patru  was  an  extremely  rigid 
censor,  though  just;  and  when  Racine  made  some  obser* 
Nations  upon  the  works  of  JBoileau  a  little  too  subtle  and 
fefined,  Boileau,  instead  of  the  Latin  proverb,  <^  Ne  sia 
mihi  patruus,*'  '*  Do  not  treat  me  with  the  severity  of  an 
sincle,''  replied^  ^'  Ne  sis  mihi  Patru,'*  '*  Do  not  tr^t  me 
)with  the  severity  of  Patru*'* 

.'  Satra  was  in  his  personal  character  honest,  generous^ 

#incere^;  and  preserved  a  gaiety  of  temper  which  no  advert 

•i^ty  could  affect:  for  this  famous  advocate,  in  spite  of  all 

his  talents,  lived  almost  in  a  state  of  indigence.    -The  love 

of  ,t.b^  belles  lettres  made  him  neglect  the  law  *  and  thja 

barren  glory  of  being  an  oracle  to  the  best  French  writers 

■had  more  charms  for  him,  than  all  the  profits  of  the  bas^ 

Henqe  be  became  so  poor,  as  to  be  reduced  to  the  neces« 

^ity  of  selling  his  books,  which  seemed  dearer  to  him  tfaaa 

hh  life ;  and  would  actually  have  sold  them  for  au  under? 

jirice^  if  Boileau  had  not  generously  advanced  him  a  larger 

jaum>  with  this  further  privilege,  that  he  should  have  th^ 

(Use  of  them  as  long  as  be  livedo.     His  death  was  preceded 

^y  a  tedious  illness,  during  which  he  received  a  present  of 

iive  hundred  crowns  .from  the  statesman  Colbert,  as  a 

4»ark  of  the  esteem  which  the  king  bad  for  him.     He  died 

Jan.  16,   1681.     He  had  been  elected  a  member  of  tb^^ 

French  academy  in  1640,  by  the  interest  of  cardinsd  Hiche*- 

lieu,  and  made  a  speech  of  thanks  on  bis  reception,  with 

which  the  academicians  were  so  much  pleased,  as  to  order 

*tbat' every  vevt  member  should  in  future  make  one  of  a 

similar  kind  on  being  admitted;  and  this  rule  has  been  oh* 

served  ever  since.     When  At.  Conrart,  a  member  of  th# 

JFrench  academy  died,  one  of  the  first  noblemen  at  court^ 

ibut  whose  miiKl  was  very  moderately  cultivated^  having 

ipfFered.  for  the  vacant  place,  Patru  ppened  the  me^tin^ 

■mth  the  following  apologue;    ^^  Gentlemen,  an  ancient 

4j^recian,  had  an  admirable  Lyre;  a  string  broke,  but  m^ 

vtead  of  replacing  it  with  one  of  catgut,  he  ^ould  h^veit 

silver  one,  and  the  Lyre  with  its  silver  string  was  no  longer 

Jiavmonious,"     The  fastidious  care  with  which  he  retouched 

fuid  finished  eyery  thing  he  wrote,  4i4  Mt  permit  him  t^ 

,  •    .      ;  •.   .      '  :  .  ■        ■'     ti 

*  This  act  of  generosity  was  dramatised  at  Paris  in  1802,  In  a  piece  entitled 
**  La  BiJ>lioth«au«.  de  Patri^,*?  in  which  Boileau  is  made  tft  |iye  ;3Q^0QO  liTI^  ^^ 
Mie  libr^'r^/wlucii  really  cbsl;  him  only  40QQ, 


PAT  R  U.  «0» 

fitiblish  muofa.'    His  niMcelianeoiis  works  were  printed  at 
Pms  in  1670,.  4to;  the  third  edition  of  whichy  in  1714^ 
was  augmented   with  several   pieces.      They    <*onsist  of 
f*  Pleadings,"  *^  Orations,"  "Letters,"  <<  Lives  of  sooie  of 
bis  Friends,"  <^  Remarks  upon  the  French  Language,"  &o; 
^  very  ingenious  tract  by.  him  was  published  at  Paris  in 
^651,  4to,  with  this  title,  "  Reponse  du  Cur6  a  la  Lettm 
4u  Marguillier  sur  la  conduite  de  M.  le  Coadjateun"^       » 
:    PATTEN.     See  WAYNFLETE. 
.    PATTISON  (William),  an  yn fortunate  poet,  was  bom 
«tt  Peasmarsb,  in  the  county  of  Sussex,  in  1706,  and  wa* 
the  son  of  a  farmer  at  that  place,  who  rented  a  consider* 
able  estate  of  the  earl  of  Thanet.     He  discovered  excellent 
parts,  with  a  strong  propensity  to  learning ;  and  his  father, 
iiot  being  in  circumstances  to  give'  him  a  proper  educatioi^ 
applied  to  his  noble  Jandlord,  who  took  him  under  bis  pro« 
lection,  and  placed  him  at  Appleby  school- in  Westmore* 
land»     Here  he  became  acquainted  with  Mr.  Noble,  a  cier* 
gyman  of  great  learning  and  fine  taste,  who  promoted  hig 
«$tudiea  and  directed  his  taste.     Mp^o  his  leaving  Appleby^ 
he  went  to  Sidney  college  in  Cambridge,  where  he  pura* 
3$ued  the  plan  Mr.  Noble  had  given  him,  and  went  through 
the  classics,  as  well  as  ail  our  English  poets,  with  great 
iadvantage.     Of  these  last,  Spenser*!*  <*  Fairy  Queen"  and 
Brown's  *<  Britannia's  Pastorals^'  are  said  to  have  given  him 
4he  greatest  delight.     He  had,    however,    unfortunately 
contracted  a  habit  of  desultory  reading,  and  bad  no  relish 
lor  academical  studies.     His  temper  could  not  brook  rem 
-^traint;  and  his  tutor,  be  thought,  treated  him  with  great 
^  Tigour.     A  quan^el  ensued ;  and,  to  avoid  the  scandal  .of 
expulsion,  with  which  he  was  threatened,  be  tQok  histiame 
out  of  the  college  book,  and  went  to  London*     Even  now 
}ii$  friends  would  have  forgiven  him,  and  procured  bis  re^ 
admission ;  but  the  ple!asures  of  the  town,  the  desire  of 
peing  known^  and  his  romantic  expectations  of  meeting 
««vith  some  generous  patron  to  reward  his  merit,  rendered 
iiim:  deaf  to  all  advice.     He  led  a  pleasurable  life,  fre^ 
quented  Button'i^,  and  became  acquainted  with  some  of 
%he  most  eminent  wits  of  the  time.     As  he  had  no  fortuneu 
mor  any  means  of  aubsistence,  hut  what  arose  from  the 
subscriptions  for  the  poems  he  proposed  to  publish ;  and^ 
f(S  he  wanted  oveu  common  prudence  to  manage  this 

I  iH»a«f<7is«T^ieer«|»  t^L  VI,— Pemnlt^  ^Ui  B<»Bn|et  Iltiigtrli,>* 


f  04  I^  A  T  T  I  3  O  N. 

carious  'incoipey  be  was  soon  iovolr^d  in  the  dee|jes| 
^isstress  and  most  deplorable-  wretcbedoe^s.  In  »  poeco^ 
entitled  ^^  Effigies  Autboris/'  addreaised  to  lord  Burling** 
Ion,  be  describes  himself  as  destinite  of  friends,  of  money; 
a  prey  to  hunger;  and  pa$si«ig  bis  nights  on  »  bench,  ii 
Bt.  James's  paric.  In  a  private  letter  to  a  gjentleman,  be 
thus  expressed  jiimself:  ^' Spare  my  blushes;  1  have  not^ 
enjoyed  the  common  necessaries  of  life  these  two  dayS| 
and  caVi  hardly  bold  to  subscribe  myself/'  &c*  CurU»  the 
iHKikseller,  finding  some  of  his  compositions  well  received, 
And  going  through  several  impressions,  took  him  into  his 
house;  and,  as  Pope  affirms  in  one  of  his  letters,. starved 
him  io  death.  But  this  does  not  appear  to  be  strictly  true; 
^od  his  death  is  more  justly  attributed  to  the  smsJUpox^ 
ivbicb  carried  him  off  iu  1727,  in  his  21st  year.  His  biot- 
grapber  says,  that  he  bad  a  surprising  genius,  and  bad 
xatised  hopes  in  all  that  knew  him,  that  he  would  become 
4D!oe  of  the  most  eminent  poets  of  the  age  ;  but  such  of  hiit 
^ems  as  we  find  in  the  collection  published  in  2  vols.  8vq, 
in  1728,  would  not  in  our  days  be  thought  calculated  to 
eupport  such  high  expectations*^ 

PAUL  OF  BuRQOS,  a  learned  Jew,  born  in  that  city,  in 
13.53,  embraced  Christianity,  and  entered  the  ecclesiastic 
iE:al  profession  after  his  wife's  decease.  He  was  appointed 
preceptor  to  John  tl.  king  of  Castillo ;  afterwards  accbdea- 
^n  of  Trevigno,  bishop  qf  Carthagena,  bishop  of  Burgos, 
and  is  said  to  have  died  patriarch  of  Aquileia,  August  29, 
JL435,  aged  St.  He  has  left  additions  to  Nicholas  de 
J^yra's  *<*  Postills;"  .a  treatise,  entitled  "  Scrutinium  Serifs 
lurarum,"  Man^t.  1474,  &I.  reprinted  several  times;  and 
^her;  learned  wo^ks,  abounding,  according  to.Dupin,  m 
Mseful  hiblinal  criticism.  ^  His  three  sons  were  baptized 
jwi^ium,  and  i;ecommended  themsdves  by  tb^ir  merit. 
i^L^HOiitSQ  wa^  bishop  of  Burgos,  and  wrote  an  abridgm^it 
^  ;the:  Spanish. History,  which  is  in  the  f' Jiispania  illuS^ 
itcat^'^  4  .vob.  foK  GoNSALyo,  the  second  son,  was  bishop 
x^.PI,acentia;  and  Alivarbz,  the  third,  published  a  History 
jDf  ioiMi.ILlang.of  Caftille.*  ^  / 

^;  PAUL,  ibe:  Deacon,  or  Paulus  DiAcaNUS,  so  called 
jhecanse.he  bad  been  a  d^eon  .of  the  church  o^  f riuU^ 
|ii€Migh  somei  ^^  him  ,by  (bis  .father's  name  Warn^aidus^. 
and  others,  from  due  pixrfiBssiou  .he  took  up  Ja  iiis 


PAUL.  S04 

5reara  PAtrtus  Monachcs,  was  originally  a  Lombard,  boro 
kk  the  city  of  Frialiy'in  the  eighth  century,  and  educated 
hi  the  court  of  the  Looillard  kings  at  Pavia.  After  Desi-^ 
derias,  the  last  king  of  the  Lombards,  was  taken  prisoned 
by  Charlemagne^  and  carried  to  t'rance,  tired  of  the  tu^. 
Inult  of  the  public  world,'  he  retired  from  the  busy  scene's 
h^  had  been  engaged  in,  and  became  a  monk  in  the  &« . 
mous  monastery  of  Monte  Casino,  where  he  wrote  his  history 
of  the  Lombards,  in  six  books,  from  their  first  origin  down 
to  the  reign  of  Luitprandus,  who  wa^  their  eighteenth  king 
that  reigned  in  Italy,  and  died  in  the  year  743.  He  was 
an  eye-witness  of  many  of  the  transactions  he  relates ;  tfnd 
as  he  was  a  Lombard,  we  may  suppose  him  well  informed 
of  the  affairs  of  his  own  nation,  and  had  rdad  the  history  of 
the  Lombards,  written  in  the  same  century  in  which  they 
bbgan  to  reign  in  Italy,  by  Sectindus  Tridentinus,  origi- 
fiAlly  a  Lombard,  biit  a.  native  of  the  city  of  Trent,  whb 
flourished,  according  to  Baronins,  in  the  year  615 ;  but  hi^ 
faistory  is  now  lost.  He  often  quotes  his  authority,  and 
though  he  sometimes  falls  into  trivial  mistakes,  about  fo- 
ireign  afFaifs,  and  such  as  happened  long  before  his  time, 
as  Grotius  learnedly  evinces,  yet,  in  the  transactions  of  liis 
own  nation,  he  is,  generally  speaking,  very  exact.  He  died 
In  the  year7'91^.  His  history  was  printed  at  Hamburgh  in 
16 1 1,  and  is  besides  to  be  fotlnd  in  the  eighteenth  volume  of 
IMuratori^s  Reru^  Italic.  Scriptores.  ^ 
'  PAUL  of  Samosata,  so  named  froth  the  place  of  hfs 
birtlr,  flourished  in  the  third  century,  and  was  eimong  the  ' 
first  who  entertained  the  opinions  since  known  by  the  nama 
of  Sdcinian,  or  Unitarian.  In  the' year  260  he  was  chbsen 
bishop. of  Antioch,  and  having  begun  to  preach  against  the 
diVinity  of  Jestis  Christ,  be  was  admonished,  in  a  council 
assembled  at  Antioch,  in  the  year  264 :  but,  in  anothei|, 
l^ld'  in  the  year  269  or  270,  sentence  of  deposition  wks 
pas&ed.  To  this  he  refused  t6  submit,  and  was  supported 
|ti  liis  diflob^dience  by  Zenobia  the  consort  of  Odenatus. 
At  length^  when  this  queen  was  driven  from  Antioch,  the 
^peror  Aurelian  expelled  Paul  in^  the  year  272  or  273* 
iHls  no|t  known  what  became  of  him  afterwards;  nor  are 
aiiy  of  his  writings  extant.  His  morals  appear  to'  bav6 
ftfeen '  ^s  obnoxious  as  his  doctrines.  Dr.  L§rdner  has  en- 
lle^votired  to  defend  both,  yet  it  appears  evident  that  be 


(OS  P-  A  U  Lr 

bad  tlie  whole  Christian  world  against  him^  aod  qiteett 
Zenobia  only  for  him.  His  wealth,  says  Gibbon,  was  » 
sufficient  evidence  of  bis  guilt,/since  it  was  neither  de-* 
rived  from  the  inheritance  of  his  fathers,  nor  acquired  by 
the  arts  of  honest  industry.  His  followers  were  for  a  €oq-< 
siderable  time  called  Paulianists,  but  have  since  been  known 
by  many  other  names^  according  to  the  shades  of  difference 
ia  their  opinions.  ^ 

PAUL  DE  VINCENT  (St.),  a  wprthy  ecclesiastic  of  the 
llomish  church,  wa^  born  April  24,  1576,  and  studied  at 
Toulouse,  where  he  was  ordained  a  priest  in  1600.  On 
bis  return  to  Narbonne  from  Marseilles^  his  ship  was  taken 
by  the  Turks,  and  he  remained  for  a  considerable  time  ia 
$layery^  under  three,  masters,  the  last  of  whom  he  con^ 
Terteda  Returning  at  length  to  France,  Louis  XIII.  made 
bim  abbot  of  St.  Leonard ,  de  Chaulme,  and  he  had  after^* 
^wards.tbe  care  of  the  parish  church  pf  Clicby,  which  he 
completely  .repaired  and  furnished  at  his  own  expeiTce« 
Towards  the  end  of  1 609,  he  went  to  reside  in  the  bouse 
of  Emmanuel  de  Goudy,  as  tutor  to  his  children,  but  does 
not  appear  to  have  remained  here  long.  He  then  obtained 
the  curacy  of  Ch&tillon^les-Dombes,  which  he  kept  only 
five  months.  Con^pelled  by  the  solicitations  of  numberr 
less  persons  of  the  highest  distinction,  to  rethrn  to  the 
Opudy  family,  he  resigned  himself  wholly  to  his  natursd 
desire  of  orelieving  the  poor  and  afflicted.  Louis  XIII.  being 
made  acquainted  with  his  zeal,  appointed  him  almonerr 
general  of  the  gallies,  1619  ;  and  the  following  yea%  St^ 
Francis  de  Sales,  because,  as  he  says,  he  '^  knew  not  a 
worthier  priest  in  the  church,^'  made  him  superintendant 
of  the  nuBs  of,  the  visitation.  On  madame  de  Goudy's  def 
cease,  M.  Vincent  retired  to  the  college  des  Bon  Enfans, 
of  which  he  was  principal,  and  which  he  never  quitted^ 
"but  to  perform  the  office  of  a  missionary..  Some  yearft 
after,  he  accepted  the  house  de  St.  Lazare,  though  with 
great  reluctance.  His  life  was  a  continued  series  of  good 
works,  and  it  is  scarcely  to  be  conceived  how  one  maa 
could  plan  so  many,  still  less,  how  he  could  execute  them. 
Among  these  were  missions  in  all  parts  of  France,  as  we|| 
as  in  Italy,  Scotland,  Barbarv,  Madagascar,  &c. ;  ecclef 
siastical  conferences,  at  whicn  the  most  eminent  bishops 
^f  the  kingdom  were  present;  spiritual retirementSj its thc^ 

I  Lardaer.--Milaer's  Cbarch  Hist.^GiblH»'t  Hi»t— Care,  Vol.  U 


r  A  U  L. 


«0T 


were  tdHed,  Which  were  also  gratuitous ;  an  Hospital  for 
'^Foundlings,  for  which  bis  humane  applications  procured 
can  income  of  40,000  livres;  the  foundation  of  the  Chari« 
table  VirginSf  for  the  relief  of  sick  poor ;  to  which  we 
CDfiay  ^dd|  the  hospitals  de  BicStre,  de  la  Salp^triere,  de 
Ja  Piti6 ;  those  of  Marseilles  for  galley-slaves ;  of  Sr.  Reine 
for  pilgrims,  and  of  le  Saint  N09)  de  Jesus,  for  old  men^ 
which  are  principally  indebted  to  him  for.  their  establish* 
ment«  In  times  of  the  greatest  distress,  he  sent  above  two 
millions  of  livres  into  Lorraine  in  money  and  effects ;  nor 
<did  Picardy  and  Champagne  experience  much  less  of  bis 
bounty,  when  the  scourges  of  heaven  badjreduced  those 
provinces  to  the  most  deplorable  indigence.  During  ten 
years  that  M.  Vincent  presided  in  the  council  of  conscience^ 
«nder  Anne  of  Austria,  he  suffered  none  but  the  most 
worthy  to  be  presented  to  benefices.  Being  a  zealous  pa« 
iron  of  nunneries,  he  supported  the  establishment  of  the 
Duns  de  la  Providence,  de  Sainte  Genevieve^  and  de  U 
Croix.  He  laboured  with  success  for  the  reform  of  Cram« 
mont,  Premontr6,  and  the  abbey  of  St.  Genevieve,  as  well 
las  for  the  establishment  of  the  great  Seminaries.  Even 
those,  who  have  doubted  whether  his  talents  were  veiy 
-extensive,  have  openly  acknowledged  that  he  was  one  of 
the  most  pious  priests  in  the  kingdom,  and  more  useful  to 
the  poor  and  to  the  church,  than  most  of  those  who  are 
-considered  as  -great  geniuses.  This  excellent  man  died 
loaded  with  years,  labour,  and  mortificationg,  Sept.  27,1660^ 
ftged  near  85.  He  was  canonized  by  Clement  XII.  or 
July  16,  1737«  Those  who  wish  to  know  more  of  St.  Vio« 
cent  de  Paul,  may  consult  his  Life  by  M.  Collet,  2  vols.4to^ 
mnd  **  I'Avocat  du  Diable,'*  3  vols.  l2mo./  >  ^ 

PAULINUS,  an  ecclesiastical  writer  of  the  fifth  century^ 
^vas  descended  from  an  illustrious  family  of  Roman  senators^ 
mud  bom  a^  Bourdeaux  about  the  year  253.  He  was  directed 
-in  bis  studies  by  the  famous  Ausonius ;  and  applied  himself 
^so  earnestly  to  the  best'  Latin  authors,  that  he  acquired  ^ 
style  tiot  unlike  theirs.  He  was  advanced  afterwards  to  the 
most  considerable  offices  of  the  empire.  Ausonius  saySy 
4bat  Paulinus  was  consul  with  him ;  but  bis  name  not  being 
^ound  in  the  f*asti  Consulares,  it  is  probable  he  obtained 
«^bac  dignity  only  in  the  room  oF  ^ome  other  person,  who 
tlU^  in^the  office,  and  perhaps  in  the  year  378^  after  the 


SOS  PAULINUS. 

,  death  of  Valens;    He  married'  T4ierasia/  tn  opulent; 'fipa* 
nish  lady,  who  proved  instrumental   in  converting  him  lb 
Ohristianity ;  and  he  was-  baptized  in  the  year  389.     He 
dwelt  four  years  in  Spain,  where  he  embraced  voluntarj 
poverty  ;  selling  his  goods  by  degrees,  and  giving  them  to 
the  poor.    The  inhabitants  of  Barcelona,  where  he:i^esidec^ 
conceived  such  an  esteem  for  him,  that  they  would  have 
him  ordained  a  l^riest ;  to  which,  after  a  long  resistance,  he 
consented,  upon  condition  that  he  should  not  be  obliged  to 
remain  in  Barcelona,  because  his  design  was  to  withdraw  to 
Nola.  This  ordination  was  performed  in  the  year  393,  and 
the  next  year  he  left  Spain  to  go  into  Italy.    In  his  way  he 
saw  St.  Ambrose  at  Florence,  who  ahewed  him  marks  of 
respect ;  and  was  kindly  received  at  Rome  both  by  the  qua«- 
lity  and  the  people :  but  the  clergy  there  growing  jea^ 
lous  of  him,  be  left  that  city  quickly,  and  went  to  Nola, 
where  he  dwelt  in  a  country-house  about  half  a  league 
£rom  the  town.     He  lived  thefe  sixteen  years  with  his  wife 
Therasia,  in  the  study  and  exercises  of  a  monastic  life;  and 
then,   in  the  year  409,  was  chosen  and  ordained  bishop 
of  N(>la.  The  beginnings  of  his  episcopate  was  disturbed  by 
t|ie  incursions  of  the  Goths,  who  took  that  city ;  but  the 
assault  being  over,  he  enjoyed  it  peaceably  to  his  deaths 
which  happened  in  the  year  43 1. 

*  His  works  consist  of  *^  Poems,*'  and  ^^  Letters,*'  and  are 
written  with  much  art  ahd  elegance;  his  manner  of  expres- 
iion  being  close  and  clear,  his  words  pure  and  well  chbsen, 
and  his  sentences  strong  and  lively*  All  his  writings  are 
short,  but  pretty  numerous,  and  compos:ed  with  great 
care.  Ausonius  highly  commends  bis  poems;  yet  they 
cannot  pass  for  perfect,  especially  those  which  he  made 
after  his  conversion.  He  uas  esteemed,  beloved,  and  ca« 
jressed  by  all  the  great  men  of  that  age,  of  what  party  so- 
ever they  were ;  and  corresponded  with  them  all,  without 
falling  out  with  any!  He  was,  in  truth,  like  I'itus,  the  de- 
light of  his  times.  Milner  says  that  he  appears,  through' 
the  mist  of  superstition,  which  clouds  his  narrative,  to  have 
heen  one  of  the  best  Christians  of  the  age.  He  was  a  mir« 
rorofpit^ty,  liberality,  and  humility,  worthy  of  a  more  in- 
telligent age,  and  of  more  intelligent  writers,  than  of  those 
who  have  recorded  his  life.  The  first  edition  of  his  works 
was  at  Paris,  in  1516,  by  Badius ;  the  seconxl  at  Cologne, 
by  Graevius:  Roswedius  caused  them  to  be  printed  at 
Antwerp^  in  1622;  and  the  last  edition  of  them  was  at 


P  A  U  1  1  N  U  S.  20» 

VsLvisj  in  2  vols,  quarto,  the  former  of  which  contains  hit 
genuine  work9.  Du  Pin  wishes,  that  ^^  the  booksellers  had 
taken  as  much  care  to  have  it  upon  good  paper,  and  ia 
a  fair  character,  as  the  editor  did  to  make  it  correct  and 
useful." '  .  -    - 

PAULINUS>  patriarch  of  Aquileia  in  the  eighth  century^ 
and  one  of  the  best  bishops  of  his  time,  owes  his  fame  ia 
a  great  measure  to  his  zeal  in  behalf  of  the  doctrine  o£ 
the  Trinity.  He  was  born  near  Friuli,  in  the  year  726, 
and  became  greatly  distinguished  by  bis  laborious  appli<* 
cation^  and  zeal  for  the  advancement  of  learning  and 
science.  The  emperor  Charlemagne  bestowed  on  him  va- 
rious substantial  marks  of  bis  favour,  and,  towards  the 
close  of  the  year  776,  promoted  him  to  the  patriarchate  of 
Aquileia,  where  he  died  in  the  year  804.  A  complete 
edition  of  all  his  works,  with  learned  notes  and  com* 
mentaries,  was  published  at  Venice,  in  1737,  by  John 
Francis  Madrisi,  a  priest  of  the  congregation  of  the  Ora« 
tory.  * 

PAULLI  (Simon),  a  Danish  professor  and  physiciaOj^ 
was  born  at  Rostock,  in  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  April 
Gy  1603,  and  died  at  Copenhagen,  April  25,1680.  Ha 
published  some  medical  treatises,  and  in  1639  a  Latia 
quarto,  on  medicinal  plants,  entitled  Quadripartitum  Bo- 
tanicum ;  and  in  1648  a  thicker  volume,  in  Danish,  with 
wooden  cuts,  called  ^'  Flora  Danica,''  which,  ^however,  em«< 
braces  the  garden  plants  as  well  as  the  pativeones,  known 
in  Denmark  at  the  time  of  its  publication.  He  wrote  alsa 
against  tobacco  and  tea,  and  his  work  was  translated  into 
English  by  the  late  Dr.  James,  in  1746.  The  most  re* 
mailable  circumstance  attending  it  is  his  contending,  with 
the  positiveness,  usual  to  those  who  are  in  the  wrpng)  that 
the  Chinese  Tea  is  no  other  than  our  European  Myrica. 
gale;  an  error  which  Bartholin  very  cautiously  and  repect*-; 
fully  corrects,  in  his  Acta  Medica,  v.  4.  1,  where  the  true; 
tea  is,  not  very  accurately,  figured.  The  Paullipii^j  ia 
Ibotany,  is  so  named  in  honour  of  him,  by  LinnaBus«  ^ 

PAULMIER  DE  GRENTESMENIL  (Jambs  lb),  mor« 
coouBodly  known  to  the  learned  by  his  Latinized  namf  ^ 

1  Ddpin. — Milner,  vol.  11.  p.  485  and  528« — Cm,  voL  I.;-Savii  Onomuit*  . 
«  Dupin.—Cave,  Vol.  I.— Mi!ner'«  Church  Hist.  vol.  Ill,  p.  211.    ' 
4  £ioy,  Diet.  Hitt.  d«  M«di6io«,-^Ree8*g  C^cIop»di«« 

VduXXIV.  f 


810  PAULMIER. 

Palmerlus,  was  born  in  the  territory  of  Auge,  in  1587,  the 
ion  of  Julien  le  Paulmier,  who  was  a  physician  of  eminence. 
Be  was  bred  a  protestant,  embraced  a  military  life,  and 
liefrved  with  credit  in  Holland  and  in  France.  After  a  time, 
Be  retired  to  Caen,  where  he  gave  himself  up  entirely  to 
the  study  of  letters  and  antiquity ;  and  was  the  firsi  pro-* 
nioter  of  an  academy  in  that  city,  which  has  since  been 
Considered  as  a  valuable  institution.  He  died  at  Caen, 
Oct.  I,  1670,  being  then  eighty-three.  His  works  are,  1. 
**  Obiervationes  in  optimos  auctores  Graecos,"  Lugd.  Bat. 
166S,  4to.  2.  "Graeciae  antiquae  Descriptio,"  Lugd.  Bat. 
1678,  4to.  This  work  contains  a  very  learned  and  useful 
digest  of  what  the  ancients  have  written  concerning  Greece. 
Prefixed  to  it  is  a  life  of  the  author,  written  at  some  length, 
but  in  a  very  affected  style,  by  the  editor  Stephen  Mori- 
nets.  3.  Some  poems  in  the  Greek,  Latin,  French,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  languages.  These,  however,  are  the  worst 
^art  of  his  works.  He  versified  in  too  many  languages  to 
be  very  excellent  in  any. ' 

PAULO  (Mark),  a  celebrated  traveller,  was. the  son  of 
Nicholas  Paulo,  a  Vienetian,  who  went  with  his  brother 
Matthew,  about  1225,  to  Constantinople,  in  the  reign  of 
Baudoin.  While  they  were  on  this  expedition  Marco  wa» 
borri.  On  their  return  through  the  deserts  they  arrived  at 
the  city  where  Kublai,  grand  khan  of  the  Tartars,  resided. 
This  prince  was  highly  entertained  with  the  account  which 
they  gave  him  of  the  European  manners  and  customs,  and 
atppointed  them  his  ambassadors  to  the  pope,  in  order  to 
demand  of  his  holiness  a  hundred  missionaries.  They 
aeccordingly  came  to  Italy,  obtained  from  the  Roman  pon- 
tiff two  Dominicans,  the  one  an  Italian,  and  the  other  an 
Asiatic,  and  carried  with  them  young  Marco,  for  whom  the 
Tartar  prince  expressed  a  singular  affection.  This  youth 
was  at 'an  early  period  taught  the  different  dialects  of  Tar- 
tary,  and  was  afterwards  employed  in  embassies  which  gave 
him  the  opportunity  of  traversing  Tartary,  China,  and 
Othe^  eastern  countries.  After  a  residence  of  seventeen 
years  at  the  court  of  the  great  khan,  the  three  Venetians 
came  back  to  their  own  country  in  1295,  with  immense 
wealth.  A  short  time. after  his  return,  Marco  served  bis 
country  at  sea  ags^nst  the  Genoese,,  his  galley  iii  a  naval 
engagement  was  sunk,  and  himself  taken  prisoner  and 

1  NiceroD,  vols.  VIII  and  X  — 'Chaufepie.— Diet.  Hist, 


PAOLO.  2U 

carried  to  Genoa.  He  remained  there  many  years  in  con- 
finement; and,  as  well  to  amuse  bis  melancholy,  as  to 
gratify  those  who  desired  it  of  him,  sent  for  his  notes  from 
Venice,  and  composed  the  history  of  his  own  and  his 
father's  voyages  in  Italian,  under  this  title,  **  Delle  mara- 
viglie  del  mondo  da  lui  vidute,''  &c.  of  which  the  first 
edition  appeared  at  Venice  in  1496,  8vo.  '  This  work  has 
been  translated  into  several  foreign  languages,  and  hat 
been  inserted  in  various  collections.  The  best  editions  are 
one  in  Latin,  published  by  Andrew  MuUer  at  Cologne  in 
1671,  and  one  in  French,  to  be  found  in  the  collection  of^ 
voyages  published  by  Bergeron,  at  the  Hague  in  1735,  in 
two  vols.  In  the  narrative  there  are  many  things  not  easily 
believed*,  but  the  greater  part  of  his  accounts  has  beem 
verified  by  succeeding  travellers.  He  not  only  gave  better 
accounts  of  China  than  had  been  before  received ;  but 
likewise  furnished  a  description  of  Japan,  of  several  islands 
of  the  East  Indies,  of  Madagascar,  and  the  coasts  of  Africa, 
so' that  from  his  work  it  might  be  easily  collected  that  a  di-* 
rect  passage  by  sea  to  the  East  Indies  was  not  only  pos* 
nible,  but  practicable.^ 

PAULUS  (iEGiNETA),  a  native  of  the  island  iEgina,  now 
Engia,  whence  he  has  his  name,  flourished,  according  to 
Le  Cierc,  in  the  fourth  century ;  but  with  more  truth  he 
is  placed  by  Abulfaragius,  who  is  allowed  to  give  the  best 
account  of  those  times,  in  the  seventh.  It  is  said  that  he 
travelled  over  Greece  and  other  countries  to  gain  infor- 
mation respecting  the  medical  art ;  and  that  he  studied  at 
Alexandria  before  it  was  taken  and  plundered  by  Amrour, 
and  there  copied  a  part  of  the  works  of  Alexander  Tralliany 
who  was  his  favourite  author.  On  his  return  from  his 
travels  he  made  an  abridgment  of  the  works  of  Galen,  and 
wrote  several  treatises,  which  are  deservedly  famous.  It. 
appears  that  his  knowledge  in.  surgery  was  very  great ;  for 
Fabricius  ab  Aquapendente,  one  of  the  best  chirurgical 

*  Among  these,  it  seems  difficult  is^qoalljr  difficult  to  believe  that  the 

to  belieye,  that  as  sooo  as  the  grand  pope,  who  donbtles  had  an  ardent  zeal 

khan  was  informed  of  the  arriTal  of  for  the  propagation  of  the  faith,  instead 

two  Venetian    roerchantSi    who  were'  of  a  hundred  shoald  have  sent  him  only 

come  to  tell  theriaoa  (or  treacle)  at  his  two  missionaries.-— The  authors  of  th« 

court,  he  sent  before  them  an  escort  Universal  History  are  of  opinion  that 

of '40,000  men,  and  afterwards  dis-  what  Mark  Paulo  wrote  from  his  owa 

.patched  these  Venetian  ambassadors  knowledge  is  both  curious  and  true, 

to  the  pope»  to  beseech  his  holiness  to  and  where  he  erred  he  was  probably 

«tnd  bim  a  bundled  missionaries.    It  deceived  by  his  father  and  udde, 

1  Eacyd.  Briiannica.— Univ;  Htltory. 

P  2 


,212  P  A  U  L  U  S. 

.  writers,,  has  thought  fit  to  transcribe  hinx  in  a  great  number 
Qf  places. 

^giheta's  principal  workd  are»  1.  '^Salubria  de  sanitate 
.tuenda  prse^^eptayV  Argent^.  .15 11,  !8vo.  2.  *^  De  remedica 
libLrL.septen)/',Ot?eekj  V^nioe,  152S;  foU  aofl  often  re- 
.printed  l;K>th  in: Greek, "Latin,  and  oiiber  languages,  with 
;CGampent|iries.  3.  ^^  ,De  0risi  et •  diebus  critici^ :  eommqne 
;SignJ8,"  ^^i^'l^^^,  tS^Q^  '  He:  appeaiii  toihave  -beeD '  par- 
.tic^qlarlyisjkilful  in  the.disordei*s  of  itfae  female  sex, ^ and  is 
4he  first  in  aatiqqit^r.^bo  deserves  tbe  tide  ^f  accoucheur.^ ^ 
*  P4tJSA£^lA^  '4n  ,anciejDt>Greek'-vi'feriter,  who  h^s  left 
^s  a:.<^ri<)iusde9<(rJiptiQn  pf^Gr^eecaief' lived  iin  the  second 
f entury^.  but  i^erji  ;fei¥^ paiftistiiars' :of .Us'; life  are  known. 
Suicls^  m^ntioiis  two  .of  .this,  name  :^t)ne  of^  Laponia^  who 
.wrptf)  c;oncemiePg.  t^e^  ;HeUespont)  ^  Laconia,  the '  Ampbye^ 
^ons^!  Sac* ;  anQtbes^:  who  was\a  sophist i;or  rhetorician  of 
C^s|u:e^:in;Capps(d«eiav  lived  at  the  same  time  with  Arisw 
tid^S). .and is  mendoHed  bjr.Pbildstrat<is,,in  his! Lives  of'tfaA 
b^stlPrs;.  Tbislaat>is  supposed  to  ibel  our  Pausanias.':  He 
ivas^  accprding:  to;  the  satn^  Pbilostratus,  .^  a  disciple  of  the 
famous  sophist  Herodes  Atticus,  whom'  he: imitated  in  many 
sefp^cts,  but  espieeiiilly  in  compo^ng  without  premedita- 
tion>r.  His  prpnujiciation^  was  according  .to  the  manner  of 
tbe:CappiidoeiaDis» -who  bad  a*  way  of  lengthening  short 
lylljiibJef^and^ihQrteni^g  lon^ones.  The  character  of  bi<^ 
9on>pp9itiQeQ  yi9^i  negligent,  yet*  npt  without  forcr.  He 
decUimf^d.a  long:. time  at  Rome,  where  he  died  very  old; 
tbpugU.he  contitiii^dall:  the  while  a  member  of  the  college 

S  Athens/'  His  work  is  properly  an  accountof  n  journ^ 
rough  Greece,. Ja  which  the  author  noted  every  thing*^ 
tb^t  was  reqaarkabler  All  public  monuments,  as  temples; 
tlieatres,.  tombs^  Statues;  paintings,.  &c.  came  within  hitf 
design:  be  tpcdc  thedamenaionsoEcities^  which*  had for-^ 
Q^exly  been  ^reat  end, famous,,  but  were  then  in'  ruins  ; ^  nor 
did.he  bastit^  >pasa  over  places'  that  were  ^memorable  for^ 
illustrious  transactions  of  old.  By  these  observations  he 
thi'dWs  much  light  upon  the  history  and' ant^uities  o£ 
Greece;  and. clears  up  many  passages  in  ancient author^,- 
which  would  otherwise  have  remaiiled  very  pei^plexed  and 
obscure.  His  work  has  been  recommendj^d  to  modern  .tra-> 
vellers,  and  it  is  well  known  that  Spon  and  Wheler  made' 
grea^  use„  of  it .  '■ 

}  JUof,  i>lct..  Hist,  de  liftediciaei  .  : 


P  A'U-S'A^  1  As.  «13 

^uBatiias  was  firA  p/uMiBned^at-Venicein'  1^16,  fol.  by 
Aldtts^  who  «i^a  assisted  bj  Marcus  'Masurus:  Musurus^ 
wrotea'prefaco  in  Gt^^k^  which  is  jJrfefixed  tcytbis-edition," 
and  addressed  to  Jv>hn  Lascar  is,  a -learned  Greek  of  ttie- 
%ime  age.  *  Afterwards^  in:  1547,  Rotttulus  Atnaseus  pub*' 
lisfaed  a' Latin  version  of  this  work  tic  Rome;  and,  three' 
years  afcer;'an  edition  was  pt-inted  at  Basil,  with  a  new^ 
Latinverftion  by  Abr:  Loescherus.     A  better  edition  than 
had  yet  appeared^'  with  the  Greefc'texl  of  Aldus  corrected ' 
by  Xyhinder,  and  <he  Latin  version  of  Amaseds  by  Sylbur- 
gius,  came  out  at  Francfort,»1583,'  in  folio;  from  which;^' 
that  of  Hanover,'  1613,  in  folio,  wa»  printed  word  for  wbrd/ 
But  the  best  of  all  is  that  of  Leipsic^  16^96,  in  folio;  with 
the  notes  of  Kuhnius.     This  learned  inan  had   already 
given  proofs  by  bis  critical  labours- upon  iElian,  D.Laer- 
tius,  suid  Pollux,  that  he  was- very  well  qualified  for  a  work ' 
of  this  nature ;  and  bis  tioties, .  though  short,  are  very  good. 
When  he  undertook  this*  edition  or  Pausanias  he  proposed ' 
great  advantages  from  "four  maniiscrlflls  in  the  king  of 
France's  library ;  but,  npon  con^dltittg   them  on   several 
corriipt  and  obscure*  passages,  he  foiind  that  they  did  not 
vary  from  Aldus's  copy. '  The  ^inain  succours  he  derived 
were  from  soine  manuscript  notes  of  Isaac  Casaubon,  upon 
the  margin  of  Aldus's  edition ;  atid^  by  the  help  of  these, 
and  hi3  Own  critical  skill,  he  w&s  enabled  to  correct  and 
amend  an  infinite  nnmber  of  places.    'A  new  edition,  in  4i 
vols.^  8vo,  Was  published  at .  Leipsic,  in  1794-^1'797,  by 
Jo.  Frid.  Facius,' which  by  the  few  who  hate  had  an  oppor- 
tunity of  Examining  it,  ia  thought  excellent.     It  ha^  very 
correct  indexes,  and  some  aid  from  a  Vienna  and  a  Mos* 
cow  manuscript.     An  English  translation  was  published  ia 
]  794  hy  Mr.  Thomas  Taylor.  * 

PAUTRE  (Anthony  le),  a  Parisian  architect  of  tho 
seventeenth  cefntury,  and  one  of  a  family  of  ^rtistsj.  ex- 
ceHed  iil- the  ornaments  and  decorations  of  buildings,  and 
was  architect  to  Louis  XIV;  and  monsieur  hts  only  brother. 
He  planned  the  cascades,  which  are  so  justly  admired,  at 
thie  castJ^  of  St.  Cloud,  and  built  the  church  of  the  nUns 
of  Port- toy  al,  at  Paris,  in  1625.  LePautreWas  received' 
into  the  royal  academy  6f  sculpture,  December  1,  1671, 
and  died  some  years  after.  His  "  CEuvres  d*Architect(ire'* 
are  engraved  in  one  vol.  folio,  sometimes  bound  up  in  five; 

1  Voisiui  de  Hist  Gne«,— -Fabijc*  BibU  Gnoc«"*<Sa3di  Onomait^ 


»!♦  P  A  U  T  R  E.      ' 

John  1e  Pautre,  bis  relation,  born  in  1617,  at  Paris,  was 
placed  wittv  a  joiner,  who  taugbt  bim  the  first  rudiments  of 
drawing ;  but  he  soon  surpassed  his  master,  and  became 
an  excellent  designer,  and  skilful  engraver.  He  perfectly 
understood  all  the  ornamental  parts  of  architecture,  and 
the  embellishments  pf  country  bouses,  such  as  fountains, 
grottos,  jets-d'eau,  and  every  other  decoration  of  the  gar- 
den. John  le  Pautre  was  admitted  a  member  pf  the.  royal 
academy  of  painting  and  sculpture  April  11,  1677,  and 
died  February  2,  1682,  aged  sixty-five.  His  ^^  CEuvres 
d' Architecture,*'  Paris,  1751,  3  vols.  fol.  contains  above 
782  plates,  which  were  much  valued  by  the  chevalier  Ber- 
xiin.  PoTER  le  Pautre,  related  to  the  two  preceding,  was 
born  at  Paris,  March  4,  1659,  and  excelled  so  much  in 
statuary  as  to  be  appointed  sculptor  to  bis  majesty.  He 
executed  at  Rome,  in  169.1,  thebeautiful  group  of  £neas 
and  Anchises,  which  is  in  the  grand  walk  attheThuilleries; 
and  completed,  in  1716,  that  of  Arria  and  Pstus  (or  rather 
of  Lucretia  stabbing  herself  in  presence  of  CoUatinus) 
which  Theodon  had  begun  at  Rome.  Several  of  his  other 
works  embellish  Marly.  This  ingenious  artist  was  profes-  . 
8or  and  perpetual  director  of  St.  Luke's  academy,  and  died 
at  Paris,  January  22,  1744,  aged  eighty-four.' 

PAUW  (Cornelius  de),  a  native  of  Amsterdam^  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  philosophical  writings,  was 
born  there  in  1739;  no  particulars  of  his  early  life  are 
given  in  our  authority,  but  it  appears  that  he  was  educated 
for  the  church,  and  held  a  canonry  in  some  part  of  Ger- 
many. He  died  July  7,  1799,  at  Xantem,  near  Aix-Ia« 
Chapelle.  He  was  uncle  to  the  famous,  or  rather  infamous, 
Anacharsis  Cloots,  who  was  the  idol  of  the  lowest  of  the 
mob  of  Paris  about  the  time  of  the  revolution,  and  his 
opinions  were  in  some  respects  as  singular;  but  he  had  far 
more  learning,  and  more  skill  in  disguising  them.  He  i$ 
principally  known  for  his  '^  Recherches  philosopbiques,  1. 
sur  lesGrecs;  2.sur  les  Americains,  les  Egyptiens,  et  les 
Chinois,"  Paris,  1795,  7  vols.  8vo.  In  this  his  countryniei^ 
seem  willing  to  allow  that  he  asserts  more  than  he  proves  ; 
that  bis  object  is  to  contradict  all  preceding  historians,  and, 
to  lessen  the  character  of  the  nations  he  describes.  His  style 
is  agreeable,  but  he  is  full  of  paradoxes,  and  of  those  bold 
opinions  which  were  once  in  vogue  in  France,  and  recpm^ 

1  L'AfociU's  Diet  Hi^t; 


PAYS.  215 

mended  him  much  to  Frederick  the  Great  of  Prassia,  while 
they  rendered  bim  obnoxious  to  the  ministers  of  religion.  * 

PAYS  (Rene'le),  sieur  of  Villeueuve,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Nantes  in  1636,  was  For  a  considerable  time  comp- 
tfoller-general  of  the  imposts  in  Dairphin^  and  Provence  j 
y«t  he.  mingled  the  flowers  of  poetry  with  the  thorns  of' 
t)iat  occupation,  and  became  celebrated  at  court  by  a  mis« 
cellaneous  publication  of  prose  and  verse,  entitled  "  Ami- 
ties, Amours,  et  Amourettes/*  published  in  1685>     This  . 
publication  gained  him  particularly  the  favour  of  the  la« 
dies;  and  the  duke  of  Savoy  honoured  him  with  the  title  of 
chevalier  of  St.  Maurice,  and  he  was  made  a  member  of. 
the  academy  of  Aries.     The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  em- 
bittered by  a  law-suit/ which  obliged  him  to  pay  for  the 
dishonesty  of  one  of  his  associates  in  office^    He  died  April , 
30,  1690,  at  the  age  of  6fty-four.     His  remaining  works 
are,   1.  **  Zelotide,"  a  novel  of  gallantry,  which  was  ad- 
loired  in  the  country,  but  despised  at  Paris.     2,  A  collec- 
tion of  poetry,  containing  eclogues,  sonnets,  stanzas,  &c, 
published  at  Paris  in  1672,  in  2  vols.  12mo,  under  the  , 
title  of  "  Nouvelles  Oeuvres."     These  contain  rather  th^ 
fancies  of  a  minor  wit,  than  the  efforts  of  real  genius.  * 

PEACHAM  (Henry),  a  writer  of  considerable  note  in 
bis  day,  appears  to  have  been  the  son  of  Mr.  Henry 
Peacham  of  Leverton,  in  Holland,  in  the  county  of' Lin- 
coln, and  was  born  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  unless  he  was  the  Henry  Peacham  who  published 
**  The  Garden  of  Eloquence,*'  a  treatise  on  rhetoric,  in 
1577,  4to,  and  then  he  must  be  referred  to  the  early  part 
of  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  But  we  are  more  inclined 
to  think,  with  Mr.  Malone,  that  the  **  Garden  of  Elo- 
quence" was  a  production  of  his  father's.  Very  littFe  i» 
known  with  certainty  of  his  history,  and  that  little  has 
been  gleaned  from  his  works,  in  which  he  frequently  intro- 
duces hin)«elf.  In  his  "  Compleat  Gentleman,"  he  sayg  , 
he  was  born  at  North  Mims,  near  St.  Alban's,  wliere  he 
received  his  education  unde**  an  ignorant  schoolmaster. 
He  was  afterwards  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  in 
the  title  to  his  "  Minerva,"  styles  himself  master  of  arts. 
He  si^eaks  of  his  being  well  skilled  in  music,  and  it  appears 
that  be  resided  a  considerable  time  in  Italy,  where  he 
learut  music  of  Orazio  Vecchi.     He  was  also  intimate  witb 

1  Diet  Hist,  *  MorerL— Gen.  Diet— DiQt.  Hist 


216  P  E  AC  HAM. 

all  the  gr0at  roasters  of  the  time  at  home,  and  has  cbarac* 
terized  their  several  styles,  as  well  as  those  of  many  oh  the 
continent.  His  opinions, '  says  Dr.  Burney,  conceruiog 
their  works  are  very  accurate,  and  manifest  great  know* 
ledge  of  all  that  was  understood  at  the  time  respecting 
practical  music. 

He  informs  us  also  of  his  skill  in  painting ;  that  he  could 
take  likenesses,  and  on  one  occasion  took  his  majesty's 
(James  L)  as  he  sat  at  dinner.  He  also  madCy  perhaps  en-> 
graved,  a  map  of  Cambridge.  Lord  Orford  mentions  his 
engraving  of  a  good  print,  after  Holbein,  of  ^ir  Thomas 
Cromwell,  knight,  afterwards  earl  of  Essex.  From  his' 
**  Gentleman's  Exercise"  we  learn  that  he  either  kept 
school,  or  had  private  pupils.  Lord  Orford  says  that  he 
Was  tutor  to  the  children  of  the  earl  of  Arundel,  whom  he 
accompanied  to  the  Low  Countries,  In  the  same  work,* 
Peacham  says  he  .translated  king  James's  ^^  Basilicoa 
Doron"  into  Latin  verse,  and  presented  it  to  prince  Henry, 
16  whom  he  also  dedicated  his  ^^  Minerva  Britannica"  in 
1612,  He  also  published  in  1613,  **  Prince  Henry  re-^ 
vived ;  or  a  poem  upon  the  birth  of  prince  H.  Frederick, 
heir  apparent  to  Frederick  Count  Palatine  of  the  Rhine.'* 
The  only  other  particulars  we  derive  from  his  own  hints 
are,  that  he  lived  for  some  time  in  St.  Martinis  in  the 
Fields,  and  was  addicted  to  melancholy.  It  is  said  that  he 
was  reduced  to  poverty  in  his  old  age,  and  wrote  penny 
pamphlets  for  bread.  This  last  is  asserted  in  a  MS  note 
by  John  Gibbon,  Bluemantle,  on'  a  copy  of  one  of  Pea<* 
champs  tracts  sold  at  Mr.  West's  sale.  It  is  entitled  <*  A 
Dialogue  between  the  cross  in  Cheap  and  Charing  crosses 
Cbmfortibg  each  other,  as  fearing  their  fall,  in  these  un-* 
certain  times.  By  Ryhen  Pameach'*  (Henry  Peacham). 
The  chief  merit  of  this,  Mr.  Gough  says,  is  that  its  wooden 
frontispiece  exhibits  the  ruined  shaft  of  Charing  Cross, 
and  the  entire  cross  of  Cheap.  It  has  no  date.  Cheap-» 
side  cross,  we  know,  was  taken  down  in  1640, 

'The  work  by  which  Peacham  is  best  known  is  his  '^  Com* 
plete  Gentleman,*'  a  4to  volume,  printed  in  1*622,  and  re- 
printed in  1627,  1634,  1654,  and  1661.  This  last  edition 
received  some  ioiprovements  in  the  heraldic  part  from 
Thomas  Blount^  author  of  the  *♦  Jocular  Tenures."  It 
treats  of  *'  nobilitie  in  geuerall ;  of  dignitie  and  necessitie 
of  learning  in  princes  and  nobilitie;  the  time  of  learning; 
th^  dutie  of  (N^reQt^  in  tb^ir  children's  education ;  of  a 


'  P  E  A  C  H  A  M.  ai» 

gentleman's  carriage  in  the.universitie ;  of  style  in  apeak- 
ing,  writing,  and  reading  history ;  of  cosmography ;  of 
memorable  observation  in  the  survey  of  the  earth ;  of  geo- 
metry ;  of  poetry  ;  of  musicke ;  of  statues  and  medalls  ;  of 
drawing  and  painting  in  oyle;  of  sundry  blazonnes  both 
ancient  and  modern ;  of  armory  or  blazing  armes  ;  of  ex- 
ercise of  body  ;  of  reputation  and  carriage ;  of  travaile ;  of 
warre ;  of  fishing.'* 

His  other  works  are,  1.  "  Minerva  Britannica,  or  a  gar- 
den of  Heroical  Devises,"  &c.  1612,  4to.  This  is  a  collec- 
tion of  emblems  in  vefrse,  with  a  plate  to  each.  Mr.  Ellis 
has  selected  several  specimens  from  this  curious  volume* 
2.  "The  period  of  Mourning,  in  memory  of  the  late  prince. 
Together  with  Nuptial  Hymnes  in  honour  of  this  happy 
marriage  betweene  Frederick  count  Palatine  and  Elizabeth 
daughter  of  our  Sovereigne,"  1613,  4to.  3.  "A  most 
true  relation  of  the  affairs  of  Cleve  and  Gulick/*  &c;  1614, 
4to,  in  prose.  4.  "  Thalia's  Banquet,'*  a  volume  of  epi- 
grams,'* 1620,  12mo.  5.  "  The  Valley  of  Varietie,"  1638, 
12mo.  6.  "  The  Duty  of  all  true  subjects  to  their  king; 
as  also  to  their  native  country  in  time  of  extremity  ^nd 
danger,"  in  two  books,  1639,  4to.  7.  "The  worth  pfa 
penny,  or  a  caution  to  keep  money  ;  with  the  causes  of 
the  scarcity  and  misery  of  the  want  thereof,  in  these  bard 
and  merciless  times;  as  also  how  to  save  it,  in  our  diet,, 
appare],  recreations,  &c."  4to.  This  piece  of  humour, 
which  appeared  first  ia  1647,  was  reprinted  in  1667,  1677, 
and  1695,  and  perhaps  oftener.  8.  "The  Gentleman's 
Exercise;  or  an  Exquisite  Practise  as  well  for  drawing  all 
manner,  of  beasts  in  their  true  portraiture,  as  also  the 
making  of  colours  for  limning,  painting,  tricking,,  and 
blazoning  of  coats  of  ai*ms,  &c."  1630,  and  1634,  4to.  All  • 
these  are-  works  of  considerable  merit,  Peacham  being  a  , 
man  of  general  knowledge,  good  taste,  and.  acute  obser*  , 
vation,  and  were  very  popular  during  the  seventeenth  cen-r 
tury.  His  **  Complete  Gentleman "  particularly  was  in 
high  estimation  with  the  gentry  of  that  age.  Sir  Charles  , 
Sedley,  who  had  been  guilty'of  an  offence  against  good 
Planners,  and  was  indicted  for  it,  was  asked  on  his  trial  by 
the  chief  justice,  sir  Robert  Hyde,  whether  he  had  ever 
read  the  ^*  Complete  Gentleman"  ?  ^ 

t  Cole's  MS  Atbeos  in  Brit  Mtt8.-^HawkinB>f  Hist  of  Maiic. — Gongb's  To- 
potrrapby.-rDr.  Barney  in  Rees's  Cyclop9dia«— Ellis's  SpeoineBs,— 'Walpole't 
£iigr»fers» 


S18  PEACOCK. 

•  • .  '  •  t  «  I 

-  PEACOCK,  or  PECOCK  (Reynold),  bishop  of  St. 
Asapfb,  and  Chichester,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  born  in  Wales  about  1390.  He  was 
educated  in  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  of  w^iich  he  was  chosen 
fellow  in  October  1417,  in  the  room.of  Richard  G^r&dale, 
S.  T.  P.  who  was  then  elected  provost  of  the  college. 
Having  studied  with  a  view  to  the  church,  he  was  ordained 
deac(.n  and  priest  in  1420  by  Fleming,  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
In  14^5  he  took  his  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity,  and 
about  this  time  is  supposed  to  have  left  the  university. 
Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester,  was  now  protector  of  the 
kingdom,  and  being  a  great  patron  of  learned  men,  in- 
vited Mr.  Ptacock  to  court,  where  he  was  enabled  to  make 
a  very  considerable  figure  by  his  taknts.  In  !431,  he  was 
elected  niastt  r  of  the  college  of  St.  Spirit  and  St.  Mary, 
founded  by  sir  Richard  Whittington  ;  and  with  it  was  ap- 
pointed, to  the  rectory  of  St.  Michael  in  Riola,  now  St. 
Michael  Royal,  situated  in  the  street  called  Tower  Royal 
in  Vifitry  ward.  This  situation  he  resigned  in  1444,  on 
being  promoted  to  the  bishopric  of  St.  Asaph.  To  whom 
be  owed  this  preferment  se^ms  uncertain,  as  bis  patron 
the  duke  of  Gloucester  was  now  declining  in  court  interest, 
but  perhaps  the  estimation  he  was  held  in  at  court  may  ac- 
count for  it.  He  now  was  honoured  with  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  at  Oxford,  in  his  absence,  and  without  performing  ' 
any  exercises,  an  omission  for  which  he  was  reproached 
afterwards  by  his  enemies,  although  it  was  not  then  un- 
common. In  1447  he  preached  a  sermon  at  Paul's  cross^ 
in  which  he  maintained  that  bishops  were  not  under  obli* 
gation  to  preach  or  to  take  the  cure  of  souls,  and  that  their  ' 
duties  consist  entirely  in  the.variousacts  of  church  govern- 
ment. This  doctrine  was  npt  very  palatable  even  then, 
and  he  was  under  the  necessity  of  explaining  himself  to 
the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  but  it  showed,  what  ap- 
peared more  clearly  afterwards,  that  he  was  accustomed  to 
think  for  himself,  and  to  pay  little  deference  to  authority 
or  custotn. 

In  1 449,  he  was  translated  to  the  see  of  Chichester,  and 
now  began  to  give  opinions  which  were  ill  suited  to  the 
times  in  which  he  lived.  Although  he  had  taken  great  ' 
pains  both  in  his  preaching  and  writings  to  defend  the  esta-* 
blished  church  against  the  disciples  of  Wickliffe,  now  called 
Lollards,  he  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  that  the  most  probable 
means  of  reclaiming  ihem  was  by  allowing  them  the  use  of 


PEACOCK.  ii9 

tbeir  reason,  andnot  insisting  on  the  infallibility  of  the' 
church.    The  clergy,  we  may  suppose,  were  not  satisfied  ' 
with  such  doctrine;  and  many  of  the  learned  men  of  the 
universities  were  so  highly  offended  with  it,  and  with  his 
writing  in  the  English  language  on  subjects  which  ought 
to  be  concealed  from  the  laity,  that  they  at  last  prevailed 
with  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  to  cite  him.     The  arch- 
bishop accordingly  issued  his  mandate,  in  Oct.  1457,  or- 
dering all  persons  to  appear  who  had  any  thing  to  allege 
against  the  bishop  of  Chichester;  and   his  books   being 
found  to  contain  various  heretical  opinions,  he  read  a  re- 
cantation, first  in  the  archbishop^s  court  at  Lambeth,  and 
afterwards  ^t  St.  Paul's  cross,  where  his  books  weref  burnt, ' 
as  they  also  were  at  Oxford.     He  was  likewise  deprived  of 
his  bishopric,  and  confined  in  Tborney  abbey,  in  Cam- ' 
bridgeshire,  where  it  is  supposed  he  died  about  1460.    His  ' 
biographer  has  given  an  ample  account  of  his  writings,  all 
of  which  remain   in  MS.  except  his  "  Treatise  of  Faith,'* 
published  by  Wharton  in  1688,  4to.     He  appears  to  have  ' 
been   a  man  of  learning,    and  an  acute  reasoner.     The 
opinions  for  which  be  suffered  were  not  perhaps  so  decided 
as  to  pro(!ure  him  admittance  to  the  list  of  reformers ;  but 
it   is  evident  that  he  was  one  of  the  first  who  contended 
against  the  infallibility  of  the  Romish  church,  and  in  f&-»  ' 
vour  of  the  holy  scriptures  being  the  principJil  guide.     In 
1744  the  rev.  John  Lewis,  of  Margate,  published  "  The 
Life"  of  this  prelate,  which,  as  he  justly  styles  it,  forms  a 
•^  sequel  to  the  Life"  of  Wickliff,  and  is  an  useful  intro- 
duction to  the  bi>tory  of  the  Ecjglish  refornnation. '  ' 

PEARCE  (ZachaRy),  a  learned  English  prelate,  was 
born  at  London,  Sept.  8,  1690.  He  was  the  son  of  Tho- 
mas Pearce,  a  distiller,  in  High  Hotborn,  who  having  ac^  ' 
quired  a  cdmpetent  fortune  by  his  business,  purchased  an 
estate  at  Little  Ealing,  in  Middlesex,  to  which  he  retired 
at  the  age  of  forty,  and  where  he  died  in  1752,  aged 
eighty -eight.  His  son,  after  some  preparatory  education 
at  a  school  at  Ealing,  was  removed  in  1704  to  Westminster 
school,  where  he  was  soon  distinguished  for  his  merit,  and 
in  1707  was  elected  one  of  the  king's  scholars.  He  re* 
meined  at  this  school  till  the  year  1710,  when  he  was 
twenty  years  old.  This  long  continuance  of  his  studies 
JlSta  been  attributed  to  the  high  opinion  Dr.  Busby  enter- 

)  Life  as  abore. 


i20  P  E  A  R  C  E. 

tained  of  bim,  who. was  accustomed  to  detain  those  boys 
longer  under  his  discipline^  of  whose  future  eminepce  be. 
bad  most  expectation.     That  Dr.  Busby  had  such  a  custom 
i^  cei^tainyi.and  that  it  was  continued  by  his  successor  is 
probable,  but  Mr.  Pearce  could  not  have  been  under  the 
tuition  of  Busby,  who  died  in  1695.     To  this  delay,  how* 
ever,  without  doubt,  Mr.  Pearce  was  greatly  indebted  for 
the  philological  neputation  by  which  he  was  very  early  dis« 
tiuguished. 
.  He  w^s  elected  to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  in  1710^ 
and  during  his  first  yearns  residence,  amused  himsejf  occa* 
sionally  with  the  lighter  species  of  composition.     Among 
these  were  a  letter  in  the  Guardian,  No.  121,  signed  iV<;ci{.. 
Muvfi;  and  two  Spectators,  No.  572,  and  633;  speoimeua 
of  that  easy  humour  which  characterizes  these  periodical 
works.     In  17 16. the  first  fruits  of  his  philological  studies 
appeared  at  the  university  press,  in  an  excellent  edition  of 
Cicero  /*  De  Oratore,'*    with   very  judicious   notes  and 
emendations.     This  volume,  at  the  desire  of  a  friend^  he^ 
dedicated  to  lord  chij^f  jus^ce  Parker,  afterwards  ^arl  of 
Macclesfield,  to  whom  he  wi^s  then  a  stranger,  but  who  > 
became  his  patron.     The  first  favour  he  bestowed  on  Mr« 
Pearce,  was  to  apply  to  Dr.  Bentley  for  his  interest  in  the 
election  of  a  fellowship,  for  which  he  was  a  candidate,  ;and 
which. he  accordingly  obtained.     Soon  after  this  he  paid  a 
visit  to.  thjB  chief  justice,  who  received  him  in  the  kindest, 
inanner,  invited  him  to  dinner  at  Kensingtoui  apd  gave- 
him  a  purse  of  fifty  guineas.     From  that  time  an  intimacy 
commenced,  which   was  dissolved  only  by  his  lordship's 
d^th.. 

Jo  1717  Mr.  Pearce  was  ordained  a  deacon  by  Dr.  Fleet- 
wood, bishop  of  liXjf  and  in  the  following  year,  priest,  bj  . 
the  same  prelate.     It  had  always  been  his  intention  to  de- 
vote himself  to  the  chuGcb;  but,  as  he  himself  inforfns  us, 
^^  he  delayed  to  take  orders  till  he  was  twenty-seven  years  . 
o(  age ;  and,  as  he  thought,  had  taken  time .  to  prepare 
himself,  and  to  attain  so  much  knowledge  of  that  sacred  . 
o$ce,  as  should  be  sufficient  to  answer  all  the  good  pur- 
posets  for  which  it  is  designed."     In  1 7 1 8  he  went  to  reside 
as,  domestic  chaplain  with  lord  Parker,  then  lord  Chan- 
cellor, who  in  1719  gave  him  the  rectory  of  Stapleford 
Abbots,  in   Esse:;,  and  in  the  following  year  that  more 
valuable  one  of  St.  Bartholomew  Exchange.     When  he 
attempted  to  return  his  thanks  to  the  chancellor  for  this 


1^  E  A  R  C  E,  £21 

last  preferment,  his  lordship  said,  ^*f  You  are  not  to  thank 
me  sQ  much  as  Dr.  Bentiey,  for  this  benefice/*  <<  Hoiv  as 
that/ m  J  lord?"  J  *^Why,"  added  hia  lordship,  ^*  wharf  I 
asked  Dr.  Ben.tley  to  ma/ce  you  a  fellow  of  Trinity  college, 
he  consented  so  to  do  but  on  this  condilioit,  that  I  would 
promise  to  uwmkejQ^  again  as  soon  as  it  lay  in  my  power; 
and  now  be,  by  having  performed  his  promise,  has  bound 
me  to  give  you  this  living/*    . 

Not  long  after  this,  Mr^  Pearce  was. appointed  chaplain  to 
his  majesty ;  and  in  1723  was  presented  by  tbecbancelidr 
to  the  vicarage  of  St  Martin's  in  the  Fields,  on  which  he 
resigned  St.  Bartholomew's.  The  parish,  of  which  he  was 
now  vicar,  being  large,  and.  honoured  with  the  residence 
of  the  royal  family  in  it,  the  chancellor  represented  to  Mr. 
Pearce  the  propriety  of  taking  the  degree  of  doctor  in  di- 
vinity ;  and  as  he  was  not  of  sufficient  standing  in  the  uni- 
versity^, that  honour  was  obtained  for  him  by  application 
to  the '(archbishop  of  Canterbury.  In  1724  be  increased 
his  reputation,  9s  a  critic,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  by 
his  edition  of  .Longinus  '^  De  Sublimhate,"  with  a  new 
Latin  version  and  learned  notes.  This  appeared  first  in 
an  elegant  4to^  but  has  since  been  reprinted  in  8vo,  and 
remained  the  best  edition,  until  the  publication  of  that  of 
Toup.   ' 

In  1739,  in  consequence  of  the  late  queen  Car6line*f 
having  recommended  him  to.  sir  Robert  Walpole,  Dr.  Pearce 
waf  appointed  dean  loi  Winchester.  He  informs  us  in  bis 
meoMMfs  k>f  ^^hatied  to  1  this  promotion.  When  vicar  of  St. 
lAavtih^s,  lard  Sundon  ;wa»  onip  of  his  .'parishioaers,  and 
oneof  the  membeiis  of  parliament  foit  W^stvnrnster.  These 
two!  ciroumstances  ihrqught  them  acquainted  together,  and 
Dr^  Pearce  was  sdm^times  invited  to  dinner,  where  he  be* 
came  acquainted  with'  lady  Sundon,  iqueisn  Caroline's  fa-> 
vburite,  ;andbyher  meaias  was  introduced  to  her  majesty, 
wiio  frequently  honoqred  hihir.with.  her  conversation  ^t  the 
diaiiriDg^room.  The;i8ub)ccts  which  .her  majesty  started 
werd/^nbt  what  ate  ditkn.  introduced  in  that  cirde-  One 
day^fllie  asked  hida  if)  herhad.iread  .the  pamphlets  published 
by ^Djt.  8tebbing,>  and  Alr.iFosteii,  upon. the. sort  ofrheretics 
Bieanft^by  jSt..Patri^*\.whio^  itt.  10, 11,  he  repre< 

%6i\ts  Z3  self" c(nidemned,     '^Yes,  madam,"  replied  the  doc- 

#  He  was  at  this  time  only  of  f^t^  he  refased  to  accept  a  degree  by  royal 
teea  year«  tftanrding;  but  nineteea  are  mandate,  as  proposed  by  the  chaDcel- 
leqaired.    It  ouglit  to  be  added,  that     lori  and  preferred  the  Lambeth  degree,.' 


2S2  p  E  A  R  C  E. 

tor,  *^  I  bare  read  all  the  pamphlets  written  by  theat  oil 
both  sides'  of  the  question."  •*  Well,"  said  the  queen,  , 
.  **  which  of  the  two  do  you  think  to  be  in  the  right  ?'*  'The 
,  doctor  answered,  ^*  I  cannot  say,  madan),  which  of  the 
two  is  in  the  right,  but  I  think  that  both  of  them  are  in 
the  wrong  *'  She  smiled,  and  said,  •*  Then  what  is  your 
opinion  of  the  text?"  "Madam,"  said  the  doctor,  "it 
would  take  up  more  time  than  your  majesty  can  spare  at 
this  drawing-room,  for  me  to  give  my  opinion  and  the 
reasons  of  it ;  but  if  your  majesty  should  be  pleased  to  lay 
your  commands  upon  me,  you  shall  know  my  sentiments 
of  the  matter  in  the  next  sermon  which  I  shall  have  the 
honour  to  preach  before  his  majesty."  "  Pray  do  then," 
.said  the  queen,  and  he  accordingly  prepared  a  sermon  on 
that  text,  but  the  queen  died  a  month  before  his  term  of 
preaching  came  about,  and  before  he  was  promoted  to  the 
deanry  of  Winchester.  In  iT't^  the  dean  was  elected  pro- 
locutor of  the  lower  house  of  convocation  for  the  province 
of  Canterbury,  the  archbishop  having  signified  to  some  of 
the  members,  that  the  choice  of  biol  would  be  agreeable 
to  his  grace.  ... 

In  1748  dean  Pearce  was  promoted  to  the  seeof  Bangor^ 
but  the  history  of  this  and  of  his  subsequent  translation  to 
Rochester, .  will  be  best  related  in  his  own  words :  "  In  the 
year  1746,"  sajs  he,  "  archbishop  Potter  being  alone  with 
dean  Pearce  one  day  at  Lambeth,  said  to  him,  ^  Why  do 
you  not  try  to  engage  your  friend  lord  Bath  */  to  get  you 
made  a  bish9p  ?*  '  My  lord,'  said  the  dean;  *  I  am  ex- 
tremely obliged  to  your  grace  for  your  good  opinion  of 
me,  and  for  your  kind  intentions  iti  my  favour ;  but  I  have 
never  spoken  to  him  on  that  subject,  nor  ever  thought  of 
doing  so,  though  I  believe  he  would  do  what  lies  in  his 
power ;  but  I  will  tell  your  grace  very  frankly,  that  I  have 
no  thoughts  of  any  bishopric.  All  that  I  have  in  view  is 
this :  I  am  now  dean  of  Winchester ;  and  that  deanry  is 
worth  upwards  of  600^/ a  year ;  my  vicarage  of  St.  Martinis 
is  about  500/.  a  year,  and  this  last  I  should  be  glad  of  an 
opportunity  of  resigning,  on  account  of  the  great  trouble 
and  little  leisure  which  so  large  a  parish  gives  me ;  but  if 
I  should  out-live  my  father,  who  is  upwards  of  eight^^  years 

*  His  acquaintance  wiUi  Mr.  Pul-  improved  into  a  friendship  that  lasted 

teney  arose  iu  1724i  at  an  interview  very  nearly  forty  yearsi  and  till  the 

with  him  respecting  the  re-building  of  death  of  this  statesman,  who  sat  tbea 

^t,  Martin's  church,    and  gradually  in  the- bougeof  loVd»  as  earl  of .Bi^tfe, 


\ 


P  E  A  R  C  E,  22i 

old,  I  shall  come  to  his. estate,  being  his  eldest  son,  which 
will  enable  me  to  resign  my  vicarage ;  and  the  profits  of 
the  deanry  aione,  with  my  father's  estate,  will  make  me 
quite  contented.'  The  archbishop  smiled,  and  said,  "  Well, 
if  you  will  not  help  yourself,  your  friends  must  do  it  for 
you.'  Accordingly  he  spoke  to  the  earl  of  Bath,  and  they 
two  agreed  to  try  what  they  could  do  to  make  the  dean  of 
Winchester  a  bishop. 

"  In  1748  the  bishopric  of  Bangor  became  vacant.  The 
dean  was  then  at  Winchester,  and  received  there  a  letter 
from  Mr.  Clark  (afterwards  sir^homas,  and  master  of  the 
rolls)  informing  him,  that  lord  chancellor  Hardwicke  wished 
to  see  dean  Pearce  thought  of  on  that  occasion,  a,nd  that 
he  hoped  the  dean  would  answer  Mr.  Clarke's  letter  in 
such  a  way,  as  when  seen,  might  be  approved  of  by  the 
ministry.  Dean  Pearce  answered  the  letter  with  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  favour  thought  of  for  him;  but  assuriog 
Mr.  Clark,  who,  as  he  perceived,  was  to  communicate  the 
answ,er  to  lord  Hardwicke,  that  he  had  long  had  np  thoughts 
of  desiring  a  bishopric,  and  that  he  was  fully  satisfied  with 
his  situation  in  the  church  ;  and  that  as  to  the  ministry,  he 
was  always  used  to  think  as  favourably  of  them  as  they 
could  wish  him  to  do,  having  never  opposed  any  of  the 
public  measures,  nor  designing  so  to  do.  In  truth,  the 
dean  had  then  fixed  upon  a  resolution  to  act  no  otherwise 
than  as  he  had  told  the  archbishop  he  should  do,  upon 
his  father's  death.  The  dean  received  no  answer  to  this 
letter  written  to  Mr.  Clark,  and  he  thought  that  there 
was  an  end  of  that  matter. 

"  About  a  fortnight  after  this,  the  dean  went  up  to  his 
parish  in  Westminster;  but  in   his  way  thither,  lay  one. 
night  at  his  father's  house,  in  Little  Ealing,  near  Brent- 
ford ;  where,  the  next  morning  early,  a  letter  was  brought 
to  him  from  the  duke  of  Newcastle  by  one  of  his  grace'* 
servants,  signifying  that  his  grace  had  his  majesty's  order 
to  make  the  dean  of.  Winchester  an  offer  of  the  bishopric 
of  Bangor,  and  desiring  to  see  him  at  the  cockpit  the  next' 
day  at   12  o'clock..    Accordingly  he   waited   upon   him,' 
when,  with  many  kind  expressions  to  the  dean,  the  duke' 
signified  the  gracious  offer  of  his  majesty,  which  he  had 
the  order  to  make  him.     The  dean  asked  his  grace,  whe-  . 
ther  he  might  be  permitted  to  hold  his  deanry  of  Win-  ^ 
Chester  in  commendam  with  Bauijor,  to  which  the  answer 
waiB^  No  \  but  tliat  h^  might  hold  the  vicarage  of  St.  Mar* ' 


/  t 


«24  P  E  A  R  C  E. 

tin^s  mAi  it.     The  dean  said,  that  he  was  desirous  fo  quit 
the  living,  which  was  troublesome  to  him,  and  would  be 
more  so  as  he  vt^as  growing  in  years  ;  but  if  that  could  not 
be  indulged  him,  he  rather  chose  to  cpntipiiie  in  his  present' 
situation.     The  duke  used  some  arguments  to  persuade 
the  dean  to  accept  of  the  offer  with  a  commehdam  to  hold 
the  living.     He  could  not,  however,  prevail  with  the  dean 
any  farther,  than  that  he  would  take  three  days^  time  to 
consider  of  it.     During  that  time,  the  dean  had  brought 
his  father  and  lord  Bath  to  <?onsent,  that  he  might  decline 
to  accept  of  that  bishopric  without  their  displeasure  ;  but 
before  the  dean  saw  the  duke  a  second  time,  lord  Hard- 
wicke,  then  chancellor,  sent  for  him,  and  desired  him  to 
be,  without  fail,  at  his  house,  that  evening.    He  went,  and 
lord  Hardwicke  told  him,  that  he  found,  by  the  duke  of 
Newcastle,  that  he  made  difficulties  about  accepting  the 
bishopric  which  was  so  graciously  offered  him.     The  dean 
gave  his  lordship  an  account  of  all  that  had  passed  between 
the  duke  and  him ;  upon   which  his  lordship  used  many 
arguments  with  the  dean  to  induce  him  to  accept  the  offer, 
as  intended.     Among  other  things,  he  said,  *  If  clergy- 
men of  learning  add  merit  will  not  accept  of  the  bishoprics, 
how  can  the  ministers  of  state  be  blamed,  if  they   are 
forced  to  fill  them  with  others  less  deserving  ?'     The  dean 
was  struck  with  that  question,  and  had  nothing  ready  in 
his  thoughts  to  reply  to  it.     tie  therefore  promised  lord 
Hardwicke  to  consent,  the  next  day,  when  he  was  to  see 
the  duke  of  Newcastle.     *  Well  then,'  Said'  lord   Hard- 
wicke, ^  when  jou  consent,  do  it  with  a  good  grace.'    The 
dean  promised  to  do  that  too ;  and  accordingly  he  declared 
to  the  duke,  the  next  day,  bis  ready  .acceptance  of  his 
majesty's  offer,  with  such  acknowledgments  of  the  royal 
goodness  as  are  proper  on  the  occasion;  and  on  Feb;  21, 
1748,  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Bangor. 

'^  In  the  year  1755,  the  bishop  of  Bangor  being  with 
archbishop  Herring  at  Croydon,  and  walking  with  him  in 
his  garden,  he  said,  '  My  Lord,  you  know  that  the  bishop' 
c)f  Rochester,  Dr.  Wilcocks,  is  very  ill,  and  jitobably  wilj 
not  live  long;  will  you  accept  of  his  bishopric  s^nd  the 
deanry  of  Westminster,  in  exchange  fbr  yours  of  Bangor  ?V 
The  bishop  excused  himself,  and. told  him  plainly,  that  hift 
father  being  dead,  and  his  estate  come  to  him,  he  bad  nbvr 
nothing  in  view,  but  to  beg  his  majesty's  leave  to  resigb 
the  see  of  Bangor^  and  (o  r^tir^i  ta  a  private  life  in>  the  year 


P  E  A  R  C  E.  22* 

\l5i ;  that  so  long,  be  was  contented  to  continue  in  the 
possession  of  ttie  bishopric  of  Bangor ;  but  that  then  he 
designed  to  try  if  he  could  obtain  leave  to  resign,  and  live 
upon  bis  private  fortune.  The  archbishop  replied^  *  I' 
doubt  whether  the  king  will  grant  it,  or  that  it  can  be 
done.*  A  second  time,  at  another  visit  thei^,  he  mentioned 
the  same  thing,  and  a  second  time  the  bishop  gave  him 
the  same  answer.  But  in  a  short  time  after,  upon  another 
tisit,  when  the  archbishop  mentioned  it  a  third  time,  he 
added,  *  My  lord,  if  you  will  give  me  leave  to  try  what  I 
Can  do  to  procure  you  this  exchange,  I  promise  you  not  to 
take  it  amiss  of  you^  if  you  refuse  it,  though  I  should  ob« 
tain  the  offer  for  you.'  *  This  is  very  generous  in  your 
grace,'  siaid  the  bishop,  '  and  1  cannot  refuse  to  consent 
to  what  you  propose  to  do.* 

'*  Sometime  after,  in  the  same  year  (the  bishop  of  Roches** 
ter  declining  very  fast),  the  duke  of  Newcastle  sent  to  the 
bishop  of  Bangor,  and  desired  to  see  him  the  next  day. 
He  went  to  him,  and  the  duke  informed  him^  that  he  was 
toid^  that  the  chancellorship  of  Bangor  was  then  vacant^ 
and  he  pressed  the  bishop  so  much  to  bestow  it  upon  one 
whom  he  had  to  recommend,  that  the  bishop  consented  to 
comply  with  his  reqiiest.     *  Well,  my  lbrd>'  said  the  duke, 
*  liow  I  have  another  favour  to  ask  of  you.*     *  Pfay,  my 
lord  duke,*  said  the  bishop,  *  what  is  that  ?*     *  Why,'  said 
the  duke,  '  it  is,  that  you  will  accept  of  the  bishopric  of 
Rochester,  and  deanry  of  Westminster,  in  exchange  for 
Bangor,  in  case  the  present  bishop  of  Rochester  should 
die.*     *  My  lord,'  said  the  bishop,  *  if  I  had  thoughts  of 
Exchanging  my  bishopric,  I  should  prefer  what  you  men- 
tion before  any  other  dignities.*     *Thal  is  not,'  said  th6 
duke,  •  an  answer  to  my  question  :  \^ill  you  accept  them  irt 
exchange,  if  they  are  offered  to  you  ?*     'Your  grace  offers 
them  to  me,^  said  the  bishop,  *  in  so  generous  and  friendly 
a  mafiner,  that  1  promise  you  to  accept  them.*     Here  the 
tionversation  ended  ;  and  Dr.  Wilcocks  dying  in  the  begiti- 
«ihg  of  the  year  1756,  the  bishop  of  Bangor  was  promoteil 
to  the  bishopric  of  Rochester  and  deanry  of  Westminster.** 
On  the  death  of  Dr.  Sherlock,  bishop  of  London,  lord 
^ath  spoke  to  the  bishop  of  Rochester,  and  offered  to  use 
his  endeavours  with  his  majesty  fbr  appoititing  him  to  sue- 
treed  thit  eminent  prelate;  but  Dr.  Peah^  told  him,  that 
fMA  the  earliest  time  that  be  could  remember  himself  t^ 
iiliv^  ^cynsidereA  about  bishoprics,  he  had  determiried  ti^reir 
V«>t.  XXIV.  Q  .  J 


22*  IP  E  A  R  C  E, 

to  accept  the  bishoprip  of  London,  of  the  archbishopric  of 
Canterbury,  and  he  begged  his  lordship  not  to  make  any 
application  in  his  behalf  for  the  vacant  see  of  London., 
Lord  Bath  repeated  his  offer  on  the  death  of  Dr.  OsbaldiS': 
ton  in  1763,  but  Dr.  Pearce  again  declined  the  proposal,, 
and  was  indeed  so  far  from  desiring  a  higher  bishopric,, 
that  he  now  meditated  the  resignation  of  what  he  possessed^ 
This  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  circumstances  in  the 
life  of  Dr.  Pearce.  Being  now  (1765)  seventy-three  year* 
old,  and  finding  himself  less  fit  for  the  duties  of  bishop 
and  dean,  he  informed  his  friend  lord  Bath  of  his  intention 
to  resign  both,  and  to  live  in  a  retired  manner  upon  hi» 
own  private  fortune ;  and  after  much  discourse  upon 
the  subject  at  different  times,  he  prevailed  upon  his 
lordship  at  last  to  acquaint  his  majesty  with  his  intention, 
and  to  desire,  in  the  bishop's  name,  the  honour  of  a  pri- 
vate audience  from  his  majesty  for  that  purpose.  Thia 
being  granted,  Dr.  Pearce  stated  his  motives  as  he  had 
done  to  lord  Bath,  adding  that  he  was  desirous  to  retire 
for  the  opportunity  of  spending  more  time  in  his  devotions 
and  studies ;  and  that  he  was  of  the  same  way  of  thinking 
with  a  general  officer  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.  who, 
when  he  desired  a  dismission  from  that  monarch's  service, 
told  him,;  *^  Sir,  every  wise  man  would,  at  the  latter  end 
of  life,  wish  to  have  an  interval  between  the  fatigues  of 
business  and  eternity.''  The  bishop  then  shewed  the  king, 
in  a  written  paper,  instances  of  its  haying  been  done  seve- 
ral times,  and  concluded  with  telling  his  majesty,  that  he 
did  not  expect  or  desire  an  immediate  answer  to  his'  re<- 
quest,  but  rather  that  bis  majesty  would  first  consult  some 
pf  his  ministers  as  to  the  propriety  and  legality  of  it.  This 
the  king  consented  to  do ;  and  about  two  months  after,  he 
sent  for  the  bisihop  and  told  him,  that  he  had  consulted 
with  two  of  his  lawyers,  lord  Mansfield  and  lord  Nprthing^ 
:ton,  who  saw  no  objection  to  the  proposed  resignation, 
and  in  consequence  of  their  opinion,  bis  majesty  signified 
his  own  consent.  The  interference,  however,  of  lord  Bath, 
in  requesting  that  his  majesty  would  give  the  bishopric  and 
deanry  to  Dr.  Newton,  then  bishop  of  Bristol,  alarmed  the 
ininistry,  who  thought  that  no  dignities  in  the  church  should 
be  obtained  from  the  crown,  but  through  their  hands., 
Lord  Northington  suggested  to  his  majesty  some  doubts 
on  the  subject,  and  represented  that  the  bishops  in  gene-r 
ral  disliked  the  design  ;  and  at  length  Dr.  Pearce  was  told 
by  his  majesty,  that  he  piust  think  so  more  about  resigQipg 


I 
) 

I  •  ^ 


P  E  A  R  G  ft  927 

^e  bishopric ;  but  ^^  that  he  would  have  ali  the  merit  o^ 
paving  done  it."  Iq  176S,  however,  be  was  permiued  to 
resign  his  deanry,  which  was  nearly  double  in  point  of  in* 
coaae  to  the  bishopric  which  be  was, obliged  to.  retain; 

With  respect  to  Dr.  Pearce'is  earnest  desire  of  resigning 
his  preferments,  his  biographer  observes,  that  it  gave  oc^ 
casion  to  niuch  disquisition  and  conjecture.  ^*  As  it  could 
iiot  be  founded  in  avarice,  it  was  sought  in  vanity^  and 
Dr.  Pearce  was  suspected  as  aspiring  to  the  antiquated 
praise  of  contempt  pf  wealth,  and  desire  of  retirement.'^ 
But  his  biographer,  who  had  the  best  opportunities  ot 
judging,  is  of  opinion,  t)iat  bis  motives  were  what  he  pab- 
licly  alleged,  a  desire  of  dismission  from  public  cares,  ancj 
of  opportunity  for  more  continued  study.  To  a  private 
friend  the  bishop  declared  that  *'  as  he  never  made  a  sine^ 
cure  of  his  preferments,  he  was  now  tired  of  business,  and 
Jbeing  in  his  74th  year^  he  wished  to  resign  while  his  facul- 
ties were  entire,  lest  he  might  cbaiice  ^o  outlive  then),  and 
the  church  suffer  by  bis  iufirmities.^' 

Being  now  disengaged  from  bis  deanry,  bishop  Pearce 
fteexped  to  consider  himself  as  freed  from  half  his  burthen^ 
and  with  su'ph  vigour  as  time  had  left  him,  and  such  ala^ 
crity  as  hope  cpntinued  to  supply^  he  prosecuted  his  episr 
copal  functions  and  private  studies.  It  redounds  greatly 
to  his  honour,  that  in  the  disposal  of  ecclesiastical  prefer* 
ments,  he  never  gave  occasion  to  censure,  except  in  th^ 
isingle  instance  of  a,  young  man  ^,  on  whom  he  bestowed 
the  valuable  rectory  of  Stone,  in  consideration  of  his  being 
great-grandson  of  his  first  patron,  the  ^arl  of  Macclesfield, 
^hose  favours,  co^ferned  forty  years  before,  his  gratitude 
4id  not  suffer  him  to  forget. 

In  1773,  by  too  much  diligence  in  his  officei  bishop 
Pearce  had  exhausted  his  strength  beyond  recovery.  Hav- 
ing confirmed  at  Greenwich,  seven  hundred  persons,  h^ 
found  himself,  the  next  day,  unable  to  speak,  and  nevef 
Regained  his  former  readiness  of  utterance.  This  hap*> 
pened  gn  the  first  of  October,    and  from  that  time,  be 

* 

-    #  The  reverend  Thomas  Heatboote.  tacked,  than  many  panegyrict ;   be- 

**.Thit  appoiatment  save  so  much  of-  cause  it  shews,  that  he  w|io  deaii^pd  to 

fenpe  to  one,  named  by  bimsejf  Cleri-  say  evil,  had  at  last  tiothing  to  say.'' 

cus  Roffeusis,  who  seemed  to  Chink  the  With  respect  to  lord  Macclesfield,  ths 

fights  of  seniority  Violated,   that  he  reader  will  fiiid  one  of  the  ablest  vindr- 

#cote  against  his  diocesan*  a  pamphlet  cations  of  that  nobleman  from  the  pen 

filled  with  the  acrimony  of  disappoint-  of  bishop  Pearce,  in  the  "  Life*'  pub- 

ment ;  but  which  mnst  coiidace  more  li»hed  by  Mr.  Derby. 
.tilrmite  the  charaoter  of  the  man  ati  .."../ 

Q  2 


iii  ^  £  A  R  G  C. 

ifemained  in  a  languishing  state;  bis  patalytictomplsintifi^ 
Creased,  and  at  length  his  power  of  swallowing  was  almost 
lost.  Being  asked  bj  one  of  his  fatnily,  who  constantly^ 
attended  him,  how  he  cauld  live  with  so  little  nutrimert^ 
**  I  live,"  said  hej  **  upon  the  recollection  of  aft  innocent 
and  welUspent  life,  which  is  my  only  sustenance.'"  After 
some  months  of  lingering  decay,  he  died  at  Little  Eatings 
June  29,  1774,  aged  eighty-four,  and  was  buried  by  his 
wife  in  the  church  of  Bronaiey  in  Kent,  where  a  monun>ent 
is  erected  to  his  memory  with  anejpit^ph  written  by  him* 
^elfj  merely  rehearsing  the  dates  of  bis  birth  and  death, 
and  of  his  various  preferriients.  A  cehotaph  was  afterwards 
Erected  in  Westmilister-abbey,  with  a  Latin  inscription. 

Bishop  Pearce  married,  in  Feb.  22,  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Adams,  an  eminent  distiller  in  Holborn,  with  a  consider* 
able  fortune,  and  lived  with  her  upwards  of  fifty-one  y^ars 
in  the  highest  degree  of  connubial  happiness.  Their  chil^ 
dren  all  dying  young,  he  made  his  brother  Williaifi  Pearce', 
esq.  his  heir  and  executor.  He  bequeathed  his  library  to 
the  dean  and  chapter  of  Westminster,  except  such  books 
as  they  already  had.  His  manuscripts,  with  the  books  not 
left  to  Westminster,  and  the  copy-right  of  all  his  works, 
except  the  Longinus  sold  to  Mr.  Tonson,  he  gave  to  hi^ 
chaplain,  the  rev.  John  Derby.  Besides  some  legacies  t6 
individuals,  and  sortie  to  various  public  charities,  he  left 
a  noble  bequest  of  five  thousand  pk)unds  Old  South  Se^ 
Annuities,  towards  the  better  support  of  the  twenty  widows 
of  clei^ymen,  who  are  maintained  in  the  college  of  Brom-. 
ley,  the  funds  of  which  had  become  too  scanty  for  that 
kind  of  genteel  provision  intended  by  the  founder,  bishop 
Warner.  Bishop  Pearce's  benefaction  raised  the  widow's 
pensions  to  30/.  per  ann.  and  the  chaplain's  salary  to  60/. 
His  heir,  William  Pearce,  esq.  who  died  in  1782,  left  a 
reversionary  legacy  df  12,000/.  for  the  purpose  of  building 
ten  houses  for  clergymen's  widows,  in  addition  to  bishop 
Warner's  college,  and  endowing  them.  This  leg^acy  fall- 
ing in  a  few  years  ago, 'the  houses  were  completed  i^ 
1 802. 

The  diligence  of  bishop  Pearce's  early  studies,'  says  his 
biographer,  appeared  by  its  effects  ;  he  was  first  known  to 
the  public  by  philological .  learning,  which  he  coutiuued 
to  cultivate  in  his  advanced  age.  Cicero  "  De  Oratore'* 
was  published  by  him,  when  he  was  bachelor  of  arts,  and 
Cicero  ^<  De  Officiis^'^  when  be  was  dean  of  Winchester^ 


]P  E  4  5  C  S^  e^9 

in  1745.  Tbe  edition  pf  Cicero  undertaken  by  OUvet, 
prpduced  a  ^orreipond^nce  between  bimi^nd  Dr*  Pearce,  ii^ 
wbicb  Olivet  express^s^  in  terms  of  great  re^pecl^  bis  eateeqi 
of  his  learning,  and  bi$  cpngdence  in  bis  criUcism,  Qui  Df. 
Penrce  did  not  ^pofine  bis  ^tteption  to  the  learned  lan- 
giiage9  \  he  was  p^vticul^ly  stndiqus  Qf  Milton's  poetry^ 
and  when  Dr,  Bentley  publi^bed  his  imaginary  emendation^ 
pf  the  ^^  Paradj$e  LjQsV  ijirro^e  in  opposition  to  thepi  a  fuU 
^Findioation  of  tbe  establifdied  %^^t  This  was  puhlisbed  in 
J 733,  9vo>  under  the  ti|le  of  •«  Review  of  ^he  Teyt  of  Par 
radise  Loat,''  a|id  is)  ww  becQme  v^ry  9parce;  but  many, 
bpth  of  tbe  GonjectuFes  and  jrefatatipn^,  are  preserved  in 
bishop  Newton'^  edition^ 

In  his  dQiiiestiip  life  he  was  <iuie(  wd  pkQid,  not  dimcuU 
f 0  be  pleaded,  nor  inclined  tp  harass  his  a^te^dants  or  ia<- 
feriors  by  peevishness  pr  qaprioe.  This  oalmness  of  mind 
appea^d  in  his  whole  manner  and  depcH'iment;.  His  sta- 
ture was  tally  his  appearan<?e  venei^bley  and  his  counter 
nance  e^pressivie  pf  benevolencet 

In  his  piairoohial  cure  he  was  pun4:tually  diligent,  and 
Tery  seldom  pmitted  to  preach ;  but  bis  sermons  had  np( 
aU  the  efieot  which  he  desired^  for  his  voioe  was  low  and 
feeble,  and  cpuld  opt  reach  the  whole  of  a  numerpps  cpur 
gregatiop.  Those  whpm  it  did  reaoh  were  both  pleased 
and  edifipd  With  the  good  sense  and  sound  doctrine  which 
he  never  failed  to  deliver.  When  advanced  to  the  honours 
of  episcopacy,  he  did  not  ponsider  himself  as  placed  in  a 
state  that  allowed  him  any  iHsmisaiou^from  the  Jid>ours  of  his 
ministry.  He  was  not  hindered  by  the  distance  of  Bango? 
from  annually  resorting  to  that  diocese  (one  year  only  exr 
cepted),  and  discharging  his  episcopal  duties  there,  tp 
IT 53;  after  which,  having  suffered  greatly  from  the  fatigue 
of  his  last  journey,  he  was  advised  by  his  physician  and 
feieud,  Dr.  Heber^eo,  and  prevailed  upon,  not  to  attemf^t 
another.  When  he  accepted  the  bishopric  of  Bangor,  he 
established  in  himself  a  resolution  of  conferring  Welsh  pre- 
ferments or  benefices  only  on  Welshmen  ;  and  to  this  re« 
solution  he  adhered,  in  defiance  of  influence  or  importu- 
nity. He  twice  gave  away  the  deanry,  and  bestowed 
many  benefices,  but  always  chose  for  his  patronage  the 
natives  of  the  country,  whatever  might  be  the  murmurs  of 
bis  relations,  or  the  disappointment  of  bis  chaplains.  The 
diocese  of  Rochester  conjoined,  as  had  been  for  some  time 
usual,    with  the  deanry  of  Westminster,    afforded  him  a 


gS0  >  £  A  R  C  £. 

bourse  of  duty  more  commodious.  He  divided  his  tim^ 
between  his  public  offices,  and  his  solitary  studies.  Hq 
preached  at  Bromley  or  Ealing,  and  by  many  years  labour 
in  the  explication  of  the  New  Testament,  produced  the 
^*  Commentary,"  &c.  which  was  offered  to  th^  public  after 
his  decease.  It  was  bequeathed  to  the  care  of  the  rev. 
John  Derby,  his  lordship's  chaplain,  who  published  it  in 
1777,  in  2  vols.  4to,  underthe  title  of  **  A  Commentary, 
with  notes,  on  the  Four  Evangelists  and  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles,  together  with  a  new  trani^ation  of  St.  PauPs 
first  epistle  to  the  Corinthians,  with  a  paraphrase  and 
notes.  To  which  are  added  other -Theological  pieces.'* 
Prefixed  is  an  elegant  dedication  to  the  king,  in  the  name 
of  the  editor,  but  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Johnson  ;  and  a  life 
written  by  the  bishop  himself,  and  connected  in  a  regular 
narrative  by  paragraphs,  evidently  by  Dr.  Johnson's  pen. 
This  life  is  highly  interesting,  and  contains  many  ourious 
particulars  which  we  have  been  obliged  to  omit. 

Dr.  Pearce  published  in  his  life-time  nine  occasional 
sermons,  a  discourse  against  self-murder,  which  is  now  in 
the  list  of  tracts  distributed  by  the  Society  for  promoting ' 
Christian  knowledge;  and  soon  after  -the  publication  of 
his  ^'  Commentary,"  bis  editor  gave  the  public  a  coHec-« 
tion  of  the  bishop- s  <^  Sermons  on  various  subjects,"  4  vols^ 
8vo.  ^  Besides  what  have  been  already  specified,  our  au- 
thor published  in  1720,  a  pamphlet  entitled  ^'  An  Account 
of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge;"  and  in  1722,  "  A  Letter 
to  the  Clergy  of  the  Church  of  England^"  on  occasion  of 
the  bishop  of  Bochester's  commitment  to  the  Tower.     He 
had  also  a  short  controversy  with  Dr.  Middleton,  against 
whom*  he  published  "  Two  Letters,"  and  fully  convicted 
that  writer  of  disingenuousdess  in  quotation.     His  editor, 
Mr.  Derby,  who  had  married  his  neice,<  did  not  long  sur- 
vive his  benefactor,  dying  Oct.  8,  1778,  only  five  dayi  after  ^ 
the  datef  of  his  dedication  of  the  bishop*s  "  Sermons," ' 
-    PEARSALL  (Richakd),  a  pious  dissenting  divine,  was 
born  £^t  Kiddenhinster  in  Warwickshire,  Aug.  29,  1698, 
and  received  his   education  at  a  dissenting  academy  at 
Tewkesbury,  in  Gloucestershire,  under  Mn  Jones,  who  was 
likewise  the  master  of  this  school  when  IV^ssrs.  Butler  and 
Pecker,  afterwards  the  well-known  prelates,  were  educated 
t^^  it.     Mr.  Pearsali  having  been  admitted  into  ^he  ministry 

^  }  Life  M  alitove. 


P  E  A  R  S  AX  L.  231 

«inong  the  dissenters,  was  settled  for  ten  years  at  Bromyard, 
in  Herefordshire^  and  afterwards  for  sixteen  years  at  War- 
minster, in  Wiltshire.  His  last  charge,  for  about  fifteen 
years,  was  at  Taunton,  in  Somersetshire,  where  he  died 
Nov.  10,  1762.  He  is  known  in  the  religious  world  by  two 
works  of  considerable  reputation,  his  **  Contemplations  on 
the  Ocean,"  &c.  in  2  toIs.  12mo,  which  are  mentioned 
with  respect  by  Hervey  in  the  third  volume  of  his  '^  Theroa 
andAspasio;"  and  bis  '^ReliquiaD  Sacrsej"  which  were  pub« 
lished  by  Dr.  Gibbons,  1765,  2  vols.  12mo.  They  consist 
of  meditations  on  select  passages  of  scripture,  and  sacred 
dialogues  between  a  father  and  his-  children.  He  is  much 
an  imitator  of  Hervey^  particularly  in  his  ^^  Contempla- 
tions," but  has  less  imagination,  although  enough  to  catch 
the  attention  of  young  reader's.  ^ 

PEARSON  (John),  a  very  learned  English  bi8hop,Vas 
born  Feb.  12,  1612,  at  Snoring  in  Norfolk;  of  which  place 
his  father  was  rector.  In  1623  he  was  sent  to  Eton  school ; 
whence  he  was  elected  to  King^s  coUe^,  Cambridge,  in 
1632*  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1635,  and  that  of 
master  in  1639;  in  which  year  he  resigned  bis  fellowship 
of  the  college,  and  lived  afterwards  a  fellow- commoner  in 
it.  The  same  year  he  entered  into  orders,  and  was  collated 
to  a  prebend  in  the  church  of  Sarum.  In  1640  he  was 
appointed  chaplain  to  Finch,  lord-keeper  of  the  great  seal ; 
by  whom  in  that  year  he  was  presented  .to  the  living  of 
Torrington,  in  Suffolk.  Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil 
war  he  became  chaplain  to  the  lord  Goring,  whom  he  at- 
tended in  the  army,  and  afterwards  to  sir  Robert  Cook  in 
London.  In  1650  he  was  made  minister  of  St.  Clement's, 
Eastcheap,  in  London.  In  1657  he  and  Gunning,  after- 
wards bishop  of  Ely,  had  a  dispute  with  two  Roman  catho- 
lics upon .  the  subject  of  schism.  This  conference  was 
roaoaged  in  writing,  and  by  mutual  agreement  nothing  was 
to  be  made  public  without  the  consent  of  both  parties  ;  yet 
a  partial  account  of  it  was  published  in  1658,  by  one  of  the 
Romish  disputants,  cum  prtvilegio^  at  Paris,  with  this  title, 
^^  Schism  unmasked;  a  late  conference,"  Scc*^     In  1639 

1  Gibbons's  Preface. 

*  To  the  piece  if,  '*  A  Preface  of  to  Mr.  Den*s  Quaker  no  Papist,  hy 

the  Catholic  disputauts,  contaioing  the  Mr.  Thomas  ^mith,  of  Christ's-college 

proceedings  of  both  parties  on  matter  in  Cambridge,"  Lond.  1G59.     Thecon- 

Qf  fact."     There  is  an  account  of  this  ference  was  reprinted  at  Oxford  durin.ir 

publication  in  a    piece  entitled    *' A.  the  reign  of  king  James  II.  under  this 

Gagg  for  the  Quakers  i  with  an  Answer  title,  **  Th^  Schism  of  the  Church  »f 


23a  PEARSON. 

lie  published  ^^  An  Exposition  of  the  Creed,"  ai  I^ondon^ 

in  4to ;  dedicated  to  hia  parisbiopers  of  St.  Clemem^&gi 
Eastcheap,  to  whpoi  the  substance  of  that  excelleot  wprli^ 
kad  been  preached  several  years,  before^  and  by  whom  hQ 
had  been  desired  to  noake  it  public.  This  ^  £.xpositi.€K»» ' 
which  has  gone  through  twelve  or  thirteen  edition^i  is  ac-r 
counted  cMie  of  the  most  finisihed  pieces  of  theology  in  ow 
language,  it  is  itself  a  body  of  divinity^  the  style'  of  which 
is  just;  the  periods^  for  the  most  part,  well  turned;  tbi« 
method  very  exact ;  and  it  is,  upQu  the  whoie^  free  from 
those  errors  which  are  toQ  often  found  in  theological 
,  systems.  There  is  a  traoslation  of  itlnto  Latin  by  a  foreign 
divine,  who  styles  himself  ^^  Simon  Joannes  Arnoldus,  Eccle?; 
siarum  balliviae,  sive  prsefeeturae  Sonnenburgensis  Inspec- 
tor;" and  a  very  valuable  and  judicious  abridgment  was  in 
18  to  published  by  the  rev.  Charles  Burney,  LU  D.  F.  R«  S. 
In  the  same  year  (165.9)  bishop  Pearson,  published  ^^The 
Golden  Remains  of  the  ever-rmemorable  Mr.  John  Hales^ 
of  Eton  ;*^  to  which  he  wrote  a  preface,  containing  the 
character  of  that  great  man,  with  whom  he  had  been,  acr 
quainted  for  many  years,  drawn  with  great  elegance  and 
force.  Soon  after  the  restoration  he  was  presented  by 
Juxon,  then  bishop  of  London,  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Christ 
topher*s,  in  that  city ;  created  D.  D.  at  Cambridge^  in 
pursuance  of  the  king's  letters  mandatory;  installed  pre-* 
bendary  of  Ely^  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  and  made  master 
'of  Jesus  college,  Cambridge;*  all  before  the  endof  166Q. 
March  25,  166},  he  succeeded  Dr.  Love  in  the  Mai^aret 
professorship  of  that  university ;  and,  the  first  day  of  the 
ensuing  year,  was  nominated  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
the  review  of  the  liturgy  in  the  conference  at  the  Savoy, 
where  the  nonconformists  allow  he  was  the  first  of  their 
opponents  for  candour  and  ability.  In  April  1662,  he  was 
admitted  master  of  Trinity  college,  Camltridge;  and,  in 
August  resigned  bis  rectory  of  St.  Christopher's,  and  pre« 
bend  of  Sarucp.  In  1667  he  was  admitted  a  fellow  of  the 
royal  society.  In  1672  he  published,  at  Cambri4ge,  in 
4to,  ^  Vindiclse  Epistolarum  S.  Igoajtii,''  in  answer  to 
nions.  Daille ;  to  which  is  subjoined,  **  Isaaci  Vossii  epis* 

Eni^Iand  demonstrated  in  four  Argu.  bridf^e  in  1688,  4t6,  under  this  title, 

nents,"  &c.  which  was  scon  afier  ani-  <*  The  ReforiDation  of  the  Cbureh  of 

knadverted  upon  by  William  Saywelf,  England  justified,  &c.  being  an  An« 

D,  I),  master  of  Jesus-coHrge,  Cam-  8w<>r  to  a  paper  reprinted  at  Oxford^ 

l^rid^e^  i9  a  pamphlet  printed  at  Cam-  callfid,  The  Schisme/'  &c\ 


PEARSON.  «S 


tobe   dds  adv^tsas    Davtdett    BloA4ellttm.^*     Upon  the 
death  of  Wiikins^  bishop  of  Chester,  Pearson  was  prof 
noted  to  that  see,  to  whidi  he  vas  coAsoecated  Feb,  9, 1673. 
In  1684  his  '^  Aatiales  Cypriaaici)  save  tredecita  annoruoiy 
quibas  S.  Cyprian,  inter  Christianos  Tersatus  est,  bkttoria 
chroDokgica^^'  was  pnblished  at  Oxford,  with  Fell's  edition 
of  that  father's  works*     Dr.  Pearson  was  disabled  from  all 
p\ihlio  service  by  ill  healthy  having  emticely  lost  his  me^ 
mory,  a  consider^le  time  befieure  his  death,  which  hoif^ 
Opened  at  Chester,  July  16,  1686.     Two  years  after,  his 
pQsdiumous  works  were  publi^ied  by  Dodwell  at  London, 
^^CLJoaanis  Pearsoni  Cestrienais  nuper   Episcopi  opera 
posthuma,  &c.  &c.''     There  are  extant  two  sermons  pob-^ 
lished  hy  him,  1.  ^^  No  Necessity  for  a  Reformation,''  166 1, 
4to.    2.  **  A  Sermon  preached  before  the  King,  on  Eccles. 
Tii.  14,  published  by  his  majesty's  special  command,"  1671^ 
4to.     An  anonymous  writer  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazioe 
(nS9  p.  493)  speaks  of  some  unpviblished  MSS.  by  bishop 
Pearson  in  his  possession.     His  MS  notes  on  Suidas  are  in 
the  library  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  were  used 
by  Kuster  in  his  edition. 

Oar  prelate  was  reckoned  an  excellent  preacher,  very 
judjcioas  and  learned,  particuJariy  accurate  and  exact  in 
chronology,  and  well  versed  in  the  fathers  and  the  eccle<^ 
aiastioal  historiai^s.  Dr.  Bentiey  used  to  say  that  bishop 
Pearson's  "  very  dross  was  gold."  In  bishop  Burnet's 
opinion  he  ^'  was  in  all  respects  the  greatest  divine  of  his 
Age."  ^  Bishop  Huet  also,  to  whom  he  communicated  va^- 
rious  readings  on  some  parts  of  Origen's  works,  gives  hint 
a  high  character.  But;  as  Burnet  reminds  us,  he  was  an 
affecting  instance  ^^  of  what  a  great  man  can  fall  to ;  for  his 
memory  went  from  him  so  entirely,  that  he  became  a  child 
aoime  years  before  he  died."  He  had  a  younj^er  brother 
Richard,  professor  of  civil  law  in  Gresham  college,  and 
under-keeper  of  the  royal  library  at  St.  James's,  of  whom 
Ward  gives  some  account,  but  there  is  nothing  very  in- 
teresting in  his  history.  ^ 

PECHANTRE  (Nicolas  de),  a  French  wit,  the  son  of 
a  surgeon  of  Toulouse,  where  he  was  born  in  1638,  wrote 
several  Latin  poems,  which  were  reckoned  good^  but  ap- 
plied himself  chiefly  to  the  poetry  of  his  native  country.. 

1  Biog.  Brit — Cole's  MS  Athense  in  Brit.  Museum.-— Ward's  Gresbam^Pro^ 
lessors.— Burnet's  Own  Time«.  '  - 


034  PECHANTRE- 

Having  been  three  times  honoured  with  the  laurel  at  the 
academy  of  the  Floral  games,  he  wrote  a.^  tragedy  called 
Gela,  which  was  acted,  in  1687,  with  applause,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  published  it,  with  a  dedication  to  the 
first  prince  of  the  blood.     He  wrote,  also  ^'Le  sacrifice 
d' Abraham  ;*'  and/^  Joseph  vendu  par  ses  Freres,'*  two  sin- 
gular subjects  for  tragedies ;  but  received  with  favour.  He 
produced  besides  a  tragedy  called  ^<  La  Mort  de  Neron,'* 
concerning  which  an  anecdote  is  related,  which  nearly 
coincides  with  one  which  is  current  here,  as  having  hap- 
pened to  our  dramatic  poet  Fletcher.     He  wrote  usually 
at  public-houses,  and  one  day  left  behind  him  a  paper, 
containing  his  plan  for  that  tragedy ;  in  which,  after  va- 
rious marks  and  abbreviations,  he  had  written  at  large, 
.^Mci  le  roi  sera  tu6  :''     Here  the  king  is  to  be.  killed. 
The  tavern-keeper,  conceiving  that  he  had  found  the  seeds 
of  a  plot,  gave  information  to  the  magistrate.    The  poet 
was  accordingly  taken  up ;  but  on  seeing  his  paper,  which 
he  had  missed,  in  the  hands  of  the  person  who  had  seized 
him,  exclaimed  eagerly,  *^  Ah !  there  it  is ;  the  very  scene 
which  I  had  planned  for  the  death  of  Nero."  With  this  clue, 
bis  innocence  was  easily  made  out,  and  he  was  discharged. 
Pecbantre  died  at  Paris  in  1709,  being  then  seventy-one;  : 
be  bad  exercised  the  profession  of  physic  for  some  time, 
till  he  quitted  it  for  the  more  arduous  task  of  cultivating 
the  drama.  ^ 

PECHMEJA  (John  de),  a  man  of  letters  in  France,  who 
was  for  some  time  professor  of  eloquence  in  the  royal  col- 
lege of  la  Fleche,  was  born  in  1741,  at  Villa  Franca  in 
Bouergue.  He  was  a  disinterested  scholar,  a  plain,  modest, 
and  virtuous  man.  His  eulogium  on  the  great'Colbert  re- 
ceived the  public  approbation  of ,  the  French  academy  in 
1773.  His  principsfl  fame  has  arisen  from  a  poem  (as  he 
calls  it)  in  prose,  named  <*  Telephus,"  in  twelve  books. 
It  was  published  in  octavo  in  1784,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
translated  into  English.  The  piece  is  well  written,  and 
contains,  among  other  things,  a  beautiful  picture  of  true 
friendship,  of  vibich  he  himself  afforded  a  noble  example. 
Pechmeja,  and  M.  du  Breuil,  an  eminent  physician  of  the 
time,  were  the  Py lades  and  Orestes  of  their  age.  The  for-* 
mer  bad  a  severe  illness  in  1776,  when  his  friend  flew  to 
bis  assistance,  and  from  that  time'  they  were  inseparable, 

J  Moreri.— Diet.  Hist 


P  E  C  H  M  E  J  A.  iis 

Itnd  had  every  thing  in  common.  A  person  once  inquired 
of  Pechmeja  what  income  he  possessed,  **  I  have/*  said  he^ 
**  1200  livres  a-year*"  Some  wonder  being  expressed  hoir 
he  could  subsist  on  so  little,  **  Ob/*  said  he,  '^  the  doctor 
has  plenty  more.^  The  doctor  died  first  of  a  contagious 
disorder,  through  which  his  friend  attended  him,  and  died 
only  twenty  days  after,  a  victim  to  the  strength  of  his  friend<» 
4ihip.  He  died  about  the  end  of  April  1785,  at  the  age  of 
only  forty-f6ur.  * 

PECK  (Francis),  a  learned  antiquary,  the  younger  son 
of  Robert  and  Elizabeth  Peck,  was  born  in  the  parish  of 
St,  John  the  Baptist,  at  Stamford,  in  Lincolnshire,  May  4, 
and  baptized  May  12,  1692.  His  mother^s  maiden  name 
was  Jephson.  It  does  not  appear  at  what  seminary  he  re* 
ceived  the  early  part  of  his  education  ;  but  it  was  probably 
at  the  grammar-school  of  his  nat,ive  town.  He  completed 
bis  studies  at  Trinity-college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
thedegreeof  B.A.  1715;  and  of  M.  A.  1727. 

The  first  work  discovered  of  his  writing  is  "To  34^^  aymi 
4)f  an  Exercise  on  the  Creation,  and  an  Hymn  to  the  Creator 
of  the  World  ;  written  in  the  express  words  of  the  Sacred 
Text ;  as  an  attempt  to  shew  the  Beauty  and  Sublimity  of 
Holy  Scripture,"  1716,  8vo.  This  was  followed  by  a  poem, 
entitled  ^^  Sighs  on  the  Death  of  Queen  Anne,"  published 
in  1719  ;  subjoined  to  which  are  three  poems,  viz.  1.  **  Pa- 
raphrase on  part  of  the  cxxxixth  Psalm."  2.  "The Choice," 
3.  "  Verses  to  Lady  Elizabeth  Cecil,  on  her  Birth-day, 
Nov.  23,  1717."  At  the  end  of  this  work  he  mentions,  as 
preparing  for  the  press,  *^  The  History  of  the  two  last 
31onths  of  King  Charles  I."  and  solicits  assistance;  but 
this  never  was  published.  He  also  mentions  a  poem  on 
Saul  and  Jonathan,  not  then  published.  During  his  resi* 
dence  at  the  university,  and  perhaps  in  the  early  part  of 
it,  he  wrote  a  comedy  called  the  "  Humours  of  the  Uni-  ' 
Ti^rsity  ;  or  the  Merry  Wives  of  Cambridge."  The  MS.  of 
this  comedy  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Octavius  Gilchrist, 
esq.  of  Stamford,  who  has  obliged  the  editor  with  a  tran- 
script of  the  preface  *• 

1  Diot  Hist. 

*  **  It  may  be  necessary  to  inform  no  pleasure  in  drawing  those  descrip- 

4be  reader,  that  the   university  cha-  tious  which  scandalize  ih«  place  of  my 

racters  m  this  play  are  of  those  despi*  education^  were  it  not  to  inform'  the 

cable  wretches  only  who  dishonour  a  libertine  that  a  college  is  sacred  in  a 

college,  and  are  generally  expelled  as  double  sense  $  to  learning,  and   what 

fK>on  as  discovered.    For  I  should  take  is  beyond  it^  to  religion. 


««6  PECK, 

In  August  1719)  hii  occurs  cerate  of  King's  Cliffy  in 
NorthamptQa^hirey  and  iq  1721  be  pfF<^red  to  the  world 
proposals  for  printing  tb^  history  find  antiquities  of  bis  P&*- 
tive  tgwn.  In  1723^  hq  obtaiped  tb^  rectory  of  Godeby 
Maurew^rd^  by  purcbaa^,  from  Sapimel  Lpwe^  esq.  who  ait 
tthat  time  was  Iprd  of  ibe  oianor,  and  patron  of  the  ad*- 
yow^n.  In  1727^  he  drew  up  a  poetical  description  of 
JSelvoir  and  its  neighbourhood^  which  is  printed  in  Mr« 
Kichols^s  History  of  Leicestershire;  and  in  i^at  year  bit 
first  considerable  work  appeared,  und^r  the  title  of  '^  Aca-> 
de^nia  Tertia  Anglicana ;  or,  The  Antiquarian  Annals  of. 
Stanford,  in  Lincoln,  Rutland,  and  Northampton  Shires; 
containing  the  History  of  the  University,  Monasteriea» 
Gilds,  Churches,  Chapels,  Hospitals,  and  Schools  there,'^ 
^c«  ornamented  with  XLI  plates ;  and  inscribed  to  John 
duke  of  Rutland)  in  an  elaborate  dedication,  which  con*^ 
tains  a  tolerably  complete  history  of  the  principal  events  of 
that  illustrious  family,  from  the  founder  of  it  at  vhe  Coni- 
quest.  This  publication  was  evidently  hastened  by  ^^An  Essay 
on  the  ancient  and  present  State  of  Stamford,  1726,*'  4to^ 
by  Francis  Hargrave,  who,  in  the  preface  to  his  pamphlet, 
mentions  a  difference  which  had  arisen  between  him  and 
Mr.  Peck,  because  his  publication  forestalled  that  intended 
by  the  latter.  Mr.  Peck  is  also  rather  roughly  treated,  oq 
account  of  a  small  work  he  had  formerly  printed,  entitled 
"  The  History  of  the  Stamford  Bull-running."  In  1729, 
be  printed  a  single  sheet,  containing,  ^*  Queries  concern^ 
ing  the  Natural  History  and  Antiquities  of  Leicestershire 
and  Rutland,"  which  were  afterwards  reprinted  in  174(X 
He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
March  9,  1732,  and  in  that  year  he  published  the  first  vo» 
lume  of  ^^  Desiderata  Cu^osa;  or,  A  Collection  of  dii^ers 
scarce  and  curious  Pieces,  relating  chiefly  to  matters  of 

"  Wit  ceases  to  be  so  when  it  plays  "  The  u  Diversity  then  is  pot  intend.- 

upon  religion  or  good  manners,  and,  ed  to  be  affronted,  or  the  nobility  and 

in  my  opinion,  he  hath  but  an  awk-  gentry  discouraged  from  sending  tbeir 

ward  genius  «ho  can't  exert  himself  sons  thither  for  education.     The  satire 

without  affrouting  Ood,  or  the  most  is  just,  and  no  man  need  quarrel,  but 

Taluable  part  of  mankind.  be  who  knows  it  to  be.his  own  character. 

*<  Wherefore  the  good  and  virtuous  "  To  conclude,  1  was  incapable  of 

man  hath  no  reason  to  be  angry  with  drawing  a  man  of  fine  sense,  iu  so 

him  who-  shows  him  the  pictures  of  much  perfection  as  be  ia  frequently 

some  persons  who  dishonour  that  sa*  met  with  in  the  nnirersity ;  and  tiiera»> 

cred  place,  more  by  their  scandalous  fore  waved  that  graceful  part  for  fesMc 

behaviour  than  any  writer  can  by  the  of  doing  injustioe  to  it,  thro'  die  feiat»> 

discovery  of  shamefiil  truths,  or  de«  oess  of  my  strokes,  and  the  wdakocss 

scriptions  of^viMaioous  falsehoods.  of  my  descriptions."  ' 


.  PECK.  as» 

4  • 

English  Itistory;  consisting  of  choice  Tracts,  Menioirs, 
Letters,  Wills,  Epitaphs,  &c.  Transcribed,  many  of 
them,  from  the  originals  thenisielves,  and  the  rest  from  di->- 
ters  ancient  MS  Copies,  or  the  MS  Collations  of  sundry 
famous  Antiquaries,  and  other  eminent  Persons,  both  of  the 
hist  and  present  age  :  the  whole,  as  nearly  as  possible,  di-^ 
gested  into  order  of  time,  and  illustrated  with  ample  Notes^ 
Contents,  additional  Discourses^  and  a  complete  Index.'* 
This  volume  was  dedicated  to  lord  William  Manners  ;  and 
was  followed,  in  1735;  by  a  second  volume,  dedicated  to 
Dr.  Reynolds,  bishop  of  Lincoln.  There  being  only  250 
copies  of  these  volumes  printed,  they  soon  became  scarce 
and  high-priced,  and  were  reprinted  in  one  volume,  4to',  by 
subscription,  by  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Evans,  in  1779, 
without,  however,  any  improvements,  or  any  attempt, 
which  might  perhaps  have  been  dangerous  by  an  unskilful 
hand,  at  a  better  arrangement.  In  1735,  Mr.  Peck  printed, 
in  a  quarto  pamphlet,  **  A  complete  Catalogue  of  all  the 
Discourses  written  both  for  and  against  Popery,  in  the 
tinie  of  King  James  the  Second;  containing,  in  the  whole 
&n  account  of  four  hundred  and  fifty-seven  Books  and 
Pamphlets,  a  great  number  of  theth  not  mentioned  in  the 
three  former  Catalogues ;  with  references  after  each  title, 
for  the  more  speedy  finding  a  further  Account  of  the  said 
Discourses  arid  their  Authors  in  sundry  Writers,  and  an 
Alphabetical  List  of  the  Writers  on  each  side."  In  1736, 
he  obtained,  by  the  favour  of  bishop  Reynolds,  the  pre- 
bendal  stall  of  Marston  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  cathedral 
church  of  Lincoln.  In  1739,  he  v^as  the  editor  of  "Nine- 
leen  Letters  of  the  truly  reverend  and  learned  Henry 
Hammond,  D.  D.  (author  of  the  Annotations  on  the  New 
Testament,  &c.)  written  to  Mr.  Peter  Stainnough  and  Dr» 
Nathaniel  Angelo,  many  of  them  on  curious  subjects,** 
&c.  These  were  printed  from  the  originals,  communi- 
cated by  Mt.  Robert  Marsden,  archdeacon  of  Nottingham, 
and  Mr.  John  Worthington.  The  next  year,  1740,  pro- 
duced two  volumes  in  quarto;  one  of  them  entitled  "Me- 
moirs of  the  life  and  actions  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  as  de* 
livered  in  three  Panegyrics  of  him  written  in  Latin  ;  th6 
first,  as  said,  by  Don  Juan  Roderiguez  de  Saa  Meneses, 
Conde  de  PenguiaO,  the  Portugal  Ambassador;  the  se- 
cond, as  affirmed  by  a  certain  Jesuit,  the  lord  ambassador's 
Chaiplain ;  yet  both,  it  is  thought,  composed  by  Mr.  John 
Milton  (Latin  Secretary  to  Oliver  Cromtvell),  as  was  the 


i^» 


>  E  C  K . 


.third :  with  an  English  version  of  each.  The  whole  itltisf 
trated  with  a  large  Historical  Preface  -,  many  similar  pas-' 
sages  from  the  Paradise  Lost)  and  other  works  of  Mr.  John 
Milton,  and  Notes  from  the  best  historians.  To  all  which 
is  added,  a  Collection  of  divers  curious  Historical  Pieces 
relating  to  Cromwell,  and  a  great  number  of  other  remark-^ 
able  persons  (after  the  mariner  of  Desiderata  Curiosa,  voU 
1.  and  II.)"  The  other,  "  New  Memoirs  of  the  Life  an4 
Poetical  Works  of  Mr.  John  Milton ;  with,  first,  an  Exa-* 
mination  of  Milton^s  Style ;  and,  secondly.  Explanatory 
and  Critical  Notes  on  divers  passages  in  Milton  and  Shakr 
speare,  by  the  £lditor.  Thirdly,  Baptistes ;  a  sacred  Dra- 
matic Poem  in  Defence  o^  Liberty,  as  written  in  Latin  by 
Mr.  George  Buchanan,  translated  into  English  by  Mr^ 
John  Milton,  and  first  published  in  1641,  by  oirderofthe 
House  of  Commons.  Fourthly,  The  Parallel,  or  arch^ 
bishop  Laud  and  cardinal  Wolsey  compared,  a  vision,  by 
Milton.  Fifthly,  The  Legend  of  sir  Nicholas  Throckmor- 
ton, knt.  Chief  Butler  of  England,  who  died  of  poison, 
anno  1570,  an  Historical  Poem,  by  his  nephew  sir  Thomas 
Throckmorton,  knt.  Sixth,  Herod  the  Great>  by  the  Edi- 
tor. Seventh,  The  Resurrection,  a  Poem,  in  imitation  of 
Milton,  by  a  Friend.  And  eighth,  a  Discourse  on  tbg 
Harmony  of  the  Spheres,  by  Milton ;  with  Prefaces  and 
Notes."  Of  these  his  **  Explanatory  and  Critical  Notes 
on  divers  passages  of  Shakspeare"  seem  to  prove  that 
the  mode  of  illustrating  Shakspeare  by  extracts  from  con* 
temporary  writers,  was  not  entirely  reserved  for  the  mo- 
dern commentators  on  our  illustrious  Uard,  but  had  oc-f 
curred  to  Mr.  Peck.  The  worst  circuo^tance  respecting 
this  volume  is  the  portrait  of  Milton,  engraved  from  a 
painting  which  Peck  got  from  sir  John  Mere?  of  Kirkby-* 
Beler  in  Leicestershire.  He  was  not  a  little  proud  to  pos<^' 
sess  this  painting,  which  is  certainly  not  genuine  ;  and  what 
is  worse,  he  appears  to  have  known  that  it  was  not  genu-* 
ine.  Having  asked  Vertue  whether  he  thought  it  a  picture 
of  Milton,  and  Vertue  peremptorily  answering  in  the  ne^ 
gative.  Peck  replied,  "I'll  have  a  scraping  from  it,  how-* 
ever  :  and  let  posterity  settle  the  difference." 

In  1742,  Mr.  Peck  published  his  last  work :  ^^FourDis*^ 
courses,  viz.  1.  Of  Grace,  and  how  to  excite  it.  2.  Jesus 
Christ  the  true  Messiah,  proved  from  a  consideration  of 
bis  miracles  in  general.  3.  The  same  proved*  from  a  con^ 
jsideration  of  his  resurrection  in  particular.     4.  The  he^ 


PECK.  ^39 

cessitjr  and  advantage  of  good  laws  and  good  magistrates  : 
as  deiiyered   in  two  visitation  and   two  assize^sermons.'*" 
At  this  time  he  bad  in  contemplation  no  less  than  nine 
different  works;  but  whether  he  bad  not  met  with  encou- 
ragement  for  those  which  he  had  already  produced,  or 
whether  he  was  rendered  incapable  of  executing  themb^ 
reason  of  his  declining  health,  is  uncertain  ;  none  of  them^ 
however,  ever  were  made  public.     He  concluded  a  labo* 
rious,  and  it  may  be  affirmed,  an  useful  life,  wholly  de- 
voted to  antiquarian  pursuits,  Aug.  13,  1743,  at  the  ao-e 
of  sixty<^one  years.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of  Godeby^ 
with  a  Latin  inscription.     There  are  two  portraits  of  him  ; 
one^  in  his  *<  Memoirs  of  Milton  ;  the  other  prefixed  to  the 
second  edition  of  his  "  Desiderata  Curiosa,".  inscribed^ 
**  Francis  Peck,  A.  M.  natus  Stanfordias,  4  Maii,  mdcxcii.'* 
By  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Curtis  of  Stamford,  he  had 
two  sons,  Francis,  a  clergyman,  who  died  in  1749,  rector 
of  Gunby  in  Lincolnshire;  and  Thomas,  who  died  young; 
and  a  daughter,  Anne,  widow  (in  1794)  of  Mr.  John  SmaU 
ley,  farmer  at  Stroxton  in  Lincolnshire. 
.    The  greater  part  of  Mr.  Peck's  MSS.  became  the  pro- 
perty of  sir  Thomas  Cave,  bart.     Among  others,  he  pur- 
chased 5  vols,  in '  4to,  fairly  transcribed  for  the  press,  in 
Mr.  Peck's  own  neat  hand,  under  the  title  of  ^'  Monasticoit 
Anglicanunu''    These  volumes  were,  on  the  1 4th  of  May,r 
1779,  presented  to  the  British  Museum,   by  the  last  sir 
Thomas  Cave,  after  the  death  of  his  father,  who   twenty 
years  before  had  it  in  contemplation  to  bestow  them  on  that 
excellent  repository.     They  are  a  most  valuable  ^nd  almost 
inestimable  collection,  and  we  hope  will  not  be  neglected 
by'  the  editors  of  the  new  edition  of  Dugdale.     Mr.  Peck's 
4>ther  literary  projects  announced  in  the  preface  to  his 
"Desiderata,"  and  at  the  end  his  "  Memoirs  of  Cromwell,'* 
are,   1.  "Desiderata  Curiosa,"  vol.  IIL    Of.  this  Mr.  Ni- 
^bolfi  has  a  few  ttcattered  fragments.     2.  "  The  Annals  of 
i^Canford  continued."     3.  "  The  History  and  Antiquities 
of  the;  Town  and  Soke  of  Grantham,  in   Lincolnshire." 

4.  "The  Natural  History  and  Antiquities  of  Rutland." 

5.  **  The  Natural  History  and  Antiquities  of  Leicester* 
•hire."  The  ;  whole  of  Mr.  Peck's  MSS.  relative  to  this 
work,  were  purchased  by  sir  Thomas  CaVe,  in  1754,  whose 
grandson,  with  equal  liberality  and  propriety,  presented 
them  to  Mr.  Nichols  for  the  use  of  his  elaborate  history  ot 
that  county.     It  appears  from  one  of  Mr.  Peck's  MSS.  on 


UO  P  t  C  K. 

Ldcestershire,  that  he  meditated  a  ebaptef  on  appariticXfi^ 
in  which  he  cordially  believed.     6.  *^  The  Life  of  Mr.  Ni«^ 
chokia  Ferrar,  of  Little  Gtdding^  in  ihe  county  of  Hiin-f 
tittgdon,  gent,  oommonly  called  the  Protectant  St.  Nicho-^ 
}as,  and  the  pious  Mr.  George  Berber t*s  Spiritual  Brother^ 
done  from  original  MSS."  This  MS.  of  Ferrar  is novir  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  Gilchrist  of  Stamford^  before  meotioaed^ 
who  informs  us  that  there  is  nothing  in  it  beyond  wiiatoiay  ' 
be  found  in.  Peckard's  Life  of  Ferrar.     7.  **  The  Lives  of 
William  fiurton,  esq.  author  of  the  Antiquities  of  Leices-* 
tershire^  and  bis  brother  Robert  Burton,  B.  D.  stu^nt  of 
Christ-church,  and  rector  of  Seagrave,  in  Leicestershire, 
better  known  by  the  name  of  Democritusf  jun.**     Mr.  Ni-» 
cbols  had  also  the  whole  of  this  MS.  or  plan^  which  was 
merely  an  outline.     8.  "  New  Memoirs  of  the  Restoratidii 
of  King  Charles  the  Second  (which  may  be  considered  aisor 
as  an  Appendix  to  secretary  Thurloe's  Papers)>  containing 
the  copies  of  Two  Hundred  and  Forty*-six  Original  Letters 
and  Papers,  all  written  annis  1658,  i659y  amd  1660  (none 
of  them  ever  yet  printed).     The  whole  comtnu^MCated  by 
William  Cowper,  esq.  Clerk  of  the  Parliament."     In  1731^ 
Mr.  Peck  drew  up  a  curious  **  Account  of  the  Asshebys  and 
De  la  Launds,  owners  of  Blo^ham,  in  the  county  of  Lia^ 
coin,"  a  MS.  in  the  British  Museum.     Mr.  Gilchrist  has 
a  copy  of  Langbaine's  Lives,  carefully  intei'lined  by  him^ 
whence  it  should  seetti  that  he  meditated  aci  enlargemetit 
of  that  very  useful  volume.     Mr.  Peck  also  left  a  great 
many  MS  sermons,  some  of  which  are  in  the  possession  of 
the  same  gentleman,  who  has  obligingly  favQured  us  witb 
some  particulars  of  the  Stamford  antiquary.* 

PECKHAM  (John),  archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  thi 
reign  of  Edward  I.  was  born  in  the  county  of  Sudsex,  aboiA 
1240,  and  educated  in  the  monanery  at  Lew^  whence 
he  was  sent  to  Oxford,  and  became  a  minorite  friar.  Him 
name  occurs  in  the  registers  of  Merton-cdlege,  which  wa* 
founded  in  his  time,  but  not  with  suiBdient  precision  to 
enable  us  to  say  that  he  was  educated  there.  He  was^ 
however,  created  D.  D.  at  this  university,  and  read  publie 
lectures.  Pits  says  he  was  professor  of  divintly,  &nd  after- 
wards provincial  of  his  order  in  England.  H«  appears  X^ 
have  been  twi<se  at  Paris,  where  he  also  read  l<;ctures  wi^K 
great  applause.     He  went  from  Paris,   after  bis  seooiul 

■  •  a 

/  .4  .  ,  .  • 

^  Nichols's  L«icefitershire-^Bd  Bowj[«v.-— WartoD'tf  Miltoi^  f » 545*     ; 


PEC  K  H  A  M.  Wt 

vidty  to  Lyons,  where  he  obtained  a  canonry  in  the  ta* 
tfaedral,  which  Godwin  and.  Cave  inform  usvwas  held  with 
the  archbishopric  of  Caiiterbnry  for  two  centuries  after. 
Faller  says  it  was  a  convenient  half-way  house  between 
Canterbury  and  Rome.  He  then  went  to  Rome,  where 
the  pope  appointed  him  auditor  or  chief*  judge  of  his  pa* 
lace,  but  Leland  calls  the  office  which  the  pope  bestowed 
upon  him  that  df  Palatine  lecturer  or  reader,  **  lector,  ut 
vocant,  Palatinus.**  In  1278,  this  pope  consecrated  hint 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  on  Peckham's  agreeing  to  pay 
his.  holiness  the  sum  of  4000  marks,  which  there  is  some 
xeasoB  to  think  be  did  not  pay ;  at  least  it  is  certain  he 
was  so  slow  in  veikiitting  it,  that  the  pope  threatened  te 
excommunicate  kim.  -     , 

On  his  anivai  in  Snglaud,  he  summoned  a  convocation 
at  Lambeth,  reformed  various  abuses  iif  the  church,  and 
punished  several  of  the  clergy  for  holding  pluralities,  or 
for  being  ndn*residents;  nor  did  he  spare  the  laity,  of  what-* 
ever  rank^  if  found  guilty  of  incontinence.  In  1282  he 
went  1x1  person  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  then  at  Snowdon^ 
m  order  to  bring  about  a  reconciliation  between  him  and 
r  the  king  (Edward  I.)  but  was  unsuccessful,  and  therefore^ 
ivhen  on  his  return  he  passed  through  Oxford,  he  excom^ 
Bfiunicated^the  prince  and  his  followers.  He  died  at  Mort- 
lake,  in  1292,  and  was  buried  in  Canterbury  cathedral^ 
Bear  the  remains  of  St.  Thomas  a  Becket.  Godwin  repre* 
sents  him  as  a  man  of  great  state  and  outward  pomp,  but 
easily  accessible  and  liberal,  except  to  the  Jews,  whom  he 
persecuted  severely.  He  founded  a  college  at  Wingham^ 
ID  Kent,  which  at  the  dissoldtion  had  an  annual  revenue  of 
i  84/.     Wood,  in  his  *^  Annals,*'  makes  fiequent  mention  of 

I  ,  Peckham's  attention  to  the  interests  of  the  university  of 

I  Oxford;  and  in  some  of  his  regulations  he  showed  his  taste 

and  learning  in  censuring  certain  logical  and  grammatical 
absurdities  which  prevailed  in  the  schools,  and  appears  to 
have  always  promoted  discipline  and  good  morals.  Tan- 
ner enumerates  a  great  number  of  his  works  on  divinity, 
which  show  him  accomplished  in  all  the  learning  of  his  age. 
'  These  remain,  however,  in  manuscript,  in  our  different  ii« 

braries,  except  some  of  his  letters  published  by  Whartpn^ 
s^nd  his  statutes,  institutions,  &e.  in  the  ^' Concil.  Mag. 
Brit  et  Hib.  vol.  II."  Two  only  of  his  woifks  were  pub- 
lished, separately,  and  often  reprinted;  viz.  hb  '*  Collec-* 
ianea  Bibliorum  libri  quinque,"  Colon.  l^iS,  1691 '^  Paris, 
Vol.  XXIV.  R 


242  P  E  t!  Q:  U  E  T- 

15  \4  ;:ancl  bU.^VPer^p^ctiva  Comiminis,"  Venice,  1504  j 
Colon.   1592,.  Norioib,  1542,  and  Paris,  1556,  4tQ.^ 
.  PECOCK.    See  PEACOCK- 

PECQUET  (John),  a  learned  anatomist,  and  a  natire 
of  Dieppe,  a  considerable  author  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, has  rendered  bis  name  famous  by  his  discovery  of 
the  tborticic  duct,  and  the  receptacle  of  the  chyle ;  with 
wbicb,  however,  some  alledge  that  Bartbolomeus  Eusta* 
Hcbius  was  acquainted  before  him.     But  tfae  world  is  obliged 
to  Pecquet  for  shelving,  beyond  $iU  contradiction,  that  the 
lacteal  vessels  convey  the  chyle  tp  this  receptacle  ;  and  for 
proving  that  il|  is^  thence  carried,  by  particular  vessels, 
through  the  thorax,  almost  as  high  as  the  left  isboulder, 
and  there  thrown  into  the  left  subclavian  vein,  and  so  di- 
rectly carried  to  the  heart.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  February 
1674.    The  work  in  which  be  published  the  discovery  was: 
entitled  ^*  Experimenta  nova  Anatpmica,  quibus  incogni- 
tum  bactenus  Chyli  Receptaculum,  et  ab  eo  per  Thoracem 
in  Ramos  usque  subclavios  Vasa  lactea  delegnntur ;''  to 
which  was  subjoined  a  dissertation,  *^  De  Circulatione  San* 
guinis  et  Chyli  Motu,"   1651.     It  was  reprinted  in  165-4, 
together  with'  an  essay  **  De  Thoracis  lacteb,''  in  answer 
to  Riolan  ;  and  many  subsequent  editions  have  appeared.* 
PEDRUSI,  or  PEDRUZZI   (Paul),  a  learned  anti- 
quary, was  born  of  a  noble  family  at  Mantua,  in  1 646..  He 
entered  himself  among  the  Jesuits,    and  became  distirirt 
guished  for  his  deep  knowledge  of  history  and  antiquities. 
His  private  character  too  was  such  as  made  him  beloved  bj^ 
every  person  who  knew  him.,    He  was  chosen  by  Rannuncio, 
duke  of  Parma,  to  arrange  bis  rich  and  curious  cabinet  of 
medals,  of  which,  in  1694,  he  began  to  publish  an  account 
under  the  title  of  "  I  Csesari  in  oro  raccoiti  nel  Farnese 
Musseo  o  publicati  colle  loro  congrue  iiiterpretazioni  ;'*  and 
be  continued  his  labours  till  his  death,  Jan.  20,  1721.   This 
work,  in  its  complete  form,  consists  of  ten  vols,  folio,  and 
bears  the  title  of  ^<  Museo  Farnese ;''  but  is  not  held  in  so 
much  estimation  on  the  continent  as  to  bear  a  high  price. '^  : 
PEELE  (George),  an  English  poet,  wbp  flourished  in 
the  reijgn  of  queen  Elizabeth,  was  a  native  of  Devonshire 
He  was  first  educated  at  Broadgate^s  Hall,  but  was  some 
time  afterwards  made  a  student  of  Christ  Church  college, 
Oxford,  about  1573,  where,  after  going  tbcough  all  the 

*  Tanner. — Cave," — Whiirton's  Anglia  Sacra. — Archaeologia,  vol.  X. 

•  £loy,-*Di6t.  Hiat  de  Medicine.  »  Moreri.— Diet.  Hist» 


P  E  E  L  E.  24i 

•  »  t 

several  forms  of  logic  and  philosophy,  and  taking  all  the 
necessary  steps,  he  was  admitted  to  his  master  of  arts  degree 
in  1570.  After  this  it  appears  that  he  removed  to  London, 
became  the  city  poet,  and  had  the  ordering  of  the  pageants. 
He  lived  on  the  Bank-side,  over  against  Black-friars,  and 
maintained  the  estimation  in  his  poetical  capacity  which  he 
had  acquired  at  the  university,  which  seems  to  have  been 
of  no  inconsiderable  Vank.  He  was  a  good  pastoral  poet ; 
and  Wood  informs  us  that  his  plays  were  not  only  often 
acted  with  great  applause  in  his  life-time,  but  did  also 
endure  reading,  with  due  commendation,  many  years  after 
his  death*  He  speaks  of  him,  however,  as  a  more  volu-** 
minous  writer  in  that  way  than  he  appears  to  have  beet)^' 
mentioning  his  dramatic  pieces  by  the  distinction  of  tra- 
gedies anil  comedies,  and  has  given  us  a  list  of  those  which 
be  says  he  had  seen  ;  but  in  this  he  must  have  made  some 
mistake,  as  he  has  divided  the  several  incidents  in  one  of 
them,  namely,  his  "  Edward  I.'*  in  such  manner  as  to 
make  the  "  Life  of  Lleweliirt,"  and  the  "  Sinking  of  Queen 
Eleanor,''  two  detached  and  separate  pieces  of  themselves; 
the  error  of  which  will  be  seen  in  the  perusal  of  the  whole 
title  of  this  play.  He  moreover  tells  us,  that  the  last* 
mentioned  piece,  together  with  a  ballad  on  the  same  sub- 
ject, was,  in  his  time,  usually  sold  by  the  common  ballad- 
mongers.  The  real  titles  of  the  plays  written  by  this 
author,  of  which  five  only  are  known,  are,  L  **  The  Arraign- 
ment of  Paris,"  1584,  4to.  2.  *'  Edward  the  First,  1593," 
4to.  3.  "  King  David  and  Fair  Bethsabe,"  1599,  4to.  4. 
"  The  Turkish  Mahomet  and  Hyren  the  Fair  Greek.'*  5, 
**  The  Old  Wives  Tale,"  a  comedy,  1595,  4to. 
\  Wood  and  Winstanley,  misguided  by  former  cataloguesi 
have  also  attributed  to  him  another  tragedy,  called  **  AW 
pbonsus,'  emperor  of  Germany."  But  this,  Langbaine 
assures  us,  was  written  by  Chapman,  he  himself  having  th« 
play  in  his  possession,  with  that  author's  name  to  it. 
About  1593  Peele  seems  to  have  been  taken  into  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  earl  of  Northumberland,  to  whom  be  dedi- 
cated in  that  year,  **  The  Honour  of  the  Garter,  a  poem 
gratulatorie,  the  Firstling,  consecrated  to  his  noble  name.** 
He  was  almost  as  famous  for  his  tricks  and  merry  pranks  as 
Scoggau,  Skelton,  or  Dick  Tarleton;  and  as.  there  are 
books  of  theirs  in  print,  so  there  is  one  of  bis  called 
^*  Merrie  conceited  Jests  of  George  Peele,  gent,  sometime 
student  in  Oxford;  wherein  is  shewed  the  course  of  bia 

R  3      ' 


94^  !^  E  £  L  E; 

life,  how  lie  lived/*  &c.  1627,  4to«  These  jesU,  as  tbey 
«re  called^  might  with  more  propriety  be  termed  the  tricks 
of  a  shanper.  Peele  died  before  15^8,  of  the  coiisequence» 
of  his  debaucheries*  Oldys  says  he  left  behind  htm  a  wife 
and  a  daughter.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  person  of  a 
very  irregular  life ;  and  Mr.  Steevens,  with  great  proba- 
bility, supposes,  that  the  character  of  George  Pieboard,  in 
VThlft  Puritan,**  was  de#igaed  as  a,  representative  of  George 
l^eelQ.  8eei  a>  note  on  that  cpqi^ily^  as  publ^hed  by  VU^ 
li^aloaeJ    ?  -        .  .. 

P£GQ£  (8AMtJSL},,an'emio€tntaj^d.|abpriousaotiqQaryy 
descended. fifom  aa , ancient  family  in.  Derbyshire,  was  the 
son  of  Christopher  Peigg^  a  wpolieu-dir^per,  and  was  bom 
at  Che;$'terfield»  Nov.  j»,  1704*  He  was  Emitted  a  peo«- 
sipner  of  Sl,^ John's  cc^lege,  XanU)iridge,  May  20,  1722^ 
and  in  Novembi^rMV^as  ^elected.  a  schQlar.itpoD  Lupton's 
finindalion.  In  Jan.  1 725  he  took  bis  degree  of  B.  A.  and 
in  Mar(;h;172l$  was,el^te.4  U>t  a  fellowsdiip,.  wbiob  he^  did 
00^  bold  long,  owing^tQ  a-singular  circumstaupe.  His  feU 
low ;  competitor,  was  Mr^  Michael  Bui^ton,  whp  bad.th^ 
supeiior  righjt  as  being  a-k|in  jto  the.  fpwder  of  tb^  fellow 
ship,  hut  this  cjaimwaa-set  ailid^,  p\ying  to  his  b^ing  de- 
ficient in.liteiratMre.  He  now  artfqlly  applied,  to  the  coli^ 
l^ge  ibr  ,a  testimp^Qial,  that  b^  might  receive  orders,  and 
vndfertaE;^  some  cure  ia  tbc^  vicinity  of  Cambridge  ;,and  thia 
hwif^  unadvisedly. granted,  h^  immediately  Appealed:  ta 
the  visitor  {Dr.Tbov^as  Greene,  bishop  of  Ely),  represent- 
ing tbi|t,  as.  the  college  had,  by  the  testimonial,  thought 
h|.m  qualified  for  prdination^.  it  could,  not,  injustice,  defsm 
him  unworthy  of  becoming  a  fellow  of « the.  society.  Tha 
9Ptisequei;i.ce^was,.tba|;  the  visitor  found  .hims^elf  relnctantly 
obliged  to  ^jept  Mr.Pegg^  and  Burton  took  pos$es$ioo,  o.f 
%\j^  fellov^ship*.  The  visitor,  however,  recomm^nfled  Mx* 
^^gg^  in  sapb  a  manpier  to  the  muster  and  seniors  of  the 
college,  that  h^  was  .from  that,  time  coi^sider^  as(an  bo^ 
oorary  member  pf  the  bpdy  of  f<ello;is;s  {(anyufim  fiocius)^  and 
kept  his  seat  ^t  their  table  and  in  the  (^ba,pi^l,  .b^ing  placed 
la. the  siti^atioq^.of  a  f/ellawncommoner.  .Feeling, yiet  more 
the  indignity  of  i;h€^  trick i^layed  upon  tb^<n.by  Qurton,  thejf 
^bose  /Mr.  Pe^ge  tp,a  Platt-f^Howship  in  ,17;2^^,  ... 
:  plassiqarcriticiaip.  being  onje  of  his^  earliest  studies,  itia 
fought  that  he  bad  before  this  time  meditated^  )an  editioQ 

>  }Vtog.  Dram.— Warton's  HJit  o^  Pbistrjr. — Atb.  6x.  vtfK  I.  new  e<li 
tUrkUker«nfei;'ran.'4i:^»QdUi.  <    • 


P  E  G  G  K.  ir4* 

t>f  Xeaopbdn's  "  df  ropeedia^*  antl  ^*  Anafcasis/*  ifrttm  a  cal- 
lation  of  thera  withf  the  DaportMS;  in  theilibrjify  bf  Ettort, 
to  convince  the  world  that  he  had  not  been  unjustJy  pre- 
ferred to  Burton  ;  biit  this  undertaking  was  pr6bably  pre*, 
vented  by  the  appearance  of  Hutcbinson^s  edition.  HaV- 
ing  t&ken  the  degree  of  M,  A.  in  July  1729,  he  was  or- 
dained deacon  in  December,  and  prieistin  February  follow* 
ing,  on  both  occasions  by  Hr.  Baker,  bishop  of  Norwich. 
His  first  clerical  employnyent  \vks  accurate  to  the  ReV.  Dr. 
John  Lyncb,  at  Sandwich,  in  Kem.  This  he  held  fr^m 
Lady  Day  1730,  to  Midsummer  1731,  when 'he'  removed 
to  Bishopsbour^ne,  another  living  belongiiijrito  Dr.  Lyn«b, 
who  at  the  end  of  the  same  year  procured  fof  him  th^  liv* 
ing  of  Gddmersham.  ,  •    ' 

Being  now  possessed  of  ai  living,  and  of  'some  indepencK 
cnt  personal  property  iirherited  from  his  mother,-  be  ihar* 
ried,  in  April  1732,  miss  Anne  Clarke,  the  only  daughter 
of  Benjamin  Clarke,  esq.  6f  Stanley,  near  Wafcefidd^  in 
Yorkshire.  While  he  resided  in  Kent,  which  was  for  th^ 
space  of  twenty  years,  he  made  hifnself  universally  ac* 
ceptable  by  his  general  knowledge,  his  agreeable  conver- 
sation, and  his  vivacity.  Having  an  early  propensity  to  the 
study  of  antiquities  as  well  as  of  the  classics,  he  here  laid 
the  foundation  of  what  in  time  beeame  a  consriderabie  cot« 
lection  of  books,  and  his  cabinet  of  coins  grew  in  propor^ 
tion  ;  by  which  two  assemblages,  so  scarce  among  country 
gentlemen  in  genera;!,  be  was  qualiBed  to  pursue  those 
collateral  studies,  without  neglecting  bis  'parochial  duties, 
to  which  he  was  always  assiduously  attentive!  Here,  bow- 
ever,  the  p'lacid  course  of  his  life  was  irtterrapted  bythe 
deatth  of  Mrs.  Pegge,  whom  he  lamented  Vrith  unfeigned 
sorrow;  and  now » meditated  on  some  lAode  of  removing 
feimself,  without  disadvantage,  to  his  native  country,  either 
by  obtaininfg  a  preferment  tenable  with  bis  present  vicarage, 
or  by  exchanging  this  for  an  equivalent.  -  Having  been  in«- 
doced  to  reside  for  sometime  at  Surrenden,  to  superintend 
the*  edutatidti  'of  Sir  Edward  'Dering*s  son,  that  baroneC 
obtained  for  him  the  perpetual  curacy  of  Brampton,  near 
Chesterfield,  in  the  gift  of  the  dean  of  Lincoln ;  but  the 
parishioners  insisting  th^t  they  had  a  right  to  the  presenta- 
tion, law  proceedings  took  place,  before  the  termination^ 
of  which  in  favour  of  the  dean  of  Lincoln,  Mr.  Pegge  was 
presented  by  the  new  dean  of  Lincoln,  Dr.  George,  totlm 
lectofy  of  Whittington,  near  Chesterfield.    He  way  ao« 


U6  .P  E  G  G  E. 

cordingly  inducted  Nov.  11,  1751,  and  resided  here  up- 
wards of  forty-four  years  without  interruption.  About  a 
fortnight  after,  by  the  interest  of  his  friend  sir  Edward 
J)ering  with  the  duke  of  Devonshire,  he  was  inducted  into 
the  rectory  of  Brtnhill,  or  Brindle,  in  Lancashire,  on  which 
be  resigned  Godmersham.  Sir  Edward  also  obtained  for 
bim  in  the  same  year  a  scarf  from  the  marquis  of  Harting- 
ton  (afterwards  the  fourth  duke  of  Devonshire)  who  was. 
then  called  up  to  the  house  of  peers  by  the  title  of  baron 
Cavendish  of  Hardwick.  In  1758  Mr.  Pegge  was  enabled^ 
by  the  acquiescence  of  the  duke  of  Devonshire,  to  ex- 
change Brinhill  for  Heath,  alias  Lown,  which  lies  within 
§even  miles  of  Wbittington  ;  a  very  commodious  measure, 
as  it  brouglit  his  parochial  preferments  within  a  smaller 
distance  of  each  other.  The 'vicarage  of  Heath  he  held  till 
his  death.  His  other  preferments  were,  in  1765,  the  per- 
petual curacy  of  Wingerworth  ;  the  prebend  of  Bobenhull, 
in  the  church  of  Lichfield,  in  1757;  the  living  of  Wbit- 
tington in  Staffordshire,  in  1763 ;  and  the  prebend  of  Loutb^ 
in  Lincoln  church,  in  1772.  Towards  the  close  of  his  life 
)ie  declined  accepting  a  residentiaryship  in  the  church  of 
Lichfield,  being  too  old  to  endure,  with  tolerable  conve- 
"nience,  a  removal  from  time  to  time.  His  chief  patron 
^as  archbishop  Cornwallis,  but  he  bad  an  admirer,  if  liot  a 
patron,  in.  every  dignitary  of  the  church  who  knew  him , 
and  his  protracted  life,  and  his  frequent  and  almost  unin- 
terrupted literary  labours,  made  him  very  generally  known. 
In  1791,  whet)  on  a  visit  to  his  grandson,  sir  Christopher 
Pegge,  of  Oxford,  he  was  created  LL.  D.  by  that  univer- 
sity. He  died,  after  a  fortnight's  illness,  Feb.  14,  17 96, 
in  the  ninety-second  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried,  ac- 
cording to  bis  own  desire,  in  the  chancel  of  th^  church  of 
Whittington,  near  Chesterfield,  where  his  son  placed  a 
mural  tablet  of  bl^ck  marble^  over  the  east  window,  viith 
a  shprt  inscription. 
'    Dr.  Pegge's  manners  were  those  of  a  gentleitian  of  libe- 

,  r^l  education,  who  had  seen  much  of  the  world,  and  bad 
formed  them  upon  the  best  models  within  his  observation. 
Haying  in  bis  early  years  lived  in  free  intercourse  with 

,  many  of  the. principal  and  best-bred  gentry  in  various  parts 
of  Kent,  he  ev^r  after  preserved  the  same  attention,  by 
associating  with  superior  company,  ^nd  forming  honoura« 
ble  attachments.  In  his  avocations  from  reading  and  re« 
tiremei^t,  few  qien  cou(d  relax  with  npore  ease  and  cheeri\ 


P;  KG  G  R  J47 

fulness,  or  better  understood  the  desipcrt  in  loco:  and  as  he 
did  not  mix  in  business  of  a  public  nature,  he  appeared  to 
most  advantage  in  priTate  circles ;  for  he  possessed  an 
equanimity  which  obtained  the  esteem  of  his  friends,  and 
an  a£Fability  which  procured  the  respect  of  his  dependents. 
His  habits  of  life  were  such  as.  became  his  profession  and 
istation.  In  his  clerical  functions  be  was  exemplarily  cor- 
rect, performing  all  his  parochial  duties  himself,  until  the 
failure  of  his  eye-sight  rendered  an  assistant  necessary  ;  but 
tbat  did  not  happen  till  within  a  few  years  before  his  death. 
As  a  preacher,  his  discourses  from  the  pulpit  were  of  the 
didactic  and  exbortatory  kind,  appealing  to  the  under* 
standings  rather  than  to  the  passions  of  his  auditory,  by 
expounding  the  Holy  Scriptures  in  a  plain,  intelligible^ 
and  unaffected  manner.  Though  he  had  an  early  propen- 
sity to  the  study  of  antiquities,  he  never  indulged  himself 
much  in  it,  as  longas  more  essential  and  professional  oc^ 
cupations  had  a  claim  upon  him;  for  he  had  a  due  sense 
of  the  nature  and  importance  of  his  clerical  functions,  and 
had  studied  divinity  in  all  it^  branches  with  much  attention. 

As  an  antiquary,  by  which  character  chiefly  be  will 
hereafter  be.  known,  he  was  one  of  the  most  laborious  of 
bis  time.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries in  1751,  tbe  year  in  which  the  charter  of  incorpon 
ration  was  granted ;  and  when  their  "  Archaologia"  began 
tp'be  published,  he  contributed  upwards  of  fifty  meqDoirs^ 
many  of  which  are  of  considerable  length,  being  by  much 
the  greatest  number  hitherto  contributed  by  any  individual 
member  of  that  learned  body.  He  also  wrote  seven  curi- 
ous memoirs  for  the  "  Bibliotheca  Topographica  Brit."  and 
many  hundred  articles  in  the  Gentleman^s  Magazine  from 
the  year  1746  to  1795.  His  principal  signatijres  were  Paid 
Gemsege^  (Samuel  Pegge),  and  Tl  jRow,  (the  rector  of 
Whittingtpn),  and  sofmetimes  Z.  E,  the  final  letters  of  his 
name.  Numerous  as  these  articles  are,  there  is  scarcely 
one  of  them  w.hich  does  not  convey  some  curious  informa**- 
tion,  or  illustrate  some  doubtful  point  in  history,  classical 
criticism,  or  antiquities;  and  if  collected  together,  with 
some  kind. of  arrangement,  might  form  a  very  interesting 
;ind  amusing  volume,  or  volumes.  . 

His  independent  publications  on  numismatical,  antiqua*. 
rian,  and  biographical  subjects  wer^  also  very  numerous: 
i.  ^'  A  Series  of  Dissertations  on  some  elegant  and  v^ery 
ipiluable ,  Anglo- Saxon .  Repaains/?  )175$>  4to»     2k  VMe- 


U9  P  E  G  G  E. 

moirs  of  Rbger  de  Wesebam,  dean  of  Lineolii|  nher^ 
vards  bishop  of  Lichfield^  add  tbe  principal  fayou rite  of 
Robert  Grossetete,  bishop  of  Lincoln/^  1761|  4to.  3^ 
'<  An  Essay  on  the  Coins  of  Cunobelin :  in  an  epistle  to 
the  right  rev.  bishop  of  Cariide  (Dr.  Lf  ttelton),  president 
of  the  society  of  antiquaries,"  1766,  4to.  4.  "  An  assem- 
blage of  coins  fabricated  by  authority  of  the  archbishops  of 
Canterbury.  To  which  are  subjoined  two  Dissertations,'* 
1772,  4to.  5.  "  Fitz-Stephen's  Description  of  the  city  of 
London,''  &c.  1772,  4to.  6.  <«  The  Forme  of  Cury.  A 
roll  of  ancient  English  cookery,  compiled  about  the  yeat 
1390,  temp.  Rich.  II.  with  a  copious  index  and  glossary,** 
1780,  dvo.  The  original  of  this  curious  n>U  was  the  pro- 
perty of  the  late  Gustavos  Brander,  esq.  who  presented  it 
afterwards  to  the  British  Museum.  Prefixed  to  thJ0 
publication  is  his  portrait,  engraved  at  the  expence  of 
Mr.  Braivden  7.  ^'  Annates  Elise  de  Trickenham,  mo^ 
nachi  ordinis  Benedictini.  Ex  Bibliotheca.  Lamethana.'* 
To  which  is  added,  '<  Compendium  compertorum ;  eir 
bibliotheca  ducis  Devonise,"  17S9,  in  4to.  Both  parts 
of  this  publication  contain  copious  annotatioins  by  the 
editor.  The  former  was  communicated  by  Mr.  Nichols, 
to  whom  it  it  inscribed,  <<  ad  Johannem  Nicolsium,  eele- 
berrimum  typographum  ;"  and  the  latter  was  published  by^ 
permbsion  of  the  duke  of  Devonshire,  to  whom  it  is  dedi^ 
cated.  8.  <<  The  Life  of  Robert  Grossetete,  the  celebraUM 
bishop  of  Lincoln,"  1793,  4to.  This  has  very  justly  been 
considered  as  the  cktf^d^csuvre  of  the  author.  .  Seldom  has 
research  into  an  obscure  period  been  more  successful.  Jt 
is  a  valuable  addition  to  our  literary  history.  9.  ^^  An  his« 
torical  account  of  Beauchief  Abbey,  in  the  county  of 
Derby,  from  its  first  foundation  to  its  final  dissolotibfi,^^ 
1801,  4to.  10.  HAnonymiana;  or  Ten  centuries  of  ob* 
servations  on  various  authors  and  subjects,"  1809,  8vd^  a 
very  entertaining  assemblage  of  judicious  remarks  artd 
anecdotes.  It  is  needless  to  add  that  these  two  last  public 
cations  were  posthucnous. 

In  the  way  of  his  profession.  Dr.  Pegge  published,  in 
1739,;  a  pamphlet  on  a  controversy  exbited  by  Dr.  Sykes; 
entitled  ^<  The  Inquiry  into  the  meaning  of  Demoniacs  in 
the  New  Testament ;  in  a  Letter  to  the  author,"  8vo.  ^  He 
afterwards  published  two  occasional  sermons,  and  thr^e^ 
small  tracts  fof  the  use  of  bis  flock,  which  he  distributed 
among  them  gratis,  6u  the  subjects  of  coufirmatioRi  th# 


P  E  G  G  E-  U^ 

church  catecbisiDy  and  tbe'  Lord's  Prajeh  -TUe  late  I>iL 
Farmer  attriboted  to  Dr.  Pegge,  a  pamphlet  firinted  in 
1731,  and  entitled  ^^  Remarks  on  the  Miscellaneous  Obser-* 
vattons  upon  Authors  ancient  and  modern.  In  several  let^ 
ters  to  a  Friend.''  A  short  address  to  the  reader  says,  that 
**  These  letters  are  now  made  public,  in  order  to  stop  the 
career,  and  to  curb  the  insolence,  of  those  Goths  and 
Vandals  the  minor  critics  of  the  age,  the  Marklands,  the 
Wades,  and  the  Observators.^'  From  this  we  should  sup- 
pose tbe  work  to  be  ironical. 

Dr.  ]^egge  left  many  MSS.  a  considerable  part  of  which 
are  in  the  possession  of  his  grandson.  While  vicnr  of  God'^ 
mersbam,  lie  collected  a  good  deal  relative  to  the  college 
at  Wye,  in  that  neighbourhood,  which  he  thought  of  pnb^. 
lishing,  and  engraved  the  seal,  before  engraved  in  Lewis'^ 
seals.  He  had  *^  Extracts  from  the  rental  of  the  royal 
manor  of  Wye,  made  about  1430,  in  the  hands  of  Daniel 
earl  of  Winchelsea ;"  and  "  Copy  of  a  survey  and  tental 
of  the  coj^lege,  in  the  possession  of  sir  Windham  Knatdi-> 
bull,  1739."  He  .possessed  also  a  MS  ^^  Lexicon  Xeno^ 
pboaticum"  by  himself;  a  Greek  Le:tioon  ill  MS.;  aa 
*^  £nglidi  Historical  Dictionary,"  in  6  vols.  fol. ;  a  French 
and  Italian,  a  Latin,  a  British  and  Saxon  one^  in  oife  v6» 
lume  each ;  all  corrected  by  bis  notes ;  a  *^  Glossarium 
Generale  ;"  two  volumes  of  collections:  in  English  history ; 
collections  for  the  city  and  church  of  Lincoln,  now  in  Mr; 
Gough's  library  at  Oxford;  a  *^  Monasticon  Cantialium," 
2  vols,  folio;  and  various  other  MS  collections,  which  afford 
striking  proofs  of  unwearied  industry,  zeal,  and  judgment.* 

P£GGE  (Samuel),  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
173 1.  He  studied  law,  and  became  a  barrister  of  the  Mid-** 
die  Temple ;  one  of  tbe  grooms  of  his  majesty^is  plrivy-cham«* 
ber,  and  one  of  the  esquires  of  the  king^s' household.  He 
was,  like  his  fatther,  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Gentle- 
man^s  Magazine.  He  ^as  also  author  of  **  Curialia ;  or  an 
historical  acccnint  of  some  brahcfaai  of  the  Royal  Houses 
bold,'*  part  I,  1782  ^  part  II,  1784,  and  part  III,  17^1. 
He  had  been  several  years  engaged  in  preparing  the  re-i* 
maining  numbers  of  the  ^^  Curialia''  for  tbe  press ;  the  ma-r 
terials  for  which,  and  also  his  vei*y  amasing  *' Anecdotes 
of  the  English  Language,''  he  bequeathed  to  Mr.  Nichols, 
who  published  the  ^*  Anecdotes?'  in  1 803,  8vo,  a  second 
edition  in  18L4;  and  the  ibuith  and  fifth  numbers  of  tfair 

<  Life  by  hif  Son  ia  Gent.  M»f .  toI.  UCVl,«HiBd  in  Nicholi 'i  Bowyer. 


130  P  E  G  G  E- 

^^  Curialia*'  in  1806«  He  also  assisted  Mr.  Nichols  in 
publishing  his  father's  '^History  of  Beauchief  Abbey," 
and  wrote  bis  father's  life,  to  which  we  xhave  referred  in 
the  preceding  article.  He  died  May  22, 1800,  aged  sixty-* 
seven,  and  was  buried  on  the  west  side  of  Kensington 
church-yard.  By  his  first  wife,  he  had  one  son,  Christo- 
pher Pegge,  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  knighted  in  1799,  and  now 
Tegius  professor  of  physic  at  Oxford. ' 

PEGUILON.     See  BEAUCAIRE. 

PEIRCE  (James),  an  eminent  dissenting  minister,  dis-r 
tinguished  for  his  zealous  defence  of  the  principles  of  non- 
conformity, and  a  no  less  zealous  latitudinarian  in  opinion, 
was  born  in  1673,  at  Wapping  in  London>  of' reputable 
parents.  By  his  mpther,  who  died  last,  when  he  was 
about  seven  y^ars  old,  he,  with  a  brother  and  sister,  both 
older  than  himself,  was  committed  to  Mr.  Matthew  Mead, 
the  famous  dissenting  minister  at  Stepney,  as  his  guardian, 
at  whose  house  he  lived  for  some  time  after  his  mother^s 
death,  and  was  taught  by  the  same  tutors  Mr.  P^^ad  kept 
for  his  own  sons.  He  was  afterwards,  by  Mr.  Mead's  direc« 
tion,  put  to  pther  grammar-schools,  and  at  last  sent  to 
Utrecht  in  Holland,  where  he  had  his  academical  institu- 
tion, and  studied  under  Witsius,  Leydecker,  Grsevius,  Leu^r 
den,  De  Vries,  and  Luyts,  and  was  well  known  to  the 
celebrated  Mr.  Hadrian  Reland,  who  was  then  his  fellow 
student,  and  afterwards  when  he  was  professor  corresponded 
with  Mr.  Peirce.  The  latter  part  of  his  time  abroad  Mr, 
Peirce  spent  at  Leydeh,  where  he  attended  Perizouius 
and  Noodt  especially,  hearing  Gronovius,  Mark  and  Span- 
heim,  occasionally ;  and  with  some  of  these  professors  in 
both  universities  be  afterwards  held  a  correspondence. 
After  he  had  spent  above  Ave  years  in  these  two  places,  he 
lived  privately  in  England,  for  some  time  at  London, 
among  his  relations,  and  for  some  time  at  Oxford,  where 
he  lodged  in  a  private  house,  and  frequented  the  Bodleian 
library.  After  this,  at  the  desire  of  his  friends,  he  prea9hed 
an  evening  lecture  on  Sundays  at  the  meeting-house  in 
Miles-lane^  London,  and  occasionally  in  other  places,  until 
he  settled  at  Cambridge,  where  he  was  treated  with  great 
respect  and  civility  by  many  gentlemen  of  the  university. 
In  1713  he  was  removed  to  a  congregation  at  Exeter, 
vvhere  he  continued  till  1718,  when  a  controversy  arising 
among  the  dissenters  about  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity^ 


P  E  I  R  C  Er  251 

ffom  which  some  of  them  were  at  this  time  departing, 
three  articles  wer^  proposed  to  him,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Hal- 
let,  senior,  another  dissenting  minister  in  Exeter,  in  order 
to  be  subscribed ;  which  both  of  them  refused,  and  were 
ejected  from  their  congregation.  After  this  a  new  meeting 
was  opejied  March  1^,  1613-9,  in  that  city,  of  which  Mr. 
Peirce  continued  minister  till  his  death,  which  happened 
March  30,  1726,  in  the  53cl  year  of  his  age.  His  funeral 
sermon  was  preached  April  the  3d  following  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Hallet,  jun.  and  printed  at  London,  1726,  in  8vo;  in 
which  he  was  restrained  by  Mr.  Peirce  himself  from  bestow* 
iug  amy  encomiums  on  him ;  but  Mr.  Hallet  observes  in  a 
letter,  that  **  he  was  a  man  of  the  strictest  virtue,  Exemplary 
piety,  and  great  learning ;  and  was  exceedingly  communis 
native  of  his  knbwledge.  He  would  condescend  to  con- 
verse on  subjects  of  learning  with  young  men,  in  whom  he 
found  any  thirst  after  useful  knowledge ;  and  in  his  dis-. 
^oursing  with  them  would  be  extremely  free,  and  treat 
them  as  if  they  had  been  his  equals  in  learning  and  years.'* 
•  His  works  have, been  divided  into  four  classes.  Under 
the  philosophical  class,  we  find  only  his  ^*  Exercitatio  Phi-^ 
losophica  de  Homoeomeria  Anaxagorea,''  Utrecht,  1692. 
3ut  be  was  more  voluminous  in  the  controversy  between 
the  church  of  England  and  the  dissenters.  Of  the  latter, 
he  has  been  esteemed, a  greaf:  champion.  In  their  defence 
be  published,  L  "  Eight  Letters  to  Dr.  Wells,"  London, 
1706  and  1707.  -  2.  *'  Consideration  on  the  sixth  Chaptec 
of  the  Abridgment  of  the  London. Cases,  relating  to  Bap- 
tism and  the  sign  of  the  Cross,"  Loiidoii,  1708.  3.  "  Vio- 
diciae  Eratrum  Dissentientium  in  AngliV  London,  1710, 
8vo.  4.  "An  Enquiry  into  the  present  duty  of  a  Low 
Churchman,"  London,  1711,  8vo.  ^.  "  Vindication  of  the^ 
I)issenters,"  London,  1717,  8vo.  6.  "A  Letter  to  Dr. 
Ben.net,  occasioned  by  bis  late  treatise  concerning  the 
Nonjurors'  Separation,"  &g.  London,  1717,  8vo.  7.  '*  Pre- 
face to  the  Presbyterians  not  chargeable  with  King  Charles's 
death,"  Exeter,  1717,  in  8vo.  8.  "Defence  of  the  Dis<^ 
senting  Ministry  and  Ordination,"  in  two  parts,  London, 
1718,  8vo.  9.  "  The  Dissenters'  Reasons  for  not  writing 
in  behalf  of  Persecution.  Designed  for  the  satisfaction  of 
Dr.  Snape,  in  a  letter  to  him,"  London,  1718,  8vo.  10. 
^^  Interest  of  th.e  Whigs  with  relation  to  the  Test- Act,'* 
I^ndon,  .1718,  8vo.  11.  ^^Reflections  on  Dean  Slier- 
Ipck's  Vindication  of  the   Co/poration  and   Test  Acts,'* 


fi52  P  E  I  R  C  E, 

London,  1718,  8vo.  12.  <*  Charge  of  misrepresentationi 
miantained  against  Dean  Sherlock/'  London,  1719,  8voc 
13.  ^<  Loyalty,  integrity,  and  ingenuity  of  High  Cbureh 
and  the  Dissenters  compared,*'  London,  1719,  8vo. — R6^ 
lative  to  his  controversy  at  Exeter,  which  produced  bin 
ejectment,  were  published  by  him,  1.  ^*  The  Case  of  the 
Ministers  ejected  at  Exon,''  London,  1719,  8va  2.  **  De-> 
fence  of  the  Case,''  London,  1719,  8vo.  3.  ^'Animadrer-* 
sions  on  the  true  Account  of  the  Proceedings  at  Salter's 
Hall:  with  a  Letter  to  Mr.  Eveleigh,"  London,  1719,  8vo» 
4.  **  A  Second  Letter  to  Mr.  Eveleigh,  in  answer  to  hk 
Sober  Reply,"  Exeter,  1719,  8vo.  5.  "  A  Letter  to  a 
Mibscribing  Minister  in  Defence  of  the  Animadversiolis/* 
&c.  London,  1719,  8vo.  ,6.  **  Remarks  upon  (be  Accouot 
^  what  was  transacted  in  the  assembly  at  Exon,"  London^ 

1719,  Bvo.  7.  "  An  Answer  to  Mr.  Enty's  Defence  of  tU^ 
Assembly,"  Lorrdon,  1719,  8yo.  8.  **The  Western  In- 
otiisition,"  London,  1 720, 8  vo.  9. "  The  Security  of  Truths 
manner  to  Mr.  Enty,"  London,  1721,  8vo.  10.  .V  Inqai-' 
Sftion-^bonesty  displayed,"'  London,  1722,  8vo. — On  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity  he  published,  1.  **  A  Letter  to  a 
Dissenter  in  Exeter,"  London,  1719,  8vo.  2.  <^  Plain 
Christianity  defended,"  in  four  parts,  London,  1719,  nw, 
9vo.  3.  **  Thirteen  Queries  propounded  to  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Walrond,  in  an  appendix  to  the  Innocent  yindicated,'* 
London,  1719,  8vo.  There  was  an  Answer  to  these  que^ 
ries  printed  in  1721,  under  the  title  of  *'  An  Answer  lo 
soiAe  Queries  printed  at  Exon,  relating  to  the  Arian  Con* 

? overly,"  and  ascribed  to  Dr.  Daniel  Waterlaod.  Mr. 
eirce  had  some  thoughts  of  writing  a  reply,  bnt  changing 
his  purpose,  Mr.  Joseph  Hallet,  jun.  wrote  a  defence  of 
them,  printed  at  London  in  1736^  8vo,  with  this  tide: 
*^  The  Truth  and  Importance  of  thfe  Scripture  Doctrine  of 
the  Trinity  and  Incarnation  demonstratM :  in  a  defence  of 
the  late  learned  Mr^  Peirce's  thilrteen  Queries^  and  a  Reply 

to  Dr.  W ^'s,  and  a  gentleman's  Answer  to  tbem,"  &g. 

4.  ^^Propositions  relating  to  tbe  ControVe^y  <5oncernuig 
the  Trinity,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Enty,"  London^ 

1720,  8vo.  5.  '<  An  Answer  to  a  pamphlet,  entitled  Text« 
of  Holy  Scripture  compared,  &e."  London,  1721,  8va  6^ 
<<  A  Reply  to  Mr.  Enty's  late  piece,  entitled  Tmth  and 
Liberty  consistent,'^  &c.  London,  1721,  8vo.**-His  nsost 
valuable  works,  however,  are  bis  commentaries  on  the 
Scripture ;  L  <*  A  Paraphrase  and  Notes  on  the  Episde  of 


P  E  I  R  C  E.  253 

St.  Paul  to  tbe  Colossians.  With  an  Appendix  upon  Epbes^ 
iv.  8/'  London^  1725,  4to.  2.  *^  A  Paraphrase  and  Notes 
<m  the  Epistle  of  St.  Paul  to  the  Philippians/^  Lond.  1725^ 
4to.  3.  <<  A  Paraphrase  and  Notes  on  the  Epistle  to  the 
Hebrews/*  1727,  4to.  Theological:  1.  "  An  essay  in 
fiiTonr  of  giving  the  Epcharist  to  Children,'*  1728,  Svo* 
2.  '*  Fifteen  Sermons,  and  a  Scripture  Catechism,**  1728, 
«vo. » 

PEIRESC  (Nicolas  Claude  Fabri  p^),  a  very  learned 
Frenchman,    was  descended  from  an  ancient,  and  nobl^ 
family,  seated  originally  at  Pisa  in  Italy,  and  born  in  1580^ 
His  father,  Renaud  Fabri,  lord  of  Beaugensier,  sent  ^ioiL 
at  ten  years  of  age  to  Avignon,  where  he  spent  five  yeara 
on  his  classical  studies  in  the  Jesuits'  college,  and  wi^s  re«  ^ 
moved  to  Aix  in  1595,  for  the  study  of  philosophy.     In  the 
mean  time,  he  attended  the  proper  masters  for  ds^npip^ 
riding,  and  handling  arms,all  which  he  learned  to  perform  wijtb 
expertness,  but  rather  as  a  task,  than  a  pleasure,  for  even  at 
(bat  early  period,  he  esteemed  all  time  lost,  .that  was  not 
employed  on  literature.     It  was  during  this  period,  that  biy 
father  being  presented  with  a  medal  of  the  emperioi^  Ar- 
cadius,  which  was  found  at  Beaugensier,  Peiresc  beggp^l 
to  have  it :  and,  charmed  with  decyphering.  the  characters 
in  the  exergue,  and  reading  tbe  emperor^s  name«  in.  that 
transport  of  joy  be  carried  the  medal  to  bis  uncle ;  who  for 
his  encouragement  gave  him  two  more,  together  with  s^ome 
books  upon  that  subject.     This  incident  seems  ta  hs^ve  iied 
him  first. to  the  3tudy  of  antiquities,  for  which  he  became 
afterwafds  so  famous.    In  15^6,  he.fyassent  to  finish. bis 
course  of  philosophy  uqder  the  Jesuits  at  Tournoiu  vvhernl 
he  also  ati^died  mathematics  aqd  cosmography,.  Ira  being 
necessary  in  the  study  pf  history,  yet  all  this  without^  rer 
laxing  from  his  application  to  antiquity,  in  which  he  was 
much  assisted  b^  one  of  the  professors,  a  dcilful  medallist>i 
nor  from  the  study  of  belles  lettres  in  general.     So  .n^utb 
labour  and  attention,  often  protracted  .till  midnight,  conr 
•iderably  impaired  hi9  constitution,  which  was  not  origir 
lially  yery  strong.     In  1597,  his  uncle,  from  vjrbom  he  had 
gceat  expectations,    sen)t  him  to  Aix,  where  be  entered 
|ipoo  the  law ;  and  thp  following  year  be  pursued  the  same 
study  at  Avignon,  uqder  a  private  master,  whose  name  was 
]Peter David  ;  who,  being  well  skilled  likewise  in  antiqui- 

I  tMti9VT0X,jyi9tu  Mtgmn%  rol.  IL-^Gea.  Diet, 


854  P  E  I  R  E  S  C. 

ties,  was  not  sorry  to  find  bis  pupil  of  the  same  taste,  anq 
encouraged  him  in  this  study  as  well  as  that  of  the  law. 
Ghibertus  of  Naples,  also,  who  was  auditor  to  cardinal 
Aquaviva,  much  gratified  bis  favourite  propensity,  by  a 
display  of  various  rarities,  and  by  lending  him  Goltzius^s 
"  Treatise  upon  Coins."  He  also  recommended  a  visit  to 
Rome,  as  affording  more  complete  gratification  to  an  anti- 
quary jhan  any  part  of  Europe.  Accordingly,  his  under 
having  procured  a  proper  governor,  he  and  a  younger  bro- 
ther set  out  upon  that  tour,  in  Sept.  1599;  and  passing 
through  Florence,  Bologna,  Ferrara,  and  Venice,  he  fixed 
his  residence  at  PaduaL,  in  order  to  complete  his  course  of 
law.  He  could  not,  however,  resist  the  temptation  of  go- 
ing frequently  to  Venice,  where  he  formed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  the  most  distinguished  literati  there,  as  Sarpi, 
Molinus,  &c.  in  order  to  obtain  a  sight  of  every  thing  cu- 
rious in  that  famous  city.  Among  others,  he  was  particu- 
larly caressed  by  F.  Contarini,  procurator  of  St.  Mark,  who 
possessed  a  curious  cabinet  of  medals,  and  other  antiqui- 
ties, and  found  Peiresc  extremely  useful  and  expert  id 
explaining  the  Greek  inscriptions.  After  a  year's  stay  at 
Padua,  he  set  out  for  Rome,  and  arriving  there  in  OctI, 
1600,  passed  six  months  in  viewing  whatever  was  remark- 
able. After  Easter  he  gratified  the  same  curiosity  at  Na* 
pies,  and  then  returned  to  Padua  about  June.  He  now 
resumed  his  study  of  the  law;  and  at  the  same  time  ac- 
iquired  such  a  knowledge  of  Hebrew,  Samaritan,  Syriac, 
and  Arabic,  as  might  enable  him  to  interpret  the  inscrip- 
tions onr  the  Jewish  coins,  &c.  In  these  languages  he 
Availed  himself  of  the  assistance  of  the  rabbi  Solomon,  who 
was'  then  at  Padua.  His  taste  for  the  mathematics  was 
also  revived  in  consequence  of  his  acquaintance  with  Ga- 
lileo, whom  he  first  saw  at  the  house  of  Pinelli  at  Rome ; 
and  he  began  to  add  to  his  other  acquisitions  a  knowledge 
of  astronomy  and  natural  philosophy.  From  this  time  it 
was  said  that  ^^he  had  taken  the  fae)m  of  learning  into  hi» 
hand,  and  begun  to  guide  the  commonwealth  of  letters." 

Having  now  spent  almost  three  years  in  Italy,  he  re- 
turned to  France  in  the  end  of  1602,  and  arrived  at  Mont- 
pellier  in  July,  where  he  heard  the  law  lectures  of  Julius 
Pacins,  until  he  returned  to  Aix,  about  the  end  of  1 603, 
at  the  earnest  request  of  his  uncle,  who  having  resigned  to 
him  his  senatorial  dignity,  had,  ever  since  the  beginning 
of  the  year,  laboured  to  get  the  king's  patent.    The  de- 


P  E  I  R  E  S  C.  »5ir 

gree  of  doctor  of  law  being  a  necessary  qualification  for 
that  dignity,  Peiresc  kept  the  usual  exercise,  and  took 
that  degree  Jan.  IS,  1604  ;  on  which  occasion  he  made  a 
most  learned  s()eech,  upon  the  origin  and  antiquity  of  the 
doctoral  ornaments. 

In  1605,  he  accompanied  Du  Vair,  first  president  of  the 
senate  at  Aix,  who  was  very  fond  of  him,  to  Paris ;  whence^ 
having  visited  every  thing  curious,  he  crossed  the  water, 
in  company  with  the  French  king's  ambassador,  in  1606, 
to  England.  Here  he  was  very  graciously  received  by 
kipg  James  ;  and  having  seen  Oxford,  and  visited  Camden, 
sir  Robert  Cotton,  sir  Henry  Saville,  and  other  learned 
men,  be  passed  over  to  Holland ;  and  after  visiting  the 
several  towns  and  universities,  with  the  literati  in  each,  he 
went  through  Antwerp  to  Brussels,  and  thence  back  to 
Paris,  returning  home  in  Sept.  l606,  on  account  of  some 
family  affairs. 

Soon  after  this,  he  made  a  purchase  of  the  barony  of 
Rians,  which  he  completed  in  1607  ;  and  in  the  same  year, 
at  the  solicitation  of  his  uncle,  having  approved  himself 
before  that  assembly,  he  was  received  a  senator  on  the  1st 
of  July.  In  the  following  year  his  uncle  died.  In  1616, 
he  attended  Du  Vair  to  Paris;  where,  in  1618,  he  pro- 
cured a  faithful  copy,  and  published  a  second  edition  of 
**  The  ^cts  of  the  Monastery  of  Maren  in  Switzerland.'* 
This  was  in  defence  of  the  royal  line  of  France  against  the 
title  of  the  Austrian  family  to  the  French  crown  by  right  of 
succession ;  and,  upon  this,  he  was  nominated  the  same- 
year^  by  Louis  XIII.  abbot  of  Guistres  in  Guienne.  He 
rdntained  in  France  till  1623,  when,  upon  a  message  from 
hii  father,  now  grown  old  and  sickly,  he  left  Paris,  and 
arrived  at  Aix  in  October.  Not  long  after  he  presented  to 
the  court  a  patent  from  the  king,  permitting  him  to  con*- 
tiquein  the  function  of  his  ancient  dignity,  and  to  exer- 
cise the  office  of  a  secular  dr  lay  person,  notwithstanding 
that,  being  an  abbot,  be  had  assumed,  the  person  of  a 
churchman.  The  court  of  parliament^  not  assenting  to 
this,  decreed  unanimously,  that,  being  already  admitted 
into  the  first  rank^  he  shoyld  abide  perpetually  in  it;  not 
returning,  as  the  custom  of  the  court  was,  to  the  inferior 
auditory,,  in  which  trials  are  usually  had  of  criminal  cases. 
He.  obtaittctd  also,  a  rescript  from  the  pope,  to  license  (lim 
t<^  be  present  at  the  judgment  of  capital  causes,  as  even  in 
the  higher  auditory  some  select  cases  of  that  nature  w^re* 


256  P  E  I  R  E  S  C. 

eustomarily  heard :  but  he  never  made  use  of  this  lioeneei 
always  departing  when  they  came  to  rote,  without  voting 
himself*  In  1627,  be  prevailed  with  the  archbishop  of 
Aix,  to  establish  a  post  thence  to  Lyons,  and  so  to  Paris 
and  all  Europe ;  by  which  the  correspondence  that  he 
constantly  held  with  the  literati  every  where,  was  much 
facilitated.  In  1629,  be  began  to  be  much  tormented  ^ith 
complaints  ineident  to  a  sedentar}'  life ;  and,  in. 1631,  liav* 
ing  ooQ^leted.  the  marriage  .of  .his  nephew  Claude  with 
Margaret  D'Alries,  a  noble  lady  of  the  county  of  Avignon, 
he  bestowed  upon  him  the  barony  of  Rians,  together  with 
a  grant  of  his  senatorial  dignity,  only  r^erviug  the  func- 
tioD  to  himself  for  three;  years.  The  parliament  pot  agree* 
ing  jbo  this,  he  pt'ocured,  in  1635,  letters^patent  from  the 
king,  to  be  reistored,  and  to  exercise  the  oflSce  for  five 
years  longer,  which  he  did  not  outlive,  for^  being  seized 
June  1637,  with  a  fever,  he  died,  on  the  24th  of  that  month, 
in  his  fifty-seventh  year. 

A  very  honourable  funeral  was  provided  for  him  by  his 
nephew.  Claude,  in  the  absence  of  his  brother,  who  was 
then  at  Paris ;  but  who,  returning  shortly  to  Province, 
hastened  to  perform  the  funeral  rites,  and  to  be  present  at 
the.  obsequies.  He  also  procured  a  blo<:k  of  marble  from 
Genoa,  from  which  a  monument  was  made  and  erected  to 
bis  memory,  with  an  epitaph  by  Rigault.  As  he  had  been 
chosen  in  his  life-time  a  member  of  the  academy  of  the 
Humoristi  at  Rome,  his  eulogium  was  pronounced  by  John 
James  Bouchier,  of  that  learned  socieiy,  in  the  presence 
of  cardinal  Barberini,  his  brother  Autonio,  cardinal  Benti- 
VQglio,  and  several  other  cardinals,  and  such  a  multitude 
of  celebrated  and  learned  men,  that  the  hall  was  scarce 
able  io.cootain  them.  Many  copies  of' verses,  in  Italian, 
Latin,,  and  Greeks  were  recited;  which  were  afterwards' 
printed  together,  with  a  collection  of  funeral  elegiest  in 
forty  languages,  under  the  title  of  ^^  Panglossia.*'  Peiresc 
was,  ill  his  person,  of  a  middle  size^  and  of  a  thin  habit ; 
his  forehead  large,  and  his  eyes  grey ;  a  little  hawk-nosed, 
bis  checks  tempered  withered ;  the  hair  of  his  head  yellow, 
as  also  his  beard,  which  he  used  to  wear  long ;  his  whole 
countenance  bearing  the  marks  of  uncommon  courtesy  and 
aflability.  In  his  diet  he  a£Eected  cleanliness^  and  in  all 
things  about  him  ;  but  nothing  superfluous  or  costly.  His 
clothes  were  suitable  to  his  dignity ;  yet  be  never  wore 
flUkt    la  like  manner,  the  rest  of  bis  house  was  adorned 


p  E  I  R  E  s  G  ayr 

liccoTding  to  bis  condition^  and  very  well  furnished.;  hvtt 
he  neglected  bis  own  chamber.  Insteaci  of  tapestry,  there 
bung  the  pictures  of  his  chief  friends  and  of  famous  men^ 
besides  innumerable  bundles  of  commentaries,  transcripts, 
notes,  collections  JFrom  books,  epistles,  and  such  like  papers* 
His  bed  was  exceeding  plain,  and  his  table  continually 
loaded  and  covered  with  papers,  books,  letters,  and  other 
things  3  as  also  all  the  seats  round  about,  and  the  greatest 
part  of  the  floor.  These  were  so  many  evidences  of  the 
turn  of  his  mind^  which  made  the  writer  of  his  eulogium 
compare  hiin  to  the  Roman  Atticds;  and  Bayle,  consider- 
ing his  universal  correspondence  and  general  assistance  to 
all  the  literati  in  Europe,  called  him  ^'  the  attorney-general 
of  the  literary  republic."  The  multiplicity  of  his  engage-, 
ments  prevented  him  from  finishing  any  considerable  wprk  ; 
but  he  left  behind  him  a  great  number  of  M3S.  oh  local 
history  and  antiquities,  mathematics  and  astronomy,  thia^ 
inedallic  science,  languages^  &c.  Of  the  writings  of  thig 
scholar  there  have  been  published  48  Italian  letters,  ad- 
dressed to  Paul  and  John  Baptist  Giialdo^  in  the  ^^  Lettero 
d'uomini  illustri;"  a  considerable  nurpber  of  letters  among 
those  of  Camden,  and  a  long  and  learned  dissertation  on 
an  ancient  tripod  found  at  Frejus.,  in  the  ^^  M6m.  de  Litei'a'i- 
ture  et  de  I'Histoire,"  by  Desaialets,  in  173 1.  It  is  re- 
markable>  that  though  Peiresc  bought  more  books  thaa 
any  nab  of  his  time,  yet  the  collection  which  he  left  was 
hot  large.  .  The  reason  was,  that  a^  last  as  he  purchased, 
be  kept  continually  making  presents  of  them  to  learned 
men  to  whom  he  knew  they  would  be  useful.  Biit  the  de- 
struction of  a  multitude  of  his  papers  after  his  death,  by 
feome  of  bis  near  relations,  is  mentioned  by  the  learned 
with  indignation  and  regret;  they  were  applied  to  the 
vile  uses  of  heating  the  oven  and  boiling  the  pot.  Gas-  , 
sendi,  another  ornament  of  Finance,  has  given  us  his  life  in 
detail,  in  elegant  Latin,  one  of  those  delightful  works, 
which  e;chibit  a  striking  likeness  of  a  great  and  good  man 
at  full  letigtb,  and  shew  every  feature  and  fold  of  the  dra- 
pery in  the  strongest  and  clearest  light.  ^ 

PELA^GIUS  (the  Heresiarch),  was  born  in  Great  Bri-  - 
tain  in  the  fourth  century,  and  is  said  to  have  been  abbot 
of  the  naopastery  of  Bangor.     His  real  name  is  said  to  be 

i  vita  i  Gassendo,  Ha|piie>  1655,  4to.<^Gen.  Dict/^Moreri.— Bungny'g  Lift 
•fOrotiut,  &c«  X 

Vol.  XXIV.  S 


^58  P  E  L  A  G  I  U  S. 

Morgan,  which  signifying  in  the  Celtic  languages  sea  bom, 
from  MdVy  sea,  and  gan  born,  was  translated  into  IliXayios^' 
i^  Latin  l^elagius.  For  the  greater  part  of  his  life,  he  was^ 
distinguished  among  his  brethren  both  for  piety  and  learn-" 
ing,  -but  towards  the  close  of  bis  life,  he  went  to  Rome,' 
and  began  to  teach  certain  doctrines  in  that  city  abotit  the 
year  400,  which  occasioned  no  small  disturbance  in  the 
church  He  absolutely  denied  all  original  sin,  which  he 
held  to  be  the  mere  intention  of  St.  Augustine  ;  and  taught^ 
that  men  are  entire  masters  of  their  actions,  and  perfectly; 
free  creatures;  in  opposition  to  all  predestination,  repro- 
bation, election,  &c.  He  owned,  indeed,  that  the  natural 
power  of  roan  nee  Jed  to  be  assisted  by  the  grace  of  God,- 
to  enable  him  to  work  out  his  own  saltation ;  but,  by  tfatd* 
grace,  he  only  meant  outward  assistance,  vis.  the  d6c- 
trineB  of  the  law,  and  of  the  gospel.  Though,  when  press*- 
ed  by  those  words  of  St.  Paul,  "  Deus  est  eniiln,  qui  opera-^ 
tur  in  nobis,'*  &c.  he  owiJed  that  it  is  God,  in  effect,  tbalf 
makes  us  will  what  is  good,  when  he  warns  and  excites  us^ 
by  the  greatness  of  the  glory  we  are  to  obtain,  and  by  the 
promises  of  rewards ;  when  he  mak^s  us  love  him  by  re^ 
dealing  his  wisdom,  &c.  These  ar^  Pelagius^s  own  words, 
as  cited  by  St.  Augustine*;  who  confutes  him,  and  shears, 
thatj,  besides  these  exterior  graces,"  there  are  required 
other  real  and  interior  ones.  He  owned,  that  the  will  of 
man  is  indeed  aided  by  a  real  grace ;  but  he  added,  that 
Jhis  grace  is  not  absolutely  nieeessary  in  order  to  live  well  i 
but  that  it  only  helps  us  to  do  well  with  the  more  ease, 
Julian,  one  of  his  adherents,  went  farther  yet ;  and'owned 
that  the  assistance  of  grace  was  absolutely  ■  necessary  t<^ 
enable  us  to  do  perfect  works.  In  effect,  the  grand  doc- 
trine of  the  Pelagians  was,  that  a  man  might  accomplish' 
all  the  commands  of  God  by  the  mere  power  of  nature; 
knd  that  the  gifts  of  grace  were  only  necessary  to  etiable 
him  to  act  well  more  easily,  and  more  perfectly. 

As  the  morals  of  Pelagius  had  long  been  irreproachable, 
he  found  it  easy  to  gain  a  crowd  of  followers ;  and  tbe 
heresy  spread  so  much,  that  it 'became  necessary  for  him 
to  quit  Rome,  in  the  year  409,  going  to  Sicily,  and  accom* 
panied  by  Celestius,  his  chief  disciple  and  fellow-tabourer^ 
and,  as  is  said,  his  countrynlan.  They  continued. in  Sicily, 
till  the  report  of  a  conference,  held  at  Carthage  betweea 
the  orthodox  and  the  donatists,  induced  them  to  go  to 
Africa :  but  Pelagius  did  not  stay  long-there ;  and,  after 


P  £  L  A  6  I  U  S.  059 

,  » 

his  cJepaftune,.  Celestias  being  accused  of  denying  origin* 
nalsin  by  Paulinufr,  was  cpndemned  by  a  council  held  aft 
Carthage  in  the  year  412,  under  Aareliuft,  primate  of 
Africa.  Upon  this,  he  repaired  to  his  friend  Pelagiuty 
who  bad  retired  to  Palestine. 

Here  they  were  well  received  by  John  bishop  of  Jerusa* 
leiii,  the  enemy  of  St.  Jeromi  and  well  looked-  op  by  the 
better  sort  of  people.  Count  Marcellinus,  being  desiroui 
to  know  in  what  their  doctrine,  .which  was  much  talked  of, 
consisted,  appiied  •  to  St.  Augustin,  bishop  of  Hippo,  for 
tnforiaatioil ;  and  Pelagias,  fearing  to  engajge  with.so  for«i 
midable  tan  antagonist,  wrote  the  bishop  a  letter  foil  of 
protestations  of  the  purity  of  his  failh,  and  St  Augustia 
seems  always  unwilling  to  believe  that  Pelagius  had  fallen 
into  terror  until  the  year  414,  when  Pelagius  resolved  tq 
undertake  his  treatise  of  the  natural  strength  of  man,  in 
support  of  his  doctrine  of  free-will;  which,  however,  htt 
iliM  expressed  in  ambiguous  terms,  but  not  so  as  to  de*  > 
teive  either  Augustine  or  Jerome,  who  wrote  against  (liuit 
In  Palestine,  his  doctrine  was  approved  in  a  council  held 
at  Diospolis  in  the  year  415,  consisting  of  fourteen  bisbopK 
Theodore  of  Mopsuestia  was  one  of  Pelagius's  most  power* 
ful  frietids  in  the  east,  a  man  of  profound  erudition  and 
great  reputation  ^  who,  though  he  wrote  zealously  against 
aU  heresies,  fell  into  that  of  Pelagius,  as 'also  of  Nesto^ 
rius.  On  the  other  hand,  the  African  bishops  held  a 
council,  according  to  custom,  in  the  year  416,  at  Car^ 
thage,  and  decided  that  Pelagius  and  Celestius  ought  ta 
be  anathematized,  and  communicat^ed  tbeir  judgment  to 
|he  pope  Innocent  I.  in  order  to  join  the  authority  of  the 
see  of  Rome  to  their  own,  and,  prompted  by  St  Augustine^ 
refute  in  a  summary  way  the  chief  errors  imputed  to  Pela* 
gius,  and  conclude  thus :  '^  Though  Pelagius  and  Celes^ 
tins  disown  this  doctrine,  and  the  writings  produced  against 
them,  without  its  being  possible  to  convict  them  of  falser 
hood;  nevertheless,  we  must  anathematize  in  general 
whoever  teaoheth  that  human  nature  is  capable  of  avoid* 
ing  sin,  and  of  fulfilling  the  commands  of  God ;  as  he 
•hews  himself  an  enemy  to  his  grace."  About  the' same 
time  a  council  was  held  at  Milevum,  composed  of  sixtyr 
one  bishops ;  who,  after  the  example  of  that  of  Carthage^ 
wrote  to  pope  Innoeent,  desiring  him  to  condemn  this 
heresy^  wfaicb^  took  away  the  benefit  of  prayer  from  adults^ 
and  baptism  from  infants.   ^Besides  ti^^se  twQ  synoc^cal 

%  2 


J60  P  E  L  A  G  I  U  S. 

letters,  another  was  written  by  St.  Augastin,  in  the  name 
of  himself  and  four  more  bishops ;  in  which  he  explained 
the  whole  matter  more  at  large,  and  desired  the  pope  to 
prder  Pelagius  to  Rome,  to  examine  him  more  minutely^ 
^ud  know  what  kind  of  grace  it  was  that  he  acknowledged ; 
or  else  to  treat  with  him  on  that  subject  by  letters^  to  the 
end  that,  if  he  acknowledged  the  grace  which  the  chufch 
teacheth,  he  might  be  absolved  without  difficulty.  . 
.  These  letters  were  answered  by  Innocent  in  the  year 
417,  who  coincided  in  sentiment  with  his  correspondents, 
ftnd  anathematized  all  who  said  that  the  grace  of  Grod  ii 
not  necessary  to  good  works;  and  judged  them  unworthy 
of  the  comtnunion  of  the  church.  In  answer  to  the  five 
African  bishops,  who  had  written  to  him  on  his  being  sus- 
pected of  favouring  Pelagianism,  be  sajrs,  ^^  He  caR  uei^ 
ther  affirm  nor  deny,  that  there  are  Pelagians  in  Romte^ 
because,  if  there  are  any,  they  take  care  to  conceal  tbemr. 
selves,  and  are  not  discovered  in  so  great  a  multitude  of 
people.''  He  adds,  speaking  of  Pelagius,  *'We  oaopot 
believe  be  has  been  justified,  notwithstanding  that,  some 
laymen  have  brought  to  us  acts  by  which  be  pretends  to 
baye  been  absolved.  But  we  doubt  the  airthenticity  of 
these  acts,  because  they  have  not  been  sent  us  by  t^e 
council,  and  we  have  not  received  any  letters  from  tjiose 
who  assisted  at  it.  For  if  Pelagius  could  have  relied  on 
bis  justification,  he  could  not  have  failed  to  have  obliged 
his  judges  to  acquaint  us  with  it;  and  even  in  these  acts 
be  has  not  justified  himself  clearly,  but  has  only  sought  to 
evade  and  perplex  matters.  We  can  neither  approve  uor. 
blame  this  decision.  If  Pelagius  pretends  he  has  nothing 
to  fear,  it  is  not  our  business  to  send  for  him,  but  rather 
his  to  make  haste  to  come  and  get  himself  absolved.  For 
if  he  still  continues  to  entertain  the  same  s€lntiments,  what* 
ever  letters  he  may  receive,  be  will  never  venture  to  eK^ 
pose  himself  to  oqr  sentence.  If  he  is  to  be  summoned, 
that  ought  rather  to  be  done  by  those  who  are  n^eareat  to 
bim*  We  have  perused  the  book  said  to  be  written  by  him, 
which  you  sent  us.  We  have  found  in  it  many  propositions 
against  the  grace  of  God,  many  blasphemies,,  nothing  that . 
pleased  us,  and  hardly  any  thing  but  what  displeased  us^ 
and  ought  to  be  rejected  by  all  the  world.'* 

Celestius,  upon  his  condemnation  at  Carthage  in  the 
year  41*2,  had  indeed  appealed  to  this  pope  ;^but,  ins^ad 
of  pursuing  his  appeal^L  he  retired  into  Palestiue.     Pela?  . 


P  E  L  A  G  I  U  S.  461 

gius,  however,  who  had  more  art,  did  not  despair  of  bring-*' 
iog  Rome  over  to  his  interest,  by  flattering  the  bishop  of 
that  city,  and  accordingly  drew  up  a  confession  of  faith, 
and  sent  it  to  pope  Innocent  with  a  letter,  which  is  now 
lost.  Innocent  was  dead ;  and  Zosioius  had  succeeded 
him,  when  this  apology  of  Pelagius  was  brought  to  Rome. 
On  the  first  notice  of  this  change,  C^lestius,  who  had  been 
driven  from  Constantinople,  hastened  to  the  west,  in 
hopes  of  securing  the  new  pope's  favour,  by  making  him 
hiSr  judge,  and  Zosimus,  pleased  to  be  appealed  to  in  a 
cause  that  had  been  adjudged  elsewhere,  readily  admitted 
Celestius  to  justify  himself  at  Rome.  He  assembled  his 
clergy  in  St.  Cleuiem^s  church,  where  Celestius  presented 
him  a  confession  of  faith ;  in  which,  having  gone  through 
all  the  articles  pf  the  Creed,  from  the  Trinity  to  the  resur- 
rection of  the  dead,  he  said,  '^  If  any  dispute  has  arisen  on 
questions  that. do  not  concern  the  faith,  I  have  not  pre« 
tended  to  decide  4;.hem,  as  the  author  of  a  new  doctrine ; 
but  I  offer  to  your  examination,  what  I  have  frooi  the 
source  of  the  prophets  and  apostles ;  to  the  end  that,  if  I 
have  mistaken  through  ignorance,  your  judgment  may 
correct  and  set  me  right."  On  the  subject  of  original  sin, 
he  continued,  '^  We  acknowledge  that  children  ought  to 
be  baptized  for  the  remission  of  sins,  agreeably  to  the  rule 
of  the  universal  church,  and  the  authority  of  the  gospel ; 
because  the  Lord  bath  declared,  that  the  kino^dom  of  bea- 
'  yen  cap  be  given  to  those  only  who  have  been  baptized. 
But  we  do  not  pretend  thence  to  establish  the  transmissioa 
of  sin  from  parents  to  their  children  :  that  opinion  is  widely 
different  from  the  catholic  doctrines.  For  sin  is  not  born 
with  man;  it  is  man  who  commits  it  after  he  is  born:  it 
docs  not  proceed  from  nature,  but  from  will.  We  there-^ 
fore  acknowledge  the  first,  in  order  not  to  admit  of  several 
baptisms;  and  take  this  precaution,  that  we  may  not  de- 
rogate from  the  Creator.*'  Celestius  having  confirmed  by 
word  of  mouth,  and  several  repeated  declarations,  whlit 
was  contained  in  this  writing,  the  pope  asked  him,  whe« 
ther  he  condemned  all  the  errors  that  had  been  published 
under  his  name  ?  Celestius  answered,  that  he  did  con- 
demn them  in  conformity  with  the  senteiice  of  pope  Inno- 
cent, and  promised  to  condemn  whatever  should  be  con^ 
demned  by  the  holy  see.  On  this  Zosimus  did  not  hesitata^ 
to  coddemn  Heros  and  Lazarus,  who  hsnl  taken  upon  then) 
19  be  the  chief  prosecutors  of  the  Pelag;ian  doctrine    Df 


46a  P  E  L  A  9  I  U  S; 

deposed  tkem  from  the  episcopal  office^  and^^KcooimQiii* 
eated  them;  after  which  he  wrote  to  Aurelius,  and  the 
other  bishops  of  Africa^  acquainting  them  with  what  he 
had  done,  and  at  the  same  time  sending  them  the  a^ti  of 
his  synod. 

Soon  after  this,  Zosimus  received  a  letter  from  Praylum 
bishop  of  Jerusalem,  successor  to  John, .  recommending  tp 
^im  Pelagius's  affair  in  affectionate  terms.  This  letter  was 
accompanied  by  another  from  Pelagius  himself,  togethei: 
with  the  confession  of  faith  before  mentioned. .  In  thi4 
tetter  Pelagius  said,  that  his  enemies  wanted  to  aspe^^ie  hi^  :  / 
.  chfiracter  in  two  points:  first,  that  he  refused  ,t9  baptize 
infants,  and  promised  them  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  withr 
9Ut  the  redemption  of  Jesus  Christ;  seoondl}!,  that  he  re* 
posed  so  much  confidence  in  free-will,  as  to  refuse  the  as- 
sistance of  grace.  He  rejected  the  first  of  these  errors,  -a^ 
Oianifestly  contrary  to  the  gospel ;  and  upon  the  article  of 
grace  he  said,  ^'  We  have  our  free-will  either  to  sin  or  nol 
to  sin,  and  in  all  good  works  it  is  ever  aided  by  the  4i^i°4 
assistance.  We  say,  that  all  men  have  free- wilt,  as  w«ll 
Christians  as  Jews  and  Gentiles :  all  of  them  have  it  by 
nature,  but  it  is  assisted  by  grace  in  none  but.ChristiauAi 
|n  others  this  blessing  of  the  creation  is  naked  and  unas* 
sisted.  They  shall  be  judged  and  condemned ;  because 
having  free-will,  by  which  they  might  arrive  at  fai^b,  and 
merit  the  grace  of  God,- they  make  an  ill  use  of  this  liberty^ 
The  Christians  will  be  rewarded ;  because  they,  by  making 
1^  good  use  of  their  free^wili,  merit  the  grace  of  the  Lor<{^ 
and  observe  his  commandments.'*  His  confession  of  faith 
)¥as  like  that  of  Celestius*  On  baptism  he  said,  /<  We 
bold  one  single  baptism,  and  we  assort  that  it  ought  to  be  ' 
administered  to  children  in  the  same  form  of  words  as  to 
adults."  Touching  grace  he  said,  ^*  We  confess  a  free- 
yvill:  at  the  same  time  holding,  that  we  stand  continually 
in  need  of  God's  assistance ;  and  that  those  are  as  weU 
pnistaken,  who  say  with  the  Manicbee^,  that  man  cannot 
Ikvoid  sinning,  as  those  who  say  with  Jovinian,  that>  man 
cannot  sin*"  He  concluded  with  these  words:  ^VSucb^ 
blessed  pope,  is  the  faith  which  we  have  learned  in  th^ 
patholic  church,  the  faith  which  we  have  always  held,  i^nd 
ftill  continue  in*  If  any  thing  contained  therein  shall,no( 
have  been. explained  clearly  enough,  or  not  with  aoffic^nt 
paution,  we  de^iff  that  you  would  correct  it.$  ypu.wbp 
the  faitb^  and  the  see  of  Peter.    If  you  apprpve  of 


P  E  L  A  G  I  U  S.  2S3 

.my  confession  of  faith,  whoever  pretends  to  attack  it,  will 
shew  either  his  ignorance  or  his  malice,  or  that  he  is  not 
orthodox  ;  but  he  will  not  prove  me  an  heretic." 

For  some  time  this  defence  answered  its  purpose,  and 
Zo^imus  wrote  a  second  letter  to  Aurelius,  and  to  all  the 
bishops  of  Africa,  informing  them  that  he  was  now  ^atis^ 
fied  with  Pelagius  and  Celestius*s  confession  of  faith,  and 
persuaded  of  their  sincerity.  Aurelius,  however,'  and  hi& 
.brethren,  were  more  surprised  than  daunted  at  this  letter^ 
and  firmly  maintained  the  judgment  they  had  given,  and 
"which  had  been  confirmed  by  Innocent  I.  At  the  h^ad  of 
their  decrees  they  addressed  a  second  letter  to  pope  Zosi- 
mus,  in  these  terms :  **  We  have  ordained,  that  the  sen-r 
.tence  given  by  the  venerable  bishop  Innocent  shall  subsist^ 
until  they  shall  confess  without  equivocation,  that  the  grace 
of  Jesus  Christ  does  assist  us,  not  only  to  know,  but  also 
,to  do  justice  in  every  action  ;  insomuch,  that  without  it  we 
can  neither  think,  say,  or  do  any  thing  whatever,  that  be- 
longs to  true  piety."  They  added,  "That  Celestius^s 
having  said  in  general  terms,  that  he  agreed  with  Innocent's 
^letters,  was  not  satisfactory  in  regard  to  persons  of  inferior 
understandings;  but  that  he  ought  to  anathematize  in  cleafr 
terms  all  that  was  bad  in  his  writings,  lest  many  should 
believe  that  the  apostolical  see  had  approved  his  errors, 
Vather  than  be  persuaded  that  he  had  reformed  theAn."  The 
]bi$hop  of  Africa  likewise  reminded  pope  Zosimiiis  of  his 
predecessor's  decision,  relattng  to  the  council  of  Dios- 
polis ;  shewed  him  the  artifice  made  use  of  in  the  confes- 
sion of  faith  which  Pelagius  had  sent  to  Rome;  and  refute4 
after  their  manner  the  cavils  of  the  heretics :  and,  as  Zosi- 
mus  had  reprimanded  them  for  having  too  easily  giveii 
credit  to  th^  accusers  of  Celestius,  they  justified  themselves 
at  his  expence  ;  by  shewing,  that  he  himself  had  been  too 
precipitate  in  this  affair.  They  also  declared  plainly,  that 
'this  cause  arising  in  Africa,  and  having  been  judged  there, 
Celestius  could  have  no  right  to  appeal  from  thence,  nor 
the  pope  to  take  cognizance  of  it :  to  which  they  added  a 
protest,  to  prevent  Zdsimusfrom  attempting  to  pronounce 
any  sentence  by  default,  in  favour  of  Celestius  and  Pela- 
gius. 

Zosimus,  either  through  a  persuasion  that  these  heretics 
had  dealt  insincerely  with  him,  pr  finding  it  prudent  to 
yield  to  the  necessity  of  the  occisision,  upon  the  receipt  oif 
this  letter^  issued  out  a  formal  conden^nttion  of  the  Pela- 


26^  P  E  L  A  G  I  U  S. 

giansy  4n4  applied  also  to  Honorius,  requesting  him  0^ 
qause  all  heretics  to  be  driven  put  of  Rome  {  in  compliance 
with  which,  the  emperor  gave  a  rescript  at  Raveona,^ 
April  41^1  directed  to  the  pretorian  prefect  of  Italy, 
who,  in  consequence,  issued  his  ordinance  jointly  with  th^ 
pretorian  prefect  of  the  east,  and  the  prefect  of  Gaul,  pur- 
porting, that  all  such  as  should  be  convicted  of  this  error 
should  suffer  perpetual  banishment,  and  that  all  their  pos- 
sessions should  be  confiscated.  The  pope  also  vigorously 
prosecuting  his  design  to  extirpate  the  friends  of  Pelagius, 
caused  all  the  bishops  to  be  deposed  who  would  not  sub- 
scribe the  condemnation  of  the  new  heresy,  and  drove 
them  out  of  Italy  by  virtue  of  the  laws  of  the  empire.  At- 
ticus,  bishop  of  Constantinople,  likewise  rejected  their 
deputies.  They  were  driven  from  Ephesus  ;  and  Theodo- 
tus  bishop  of  Antiocb  condemned  them,  and  drove  Pela- 
gius  thence^  who  was  lately  returned  from  Palestine,  where 
he  ha^d  taken  refuge  from  the  emperor's  rescript.  We  have 
no  certain  account  of  him  after  this ;  but  there  is  reason  to, 
believe,  that  he  returned  to  England,  and  spread  his  doc- 
trine there;  which  induced  the  bishop  of  Gaul  to  send 
thither  St.  Germain  of  Auxerre,  in  order  to  refute  it. 
However  that  be,  it  is|  certain  that  Pelagian  heresy,  as  it 
is  called,  spread  itself  both  in  the  east  and  west,  and  took 
so  deep  root,  that  it  subsists  to  this  d^y  in  different  sects, 
who  all  go  by  the  general  name  of  Pelagians,  except  a 
more  moderate  part  who  are  called  Semi-Pelagians. 

This  Heresiarcb  wrote  several  things,  anaong  wht9h  are, 
f?  A  Treatise  upon  the^  Trinity;"  "  A  Commentary  on  St. 
Paul's  Epistles,"  which  oddly  enough  has  been  annexeil 
to  those  of  St.  Jerom,  and  was  long  thought  tti  be  written 
by  him,  although  a  decided  Anti-Pelagian;  "  A  Book  of 
Eclogues,  or  Spiritual  Maxim?;"  several  letters,  among 
which  is  one  addressed  to  a  virgin,  named  Demetrias, 
which  is  printed  in  the  works  of  JSt.  je'rom;  several  pieces' 
in  his  own  defence  ;  and  a  (reatise  on  free-will.  The  His- 
tory of  Pelagianism  by  Jansenius^  in  his  treatise  called 
**  Augustine,"  is  thought  the  best.*    ' 

PELL  (John),  an  eminent  English  mathematician,  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  family  in  Lincolnshire,  was  born. 
at  Southwyke  in  Sussex,  March  i,  16J0;  and  educated  in 
crammar-learning  at  the  free-school,  then  newly  founded, 

1  Dopin.— *Ca?e,  vol.  I.^Mosheim  and  Milnet»*Ch.  ^Ist. 


P  E!  L  L.  5?65 

rt  Steyning  in  that  county.  At  thirteen,  he  was  sent  to 
Tjrinity  college  in  Cambridge,  where  he  pursued  bis  stu- 
fdies  with  unusual  diligence,  but  although  capable  of  un-r 
dergging  any  trials,  and  one  of  the  best  classical  scholars 
of  his  ag^,  he  never  offeired  hiniself  a  candidate  at  the 
flection  of  scholars  or  fellows  of  this  cbllege.  After  taking 
the  degree  of  B.  A.  in  1628,  he  drew  up  the  "  Descrip- 
tion and  Use  of  the  Quadrant,  written  for  the  use  of  a 
friend,  in  two  books;'*  the  original  MS.  of  which  is  still 
extant  among  his  papers  in  the  Royal  Society ;  and  the 
same  year  he  held  a  correspondence  \vith  Mr.  Henry 
Briggs  on  logarithms.  In  1630  he  wrote  *«  IV^odus  suppu- 
tandi  Ephemerides  Astronomicas  (quantum  ad  motum  soils 
attinet)  paradigmat^  ad  an.  1630  accommodato  5"  and  "  A 
Key  to  unlock  the  Meaning  of  Johannes  Trithemius,  in  his 
Discourse  of  Steganography ;"  which  key  Pell  the  sanie 
year  imparted  to  Mif.  Samuel  Hartlib  and  Mr.  Jacob  Ho'r 
imedae.  The  same  year,  he  took  the  degree  of  master  of 
arts  at  Cambridge,  and  the  year  following  was  incorporated 
in  the  university  of  Oxford.  In  June  he  wrote  "  A  Letter  to 
Mr  Edward  Wingate  oq  Logarithms;"  atid,  OcL  S,  1631, 
**  Cbmmentationes  in  Cosmographiam  Alstedii."  July  3, 
1632,  he  married  Ithaiparia,  second  daughter  of  Mr.  Henry 
Seginolles  of  London,  by  whom  he  had  four  sons  and  foi^r 
daughters.  In  1633  he  finished  his  "  Astronomical  History 
of  Ubservations  of  heavenly  Motior^s  and  Appearances ;" 
and  his  **  Ecl^pticus  Prognostica ;  or  foreknower  of  th^ 
Eclipses ;  teaching  how,  by  calculation,  to  foreknow  and 
foretell  all  sorts  of  Eclipses  of  the  heavenly  lights/'     lA 

1634,  he  translated  ^«  The  everlasting  Tables  of  Heavenly 
Motions,  grounded  upon  the  observations  of  all  times, 
and -agreeing  with  them  all,  by  Philip  Lansberg,  of  Ghent 
in  Flanders  ;'*  and  the  same  year  he  committed  to  writingj^ 
^*  The  Manner  of  deducing  his  Astronomical  Tables  out  of 
the  Tables  and  axioms  of  Philip  Lansbferg."     In  March 

1635,  he  wrote  "A  Letter  of  Remarks  on  Gellibrand'$ 
Mathematical  Discourse  on  the  Variation  of  the  Magnetic 
Needle;  and,  June  following,  another  on  the  same  subr 
ject.  Such  were  the  employments  of  the  first  six  years  of 
Mr.  Pell's  public  life,  during  which  mathematics  entirely 
engrossed  his  attention.  Conceiving  this  science  of  the 
utmost  importance,'  he  drew  op  a  scheme  for  a  mathema- 
tical school  on  an  extensive  scale  of  utility  and  emulatiop^ 
which  ws^s  much  approved  by  Des  Cartes,  Uut  sq  censure^ 


a66  PELL. 

* 

by  Mersenne  in. France,  that  our  author  was  obliged  to 
write  in  its  defence.  The  controversy  may  be  seen  in 
Hooke's  Philosophical  Coliectionsj  and  with  PelPs  ^*  Idea 
of  the  Mathematics.^' 

Mr.  Pell's  eminence,  however,  in  mathematical  know-  ■ 
ledge,  was  now  so  great,  that  he  was  thought  worthy  of  a 
professor'9  chair  in  that  science ;  and,  upon  the  vacancy 
of  one  at  Amsterdam  in  1639,  hit  William  Boswell,  the 
English  resident  with  the  States-general,  used  his  interest, 
that  he  might  succeed  in  that  professorship;  which  was  not 
filled  up  till  above  four  years  after,  1643,  when  Pell  was 
chosen  to  it.  The  year  following  he  published,  in  two 
pages  4to,  *'  A  Refutation  of  Longomontanus's  Discourse, 
De  vera  circuli  mensura,"  printed  at  Amsterdam  in  1644« 
In  June  1646,  he  was  invited  by  the  prince  of  Orange  to 
be  professor  of  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Breda,  in 
the  college  newly  founded  there  by  bis  highness,  with  the 
offer  of  a  salary  of  1000  guilders  a  year.  This  tie  ac- 
cepted, but  upon  his  removal  to  Breda,  he  found  that  he 
was  re  quired  to  teach  mathematics  only.  His  '*  Idea  ,Ma* 
theseos,"  which  he  had  addressed  to  Mr.  Hartlib,  who  in 
1639  had  sent  it  to  Des  Cartes  and  Mersenne,  was  printed 
'1650  at  London,  12mo,  in  English,  with. the  title  of  '^Ab 
Idea  of  Mathematics,"  at  the  end  of  Mr.  John  Dury's 
^*  Reformed  Library- keeper."  On  the  death  of  the  princ^ 
of  Orange,  in  1650,  and  the  subsequent  war  between  thf 
jCnglish  and  Dutch,  he  left  Breda,  and  returned  to  Eng* 
land,  in  1652;  and,  in  1654,  was  sent  by  Cromwell  as  his 
agent  to  the  protestant  cantons  in  Switzerland,  his  instruc-^ 
iions  being  dated  March  30th  of. that  year.  His  first 
speech  in  Latin  to  the  deputies  of  Zurich  was  on  the  I3th 
of  Jun^;  and  he  continued  in  that  city  during  most  of  his 
employment  in  Switzerlafnd,  in  which  he  bad  afterwards 
the  title  of  resident.  Being  recalled  by  Cromwell,  be  toot 
bis  leave  of  the  cantons  in  a  Latin  speech  at  Zurich,  the 
23d  of  June,  J  658;  but  returned  to  England  sp  short  a 
time  before  the  usurper's  death,  that  be  had  no  opportu- 
nity of  an  audience  from  him.  Why  Cromwell  eraployecl 
him  does  not  appear,  but  it  is  thought  that  during  his  re* 
sidence  abroad,  he  contributed  to  the  interests  of  Charted 
IL  and  the  church  of  England  ;  and  it  is  certain  that,  aftejr 
the  restoration,  he  entered  into  holy  orders,  although  aJt 
an  unusually  advanced  period  of  life.  He  was  ordaine^ 
deacon  March  31,  1661,  and  priest  in  June  following,  by 


PELL.  9tf 

{Sanderson,  bishop  of  Lincoln;  and,  on  the  i6th  of  that 
pipntb,  instituted  to  the  rectory  of  Fobbing  in  Essex^  giveii 
\xim  by  the  king.  On  Dec.  the  5th  foUowingi  h^  brought 
into  the  upper  house  of  convocation  the  calendar  reformed 
hy  him,  assisted  by  Bancroft,  afterwards  abp.  of  Canter-* 
bury.  In  1^63,  he  vras  presented  by  Sheldon,  bishop  o^ 
Loudon,  to  the  rectory  of  Laingdon  in  Essex ;  and,  upon  ' 
the  promotion  of  that  bishop  to  the  s^e  of  Canterbury  in 
%he  next  month,  became  one  of  his  grace's  domestic  chap* 
kins.  He  was  then  doctor  of  divinity,  and  expected,  as 
Wood  tells  us,  **  to  be  made  a  dean  ;  but  being  not  a  per* 
son  of  activity,  as  others  who  mind  not  learning  are,  could 
never  rise  higher  than  a  rector.*'  The  truth  is,  add^ 
Wood,  '^  be  was  a  helpless  man  as  to  worldly  affairs;  and 
bis  tenants  and  relations  dealt  so  unkindly  by  him,  that' 
they  defrauded  him  of  the  profits  of  his  rectory,  and  kept 
bim  so  indigent,  that  he  was  in  want  of  necessaries,  even 
ink  and  paper,  to  bis  dying  day."  He  was  for  some  tim^ 
confined  to  the  King*s-bench  prison  for  debt;  but,  ^^ 
March  1682,  was  invited  by  Dr.  Whistler  to  live  in  tbt 
college  of  physicians.  Here  he  continued  till  June  fol* 
lowing,  when  he  was  obliged,  by  his  ill  state  of  health,  t^ 
remove  to  the  bouse  of  a  grandchild  of  his  in  St.  Margaret'f 
church-yard,  Westminster.  .From  this  too  he  was  agak| 
removed,  for  we  find  that  he  died  at  the  house  (in  Dyo( 
street)  pf  Mr.  Cothorne,  reader  of  the  church  of  St.  Giles's 
in  the  Fields,  Dec.  the  12th,  1685,  and  was  interred  bj 
the  charity  of  Busby,  master  of  Westminster  school,  an^ 
Sharp,  rector  of,  St.  Giles's,  in  the  rector's  vault  undef* 
Ihat  church.  Besides  what  have  been  mentioned.  Dr.  Peli 
was  the  author  of,  1.  ^^  An  Exercitation  concerning  Easter,'* 
1644,  in  4to.  2.  **  A  Table  of  10,000  square  numbers,? 
&c.  1672,  folio.  3.  An  Inaugural  Oration  at  his  entertnf 
upon  the  Professorship  at  Breda.  4.  He  made  grea| 
alterations  and  additions  to  ^^  Rbonius's  Algebra,*^  printed 
at  London  1668,  4to,  under  the  title  of  >^  An  Introduce 
tion  to  Algebra;  translated  out  of  the  High  Dutch  into 
English  by  Xhoiiias  Branker,  much  altered  and  augmented 
by  D.  P.  (Dr.  Pell).''  Also  a  Table  of  odd  numbers,  leaf 
than.  100,000,  shewing  those  that  are  incpmposite,  &.a 
supputated  by  the  same  Thomas  Branker.  5.  His  Contro- 
versy with  Longomontanus  concerning  the  Quadrature  ojf 
the  Circle,  Amsterdam,  1646,  4to.  He  likewise  wrote  a 
Bemonstratibn  of  tb^  2d  liod  10th  bbbks  of  Eutlid;  which 


?6S  PELL. 

piece  was  in  MS.  in  the  library  of  lord  Brereton  iri 
Cheshire :  as  also  Archimedes's  Arenarius,  and  the  great*^ 
est  part  of  Diophantus^s  six  books  of  Arithmetic ;  of  which 
author  he  was  preparing,  Aug.  1644,  a  new  edition,  with 
a  corrected  translation,  and  new  illustrations.  He  designed 
likewise  to  publish  an  edition  of  Apollonius,  but  laid  it 
aside,  in  May,  1645,  at  the  desire  of  Golius,  who  was  en- 
gaged in  an  edition  of  that  author  from  an  Arabic  ma,nu» 
script  given  him  at  Aleppo  18  years  before.  This  appears 
from  the  letters  of  Dr.  Pell  to  sir  Charles  Cavendish,  in 
%he  Royal  Society. 

Some  of  his  manuscripts  he  left  at  Brereton  in  Cheshire, 
where  he  resided  some  years^  being  the  seat  of  William 
lord  Brereton,  who  had  been  bis  pupil  at  Breda.  A  great 
many  others  came  into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Busby  ;  which  Mr. 
Hook  was  desired  to  use  his  ejideavours  to  obtain  for  the 
society.  But  they  continued  buried  under  dust,  and  mixed 
with  the  papers  and  pamphlets  of  Dr.  Busby,  in  four  large 
boxes,  till  1735;  when  Dr.  Birch,  secretary  to  the  Roy^l 
Socibty^  procured  them  for  that  body,  froni  the  trustees  of 
Dr.  Busby.  The  collection  contains  noi  only  Pell's  nia- 
theHiatical  papers,  letters  to  him,  and  copies  of  those  from 
him,  &c.  but  also  several  manuscripts  of  Walter  Warner, 
the  riiathematician  and  philosopher,  who  lived  in  the  reigns 
of  James  the  First  and  Charles  the  First. 

Dr.  Pell  invented  the  method  of  ranging  the  several 
steps  of  an  algebraical  calculus,  in  a  proper  order,  in  sa 
ttiany  distinct  lines,  with  the  number  affixed  to  each  step, 
and  a  short  description  of  the  operation  or  process  in  the 
line.     He  also  invented  some  mathematical  characters.* 

PELLEGRIN  (Simon  Joseph),  an  abb6,  and  an  author 
"by  profession,  of  some  celebrity  at  Paris,  was  borrt  j^t 
Marseilles  in  1663,  and  became  a  religious  of  the  order  of 
Servites.  Being  tired  of  this  mode  of  life,  he  took  some 
voyages  as  chaplain  to  a  vessel.  On  his  return,  he  wrote 
a  poem  called  "An  Epistle  to  the  King  on  the  glorious 
Success  of  his  Arms,-'  which  gained  the  prize  in  the 
French  academy  in  1704.  With  this  Epistle  Pellegrin  had 
sent  an  Ode  on  the  same  subject,  which  proved  the  only 
formidable  rival  to  his  Epistle,  and  for  some  time  divided 
the  opinions  of  the  academy.  This  singular  success  made 
bim  known  at  cQiirt.     Madame  Maintenon  took  notice  of 

1  Atb  Qx^yol.  Lr-^Bios.  Brit.-^Martia'i  5io|;,  P^l9S.T-)HvttOA's  DicUo^aiy^ 


P  E  L  L  E  6  R  I  K.  a^ 

hiai)  and  gained  btm  a  brevet  to  be  translated  into  th0 
Order  df  Cluni.  Peilegrin  subsisted  solely  by  the  prizes 
be  gained  in  several  literary  academies,  and  his  other  lite- 
rary, labours.  He  even  kept  a  kind  of  shop, ,  where  those 
who  wanted  occasional  verses,  as  epigrams,  sonnets,  ma- 
drigals, &c  were  supplied  at  certain  prices,  according  to 
the  number  and  goodness  of  the  lines.  This  trade  growing 
slack,  be  began  to  write  for  the  theatres,  but  here  a  new 
obstacle  arose.  The  cardinal  de  Noailles  insisted  that  he 
should  either  cease  to  write  for  the  stage,  or  to  officiate  at 
the  mass.  He  would  fain  have  had  a  dispensation  on  this 
subject,  but, .the  cardinal  being  inexorable,  he  gave  up 
the  mass,  as  least  profitable.  He  would,  however,  havjs 
felt  che  loss  of  the  latter,  bad  not  his  friends  procured  him 
a  salary  for  writing  the  account  of  the  theatrical  enter- 
tainments in  the  Mercure.  Peilegrin  deserved  to  be  in 
better  circumstances,  for  a  great  part  of  what  he  earned 
so  laboriously  was  distributed  among  his  relations  :  and  hi^ 
disposition  was  singularly  candid  and  modest.  He  was,  at 
the  same  time,  negligent  of  his  appearance,  and  had  an 
ipipediment  in  his  speech  ;  circumstances  which  conspired 
to  plunge  him  in  that  neglect  he  so  severely  experienced. 
He  lived,  however,  to  the  age  of  82  ^  and  closed  this  long, 
life  on  the  5th  of  September,  1745.  His  works  are  very 
various ;  poems  of  all  kinds,  sacred  and  profane  ;  version^ 
of  the  Psalms  and  other  parts  of  Scripture;  comedies, 
operas,  &c<;  the  general  character  of  all  which  is,  that, 
they  are  seldom  excellent  in  their  plans,  and  that  the  ver- 
sification is  almost  invariably  flat  and  tedious.  ^ 

PELLEGRINI.     See  TIBALDL 

PELLEGRINI  (Camillo),  an  Italian  historian  and  an- 
tiquary, was  born  in  1598,  at  Capua,  and  educated  at  the 
Jesuits*  school  at  Naples.  He  entered  into  the  clerical 
order,  but  appears  to  have  passed  his  whole  tinie  in  the 
researches  of  an  historian  and  antiquary,  which  produced, 
1.  "  L'Apparato  alle  Antichita  di  Capua,"  printed  in  1651, 
in  which  he  minutely  describes  all  the  parts  of  Campagna 
Felice,  and  relates  its  history  and  revolutions.  2.  <^  His- 
toria  Principum  Longobardorum,*'  containing  several  his- 
torical pieces  not  yet  published,  illustrated  with  learned 
annotations  and  dissertations.  .  This  was  republished  in  the 
collections  of  Burmann  and  Muratori,  and  with  various 

1  Moreri.— Diet.  Hict^ 


if^  PELL  t  il  1  N.  i 

additions,  at  Naples,  1749,  by  Sig.  Fr.  Moria  Pratilli.  Pel* 
legrini  died  at  Naples  in  1660,  at  tfae  age  of  sixty-five.  ^ 

*  PELLERIN  (Joseph),  famous  for  bis  collection  of  me- 
dals, and  bis  publications  respecting"  tbem,  was  for  a  long 
time  commissary-general,  and  cbief-clerk  of  the  Frencfai 
tearing.  He  united  tbe  knowledge  of  a  man  of  letters  mtii 
all  tbe  activity  of  a  man  of  business;  but  haying,  afteif 
forty  years  of  service,  obtained  leave  to  retire,  he  thence-' 
forth  gave  himself  up  entirely  to  the  study  of  antiquities^ 
and  wrote  upon  the  subject  after  be  was  blind  with  age^ 
by  means  of  an  invention  described  in  the  last  voiume  of 
his  works.  His  cabinet  of  medals,  which  was  purchased 
by  the  king  in  1776,  was  the  richest  ever  formed  by  a  pri- 
vate individual ;  and  learned  men  of  all  countries  highly 
respected  the  collector  of  so  valuable  a  treasure.  He  died 
|n  August  1782,  at  the  surprising  age  of  ninety -nine.  He 
enriched  the  science  of  medals  by  a  valuable  set  of  works 
on  that  subject,  forming  altogether,  with  the  supplements^ 
ten  volumes  in  quarto,  with  many  plates ;  these  were  pub- 
lished at  different  times  from  1762  to  1778,  and  contain 
judicious  and  learned  explanations  of  the  plates,  which  are 
executed  with  great  exactness  and  beauty.  It  is  to  Pelleriii 
that  we  are  indebted  for  the  firbt  plates  of  medals  perfectly 
representing  tbe  originals  in  every  flaw  and  irregularity  of 
edge  and  impression,  which  is  a  most  capital  improvement, 
and  makes  the  view  of  siich  plates  almost  equal  to  the  coins 
themselves.  • 

*  PELLETIER  (Bernard),  a  chemist  of  considerable  emi- 
nence, was  born  at  Bayonne  in  1761.  He  acquired  the  ru- 
diments of  pharmacy  in  his  father^s  house,  and  afterwards 
studied  the  subject  at  Paris  with  such  constant  application, 
that  at  a  very  early  age  he  was  familiarly  acquainted  with'che- 
mical  processes,  and  even  with  the  exact  state  of  th^  science. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  published  a  set  of  experiments 
on  the  arsenic  acid,  in  which  be  explained  the  properties 
of  M acquer's  neutral  arsenical  salt,  and  demonstrated  the 
real  nature  of  Macquer^s  process.  In  these  observations  be 
bad  been  anticipated  by  Scheele,  by  Bergman,  by  tbe 
Dijon  academicians,  and  by  Berthollet ;  but  it  was  no  in- 
eonsiderable  merit  in  so  young  a  man  to  have  advanced  aa 
far  in  the  subject  as  these  mastery  of  the  science. 

*  Moieri.— Landi  Hist.  Lit  D'ftalie. 
.  *  DujiL  Hist. — pinkertoo*!  Esiay  oo  Medals,  preface. 


P  E  L  L  E  T  I  E  R.  «7f 

Soon  after,  he  published  several  observations  on  the  crys- 
tallization of  sulphur  and  cinnabar,  on  the  distillition  of 
phosphorus  from  bones,  on  deliquescent  salts,  on  oxymu-^ 
riattc  acid,  on  the  formation  of  ethers,  and  particularly  on 
muriatic  and  acetic  ethers.  His  success  in  these  encou* 
raged  him  to  attempt  the  Analysis  of  the  zeolite,  at  that 
time  a  much  more  difficult  task  than  at  present,  when  the 
mode  of  analyzing  minerals  has  been  reduced  to  a  regular 
system.  In  1785  he  undertook  the  analysis  of  pi umbago, 
a  labour  in  which  he  had  been  antici|>ated  by  Scheele,  and 
which  was  completed  the  year  following,  in  the  course  o^ 
the  celebrated  experiments  made  upon  iron  and  its  com* 
binations,  by  Berthollet,  Monge|  and  Vandermonde.  His 
text  object  was  the  combination  of  phosphorus  with  the 
metals  ;  the  existence  of  which  had  been  merely  pointed 
out  by  Margraif.  To  Pelletier  we  owe  almost  all  the 
knowledge  concerning  the  metallic'  phosphurets  which  we 
s^t  present  possess.  The  next  object  of  his  researches  was 
aurum  Musivum,  a  brownish  yellow  scaly  powder  some^ 
times  used  in  painting.  He  demonstrated  it  to  be  a  com- 
pound of  sulphur  and  the  oxide  of  tin,  and  pointed  out 
several  improvements  in  the  method  of  preparing  it. 

In  1790,  when  the  churches  of  France  were  stript  of 
their  bells,  and  it  was  proposed  to  extract  the  copper  from 
them,  Mr.  Pelletier  pointed  out  a  method  of  scorifying  the 
tin,  which  constitutes  the  other  ingredient,  by  means  of 
the  black  oxide  of  manganese.  His  first  essays  were  made 
in  Paris,  but  be  demonstrated  in  the  foundery  of  Romilly 
that  his  process  succeeded  also  in  the  large  way.  Soon 
after  he  analyzed  the  blue  pigment  manufactured  in  Eng- 
land, and  known  in  France  by  the  name  of  cendres  bleues 
d*Angleterre,  and  gave  a  process  for  preparing  it.  No- 
thing more  was  necessary  than  to  precipitate  copper  from 
nitrous  acid  by  means  of  a  sufficient  quantity  of  lime.  His 
next  set  of  experiments  consisted  in  an  examination  of 
strontian,  and  in  a  comparison  of  it  with  barytes.  They 
confirmed  the  previous  experiments  pf  Dr.  Hope  and  Mr. 
Klaproth.  He  had  formerly  examined  a  small  Specimen  of 
carbonat  of  strontian  without  finding  in  it  any  thing  pe« 
culiar. 

In  1791,  on  the  death  of  Tillet,  he  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber 6{  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  on  the  abolition  of  the 
academy»  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the  national  institute  which  was  substituted  in  its  place. 


r. 

i 


Its  P  E  L  L  E  t  I  E  Ri 

In  1792  be  went  to  La  Fere  to  assist  at  the  trials  of  a  ne^ 
kind  of  gunpowder.  Being  obliged  to  spend  the  greatest, 
part  of  the  day  in  the  open  air,  in  a  cold  raw  day,  hid 
health,  naturally  delicate^  was  considerably  impaired.  But 
be  bad  gradually  recovered  almost  completely,  when  he 
fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  science  to  which  be  had  devoted  the', 
whole  of  his  attention.  He  breathed  at  different'  times^ 
and  during  long  periods,  oxymuriatic  acid  gas.  Tbe  con-^ 
sequence  was  a  consumption,  which  wasted  biro  rapidly^ 
and  at  last  carried  him  off  on  the  2 1st  July  17:^7,  in  thei 
thirty-sixth  year  of  his  age. 

Short  as  the  period  of  bis  life  was,  the  services  which. 
he  rendered  to  chemistry  were  by  no  means  inconsiderable. 
His  analyses  are  always  precise,  and  his  dissertations  writ- 
ten with  that  perspicuity  which  marks  the  clear  thinker^ 
and  the  master  of  his  subject.  His  fondness  for  the  science! 
was  extreme ;  be  continued  bis  labours  to  the  very  last/ 
and  even  on  bis  death-bed  spoke  of  them  with  satisfaction^ 
His  constitution  was  always  weak,  and  his  character  marked 
'Wih  timidity ;  but  his  mind  was  remarkably  active,  and  bis 
conduct  irreproachable.' 

PELLETIER  (Claude  pe),  one  of  the  few  who  have 
been  able  to  unite  attention  to  business^  with  the  love  and 
cultivation  of  letters,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1630,  and  bred 
to  the  law,  but  always  in  strict  intimacy  with  Boileau^ 
Bignon,  Lamoignon,  and  the  other  great  men  of  his  time» 
He  was  first  counsellor  of  the  Chatelet,  then  in  the  parlia- 
ment, afterwards  president  of  the  fourth  chamber  of  re-^ 
quests,  and  next  Pr^vot  des  Marchands."  .  To  this  place  be 
was  nominated  in  1668,  and  signalized  his  situation  therel 
by  building  a  quay  at  Paris,  which  ,still  retains  bis  name.- 
Being  much  approved  in  this  office,  be  was  appointed  in 
1683  to  succeed  the  famous  Colbert  in  that  of  controller- 
general  of  the  finances.  He  held  this  place  only  six  yearsy 
8kfter  which  be  resigned  it,  and  in  16;[)7  retired  from  court 
entirely,  to  lead  a  life  of  meditation  and  devotion.  He 
died  ih  August  1711,  at  tbe  age  of  eighty-one.  Though 
the  life  of  Pelletier  was  so  much  occupied  by  business,  he 
either  produced  or  was  concerned  in  several  publications. 
1.  Extracts  and  Collections  from  the  fathers,  the  eccle- 
siastical writers,  and  from  scripture,  made  with  great  judg- 
ment, in  several  volumes,  1 2mO.    2.  Editions  of  the/'Come» 

I  Mem.  d0  riott,  Nation,  in  Bald>iria*8  Lit,  Journal;  - 


P  E  L  L  £  T  t  E  R.  Uf  3 

Tbec^gus^^*  and  *^ Comes^  Juridicus^*'  of  PeteirPhbow^  Who 
Iras  his  maternal  great  grandfather.  3.  '<  Comes  Seneecutis/* 
and  4.  "  Comes  Rusticus/'  both  in  12mo,  aiYd  writterf  in 
imitation  of  the  former  works  of  Pithoiii,  consist  chiefly  of 
the  thoughtii  of  various  authors.  5.  The  best  edition  of  the 
Body  ofCanoiiLawy  in  Latin,  with* the  notes^of  Pefter^and 
Francis  Pitboa^  in  9  vdts.  fol.  6. 'An  edition  of  the  Obser* 
Vations  of  Peter  Pithou  on  the  Code  and  on  the  Novelliae. ' 

P£LLETIER  (Jaqves),  a  celebrated  French  physician, 
born  at  Mans  in  1517^  was  eminent  also  as  a  schoi^ir,  and 
became  principal  of  the  colleges  of  Bayeux  and  Man»  at 
Paris^  where  he  died  in  1582.  His  writings  have  not  re* 
tained  all  the  estimation  whidh  tiiey  possessed  in  his  ttdje; 
but  th^y  are  fidmerous.  1.  Commentaries  on  Euclid,  written 
in  Latin,  8vo.  2.  <*  De  dimensioiie  circuli,"  Basil.  1563, 
fol.  '  3.^' Disqubitfones  Geometriccb,''  Lugd.  1567^  8vo, 
^itfa  sonie  other  works  of  this  kind.  4;  **  Dialogue  de 
POitografe  ^  prononciacion  Fran^oase,-^  Lyon,  155 5 ^^^vo, 
in  which,  as  may  be  se^n  by  the  title,  he  proposes  to  write 
words  as  th<^y  are  pronounced;  a  theoretical  improvement^ 
bat  attended  with  •  too  many  difficulties  in  practice  to  bo 
itidopted  in  any  country.  Mr.^  James  Elpbinston'  made 
similar  attempts,  with  similar  success,  in  England.  5.  Two 
W  three  collections  of  Very  bad  poetry.'  6.  A  description 
of  Savoy.  7.  A  translation  of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry.  8. 
A  French  Aft  of  Poetry  written  in*  prose.  He  published 
alao  on  his  own  profe^ort,  9.  A  small  treatise  in  Latin,  on 
the  Plague.  And  10.  ^  Concdrdance  of  several  passages 
in^  Galen^  with  some  detached  treatises,  1 559,  one  vol.  4to. ' 

PELLICAN  (Conrad),  a  learned  German  divine  and 
reformer,  was  born  Jan.  8,  1478,  at  RufFach,  in-  Alsatia. 
His  family  name  was  Kursiner,  or  Kirsner,  but  the  name 
'Pellican,  which  means  the  same  thing  in  Latin  as  Kirsner 
in  German,  and  is  in  neither  Very  significant,  was  given 
him  by  bis  maternal  uncle.  Pellican  began  his  studies  at 
RufFach  in  his  sixth  year,  and  under  an  excellent  master, 
'#ho  inspired  him  with  a  love  for  literature-;  yet  his  diffi- 
culties ^ere  many,  as,  among  other>  hindrances,  he  was 
obliged  to  #rite  down  every  thing  taught  him,  printing 
being  then  in  its  infancy,  and  no  elementary  treatise  bad 
issued  from  the  press.     His  maternal  uncle  already  men- 

1  Mofferi.^I>ict.  Hint 

S  Nicerop,  vol.  XXI.— Diet.  Hist*— Eloy  Diet.  Hist.  de. Medicine. 

Vofc.  XXIV.  T 


if*  P  E  t  L  I  C  A  K. 

tioned,  who  lived  at  Heidelberg,  and  bad  often  been  rector 
of  tbe  university,  hearing  of  the  progress  bis  nephew  mad#  . 
in   his  studies,  9ent  for  bioi  to  that  seminary,  where, he 
applied  to  the  belles  lettres  and  logic  for  about  sixteep 
months,  which  was  probably  as  long  as  his  uncle  could 
afford  to  maintain  him.     He  returned  therefore  in  Sept. 
1492  to  his  parents,  who  were  poor,  and  qould  giv«  Upa 
little  support,  but  got  some  employment  as  assistant  ^ 
a  schoolmaster,  and  had,  what  was  then  of  great  import- 
ance to  him,  the  power  of  borrowing  books  from  the  con« 
vent  of  the  Cordeliers.     His  frequent  visits  for  this  purpose 
brought  on  an  acquaintance  with  those  holy  fathers^  who 
conceived  a  very  high  opinion  of  Pellican,  now  in  his  six- 
teenth year,  and  appear  to  have  found  little  diifficulty  in 
persuading  him  to  enter  their  order,  whi^h  accordingly  be 
did  in  January  1493,  but  against  the  consent  of  bis  rela- 
tions.     He  then  commenced  his  theological  studies,  and  in 
the  following  year  was  admitted  to  tl^e  order  of  subdeappo. 
In  1496,  at  the  request  of  his  uncle,  he  was  sent  to  Tabi|i- 
gen,  and  recommended  to  Paul  Scriptor,  a  very  learned 
professor  of  philosophy  and  mathematics,  under  whc^m  be 
profited  much,  and  wbo*conceived  a  great  affection  for  hif 
pupil.     In  1499,  meeting  with  a  converted  Jew,  who  was 
now  one  of  his  own  order,  Pellican  expressed  his  wish  t6 
learn  Hebrew,  and  with  the  assistance  of  this  Jew  accom- 
plished tbe  elementary  part,  although  not  without  great 
difficulty.     Melchior  Adam   mentions  his  enthusiastic. jojf' 
on  receiving   tbe  loan   of  a  part  of  the  Bible  in  Hebrew. 
Reuchlin,  who  came  to  Tubingen  in  1 500,  gave  Pellicaii 
some  assistance  in  this  language ;  and  with  this,  and  other 
helps,  certainly  very  difficult  to  be  procured  at  that  time^ 
and  by  indefatigable  industry,  he  at  length  acquired  such 
knowledge  of  it,  as  to  be  accounted,  after  Reuchlin,  the 
first  Hebrew  scholar  in  Germany. 

In  1501,  in  bis  twenty-third  ynaff  he  was  ordained  priest,, 
and  the  following  year  he  was  appointed  to  teach  theology 
in  the  convent  of  bis  order  at  Basil,  and  he  likewise  gavj^ 
lectures  on  philosophy  and  astronomy.  After  remaWiing 
here  for  six  years,  be  was  in  1508  sent  to  Ruflieu^h  to  teach 
the  same  branches,  and  had  Sebastian  Munster  for  one  of 
bis  pupils  in  Hebsew  and  astronomy.  In  1511  he  .wiu 
chosen  guardian  of  the  convent  of  Pfortzheim,  where  he 
taught  theology  until  1514,  when  Caspar  Sazger,  provln* 
cial  of  his  order,  engaged  him  as  his  secretary  ^jmd  as  yiis 


P  E  L  L  I  C  A  N.  275 

office  required  his  attendance  on  the  provincial  in  all  his 
journeys,  Peliican  had  many  opportunities  of  becoming  ac- 
quainted with  the  learned  of  his  time,  and  particularly  of 
transcribing  from  the  libraries  whatever  might  add  to  his 
stock  of  oriental  and  biblical  literature,  which  appears  now 
to  have  been  the  fixed  object  of  his  studies.  On  his  return 
frOm  Rouen,  where  he  had  been  to  assist  at  a  chapter,  he 
stopped  three  months  at  Basil,  with  leave  of  the  provincial, 
to  superintend  an  edition  of  the  Psalter  in  four  languages, 
which  Froben  had  then  at  press. 

M elcbior  Adam  is  rather  prolix  *  in  his  account  of  Pelli- 
can*s  journeys  with  the  provincial,  little  of  which  is  interest- 
ing. It  appears  to  have  been  in  1519  that  be  was  ap- 
pointed guardian  at  Basil,  and  where  he  met  with  the  wri- 
tings of  the  illustrious  Luther,  which,  some  say,  converted 
him  to  the  protestant  faith ;  but  it  would  be  more  correct 
to  say  that  they  served  to  confirm  him  in  certain  sentiments 
which  he  had  for  some  time  entertained,  and  was  now  so 
little  afraid  of  avowing,  that  in  1522  he  was  accused  of 
Lutheranism  in  a  chapter  of  his  order.  By  what  means  he 
defended  himself  we  are  not  told,  but  it  was  with  such  suc- 
cess, that  he  obtained  permission  for  some  of  the  ablest  of  the 
students  and  preachers  to  read  the  works  of  Luther.  The 
following  year  the  provincial  Sazger  paying  a  visit  at 
Basil,  the  professors  of  the  university  and  some  of  the  ca- 
nons tendered  complaints  against  Peliican  and  others,  as 
being  Lutherans,  and  contributing  to  the  circulation  of 
Luther's  works.  Sazger  was  for  deposing  them,  but  the 
senate  would  not  admit  of  it,  and  said  that,  if  he  obliged 
Peliican  and  his  friends  to  leave  the  city  for  this  cause, 
they,  the  senate,  would  take  care  to  s,end  every  one  of  the 
order  after  them.  Sazger  took  the  hint,  and  left  Basil, 
where  Oecolampadius  a;nd  Peliican  being  put  into  the  situ- 
ation of  those  professors  who  had  been  their  accusers,  Pelii- 
can entered  on  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  Bible,  which 
formed  the  foundation  of  the  commentaries  he  afterwards 
{published  in  several  volumes  folio,  from  i533  to  1537. 

Peliican  continued  professor  at  Basil  until  1526,  when 
Zuinglius  invited  him  to  Zurich  in  the  name  of  the  senate 
of  that  city,  to  teach  Hebrew.  Although  be  had  been 
for  three  years  explaining  the  Hebrew  Bible,  yet  he  was 

4F  He  H  Qot  altogether  to  blame,  however.    The  life  given  by  Mclchior  wm 
imtttn  by  Peliican  himself,  and  is  upon  the  whole  a  rery  interesting  one. 

T  2 


276  PEL  Lie  A  N. 

modest  enough  to  doubt  his  abilities  for  this  ofBcd^and^wotifd 
have  declined  it  had  not  his  friends  represented  to  him  how 
much  inore  effectually  he  might  promote  the  reformation 
at  Zurich  than  at  Basil,  where  he  was  already  in  some 
danger  from  the  enemies  of  the  new  principles.  Accord- 
ingly he  consented,  and  at  Zurich  threw  off  the  clerickt 
dress  be  had  usually  worn  for  thirty-three  years ;  and,  at 
was  generally  done  by  the  reformers,  entered  into  tb^ 
married  state  with  a  lady,  who  died  ten  years  after  (in  15Z^, 
when  he  married a.second  time).  He  continued  toexecuti 
the  office  of  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Zurich  until  biff  death, 
April  1,  1556,  in  the  seventy-eighth  year  of  bts^age. 

Pellican  was  a  man  of  extensive  learning,  and  j[)artrcti-i^ 
larly  an  able  biblical  critic.  His  skill  in  the  languages^ 
and  his  critical  talents,  made  his  services  of  great  impon* 
ance  in  the  publication  of  various  works.     Amerbach,  the 

f)rinter,  employed  him  on  the  works  of  St.  Augustine  pub* 
ished  in  1506,  in  9  vols,  folio;  and  he  executed  many  trans« 
lations,  particularly  of  the  Bible,  orparttf  of  it,  theChaldee 

{)araphrases,  &c.  His  works  are  said  to  have  been  pub^ 
ished  together  in  7  volumes,  folio;  but,  although  they  may 
amount,  including  his  commentaries,  to  that  number,  there 
IS  no  such  collective  edition.' 

PELLISSON-FoNTANiER  (Paul),  a  French  academi- 
cian, and  a  man  of  genius,  was  descended  from  an  ancient 
and  distinguished  family,  and  born  at  Beziers  in  16^4. 
His  mother,  who  was  left  a  widow  very  young,  brought 
him  up  in  the  protestant  religion,  and  sent  him  toCastres 
to  learn  the  belles  lettres  of  Morus,  or  More,  a  learned 
Scotsman,  who  was  principal  of  a  college  of  the  protestants 
at  that  place,  and  father  of  the  famous  Alexander  More. 
At  twelve  years  of  age  he  was  removed  to  Mbntaubon  to 
study  philosophy  ;  and  thehce  to  Toulouse,  where  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  law.  ^e.  acquired  a'  good  knowledge 
of  the  Latin,  Greek,  Spaniel,  and  Italian  languages ;  but 
his  love  for  the  belles  lettres  did  not  make  him  neglect  the 
law,  which  he  studied  so  diligently  as  to  publish,  when  he 
was  not  qutfe  one-and-twenty,  **  A  Commentary  upon. the 
Institutes  of  Justinian,'*  Paris,  1645,  12tno.  Some  little 
time  after  he  went  to  Paris,  where  the  celebrated  Conrart, 
to  whom  he  had  been  recommended  by  the  protestanis  of 
Castres,  introduced  him  to  the  gentlemen  of  the. academy 

1  Melcbior  Adam."— Chaufepie. 


P  E  L  L  I  S.  S  ON,  271 

ffho  asteiiibled  at  bis  hou^ ;  but  Pellisson  soon  returned  to. 
Castres,  tbe  residence  of  bis  family,  and  applied  himself 
to  the  business  of  the  bar.  He  had  excited  the  admiration 
of  all  about  himi  and  was  going  on  in  a  most  flourishing 
way,  when  the  small-pox  seized  him,  and  disfij^ured  his 
countenance  so  much  that  his  friend  mademoiselle  dq 
Scudery  told  him  he  had  abused  the  common  liberty  of 
men  to  be  ugly.  Having  come  to  Paris  a  second  time,  he 
bad  contracted  a  friendship  for  this  lady,  and  for  nianjr 
years,  it  is  said,  they  did  not  fail  either  to  see  pr  write  tq 
each  other  erery  day.  In  1652  he  became  secretary  to  the 
king;  and  the  same  year  read  his  '^  History  of  the  French 
Academy,  from  its  establishment  in  1635  to  1652,"  to  that 
society,  who  were  so  well  pleased  with  it  that  they  decreed 
bim  the  first  vacant  place  in  the  academy,  and  that,  in  the 
meat)  time,  he  should  be  empowered  to  come  to  all  their 
meetings,  and  give  his  vote  as  an  academician;  with  a 
proviiOy  however,  that  the  like  favour  could  not  hereaft^s 
be  granted  to  any  person,  up6n  any  consideration  whatever^ 
This  work  of  Pellisson,  which  has  always  been  reckoned  a^ 
master-piece,  was  printed  at  Paris,  1653,  in.  8vo. 

Fo^iquet,  the  celebrated  superintendant  of  the  finances,^ 
who  well  knew  his  merit  and  talents,  made  him  his  first  clerk 
and  confidant  in  1657  ;  and  Pellisson,  though  niuch  to  his 
injury,  always  preserved  the  sincerest  attachment  to  him* 
Two  years  after,  he  was  made  master  of  the  accounts  a^ 
Montpelicr,  and  had  scarcely  returned  from  that  place  to 
Paris,  when  the  disgrace  of  his  patron  Fouqiret  involved 
him  in  much  trouble,  and  in  1661  he  was  «ent  to  the^ 
Bastile,  and  confined  there  above  four  year^.  Though  a 
very  strict  watch  was  set  over  him,  he  found  means  to  cor- 
respond with  his  friends,  and  even  with  Fouquet  bioiself^ 
from  whom  he  also  received  letters.  He  used  hia  utropst 
endeavours,  and  employed  a  thousand  arts  to  serve  this 
minister ;  and  he  composed  in  his  behalf  three  famous 
pleadings,  which,  Voltaire  says,  ^^  resemble  thgse  of  the 
Roman  orator  thcj  most  of  any  thing  in  the  French,  lan- 
guage. They  are  like  many  of  Cicero^s  orations ;  a  mix* 
ture.of  judicial  and  state  affairs^  treated  with  an  art  vovi 
of  ostentation,  and  with  all  the  ornaments  of  an  affecting 
elo(|Uence."  In  the  mean  time,  the  public  was  so  con- 
vinced of  his  innocence,  and  he  was  sp  esteemed  in  tb^ 
micist  of  his  misfortunes,  that  Tanaquil  Faber  dedicated  his 
fditaon  of . Lacretitts  tp  him;  and. the  very  day  4bat  Imve 


«7S  P  E  L  L  I  S  S  O  N; 

was  given  to  see  him,  the  duke  de  Moiitausier,  and  dtheir 

Persons  of  the  first  distinction,  went  to  visit  him  in  the 
iastile.     He  was  set  at  liberty  in  1666;  and,  two  years 
after,  had  the  honour  to  attend  Louis  XIV.  in  his  first  ex- 
{^edition  against  the  United  Provinces,-  of  which  he  wrote 
e  history.     In  1670  he  abjured  the  protestant  religion,  for 
which,  it  is  said,  be  was  prepared,  during  his  imprisoh- 
ment,  by  reading  books  of  controversy.     Voltaire  says, 
*'  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  convinced  of  his  errors^ 
and  to  change  his  religion  at  a  time  when  that  change 
opened  his  way  to  fortune  and  preferOient.**     He  took  the 
ecclesiastical  habit,  obtained   several  benefices,  and  the 
place  of  master  of  the  requests.     The  king  settled  on  him 
a  pension  of  6000  Hvres;  and,  towards   1677,  entrusted 
him  with  the  revenues  of  some  abbeys,  to  be  employed  in 
converting  the  protestants.     He  shewed  great  zeal  in  this 
Work;  but  was  averse  to  harsh  measures.     He  published 
^^  Reflexions  sur  les  differens  de  la  Religion  ;'^  a  new  edi* 
cion  of  which  came  out  in  1687,  augmented  with  an  ^*  Aii- 
iwer  to  the  objections  from  England  and  Holland,*'  in  the 
same  language.     He  employed  also  his  intervals  of  leisure, 
for  many  years,  in  writing  a  large  controversial  voiume 
upon  the  sacrament ;  but  did  not  live  to  finish  it,  and  the 
world  has  probably  lost  little  by  it.     What  he  wrote  on 
religious  subjects  does  little  credit  to  his  pen.     Eved  when 
he  died^  which  was  on  Feb.  7,  1693,  his  religion  was  a 
matter  of  dispute ;  both  papists  and  protestants  claiming 
him  for  their  own,  while  a  third  party  thought  he  had  no 
other  religion  than  what  he  found  necessairy  at  court.     He 
wrote  some  other  works  than  those  mentioned,  lioth  in 
prose  and  verse,  but  they  have  not  been  in  request  for 
many  years.     A   selection,  indeed,  was  published  lately 
(in  1805),  at  Paris,  somewhat  in  the  manner  of  the  com- 
pilations which  appeared  in  this  country  about  thirty  years 
ago,-  under  the  name  of  "  Beauties.''  * 

PELLOUTIER  (Simon),  an  historical  writer,  was  born 
Oct.  17,  1694,  atLeipsic,  but  his  family  were  originally  of 
I^yons.  Being  appointed  preceptor  to  the  prince  de 
Montbelliard's  son,  with  whom  he  spent  the  years  1712 
and  1713,  at  Geneva,  he  had  ab  opportunity  of  atteiKling 
Messrs.  Turretin  and  Pictet'^  theological  lectures  ;  and  M. 
.  Lenfaat,  whose  pupil  he  also  was,  consecrated  him  to'  the 

1  den.  Pict.«*»NiccfM,  vol.  IL  and  X^-JUfift.  Hitt, 


I 

I 


PELLOUTIER.  479 

^rvice  of  the  altar.  He  became  pastor  of  the  French 
•church  at  Berlin,  counsellor  to  the  Upper  Consistory, 
member,  and  librarian  of  the  academy,  and  died  1757,  aged 
sixty-three.  His  <<  Histoire  des  Celtes,''  printed  in  Hol- 
land, 1740,  and  1750,  in  2  vols.  12mo,  was  reprinted  at 
Paris,  1770,  8  vols.  12mo,  or  2  vols.  4to,  and  is  esteemed 
a  work  of  accuracy  and  merit' 

PEMBERTON  (Henry),  a  learned  physician,  mathe- 
matician, and  mechanist,  was  born  at  London,  in  1 694^1 
After  studying  grammar  at  a  school,  and  the  higher  classics 
under  Mr.  John  Ward,  afterwards  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Oresham  college,  he  went  to  Ley  den,  and  attended^  the 
lectures  of  the  celebrated  Boerhaave,  to  qualify  himself  for 
the  profession  of  medicine.  Here  also,  as  well  as  in  Eng- 
land, he  constantly  mixed  with  his  professional  studies 
those  of  the  best  mathematical  authors,  whom  he  contem- 
plated with  great  effect  From  hence  be  went  to  Paris,  to 
perfect  himself  in  the  practice  of  anatomy,  to  which  be 
readily  attained,  being  naturally  dexterous  in  all  manual 
operations.  Having  obtained  his  main  object,  be  returned 
to  London,  enriched  also  with  other  branches  .'of  scientific 
knowledge,  and  a  choice  collection  of  mathematical  books, 
both  ancient  and  modern,  from  the  sale  of  the  valuable  li- 
brary of  the  abb£  Gallois,  which  took  place  during  his  stay 
in  Paris.  After  his  return  he  assiduously  attended  St. 
Thomases  hospital,  to  acquire  the  London  practice  of 
physic,  though  he  seldom  afterwards  practised,  owing  to 
his  delicate  state  of  health.  In  1719  he  returned  to  Ley- 
den,  to  take  bis  degree  of  M.  D.  where  he  was  kindly  en^ 
tertained  by  his  friend  Dr.  Boerhaave.  After  his  return  to 
London,  he  became  more  intimately  acquainted  with  Dr. 
Mead,  sir  I.  Newton,  and  other  eminent  men,  with  whom 
be  afterwards  cultivated  the  most  friendly  connexions. 
Hence  he  was  useful  in  assisting  sir  L  Newton  in  preparing 
a'liew  edition  of  his  *^  Principia,*'  in  writing  an  account  of 
bis  philosophical  discoveries,  in  bringing  forward  Mr.  Ro- 
bins, and  writing  some  pieces  printed  in  the  2d  volume  of 
that  gentleman'^s  collection  of  tracts,  in  Dr.  Mead's  *'  Trea- 
tise on  the  Plague,*'  and  in  his  edrtion  of  Cowper  on  the 
Muscles,  &c.  Being  chosen  professor  of  physic  in  Gre- 
sbam-college,  he  undertook  to  give  a  course  of  lectures  on 
chemistry,  which  was  improved  every  time  he  exhibited  it, 

I  Diet  HisU 


28Q  P  E  1^  B  E  R  T  O  N. 

and  was  publisned  in  177 1^  b^y  bis  friend  Dr.  Jan^es  WUspo*  , 
In  this  situation  too,:  at  the  request  of  the  college  of  pby-  ,  . 
siciaiis,  .he  revised  and  reforiii^^  their  pbarmacopcsiay  in  ft 
new  ajid  muqh  improved  edition,     After  a  long  and  labo^ 
ripus,  life,  spent  .in  improving  science,    and  assisting  its 
cultivators,  Dr.  Pemherton^died  ip  1771,.  at  seventyrscvea. 
years'ofage.  .  , 

Besides  the  doctor^s  writings  aboverfnentioned,  be  wrote 
numerous  other  pieces^  a^.,,  1.  '*  Epistoli^  ad  Amicuni  de^ 
Cotetiii  iqventis;"  dempnstrating  Cotes's  celebrated  tbeor 
T^ai,  and  showing  how  his  tbeprems  by  ratios  and  Ipga-  . 
ritbiyis  may  be  done  by  the.  circle  and  hyperbola.    2,  ".Ob»r 
servations  on  Poetry,"  especially  the  epic,  occasioned  by 
Gloyer's  "  Leonidas.''     5.  "A  plan  of  a  Free.  State,  witji .. 
a 'King  at  the  head  :"  not  published.  .  4.  "Account  of  tl\€^ 
aiicient  ode  printed  in  the. preface  to  West's  Pindar"-  5* 
"  On  the  Dispute  aboMt  Fluxions;  in  the  2d  vol,  of  Robins* 
works.     6.  "  On  the  Alteration  of  the  Style  and  Calendar-" 
7*  ^^  Oq  reducing  the.  Weights  and  Measures  to  one  stan- 
dard.?    8.,  "  A  Dissertation  on  Eclipses.     9.  "  On  the  . 
Loci.Plani,'*  &c.     His  nupnerous  communications  to  th^ 
Royal  Society, .  on  a  variety  of  interesting  subjects,  extend, 
from,  the  32d  to  .the  62d  vol.,  of  the  Philos.  Trans.     He  alfso 
carried  on  a  lopg  controversy  w^th  Phili^letbes  Cantabri^ 
giensis,  i.  e^  Dr.  Jurin,  in  **  The  Works  of  the  Learned,*! 
\Qh.  for  1737,  1738,  aijd  .1739. 

After  his  death,  many  valuable  pieces  were,  found*  anK)ng- 
his  papers,  viz.  A  short  IJistory  of  Trigonometry,  from 
Menelaus  to  Napier.     A  Comment  on  ^n  English  transla^ 
tion  of  Newton's  Principia.  ,  Demonstrations  of  th^  Sphe^  * 
rics  and    Spherical   Projections,    enough  to    compose  a 
trjeatise  pn  t,hose  subject^r,  ,' A  Dissertation  on  Archimedes^-  ' 
Screw,     Improvements  in  Gauging.     In  a*  given  latitude 
to  iind  the.point  of  the-'Ecliptip,  that  ascends  the  slowest^ 
To  6nd  when  the  Obtique  Ascension  differs  .most  frofn.tUe 
arch  to  which  it  belongs.     On   the  principles:  of  Merca*  . 
tor^s  and  fiddle-latitude  sailing.   .To.  find   the  Heliacal: 
Rising,  of  a  Sta^     To  compiite  the  Moan's  Parallax.     To, 
dete^niine.  the  Course  of  a  Comet  in   a  Parabolic  Orbijt*. 
And  others,   all  neatly  perfor^edr     Op,  the  w^ole,"  Dr^ 
Pemberton  appears  to  have  been  a  ql^ai^  .and  industripus,.  * 
author^.. bpt  his  writings ^are  too  diffuse  and  la^O||red«^     ,      , 

1  Button  and  Shaw'f  AbridfuaeDt  «f  ^f  Pbilof«  TraMaeCionf . 


P  E  M  B  L  E,  281 

Pil^MBLE  (Willum),  a  learned  divine,  was  born,  ac- 
cording, to  FuUer,  in  Sussex,  but  more  probably  at  Ecer-, 
ton,.in  Kent,  in  1591,  and  was  educated  at  Magdalen- 
college,  Oxford,  on  one  of  the  exhibitions  of  John  Baker,' 
of  M^ayB^ld,  in  Sussex,  esq.  Wood  informs  us  that  having 
completed  his  degree  of  hachelpr  by  determination,  in. 
11^13,  \^e  removed  to  Magdalen-hall,  where  he  became  a 
npted  reader  and  tutor,  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  entered 
into  orders,  was  made  divinity  reader  of  that  house,  be* 
came  ^  famous  preacher,  a  well-studied  artist,  ^  skilful 
linguist,  a  good  orator,  an  expert  mathematician,  and  an 
ornament  to  the  society.  '<  All  which  accomplisbmei^tSt'* 
he  adds,  *f  were  knit  together  in  a  body  of  about  thirty- 
two,  years  of  age,  which  had  it  lived  to  the  age  of  man, 
migljt  have  proved  a  prodigy  of  learning.^'  As  be  was  a 
zealous  Calvinist^  be  may  be  ranked  among  the  purit^Q^^, 
bu(  l^e  was  not  a  nonconformist.  He  died  while  on  a  visit 
to  bis  tutor,  Richard  Capel,  who  was  at  this  time  minister 
of  'E^stipgtpn,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  the  thirty-second 
y^ar  of  his  age,  April  14,  1623.  H,is  works,  all  of  which 
we^r^  separately  printed  after  his  death,  wer^  collected  in 
1  vol.  foi.  in  1635,  and  reprinted  four  or  five  times;  bu( 
this  volume  does  not  include  his  Latin  works,  ^^  De  forma- 
rum  prigine ;"  ^'  De  Sensibus  internis,*'  and  ^'  Enchiridion 
Qratoriuau^'  J^isbQp  Wilkins  includes  Pemble*s  Sermons 
in  tbe  list  of  the  best  of  his  age.^ 

,  PENA  (Jo^n),  a  celebrated  matbematiciati,  who  de-r. 
spenxlecl  from  an  illustrious  family  of  Aix,  was.  born  ^t. 
Moustiers,  in  the  diOcesp  of  Riez,  in  Provence,  in  1530« 
He  studied  the  belles  lettres  tender  Ramus,  but  is  said  to 
baye  afterwards  instructed  h^s  master  in  mathematics,  which, 
SjcieiiQe  he  taught  with  great  credit  in  the  royal  college  at. 
Pai^s,  ^e  died  A^g*  23,  1560,  aged  thirty.  M.  Pena, 
left  a  Latin  translation  of  Euclid's  *^  Catoptripa,"'  with  a 
curioqs  preface,  ajud  alsp  employed  his  pen  uppn  that  geo- 
metrician^  other  works^  and  i^pon  an  edition  of  the  ^^  Sphe- 
rica"  of  Theodosius,  Greek  and  Latin,  Paris,  155.8,  4ta,  &c.* 

.  PENGELLY  (Sin  Thomas),  a  learped  j^idge,  was  born, 
in  I^oorfields,  May  16,  1675,  and,  as  the  anonymous  au- 
t^pv  9f  bis  life  says,  was  baptii^d  by  the  name  of  Thomas^ 
app.of.  Xhoi^^^  P^pgelly ;  ^ui  others  have,  suppose^  that^ 
he  was  a  natural  son  of  Richard  Cromwell  the  protector. 

f  Atb.  Ox.  vol.  I.— FttUcr'i  WorOiifs.        ,      «  MorarU««^Dict,  Hitt. 


2$2  P  E  N  G  E  L  L  Y. 

« 

For  this  supposition  we  find  lio  other  foundation  than  tb4t 
Cromwell,  who  lived  very  privately  in  the  neighbourhood, 
bad  known  Mr.  Pengelly  from  bis  youth,  afterwards  kept 
up  a  friendship  with  him,  and  died  at  his  seat  at  Cheshunt, 
in  August  1712.  Mr.  Pengelly  was  brought  up  to  the  bat^ 
and  becoming  eminent  in  his  profession,  was  made  a  ser-^ 
jeant  May  6,  1710;  knighted  May  1,  1719,  and  in  June 
following  appointed  bis  majesty's  prime  Serjeant  at  law,  on 
the  decease  of  sir  Thomas  Powis.  He  sat  as  member  for 
Cockermouth,  in  Cumberland,  in  the  parliaments  called 
in  1714  and  1732.  He  was  made  chief  baron  of  the  ex- 
chequer Oct.  16, 1726,  on  the  death  of  sh*  JefFery  Gilbert; 
and  bis  conduct  on  the  bench  corresponded  with  the  higb 
reputation  he  had  acquired  at  the  bar.  He  died  of  an  in- 
fectious fever,  caught  at  Taunton  assizes,  April  14,  1730. 
He  excelled  in  profound  learning,  spirit,  justice,  iind  ge- 
nerosity, arid  dared  to  offend  the  most  powerful,  if  he 
thought  their  conduct  reprehensible.  He  was  a  florid,  yet 
convincing  orator,  an  excellent  judge,  a  pious  Christian, 
and  an  accomplished,  sprightly  companion.  By  a  humane 
codicil  in  his  will,  dated  in  1729,  be  left  a  considerable 
part  of  his  fortune  to  procure  the  discharge  of  persons  con- 
fined for  debt,  which  was  accordingly  done  by  his  executor 
Mr.  Webb.  There  is  a  copy  of  this  will  published  in  bis 
life,  but  the  name  of  his  residuary  legatee  is  for  some  rea- 
son omitted.  The  anonymous  history  of  Oliver  Cromwell, 
first  printed  in  1724,  has  been  supposed  to  have  been 
written  by  him,  but  this  is  doubtful.  It  has  been  also  at- 
tributed to  Dr.  Gibson,  bishop  of  Londoi^.^ 

PENINGTON  (Isaac),  a  writer  of  considerable  estima- 
tion among  the  people  called  Quakers,  was  the  son  of'  an 
alderman  of  London  during  Cromwell's  time,  who  was  lord 
mayor  in  1642,  and  Appointed  one  of  the  judges  on  the 
trial  of  the  king.  For  this  he  was  at  the  restoration  pro- 
secuted, and  died  in  the  Tower.  ^  Isaac  the  son,  was  bom 
about  1617,  and  in  his  education  is  said  to  have  bad  the 
advantages  which  the  schools  and  universities  of  bis  country 
could  give ;  but  what  school  or  university  had  the  honour 
of  his  education,  is  not  mentioned.  From  his  father's  sta- 
tion, we  are  told,  be  bad  a  reasonable  prospect  of  rising  in 
the  world,  but  chose  a  life  devoted  to  religrion  and  retire- 

1  Some  private  pasiag et  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Thommt  Penfelly,  1733,  Sto.*— 
NobVfSttppkmenttoQraDger*  '  •  .  * 


P  E  N  I  N  G  T  O  N.  28S 

iB€nt;  and,  as  he  has  himself  said,  received  impressions  of 
piety  from  his  childhood.  He  is  represented  by  himself 
and  his  sect,  as  one  who  passed  much  of  the  early  part  of 
bis  life  in  a  state  of  spiritual  affliction,  perceiving  in  him- 
aelf,  and  in  the  world  at  large,  a  want  of  that  vital  religion 
and  communion  with  the  divine  nature,  which  he  believed 
the  holy  men  of  ancient  time  to  have  possessed.  What- 
ever he  read  in  the  Scripture,  as  opened  to  his  under- 
standing,  he  determined  fully  to  practise,  and  was  con- 
tented to  bear  the  reproach,  opposition,  and  suffering 
which  it  occasioned.  It  appears  also,  that  he  met  with 
opposition  from  his  relations,  and,  among  the  rest,  from 
bis  father  ;  but  ha  declares  that  his  heart  was  preserved  in 
tove  to  them  amidst  all  he  suffered  from  them.  On  his  first 
hearing  of  the  Quakers,  he  thought  them  a  poor,  weak, 
and  contemptible  people,  although,  while  his  judgment 
Seemed  to  reject  them,  the  conferences  which  he  occa- 
Monally  had  with  them,  seemed  to  increase  his  secret  at- 
tathmfent.  At  length,  in  1658,  he  became  fully  satisfied 
respecting  them,  partly  through  the  preaching  of  George 
Fox;  and  became  himself  an  unshaken  and  constant  as- 
«erter  of  their  peculiar  tenets,  as  a  minister  and  author. 

He  married  about  1648  Mary  Springett,  a  widow,  whose 
daughter,  by  her  former  husband,  became  the  wife  of  Wil- 
liam Penn.  .  He  resided  on  his  own  estate,  called  the 
Grange,  at  Chalfont,  in  Buckinghamshire.  It  does  not 
appear  that  he  travelled  much  as  a  minister ;  for  of  six  im- 
prisonments which  he  suffered,  during  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  five  were  in  his  own  county.  The  first  was  in  1661, 
when  the  nation  was  alarmed  on  account  of  the  fifth  mo- 
narchy men,  which  occasioned  much  disturbance  to  the 
meetings  of  Dissenters.  He  was  taken  from  a  meeting 
in  his  own  family,  and  committed  to  Aylesbury  gaol, 
where,  although  a  weakly  man,  he  was  kept  for  seventeen 
weeks  (great  part  of  which  was  in  winter)  in  a  cold  room 
without  a  fire-place,  by  which  means  he  became  unable  to 
turn  himself  in  bed.  In  1664,  he  was  again  taken  out  of 
a  meeting,  and  remained  a  second  time  prisoner  in  the 
same  gaol  for  nearly  the  same  time.  In  1665,  he  was 
taken  up  at  Amersham  as  he  was  attending  the  corpse  of  a 
friend  to  the  burial-ground  of  the  Quakers.  The  concourse 
of  that  people  who  walked  after  it  in  the  street,  seems  to 
have  been  construed  into  a  conventicle,  for  he  was  com- 
mitted to  Aylesbury  gaol  for  one  month  only,  on  the  Con* 


?8*  P  ?  N  I  N  9  T  0  N. 

^  Tenticle-  Act,  in  order  to  baBishment.     1%  is  remarkable 

^hat  the  justice,  because  it  was  not  then  convenient  tq 
4  lend  bim  from  Amersham  to  Aylesbury,  dismissed  him  tn 

i  his  word  to  come  again  the  next  day  but  one,  when  he  ac- 

cordingly came,  and  was  committed  :  as  did  on  the  same 
occasion 'several  other  Quakers.     The  same  year  he  was 
'  arrested  in  his  hous,e  by  a  soldier  without  a  warrant,  and 

.^  carriecj  beforie  a  deputy-lieutenant,  by  whom  he  was  again 

sent  to  his  old  quarters  at  Aylesbury;  and,  though  the 
pestilence  was  suspected  to  be  in  the  gaol,  and  no  crjmQ 
was  laid  tp  Bis*  charge,  he  was  kept  there  till  a  pqrsoi^ 
{  died  of  it.  .  After  about  nine  months*  confinement  be  was 

;  discbargeid ;  but  when  he  had  been  at  home  about  three 

j  weeks,  a  party  of  soldiers  came  and  seized  bim  in  bed^i 

i  carrying  bim*  again  to  prison  at  Aylesbury.     The  coldjj 

\  damp,  and  uhbealtbiaess  of  the  room,  again  gave  him  4 

I  fit  of  illn&ss,  which  lasted  some  D)onths.  At  length  he  was 

brought  by  Habeas  Corpus  to  the  bar  of  the  |Cing*s-bencb, 
and  (with  the  wonder  of  the  court  that  a  inan  should  be  so 
|on.jg;  imprisoned  for  nothing)  he  was  discharged  in  166S« 
ptirihg  one  of  these  imprisonments  his  estate  was  seized| 
I  and  his  wife  and  family  turned  out  of  hU  house, 

♦  In  ,1670,  he  was  imprisoned  a  sixth  time.     He  was  visit- 

*  ing  some  of  bis  friends,  confined  at  that  time  in  Reading- 
gaol ;  on  which  he  was  taken  before  a  justice  and  conQned 
there  himself.     Etiwood  relates,  that  during  this  con6ne<r 
ment,  which  lasted  a  year  and  nine  months,  he  incurred  a 
premupire,  as  did  many  of  the  Quakers.     For  being  from 
time  to  time  examined  at  the  assizes,  it  was  common  to 
tender  them  the  oath  of  allegiance,  which  they  refusing, 
from  their  scruple  to  swear  at  all,  they  became  criminals 
in  thd  view  of  the  law  when  they  went  out  of  court,  how7 
ever  innocent  they  might  have  been  on  their  coming  in. 
It  seems  probable,  that  the  political  principles  of  the  fa; 
ther  had  some  share  in  occasioning  the  sufferings  of  the 
son ;   who,  from  his  writings,  appears  to  have  been  of  a 
meek  and  quiet  spirit.     He  died  at  Goodnestone-courr^ 
Sussex,  in  1679,    being  about  sixty-three  years  of  age. 
Ellwpod  says,  that  his  disposition  was  coii^rteous  and  ^m- 
hle;  his  ordinary  discourse  cheerful  and  pleasant,  neither 
morose  nor  light,    but  innocently  sweet,   anid  tampered 
with  suph  a  serious,  gravity,  as  rendere^d  his  conversatioi^ 
both  delightful  and  profitahle.      His  pumeipys  wntibgt 
wercf  collected  into,  o^e  Yo}^mct  (blip^  and  published  1681  \ 


i 


P  E  N  1  N  G  T  ON.  S85 

lePterwftrds  reprinted  in  two  volumes  4to,  and  next  in  4  vols. 
tvQ,  Some  select  pieces  have  also  been  reprinted,  and 
lately^  tome  of  bis  letters,  179^,  in  octavo;  niany  of  them 
ire  dated  from  Aylesbury.  They  breathe  a  spirit  6f  ge- 
nuine philanthropy,  but,  being  deepiy  tinctured  with  tnys* 
ticism,  have  been  more  sought  for  by  such  as  are  fond  of 
that  species  of  writing,  than  by  other  readers.  * 

PENN  (William),  afterwards  sir  William  Penn,  knt. 
kdmiral  of  England,  and  one  of  the  conimanders  at  the  tak- 
ing  of  Jamaica,  was  born  at  firistol  in  1621,  of  an  anciei^t 
family.  He  was  addicted  from  his  youth  to  maritime  affairs; 
&nd  before  he  had  reached  his  thirty-second  year,  went 
throogh  the  various  promotions  of  captain ;  tear-admirat  of 
Ireland ;  vice-admiral  of  Ireland ;  admiral  to  the  Straits ; 
Vice-admiral  of  England ;  and  general  in  the  first  Dutch 
war,  and  commander  in  chief  under  the  duke  of  Vork,  ih 
the  signal  victory  over  the  Dutch  in  1665,  on  which  oc- 
casion he  was  knighted.  On  his  return  he  was  elected  into 
parliament  for  the  town  of  Weymouth  ;  in  1660,  commis- 
sioner of  the  admiralty  and  navy,  g(dvern6r  of  the  fort  and 
town  of  Kinsale,  vice-admiral  of  Munster,  and  a  member 
of  that  provincial  council.  He  then  took  leave  of  the  sea, 
but  still  continued  his  other  employments  till  1669 ;  when, 
through  bodily  infirmities,  he  withdrew  to  Wanstead  in 
"Essex,  and  there  died  in  1670.  Though  he  was  thus  en- 
jgaged,  both  under  the  parliament  and  king,  he  took  no 
part  in  the  civil  war,  but  adhered  to  the  .duties  of  his  pro- 
fession. Besides  the  reputation  of  a  great  and  patriot 
officer,  he  acquired  credit  for  having  improved  the  naval 
service  in  several  important  departments.  Qe  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  little  tracts  on  this  subject,  some  of  whicb 
are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  The  monument 
erected  to  his  memory  by  his  wife  in  Radclilfe  church,  Bris- 
tol, contains  a  short  account  of  his  life  and  promotions. 
But  in  Thurloe*s  State  Papers  there  are  minutes  of  his  pro- 
ceedings in  America,  not  mentioned  on  his  monument, 
which  he  delivered  to  Oliver  Cromwell's  council  in  Sept. 
1655.  He  arrived  at  Portsmouth  in  August,  and  thence 
Wrotfe  to  Cromwell,  who  returned  him  no  answer:  and, 
"^Bpolihis  first  appearing  before  the  council,  he  was  commit- 
ted to  the  Tower,  for  leaving  his  command  without  leave, 

to  the  hazard  of  the  army;  but  soon  after  discharged.* 

'  '  '  ' 

^    ^  Pemi's  and  Elhrood's  Tfistinonief!,  prefixed  to  liisATOr^.      ,| 
"^  'Biog.  Brit,— CUrkson's  Life  of  TViiltam  PeoD.' 


2S6  P  E  N  N. 

PENN  (WiLUAM),  the  son  of  the  preceding^  was  bom 
in  the  parish  of  St  Catherine,  near  the  Tower,  of  London^ 
Oct  14,  1644.  He  was  sent  to  school  at  Chigwell  in  Es-* 
sex,  which  was  near  his  father^s  residence  at  Wanstead ; 
and  afterwards,  in  his  twelfth  year,  to  a  private  school  on 
Tower^hill ;  and  he  had  also  the  advantage  of  a  domestic 
tutor.  Penn  relates,  in  a  conference  he  had  with  some 
religious  persons  on  the  continent,,  that  '^  the  Lord/*  as  he 
expresses  it^  **  first  appeared  to  him  about  the  twelfth  year 
of  his  age ;  and  that,  between  that  and  the  fifteenth,  the 
Lord  visited  him,  and  gave  him  divine  impressions  of  him« 
self.'*  Wood  informs  us,  that  during  the  time  of  Penn's 
residence  at  this  school  at  Chigwell,  ^'  being  retired  in  a 
chamber  alone,  he  was  so  suddenly  surprized  with  an  in-? 
ward  comfort,  and  (as  he  thought)  an  external  glory  in  the 
room,  that,  he  has  many  times  said  how  from  that  time 
he  had  the  seal  of  divinity  and  immortality ;  that  there  was 
a  God,  and  that  the  soul  of  man  was  capable  of  enjoyidg 
bis  divine  communications."  It  appears,  that  before  this 
time,  he  had  been  impressed  by  the  preaching  of  one 
Thomas  Loe,  a  quaker,  but  no  particulars  of  the  <;ircum* 
stance  are  known  ;  it  is  however  incidentally  mentioned^ 
that  it  Was  by  the  same  person  that  be  was  afterwards 
confirmed  in  his  design  of  uniting  himself  with  that  sect 

In  1 660,  he  was  entered  a  gentleman-commoner  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford ;  where,  although  he  is  said  to  have  taken 
great  delight,  at  the  times  of  recreation,  in  manly  sports^ 
he,  with  some  other  students,  withdrew  from  the  national 
forms  of  worship,  and  held  private  meetings,  where  they 
both  preached  and  prayed  among  themselves.  This  gave 
great  offence  to  the  heads  of  the  college,  and  Penn,  at  the 
age  of  sixteen,  was  fined  for  nonconformity ;  but,  having 
theii  a  degree  of  that  inflexibility,  where  he  thought  him-« 
self  right,  which  he  shewed  on  subsequent  occasions,  he 
not  only  persisted  in  his  religious  exercises,  but  in  his  zeal 
joined  a  party  who  tore  i;i  pieces  the  surplices  of  every 
student  whom  they  met  with  one  on :  an  outrage  so  fla- 
grant, that  he  was  expelled  from  the  college. 

On  his  return  home  his  lot  was  not  more  easy.  His  fa<* 
ther,  observing  his  delight  to  be  in  the  company  of  so*^ 
ber  and  religious  people,  such  as  in  the  gay  and  licentious 
reign  of  Charles  IL  was  more  likely  to  prevent,  than  to 
promote,  his  rising  in  the  world,  endeavoured  by  severity 
to  divert  him  from  his  purpose.    Penn,  as  he  relates  liim« 


P  E  N  N.  287 

9dfy  was  whipped,  beaCeOi  and  finally  turaedoutof  doors, 
in. 1662.   The  father,  however,  either  relenting,  or  hoping 
to  gain  his  point  by  other  means,  sent  his  son  to  Paris,  in 
company  with  some  persons, of  quality   who  were   tra- 
velling that  way.      In   France  he  continued  some  time^ 
and  returned  so  well  skilled  in  the  language,  and  in  the  em- 
bellishments of  a  polite  behaviour,  that  he  was  joyfully  re- 
ceived by  his  father.   During  his  residence  in  Paris  he  was 
assaulted  in  the  street  one  evening  by  a  person  with  a 
drawn   sword,   on  account  of  a  supposed  affront ;    but, 
among  other  accomplishments  of  a  gay  man,  he  had  be- 
come so  good  a  swordsman  as  to  disarm  his  antagonist.     la 
one  of  his  writings  he  very  rationally  condemns  this  bar- 
barous practice,    reflecting  how  small  a  proportion   the  I 
omission  of  a  piece  of  respect  bears  to  the  loss  of  life ;  | 
which  in  this  case  might  have  been  consequent  upon  the 
rencounter. 

After  his  return  from  France,  he  was  admitted  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  with  the  view  of  studying  the  law,  and  continued 
there  till  the  memorable  year  1665,  when  the  plague  raged 
in  London.     In  1666,  his  father  committed  to  him  the  care 
of  a  considerable  estate  in  Ireland,  which  occasioned  him. 
for  a  time,  to  reside  in  that  kingdom.     At  Cork  he  was 
informed,  by  one  of  the  people  called  Quakers,  that  Tho- 
mas Loe,  whose  preaching  had  affected  him  so  early  in  life^ 
was  shortly  to  be  at  a  meeting  in  that  city.  To  this  meeting 
he  went.     It  is  said  that  Loe,  who  preached  in  the  meetings 
began  his  declaration  with  these  words :  ^*  There  is  a  faith 
that  overcomes  the  world,  and  there  is  a  faith  that  is  over- 
come by  the  world.**     The  manner  in  which  Loe  eplarged 
upon  this  exordium  is  not  known  ;  but  the  effect  was  the 
conviction  of  young  Penn,  who  afterwards  constantly  at- 
tended the  meetings  of  the  Quakers,  notwithstanding  all 
obstacles.    The  year  after  his  arrival  in  Ireland  he  was, 
with  many  others,  taken  from  a  meeting  at  Cork,  and  car- 
ried before  the  mayor,  by  whom  he  was  committed  to  prU 
son;  but  was  soon  released,  on  application  to  the  earl  of 
Orrery.     This  was  his  first  imprisonment,  at  which  time  he 
was  about  twenty-three  years  of  age;  and  it  tended  to 
strengthen  the  ties  of  his  union  with  a  people  whom  he 
*  believed  to  suffer  innocently.     His  father,  understanding 
his  attachment  to  the  Quakers,  remanded  him  home  ;  and 
tl|oagh  there  was  yet  no  great  alteration  in  his  dress,  yet 
his  serious  deportment  evincing  the  religious  state  of  his 


288  P  E  N  N. 

mind,  confirmed  the  fears  of  his  iatfaer,  and  gavtft  6ccas!<Hli 
to  a  species  of  conflict  between  them  not  easily  descrifaled* 
The  father  felt  great  affection  for  an  accomptish^d  and 
dutiful  son,  apd  ardently  desired  the  promotion  of  his  tern*- 
poral  interests,  which  he  feared  would  be  obstructed  l)y  thi^ 
Way  of  life  he  had  embraced.  The  son  was  sensible  of  the 
duty  he  owed  to  his  parent,  and  afflicted  in  believing  that  he 
eould  not  obey  him  but  at  the  risk  of  his  eternal  welfarie.  At 
length  the  father  Wauld  have  compounded  with*  the  son, 
and  suffered  him  to  retain  the  simplicity  of  his  manners  to 
fitll'othersj  if  tre  would  Consent  to  be  uncovered  before  the 
khig,'  the  duke  (afterwards  James  II.),  and  himself.  Pbnn 
desired  time  to  ct!>n$ider  of  this  requisition ;  and  having 
iemplbyed  it  in  fksting  and  supplication,  in  order,  as  he 
conceived,  to  kiiow  the  divine  will,  he  humbljj^  signified  td 
hiK  hxhet  that  he  corfld  not  comply  with  it.  Afteir  thi^,  th6 
father  being  utterly  disappointed  in  his  expectations,  could 
no  fon^el"  endure  the  sight  of  his  son,  and  ^'second  time 
llrove  him  from  his  family.  In  this  seclusion  he  comforted 
farmis^If  with  the  protnise  of  Christ,  to  those  who  teav^ 
fcotfse  dr  parents  for  his  sake.  His  support,  outwardly,  wai 
tlre*charity  of  his  friends,  and  some  supplies  privately  fent 
him  by  Ijis  mother ;  but,  by  degrees,  his  father,  becoming 
bontinced  of  bis  integrity  by  his  perseverance;  permitted 
bim  to  Veturn  to  the  family  ;  and,  though  lie  did  riot  give 
kim  open  countenance,  he  privately  used  his  interest  to  get 
him  released,  when  imprisoned  for  his  attendance  at  the  ^ 
Quakers'  meetings; 

Irt  16i58,  he  first  appeared  both  a,s  a  minister  arid  ari 
Author  among  the  Quakers.  We  shall  riot  pretend  t6 
gi^e  the  titles  of  all  his  numerous  tracts,  tirs  first  pVece 
has  this  title,  which  is  very  characteristic  of  the  man : 
**  Truth  exalted,  in  a  short  but  sure  testimony  gainst  aB 
those  rfeligions,  faiths,  and  worships,  that  have' been  formed 
and  followed  in  the  darkness  of  apostacy;  and  for 'that 
glorious  light  Which  is  now  risen  and  shines  forth  in  the  life 
and  doctrine  of  the  despised  Quakers,  as  the  alone  good 
old  way  of  life  and  salvation ;  presented  to  princes,  priests, 
and  people,  that  they  may  repent,  believe,  and  obey;  By 
William  Penn;  Whom  Divine  love  constrains,  in  an  holy 
cdntehipt,  to  trample  on  Egypt's  glory,  not' fearing  the 
king^s  wrath,  having  beheld  the  majesty  of  tim  who  is  invi- 
sible." The  same  year,  on  occasion  of  a  flispute  with  Tho- 
mas Vincent,  a  Prgjfbytcrian.    Penn  wrote  Ms  •*  Satidy 


P  E  N  N.  Ma 


loiiiidatk)!!  shakin ;  which  ooctsioned  biiii  to  be  imprbonedf 
a  second  dme  in  the  Tower  of  London^  where  be  remaiDedf 
abotti  seven  months;  and  from  whieb  he  obtamed  his  re*: 
kfase  abo^  6j  anotber  book  entitled  **  Innooency  with  hei 
open  faee,'^  in  which .  be  vindicated  himself  from  the 
thsagei  which  had  beeo  east  on  bifm  for  theiormer  treatise. 
In  the  Tower  abo  be  wrote  his  faxdoua  ^^  No  Gross  no 
Grown/'  or  ratfaeri  probably^  tbe  first  edition  of  it»  of 
which  the  title  was  different  It  may  be  esteencied  bis 
master^piece^  and  contains  a  strong  picture  of  Ghris^t 
^«  morality*  The  copnplete  title  is,  ^^  No  Gross,  no 
Grown ;  a  Diseotijrse,  shewing  the  nature  and  discipline 
ef.the  llojy  Cross  of  Ghrist;  and  that  the  denying  of  Self^ 
and  daily  bearing  of  Gbiist^s  Gross,  is  the  alone  w^y  to 
tke  R^t  and  KMi^dam  of  God»  To  which  are  added,  the 
living  and  dying  testimoniea  of  many  persoojs.  of  fame  and 
learniflg,  botb  of  ancient  and  modem  times,  in  fa/vour  of 
tbis  treatise^'*  It  baa  gone  ibroogb  several  editions,  and 
bas  been  laAely  tranalated  into  Freneh«  After  fats  release^ 
be  again  visited  keiand,  where  bis  time  was  employed^  m^ 
enlj  in  hi$  iiithev's  business,  but  in  bis  own  function  as  si 
mi4iister  among  dae  QaalpeKs,  and  in  applieations  to  the 
government  fbir  tbeiar  relief  from  suffering;  ini  which  appli* 
cation  he  succeeded  so  well,  as  to  obtain^  in  1*670,  an  order 
of  council  for  their  general  release  from  prison.  Thor  same 
year  be  returned  to  London,,  and  experienced  that  aoffering 
fron»  which  his  influence  bad  rescued  bis.  finendis  in  Ire« 
bmd.  The  Goafventicle^ci  came  out  this  yeu-,  by  whieh 
tbe  meetings  of  Dissenters  were  forbidden  under  severe 
pena/itiee.  The  Quakers,  however,  believing,  it  their  reli« 
gioui  duty,  eontinoed  to  meet  as  usual ;  af  d  when  some* 
ttmea  forcibly  kept  out  of  their  meeting-houses^  ihey  as^ 
sembted  ds  near  to  tbeoa  as  tbey  could  in  the  streiet.  Ait 
one  of  these  open  and  public  meetings  in'  Grecechurcb* 
s^eet^  Peaa  preached,  for  wbicb  be  wa&>commitiied  to 
Kewgate^  bis  third  imprisonment  ^  and  at  t:be  next  sesaioa 
at  tl^  Old  Bailey^  togeiber  with  William  Mead,,  woi'.iii* 
dic^ted  for  ^^ being  present  at^  and  preaching  to  kn  uadaavful^ 
seditious^  and  riotous  assetefaiy/'  He-  plealded  hia  own 
Cause,^made  a  long  and*  vigoroua  defence)  though  mon^^eed 
and  iH  tc^oted  by  the  recorder^  and  was' finally  acquitted 
by  the  jury,  wbo  first  brought, in  &.  verdict)  of  ^<  Guilty  of 
•peaJiing  in  Graeeehurch^s<)reet  ;^'  and  when  that  was  not 
afdtoitted,  ^  verdiet  of  ^  Not  guiky.'*  He  was,  never tbe». 
Vol.  XXIV.  U 


290  P  E  N  N- 

Ies8|  detained  iii  Newgate,  and  the  jury  fined.  Tbe  trial 
was  soon  after  published,  under  the  title  of  ^' The  Peofile'9 
ancidnt  and  just  liberties  asserted,  in  the  Trial  of  WiUiaoi 
Penn  and  William  Mead,  at  the  Sessions  held  at  the  Old' 
Bailey  in  London,  the  1st,  3d,  4th,  .'and  5th  of 'September, 
167a,  against  the  most  arbitrary  procedure  of  that  Court.^ 
This  trial  is  inserted  in  his  works,  and  at  once  affords  a, 
proof  of  ills  legal  knowledge  and  firmness, .  and  of  the  op- 

?ression  of  the  times.  The  pretence  for  the  detention  of 
enn  in  Newgate  was  for  his.  fines^f*  which  were  imposed  oti 
bim  cfor  what  wks,  called  contempt  of  c6urt :  but  he  i/^aar 
liberated  by  his  father's  prirately  paying  these  fines.  .  His 
paternal  kindness  now  seems  to  have  returned,  and  flowed 
abundantly;  for  he  died  this  year,  ftiUy  reconciled  to  his 
sou,  ,and  left  him  in  possession  of  a  plentiful  estate :  it  isf 
said,  about  1,500/.  per  annum.  Tenn,  in  his  ^^No  Gross,' 
ho  Crown,'*  p.  473,  edit  xiii.  1789),  bas  collected  ^ome  of 
bis  father's  dying  expressions ;  among  which'  we  find  tbia 
remarkable  one,  in  the  mouth  of  a  man  wbo'had  so  much 
opposed  the  religious  conduct  of  his  son  :---«^  Sou  William^ 
let  nothing  in  this  world  tempt  you  to  wrong  your.  C6n- 
science :  I  charge  you,  do  nothing  against  your  conscience; 
So  wi)l  you  keep  peace  at  home,  wh^cfa  will  be  a  feast  to 
you  in  a  day  6f  trouble."  .     .  .       i 

.  Near  this  time  he  held  a  public  dispute  at  Wycombe,  in 
Buckinghamshire,  with  a  Baptist  teacher,  concerning- the 
universality  of  (he  divine  light.  He  also,  wrote  a  letter  ta 
the  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  on  account  of  the  abuse 
which  his  friends  suffered  there  from  the  junior  scholars. 
And  during  his  residence  this  wiater  at  Penn,  in  Buckings- 
hamsbire,  he  published  his  *^  Seasonable  Caveat  against 
Popery,*'  though  it  was  the  religion  of  tbe  queen  and  of  the 
heir- apparent.  This  has  been  brought  to  prove  the  unrea«- 
«pnableness  of  the  clamour  that  was;  aftervvards  raised 
against  bim,  that  he  favoured  Popery:  an  aspersion  to 
ivhich  Burnet  gave  some  ear,  but  which  Tiilotsbn  retracted. 
Near  the  close  of  the  year,  he.  was  led  to  his  fourth  impris- 
onment. A  seijeani  and  soldiers  waited  at  a  meeting 
Vtitil  he  stood  up  and  preached ;  then  the  seijeant  arrested 
tiim,  and  he  was  led  before  the  lieutenant  of  the  Tdwer^ 
by  whom,  on  the  act  for  restraining,  nonconformist^  from 
inhabiting  in  corporations,,  he  was  again  con^mitted^  for 
six  miontfas,  to  Newgate;  During  his  confinement,  •  lie 
wrote  sereral  treatises^  and  also  addressed  tbe  pairliaot^ent^ 


ft  E  N  Ni.  «9l 

^Jbtch  WIS  then  about  £o  take  meatures*  for  enforcing  4b€ 
Conventicle  Act  with,  greater  seveiity.  Shortly  after  the 
ireleaseofPeoD  from  this  imprisoDineDt,  he  travelled)  in.  the 
exercise  of  his  mioifttry,  in.  Holland  and  Germany.,  j^eyir 
particulars  of  this  jpur^iey  ve.  preserved ;  but  it  is  a,lliuied 
to^n  the  account  of  .a  subsequent  one  which  he  plublished. 

in  1672,  be  married  Gulielma  Maria  Springett,  whose 
rather  having  been  killed  at  tbe  siege  of  Bamberi  in  the 
civil  wars,  and  her  mother  having  married  Isaac  PeniqgtQti 
of  CbaUbnt,  Bucks,  in  his  fiimily  (which  was  a  plaqe.of 
l^neral  resort  for  Quakers  in  that'oou^ty)  Guliel^ma  bad 
her  education,  and  probably  became  acquainted,  with 
Penn.  After  bis.marriage  he  resided  at  Rickmansworth, 
in  Hertfordshire.  The  same  year  he  wrote  several  contro* 
versial  pieces ;  and,  among  the  rest,'One  against  IVtuggleton. 
In  this  employment,  about  ibis  time)  be  seems, to  baye 
spent  much  of  bis  leisure  In  1674,  be  ventured,  to  write 
to  the  king,  complaining  of  the  severity  of  some  justices, 
and -Others,  to.  the  Quakers  ;•  and  some  time  after,  he  pre- 
sented to  the  king,  and  to  both  houses  of.  parliament,  a 
Ibook  entitled  >VThe  continued  Cry  of  the  oppressed  ^  for 
J^istice ;.  giving  .an  .account  of  the  cruel:  and  unjust  pro- 
ceedings against  the-  persons^  ,and  estates  of  many  of  the 
people  called^  Quakers^"  In  1675  he;  held  a  public  dispute 
near  Rickmansworth,  with  the  famous  Richard  .Baxter*  •. 

In,  1677,  in  company  .with  ^Geprge  ¥oj^  and  Robert 
Barclay,  he  again  set  sail  on  a  religious  visit  to  the  Conti* 
nenL  He  travelled  by  Rotterdam,  Leyden,  apd  Ha^rlepi, 
to  Amsterdam,  at  which  place,  bearing  of  a  persecution  of 
the  Quakers  at  Dantzick,  he  wrote  to  tbe  king  of  Poland 
an  expostulatory  letter  on  their  behalf.  He  .then».  after 
aoQie  further  stay  ,at  Amsterdam,  proceieded  by  Ospabrug 
to  Herwerden>  or  Herford,  the  residence  of  the  princess 
Elizabeth,  daughter,  of  the  king  of  Bohjemia,  ,^d.  grand- 
daughter of  James  L  .    .  . 

it  may  not^be  amiss  to  mentipa,  tnat  tjae  m^nqer  in  which 
the  ministers  of  the  people  called  Quakers/tranrel  in^he 
husiness  of  their  ministry  is  simply  this  *m  Having  a  vie^ 
of  the  country, in  which  they  believe  themselvea4iTinely 
required  to  niinister,  they  prpcejBid  from  place  vtp ;  place, 
according  as  their  minds  feel  disposed,  by  the  touches  of 
the  same  influence  which  they  conceived,  to  have,driS.w|i 
|bem  from  their  habitations.  Their  employment  is  visiting 
^  meetings,  and  often  the  families  of  their  friends  ^  a^d 

'^ "■  • '   ■  ■ '  u:2      >     •      •     . 


ftom^times  appdintifig  UMihrd  pMtt  irieetkgii  lor  Ite-irtfer^ 
ttiatioti  ef  peF9<»ns  ef  'O^et  docietlces,  whom  'iilafo  they  Visit, 
fit  their  dirty  dr  incliiiiMlon  kiftftd  th^m.  Tbi»  seems  to  tei¥^ 
b«6en  the  case  with  Penli  and  his  eomfNfr^tomi  whose  pnii- 
*  cipal  busiaeds  at  Herv^erdea  wa^  iti-  liisitiyig  the  prihces* 
and  her  family.  I^ie  ri^eiT^  thefll  wi^H  gi*eikt  rtodiHfe^, 
and  they  remained  fi^t  day»  at  hertowtf,  iti  wfaieh  iimp 
Ibey  had  many  ^ligio^te  i^p6rtfmitfe^>  botb  fer  worship 
tod  conf&c^nte^  with  her  and  iii  ber  bdto^,  trne  of  which 
was  open  to  theiul^abirtaDts  d^the  t^wti.  Oh  keai4nj^  iter- 
werden,  b^  to^l  4  eiremt  in  Gfef^marty,  l>y  OAi*iM,  Prttnc* 
fort^  Ghri>she}m,  Maiibeim,  Merrtas,  Ocloghe  (eaHcid  by 
bim8etfCui|ei>>)  Mulbein^  Wesd^  Cte^,  atidNim^uen; 
and  re^raed  t^  Amstterdani  io  less  than  a  fftohtb  after  h'^ 
had  left  it.  Aft^fr  sts^ying  ^kbout  three  days^  h'6  again  left 
tt,  and  went  by  fiorn>  Woreiim,  fiarfin^en,  L^feehwardebj 
LippenhiiS)  Gf oningen,  Embden,  and  Bi^6n,  to  his  bospi- 
table  frieiid  the  princess  Elizab^h  at  Berw^den^  whence, 
after  anbdiet  stay  ef  about  (avtv  d^ys,  ^  ^i^^ofid  circah 
brought  hirfn  to  Aimsterdahti ;  and^  fi^din  lioHi^nd  he  f^ttirnelf} 
borne,  by  Harwich  tiid  London,  tobfs  wife  and  ^famify  sit 
Weraai^ngfrui^st,  in  Strss*^x.  We  eefnd^udes  the  iiirratitis  of 
hh  joutfiey  in  theise  \vprdi :  <•  t  had  tbtit  erettitig  i^it.  of 
liit^  reiurh)  a  siveet'oMibting  atAongthem,  rn  #fafdh^(S6d** 
blesfiied  power  iinade  to  tritly  glad  t^getht^r :  and  I  c*rn  sayi 
truly  blessed  are  tbey'trtk)  feiwi  cheerfully  give  tip  *to  serve 
tbe  Lord.  Great  ^>H  be  ^tbe  ihereiase  ^ti6  giroiVtb  of  th^it 
treacittrey  wbick  i»hatl  nev^cil^.  1?6  Plim  that 'was,  and  ts^ 
aad  is  to  cohie;  the  ^^ririA,  h^}'  Uess^,  righteous, 
powerful,  andfaitbftrt  Ofee;  btgtery,  'hoiioAr,  tod  praise, 
dociiln<i6n,  and  a  kingdom,  fbr  i^Vet  and  evtir.  Amen."-*-** 
Jtlainy  remarkable  ^ircit^ina(fetnce^  otiettrlh  bis  aifccon'nt  oTtfie 
j^^urney,  partietilbi^  tbei^eflf^ood  sensibility  and  cohlfritidti 
^4811^  eirinefed  by  the  j^ihbdsa,  aftild  by  ber  iWend  stnii 
companion^  Anna  Maria,  countess  of  Hdn^si  Baft  ive  mmtt 
refer  tc^Ptenti'sbWn  kbcbdMtv^'Wbic4l  is  in  Vh  wotkst,  and 
ako^fepariE^lji^  ^taiYt.  At  l^etim^ofMs  t^ttrrti,  and  be« 
ibvehifei  ejfrterirtg  6i>  ttiis  jWney^,  hi*  re^d^bce  was*tWeJr- 
loiiighurst,  in  j^ssex^  an  n&stsite,  "probably,  of  his  wife*^; 

Ab4fut  the  tiknfe  of  bis  return  -frbro  the  tsbntinexit,  Wft 
feietvds  the  Quakers;,  ainofi^  b^er  tnethods^  cised  at  thH 
time  to  liarass  tbcHin,  #er6  vexed  bj  Idws  wliiefb  bad  been 
ttiade  agadni9t  Papists,  and  peniihies  of  twenty  pound's  'i 
moiitbjor  tvro-^third»of  tb^ijr  estates  (Stat.  &i  wid  i^a  Mir.) 


^«bf  Qwdbin  ciiencji  H9i»s^  of  P«i4(iaoa^ot,i  audi  Wns  (wioei 
4ilM»«d  ta  tpeak  cm  tfaeir  l»elialf|  kl  ii|[  cq<l(aM(t^|  probaUj; 
^  tti^ .  CosKQoag,  fof  a  bitt  for  Ibe  jfeii^  Of  the  Quakers  sqqi^ 
ilM  pMsed  tbut  bD«f9 ;  bul|  before  it  b^  p«a«Qd  tbe  Qtb?v 
Imtifi^,  it  was  set  atidle  fa^  a  prai?9gAti(Hi  of  patHafloefit 
,  In  l<SBi>  king  Cbarios,,  in  ^ofi9«|era|tiQia  ^  the  «ervic8a 
«f  bit  faib^r^  •  Se  adnMraii,  «iid  Qif  a  d§bt  due  lo  him  frQBft 
ibo^owaat  his  deatki.wJudi  ib»t  ext^^t^aat  tnwar9hba4 
vo  olfaer  raeam  «f  payings  ^ranteil  to  Peao  a  provio^^  iff 
Vorth  America^  lying  on  ite  W«4t  ai^e  .Of  tbe  I>eUwitre» 
called  ihe  Now  Nelberia^da ;  bttft,  on  this^  Qc<|aBipfi^  dono*« 
pnaated  by  tbe  king»  Jo  tespect.lo  the  gratH^ee^  PenuiyU 
vnmtu  PeoB  teon  after  publisdml  W  aepoMnt  of  the  pto^ 
vidoe^  vvith  tbe  kUig'a  potent,  det^^ibing  the  coup  try  aad 
iteipiiiKlOoe,  a)nd  ptfapoftitigoany  terois of  Bettlemeot  to  such 
aa  onight  be  incUhed  to  go  tbitboif.  Ho  ai^o  ^nt  a  tetter 
to  ffaie  nattTie  Indians^  tfiforming  ibom  of  bit  dewe  to  bojld 
bid  possessioB,  not  only  fay  ibe  king's  grants  but  with  their 
ponseot  awd  leve^  acknowledging  the  iDJiuHioo  wbicb  bad 
beeif-done  them  by  EordpeHoai  arid  assuring- tbem  of  btl 
poaicsable  inteotiioiidi  He  fthea  drew  up»  in  twenty-foot 
ertieles^  ^'The  ffandaniefttal  ConstittttiOfi  of  Paansyl* 
▼jiiija ;''  and  tbe  Mbiring  year  bo  pnbUsbed  the  '^  Frame 
of  G<M»ernflMmt  of  PennayUaoia*''  This  baying  all  tbe 
attraetloni  of  a  popoltMP  forib,  and  pvofoinirig  ulhlimited 
freedom  to  all  religbus  SO.cts;  and,  wbat  wa^^  mofd  of  aU 
agreeable  to  them,  an  emancipation  from  the  expenees  of 
an  eslabltshed  religion,  mapy  single .  pf^fsons,  end  som^ 
fiuniliei;,  went  to  the  new  province.  They  sooa  begon  to 
clear  and  imfiiof  e  their  lands^  and  to  build  ^  city,  wbi^h 
Peooi  keying  in  view  the  priomple  of.  brotherly  Ioto^ 
which  is  the  strength  of  civil  society^  ni^med  Pbiladelphioi 
CiomniimoBers  irere  abio  appointed  to  treai^  !l^itb  the  In<f 
dians;.a]id|  in.l6i%  he  v&iMl  bis  dewly-acqoired  terri<^ 
•toiy.  At  this  time  be  parsed  about  two  yei^rs  in  the  pro<t 
viace,  adjusting  its  ipterior  concerns^  and  ef.i»^li^ing  a 
frickidly  correspondence  with  bis  neigbbMrs ;  but  fojund  iti 
at  tbe  same  time,  necessary  to  vindicaie  biotself,  in  a  spi^ 
riled  letteri  from  .die  accusation  of  ambition  and  die  desire 
of  irealtk  Tbe  fbUowing^  y^tet,  1693,  be  gave  a  more  full 
description  of  Pesuisylvaiiia,  in  *^  A  Leuer  axldressed  to  the 
Goiteiiaee  ^f  the  Free  Society  of  Traders  to  that  province^ 
residing  in  Lmukn/^     Ho.j||&n):ionsi^bat  two  general 


39«  FE^N  N. 

assembliigs'tiad  been  beld;  and  mtb  i^och  concord  and  :dif^ 
patchy  that  they  sat  but  three  weekft,  and  at^eaatt  seventjr 
laws  were  passed,  without  one  dissent  in  any  materiat 
point.  He  also  informs  the  traders,  tlmt  the  assembly^ ha<l 
presented  him  with  an  impost  on  certain  goods  imparted 
and  exported;  which  impost,  after  bis  acknowledgmenta 
of  their  afFectioti,  he  bad  freely  remitted.  He  also  says, 
after  mentioning  the  establishment  of  com*ts  of  justice,  that 
to  prevent  law- suits,  three  peace-makers  htA  beeii  ch^seti 
by  every  co>inty-court,'in  the  nature  of  common  arbrtratorii; 
Before  he  left  tbe  provin(;e,  he  addressed  an  epistle  of 
caution  to  his  friends  of  the  same  religious  persuasion  set^ 
tied  in  it;  feminding  them  of  the  conspicuous  station  iit 
which  they  were  then  placed  ;  being  transplanted  from  op* 
pression,  not  only  to  liberty,  but  to  power ;  and  beseech-*'^ 
ing  them  to  improve  the  opportunity  which  God  had  noW 

{)ut  into  thei^  bands.  Having  thus  settled  his  infant  co;^ 
ony,  hereturned  to  his  wife  and  family  in  England  iu'lS84; 
Not  many  months  after  the  return  of  Penn  from  faia 
colony,  Charles  11.  died,  and  the  respect  which  Jan^es  H;^ 
bore  tolhe  late  admiral,  who  had  recommended  his  son  t0 
bis  care,  together  with  that  monarch's  personal  acquaiflt^^ 
ance  with  Penn  himself,  procured  for  him  a  free  access  at 
court.  He  therefore,  made  use  of  the  opportunity,  thus 
afforded  him,  of  soliciting  relief  for  his  persecuted. firiendi^ 
tbe  Quakers,  fifteen  hundred  of  whom  remained  prisoners 
at  the  decease  of  Charles  II.  All  this  was  ineritorioiis  j 
but  the  r^st  of  Penn^s  conduct  seems  not  quite  consistent; 
The  nation,  at  this  time,  was  justly  alarined,  as  welt  know^ 
ing  the  king's  inclination  to  popery;  but  Penn's  bi6gra«> 
phera  teli  us,  that  he  had  no  such  fears.  He  bad  long  been 
intimate  with  the  king,  and  had  given  credit  to  the  protesi^ 
tatioiis  which  James  had  repeatedly  made,  of  his  intention 
to  establish  liberty  of  conseience.  On  his  accession,  there^ 
fore,.Peiltt  took  lodgings  at  Kensington;  and  his: ready 
s^nd  frequent  reception  at  court,  drew  on  him  the  suspicion 
of  being  himself  a  Papist '  Burner,  as  was  hinted  before,' 
so  far  leaned  to  this  opinion,  as  to  mention  it  in  bis  biso* 
tory,  and  to  declare  that  Penn  was  intimate  with  Petre 
the  Jesuit,  and  employed  by  James  IL  in  H6liahd,'*]h 
1686.  Burnet  also  adds  the  following  description  of  Pernios 
character:  **  He  was  a  talking  vain  man,  who  had. long 
been  in  the  king's  favour.  He  bad  sudi  an  opinion  of  his 
own  faculty  of  persuading^  that  he  thought  none  coiild 


suail '  befoi^  4l^  though  he  was  siiigtilar  in  that  opbion ; 
fbrlie4Mi3  a  tedious  luscious  way,  that  was  dot  apt  to  over- 
<toaaea  inaii*s  reason,  though  it  might  tire  his  patience.'* 
Burnet,  therefore,  was  evidently  no  friend  to  Peun.  But 
miich  of  this  t^diousness  and  egotism  may  'be  proved  from' 
P«nn*s  works.  TUlotson  bad  the  same  suspicions  as  Bur- 
net ;  and  having  mentioned  them  publicly,  Penn,  by  let- 
ter, inquired  of  him,  if  he  had  really  spread  the  report  of 
his  being  a. Papist?  In  this  letter  Penn  has  these  words, 
ampng  others :  **  I  abhor  two  principles  in  religion,  and 
pity  them  that  own  them :  obedience  upon  authority,  with- 
out conviction  ;  and,  destroying  them  that  differ  from  me  for 
God^s  sake/'  Tillotson,  in  reply,  mentions  the  ground  of  his 
suspicion ;  namely,  that  he  had  lieard  of  Penn's  correspond- 
ing with  some  persons, at  Rome,  and  particularly  with  Jesfuits  j 
but  professes  his  particuli^r  esteem  of  Penn's  parts  and  tem-^ 
per,  and  says  not  a  word  of  his  intimacy  «^tb  Petre,  who  was 
in  England  ;  which,  had  it  subsisted,  as  both  were  public 
fiaen  at  court,  Tillotson  must  have  known.  In  reply,  Penri 
declared; that  he  held  no  correspondence  with  any  Jesuit,' 
priest,  or  regular,  in  tbo  world,  of  the  ^Lomish  communion^ 
and  «v.en  that  he  knew  not  one  any  where ;  declaring  him^ 
eelfto  be  a  Christian  whose  creed  was  the  Scripture.  In 
conclusion,  Tillotson  declared  himself  fully  satis6ed, .  and^ 
as  in  that  case  he  had  promised,  he  heartily  begs  pardon 
.of  Penn.  The  correspondence  may  be  seen  at  length  in 
Penn's  Works*.  In  this  year,  1686,  he  published  <<A 
PerjBuasive  to  Moderation  .to  Dissenting  Christians,  &c» 
bumbly  submitted  to  the  kinjg  and  his  great  council ;"  sooa 

*       /  '      '  • 

*  Theq«estioaofPemi*«iQcliiiati<Mi  Tbe  king,  by  admittiog  him  At  court, 

to  popery  is  scarcely  worth  contend*  and  flattering  and  caressing  him,  bad 

Ifig;  but  bir  friends  who  have  iaboared  turned  Che  pialn  meek  qojier  into  a 

this  poin^  so  mino^y,  seem  much  less  downvigbt  man  of  !the  world. '  Perhaps 

successfbl  in  TiBdicating  his  consist-  in  all  the  annals  of  courtly,  trick  and 

imcyin  other  matters.  .That  Peon  was  artiac#  there  caonbt  be  found  an  ia- 

not  a  papist  is  admitted  ;.  hot  he  xe-  stance  more  striking  than  Penn's  in- 

joiced  in  that  toleration  of  king  James  terview  with  the  president  and  fellows 

'  If.  the  object  of  which  was  the  exten-  of  Magdalen  college,'   as   related  ii( 

fioo  of  popery  and  papists  into  all  our  Wilmot*s  Life  of  bishop  Hough.    The 

Siblic  eitablishmenls,  schools,  and  se-  fellows  seem  indeed  to  have  £pU  the 

ioarjes,  that  it  might  ultimately  be  mortification  of  applying  to  Peon,  a^ 

the  predominant  reliigion.     If  Penn  did  a  mediator  with  the  king^  but  it  is  to 

,  not  see  tbia^Kmsequenceof  king  James!*s  their  honour  that  none  of  his  artful 

measures,  he.  most  have  been  the  dupe  bints  prevailed,  and  that  they  left  him 

ofa  man  of  far  less  capacity  than  him-  with  the  same  inclination  to  sufiWr  ia 

*U^'i  and  the  truth  appears  to  have  the  cause  of  oonscifnce,  which  bad 

^9  that>he.»a«  the  dope^  either  of  the  been  the  boast  of  him  and  his  sect, 
i,  or  of  his  own  vanity  and  interest.  ^ 


\ 


%H  1^  E  N  N^ 


pardon  $  wbipfa  wm  fotiow^  ^e  Oiext;  y«»r)  ^^jr  .^m  sias^ 
peiiabG^  of  tbie  petial  laif^.  P^i^n  presented  at)  fuld^resA  of 
Ibe  Quakers  on  thi$.  occasion.  He  alsp  weote  a*  boc^  ^li 
#€ca3i<>n  of  ^e  ol^e€^ip0$  rawed  i^gAinst  tbe  repeal  <>f  peo»l 
laws  and  ^est;  rad,  ibe  clamour  ftgaia^t  hipa  eo»tkmMi(^ 
be  w^  i)rg0d  tp  i^ttidtcat#  himiielf  from  i^  by  one^^f  hm 
friends,  Mr.  Popfie^  mareiary  to  tbe  Pkuitei^ooTofiiQe^ 
V^bijsh  be  <&1  in  «*longf»ply«  ^a|;ed  16^.  But  %e  bi4 
How  t;o  cope  with  inore  powerful  opponf  nts  tbai)  4ruoiottr<« 
Tbe  revoiuiiion  took  pUcOr  i^nd  an  ia4imal(&  ^f  Jav^es  i«as  of 
eouQse  a  auspected  pevtoo*  As  bo  was  walkv^  ,h)  Wbke^r 
ballf  be  was  ^Ofsmoned  befem  ibe  .eoimoili  tfa^  sitting! 
and,  iboof^  votfaiag  wU  proved  mgsimi  )uIb»  be  Ym»  boiml 
|o  ^appear  ibe  &tU  day  of  tbo:  fol^wing  tor ff^i  hu%  bekig 
continued  1^  ^be  neist  'on  (the  ^ame  bail,  ho  was.  thiaa  dia^ 
okarged  in^ipiso  oooi^:  notbang^tHig  laid  to  kis  obarg^» 
In  i£e  beginning  of  1^90^  lie  f99»  again  broiigbt  befiofo 
tbe  couBciJ,  and  aAouiod  of  ^inreapoodiQg  wi^b  Ja»«iSt 
fhey  required  baU  ^f  ^afi  ^la^fore;  but  ke  ^a^poaM  ^ 
^be  king  kinsaei^  wbo>  $fier  a  long  oontoeaeO)  inclined 
to  acquit  kioi ;  neirartkeless,  M  tbe  iosi^aoe  of  aoipe  of  ike 
oounctl^  be  ¥Mt»»i5eooad:  Mmekoki  a  wbite  ro  baU^  <biufi  #( 
length  disekafgerf,.  <Sk¥)ii  after  lijbifw  io  ike  ^%ini»  year,  be 
wa3  <chaM|red  i^iib  odfaering  to.  die  ^ngwee  of  tbe  killgdoaq^ 
but  proo?  ^aUjtti^  be  was  ia^m  cfeased  b^  ibe  coiu^  of 
King^^beocb.  fieiog  now»  a^  be  tbofight;^  ^  likerty^  -bt 
prepared  to  go  Again  io  PenQsyl^Mia»  and  pubUsbed  pm^- 
poaals,for  «iiotk^  ^dttiiemwt  tberis ;  bilt.^ii  toy^e  wal 
prevented  by  another  accusation,  supported  by  the  oath 
df  otife  Ifl^IKat^  Fulte^  (a  man  wl^m  tbe  parimnkem  after- 
wards declared  tp/he  a  cheat  and  impostor) ;  Mpon  wbiicb  ^ 
warrant  was  granted  lor  arresting  kim,  and  he  uMpmiAy 
js^seapied  it,  at  hi^  retufu  ft-om  the  burial  of  George  Fo^. 
Hitherto  he  kad  sucoessfuUy  defended  kimself;  but  noiw^ 
Hot  choosing  to  expose  his  character  to  tbe  oaths  of  a  pnfO^i 
Sigate  man,  he  withdrew  f«>0Qi^  public  notiice,  tUl  tbe  k^tier 
part  of  1693  ;  when,  through  the  aiediation  of  bis  frteaFdi 
jat  court,  he  was  once  more  adoditted  to  plead  b!s  own  clause 
before  the  king  and  council ;  and  he  so  levaooed  kis  kuio«r 
cence,  that  he  was  a  foprth  time  acquitted.  He  e^aptoy^ 
himself  in  his  reUrements  in  writing.  Tbe  most  geoeralljr 
known  production  of  hfs  'seclusion^  bears  the  ti«ie  ^ 
Fruits  of  Solitudoi  in  Reflections  and  Maxims  relatiog 


€t 


■ 


PENN* 

to  4M  Msdiict of  4mi»m  life;**  And  «nt>tter'iiot' ks9  valued 
^f  hi9  met  it  bk  ^<  Key,  Ac.  to  discern  the  diiFereiice  be^ 
tween  ibeiselifiofi  .prole^aed  by  ibe  peeple  cnUed  Q»aker$» 
m4  ^e  pervei^itty  &c.  ef  ihetr  eiWermries,  Ac/* :  wbiob 
baft  :gfme  #mnigh,  ttpnabe  editions  at  least    Not  long  afteir 
liiiB  «estoliation  to  #ocfttfty,  he  loal  Ms  wile,  which  affected 
tarn  so  misbhi  that  he  seid  all  bis  other  troubles  were  nth* 
tbtegiflkeefiipatisoe  of  ibis;  e«dlbe  published  a  short  tuQ^ 
counts  ber  cfaarioter^  dybig^expresMons^  tod  pioua  end. 
T'he'foUowi'fig  year,  be  s^^peared  as  the  eulogist  of  George 
FoUi  ta  m  loeg  fMefece  to  Fex*8  Jouitiai,  then  fmblished* 
Ttbe  pr^iee,  giiriiig  a  aummary  account  of  .the  people 
wbeoi  Fox  bad  been  ae  nraob  the  ineaos  of  imiting,  has 
beetfi  aevAml  times  primed  s^paralelyv  under  tbe  title  of 
f <  A  l>vief  AcoemH:  of  tbe  rise  and  .progtess  of  the  people 
caUed  42uakera/*     It  has  passed  through  mftay  edit^otw  in 
^a^sbi  two  in  French^  and  has  been  translated  into  Ger-» 
nan  hy  A.  -F.  Wenderbern*    Tbe  same  year  he  travelled 
a»ia  minialer  in  aoove  of  tbe  western  counties  $  and.  in  the 
liei^  me  find  bim  tbe  public  ad^rocate  of  the.  Qoafcers  to 
perliettient,  before  wbooi  a  bQI  waa  then  dqieodiirg  for 
4beir  eese  in  die  case  of  oatbt^     In  tbe  early  pkrt  of  i  696^ 
be  flMirried  a  aecond  wife^  and  soon  aifoer  lost  his- eldest  son^ 
S^ageitt  3Pemi,  who  appi^ars,  from  the  character  given 
to  Uin  by  bis  father^  to  have  been  a  Itopefvil  atid  pioiis 
yeswg  frnTO)  just  ooomig  of  age.    Tbe  same  year  he  added 
eee  ^nere  to  bis  abort  tracts  despriptifre  of  Quakerism, 
under  tbe  title  of  ^'Prioiiti^e  Christiufiity  revived,"  &c. 
and    now  began   bis   paper  controversy  with  the  noted 
Qewge  Keidiy  who  from  a  champion  of  Qoakerismi  and 
Umb  itttilnate  «f  Barclay,  bad  become  one  ef  its  violent  op^ 
pouents.     Keitb'a  severest  sract  accuse   Penn  and   fail 
btwlbr^  irf^hstsm.     in  Ifidf,  a  bill  depending  in  parUa« 
ttiBiMt  egaiost  blaspfaeasy,  be  presented  to  the  House  of 
QeeT%  ^  A  Caudoe  requiaite  in  the  coasideratioH  of  that 
Bill;**  u^erefai  beedvimd  that  the  teitii  .migbt  besode^ 
fitted^  as  to  prevent  malidoos  prodecutiona  under  that  pre-^ 
leace.   BkitdMe  bill  was  dropped.  ,  In  169^^  be  travelled  as 
m>  preaicber  in  Ireland^  and  the  following  winter  resided  at 
Briatol.     la  1699^  he  again  sailed  for  bis  pnmuce,  with 
las  wile  and  fkmilyv  intending  to  inake  it  bis  future  resi« 
den^e^  but^  during  bis  abvmcei  an  attempt  was  made  \o 
Undermine  proprietary  goverlimeot^,  tinder  colour  of  ad* 
wneieg  <the  4itig*s  piefogaitive.   A  bUl  for  libe  purpes^waa 


29fi  PE  NiN: 

brought  into  pafliMient,  biit  the  tneii^tt're  vihM  po^pobed^ 
ttntil  his  return,  at  the  intercession  of  his  frieiidi ;  who 
atso  gave  him  early  infonnatibn  of  the  hostiie  pt^eparatibns^- 
amd  be  arrived  in  England  the  latter  part  of  1701.  After 
his  arrival,  the'  measure  was  laid  aside,:  and  Penn  once 
more  became  welcome  at  court,  by  the  death  of  king  Wil« 
Ham,  and  the  consrequent  accession  of  queen  Anne.  Oti 
this  occasion,  he  resided  once  more  at  Kensington,  and 
afterwards  at  Knightsbridge,  till,  >ia  1706,  be  removed  to 
a  convenient  house  about  a  mile  from  Brentford.  Next 
year  he  was  iuv-olved  in  a  law-suit  with  the  executors  of  a 
person  who  had  been  bis  steward ;  and,  though  many 
thought  him  aggrieved,  his  cause  was  attended  with  such 
circuniisUtnces,  as  prevented  his  obtaining  relief,  and  he 
was  driven  to  change  his  abode  to  the  rules  of  the  Fleet,' 
until  the  business  was  accommodated;  -which  did  not  hap^ 
pen '  until  the  ensuing  yean  It  was  probably  at  this  time, 
that  he  raised  6,600^.  by  the  mortgage  of  his  province. 

After  a  life  of  almost  constant  activity  and-  employment^- 
he  found,  at  the  age  of  sixty-five,  that  the  infirmities  ol 
age  began  to  visit  him,  and  to  lessen  his  abilities  for  tra<^ 
veiling  with  his  wonted  alacrity;  yet,  in  the  y«ar  1T09, 
be  visited  the  west  of  England,  and  some  counttea  nearer 
bis  residence  in  the  metropolis.  But  at  length,  in  1710, 
finding  the  air  near  the  city  not  to  agree  with  bis  declining 
constitution,  he  took  a  handsome  seat  at  Rushcombj  near 
Twyford,  in  Berkshire,  at  which 'he  continued  to  reside  to 
the  time  of  his  decease.  In  171 2,  be  had,  at  distant  tindesj 
three  fits,  thought  to  be  of  the  apoplectic  kind.  The  last 
of  these  impaired  his  understanding  and  memory,  so.  much 
as  to  render  him  unfit  for  public  action  afterwards.  His 
friend,  Thomas 'Story,  an  eminent  Quaker^  who  had  beea 
the  first  recorder  of  the  corporation  of  Pfaiiadelphia,  made 
bim  annual  visits  after  this  time,  to  his  death.  In  17 IS 
and  1714,  he  found  him  cheerful,-  and  able  ta  relate  past 
transactions,  but  deficient  in  utterance,  and  recollection 
of  the  names  of  absent  persons.  In  1715,  bis  ibemory 
seemed  further  decayed  ;  but  both  in  this,  and  the  foriiier 
year,'  Story  relates,  that  he' continued  to* -utter  in  the 
Quakers*  meeting  at  Aeading,  short,  but  sound  and  sen- 
sible expressions.  This  year  he  also  tried,  but  without 
benefit,,  the  effect  of  the  waters  at  Bath.  In  ]7.i€,  'he 
aeemfed  glad  to  see  his.  friend,  and  at  parting  with  him  an^ 
another,  he  said,  **  My  ;iove  is  with  you»    The  .I^ord  pr&p' 


P  E  N  N.  99$ 

serre  jtm,  and  renmember  me  in  tbe  everbttiag  coVtoMt.** 
In  Uify  -lie  scarce^  knew  fab  old  acquaintan^)  or  could 
i9alk>  without  leading.  His  decease  was  on  the  .30th. of 
Jiily>'17l8,  and  his. interment  the  5tb  of  the  next, ii^ontb, 
at'iordan,  near  BeacenafieAdy  Bujckioghamshire.  Without 
attempting  to  draw  up  ar^ular.ofaaracterof  WiUiam.PenUp 
it  must  be  evident  from  bis  woAs,  that .  he  was  a  iban  (d 
abiiitiea;  aodyfnom  his  conduct  through  iife,  that,  he  was 
a  man:of  tbe'^pnsest  cohscieooe.  This,  without  acqedlng 
to.biftoptiiioo8  iu  religioo,  we  are  perfectly  willing  to  allow 
smd  to  dadare  J  i 

.P£NNANT  (Thomas),  an  eminent  traveller,  naturalist^ 
and  antiquary,  was  born  June  14,  1726*,  at  Downing,,  in 
Flintshire,  the. seat  of  his  family  for  several  generations. 
He  .was.  the  son  of  David. Pennant,  and  his  mother  was  tbe 
daagliter.of'Riofaard  MyttonQf..HaUtoo..^  He  was  educated 
first:  *  at  ^;Wrexham,  then  .at  Mr.  Croft^s  school  at  Fulbam, 
and  .last  at  .Ctueen's.and  O^Lel .  colleges,  Oxford,  where, 
however,  he  took  no  degcee,  but  was  qompliooented  with 
diat-vf : LL. D«  in  the  year  1771,  long  after  be  bad  left  the 
university.  ....  j 

A  present  of  the  ornithology  of  Francis  Willougbby, 
made  to  him  at  the  age  of  twelve,  gave  him  a  taste,  for  that 
fitudy^  andta  love  for  natural  history  in  general,  which  be 
afterwards  pursued  with  j  constitutional  ardour,,  and  great 
reputation ;  to  such  small  matters  do.  men.  of  talents  some* 
times  owe  their  prevailing  bias,.  In  1746-7,  he  made  a 
toiur:  into:  Com wall^  where  he  contrapted  a  strong  passion 
fox  minerals  and  fossils.  The  first  production  of  bis  which 
appeared  tu  pnot,  though  unknown  to.himself,  was  an  abr 
ataract  of  aletter  which  be  wrote  to  his  uncle,  John  Mytton, 
esq«  on  an  earthquake  which,  was  felt  at  Downing,  April  2« 
dl7.i&0;  ,: This. appeared'!^  tbe  Philostopbical  Transactions. 
Inrl7^4,  be  wtts. elected  a  fellow*of  tbe  Society  of  Antir 
quaries,:  an  booonr?  which  he  resigned  in  1760.;   Accord;^ 

*  «To,pra?eQt  al)  disputes  about  to  Miss  Jenny  Parry,  of  Merton,  in 

ttie  place  and  time  of  my  birth, "  be  it  this  pdrish;  who,  to  her  dying  day» 

fcntWn  thai^I  wflia  bum  .<m  Juife  14,  .  nerer .  failed   tefling  »e,   <*  Ab,  y(^ 

1736,  old  style,  in  the  room  .bow  called  rogue  !  I  remember  you  when  you  had 

the  yellow  room ;  that  tbe  'celebrated  '  not  a  shirt  to  your  back.*' 

Itri.  Clayton,  of  ahrewsbnry,  ushered  Pennsat's  Hist,  of  Whitefgnd 

fa^  intO'-the  wwld,  %od  delivered  me  ,      :    .        ^^^  Holywell. 

'  ^.']^>je  aepouDt,  now  altered  in  some  jmrts,.  was  drawn  up  for  the  last  edition 
pi  this  Dictionary.— A  very  elaborate  life  lias  lately  been  published^  by  Mir. 
<nkiiist>n,  in  S'rols.'  etO.^>i«8ee  also  Bior.  Brit.<*-^nd  Life  prefixed  to  bit  Wori», 

a'las,  3  Toll,  folio. 


3«0  PEWNAN.T. 

!i>g  40  fais  own  aceosmt^  Iki^  foreti|^  at  this  fime  ipm  snialk 
^^I  bad)^'  sajsJae^  ^'married  a  most  amiahlewtrwUyVi^f 
circoinstances  M^ere  very  narrow,  my  worthy  father;  btiog 
dlive,  and  i  vainly  thought  my  faappihesi  wcnsid  h^^VB  bteh 
^^manent,  and  that  I  never  ahould  hame  he&k  called  aga^n 
lirom  my  tetire^tient  to  amuse  myself  in  toWn^  or  to  be  of 
toe  to  the  society.'* 

Pt«vk>U8  to  thii  resif^tion,  however^  m  1754^  be  viaitM 
Ireland  ;  \m%  such  was  the  oonviviality  of  .the  eouiitry)  that 
fate  jooTQal  proved  as  meagpre  ^s  his  ent^rtahmreot  was 
plentiful,  '*  so  it  never  was  a  dish  fit  to  bb  offered  to  tfas 
|>uUick.'-  In  1756,  be  published  in  the  ^'.  Philosophical 
Transactions/'  a  paper  on  severai  coralloid  bodies  he  had 
4:oiiected  at  Coali]rrook-dale,  in  Shropshire*  In  17i7,  aft 
the,  instance  of  the  ceiebratcd  Linnssu^^  he  was  elected  df 
the  Royal  Society,  at  Upsal,  which  he  calls  the  first  and 
greatest  of  his  Kterary  honoun/*  He  kept  «p  a.corre«- 
«pondence  with  Linnaeus,  till  age  and  infittfiities' obliged 
the  latter  to  desist. 

In  i 761,  he  began  his  << British  Zoology,"  wfaidh^  wiicfa 
completed,  consisted  of  132  plates  on  imperial  paper,  att 
engraved  by  Mazel.  Edwards,  the  celebfated  omithor 
logist,  conceived  at  first  a  little  jealousy  on  this  attemipl^ 
lynt  it  very  soon  subsided,  and  they  contracted  a  great  tti^ 
tamacy,  which  ended  only  with  the  death  of  Mr.  Edward 
He  devoted  the  profits  of  the  '*  Bntidi  Zoology"  to  the 
'Welsh  charity  school,  in  Gray's  inn-bne,  London,  and 
supported  the  far  greater  part  ol  the  e^enoe ;  but  he  lost 
Considerably  by  it,  and  the  school  did  ndt  gain  so  much  as 
it  might  if  the  work  had  been  printed  in  a  quarto,  instead 
4>f  a  large  folio  siee.  But  he  confesses  be  ivas  at  that  time 
inexperienced  in  these  affairs. 

In  1765,  he  made  a  abort  tiowe  to  tiie  epnlinent,  whirls 
lie  enjoyed  the  company  of  the  celebrated  Bttfbii,^  who 
publicly  acknowledged  his  &vouraUe  sentiments  of  Mtk 
Pennant's  studies  in  the  fifteenth  volume  of  his  ^^  Natural 
.iHistory."  They  had  afterwards  a  dispute  on  branches  o^ 
their  respective  studies,  but,  adds  our  author,  ^^  our  blows 
were  light,  and  I  hope  that  neither  of  us  felt  atiy  material 
it^ary."  At  Ferney  he  visiteql  Voltaire,  who  happeJ>ed  tp 
be  in  gdod  humour,  and  was  very  entett^ining ;  bfft  in  his 
'attempt  to  ^peak  English^  satisfied  the  visitors  that  he  ^as 
perfect  master  of  the  oj^ths  and  curses  wb^ch  disgrace  ihi^ 
language. 


PENNANT*.  301 

'  Dtfriog  iHAb  tour,  Mr.  Pennant  visited  Itlso  bistron  Halter, 
the  two  Gesneriy  the  poets,  and  Dr.  Trew,  a  venerable 
patron  of  natural  history,  who  resided  at  Nuremberg.  At 
the  Hague,  he  met  with  Dr.  PaHas,  and  this  meeting  gave 
the  to  hn  "  SjmopMs  of  Quadrupeds,'*  and  the  second  edi* 
tion,  tinder  the  name  of  the  **  History  of  Quadrupeds,''  a 
work  received  by  the  naturalists  of  different  parts  of  Europe 
in  a  manner  uncommonly  favourable.  Mr.  Pennant  had 
proposed  this  plan  ^o  Pallas,  but  owing  to  the  latter  being 
promoted  at  the  court  of  Petersburgh,  it  ultimately  de« 
▼olved  on  himself.  In  1767,  after  his  return,  he  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1768,  his  British 
Zoology  was  published  in  two  volumes,  8vo,  and  the  book* 
teller  gave  Mr.  Pennant  \00L  for  permission  to  do  so,  which 
he  immediately  vested  in  the  Widish  charity-school. 

In  1769,  he  added  a  third  volume,  in  octavo,  on  the 
reptiles  and  fishes  of  Great  Britain.  In  the  fifty-eighth 
▼oiume  of  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  was  published 
his  account  of  a  new  species  of  Pinguin,  brought  by  cap* 
tain  Macbride,  from  the  Falkland  islands.  In  the  same 
year,  in  conjunction  with  sir  Joseph  Banks,  and  Mr.  Leten^ 
who  had  been  a  governor  in  one  of  the  l>Qtch  islands  in 
the  Indian  ocean,  he  published  twelve  plates  of  Indian 
Zoology,  but  chat  work  was  afterwards  discontinued.  In 
the  spring  of  this  year,  he^acqaired  one  whom  he  calk  ^ 
treasure,  Moses  Griffith,  to  whom  the  public  are  indebted 
for  numberless  scenes  and  antiquities,  and  who  accom- 
panied Mr.  Pennant  in  all  his  journeys  except  that  of  the 
present  year,  which  was  his  first  tour  into  Scotland.  "  I 
had,**  says  he,  **th«  hardiness  to  venture  on  a  journey  ta 
the  remotest  part  of  North  Britain,  a  country  almost  as 
little  known  to  its  southern  brethren  as  Kamtschatka.  I 
brought  home  a  favourable  account  of  the  land.  Whether 
it  will  thank  me  or  ho  I  cannot  say,  but  from  the  report  I 
have  mad«,  and  shewing  that  it  might  be  visited  with  safety^ 
H  has  ever  since  been  inondit  with  southern  visitants."  This 

J  ear,  also,  be  was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Academy  at 
)rontheim. 

In  1770,  he  published  103  additional  plates  to  the  Bri- 
tish Zoology,  with  descriptive  additions  ;  and  in  1771,  he 
|irinted,  at  Chester,  his  **  Svnopsis  of  Quadrupeds,**  irt 
erne  yoluine,  8vo.  In  May  of  the  same  year,  he  was  Ho- 
notfred  bV  the  university  of  Oxford,  with  the  degree  of 
doctor  or  laws,  conlferred  in  full  convocation.    About  th^ 


MB  PENNANT. 

close  of  the  year^  be  gare  to  the  public  his  ''Tomr  itt 
Scotland,"  in  one  8vp  volunae^  oroameDted,  as  all  h^  works 
are,  with  plates.  A  candid  accoui;it  of  that  country  was 
80cb  a  novelty,  that  the  impression  was  instantljr  bought 
up,  and  in  the  next  year  another  waa  printed,  and  a&;  soon 
sold.  In  this  tour^  as  in  all  the  succeedinir,  he  laboured 
earnestly  to  conciliate  the  aflFections  of  the  two  nation^  so 
wickedly  and  studiously  sc^t  at  variance  by  evil^desigiiiqg 
people;  and  he  received  several  yety  flattering  letters  on 
the  occasion.  In  the  Philosophical  Transactions  of  this 
year,  he  has  an  (Recount  of  two  new  species  of  tortoises..     ; 

On  Allay  18,  1772,  he  began  the  loo^st^of  his  journey^, 
in  our  island.  This  was  his  ^'  Second  Tour  in  Scotland^ 
and  Voyage  to  the  Hebrides.*'  "My  success,"  he  ob- 
serves on  this  occasion,  ^^  was  equal,to  my  hopes :  I  pointed 
out  every  thing  I  thought  would  be  of  service  totbexoun- 
try :  it  was  roused  to  look  into  its  advanti^es ;  societies 
have  been  formed  for  the  improvements  of  the  fishieries, 
and  for  founding  of  towns  in  .proper  places :  ,to  all  whicb^ 
I  sincerely  wish  the  most  happy  event;  vast  sums  will, be 
flung  away;. but  incidentally  numbers  will  be  benefited, 
and  the  passionsof  patriots  tic)£led«  I  confess  that  my  own 
vanity  was  greatly  gratified  by  the  compliments  paid  tome 
in  every  corporated  town.  Edinburgh  itself  presented  me 
with  its  freedom,  and  I  returned  rich  in  civil  honours."    .  . 

In  1773,  be  pablishe^  the.  8vo  edition  of  "Genera. of 
Birds,'*  and  performed  a  topr  through .  the  north  of  Eng* 
land,,  where  his  companion  Mr.  Griffith  made  a  great 
many  drawings  of  antiquities,  &c.  several  of  which  were 
afterwards  used  by  Mr.  Grose,  in  his  <*  Antiquities  of  Eng* 
land,"  In  this  tour  he  contracted  'an,  acquaintancfi  ..with 
Mr.  Hutchinson,  the  historian  of  Durham,  in  a  singular 
manner,,  which  we  shall  give  in  his  own  words :  ^^  I.  was 
mounted  on  the  famous  stones  jn  the  church^yard  of  Pen«-^ 
rith,  to  take  a  nearer  view  of  them,  and  see  whether  the 
drawing  I  had  procured,  done  by  the  rev.  Dr.  Tod,  had  the 
least  foundation  in  truth."  Thus  engaged,  a  person. of 
good  appearance,  looking  up  at  me,  observed  ^^  what  fine 
work  Mr.  Pennant  had  made  with  those  stones.^'  I  saw  he 
|iad  got  into  a  horrible  scrape ;  so,  unwilling  to  make  bad 
worse,  I  descended,  laid  bold  of  his  button,  and  told  hiai> 
*<.!  am  the  man  !"  /After  his  confusion' was  over,  I  'made ^ 
short  defence^  shook  bim  by  the  hand,  and  we  Uecame 
from  that  moment  fast  friends."    An  account  ofbiurtof 


pt;k  n  a  Jiir  sos 

(bis  }&tirriey,  Mr.  Pennant  left  in  m8ni]9<;ripfy  HloStrBled 
Witb  drawings  by  Mr.GrliBth.  Mr.  Pennant  performed  all 
his  joarneys  on  horseback,  and  to  that  be  aitdbnted.bis 
healtby  old  age.  He  considered  the  absolate  resijcnatibn 
of  one^s  person  to  the  luxury  of  a  carriage,  to  forebode  a 
▼ery  short  interral  between  tbat^  andthe  vehicle  which  is 
to  convey  us  to  our  last,  stage. 

-  In  1774,  he  published  a  third  edition,  with  additional 
plates,  of  his  *}  Tour  in  Scotland,^*  in  4to,  and  his  Voyage 
to  the  Hebrides  in  the  same  size.  In  the  same  year,  he 
visited  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  journeyed  through  various  parts 
of  England.  In  1775,  appeared  his  third  and  last  volnme 
(^  the  ^'Tour  in  Scotland,*'  perfomied  in  1772.  These 
tburs  have  been  translated  into  German,  and  abridged  inr 
French.  In  1777,  he  published  a  fourth  volume  of  the 
*^  British  Zoology,'*  containing  the  vermes,  the  crustacecus 
and  iestaceotts  ^nimah  of  our  country. 

After  several  journeys  over  the  six  counties  of  North 
Wales,  in  which  be  collected  ample  materials  for  their 
history,  he  published  the  first  volume  of  them  in. the  form 
of  a  tour  in  1778;  and.  in  1781,  the  second,  under  the  title 
of  **  A  Journey  to  Snowdon."  In  the  same  year  a  ,new 
edition  appeared  of. his  *' Synopsis  of  Qaadr upefds,"- in 
2  vols.  4to,  with  considerable  improvements.  The  liberties 
which  the  country  gentlemen,  in  the  character  of  deputy*. 
Ueiitenahts,'  and  inilitia-officers,'  now  and  then  took  with 
their  fellow*subjects,  urged  him  about  this  time  to  publish 
**  Free  Thoughts  on  the  Militia  Laws." 
/  In  this  year,  1781,  he  was  elejcted  an  honbrairy  member 
of  the'society  of  Antiquaries  at.  Edinburgh.  In  tte  Philo- 
•opbicfti  Transactions  of  the  same  year,  was  published  his 
history 'of  the  Turkey^  which  he  made  appear  was  a  bird 
pleeuliar  to  America,  and  unknown  before  the  4iscQvery  of 
that  continent :  also  a  paper  on  earthquakes  felt  in  Flint-* 
ibire.  In  1782,  he  published  his  "Jodmey-ftom  Chester 
lb  London."  In  1783,  he  was  elected  a  miember  ^of  the 
Societas  Physiographica,  at  Lund,  in  Sweden.  In  17B4> 
appeared  his  "  Letter  from  a  Welch  Freeholder  to  his  Re^ 
presentative."  The  same  year  he  published  his  **  Arctic 
Zoology,-  two  volumes,  quarto,  containing  the  classes  of 
quadrupeds  and  birds.  This  work  gave  occasion  to  bis 
being  honoured,' in. the  year  179^^1,  by  being  elected  mem r 
ber:  of    the  American  Philofophiual  Society '  at .  PWla- 

delpbia.    ,  :/  :  ii 


SM  t  K  K  N  A  N  T. 

In  M»j  ]r7  94,  fa&  was  deciei  membeir .  of  the  fiayni 
Aeademy  of  Sciences  at  Stockbolfli.;  ancl  in  J^nuaiy  llSi^^ 
an  bonorapy  member  of  the  Edinburgli  Socictjr  for  pm^ 
noting'  of  uainral  koo«ledgc ;.  of  the  Sbciety  of  Asniqiia-t 
vie»  at  Pevtb ;  and  tiope  Agnculiural  Socitty  at  Odiasn^  in 
Hampslure.  In  i797^  be  publisii«d.  a  Sappleinent  to  tile 
Arctic  Zoology.  As  in  1777^  be  bad  again  narfiedi  htt 
dfacofitinued  lifs  temrt  until  tbe  spving^  lilBI^  whitn  .be-  vi- 
sited tbe  dockyardf,  and  tra^itlled  by  brad  ffem  Ba^tfo^ 
following  die  coast  tor  the  Landla^cndL 
'  Besides  tbese  greater  works,  of  eeraflMhor,  he  att  seirerii 
times  gttTe  the  public  seme  tribes,  which  he  eoliect^d  some 
years  ago,  and  printed  foe  the  amusenient  of  his  frieadii^ 
shirty  eopies  at  a  pvivute  ptess^  Tbe  prindpai'  wba  hitt 
^  History  of  tbe  Patagoniaaa  ;^*  wipiefa,  wkb  seihe  etfaenl^^ 
he  gave  to-  the  pobiic,  along  wkbbia  ^^Xitarary  lifa/^:  ^ 
In  1790,  he  published  bis  ^*  Aceowit  of  Lmdodv'^  tto 
antiquities  of  wbioh  be  had  studied  with  gi^BJtimi&tktiiMU  Of 
this  work  be  saysy  ^^^  I  had  so  o£te»  walked  sdoNMit  ihei^e^ 
yal  pans  of  London^  'with*  my  note4iai^  in  toy  faan<^  that 
I  could  not  help  formiRgconskieKableeoliectiioaa  a#iliatf^ 
rials.  Tbe.  publk  veeeii«ed  this  work  wiib  cbe^utaMist  avi^ 
dky.  It  went  through  thvee  lanrge  impiisssiQiis  in  sdbadf 
two  years  and  a  baH/'  Maay  addbtioiM'  wete  wade  ta»  tfal| 
second  edition.  ;.  ." 

In  1793,  be  published  hi^  Hfe,  under  «fae  indiioMest  tidai 
ef  <<  Tbe  Li^emry  Life  of  tJm  kte  Thomas  IPeriiianty  £a^; 
by  himself."  In  the  advertkeaieiit  be  states^  febat/tbe  tir^ 
aaination  of  bis  aatfaorial  esctftence  took  fAfice  aa  Mctreb  1, 
1791.  He  came  to  life  again,  bowewer^in  1197,  andfMibf^ 
Kshed  «^Tbe  History  of  tbe  pasqsbea  of  Whiiefof^  and 
Holywell ;''  and  in  the  last  year  of  bis  Ufe,  he  gave  «b# 
public  hia  ^*  View  of  Hindostan,"  2  itob..  4«e^  tot  whielf 
he  thus  aecount^:  ':*  A  few  yeavs  aigo>  i  gsew  fmi  of  im^ 
ginartf  iowrs,  and  determvned  on  one  la  €liiae»  inofe  seited 
to  my  years^  Okore  genial  then  that  lo  the'  frozen  nonb*  i 
sdH  found,  or  fancied  that  I  founds  aih|ii>^S'  to  direct  «y 
pen^  I  determined  on  aToyage  to  India,^  fonoed  ewacetij^ 
on  the  plan  of  the  introdnetion  to  tim^  Arctic  Zeolegy^ 
which  comoiences  at  auch  pa»t^  pf  tfae^M^Mth'  as  ac«  aceea* 
sible  Co  mortala«  From  Londoit'  1  follow^  the  eeasia^a^tttfaera 
to  part  of  our  Iskuid,  and  fit)Oi>  Calais,  along' the' oataine 
8bore»  of  Europe,  Afeica,  .and  Asia,  ^iV  Vhvfo  attained! 
those  of  New  Guinea.    Respecting  these  I  have  caileqjMdl 


F  E  N  N  A  N  T»  $o# 

frv€ffy  ifi|6rioitiotv. possible  frofn  books  anci^t^  i(n4  iqo^ 
^ern  ;  from  tt^e  most  autbeqtic^.  and  ffom  living  traveller^ 
g>i  tbjS  mofC  respectable  characters  of  my  time*  I  i^ingU 
PAtijral  history^  accounts  ot'  the  .coasts,  climates,  and  every 
tbing  wbich  I  tbougbt  could  instruct  or  amus^.  They  are 
jffritt^a  ott  imperial  quarto,  and,  when  bound,  make  a  fQlid 
of  no  inconsiderable  size  :  and  are  illustrated,  at  9.  va^t  ^y» 
pence,  by  prinu  taken  from  booksy  or  by  charts  and 
maps^  and  by  drawings  by  the  skilful  hand  of  Moses  Grif«- 
fiib,  and  by  presents  from  friends.  With  th^  bare  pos*- 
sfbiitty  of  tbe  volume  relative  to  India,  none  of  these  booka 
are  to  be  printed  in  my  life^time ;  but  to  resto^myshelv^s^ 
the  amusement  of  my  advancing  age.''  Of  these  inaniih 
fciripjta  there  were  in  all  twenty«*two  .volumes  oHgiciaUy ; 
but  Mr.  Pennaiftt,  as  we  have  roentioued,  printed  in  bis 
}ife^tifne  that  which  relates  to  India.  We  may  add,,  in  his 
l^wn  wordsi  f^  Happy  is  the  age  that  could  thus  beguile  its 
Deetiitg  jbours,  withoiiit  injury  to  atiy  one ;  andy  with  th^ 
addition  of  years^  continue  to  rise  in  its  pursuits.'' 
r  His  useful  life  at  last  terminated,  Dec.  16^  1798,  when  ba 
left  a  private  character  in  all  respects  irreproachable^  as  a 
900,  husband,  and  father.  He  had  great  public  spirit,  and 
fooctered  himself  eminently  useful  in  his  county.  In  his 
political  principles  he  was  a  whig  of  the  old  school.  His 
fortune,  as  w^l  as  time^  was  liberally  devoted  to  learned 
psniuits.  He  mwrried  first,  in  1759,  the  sister  of  the  late 
Thomas  Falconer,  esq,  of  Cheater,  and  of  Dr.  Falconer  of 
Bath,  by  whom  he  had  a  son,  David,  and  a  daughter ;  and 
tecoodly,  in  1777,  to  miss  Mostyn,  sister  to  the  late  sir 
&oger  Moatyn,  who  survives  him. 

^  ¥^w  men  have  so  unceasingly  devoted  themfeielves  to  th^ 
pfomotion  of  useful  knowledge.  Or  published  so  many  vo* 
iumes,  especially  on  subjects  of  natural  history;  Hia 
iiw)fks  have  been  so  generally  read,  and  are  in  such  .high 
esteem  with  the  public,  that  it  would  be  unnecessary  in 
diis  place  to  enter  into  their  respective  merits.  It  is  ael* 
dom  that  works  so  expensive  run  through  so  many  editions ; 
bat  Mr.  Pennant  had  the  happy  art  of  relieving  the  dullest 
subjects  by  ei|livening  and  amusing  digressions -.-and  his 
tours  and  bis  account  of  London  are  distinguished,  by  a 
fund  of  anecdote,  an  easy  familiarity  of  style,,  and  that 
pleasant  turn  for  research  which  engages  the  reader^s  atp 
tention  because  it  agreeably  refreshes  his  memory,  and  sup«i> 
{dies  hnn  with  information  at  a<  small  expeiice  of  trouble. 
Vot.XXIV,  X 


$0*  r^  E  N  N  A  N  T- 

{D^  lobtkson  said  of  him,  when  some  objeetions  vrtre  • 
inade  to  his  tours,  that  "  be  had  greater  variety  of  inquiry 
than  almost  any  man  ;  and  has  told  us  more  than  perhaps 
pt\e  in  ten  thousand  could  have  done,  in  the  time  that  he 
took.'^  In  1800,  bis  Son  published  the  third  and  fourtb 
volumes  of  <<  The  Outlines  of  the  Globe,*'  the  title  which 
Mr.  Pennant  gave  to  bis  imaginary  tours,  and  wbicb  were 
the  continuation  of  his  "  View  of  HindoStan."  Thi« 
work  was  accompanied  by  an  elegant  tribute  to  his  memory 
by  his  affectionate  Son,  who  also  published,  in  the  follow- 
ing  year,  Mr.  Pennant's  last  work,  left  by  him  nearly  fi<* 
liished  for  the  press,  entitled  ^'  A  Journey  from  London  to 
the  Isle  of  Wight,"  4to. } 

PENNI  (John  Francis),  a  native  of  Florence,  where  b« 
was  born  in  1488,  was  called  II  Fttttate,  or  the  Steward^ 
from  having  been*  intrusted  with  the  domestic  concerns  c^ 
Kapbael,  and  soon  became  one  of  his  •prHici|>al  assistants; 
He  more  than  any  other*  helped  him  in  the  execution  of 
the  cartoons  of  th^  Arazxi;  and  in  the  Loggie  of  the  Vati^^ 
can  painted  the  histories  of  Abraham  and  Isaac.  After  the 
death  of  his  master  be  executed  the  fresco  of  the  corona* 
tion  in  the  stanza  of  Constantine*  The  upper  part  of  the 
Assumption  of  the  Virgin,  a  work  of  Raffaellesque  grace, 
at  Monte  Lupi,  in  Perugia,  is  ascribed  to  him,  thougti 
Vasari  gives  it  to  Perino  del  Vaga:  the  under*  part  witk 
the  Apostles  is  painted  by  Julio.  Of  the  works  which  \m 
performed  alone,  no  frescoes,  and  so  few  oil-pictures  re^ 
main,  that  they  may  be  considered  as  the  principal  raritiea 
of  galleries.  Facility  pf  conception,  grace  of  •execution^ 
and  a  singular  felicity  in  landscape,  are  mentioned  as  hik^ 
characteristics.  Penni  wished  much  to  unite  himself  with 
his  coheir  Julio,  but  being  coldly  received  by  him  at 
Mantua,  went  to  Naples,  where  bis  works  and  pripcipleA 
might  have  contributed  much  toward  the » melioration  of 
style,  had  he  not  been  intercepted  by  death  in  1528,  ior 
bis  fortieth  yean  He  left  at  Naples,  with  his  copy  of  the 
Transfiguration,  a  scholar  of  considerable  merit,  LiofHtnh. 
Malaies$€Lf  or  Grazia^  of  Pistoja.  He  had  a  brother  Luca% 
who  having  a  close  connection  with  Perino  del  Vaga,  wfaa 
bad  married  his  sister,  worked  with  that  master  (seeP£R<t^ 
^iTO)  for  some  years  at  Genoa,  Lucca,  and  other  cities  «f 
Italy,  with  great  credit.     Afterwards  be  went  to/limgland^ 

J  Literary  Lifs— Hlstpry  of  Whiteford.;— Outlines  of  tbe  GloVe. 


trtd  wiasi  employed  by  king*  Henry  VITI;  for  wtiom  he 
painted  severaV designs;  and  was  also  engaged  by  some  df 
the  merchants  of 'London  ;  but  at  last  be  almost  entirely 
quitted  t^e  pendl/  devoting  all  his  time  and  application  t6 
engraving,  as  some  say,  but  Mr.  Fuseli  maintains  that  b4 
«nly  famished  designs  for  engravers.*  .         '" 

-  PENROSE  (Thomas),  an  English  poet,  was  the  son  6t 
the  riev.  Mti  Pet)K>se,  rector  bf  Newbury  in  Berkshirei  a 
ittmn  of  high  character  and  abilities,  descended  from  an 
aaeient  Cornish  (ami ly,  who  died  in  1769.  He  was  bora 
in  1743,  and  being  intended  for  the  church,  pursded  hiik 
studies  at  Christ-churchy  Oxford, '  until '  the  summer  of 
1762,  when  his  eager  turn  for  the  naval  and  military  pro* 
fessidn  overpowering.his  attXchoient  to  his  real'interest,  he 
laft  bis  college,  i  and  embarked  in  the  unfortunate  expedi<i 
idoo  againsi  Nova  Coldnia,  in  South  America,  under  tb# 
cOmmaad'of  captain  Mac  Aamara.  -  The  irsue  was  fatal;  the 
dive,  thettargest  vessel,  was' btiriU,  and  although  th# 
Ambuscade  escaped  (on  board  of  which  Mr.  Penrose,  acting 
as^lieutenant  of  marines,  was  wounded),  yet  the  hardships' 
which  he-  afterwards  sustained  in'a  priee  sloop,  in  whicb 
lie  was  stationed,  utterly  ruined  his  constitution/ 
.  -Returning  to  England,  with  ample  testimonials  of  bit 
gallantry  and  good  behaviour,  he  finished  at  Hertford-col* 
lege,  Oxford, : his  course  of  studies;'  and  having  takeh 
cvders,  accepted  the  curacy  of  Newbury,  the  income  of 
which,  by  the  voluntary  subscriptions  Of  the  inhabitants; 
was  considetuble  augmented.  After  he  had  continued  in^ 
tibat  station  about  trine  yearrs,  it  seemed  aS'  if  the  clouds  Of 
disappointmem,  whiteh  had  hitherto  overshadowed  his  pro^ 
fpects,  and  tinctured  his  poetical  essays  with  gloom,  wertf 
elearing  away  ;  for  he  Avas  then  presented  by  a  frietid,  who 
Jtnew  his  worth,  and  honoured  his  abilities,  to  the  rectory 
of  Beckington  and  Standerwick,  in  Somersetshire,  wortli 
near  500/.  per  annum.  This  came,  however,  too  late ;  for 
the  state  of  Mr.  Penrose's  health  was  tiow  such  as  left  little 
liope>  except  in  the  assistance  of  the  waters  of  BristoK 
Thither  be  went,  and  there  he  died  in  1779,  aged  thirty* 
•ix.  In  1768  he  married  miss  Mary  Slocook  of  Newbury^ 
by  whom  he  had  one  child,  Thomas,  who  inherits  bis  fa« 
dber*«  genius,  taste,  and  personal  worth.  He  was  edd- 
<;ated  at  Winchester  and  New-college,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  is  now  B.  C.  L^ 

>  PilkiiigtoD,  by  Fottliif 
X  2 


'  « 


,-■  •  I 

.  Mr.  Pj^nme  vras  retp«<^  fior  bis  elctensi vie  eniditton;^'  ajk 
'iisired  for  bis  eloq^enc^  and  equally  beloved  and  esteemed 
for  bis  social  qualities.  By  the  poor^  towards  whom  bm 
(Was  libeml  to  bis  utmtist  ii[bility,  he  i/»as  venerated  in  th« 
btgbest  degree.  In  oriitory  and  composition  ^is  talents 
were  great.  Hrs  pencil  w%m  as  i;eady  as  bis  pen,  and  on 
fi^bl^ct^  of  humour  bad  tmcommon  merit.  lu  178 1  a  eol- 
jkction  of  bis  '^Poems'*  was  published  by  bis  fnend  anl 
jee^Iatipn  James  Peter  Andrews,  esq.  wboprefixed  theabove 
ftccouDt  of  Mr.  Penrose.  They  are  dist^guisbed  hj  ez^ 
quisite  ft»ding^  and  taste.  Hie  thoughts  ar^  pathetic  ao4i 
pati^ral,  and  bcr  seems  possessed  of  a  great  portion  of  die 
fire  a0d  feetiiig  of  Collins.  Siicb  poems  as  '^Tbe  Carousal 
sfOdin/'  ^  Madness''  and  «'The  Kield  of  Battle,'*  af« 
ainong  tbe  rare  prodiiptioris  of  modern  genius.  'That  thesd 
l^aems  are  so  litde  k|iow»  is  unaeccmiiiable.  Mr.  Penrose 
pvblisbed  two  oeeasioiial  smroioos  of  considerable^  merit.  * 
.  PENRY  (JoBK),  or  AP  HENRY,  coomoidy  known  by 
^is  assumed  name  of  Martm  Miar^prdkie^  or  Mar^priesi^ 
ivas  bora  iii  151^9  la  Wales,  and  stodied  first  at  Peter* 
bpuse,  Caipbridge,  of  wbith  be  was  A.  B.  in  1584,  and 
afterwards  at  Oxford,  in  which  latt^  university  be  took  tbc^ 
degree  i>f  master  of  arts,  and  was  ordained  a  priei^  After- 
wards, mating  with  some  dts^tisfinetion,  as  it  is  said,  and 
being  yeiry  warm  in  his  tem)>er,  be  changed  his  religion, 
and  became  an  Anabaptist,  or  ratber  a  Brownist  He  was 
|iencefor#sird  a  viruleot  eftcmy  to  the  church  «f  England; 
a«d  the  bierarcby  df  liiat  communioa,  as  appears  usuffi^ 
(pieittly  by  bis  coatse  Itbell,  In  wbicsb  be  has  sbewO' bis 
apleeii  to «  gi'eat  degme#  At  length,  after  be' had  con- 
cealed himself  Sot  aome  yeaarst  be  was  apprehended  at 
^ixoprtey^  afid  triisd  aa  tbe  KingfsnBench,  befiore  sir  John 
Popham,  chief  •justice  jmd  the  rest  of  the  judges,  wfaieii 
be  Mias  iitd^Mid  and  condenmed  for  Mouy,  fer  papema 
^ndr  kl  bis  pockety  purpoitiilg  to  be  a  petition  to  the 
qUeen^  and.  was  eJtecttt!Ddl,  acicOiMliBg  to  J^uller,  ^t  r^SlX, 
Thomas  Wateptogs,  in'l$93.  .1)1  appears,  that  some  vio- 
laHceHM/as  put  upon  the  laws,  even  as  they  then  stood,  tb 
jfem  a  c8pitaI\accnsatioQ  4^iost  him.  For  .bils  libels  .hS 
cduld  nott  be  accused,  the  legal  time  Sot  such  an  accusal 
tioo  baring  elapsed,  befdre  be  was  taken :  itbe  piapers  i^oa 

^  Poems  a<  above.    The  editor  of  the  last  edition  of  Johiuoa's  Poets  was  r^ 
IvetaHily  oUi5«4  lo  omit  Fcof  ose^  from  being  iuia1>le  to  procure  a  copf  • 


-  », 


FEN  RT.    . 


M9 


jfcbich  be  was  coDTidted^  contained  only  an  impUed  dcniak 
of  tUe^  queen^ft  absolute  authoriijf  to  make^,  eoact»  decneeji 
and  ordain  laiv9;.and  impliad,  merely,  by'  aFOiding  la  usa 
tbosei  termS)    according  i  to  the  veiy .  y(ford$ .  o(  th^  lord'^^.; 
keeper  PuckeViiig.    His  execotion. was  therefore  in, a  higb, 
degree  unjust.  >  His  chief  publications  kre,;  \i  '^  Martin 
Mari-prelatfi^'^l^  tract,  that  gave  so  nisich  offence*. -S^ 
'^ Theses   MarttniansB,''   dvo.  .   3.  >^  Avvievr  .of  publioke 
Wants, and  Disorders  ia,  the  serrtce  of  God,  ir>  a  PeiUioa 
ta  the:  high  court  of  Pariiement/'  15HS^  Svo*     i.  ^^^Ain 
Exhortation  to  the.  Govtcnora  and   People  of 'Wales,  to 
labour  earnestly  to  havetbe/preacbingof  the  GospelpiaiUod  ^ 
aoDoiig  thenii^'t  15B<8,iBvxK  ('5.  ^^Reformation  no   Knenrifi  ^ 
to  hex  Majesty  and  the  Statc^'M^i^Q,  4to.  *^6»  V  Sir  8i-   -^^^^-'^-'^ 
B|on.Syttod^s<Hue<and  Cry  Cor:.tbe  Apprebehsion  of  ypun^ 
Martin  Mar«-prtest,  with  Martin's  Echo,'!  4to.     ^^^'^j^^'^^^j  ,r 
these^  s^nd  sqo^«othersy  i^crre  full  i  of  low  sourril^y^  ^^^  im'w^^'ll!^ -» 
petulant  satire.    .Several  tnacts,  equally  scorriio^gp.  werp/w«^Vyv:^x^^j 
published  ag^ns.t  turn;  as,."  Papfe  witli  a  Hatchet,  or  a  f^'y*^'-^  -z^/*-- 
Gqaotry  Cuffe  for  the  Idiott  Martin  to  hpld  vfaii^  PeaceV* '^''^''^'^''^J' 
^  A'  Whip  fpr  aiv  Ape,,  or 'Mariixi  displaiedj"  and  Qther^^  of  ' 

tlie:aaine  kind.     In  the  conifositipn  of  these  paasphietSs 
\st  is  said  to  have  bad  ^he  assistance  of  John  Udal),  John 
Field,  and  Job  <  Throckmorton^  who  pubhshed  their  Joini 
efitisions  at  a  private  printing  press.     Pcnry  was,  a  man  dl 
iooie  learning  and  zeal  for  religipo,  but  in-  his  notions  of 
government,  both  of  church  and  state,  appears  to  hava 
adopted  more  wild  theories  than-  ever  his, successors,  whas 
in  power,  atteropj^^d  to  carry  iiito  practice*    His^saateace^ 
however,  was  liaju^t,  and  the  enemies  of  th^  hierarchy . 
have  therefore  found  it  qo.  difficult  matter  to  place  Joho 
Pei^ry  at  the  head  of  their  list  of  martyrs.^ 
PEPANUS.     See  DEMETRIUS. 
'  PEPUSCH  (JoHiH  CuRisTOPHBst),  one  of  the  greateef 
theoretic  musicians  of  modern  timed,  was  ^iorn  at  Beriitf 
about  1667,  and  became  so  early  a  proficient  oa  the  bai^ 
fiehord,  that  at  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  sent  for  ta 
court,  and  appointed  to  teach  the  prince,  father  of  the- 
l^feat  Frederic  king  of  Prussia^    About    170Q,  he  cama 
over  to  England,  and  was  retained  as.a  performer  at  Druryi^ 
lane,  and  it  is  supposed  that  he  assisted  in  composing  ttie 

1  Brook*».  Lives  of  the  PqritaDt«-i*Scryp«*t.  Lile  af  GrMal,  ,p.  4«— Lifc>  at 
Wbitsif^  p.  28d.  ^^.  343.  346.  40^.— Atli.  Ox.  vol.  1.-^See  an  cxcelleDt  ol»ar 
l4r«B  llartiA  if «r*pr»Uit  la  |l*|ifMlf»s  ftaantls  of  Asthsrt,  vsk  \M, 


Sio  P  E  P  U  S  C  H. 

Operas  which  were  performed  there.  In  1 707  he  had  acquirei) 
English  suflBcient  to  adapt  Motteaux*s  translation  of  the 
Italian  opera  of  ^*  Thomyris^'  to  airs  of  Scarktti  and  Bo« 
nonciuiy  and  to  new-set  the  recitatives.  In  1709  and  1710, 
several  of  his  works  were  advertised  in  the  first  edition  of 
the  Tatters^  particularly  a  set  of  sonatas  for  a  flute  and 
bast,  and  his  first  book  of  cantatas.  In  1713  be  obtained, 
at  the  same  time  as  Crofts,  the  degree  of  doctor  of  music 
at  the  university  of  Oxford.  And  soon  after  this,  upon 
the  establishment  of  a  choral  chapel  at  Cannons,  he  was 
employed  by  the  duke  of  Chandos  as  maestro  di  capella ; 
in  which  capacity  he  composed  anthems  and  morning  and 
evening  services,  which  are  stiil  preserved  in  the  Academj: 
of  ancient  music.  In  1715  he  composed  the  masque  of 
**  Venus  and  Adonis/*  written  by  Cibber;  arid  in  171,6 
."The  Death  of  Dido,"  by  Booth,  both  for  Drury-lane. 
These  pieces,  though  not  very  successful,  were  more  fire- 
quently  performed  that  any  of  his  original  draniatic  com- 
positions. In  1723  he  published  an  ode  for  St.  Cecilia's 
day,  which  he  had  set  for  the  concert  in\York~buildings. 
In  1724  be  accepted  an  offer  from  Dr.  Berkeley  to  accom- 
pany him  to  the  Bermudas,  and  to.  settle  as  professor  <>f 
music  in  his  intended  college  there;  but,  the:  ship  ia 
which  they  sailed  being  wrecked,  be  returned. to  Loudoih, 
and  married  Francesca  Margarita  de  TEpine.  This  person 
was  a  native  of  Tuscs^ny,  and  a  celebrated  singer,  who 
performed  in  spine  of  the  first  of  the  Italian  operas  th4t 
were  represented  in  England.  She  came  hither  with  one 
Greber,  a  German,  and  from  this  connection  became  dis- 
tinguished by  the  invidious  appellation  of  Greber's  Peg. 
She  continued  to  sing  on  the  stage  till  about  1718 ;  when 
having,  at  a  ^modest  computation,  acquired  above  xAfi 
thousand  guineas,  she  retired  from  the  theatre,  and  aftet- 
wards  married  Dr.  Pepusch.  She  was  remarkably  tall, 
and  remarkably  swarthy;  and,  in  general,  so  destitute  o£ 
personal  charms,  that  Pepusch  seldom  called  her  by  any. 
other. name  than  Hecate,  to  which  she  is  said  to  have 
answered  very  readily. 

}  The  change  in  Pepusch^s  circumstafices  by  Margarita^s 
,' fortune  was  no  interruption  to  his  studies :  he  loved  music, 
and  he  pursued  the  knowledge,  of  it  with  ardour.  At  the. 
instance  of  Gay  and  Rich,  he  undertook  to  composeV  or 
iratheV  to  correct,  the  music  for  **  The  Beggar's  OpenC'V 
His  rep.atation'was  now  at  a  great  height^  add  in  1737.; Kc. 


P  E  E  U,  §  O  H.  811 


>       I  r 


W98  chosen  organist .  of  the  Cbarter'^bouse;  and  retireij. 
with  his, wife,  to  that,  venerable  mansion.  The  wife  clira 
in  1740,  before  which  he  lust  a  sop,  bis  only  cbild;  so 
that  be  bad  no  source  of  delight  left,  but  the  prosecution 
of  his  studies,  and  the  teaching  of  a  few  favourite  pupils, 
who  attended  bim  at  his  apartments.  Here  be  drew  up 
that  account  of  the  ancient  genera,  which  was  read  before 
the  Royal  Society,  and  is  published  in  the  *^  Philosopjiical 
Transactions**  for  Oct..  Nov.  and  Dec.  1746;  and,  soon 
.after  the  publication  of  that  account,  he  was  chosen  a  fel- 
low of  the.  Royal  Society. 

He  died  the  20tb  of  July,  1752,  aged  eighty-five;  and 
was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  the  Charter- hoiuse,  where  a 
tablet  lyitb  au  inscription  is  placed  over  hitn. 
^  As  a  practical  musician,  though  so  excellent  a  harmonist, 
be  wasposses^ed  of  so  little  invention,  that  few  of  his  com- 
positions were  ever  in  general  use  and  favour,  except  one 
of  his*  twelve  cai\tatas,  '^  Alexis,**  and  his  airs  for  two  flutes 
or  violins,  consisting  of  simple  easy  themes  or  grounds 
>vitb  variations,  each  part  echoing  the  other  in  common 
divisions  for  the  improvement  of  the  band.  Indeed,  tbougb 
only  one  cantata  of  the  two  books  be  published  was  ever 
much  noticed,  there  is  considerable  barmonical  merit  in 
^bem  all;  the. recitatives  are  in  general  good,  and  the 
counterpoint  perfectly  correct  and  masterly.  Among  all 
the  publications  of  Pepusch,  the  niost  useful  to  musical 
students  was,  perhaps,  bis  correct  edition  of  CorellL*s  so- 
natas and  concertos  in  score,  published  in  1732.  He 
treated  all  other  music  in  which  there  was  fancy  or  invehr 
tion  with  sovereign  contempt.  Nor  is  it  true,  as  has  beeq^ 
asserted,  that  ^f  be  readily  acquiesced  in  HandePs  superior 
^lerit.**  Handel  despised,  the  pedantry  of  Pepusch,  and 
]^epuscb,  in  return,  constantly  refused  to  join  in  the  gene* 
ral  chorus  of  HandePs  praise. 

The  sole  ambition  of  Pepusch,  during  the  last  years  of 
bis  life,  seems  to  have  beep  the  obtaining  the  rejiutatioci 
of  a  profound  theorist,  perfectly  skilled  in  the  music  of 
the  ancients;. and  attadhiog  himself  to  the  mathematician 
Se  Moivre  and  Geo.  Lewis  Scot,  who  helped  him  to  calcu« 
late  ratios,  and  to  construe  the  Greek  writeris  on  music,  be 
bewildered,  himself  and  some  of  his  scholars  with  the  Greek 
jgenera,  scales,  diagrams,  geometrical, arithmetical,  and  har« 
monical proportions,  surd  quantities,  apotomes,  lemmas,  and 
«very  thing  concerning  ancient  harmonics,  thai  waa  dack^ 


n^iiitelligiblei  and  foreign  to  cbmnion  ami  useful  practice. 
But  with  all  his  pedantry  and  ideal  admiration  of  ibe  muste 
bf  iht  ancients,  he  certainly  had  read  more  books  on  tb^ 
theory  of  modern  music,  and  examined  more  curious  com- 
positions, than  any  of  the  musicians  of  his  tinie ;  and 
though  totally  devoid  of  fancy  a^d  invention,  he  was  al^le  to 
correct  the  productions  of  his  contemporaries,  and  toassi^ 
teasohs  for  whatever  i)ad  been  done  by  the  gi^c^a'test  master* 
who  preceded  him.  But  when  he  is  called  the  most  learned 
musician  of  his  time,  it  should  be  said,  in  the  music  of  tfa^ 
^xteenth  century..  Indeed,  he  had  at  last  sudi  a  partiallt]^ 
for  musical  mysteries,  and  a  spirit  so  truly  antiquarian,  ^at 
he  allowed  no  composition  to  be  music  but  What  was  ^Id 
and  obscure.  Yet,  though  he  fettered  the  genius  of  his 
Scholars  by  antiquated  rules,'  he  knew  the  mechanical  lawf 
of  harmony  so  well,  that  in  glancing  his  eye  ^er  a  score, 
he  could  by  a  stroke  of  his  pen  smooth  the' wildest  and 
most' incoherent  notes  into  melody,  and  make  them  aub« 
inissive  to  harmony ;  instantly  seeing  the  supet^ous  or 
deficient  tlotes,  and  suggesting  a  bass  fi-om  which  tbete 
X  tvas  no  appeal.  His  **  Treatise  on  Harmony'*  has  lately 
been  praised,  as  it  deserves,  in  Mr.  Shield's  valuable  **  In*- 
troduction  to  Harmony.**     '  .;  ,  .  r 

His  admirable  library,  the  most  curious  and  codaplete  iti 
scarce  musical  authors,  theoretical  and  practical,  was  dis- 
persed after  his  death.  H6  bequeathed  a  considerable  " 
part  of  his  best  books  and  manuscripts  to  Keln^rj  an  oM 
Oerman  friend,  who  played  the  double-'bass  in  tile  theatres 
ind  concerts  of  the  tim6;  some  to  Traver^  and' these  *and 
the  rest  were  at  last  sold,  dispersed,  and  embefisi^led^  in  % 
^banner  diflicuU  to  describe  or  Understand.  ^ 

PEPYS  (Samuel),  secretary  to  the  admiralty  in  the 
reigns  of  Charles  H.  and  James  II.  and  an  eminet^  bene^ 
factor  to  the  literature  of  his  country,  was  a  descendant  of 
tlie  ancient  family  of  the  Pepys's  of  Cottenbam  in  Cam« 
bridgesbire,  and  probably  the  son  of  Richard  Pepys,  Mvho 
was  lord  chief  jtistice  in  Ireland  in  1654.  -  He  was  boro, 
according  to  Collier,  in  London;  but  Knight,  in  this  par- 
ticular a  better  authority,  says  he  was  born  at  Brampton  in 
]^unti|)gdonshire,  and  educated  at  St.  Paul's  scbboK 
Thence  he  was  removed  to  Magdalen-colleg6»  Cambridge, 
liow  Ipn^'he  remained  here,  we  are  not^  told,  but  it  ap^ 


P  E  P  Y  S:  SW 

bj  €he  college-books,  Ibat  on  June  26,  1660,  he  was 
^sreated  M.A.  by  proxy,  he  bqing  then  on  board  of  strip  als 
focretary  to  the  navy.  He  appears  to  have  been  related  ii> 
general  Montague,  afterwards  eaK  of  Sandwich,  who  first 
introdaced  bim  into  public  business,  and  employed  hidi 
£rst  in  various  secret  services  for  Cliarles  II.  and  then  ii^ 
secretary  in  the  expedition  for  bringing  his  majesty  froiti 
Holland.  His  majesty  being  thus  restored,  Mr.  Pepys  wak 
immediately  appointed  one  of  the  principal  officers  of  thfe 
liavy,  by  the  title  of  clerk  of  the  acts.  In  this  employment 
be  continued  \intii  167.3;  and  during  those  great  events, 
the  plague,  the  fire  of  London,  and  the  Dutch  war,  the  care 
of  the  navy  in  a  great  measure  rested  on  him  alone. 

In  this  last-mentioned  year,  when  thie  king  thought  pi'o- 
({)er  to  take  the  direction  of  the  admiralty  into  his  own 
bands,  he  appointed  Mr.  Pepys  secretary  to  that  office, 
jwbo  introduced  an  order  and  method  that  has,  it  is  said, 
formed  a  model  to  his  successors.     Important,  however, 
a^  bis  services  were,  they  could  not  screen  him  from  the 
-malevolence  of  party-spirit;  and  happening,  in  1684,  to 
be  concerned  in  a  contested  election,  this  opportunity  was 
iaken  by  his  opponent  to  accuse  him  of  being  a  Papist, 
which  the  house  of  commona  inquired  into,  but  without 
^finding  any  proof. .  This  we  learn  from  the  journals  of  tbe 
bouse.     But  Collier  informs  us  that  he  was  confined  in  the 
Tower  for. some  time,  and  then  discharged,  no  Accuser 
appearing  against  him  ^.    After  his  release,  the  king  made 
•M^  alteration  in  the  affairs  of  the  admiralty,  by  putting  the 
.  inrboie  power  and  execution  of  that  office  into  commission ; 
^nd  tbe  pubJic  was  thus,  for  some  years,  deprived  of  Mr^ 
Pepys's  services  as  secretary.     He  was  not,  boweyier,  un» 
lempioyed ;  fpr  be  was  commanded  by  his  majesty  to  ac- 
company lord  Oartinputb  in  his  expedition  against  Tangier : 
'^and  at  tbe  same  time  be  bad  an  opportunity  of  making  ex-« 
leursions  injbo  Spain,  as,  at^  other  times,  he  had  already 
jdone  into  Fraiice,  Fianden,  Holland,  Sweden,  and  Den- 
.  marie..    He  also  sailed  firequently  with  the  dukeofYorl^ 
into  Scotland,  and  along  the  coast  of  England. 

In  April  1684,  on  bis  return  from  Tangier,  and  on  the 

*  By  Grey's  debates  it  would  ap-  ofploU  and  aecasttions  were  fabricated 

i^U  that' Mr.  Pepys  was  accused  of  to  amme  tbe  pobUc.    The  only  aiUck 

^yingsfiDt  iafpimatioB  to  the  Prcoafa  oq  Mr  Pepys's  character,  ip  modem 

fBoort  of  the  state  of  the  Bavy :  a  thiog  times,  is  in  Harris's  *'  Lifeof  CharlesI  t.>» 

^H^f^jjUe,  «t  ,apy  tiine  I  b||l  perhaps  mnit  m  si|cl|.  a  collection  of  c^umnrf 

pff  h\  iliid  belicTetii,  when  i^ll'  manner  teeips  not  at  *U  out  of  place. 


314  P  E  P  Tf  S. 

i 

re*ass£iinption  of  the  office  of  lord-highradmiral  of  EnglanJ 
by  Cbaries  II.  Mr.  Pepys  was  again  appointed  secretary^ 
]and  held  that  office, during  the  whole  of  Cl^arles's  and 
James's. reigns.  During  the  last  critical  period,  he  restricted 
himstflf  to  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  never  asked  or  ac- 
cepted  any  grant  of  honour  or.proiit,  nor  meddled  with  any 
afiair  that  was  not  .within  his  province  as  secretary  of  the 
admiralty.  In  Charles's  time  he  procured  that  useful  be- 
nefaction from  his  majesjty,  for  placing  ten  of  the  mathe- 
matical scholars  of  Christ's  hospital^  as  apprentices  to  mas- 
ters of  ships.    .      . 

On  the  accession  of  William  and  Mary,  he  resigned  hij^ 
office;  and,  in  1690,  published  hiis  "  Memoirs"  relating 
to  the  state  of  the  .royal  navy  of  England  for  the  ten  years 
preceding  the  revolution  ;  a  well-written  and  valuable  work. 
Be  appears  to  have,  led  a  retired  life  after  this,  sufFeriag 
very  much  from  a  constitution  impaired  by  the  stone,^  for 
which  he  had  been  cut  in  his  twenty-eighth  year.  About 
two  years  before  his  death  he  went  to  the  seat  of  an  old 
naval  frientd,  William  Hewer,,  esq.  at  Clapham,  in  Surrey, 
where  he  died  May  26,  1703,  and  was  interred  in  the  same 
vault  with  his  lady,  whp  died  in  1669,  in  th^  church  of  St. 
Olave,  Hart-street,  this  being  the  parish  in  which  he  lived 
during  the  whole  of  his  employment  in  the  Admiralty. 

He  appears  to  have  had  an  extensive  knowledge  of  naval- 
affairs,  and  to  have  always  conducted  them  with  the  greatest 
skill  and  success.  Even  after  his  retirement  he  was  con- 
.suited  as  an  oracle  in.  all  matters  respecting  this  grand  de- 
fence of  the,  nation ;  and,  while  in  office,  was  the  patron 
and  friend  of  every  man  of  merit. in  the  service.  But  he 
was  far  from  being  a  mere  man  of  business  :  his  conversa* 
tion  iand  address  bad  been  greatly,  improved  by  travel,  and 
be  was  qualified  to  shine  ix\  the  literary  as  well  as  the  poli- 
tical circles.  He  thoroughly  understood  and  practised  mu- 
^ic  ;  was  a  judge  of  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture; 
and  bad  more  than  a  superficial  knowledge  in  history  ai^ii 
philosophy.  His  fame.,  indeed,  was  such,  that  in  1684  be 
was  elected  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  held  that 
honourable  office  for  tvyo  years.  To  Magdalen  College, 
Cambridge,  he  left  that  invaluable  collection  of  MS  naval 
.memoirs,  of  prints,  and  ancient  English  poetry,  which  has 
«o  oft^n  beenconsulted  by  poetical  critics  and  commenta- 
tors, and  is  indeed  unrivalled  in  its  kind.  One  of  its  most 
fipgular  curiosities  is,  a  collection  of  English  balla4»i  in 


P  E  P  Y  S.       .  5i« 

five  large  folio  volumes,  begun  by  Mr.  Seldeiii  and  carried 
down  to  the  year  1700. .  The  '^  Reliques  of  ancient  English 
Poetry,"  published  by .  Dr.  Percy,  are  for  the  most  part 
takea  from  this  collection.  His  nephew,  John  Jackson^ 
esq.  of  the  Temple,  was  Mr.  Pepj's's  heir  to  his  personal 
property.  .It  ought  not  to  be  omitted,  that  among  other 
instances  of  his  regardfor  the  advancement  of  knowledge, 
be  gave  sixty  plates  to  Ray^s  edition  of  Willougbby's  **  His- 
toria  Piscium,*'  puUisbed  in  1686.^ 

PERAU  (Gabaiel  Louis  Calabre),  a  Frtoch  author, 
whose  character  was  not  less  fssteemed  for  its  candour  and 
iDode^,  than  his  writings  for  their  neatness  of  style. and 
4;xactnes8  of  research,  is  most  known  for  his  continuation, 
of  the  "  Lives  of  illustrious  men  of  France,'*  begun  by 
D'Au.vign£,  but  carried  on  by  him,  from  the  thirteenth 
Volume  to  the. twenty-third.  He  also  wrote  notes  and  pre-: 
faces  to  several  works.  His  edition  of  the  works  o^  Bossuet 
was  the  best,  till  they  were  published  by  the  Benedictines 
of  St.  Maar;  and  he  was  author  of  an  esteemed  life  of  Je- 
rpme  Bignon;  in  J2mo,  1757.  He  died  in  March  1767, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-seven  •.  -      -  . 

.  PERCEVAL  (JoHijr),  fifth  baronet  of  the  family,  and 
first  earl  of  Egmoht,  was  born  at  Barton,  in  the  county  of 
York^  July  12,   1663,  and  received,  his  education  at  Mag- 
dalen, college,  .Oxford.      On  quitting  the   university,  in 
June  1701,  he  made' the  tour  of  England,  and  was  ad-, 
mitted  F.R.  S.  at  the  age  of  nineteen.     Upon  the  death  of 
king  William,  and/the  calling  of  a  new  parliament  in  Ire- 
land, he  went  over  with  the  dukie  of  Ormond,  and  though 
not  of  age,  was.  elected  for  the  county  of  Cork,  and  soon 
after. appointed  a  privy-counsellor.       In.  July  1705,   he 
began  the. tour  of  Europe,  which  he  finished  in  October^ 
1707;  and  returning  to  Ireland  in   May   i70S,>  was  again 
representative  for  the  county  of  Oork.  In  1713,  be  erected 
a  lasting. moitument^  of  his  charity,  in  a  fr^e^sphobl  at  Bur-, 
ton.     On  the  accession  of  George.!.,  he  was  advanced  to 
tbe.'peerage  of  Ireland  by  the  title  of  baron  Perceval,  in 
1715^  and  viscount  in    172^.     In  the  parliament  of  1722, 
and  .1727,  he  ,waa  member  for  Harwich,  in  Es^iex,  and  in 
1728  was  .chosen  recorder  of  that  borough.     Observing^ 

I  Coltier^s  Dictionary,  Soppleoiept  to  vol.  f IL-^Cole'g  MS.  Athenae  in  Brit.' 
Mas.— Granger.— Knight's  Life.of  Colet. — Noble's  Memoirs  of  Cromwelt^  vol.  J. 
pi  437.— >Niehol8*s  Bewyer. 
■'- ,  f  X>ie(.  Hist.— ^Nforoiogie  pour  aan^e  1769. 


5ie  PERCEVAL. 

by  the  clecay  of  a  beneficial  commerce,  tbat  multitudes  inca-: 
pable  of  finding  employment  at  home,  mightbe  rendered  set**- 
Ticeable  to  their  coutitry  abroad,  he  and  a  few  others  iappUed 
to  the  crown  for  the  grant  of  a  district  of  land  in  Ame* 
rica,  since  called  Georgia,  which  they  proposed  to  people 
with  emigraats  from  England^  or  persecuted  Protestants^ 
from  other  parts  of  Europe,  by  means  of  private  contribu- 
tiod  and  parliameiltary  aid.  The  charter  being  granted^ 
in  June  1732,  Lord  Perceval  was  appointed  first  president^ 
wd  the  king  having  long  experienced  his  fidelity  to  bis 
person  and  government,  created  him  earl  of  Egoiontin 
Nov.  1733.  Worn  out  by  a  paralytic  decay,  he  died 
May  1,  1748.  His  lordship  married  Catherine,  daughter  oC 
sir  Philip  Parker  ^  Morley,  by  whom  be  had  seven  chil-*  .^ 
dren,  who  all  died  before  him,  except  his  eldest  son .  and  ^ 
successor,  of  whom  we  shall  take.some  notice^ . 

The  first  earl  of  Egmoot,  according  to  Mr.  Lodge^  f^P*^s. 
pears  to  have  been  a  man  of  an  exemplary  character,  botb. 
in  public  and  private  life,  and  a  writer  of  considerable 
elegafice  arid  acuteness.     He  published,   1.  f' A  Dialogpoei 
between  a  member  of  the  church  of  England  and  a  Protest* 
tknt  Dissenter,  concerning  a  repeal  of  ahe  Test  Act,*'  \1%%. 
^*  ^^  The  Question  of  the  Precedency  of  th^  Peers  of  Ire«^; 
land  in  England,^  1739.     Part  only  of  this  bfK)k  waa  writ«  .. 
ten  by  the  earl  of  Egmont;  which  was  in  consequence  of  a  / 
mhmorial  presented  by  his  loitlship  to  bis  majesty  "Nov*^,^ 
1733,  upon  occasion  of  the  solemnity  of  tlie  marriage  o£. 
the  princess-royal  with  the  prince  of  Orange*    %.  ^  {fc^-^  , 
marks  upon  a  scandalous  piece,  entitled  A  brieFacednot<]f  - 
the  c^ses  that' have  retarded  the  progress  af  ti^^^lony^ofj. 
Georgia, V   1743.     His   lordship  puMished   iHSvefaV  9tlier< 
tracts  about  that  time,  relating  to  .the  colony;  aW  maitf. 
letters  and  essays  upon  moral  subjcicts,  in  %  paper  callea. :; 
^^  The  Weekly  Miscelb^ny.^  His  Lords^i^  alsofoirmied  a  coU  . 
Jection  of  the  '^'Livesand  Characters  of  eminent  men  in  . 
i^rtgiand,  from  very  ancient  ta  very  modem  timet.'*.    Thi^  : 
ICi'ppis  appears  to  have  had  the  use  of  this  collection,  when  . 
employed  on  the  Biographia,    It  is  in  the  possession  of 
loi^d  Ardiiiil.    The  earl  of  Egmont  wrote  a ;  cowderabl^ 
pan  of  a;  i^enealogical  history  of  his  own  faadiily,  which  waa  ] 
liftervvafcls  enlarged  and  methodized  by  Ander^pn^  authgk  • 
of  the  Royal  Genealogies;  and  by  Mr.  Whiston,  of  the 
Tally  Court.     This  book,  which  was  pjfint^d  by  the  seoond 
earl  of  Egmont,  is  ^n^itledi  *^  A  genealogical  Htsrtory  of  the 


P  E  R  C  E  V  A  C.  %l> 

^ouse  of  Ivery/*  aod  is  illustrated  by  a  great  nqmber  of 
portraits  and  plates.  *^  It  was  not  inteoded  for  sale ;  but  a 
tew  copies  are  got  abroad,  and  sell  at  a  very  high  price. 
Lord  Orford,  in  the  first  edition  of  his  <'  Royal  and  Noble 
Authors,'*  attributed  *^  Th^  great  Importance  of  a  religious 
Life,''  to  this  noblemao,  which,  however,  was  soon  disco-* 
Tered  to  be  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  M^lmotb.^ 

PERCEVAL  (John),  second  earl  of  Egmont,  and  son  t6 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Westminster,  Feb.  24,  1711;  and  ' 
after  a  learnect  education  at  home,  and  the  advantages  of  tra- 
VeUingi  was  chosen  in  1731  (though  then  under  age)  a  bur- 
gess for  Harwich;  and  on  Dec.  31, 1741,  unanimously  elected 
rqiresentative  for  the  city  of  Westminster ;  as  he  was  in 
'1747  for  WeobTy  in  Herefordshire.  In  March  1747,  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  lords  of  the  bedchamber  to  Frederick 
prince  of  Wales,  in  which  station  he  continued  till  the 
death  of  that  prince.  In  1754,  he  was  elected  a-membeir 
•f  "parliament  for  the  borough  of  Bridgwater,  in  the  county 
ofSomersiet;  and  on  Jaiiuary  9,  ns5^  was  sworn  one  of 
the  lords  of  his  majesty's  most  honourabte  privy-council. 
He  was  likewise  appointed  one  of  the  privy-council  upon 
she  accession  of  his  present  majesty  to  the  throne;  and 
wai  again  elected  in  April  1761,  for  the  borough  of  II- 
chester,  in  the  county  of  Somerset,  but  was  next  day  re- 
chosen  for  the  borough  of  Bridgwater,  for  which  place  he 
«iAde  his  election.  Oh  May  7,  1762,  his  lordship  was 
culled  up  to  the  house  of  peers  in  Great  Britain,  by  the 
title  of  lord  Lovelapd  Holland,  baron  Loveland  Holland, 
<^;£itmofe,  iii  the  county  of  Somerset,  two  of  those  baro* 
fkifsA  ^bich  were  forfeited  by  attainder  of  Francis  viscount . 
L6ve(,  iii  the  1st  of  Henry  Vll.  On  Nov.  27,  1762,  the 
Jiitirg  Was  plesised  to  appoint  him  one  of  the  postmasters- 
genetal,  in"  the  i*6om  of  the  terl  of  Besborough ;  but  this 
m  ie^l^ned^n  S(Sp't  l6',  1763,  in  consequence  of  being  ap- 
|>dfnted  fiirst  lord 'df  the  admiralty,  which  office  he  resigned 
«bb  in  £Nept;i7(r6.  Bis  Lordship  died  at  his  house  in 
Patf  Itfall,  Bee.  4,  1770,  and  was  biiried  at  Charlton,  in 
Kittt.' 

%f.  <!!6i^e  oharactertsles  this  nobleman  as  *'  a  fluent  and 

plfiftiSlbte  debater,  warm  in  his  friendship,  and  violent  in  his 

^^iihilt]^;^*    Lord  Orford,  after  mentioning  some  of  his  foi- 

M^\  iinioti^  vi^Kich  was  a  superstitious  veneration  for  the 

'    >  t)64ce^  Petrasc^Walpo1e*t  Koyal  mod  Noble  Aatbprfi  bj  Pari:. 


St8  P  E  R  C  E  V  A  t. 

feudal  systepai  says,  that,  with  all  tHese/'  he  bad'  stsaong 
parts,  great  knowledge  of  the  history,  of  this  couivtry,  and 
was  a  very  able,  thpugh .  not  an  agreeable  orator.  Hit 
domestic  virtues  more  than  competi^ated  for  sonrie  singun 
laricies  that  were  very  innocent:  and  had  he  lived  in  the 
age  whose  manners  he  emulated^  his  spirit  would  have 
maintained  the  character  of  an  ancient  peer  with  as  tnueb 
dignity,  as  his  knowledge  would  have  effaced  that  of  others 
of  his  order.  .  ? 

As  a  writer,  he  deserves  most  credit  for  a  very  able  and 
celebrs|ted  pamphlet,  long  attributed  to  lord  Bath,  entitled 
*^  Faction  detected  by  the  evidence  of  facts ;  containing^^ 
an  impartial  view  of  Parties  at  home  and  aflFairs  abroad.*^ 
Of  this  a  fifth  edition  was  published  in  1743,  8vo.     Thd 
following  also  are   said   to   have  been    written   by  him: 
1.  ^^  An  Exa^mination  of  the  principles,  and  an  inquiry  into 
.the  conduct  of  the  two  brothers  (the  Duke  of  Newcasrid 
And  Mr.  Pelham),"  1749.  2.  "  A  sedbnd  series  of  facts  and^ 
arguments"  on  the  same  subject,  1749.    S.  *^  An  occasional 
Letter  from  a  gentleman  in  the  country  to  his:frietid  m 
.  town,  concerning  the  Treaty  negociated  at  Hahati  in  tbc^ 
year.  1743,"  1741*.     4.  "Memorial  soUcititjg  a  grant  of  ibc: 
whole  island  of  St.  John,  in  the  gulph  of  St.  Lawrence. 
This  was  not  published,  but  copies  were  given  by  the  aa*- 
thor  to  ministers  and  some  members  of  both  houses.     Lord 
Orford  says,  that  its  object  was  to  revive  the  feudal  sysi^ 
tem  in  this  island.     5.  "A  Proposal  for  selling  part  of  the 
J^orest  Land  aqd  Chaces,  and  disposing  of  the  produce  to<>> 
wards  the  discbarge  of  that  part  of  the  national  debt  due  to 
the  Bs^nk  of  England  ;  and  for  the  establishment  of  a  Na^ 
tipnal  Bank,  &c."  1763!,  4to.* 

PERCEVAL  (Spencer),  second  $on  to  the  preceding^ 
by  his  second  lady,  was  born  in  Aqdley  Square,  Nov.  1, 
176:;.  His  infancy  was  spent  at  Charlton,  the  seat  of  his - 
family,  in  Kent,  where  he  went  tfaipugh  the  first  radi^- 
diments  of  learning,  and  also  contracted  an  early  attacln 
ment  for  the  youngest  daughter  of  the  late  Sir  ThomM  - 
Spencer  Wilson,  hart,  who  afterwards  became  his  wife^ 
From  Charlton  he  removed  to  Harrow,,  where  be  success- 
fully prepared  himself  for  the  university.  At  the  proper 
age  he  entered  of  Trinity  College,-  Cambridge,  where  tbe 
present  bishop  of  Bristol,  Dr.  William- Lort  Mauaell,.  y9m- 

1  WftVo^^'s  Royal  and  Noble  Authors^  edit  in  hif  workf|  and  in  ^fOt  |»J 
PaTk.-^eoiiiAsVP«eni|;». 


F  E  R  C  E  V  A  L;  $19 

bis  tutor.  There  unwearied  application  and  splendid  abi- 
lities led  him  to  the  highest  academioal  honours.  In  1782- 
be  obtained  the  degree  of  master  of  arts,  and  on  the  I6tti 
of  December  of  the  following  year  was  admitted  of.  Lin« 
coin's  Inn  ;  where,  after  performing  the  necessary  studies^ 
be  was  called  to  the  bar  in  Hilary  Term  17S6.  He  com- 
menced, his  professional  career  in  the.  Court  of.King'a 
Bench,  and  accompanied  the  Judges  tbrough  the  -Midland 
circuit.  His  chief  opponents  were  then  Mr.  (now  Sir  S.) 
RomiUy,  Mr.  Clarke,  .and  Mr.  serjeant  Vaughan;  and, 
notwithstanding  a  degree  of  modesty,  which  at  that  period 
almost  amounted  to  timidity,  he  displayed  encouraging 
promises  of  forensic  excellence,  on  some  of  the  firsc.  trials 
on  which  he  was  retained,  particularly  that  of  George 
Tbomas,  of  Brackley,  Northamptonshire,  for  forgery.  In 
this  case  he.  was  retained,  for  the  prosecution ;  and  had  the 
honour  of  contending  with  Mr.  Law,  since  Lord  Chief  Jus-^ 
tiee  Ellenborough*  This  trial  eiccited  much  public  atten- 
tion ;  and  the  ability  evinced,  by  Mr.  Perceval  increased  the 
number  of  his  clients.  .  His  advancement  was  ndw  both  re- 
gular and  rapid.  In  Hilary  term  1 7 SI 6,  be  obtained  a  silk 
gown,  and  became  the  leading  counsel  on  the;  Midland 
circuit,  not  only  in  point  ofrank,  but  also  in  quantity  of 
business.  He  was  soon  after  appointed  counsel  to  the  Ad-^ 
tftiralty ;  and  the  university  of  Cambridge  acknowledged  its 
w^tise  of  (lis  merits  by  nominating  him  one.of  its  two  counsel* 
About  tbb  time^  be  had  attracted  the  notice  of  an  attentive 
observer  and  acute  judge  of  men  and  talents,  the  late  Mr. 
Pitt,  by  a  pamphlet  which  he  had  <  written,  to  prove  ^'  that 
au  impeachment  of  the  House  of  Commons  did  not  abate 
by  a  dissolution  of  parliament'*  This  work  became  the 
fqundation  of  his  intimacy  with  the  .premier,  and  his.subse- 
qvient  connexion  with  the  government,  and  caused  a  sudden 
alteration  in  bis  prospects.:  His  object  now  was  to  obtain  a 
•eat  in  parliament,  where  he  might  support  those  measures 
for  which  the  situation  of  the  country  seemed  to  call,  and 
ajnost  favourable  opportunity. presented  itaelf.>  His  first 
cousin,  lord  Compton,  succeeded  to  the  earldom  of  North- 
ampton in  April  1796,  on  the  demise  of  bis  maternal  uncle, 
and  consequently  vacated  his  seat  for  the  borough  of  that 
name.  Mr.  Perceval  immediately  oflFered  hiniiielf  to  repre- 
HQftt  the  vacant  borough,  and  was  too  well  known^  and  too 
universally  esteemed,  to  meet  with  any  opposition.  He 
bad  been  preyiou^y  appointed,  deputy  recorder }  and  so 


S2<y  PERCEVAL, 

highly  did  hit  constituents  approve  of  his  political  conduct 
diict  private  worth,  that  they  returned  him  to  serve  in  three 
parliaments. 

«  Mr.  Perceval  now  endeavoured  to  become  thoroughly 
master  of  every  branch  of  policy ;  and  particularly  dedw 
eated  much  of  his  attention  to  the  subject  of  finance  ;  and 
some  of  his  plans,  in  that  important  department,  are  de- 
serving of  high  commendation.  In  Hilary  vacation,  in 
1801,  at  the  formation  of  the  Addington  administratioi), 
Mr.  Perceval,  then  in  his  39th  year,  was  appointed  solici- 
tor-general, on  the  resignation  of  sir  William  Grant,,  who 
succeeded  sir  Pepper  Arden,  afterwards  lord  Alvanley,  as 
master  of  the  rolls.  In  Hilary  vacation,  1B02,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  situation  of  attorney-general,  beconae 
Vacant  by  the  elevation  of  sir  Edward  Law  (now  lord  Ellens- 
borough)  to  the  seat  of  chief  justice  of  the  Court 'of  King's 
Bench. 

•  Mr«  Perceval^  on  receiving  the  appointment  of  solicitor- 
general,  relinquished  the  Court  of  King's  Bench,  and  prac« 
tised  only  in  that  of  Chancery.  In  taking  this  step,  he 
was  influenced  chiefly  by  the  wish  of  having  more  time  tp 
^dicate  to  bis  political  duties.  But  it  is  doubtful  whether 
he  succeeded  in,  this  view.  In  the  King^s  Bench,  though 
he  was  occasionally  engaged  in  conducting  causes  of  great 
importance,  his  business  had  never  been  so  great  as  wholly 
to  occupy  his  time.  Nor  is  this  to  be  wondered  at,  when 
it  is  considered,  that  at  that  time  he  had  to  contend  with, 
as  competitors  in  that  coturt,  Mr.  Erskine,  Mr.  Mingay,  Mir. 
Law,  Mr.  Garrow,  and  Mr.  Cribbs,  all  of  them  king*$ 
edun^d,  much  older  than  himself,  and  established  in  great 
practice  before  even  Mr.  Perceval  was  called  to  the  bar. 
It  is  no  disgrace  to  him,  that  he  did  not,  before  the  age  of 
forty,  dispossess  these  gentlemen  of  their  clients.  But 
when  he  came  ipto  Chancery,  he  found  competitors  less 
powerful;  and  though  his  disadvantages,  in  entering  a 
eotirt  in  the  practice  of  which  he  bad  never  been  regularly  * 
Initiated,  were  great,  he  advanced  rapidly  in  practice) 
and  long  before  his  abandonment  of  the  bar,  he  had  begun 
tp  be  considered  as  the  most  powerful  antagonist  of  sir  Sa* 
tnuel  Romilly,  the  Coryphaeus  of  Equity  Draftsomen. 
^  Mr.  Perceval  retained  his  situation  as  attorney^general, 
when  Mr.  Pitt  resumed  the  reins  of  government,'  and  con*^ 
tiniied  to  distinguish  him^self  as  a  ready  and  staunch  sup«» 
porter  of  th^  measures  of  that  great  rnitn.    Be  had  :tbe 


PERCEVAL;  921 

honour  sometioles  to  call  down.  uponihiAis^lfaH  tbo  elq^ 
quexice  of  the  opposition,  and  proved  a  most  useful  partisai^ 
of  the  administration.  On  Mr.  Pittas  deatbi  a  coalitioa 
took  place  between  the  Fox  and  Grenville  parties,  in  which 
Mr.  Perceval  declined  to  share ;  and  having  resigned  bia 
office,  appeared  for  the  first  time  on  the  benches  of  the 
opposition^  on  which  he  continued  until .  Lord  jCiawick^ 
in  1807,  brought  forward  the  Catholic, petition,  and.abHl 
was  proposed  to  remove  the  political  disabilitiiesiof  which 
the  members  of  that  sect  complain*  Mr.  P^rqeval,  then^ 
alarmed  for  the  safety  of  the  Protestant  Church,  rose  io 
its  defence ;  and  Catholic  emancipation  being  a  measure 
generally  obnoxious,  the  dissolution  of  the  admioistratioa 
followed.  As  Mr.  Perceval,  at  this  time^ .  was  coo«idered 
the  ablest  man  of  his  party,  it  might  have  been  expected 
that  he  would  have  claimed. one  of  the  first  places  in  tbt 
new  ministry  as  his  right.  On  the  contrary,  the  chancel«' 
lorship  of  the  exchequer  was  several  times  rejected  by  .him^ 
whose  pnly  wish. was  to  resume  the  situation  of  attorney- 
general.  This,  however,  not  being  satisfactory  to  his 
majesty,  Mr.  Perceval  was  offered  the  chanoellorsbip  of 
the  duchy  of  Lancaster  for  life,  as  a  compensation  fqr  his 
professional  loss,  and  a  provision  for  his  fsimily,  provided 
lie  should  agree  to  fill  the  o(Bce  to  which  the  e&teem  and 
confidence  of  thci  nionarch  called  him.  Notwithstanding 
that  the  value  of  the  chanceHorship  proposed  did  not  much 
.exceed  2000/.  a  year,  nearly  one  thousand  less  than  Mf« 
P.^cevara  profession  produced  per  annum,  his  sense  of  * 
public  duty  induced  him  to , comply;  and  .when,  after  bi^ 
Domination,  parliament  expressed  their  dissatisfactioo  at  the 
Mature  of  the  grant,  he  aljowed  it  to  be  canceUed,  and  ise^ 
peated  in  the  house  the  assurance  of  his  readiness  to  serve 
•his  majesty  even  without  the  chancellorship  of  the  duchy  c^ 
Lancaster,  for  life. 

The  new  administraticxi  was  no  sooner  formed,  in  March 
Jl  dQ7>  than  it  becaine  necessary  to  consolidate  it  by  an  apr 
peal  to  the  sense  of  the  people.  Parliament  was  in  conae* 
quence  dissolved ;  and  in  the  iiew  one,  Mn  Perceval  found 
sn  increase  of  strength,  which  enabled  him  to  carry  oa 
that  system  of  public  measures .  begun  by  Mr.  Pitt.  To 
recapitulate  these,  and  notice  every  occasion  in  which  he 
atood  prominent  in  debate,  belongs  to  future  >histQry.  .  It 
may  suffice  here  to  mention,  that  he  had  the  voice  of  thjd 
country  with  hini}  and  that  when  a  regency  became  agaia 

VouXXIV.  V  > 


SM'  Perceval.. 

• 

necessary,  and  when  the  general  expectation  was  that  the 
regent  would  call  to  his  councils  those  men  who  bad  for-^ 
merly  been  honoured  with  his  confidence,  his  royal  high- 
ness  preferred  retaining  Mr.  Perceval  and  his  colleagues  in 
his  service. 

As  a  public  speaker,  Mr.  Perceval  rose  much  in  reputa* 
tion  and  excellence,  after  he  became  minister.  As  the 
leading  man  in  the  house  of  commons,  it  was  necessary  that 
he  should  be  able  to  explain  and  defend  all  his  measures; 
and  this  duty,  arduous  under  all  circumstances,  was  parti* 
cularly  so  in  his  case,  as  there  was  scarcely  any  other  mem- 
ber of  administration,  in  that  house,  competent  to  the  task 
of  relieving  or  supporting  bim.  He,  in  a  short  time,  proved 
that  he  stood  in  need  of  no  assistance :  he  made  himself  so 
Completely  acquainted  with  every  topic  that  was  likely  to 
be  regularly  discussed,  that  he  was  never  taken  unawares 
or  at  a  loss.  In  the  statement  of  his  measures  he  was  re- 
markably methodical  and  perspicuous.  By  many  persotts 
he  was  deemed  particularly  to  excel  in  his  replies ;  in  re- 
butting any  severe  remark  that  came  unexpectedly  upon 
him,  and  in  turning  the  fact  adduced,  or  the  argument 
used,  against  bis  opponent.  Had  his  life  been  spared,  it 
is- probable  he  would  have  risen  t6  the  highest  degree  <5f 
reputation  for  historical  and  constitutional  knowledge,  and 
political  skill 

The  death  of  this  valuable  servant  of  the  public  was  occa- 
sioned by  the  hand  of  an  assassin,  one  of  those  men  who  brood 
over  their  own  injuries,  or  supposed  injuries,  until  they  become 
the  willing  agents  of  malignity  and  revenge.  This  catastror 
.phe  happened  on  Monday,  May  Li,  1312.  About  five  o'clock 
rn.  the  evening  of  that  day,  Mr.  Perceval  was  entering  tl*e 
lobby  6f  the  bouse  of  commons,  when  he  was  shot  by  a 
person  named  Jphn  Bellingfaam,  and  almost  instantly  ex- 
pired. The  murderer,  when,  apprehended,  acknowledged 
his  guilt,  iiut  pleaded  that  he  had  claims  on  administratigii 
which  had  been  neglected ;  and  it  appeared,  on  his  trial, 
that  he  had  deliberately  prepared  to  murder  some  person 
in  administration,  .without  <  any  particular  choice;  and 
that  when  he  was. possessed  by. this  hellish  spirit,  Mr.  Per- 
.x^eval  presented  himself.  No  marks  of  insanity  appeared 
either  previous  to  or  on  his  trials  nor  could  he  be  brought 
to  any  proper  senseof  his  crime.  He  was  executed  on  the 
Monday  following. 

Both  J30uses  of  parliament  expressed  their  sense  of  Mr. 


p  E  R  c  E  y  A  l;  iia 

Perceval's  public  services  and  private  'worth  by  erery  tes- 
timony of  respect,  and  by  a  liberal  grant  for  the  provifiioit 
of  his  family,  while  the  public  at  large  were  no  less  im- 
pressed with  the  horror  which  his  cruel  death  created,  and 
with  the  loss  of  »uch  a  minister,  at  a  time  when  the  recon- 
ciliation  of  contending  political  parties  appeared  hopeless.! 
'  PERCIVAL  (Thomas),  an  eminent  physician,  was 
born  at  Warrington,  September  29,  1740.  Having  lost 
both  his  parents  in  one  day,  he  was  placed  at' the  age  of 
four  .3rears  under  the  protection  of  his  uncle,  Dr.  Thotnas 
Percival,  a  learned  physician,  r^ident  at  the  same  place ; 
botof  his  parental  guidance  he  was  also  deprived  at  the 
age  of  ten,  after  which  his  education  was  directed  with  the 
most  kind  and  judicious  attention  by  his  eldest  sister.  His 
literary  pursuits  commenced  at  a  private  school  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Warrington,  whence  he  was  removed^ 
at  the  age  of  eleven,  to  the  free  grammar-school  of  that 
town,  where  be  exhibited  great  promise  of  talent,  and 
much  indusjtry.  .  In  1757  be  -became  one  of  the  first  pupils 
of  a  dissenting  academy  then  established  at  Warrington, 
where  be  pursued  with  unabating  diligence  th^  -classical 
studies  in  which  he  had  already  made  conisiderable  pro- 
gress, and  in  particular  had  attained  great  facility  and  ele- 
gance in  Latin  composition.  'The  study  of  ethics,  however, 
appears  to  have  principally  engaged  his  attention  here,  as 
it  did  afterwards  throughout  the  whole  of  his  life,  and 
farmed  the  basis  of  all  his  works,  except  those  on  pror 
feasional  subjects.  It  appears  that  before  Mr.  Perceval 
went  to  Warrington  academy,  bis  family  was  induced  to 
^iiit  communion  with  the  church  of  England,  s^nd  to  es- 
pouse the  tenets  of  protestant  dissent.  This  was  in  one 
respect  peculiarly  unfortunate  for  him  who  had  thoughts  of 
entering  the  university  of  Oxford ;  but  now,  after  studying 
the  thirty-nine  articles,  he  determined  against  subscript 
tion,  and  Consequently  relinquished  the  advantages^of  aca- 
demical study  at  either  English  university.  He  therefore 
went  in  1761  to  Edinburgh,  and  commenced  his  studies  in 
medical  science,  which  be  also  carried  on  for  a  year  m 
London.  In  1765  be  removed  to  the  university  of  Leyden^ 
with  a  view  to  complete  his  medical  course,  and  to  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  degree  of  doctor  of  physic.  Having  accord- 
ingly defended  in  the  public  schools  his  inaugural  disserta* 

1  QejBt.  Ma(.  UlS^-^Collint's  Peeragt  by  Sir  S.  Bryd|^«i. 

■-    ■  ■  ■ .  •  ■■  .      ■•i 

Y  2  , 


824  9  E  E  C  I  V  A  L. 

lion  *'  De  Fn^bre,**  he  Wa$  presented  ^ith  tb^  diploma  df 
M.  D.  Joly  6y  1765.  On  his  return,  which  was  through 
France  and  Holland,  at  the  close  of  the  same  year,  he 
joined  his  family  at  Warrington,  and  soon  after  married 
Elizabeth,  the  daughter  and  only  surviving  chikl  of  Na- 
ihatiiel  Bassnett,  edq.  merchant,  of  London.  In  1767  he 
removed  with  bis  family  to  Manchester,  and  commenced 
hfis  professional  career  with  an  uncommon  degree  of  success, 
^  The  leisure  which  Dr.  Percival  had  hitherto  enjoyed, 
hhA  given  faim.the  opportunity  of  engaging  in  variods  phi- 
Idsopbical  and  experimental  inquiries,  relating,  for  the  most 
part,  to  the  science  of  physic.  The  **  Essays"  which  he 
foi^med  on  the  result  of  bis  investigations,  were  sometimes 
presented  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  were  afterwards  in* 
verted  in  the  volumes  of  its  Transactions;  at  other  times  they 
fvere  communicated  to  the  public  through  the  medium  of 
the  most  current  periodical  journals.  These  miscellaneous 
pfcfces  were  afterwards  collected,  and  published  in'  one 
volume,  under  the  title  df  **  Essays  medical  and  experi*- 
friental.''  A  second  volume  appeared  in  1773',  and  a  third 
in  1776^  and  were  received  by  the  learned  world  as  thepro- 
dijctioDs  of  a  man  of  profound  knowledge  and  sound  judg- 
iQent 

Extensive  as  Dr.  Percival's  practice  was,  he  found  lei-, 
scire  to  continue  those  publications  on  which  his  fame  is 
fouifided,  and  by  which  he  was  soon  known-  throughout 
Europe.  Among  these  we  may  mention  "  Observations 
und  Experiments  on  the  Poison  of  Lead,**  1774;  **  A  Fa- 
ther's' Instructions,  consisting  of  tales,  fables,  and  reflect 
tions^  designed  to  promote  the  love  of  virtue,  a  taste  for 
ktiowledge^  and  an  early  acquaintance  with  the  works  of 
nature,"  1 775,  T^wo  years  after  be  added  another  volume; 
completing  the  work,  which  is  executed  in  a  manner  ex- 
cellently a^apt^d  to  its  object.  ^^  On  the  Use  of  Flowers 
tif  Zinc  in  epileptic  cases*'  (Medical  Commentaries,  vol.  ILJ 
>*  Miscellaneous  prkctical  Observations,**  (ibid.  V.)  •*  Ac^ 
count  of  the  Earthcjuake  at  Manchester^*  (ibid.)  **The 
Disadvantages  of  early  Tkioculation.**  ^*  Experiments  and 
Observation^  oh  Watet.*'  '  **  Moral  anc^  literary  Disserta-^ 
tions,**  1 784,  8Vo.  "  On  the  Roman  Colonies  and  Stations 
in  Cheshire  and  Lancashire,*'  (PhiL  Trans.  XLVII.  216.) 
•'Accbuntofadonble  Child,'*  (ibid.  360.)  **  Experiments 
on  the  Peruvian  Bark,  (ibid.LVII.  ??1)  ."  Experiments 
and. Observations  on  the  Waters  of  B.ux'ton  and  Maacbes- 


P  E  R  C  I  V  A  L.  $2« 

-      /  ' 

tef/*  (ibid.  LXII.  455.)  '<  On  the  Population  of  Maocbei- 
ter  and  other  adjacent  plades,"  (ibid.  LXIV.  54;  LXV. 
a22»  and  Supplement,  LXVI.  160.)  ''Nevir  and  cheap 
way  of  preparing  Potiish,"  (ibid.  LXX,  545.) 

The  ^'  Manchester  Memoirs*'  were  also  frequently  bo* 
noured  by  Dr.  Percival's  communications.  The  societyi 
indeed,  by  which  they  were  published,  derived  its  origin 
from  the  stated  weekly  meetings  for  conversation,  which 
Dr.  Percival  held  at  his  own  bouse ;  the  resort  of  the. lite- 
rary characters,  the  principal  inbabitanlts,  and  of  ocea^ 
sional  strangers.  As  these  meetings  became  mOre  numef 
rous',.  it  was  imtime  fopnd  convenient  to  trs^nsfer  them  to  a 
tavern,  and  to  constitute  a  few  rules  for  the  better  direOf' 
tion  of  their  i3roceedings.  The  members  thus  insensibly 
formed,  themselves  into  a  club,  which  was. supported  witb 
so  much  succei$s,  as  at  length,  in  1781,,  to  assume  the  title 
of  ^^Tfae  Litelrary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Manches- 
ter.'* Dr.  Percival  was  appointed  joint  presideht  with 
James. .Massey,  esq.  and  bis  literary  contributions  were  fire^ 
quentand  valuable.  When  acting  as  president,  bis  powers 
both  of  comprehension  and  discourse  were  sometimes  called 
forth  to  considerable  exercise;  and  perhaps  on  to  occasion 
were  iiis  talents  more  fully  exerted,  than  when  he  at  once 
guided  and  systematized  the  topic$rof  aaitnated  discussion. 
Another  scheme  which  he  patronised  was  for  the  establish- 
ment of  public  lectures  on  mathematics,  the  6ne  arts^  and 
commerce,  somewhat  in  the  manner  of  tlie  institutions  lately 
attempted  in  Loudon  ;  but  that  of  Manchester,  ^fter  two . 
winters  of  unfavourable  trials  was  at  length  reluctaotly 
abandoned,  and  those  of  the  metropolis  have  not  yet  much 
to  boast  on  the  score  of  encouragement  or  utility.  Dr. 
Percival  experienced  two  other  disappointmants,  in  bis  en- 
deavours to  support  the  dissenting  academy  at  Warjrington, 
and. to  establish  one  at  Manchester  in  its  room,  neither  of 
which  schemes  was  found  practicable. 

Dr.  Percival  died  of  an  acute  disea:seon  August  30,  1804, 
id  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age,  universally  respected 
and  regrdtted.  His  works  we^re  coUected  and  published 
in  1807y  4  vols.  8vo,  by  one  o^  his  sons,  .with. a^  very  inte*- 
resting  biographical  memoir,  froniwhich  we  have  borrowed 
the  preceding  particulars.  For  what^  follows  of  Dr;  Peree^ 
vaPs  character,  we  are  principally,  indebted  to  Dr.  Magee, 
of  Trinity  college,  Dublin.         . 

^^  Thie  cham^ter  of  Dn  Percival  was  in  eveiy  way  oalcu^ 


:S26  P  E  iEl  C  I  V  A  t. 

}ated  to  secure  for  bioi  tbat  eminence  in  Un  profession/and 
that  general  respect;  esteem,  and  attachment,  which  be 
every  where  obtained.  A  quick  penetration,  a  discrimi- 
nating judgment,  a  patient  attention,  a  comprehensive 
knowledge,  and,  above  all,  a  solemn  sense  of  responsi- 
bility, were  the  endowments  which  so  conspicuously  fitted 
faim  at  once  to  discharge  the  duties,  and  .to  extend  the 
boundaries,  of  the  healing  art;  and  his  external  accom* 
plishments  and  manners  were  alike  happily  adapted  to  the 
offices  of  his  profession.  In  social  discussion,  he  possessed 
powers  of  a  very  uncommon  stamp,  combining  the  kcco- 
racy  of  science,  and  the  strictest  precision  of  method,  with 
the  graces  of  a  copious  and  unstudied  elocution;  and  to 
these  was  superadded  the  polish  of  a  refined  urbanity, :  the 
joint  result  of  innate  benevolence,  and  of  early  and  habi« 
tual  intercourse  with  the  most  improved  classes  of  society. 
In  few  words,  he  was  an  author  without  vanity,  a  philoso- 
pher without  pride,  a  scholar  without  pedantry,  and  a 
Christian  without  guile.  Affable  in  bis  manners,  courteous 
in  his  conversation,  dignified  in  bis  deportment,  cheerful 
in  his  temper^  warm  in  bis  affections,  steady  in  bis  friend- 
ships,^ mild  in  his  resentments,  and  unshaken  in  his  princi- 
ples; the  grand  object  of  his  life  was  usefulness^  and  the 
grand  spring  of  all  his  actions  was  religion.  >  v 

"  As  a  literary  character,  Dr.  Percival  held  a  distin« 
guisbed  rank.     His  earlier  publications  were  devoted  to 
medical,  chemical;  and  philosophical  inquiries,  which  he 
pursued  extensively,  combining  the  cautious  but  assiduoos 
employment  of  experiment,  with  scientific  observation, 
and  much  literary  research.      His  ^  Essays  Medical  and 
Experimental,'  obtained  for  the  author  a  considerable  re- 
putation in  the  philosophical  world,  and  have  gone  through 
many  editions.     The  subjects  which  occupied  his  pen,,  in 
later  year;,  were  of  a  nature  most  congenial  to  his  feel- 
ings ;  and  in  the  several  volumes  of  '  A  Father's  Instrue- 
,tions  to  his  Children,'  and  of  *  Moral  DissertaUons^'  which 
appeared  at  different  periods,  through  a  space  of  twenty- 
.five  years,  and  which  were  originally  conceived-  with  the 
-design  of  exciting  in  the  hearts  of  his  children  a  desire  of 
knowledge  and  a  love  of  virtue,  there  is  to  be  found  as 
much   of  pure  style,  genuine  feeling,  refined   taste^^  apt 
illustration,  and  pious  reflection,  as  can  easily  be  disco- 
vered, in  the  same  compass,  in  any  didactic  composition. 
His  last  wqrky.  whiqU  be  expressly  dedicated  as  a  ^pa- 


P  E  R  C  I  V  A  L.  327 

'rental  legacy'  to' a  much-loved  son,  under  the  title  of 
**^  Medical  Ethics,  or  a  Code  of  Institutes  and  Precepts, 
adapted  to  the  professional  conduct  of  physicians  and  sur- 
geonSf'  published  in  1803,  is  a  monument  of  his  profes- 
.sional  integrity^  in.  which,  while  he  depicted  those  excel- 
leocies  of  the  medical  character  which  he  approved  in 
theory,  he  unconsciously  drew  the  portrait  of  himself,  and 
described  those  which  he  every  day  exemplified  in  prac- 
tice."' 

PERCY  (Thomas),  a  late  learned  prelate,  a  descendant 
of  the  ancient   earls    of  Northumberland,    was   born   at 
Bridgenorth  in  Shropshire,  in  1728,  and  educatiedat  Christ 
'  church,  Oxford.    In  July  1753  he  took  the  degree  of  M.A.; 
and  in  1756  he  was  presented  by  that  college  to  the  vi- 
carage  of  Easton  Mauduit,  in  Northamptonshire,  which  be 
•held  with  the  rectory  of  Wilbye,  in  the  same  county,  given 
Irim  by  the  earl  of  Sussex.     In  1761  he  began. his  literairy 
career,  by  publishing  ^^  Han. Kiou  Chouan,"  a  translation 
from  the  Chinese;  which  was  followed,  in  1762,  by  a  col- 
Jection  of  '^  Chinese  Miscellanies,"'  and  in  1763  by  ^'Five 
Pieces  of  Runic  Poetry,'*  translated  from  the  Icelandic  lan- 
guage.    In  1764  he  published  a  new  version  of  the  **  Song 
of  Solomon,"  with  a  commentary  and  annotations.     The 
year   following  he  published  the  .^^  Reliques  of.Antient 
JEnglish  Poetry,^'  a  work  which  constitutes  an  eera  in  the 
history  of,  English  literature  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
Perhaps  the  perusal  of  a  folio  volume  of  ancient  manuscripts 
given  to  the  bishop  by  a  friend  in  early  life  (from  i)phich 
he  afterwards  made  large  extracts  in  the  '^  Reliques,")  led 
lits  mind  to  those  studies  in  which  he'  so  eminently  distin*- 
guished  himself.     It  appears  likewise  that  Sbenstone  en- 
couraged him  in  publishing  the  "  Relique.s."     The  same 
year  he  published  "  A  Key  to  the  New. Testament,"  a  con- 
cise man^ual  for  Students,  of  Sacred  Literature,  which. has 
been  adopted  in  the  universities,  and  often  repriniedl   After 
^e  publication  of  the  "  Reliques,"  he  was  invited  by  the 
Jateduke  and  duchess  of  Northumberland  to  reside  with 
«them  as  their  domestic  chaplain.     In  1769  he  published 
-"  A  Sermon  preached  before  the  Sons  of  the  Clergy  ^t  St. 
Paul's."     In  1770  he  condu;Cted  ^*  The  Nprthumbe^Und 
Household  Book"  through  the  press;  the  same  year  he 
piblisbed  ^'  The  Hermit  of  Warkwortb,"  and  a  translation 

^  Life  prefixed  to  hi»  Works.— Gent.  Mag,  180^. 


m  PERCY. 

of  MaUet's  <<  Northern  Antiquities/'  with  notes.    A  second 
edition  of  the  **  Reliques  of  Ancient  Poetry''  was  published 
in  177 Jr,  a  third  in  1794,  and  a  fourth  in  1814.     In  1769 
be  wa$  nominated  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  bis  majesty ;  in 
1778  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Carlisle ;  and  in 
1782  to  the  bishopric  of  Dromoreio  Ireland,  where  be  oou-^ 
stantly  resided,  promoting  the  instruction  and  comfort  of 
■the  poor  with  unremitting  attention,  and  superintending 
the  sacred  and  civil  interests  of  the  diocese,  with  vigilance 
and  assiduity;  revered  and  beloved  for  bis  piety,  liberality, 
benevolence,   and  hospitality,  by  persons  of  every  rank 
and  reUgiouB  denomination.     Under  the  loss  of  sight,  of 
'which  be  was  gradually  deprived  some  years  before  bis 
death,  he  steadily  maintained  bis  habitual  cbeerfulness ; 
and  in  bis  last  painful  illness  be  displayed  such  fortitude 
and  strength  of  mind,  such  patience  and  resignation  to  the 
divine  will,  and  expressed  such  bearifelt  thankfuiaess  for 
the  goodness  and  mercy  shewp  to  him;  in  the  course  of  a 
long  and  bappy  life,  as  were  truly  impressive  and  worthy 
of  that  pure  Christian  spirit,  in  bim  so  eminently  eoiispi- 
euQUs.     His  only  son  died  in  1783.     Two  daughters  sur« 
vive  bim;  the  eldest  is  married  to  Samuel  Isted,  esq.  of 
Ectoui^in  Northamptonshire;,  and  the  youngest  to  the  bon* 
and  rev.  Pierce  Meade,  archdeacon  of  Dromore.    In  1777 
the  rev.  John  Bowie  addressed  a  printed  letter  to  Dr^ 
Percy^  announcing  a  new  and  classical  edition  of  ^*  Doa 
Quixote."     In  1780  Mr.  Nichols  was  indebted  to  bim  for 
many  useful  communications  for  the  '^  Select  Collection  of 
Miscellany  Ppems."     When  elevated  to  the  miore,  Mr. 
Nichols  was  also  under  further  obligations  in  the  ^  History 
of  Hinckley,"  1782.     In  1786  the  edition  of  the  Tatler,  in 
six  volumes,  small  8vo,  was  benefited  by  the  bints  sag^ 
gested  by  bishop  Percy  to  the  rev.  Dr.  Calder,  the  learned 
and  industrious  annotator  and  editor  of  those  volumes. 
The  subsequent  editions  of  the  Spectator  and  Guardian  were 
also  improved  by  some  of  his  lordship's  notes.     Between 
1760  and  17 64,  Dr.  Percy  bad  proceeded  very  for  at  the  press 
with  an  admirable  edition  of  *^  Surrey's  Poetes,''  and  ake 
with  a  good  edition  of  the  Works  of  Villiers  duke  of  Buck- 
ini^am  ;  both  which,  from  a  variety  of  caiises,  remained 
many  years  unfinished  in  the  warehouse  of  Mr.  Tonson  in 
the  Savoy;  but  were  resumed  in  1795,  ai)d  nearly  brought 
to  a  conclusion,  when  the  whole  impression  of  both'wprks 
was  unfortunately  consumed  by  the  fire  in  Red  Lion  Pas-* 


PERCY.  839 

tGTge  ill  1 808.  His  lordship  died  at  his  episcopal  palace^ 
DrooftHre,  on  Sept.  30,  1811,  in  his  eighty-third  year.  So 
moch  of  his  life  had  passed  in  the  literary  world,  strictly 
so  called,  that  authentic  memoirs  of  his  life  would  form  an 
interesting  addition  to  our  literary  history,  but  nothing  hag 
yet  appeared  from  the  parties  roost  able  to  contribute  such 
informatiion.  The  preceding  particulars  we  believe  to  be 
correct,  as  far  as  they  go,  but  we  cannot  offer  them  as  sa>» 
tisimctory.' 

PEREFIXE  <Hardouin  de  Beaumont  de),  a  cele- 
brated archbishop  of  Pdris,  and  master  of  the  Sorbonne^ 
was  s6n  of  a  steward  of  the  household  to  cardinal' Richer 
lieu,  who  took  care  of  his  education.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  a  student,  was  admitted  doctor  of  the  house  and 
society  of  «he  Sorbonne,  preached  with  great  applause^ 
and  was  appointed  preceptor  to  Louis  XIV.  and  afterwards 
bishop  of  Rhodes,  but  resigned  this  bishopric  because  he 
could  not  reside  in  bis  diocese.  In  1664,  M.  de  Perefixe 
was  made  archbishop  of  Paris ;  and,  soon  after,  by  the  ad- 
vice of  fttther  Annat,  a  Jesuit,  published  a  mandate  for  the 
pure  and  simple  signature  of  the  formulary  of  Alexander 
VII.  His  distinction  between  divine  faith  and  human  faith, 
made  much  noise,  and  was  attacked  by  the  celebrated  Ni* 
cole.  His  attempt  also  to  make  the  nuns  of  Port«Royal 
sign  the  formulary,  met  with  great  resistance,  which  occa* 
sioned  many  publications  against  him ;  but  his  natural  dis- 
position was  extremely  mild,  and  it  was  with  the  utmost 
Reluctance  that  he  forced  himself  to  proceed  against  these 
celebrated  nuns.  He  died  December  31,  1670,  at  Pariii. 
^He  had  bee)i  admitted  a  member  of  the  French  academy  ia 
1654.  His  works  ai^,  an  excellent  "  Hist,  of  K.  Henry  IV.** 
Amst.  1661,  12mo.  This  and  the  edition  of  1664  are 
scarce  and  in  much  request,  but  that  of  1749  is  more  com- 
mon. Some  writers  pretend  that  Mezerai  was  the  real  au«* 
thor  of  this  history,  and  that  M.  de  Perefixe  only  adopted 
it ;  but  they  bring  no  proofe  of  their  assertion.  He  pub* 
Itshed  also  a  bop^k,  entitled  "lostitutio  Principis/'  1647^ 
}6to,  containing  a  collection  of  maxims  relative  to  the  du« 
ties  of  a  king  in  his  minority .* 

•  PERGOLESl  (John  Baptist),  one  of  the  moa*  excel-^ 
lent  of  the  Italian  composers,  was  bom  at  Casoria  in  the 

1  Gent  M«g;  toI.  LXX$I«-^99lweU'ft  Life  Qf  Jp^nfoiu^'Ni^NtU'f  9swy«CM 
^  Moreri. — ^Dict.  Hist. 


580  P  E.R  G  O  L  E  S  I. 

.kingdom  of  Naples,-  in  1704;  and  was  educated. at  Nafsles 
under  Gaetano  Greco^  a  very  famous  musician  of  that  time. 
The  prince  of  San->Agliano,  or  Siigliano,  becoming  acr 
quaiBted  with  the  talents  of  young  Pergolesi}  took  him 
under  fats  protection,  and,  from  1730  to  1734,  procured 
him  employment  in  the  new  theatre  at  Naples,  where  his 
-operas  had  prodigious  success.  ^Ue  then  visited  Rome, 
.for  which  place  his  "  Olympiade*'  was  composed,  and  there 
performed,  but  was  by  no  means  applauded  as  it  deserved.; 
.after  which  he  returned  to  Naples,  and  falling  into  a  con- 
sumptive disorder,  died,  in  1737,  at  the  premature  age  of 
.thirty*three.  It  is  not  true,  as  some  authors  have  asserted, 
tbat^e  was  poisoned  by  some  of  his  rivals,  nor  iudeed  was 
thesuccessof  his  productions  suxEcieotly  great  to  render  him 
an  object  of  envy.  His  fame  was  posthumous*  From  the 
style  of  his  composition,  the  Italians  have  called  him  the 
•Domenichino  of  music.  Ease,  united  with  deep  knowledge 
•of  harmony,  and  great  richness  of  melody,  forms  the  cha- 
jracteristic  of  his  music.  It  expresses  the  passions  with  the 
very  voice  of  nature,  and  speaks  to  the  soul  by  the  natural 
•force  of  its  effects.  It  has  been  thought,  by  some,  of  too 
/nelancholy  a  cast,  which  might. arise,  perhaps,  from  the 
depression  produced  by  iufirmity  of  constitution.  Bis 
principal  works  are,  1.  The  ^^  Stabat  Mater/*  usually  con* 
.sidered  as  bis  most  perfect  work,  and  much  better  known 
than  any  other,  iti  this  country.  2.  Another  famous  mass, 
beginning,  ^^  Dixit  et  laudate/^  first  heard  with  rapture  at 
•Naples,  soon  after  his.  return  from  Rome.  3.  The  mass 
called  '^  Salve  Regina,"  the  last  of  his  productions,  com- 
posed  at  Torre  del  Greco,  a  very  short  time  before  bis 
death,  but  as  much  admired  as  any  of  his  compositions. 
4*  His  opera  of  ^'  Olympiade/'  set  to  the  words  of  Metas- 
lasio.  5,  '<  La  serva  Padroha/'  a  comic  opera.  6.  His 
famous  Cantata  of  *^  Orfeo  e  £uridice."  The  greater  pa^t 
of  bis  other  compositions  were  formed  for  pieces  written  in 
the  Neapolitan  dialect,  and  unintelligible  to  the  rest; of 
Italy.  Pergolesi's  first  and  principal  instrument  was  the 
.-violin.  Dr.  Burney  says,  that  '^  be  bad, .  perhaps,  more 
energy >of  genius,  and  a  finer /ac/,  than  any  of  his  prede* 
cessorS;  for  though  no  lal^ur  appears  in  bis  productions, 
^evea  jfor  the  church,  where  the  parts  are  thin,  and  fre- 
quently in  unison,  yet  greater  and  more  beautiful  effects 
are  often  produced  in  the  performance  thaii  are  promised 
in  the  score." — *^  The  church-music  of  Pergolesi  has  been 


PERGOLESI.  tsi: 

^M6urad  by  his  countryman.  Padre  Martini,  as  well  as  by 
sofile  English  musical  critics,  for  too  much  levity  of  move- 
ment, and  a  dramatic  cast,  even  in  some  of  his  slow  airs  ; 
while,  on  the  contrary,  Eximeno  sa}ps,  that  he  never  heard^ 
and  perhaps  never  shall  hear,  sacred  music  accompanied 
with  msftnimfents,  so  learned  and  so  divine,  as  the  Stabat 
Mater.*'  Dr.  Bumey  thinks  it  very  doubtful  whether  the 
sonatas  ascribed  to  this  author  are  genuine;  but  observes, 
that  the  progress  since  made  in  instrumental  music,  ought 
not,  at  all  events,  to  diminish  the  reputation  of  Pergolesi, 
*^  which,**  he  adds,  <^  was  not  built  on  productions  of  that 
kind,  but  on  vocal  compositions,  in  which  the  clearness,* 
simplicity,  truth,  and  sweetness  of  expression,  justly  en* 
title  him  to  supremacy  over  all  his  predecessors,  and  con- 
temporary rivals;  and  to  a  niche  in  the  temple  of  fame,, 
among  the  great  improvers  of  the  art ;  as,  if  not  the  foun- 
der, the  principal  polisher  of  a  style  of  composition  both' 
for  the  church  and  stage,  which  has  been  constantly  cnltir 
vated  by  his  successors ;  and  which,  at  the  distance  of  half 
a  century  from  the  short  period  in  which  he  flourished, 
still  reigns  throughout  Europe.'*  The  learned  historian, 
for  this  reason,  justly  considers  the  works  of  Pergolesi  as 
forming  a  great  sera  in  modern  music'    < 

PERIERS,  or  PERRIERS  (Bonaventure  des),  an  old 
French  satirist,  was  born  at  Arnay-le-Duc,  a  small  town  of 
Burgundy,  about  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century.  He 
went  through  his  early  studies  with  credit,  and  was.  ad«« 
vanced  to  the  place  of  valet-de-chambre  to  the  queen  of 
Navarre,  sister  of  Francis  I.  Abopt  this  time  a  considerable 
freedom  of  opinion  prevailed  at  court,  and  the  disputes  of 
certain  theologians  had  occasionally  furnished  subjects  for 
ridicule.  Des  Periers,  who  was  young  and  lively,  wrote 
his  celebrated  work  entitled  ^^  Gymbalum  mundi,*'  in  which 
•the  divines  of  the  time  found  nothing  but  atheism  and  im- 
piety, while  others  considered  the  satire  as  general  and 
legitimate.  A  modern  reader  will  perhaps  discover  more 
fbtly  and  extravagance- than  either  impiety  or  wit.  The 
work,  however,  was  prohibited  by  an  order  of  council  sooa 
«ifter  it  appeared  ;  and,  according  to  De  Bure  and  Brunet, 
but  one  copy  is  known  to  exist  of  the  original  edition.  Des 
Periers^  did  not  lose  his  situation  at  court,  but  coutioued  in 
the  same  favour  with  the  queen  of  Navarre^  and,  is  sup- 

\  IHwiiol  and  Bvlrnejr's  Hist*  ofMu*i«>-'^n^  Buinejr  in  Reet's  Cycloptidia. 


&J2  P  E  R  I  E  R  S,      . 

» 

posed  to  hare  written  some  p^rt  of  the  tal&l  which  were^ 
published  under  the  name  of  that  princei^.  Pes  Periers  is 
said  to  have  indulged  in  excesses  which  ruined  his  hi^altbi 
and  in  theparoxysm  of  a  fever  he  comoiitled  suicide  in  1544» 
His  works  are,  1.  The  ^^  Andria"  of  Terence^  translated  into 
French  rhyme,  Lyons,  1537,  Svo.  2.  ^^Cymbaliim  mundi, 
en  Fran^ais,  contenant  quatres  dialogues  ppetiques,  fort 
antiques,  joyeux,  et  facetieux,"  Paris,  1537,  8vo*  This^ 
which  was  the  first  ediiion,  be  published  under  the  name 
of  Thomas  du  Clevier.  It  was  reprinted  at  Lyons  in  1538, 
8vo,  also  a  rare  edition.  In  1711,  Prosper  Marchand  pub-» 
lished  an  edition  in  12mo,  with  a  long  letter  on  the  history 
ef  the  work.  Of  this  an  £nglish  translation  was  published 
in  1712,  -Svo.  The  last-  edition  is  that  with  notes  by  FaU 
conet  and  Lancelot,  which  appeared  in  1732,  12mo.  3. 
**Recueil  desCEuvres  de  B.  Desperiers,"  Lyons,  1544,  Bvo.. 
This  is  the  only  edition  of  his  works  which  contains  his 
poetry.  4.  "  Nouvelles  recreations  et  joyeux  devfs,"  Ly- 
ons, 155S,  8vo,  a  collection  of  tales  attributed  to  Des 
Periers,  but  which  some  think  were  the  production  of  Ni-» 
Qolas  Denisot,  and  James  Peletier;  and  it  is  certain  that 
there  are  some  facts  mentioned  in  them  which  did  not 
occur  uQtil  after  the  death  of  Des  Periers^  I'he  reader 
may  derive  more  infprmation  on  this  subject,  if  he  think 
it  interesting,  from  La  Monnoye^s  preliminary  dissertation 
to  the  edition  of  these  tales  published  at  Amsterdam  (Paris) 
in  1735,  3  vols.  12mo.  * 

PERINGSKIOLD  (John),  a  learned  Northern  anti* 
qiiary,  was  born  Oct.  6,  1654,  at  Strengnes  in  Sudermania, 
and  was  the  son  of  Lawrence  Frederic  Peringer,  professor 
of  rhetoric  and  poetry.  Having  acquired  great  skill  in 
tiortbern  antiquities,  he  was  in  1689  appointed  profess^or 
at  Upsal;  in  1693,  secretary  and  antiquary  to  the  king  of 
Sweden,  and  in  1719  counsellor  to  the  chancery  for  anti^v 
quities.  When  appointed  secretary  to  the  king  he  changed 
bis  name  from  Peringer  to  Peringskiold,  He  died. March 
S4,  1720.  His  principal  works,  which  are  very  much  var 
lued  by  Swedish  historians  and  antiquaries,  are,  I.  '^  Snar* 
ronis  Sturlonidm  Hist,  regum  Septeutrionalium,^*  .with 
two  translations,  1697,  fd.  2.  '^  Historia  Wilkipensjum; 
Theodorici  Veronensis,  ac  Niflungorum,"  &c.  copied  from 
an  ancient  Scandinavian  MS.  with  a  translation,  17 1^^.,  fqL^ 

1  Letter  by  Mardiand^  m  abof«»>«^Bicf  .»l7ntrerieUc,  aijL  Oeppfrijarff;    . 


PERINOSKIOLD.  3sy 

S.^Hist.  Hialniari  regis/*  from  a  Runic  MS.:  diis  is  in- 
serted in  Hickes^s  Thesaurus.  4.  *^  Monumenta  Sueco^ 
Gothica,"  2  vols.  fol.  1710— 1719,  &c.  &c.^ 

PERINO  DEL  VAGA  (otherwise  FiERiNoBuONACCORSt), 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  scholars  and  assistants  of 
Raphael  in  the  Vatican,  was  born  in  a  Tuscan  village  in 
1'500.  Vasari  seems  to  consider  him  as  the  first  designer 
of  the  Florentine  school  after  Michael  Angelo,  and  as  the 
best  of  Raphael's  pupils  :  it  is  certain,  that  in  a  general 
grasp  of  the  art,  none  approached  Julio  Romano  so  near^ 
equally  fit  to  render  on  a  large  scale  the  historic  designs  of 
his  master,  to  work  in  stucco  and  grotesque  ornaments  with 
Giovanni  da  Udine,  or  with  Polidoro  to  paint  chiaroscuros; 
The  Immolation  of  Isaac  in  the  Stanze,  the  taking  of  Jeri- 
cho, Joseph  sold  by  his  Brethren,  Jacob  with  the  Viftion^ 
the  Drowning  of  Pharaoh,  with  others  among  the  frescos  of 
the  Loggia,  are  bis.  That  he  had  much  of  the  Florentine 
style  may  be  seen  in  the  works  of  his  own  invention,  such  as 
the  Birth  of  ^ve  in  the  church  of  St.  Marcello,  at  Rome,'  a 
high-wrought  performance,  with  some  Infants  that  have  an 
air  of  life.  At  a  monastery  in  Tivoli  there  is  a  St.  John  in 
the  same  style,  with  an  admirable  landscape,  and  many 
more  in  Lucca  and  Pisa. 

*  But  the  real  theatre  of  Perino's  art  is  Genoa,  where  be 
arrived  in  1528,*  to  preside  over  the  embellishments  and 
decorations  of  the  magnificent  palace  of  prince  Doria:  witb* 
out  the  gate  of  St.  Tommaso.  Every  thing  in  this  mansion^ 
whether  executed  by  Pierino  himself,  or  from  bis  cartoons, 
breialhes  the  spirit  of  Raphael's  school,  in  proportion  to  the 
felicityor  inferiority  of  execution ;  a  nearer  approach  neither- 
his  powers  nor  principles  permitted  :  eager  to  dispatch,  and 
greedy  to  acquire,  he  debased  much  of  his  plan  by  the 
indelicate  or  interested  choice  of  his  associates.  It  is, 
however,  to  the  style  he  introduced,  and  the  principles  he 
established,  that  Genoa  owes  the  foundation  of  its  school. 
Pedno  died  in  1547,  aged  forty-seven.  • 

PERION  (Joachim),  a  learned  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne, 
was  bom  at  Cormery,  in  Touraine,  in  1500.  He  took  the 
Benedictine  habit  in  the  abbey  of  this  name,  1517,  add 
died  there  about  1559,  aged  near  sixty.  Among  his  writ«^ 
ings  are  four  ^*  Dialoguies,^*  in  Latin,  on  the  origin  of  the 

1^  Ntoeron,  vol.  I.-^ib).  Oeranoique,  to?.  III.  p.  955. 
*  Piikioyton,  by  FiMeli.    S«e  alto  our  artjd«  of  PaiiNr. 


'W4  P  E  iR  I  O  N. 

French  language,  and  its  resemblance  to  the  Greek,  Pari t, 
1555, .  8vo ;  some  tracts  in  defence  of  Aristotle  and  Cicero^  . 
against  Peter  Ramus,  8vo ;  Latin  translations  of  somebooIcK 
of  Plato,  Aristotle,  St.  John  Damascenus,  &c.  ;  "Loci 
Theologici,"  Paris,  1549,  8vo.  He  wrote  in  more  elegant 
Latin  than  was  common  with  the  divines  of  that  age ;  but  his 
accuracy  and  critical  skill  have  been  in  many  respects  justly 
called  in  question.  ^ 

PERIZONIUS  (James),  a  learned  German,  was  of' a 
family  originally  of  Teutorp,  a  small  town  in  Westphalia  : 
their  name  was  Voorbrock;  but  being  changed  for  Peri- 
zonius  (a  Greek  word  of  similar  import,  implying  soiner 
ihing  of  the  nature  of  a  girdle)  by  one  who  published  ao 
**  Epithalamium,*'  with  this  name  subscribed,  it  was  ever 
after  retained  by  the  learned  part  of  the  family.  Anthony 
Perizonius,  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this  article,  was 
rector  of  the  school  of  Dam,  professor  of  divinity  and  the  . 
Oriental  languages,  first  at  Ham,  and  afterwards  at  De* 
venter ;. at  which  last  place  he  died  in  1672,  in  his  forty* 
sixth  year.  He  published,  in,  1669,  a  lear^ned  treatise, 
"  De  Ratione  studii  Theologici." 

Jame^  his  eldest  son,  was  born  at  Dam,  Oct.  26,  1651. 
He  studied  first  under  Gisbert  Cuper,  at  Deventer,  and, 
was  afterwards,  in  1671,  removed  to  Utrecht,  where  he 
attejided  the  lectures  of  Graevius.  His  father  designed  him 
for  the  church,  but«after  his  death  he  preferred  the  mixed 
studies  of  polite  learning,  history,  and  antiquity,  and  went,, 
in  1674,  to^Leyden,  where  his  preceptor  was  Theodore 
liyckius,  professor  of  history  and  eloquence  in  that  city. 
He  became  afterwards  rector  of  the  Latin  school  at  Delft, 
from, which  he  was  promoted  in  168^1  to  the  professorship 
of  history  and  ^  eloquence  at  Franeker.  His  reputation 
bringing  a^ great  concourse  of  scholars  to  this  university,  he 
was  complimented  by  the  addition  to  his  stipend  of  aa 
hundred  crowns,  and  when  on  the  death  of  Ryckius  la 
1690,  Perizonius  was  offered  the  vacant  professorship,  thq^ 
curators  of  Franeker  were  so  desirous  of  his  continuing 
with  them  that  they  added  another  hundred  crowns  to  bi« 
stipetid.  H^  was,  however,  in  1693,  persuaded  to  goto 
Leyden  to  fill  the  place  of  professor  of  history,  eloquence, 
and  the  Greek  language ;  and  in  this  employment  con^^. 

tiuued  till  his  death.     He  was  a  man  of  incredible  dili- 

•  •     • 

1  Niceron,  toI.  XXXVK— Diet.  Hitt^: 


P  E  R  I  Z  ONI  U  S.  8$5 

feme  as  w^ll  as  accuracy,  never  committing  any  tbiDg  to 
the  press  without  the  strictest  revisal  and  examination* 
Such  uninterrupted  application  is  said  by  bis  biographers 
to  have  shortened  his  iife^  which,  however,  extended  to 
sixty*six  years.  He  died  April  6,  1717,  and  left  a  wilt 
that  savoured  a  little  of  that  whim  and  peculiarity  whicb 
sometimes  infects  the  learned  in  their  retirements.  He 
ofi-dered,  that  as  soon  as  he  should  expire,  bis  body  should 
be  dressed  in  his  clothes,  then  set  up  in  a  obair,  and  thac 
a  beard  should  be  made  for  him.  Some  say  this  was  done 
that  a  painter  might  finish  his  picture,  already  begun,  in 
order  to  be  placed  over  the  manuscripts  and  ^ooks.  which 
he  left  to  the  library  of  the  university.  He  was  a  man  of  a 
good  mien,  well  made,  of  a  grave  and  serious  air,  but  far 
from  any  thing  of  pedantry  and  affectation  ;  and  so  modesty 
that  be  never  willingly  spake  of  himself  and  his  writings. 

He  published  a  great  many  works  in  Latin  relating  to 
history,  antiquities,  and  classical  literature,  among  which 
are,  1.  *•  M.:T.  Ciceronis  eruditio,"  an  inaugural  oration, 
Skt  his  being  installed  professor  of  Franeker  in  1681.     2. 
'^  Anin\adversiones  Historic8e,  1685,'^  8vo,  a  valuable  mis-  , 
eelhiny  of  remarks  on  .the  mistakes  of  historians  and  critics. 
3.  ^^  Q.  Curtius  in  integrum  r^estitutus,  et  vindicatus   ab 
immodica  atque  acerba  nimis  crisi  viri  claris$imi  Joannis 
Clerici,"    1703,  Svo.     To  this  Le   Clerc  replied,  in  the 
third  volume  of  his  ^^Bibliotheque  Cbois^e."     4..  ^^  Rerum 
.per  Euryopam  sseculo  sexto-decimo  maxime  gestarum  Com- 
,  mentarii  Historici,'-  1710,  Svo.     5*  **  Origines  JEgyptiacse 
et  Babylonicse,'*  1711,  2  vols.  i2mo,  being,  an  attack  on 
ti^e  "  Chronological  Systems"  of  Usher,  Capellus,  Pezron, 
but  especially  of  sir  Jobn  Marsham.     Duker  reprinted  this 
.work  with  additions  in  1736;     Perizonius  wrote.also  several 
dissertations  upon   particular  points   of  antiquity,  which 
would  have  done  no  small  credit  to  the  collections  of  Gne- 
vius.  and  Gronovius.     Perizonius  published  an  edition  of  * 
"  iEIian^s   Various    History,"  corrected   from   the  -manu- 
acripts,  and  illustrated  with  notes,  in  17.01,  2  vols.  Svo. 
.James  Gronovius  having  attacked  a  passage  in  bis  notes,  a 
controversy  ensued,  which  degenerated  at  length  into  such 
.  personal  abuse,  that  the  curators  of  the  university  of  Ley^ 
.den  tboiight  proper  to  put  a  stop  to  it  by  their  authority. 
,1 -he. edition,  however,  was  reckoned  the  best  until  that  of 
Gronovius  appeared  in  1731.     He  wrote  also  large  notes 
upon    ^^  Sanctli   Minerva,   sive  de  causis  linguse   Latinae 


ii$  p  i;  RX  I  N  s. 

Comm^ntarius  ;*'   the   best  edition  of  which    is   that  oj^ 
1714,  8 vo.' 

PERKINS  (Willum),  a  learned  and  pious  divine,  wa& 
born  at  Marton  in  Warwickshire,  in  1553,  and  educated  in 
Christ's  coUiege,  Cambridge.  His  conduct  here  was  at  first 
90  dissolute  that  he  was  pointed  at  as  an  object  of  con^ 
tempt,  which  recalled  him  to  his  senses,  and  in  a  short, 
tiine,  by  sobriety  and  diligent  application,  he  regained  his 
eharaoter  .both  as  a  scholar  and  a  man, '  and  took  his  de- 
grees at  the  statutable  periods  with  approbation.  In  15^2 
he  was  chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  and  entered  into  holy 
orders.  His  first  ministrations  were  confined  to  the  prh* 
aoners  in  Cambridge  jail^  Recollecting  what  he  had  been 
himself,  with  all  the  advantages  of  education,  and  good 
advice,  he  compassionated  these  more  ignorant  objects^ 
and  prevailed  upon  the  keeper  of  the  prison  to  assemble, 
them  in  a  spacious  room,  where  he  preached  to  them  every . 
fabbath;  This  was  no  sooner  known  than  others  came  to 
hear  him ;  and  so  much,  was  he  admired,  that  he  was  imv 
mediately  chosen  preacher  at  St.  Andrew's  church,  the  first, 
and  only  preferment  he  ever  attained. 

While  here,  he  was  not  only  esteemed  the  first  preacher 
of  his  time,  hut  one  of  fhe  most  laborious  students,  as 
indeed  his  works  demonstrate.  During  the  disputes  between 
the  church  and  the  puritans,  he  sided  with  the  latter  in 
principle,  but  was.  averse  to  the  extremes  to  which  the 
conduct  of  many  of  his  brethren  led.  Yet  he  appears  to 
have  been  summoned  more  than  once  to  give  an  ^account 
of  his  conduct,  although  in  general  dealt  with  as  his  pi^ty^ . 
learning,  and  peaceable  disposition  merited.  Granger 
says  that  he  was  deprived  by  archbishop  Whitgift,  but  we 
iind  no  authority  for  this.  He  had  been  a  great  part  of 
his  life  much  afflicted  with  the  stone,  which  at  last  short- 
ened his  days.  He  was  only  forty-four  years  of  age  when, 
he  died  in  1602.  H^s  remains  were  interred  in  St.  An- 
drew's church  with  great  solemnity,  at  the  sole  expence  of 
Christ's  college,  and  his  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by 
Dr.  Montague  (who  was  also  one  of  his  executors)  after- 
ivards  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  and  of  Winchester,  who. 
spoke  highly  of  his  learning,  piety,  labours,  and  usefulness 
His  works  were  collected  and  published  in  1606,  in  3  vols, 
fol.  and  are  written  in  a  better  style  than  was  usual  in  hit 


PERKINS.  337 

time.  They  have  been,  however,  far  more  admired  abrpad 
than  at  home.  We  know  not  of  any  of  them  reprinted  in 
this  country  since  their  first  appearance/  but  several  of 
them  have,  been  translated  into  French,  Dutch,  and  Spa- 
nish. Bishop  Hall  said  *'  he  excelled  in  a  distinct  judg- 
roent|  a  rare  dexterity  iti  clearing  the  obscure  subtleties  of 
the  schools,  and  in  an  easy  explication  of  the  most  per- 
plexed subjects.''  * 

PERNETY  (Anthony  Joseph),  was  born  Feb.  15, 1716, 
at  Rpanne,  in  Forez.  He  entered  into  the  order  of  Bener 
dictinesy  and  devoted  himself  to  study,  and  the  composition 
of  numerous  works,  some  of  which  are  correct  and  useful, 
and  others  deformed  by  absurd  hypotheses,  and  that  affec- 
tation of  novelty  which  gained  many  French  writers  in  his 
day  the  title  of  philosophers.  These  whims  are  principally 
found  in  bis  **  Fables  Egyptiennes  et  Greques  devoili^es," 
1786,  2  vols.  8vo,  anid  in  bis  ''  Dictionnaire  mythoherme- 
tique.**  His  more  useful  publications  were,  bis  '^  Dic- 
tionnaire de  Peinture,  Sculpture,  et'Gravure,"  1757;  **pis- 
cburs  sur  la  Physionomie  ;*'  ^'  Journal  Historique  d^un 
Voyage  faite  aux  ties  Malouines,  en  1763  et  1764,"  1769, 
2  vols.  8vo.  This  account  of  a  voyage  made  by  himself  was 
thiDslated  into  English,  and  read  with  some  interest  at  the 
time  of  the  dispute  with  Spain,  relative  to  these  islands, 
which  are  the  same  with  the  Falkland  islands.  *'  Disserta- 
tion sur  TAm^rique  et  les  Am^ricains  :'*  in  this  work  and 
in  his  *^  Examen  des  R^cherches  Philosophiques  de  Pauw 
sor  les  Am^ricains,'*  he  controverts  the  opinions  of  Pauw. 
I|6  was  author  of  many  other  works,  and  communicated 
several  memoirs  to  the  academy  of  Berlin,  of  which  he  was 
a  inember,  and  in  which  capital  he  resided  a  long  time  as 
librarian  to  Frederic  II.  Heat  length  returned  to  Valence, 
IB  the  department  of  La  Dr6me,  where  he  died  about  the 
close  of  the  century.' 

PEROT,  or  PERROT  (Nicholas),  a  learned  prelate 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  was  born  at  Sasso  Ferrato,  of  an 
ilhistrious  but  reduced  family.  Being  obliged  to  maintain 
himself  by  teaching  Latin,  he  brought  the  rudirnents  of  that 
language  into  better  order,  and  a  shorter  compass  for  the 
use  of-  bis  scholars ;  and  going  afterwards  to  Rome,  was 
innch  esteemed  by  cardinal  desiiarion,  who  chose  him  for 

I  FUVIer**  Cb.  Hiflory,  Abel  Redivif  ut,  «nd  Holy  State. — Lupion's  Modf ra 
<X>hriDe».-»Brook'»  Pnritaoi**  *  Did.  Hint. 

VuL.  XXIV.  z 


338  :^  E  R  61  f .- 

'his  conclavist  or  attendant  in  the  coVicfe'vfe,  bn  tfa^  deaCb  lilf 
i^dvil  II.  It  w^s  dt  this  junc^ture  tb^t  he  is  saki  to  bf^ 
deprived  I^eskavion  of  the  papacy  By  his  iihpriid^iiieid ;  (At 
the  cardlnaU  being  agreed  in 'their  choice,  three  of  th'^ 
.'went  to  disclose  it,  and  to  salute  him  pope;  bHt  P^i5t 
Wuld  not  sufFeir  them  to  enter,  alledginig  that  they  migHl 
interrupt  him  in  his  studies.  When  the  cardinal  Wiis  ifi- 
formed  of  this  blui^der,  he  gave  himself  no  farther  trouM^^ 
and  only  said  to  h\h  conclavist  in  a  mifii^  traifi(j[uil  tone, 
'*  Your  ill-timed  care  has  deprived  me  of  the  tiari,  and  ^dd 
if  the  hat.'*  Perot  *vas  esteemed  by  sevei^I  popes,  Sp- 
*pointed  governor  of  Perugia,  and  afterwards  of  Oriibrft, 
and  was  made  archbishop  of  Siponto,  1458.  He  died  14S0, 
Ht  Fi^giciira,  a  country  bouse  so  called,  vHbich  he  fiiLd  bulk 
neAr  Sasso  Ferrato.  He  translated  the  first  five  libok^^f 
**  Polybius,  from  Greet  into  Latin,  wrote  a  treatise  **  De 
gefaeribud  metrorOtn,'*  I4d7,  4to;  also  ^'  Rudimenta  GAm- 
matices,*'  Rome,  14"? 3,  fol.  a  very  rire  and  valuable  eifc- 
tion,  ds'  irideed  air  the  subsequent  ones  are;  but  his-dfu^t 
Celebrated  work  is  a  long  commentary  on  Martial,*  entitf^d 
'^*  Cornucopia^  seii  Latins  Linguse  Commentarius,'*  the 
best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  15  Id,  fol.  This  last  is 
a  very  learned  work,  and  has  been  of  great  use  to  Cal^^n 
'in  his  Dictionary..  V   ,        .    , 

PEROUSE  (J(J«N  Francis  Calat!*  dr  la),  an  aMe  but 

unfortunate  na^Vigatc^r,  was  "born  at  Albi  in  1741.     He  eh- 

tered  into  the  French  navy  when  he  was  only  in  his  fifteenth 

: year,   and  acquired  such  professidnal  skill,  that  he  W^ls 

regarded,  as  .pt  f6r'  the  most  arducVds  ehterpirise's'.    Tfee 

triurnphs  6f  th^  Wfench  marine  wiere  few  in  his  time;  y^t 

'  he  commanded  in  the  successful  attetript  t!6  destfoy  tlfe 

Enj^lish  settlement  i^  Hudson^s  bay  in  173^.     On  the  rfe- 

storation  of  peace,  it  was  resolved  by  the  French  intiifefty 

^that  a  voyage  of  discovery  should  be  undert'aken  fo'M^- 

^ply  what  had  b%en  left  aefective  In  the  voyages  of  our 

'  iilustrious  havfgatoV  captain  James  Cbpkj'^nd  fii^  assOtffa^SL 

,  Lijuis  XVr.  dreW  13^  thfe  pfatj  of  the  intehdiid  e^glffHftAi 

' wiVh. great  ju'd'gbifent  aiid  intelligence,  arid  La  Peroii^lVis 

the  person  fixed  upon  to  conduct  it.    Witb  tWo  f^igsRb^ 

ta  Boussole,  et  ^Astrolabe,  the  first  under  his  owti  cfflUi- 

'  mahd,  the  second  mider  that  of  H.  de  Larigle,  but  ^lA^iftkt 

t  Nieerob,  votrX^nCirf.— tirkbo«ihit— Oen.  0i,ct,«^BnltMt  Iffamuldtt  Li- 
braire,-— Saxii  OnbmaMiicoA. 


P  IS  ^  Q  \^  i  B.  Ji9 

Hi  bis  Qrj^^y%  Ibey  sfAHfiA  fifpuo  Br^rt  in  Augpst  .1785; 
tpifc^d  f|t  S^s^eii^a  and  Teneriffp^  and  in  Nav9)nber  ao- 
fil^oc^d  qi»  the  .ftq^st  of  ]^r|if i^.  Tb^nce^  they  proqeecjlq^ 
round  Q^fip,  Hcycn  ipto  thp  ^outh  Se^,.  apd  in  JFebrKfu;/ 
1786  i^s^  anqtiQr  in  t\\e  bs^y  of  Gonceptioiii  on  tjie  cqa^t  9/ 
Chili.  At  this  tifpet  ^  Y'^^U  bad  the  ineans  of  pretervipg 
bealth  been  employed,  that  they  had  not  a  pian  sick.  The 
ships  r^ac\^d  Efuit^r  islapd  in  the  nionth  of  April,  and 
thenqe  s^edy  without  ^touching  at  ^py  land,  to  the  Sand- 
irich  islaifds.  Op  June  23d  th^y  anchored  qn  the  -^eri- 
G^a  Cf^st,  ifk  l^t.  &8*  37'y  and  landed  on  an  i$Un^  to  ^.^- 

Slotjp  tl^e  country  and  qiake  observations*  At  tjiijis  pla9^  > 
L,Perpase  had  themisfprtuQe  pf  having  two  boats  wrecked, 
with  ,tbe  iq9s  of  t^ll  t^eir  c^ew.  T)^epce  he  fan  down  to 
CalifiQfPia,  ^pd  in  S^pt^.9ib^r  fiac))ored  in  tne  bay  ^f  Mpn- 
It^re^,  jwjtiegqe  tbey  tqok  their  d|ep;|rtpre  across  tbe  Pacific 
p$f^n^  jiwl  in 4fii>iifti;y  1787  arrived  in  the  .^a9aQ  rpads. 
In  F^bfTuary  tb<ey  rcjUj^hed  iM^*^l}^>  which  tb^y  quitted  ia 
April)  ifb^ii^  their  cour^fqr  t^e  i^lafids  of  Jarpan.  Pass- 
ing the.c/g^U.of  poreia  smd  J^pan,,|bey  ^ell  in  with  Chinese 
iTarury,  in  |fit  ^^1%  and  ran  ^to  the  pprthv^ard.  They 
a^bpi^  in  a  b^y  of  the  |f}ap|d  of,  S^£|Alien,  and  thence 
prQcee4^d  if  p.  the  shallow  channel  between  th^t  island  and 
the  continent  as  far  as  51^29'.  Returning  thence  they 
r^a^b^  tb^  squtbem  extrei^i^y  qf  Sagalien  in  August,  and 
fi^Lsaed  a. strait  b^F^^^n  it  andJ^sso,  since  named  Perouse 
^ff^ty  into  tbe  North  Pacific.  On  the  six^ , of  September 
tt^ey  ^apchored  in  the  harbour ,  of .  $t.  Peter  au)l  Paul  in 
J^a^tjsisji^atka.  .  The  ships  .bs^ying  refitted,  jthey  s^t  sail, 
^d  rf^t'^^d  fit  tj^e  JJ  avigajtfjrs  $}fiu4i  in  Decenjb^r.  In 
Axe^y  ^f  Maoi^i^a  they  ip^tiyi^  a  friendly  reception  f^pm 
pmserqus  nati^s,  a^nd  began  to  ^k,e  in  refi;ejsl^ments«  A 
party  of  sixty,  un<ier  thecommaiul  of  M.  de  Langle,  went 
9^9X0  1^0  .fijipcpire .  frqsh  )y^a^ter,  wb.en  .a  most  unfort^unate 
ffci}urxepi^e  topk filac^, .in  .wjxich  tjiey  .were  attacked  by  t|he 
^ftii^es,  and  ,^.  ^e Xwgie . jtp^  .eleven  of  his  m^n  jlpst  t;he^r 
j^vfss.  QfUitting  this  .place  without  jeiny  ,a^tempu  jkt  yen- 
l^f^^npe,  f  erou^  j^ro^e^ded  to  I^ew  Ho^and,  and.  ar^r^y^d 
M  JBotwy,  Su  ill  Jariqary  1788,  ^nd  We  t.erpainates  j,U 
that  is  ,^npwo  of  tbe  voyage  pf  ,tbis.  nayigator,^  fi:om.the 
jflurppl.^hich  ^  t^apsp^itted  to^)fapge^  .,^^.^d^^^aoy,^nd 
jfffty  ifpportant  objects  of  research  remaipii>g,  but  was 
never  more  heard  of.  The  vessels  were  probably  wrecked, 
and  all  the  ccewa  perished,  since  all  efforts  made  to  obtain 

2  2 


340  P  K  R  O  U  8  E. 

iofofmatioD  of  tbem  have  been  fruitless.  In  1798^  was  pob^ 
lished,.  at  the  expence  of  the  French  nation,  and  for  the 
benefit  of  the  widow  of  Perouse,  **^  Voyage  auitour  dd 
Monde  par  J.  F.  6.  de  la  Perbuse,"  .in  three  i^ls.  4to.  It 
was  translated  into  the  English.  The  discoveries  of  thi^ 
navigator  are  chiefly  in  the  seas  between  Japan  ,and  China,' 
and  China  and  Tartary.  ^ 

PERRAULT  (Claude),  an  eminent  French  architect^ 
was  the  son  of  an  advocate  of  parliament,  and' born  at  Paris, 
in  1613.  He  was  bred  a  physician,  but'  practised  only 
among  his  relations,  his  friends,  and  the  poor.  He  dis- 
covered  early  a  cbrrect  taste  for  the  sciences  and  fine  arts ;  of 
which  he  acquired  a  consummate  knowledge,  without  the 
assistance  of  a  master,  and  was  p^rticularTy  skilled  in  ar-> 
chitecture,  painting,  sculpture,  and ,  mechanics.  He  still 
continues  to  be  reckoned  one  of  the  greatest  architect^ 
France  ever  produced.  Louis  XIV.  who  had  a  good  tas^ 
for  architecture,  sent  for  Bernini  from  Rome,  and  other 
architects ;  but  Perrault  was  preferred  to  them  all ;  and 
what  he  did  at  the  Louvre  justified  this  preference.  The 
fayade  of  that  palace,  which  was  designed  by  him,  '^  is,^* 
says  Voltaire,  *^  one  of  the  most  august  monuments  of  ar-^ 
chitecture  in  ibe  world.  We  sometimes,"  adds  he,  ^*  go 
a  great  way  in  search  of  what  we  have  at  home«.  There  is 
not  one  of  the  palaces  at  Rome,  whose  entrance  is  com- 
|)arable  to  this  of  th^  Louvre ;  for  which  we  are  obliged  to 
Perrault,  whom  Boileau  has' attempted  to  turn  into  ridi* 
cule.^'  Boileaa  indeed  went  so  far  as  to  deny  that  Per- 
rault was  the  real  author  of  those  great  designs  in  architec- 
ture that  passed  for  his..  Perfault  was  involved  in  the 
quarrel  his  brother  Charles .  bad  with  Boileau,  who,  how* 
ever,  when  they  became  reconciled,  acknowledged  Claude^s 
merit. 

Colbert,  the  celebrated  French  minister,  who'  loved  ar* 
chitecture,  and  patronized  architects,  advised  Perrault  t6 
undertake  the  translation  of  Vitruvius  into  French,  and  i}l 
lustrate  it  with  notes;  which  he  did,  ind  published  it  iii 
1673,  folio,  with  engravings  from  designs  of  bisown^  whioii 
have  been  esteemed  master-pieces.  Perrault  was  sup- 
posed to  have  succeeded  in  this  work  beydnd  all  who  went 
before  him,  who  were  either  architects  without  learning,  or 
learned  men  without  any  skill  in  architecture.    He  uhitedA 

1  Preface  to4uiVoy«f9.«-4ieEft'«Cyelf>p94ii.  *^ 


f   •• 


I 

I 


P  ERR  A  U  L  T.  341 

knowledge  of  every  science  directly  or  remotely-connected 
with  architecture,  and  had  so  extraordinary  a  genius  for 
mechanics,  that  he  invented  the  machines  by  whjch  those 
stones  of  fifty^two  feet  in  length,  of  which  the  Front  of  the 
Louvre  is  formed,  were  raised.     A  second  edition  of  his 

Vitruvius,  revised,  corrected,  and  augmented,"  was 
printed  at  Paris,  1684,  in  folio;  and  he  afterwards  pub- 
lisbed  an  abridgment  for  the  use  of  students ;  and  another 
valuable  architectural  work,  entitled  **  Ordonnance  des 
cinq  Especes  de  Colonnes,  selonla  methode'des  Anciens,'* 
1683,  fol. 

When  the  academy  of  sciences  was  established,  he  was 
chosen  one  of  its  first  members,  and  was  chiefly  depended 
upon  in  what  related  to  mechanics  and  natural  philosophy. 
He  gave  proofs  of  his  great  knowledge  in  these,  by  the 
publicatipn  of  several  works;  among  which  were, ^  ^*  Me- 
tnoires  pour  servir  i,  Phistoire  naturelle  des  animaux,*'16'71 
—76,  2  vols.  fol.  with  fine  plates;  "  Essais  de  Physique/* 
in  4  vols.  12mo,  the  three  first  of  which  came  out  in  1680^ 
and  the  fourth  in  1688  ;  '^  Recueil  de  plusieurs  machines 
de  nouvelle  invention,"  1700,  4to,  &c.  He  died  Ooc.  9, 
1688,  aged  seventy-five.  Although  he  had  never  pub- 
licly practised  physic,  yet  the  faculty  of  Paris,  of  which 
he  was  a  member,  had  such  an  opinion  of  his  skill,  and  so 
much  esteem  for  the  man,  that  after  his  death  th^y  desired 
his  picture  of  his  heirs,  and  placed  it  in  their  public  schools 
with  that  of  Fernelius,  Riolanus,  and  others,  who  had  done 
honour  to  their  profession.^ 

PERRAULT  (Charles),  younger  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Paris,  Jan.  12,  1628,  and  at  the  age 
of  eight  was  placed  in  the  college  of  fieauvais,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  in  the  belles-lettres,  and  bad  a  con- 
siderable turn  to  that  kind  of  philosopliy  which  consisted 
fatostly  in  -the  disputatious  jargon  of  the  schools.  He  also 
Wrote  verses,  and  indulged  himself  in  burlesque,  which  was 
then  much  in  vogue ;  ^n  one  occasion  he  amused  himself 
in  turning  the  sixth  book  of  the  iEneid  into  burlesque  verse.. 
He  had,  however,  too  much  sense  when  his  ideas  became 
matured  by  reflection,  to  attach  the  least  valtke  to  such 
effusions.  When  his  studies  were  completed,  he  was  ad- 
mitted aii  advocate,  and  pleaded  two  causes  with  a  success 
sufficient  to  induce  the  magistrates  to  wish  to  see  him  at- 

>  Niceron,  ?oL  XXXIf  I.— Moreri.-^Perrau11?i  Les  Honunei  lUostrei* 


S*2  P  E  li  R  A  l/ L  fi 

« 

^ach6d  to  the  W.  But  Colbert,  tfre  FrAhch  mlnlitei-,  wM 
^eas  acquainted  with  bis  fnerity  soon  deprived  the  laW  of 
bis  services.  He  chose  him  for  secretary  to  a  small  aca- 
demy o^  four  or  five  men  6f  letters,  who  assembled  at  his 
Wuse  tvirice  k  week.  This  was  the  cradle  of  that  Iearne4 
Society  afterwards  calTed  **  Academiy  of  Inscfriptions  an4 
lielles  Lettries,"  The  little  academy  employed  itself  ori 
Ae  medals  arid  devices  required  from  it  by  Colbert,  in  th^ 
ling's  name;  and  those  proposed  by  Charles  Perrault 
Were  almost  always  preferred.  He  had  a  singular  iaieni 
for  compositions  of  this  kind,  which  require  more  int^llec- 
iUal  qualities  than  is  generally  supposed,  tn  the  number 
of  his  happy  devices  may  b6  ranked  that  of  the  medal 
struck  on  account  of  the  apartments  given  by  the  l^ing  to 
tbe  French  academy  in  the  Louvre  itself.  This  was  Apbltff 
Pdlatintis;  an  ingenious  allusion  to  the  tWraple  of  Apollo^ 
(erected  within  the  precincts  of  the  palace  of  Augustus. 
Pieirrauit  not  only  was  the  author  of  this  device,  but  lij^e** 
Wise  procured  the  academy  the  apartments  it  obtained  froni 
the  chonarch,  who  at  the  same  tioie  was  pleased  to  ^declare 
faimself  its  protector.  Colbert,  enlightened  'by  the  wis^ 
cbunselis  of  Perraiirt,  inculcated  upon  the  king,  thai  th^ 
protection  due  Ito  genius  is  oiije  o^f  th6  noblest  prerogatives 
of  siipreme  authority.  He  also  procured  the  establish- 
ment of  the  academy  pf  science^^  which  at  jSrst  had  the 
'  same  form  with  the  Frencb  academy,  that  of  perfect 
.(^quality  among  its  members.  His  brother  Claqde  had 
also  a  considerable  share  in  this  useful  establishment. 

Scarcely  was  the  academy  of*sciences  established,  when 
Colbert  set  ap^rt  a  yearly  fund  of  100,000  livres,  to  be 
distributed  by  the  king's  order  among  celebrated  rt'en  cJf 
letters,  whether  French  or  foreigners.  Charles  Pterrautt 
partook  likewise  in  the  scheme  .of  these  donatives^  and  in 
their  distribution.  It  was  extended  throughout  Europi^ 
to  the  remotest  north,  although  ire  do  hot  find  any  English 
among  the  number.  Colbert,  whose'esteem  For 'the  talents 
and  character  of  Perrault  continually  increased,  soon  em- 
ployed.hina  in  an  important  anfl  confidential  office.  'Being 
himself  siiperintendant  of  the  royal  buildings,  be  appointed 
him  their  "comptroller  general ;  and  this  oiBcej  in  the  haad> 
bfPerraiilt^  procured  a  new  favour  to  the  arts,  ih^t  of  tfi^ 
establishment  of  the  acadeinies'of  painting,  sculpture,  and 
architecture.  Then  it  was  that  bis  brother  Claude  pro- 
duoed  the  celebrated  design  of  the  front  of  the  Louvre.    ' 


P  I  8  R  Ay  i-  T-  343 

l^fet  fit^ilfe  P«5r^l4^  fiSJoyHi  w4  t;hg  gmita4e  due  to 
,  Jlijlja^  lirpip  ipen  pf  IgJt^^,  ba^l  f^om  167*  gigep  bim  »daii»^ 
sipp  injp  tt)^  Frfipc))  ^padi^pay.  Qq  the  rt*iy  of  bi?  feoep^ 
^1,  ]p^  retoroed  (t^anj^s  in  ati  b^rangu^  ^ybicli  gaye  iSQ 
VPHPcb  e^sfactioQ  to  ^.e  spciety,  ^at  th^y  ffpqfl  tb^t  linif 
resolved  to  maK^  public  the  admission •di^cqufrses  of  ^fUt 
fPf  mbers.  B«t  a^  the  favpur  of  the  great;  I?  rarely  ia^tingi 
j^^prault  MpderwQQtfoipe  mortifications  from  Colbert,  Wbi<$b 
5:pmpelled  bim  to  retire;  and  altbougb  ^be  muii§ter>  ^eosibi^r 
p/  hi^  lo^i  solicit.ed  bim  to  ceturp,  b^  fefysed,  «Qd  ^r^tlt 
io  jnbabit  a  hou^^e  in  the  suburbs  of  St.  Jacqiies^  |lie  yi«' 
Sinity  qf  wbiqh  to  ^hjs  colleges  facilitated  tb^  supj^r.intend* 
aiice  of  tjie  eduqation  of  his  sons,  ^j^ft^r  tbe  deatb  of  C(4- 
Sprty  be  received  a  fresh  mortification,  tbat  of  bavit^g  hi$ 
jpagiQ  erased  fjrom  ibjB  acpidemy  of  medals,  by  Louvp^^, 
yM\s  ipioisler  did  nQC  love  Colbert ;  and  bis  hatred  to  tb^, 
patron  fell  upon  the  person  patronized,  tboug<b  hq  had 
c^sed  to  be  90. 

Puring  bis  retreat,  Perrault  eiuplojed  bis  I^isurp  in  tbe 
jpoii^ppsition  of  several  works,  among  which  wer^  bfs  ^^iPpem 
pn  the  ^ge  of  L^m^  xh^  Oreat,^^  and  his  f  *  Parallel  beiltweiOii 
jtbe  Ancients  and  Moderns/'  Tbe  Ipug  and  bijtt^r  w«f 
tb^se  piec^  f^xci^ed  between  BQil(ea,u  and  the  au^tu*,  i^ 
jivell  known.  The  chief  fault  pf  Perrauh  was  his  ceusfutiog 
^e  apciputs  in  bad  verses^  w.|iicb  ^\e  Boileauthe  adyaur 
f4ge.  japid  tbe  twp  adyers^jgies  rtojpb^^tpd  in  pros^,  tb0 
^atcb  wQuld  h^ve  been  iqore  eqiiaL  In  t^e  cpili^^tJQn  qf 
Boileau's  works,  ipay  be  s^<^  a  letter  addressed  to  him  by 
Perrault,  in  the  height  pf  this  jwi^fare,  against  wbiich  thi^ 
great  poet*s  prose^  somewhat  inclined  to  harshnes$  and 
|>onderQ9ity»  i^  .scarcely  ^ble  to  suslain  itself^  notwithstand** 
jng  4II  tbe  aptbor*$  ^talents  fpr  sarcasm '  and  ifooy.  Per>- 
rft tilt's  letter,  ^ougb  fi)ljed  with  reproaches,  for  tb,e  wots^ 
part  well  tnerit.ed  by  h\^  g^i?.tiigpnist,  is  a  model  of  decorum 
^nd  delicacy.  With  rj^spenQt  to  the  grpuna  of  the  jdispMt^, 
the  two  adversaries}  as  usu^  in  tb.ese  €),uarreU,  ^rjQ  ^Uerr 
juately  right  and  wrong*  Perrault,  too.bttle  ppnversant  ifi 
jthe  Greek  hngmg^,  too  (jjc^uMvi^y  ^e.ti^iWe  pftbe  defectis 
of  Homer,  shows  too  little  feeling  of  tbe  suj^^erior  beaiiiMei 
p{  this  great  hard)  and  is  not  0opi|gh  iiudulgent  to  bis  errors 
in  favour  of  his  gooius*  SfpiJ^u,  perpetually  on  bis  koees 
JMore  bis. i4o[l,  defends :biin:9ometiQies  ijnb.appily^  and 
alwftyswitb  a  judeni^s  9iimf^%  equatltp  ,^at  yfiph  wbich  tbf 
^e)^of.lbe;IUad.a1>.u««^i{J»:0lb^..>  -n 


344  P  E  R  R  A  U  L  T. 

It  is,  indeed,  asserted  tbat  the  enmity  of  Boileau  against 
ihe  author  of  the  "  Poehi  on  Louis  le  Grand,**  bad  a  secret 
-csause^  m6re  potent  than  his  devotion  for  the  ancients; 
'which  was,  that  the  writer,  when  justly  celebrating^  the 
great  Corneille,  had  aflecced  to  avoid  all  mention  of  the 
author  of  "  Phosdra''  and  "  Iphigenia.'*  There  is  some.rea* 
son  to  believe  that  Boileau  was  not  better  satisSed  with  the 
silence  observed  with  respect  to  himself  in  this  poem^ 
^hich  had  not  disdained  to  notice  Godeaux  and  Tristan. 
But  the  satirik's  self-love  in  the  displeasure  he  professed, 
pifudendy  concealed  itself  behind  his  friendship  for  Ra^ 
tune,  and  perhaps  was  thus  concealed  e^en  from  himself* 
If  on  this  occasion  he  displayed  an  excess^  of  feeling, 
his  adversary  had  been  guilty  of  great  injustice.  To  de- 
prive the  age  of  Lewis  the  Fourteenth  of  Boileau  and 
Kacine,  is  to  deprive  the  age  of  Augustus,  of  Horace 
and  VirgiL  •  ^ 

The  enmity  of  the  two  academicians  was  of  older  datd 
than  their  quarrel  concerning  the  ancients  and  moderns. 
•Charles  Perrault  and  his  brothers,  friends  of  those  writers 
whom  Boileau  had  treated  with  most. severity,  did  not  coh-^ 
XMt  themselves  with  a  silent  disapprobation-  of  his  attacks 
upon  them  ;  they  freely  expressed  their  sentiments  of  the 
satirist,  who,  on  his  part,  did  not  spare  them.  ■  We  ought 
not,  on  this  occasioft,  to  suppress  an  anecdote  of  Perrault^ 
which  does  him  much  honour.  The  Frtoch  academy,  itl 
1671,  had  proposed  as  the  subject  of  their  first  poetical 
pri^e,  the  **  abolition  of  dViels."  Some  daj^  before  the 
prizes  were  distributed,  Perraillt  bad  spoken  highly  in  com- 
ni€fndation  of  the  successful  piece,  the  writer  of  whicb^  M. 
de  la  Monnoj'e,  was  unknown.  A  person  who  heard  him, 
-said  tO' Perrault,  **  You  woOld  be  much  surprized  were  the 
piece  to  prov«  Boileau's."  **  Were  it  the  devil's,"  an- 
nwered  Perrault,  "it  deservesthe  prize,  and  shall  have  it.'^ 
vBoileau  oii  his  part,  as  if  through  emulation,  rendered 
-some  justice  to  Perrault,  and  even  on  aec<>unt  of  his  verses. 
'He  praised  the  six  lines  which  conclude  the  preface  to 
Perradlt's  *^  Parallels,*'  though  the  ancients  are  not  treated 
iti'tllem  with  mnch  respect. 

'  Perrault,'  besides  the  verses  alluded  to,  has  written  somci 
others,  nOt^^ unworthy  of  praise.  Such  are  tliose^  iti  his 
poem  ^^  On  Painting,'^  inwhii^h  he  happily, '  and  even 
poietically,  describes  the  beauties  added  bytime  to  pte^^ 
lures.     In  these  line%  «he  image  be  draws  ^f  tinie  gi^itig 


P  E  R  R  A  O  L  T.  3#« 

the  fioislring  touches  to  the  master-pieces  of  t^e  great 
arttstSy  while  with  a  sponge  he  effaces  even  the  remem- 
brance of  inferior  productions^  is  noble  and  picturesque^ 
Somewhat  more  of  harmony  and  elegance  in  the  expres** 
sioD  would  have  rendered  this  draught  worthy  of  the  first 
masters. 

When  the  quarrel  between  Boileau  and  Perrault  bad 
lasted  long  enough  to  make  them  both  almost  equally  in 
the  wrong,  and  the  two  adversaries  had  satiated  themselves, 
the  one  with  reproaches,  the  other  with  epigrams ;  when 
even  the  public  began  togrow  wearyof  it;  common  friends, 
who  ought  sooner  to  have  interposed,  endeavoured  to  effect 
a  reconciliation.  They  were  indeed  entitled  to  mutual 
est^m,  whi£;h  the  one  commanded  by  his  uncomooion 
{lowers,  the  other  by  his  knowledge  and  understandings 
and  both  by  their  probity.  On  the  side  of  Perrault,.  the 
reconciliation  was,  sincere.  He  even  suppressed  several 
strokes  against  the  ancients,  which  he  had  in  reserve  for 
the  fourth  tolume  of  his  **  Parallels,"'  **  choosing  rather,'* 
said  he,  *^  to  deprive  himself  of  the  satisfaction  of  pro* 
ducing  fresh  proofs  of  the  goodness  of  his  cause,  than  longer 
to  embr(»l  himself  with  persons  of  merit  like  that  of  hit 
adversaries,  whose  friendship  could  not  be  purchased  at  too 
bighea  rate.''  With  respect  to  Boileau,  he  wrote  what  he 
tQfmed  a  letter  of  reconciliatioif  to  Perrault ;  but  in  which^ 
through  its  forced  compliments,  he  could  not  avoid  dis^t 
p^laying  that  relic  of  gall  or  maliguity,  of  which  it  is  so  dif« 
ficuit  for  a  professed  satirist  entirety  to  discharge  himself. 
Thfis  letter  might  almost  pass  for  a  new  critique  on  Perrault, 
so  Equivocal  was  the  turn  of  its  reparation.  Accordingly, 
a  friend' of  Boileau  said  to  him,  <  **  I  doubt  not  that  we^hall 
always  keep  up0n  good  terms  together,  but  if  ever,  after 
a  difference,  we  should  be  reconciled,  no  reparation !  I 
beg :  I  fear  your  reparations  more  tlian  your  reproaches.'' 

We  shall  at  present  pass  over  some  works  of  Perrault, 
less  considerable  than  the  two,  which  made  him  most  talked 
of^  and  most  disturbed  bis  repose.  We  shall  only  mention 
kis'^>  History  of  Illustrious  Men  of  the  Age  of  Lewis  XlV.'* 
Freed  from  his  controversy  with  Boileau,  but  still  a  zealous 
partizan  for  his  age,  Perrault  celebrated  its  glory  in  this 
wprk,  which  did  equal  honour  to  his  understanding  and 
hi»impairtiality.  Somewhat  more  life  and  colouring  migbl 
be  desired  in'  it,,  but  not  more  sincerity  and  j^istice.  llhc^ 
auihorjeyen. confesses  that  Jie  has  denied  himself  ornameot^ 


Umtiotg  QOicoiiurai  ig  the  simple  recital  of  ^aot^  *'  I  fyM 
apt  ignoranf /^  say«  be,  ^f  tbajt  if  I  bad  m94^  thes^  0ylpg>fii 
i90i:e  •loqueoty  I  shoold  by^vie  dimmed  loodre  glorjr  &m 
tbem;  buti  Uiaugbt  only  of  ibe  glpry  of  i^piis  vboio  I 
commemorate.  It  is  well  known,  that  funeral  oral&H^93  itk 
generai  4n»  moxe  the  eiilQgy  oftbe  preAcber  tban  qC  tbe 
BeQeA«6|j  i  and  tbat  if  Ite  refsitatioD  of  top  composer  jft 
pfte^  ^Mgineiiied  by  tbem)  th^yt  of  iJie  ;iui;y ^q):  ftlm^^  pJlwayf 
Keioains  Kba^  it  was  befoi^.V 

We  have  bitb^rto  .fql  lowed  Q'Alembfrt,  m  9^v  i^cqqihU 
pf  M*  Perrauit.  It  o^ay  be  necessary  now  to  ^d^  a  feir 
partAjQulars  ftom  otber  autWitie^.  With  rismfi^dp  %^  h\» 
ff  Age  of  Lewis  the  Great,''  U  waa  a  kiiid  of  preludp  to  » 
ipar  wi/ib  ail  the  Jiear^ed-  In  this  po^m  he  ii^et  the  jSAodero 
tuthocs  abpve  ^he  anoieati  an  attempt  which  would  of 
coan^e  appear  ^bockiog  tp'jthe  jafiajority^  who  cppsideo^ 
tbe  ^Muents  asAupi^iot  in  evpry  afSeci^  pf  cQ^posifjon* 
SoUmu  w^s  ^icesent  a^t  ihe  Acadepa}?  yfbm  Ma,  ^^xm^  wi» 
V6ftd  tbeie,  in  i&ST,  asd  was  greatly  dJMttstad ;  yet  took 
no  farther  npiice  of  it,  tbap  AAsi^^ering  it  by  Ap  ^igram,  aa 
d&d  also  Jtfesiagn  m  anptbex,  tp  ,wbicb  SermuU  rppjy^  ^ 
a  letter,  xvhichherppriol^d^e  sam^year,  an;}  %M^  Xq 
Ithia  M  FacaUel  between  the  AiMsiaats  and  Mi^efQ9,i'  m 
regard  to  arts  aud  aciences.  A  tiiecoiid  y^ame  pf  this  isip^ 
peared  in  1£S0,  where  the  aAbject  of  ^eir  eloquj^pae  if 
considered ;  a  third,  in  l$92,  to  determine  tbair  poetica^ 
merit;  and  a  fourth,  in  1.686,  .which  treats  of  the»r  a$i;rQ> 
pomy,  getogtaphy,  navigation,  mftonjerof  i^arring,  .philo* 
^pp)}y,  xxumc,  obedicinf ,  &c.  152  mo.  In  the  .third  y plume, 
xyiueh  jrdfites  .to  .poetry,  P^ecrault  bg^  xhA  odly  eqii»lied 
the  xnodfirn  .poeb  v^fd^hjt^e  ancient,  and  pifttu^iridr^r  ficif 
kau,  hnt.had  also  ^set  tip  .Ohapdaijr),  JSLaimvlpf  .and  .oiiher 
French  .poj^s,  .whom  .Boileau  ia.hia  ^Satires  bad  (re^i^ 
irith  coTttempt.  This  brought  on  the  anjfioaiQ^.of  jivtech 
n^  httre  already  giv£{i  anaccmuaA.  >Yoh;aire'say^,  wiithi^giuol 
to  thia  famous  comroversy,  .^hich  was  carried  on  at  tf^ 
tone,  time  in  £ng)and,  by  sir  W4Uiam>Templpand.ptber% 
that  .^f^  Ferrault  has  Jieesi  j'eproached  with  having  found 
tiQiO'  many  ^auits  with  itbe  ancients,  .bpt  that  i  his  great  &uU 
iras  the  having  criticised .  them  inj udici9usly#V 
-  .jPerrijult's  iwork,  the  MiUfltoiry  of  the*  IllijsCidaiis^^iiiH 
is  now .(^ieAy  valued. of  all  his  writings,  i^Dd.nQt.tb6  Xtt(k 
:&)rjdie.fioe  portraits  from  the  colkctiQa  of  the  oeIefaiafie4 


B^j^.  Ofthe  fetter-press^  we  hme  an  EkiglUb  transla* 
tion  by  OceM,  X70^"r-Sy  2  tols.  6vo.  Perratih  was  detier* 
mined  lyy  the  pubKc  toice  m  the  ehoice  of  hn  heroes, 
wfiooi  be  conned  to.  an  bundred ;  but  there  are  an  hnndred 
tod  two  m  the  collection ;  the  reason  of  which  was  tbis^ 
ArtfanM  and  Pascal  were  deservedly  in  Ms  Ust ;  but  the. 
Jesuits  made  interest  to  have  them  excluded,  and  prevailed, 
Ferrauh  thought  h  necessary  to  substttule  two  fresh  ones ; 
hat  the  public  refused  to  accept  the  work,  tinless  Arnauld 
and  Pascad  might  keep  their  places ;  and  hence  it  arose, 
tb^t  instead  of  a  hundred  lives,  which  was  Perrault's  ori- 
l^al  design,  we  find  an  iiundred  and  two.  There  ar^ 
other  works  of  Perrault,  which  are  much  esteemed,  as 
^  Le  Cabinet  de  Beaux  Arts/'  8co.  or,  A  Collection  pf 
Copper-plates  relating  to  Arts  and  Sciences,  with  lUustra* 
tions  in  Verse  and  Prose,  4  "vols,  oblong  4to ;  ^  Faernus^s 
Fables,  translated  Into  French  Verse,"  &c. 

Perrauit  died  in  1708,  aged  seventy-seven.  Madame 
dacier,  in  the  preface  to  her  translation  of  ^'  Homer's 
Odyssey,*'  has  given  the  following  character  of  this.au- 
thor.  ^  He  was/*  says  she,  ^  a  man  of  talents,  of  agree^^ 
able  conversation,  and  the  author  of  some  little  workji* 
Which  have  foe(en  <)eservedly  esteenrred.  He  had  also  an 
the  quahtied  of  an  honest  and  good  man ;  was  pious^  sin? 
eere,  virtuous,  potlte,  modest,  teady  to  serve,  and  punq» 
t.nal  in  the  discharge  of  every  duty,  ile  had  a  consider^ 
icble  place  under  one  of  the  greatest  ministers  durance  ever 
had,  who  reposed  jthe  utmost  confidence  in  him,  n^icfa  -he 
never  employed  for  himself,  but  always  ^br  his  friends:^ 
3ach«  character  from  madame  Daciermust  suggest  to  u^ 
the  iiighest  opinion  of  Perrault  as  a  man,  when  it  is  con* 
tfidered,  that,  as  an  isiutfaor,  she  thought  liira  gtftlty  of  thjp 
greatest  of  all  crimes,  an  attempt  to  degrade  the  -ancient 
Writers,  whom  she  not  only  reverenced,  hut  adored. 
'  ^Besides  Claude  and  Charles,  there  were  two  otberbrothers, 
Peter  and  Nicholas,  who  distinguished  themselves  in  the 
literary  world.  TeTer,  the  eldest  of  them  nil,  was  re- 
ceiver-geueral  of  the  finances,  and  published,  in  1074,  a 
t^iece,  "De  rOrigine  des  Fontaines/*  and,  in  1&78,  a 
French  tmi^slaltion  of  Tassoni^s  "  La  ^cehia  rapita.^'  Ni- 
COLAS  was  admitted  doctor  of  <the  -Sorbonne  in  1632;  and 
died  in, Ml6i.;  leaving  .be(und  him  a  work,  entitled  ^*  |^a 
Morale  des  Jesuites,  extraite  fidelemeut.4e  Jj^iUi:^  Ji^yij^a,** 
srhich  was  printed  in  1667,  4to. 


348  PERBAULT. 

»       •  t  »  r 

,  Charles  Perrault  is  said  to  have  bad  a  son,  Perrault 
P^Armancourt,  who,  although  he  made  a  less  figure  in  the 
learned  world  than  his  father  or  uncles,  was  the  author  of 
a  book  of  tales,  lately  transferred  from  the  nurserj  to  the 
stage.  The  French  edition  is  entitled  f*  Contes  de  ma 
Mere  I'Oye."  Hague,  1745,  with  a  translation,  "Mother 
Gooseys  Tales."  • 

PERRENOT  (Anthony),  better  kdown  by  the  name 
of  cardinal  de  Granvelle,  was  born  1517,  at  Besan^on,  and 
was  son  of  Nicholas  Perrenot,  seigneur  de  Granvelle, 
chancellor  to  the  emperor  Charles  V.  Born  with  an  atn- 
bitious,  intriguing,  and  firm  temper,  joinecf  to  great  abi* 
lities,  he  speedily  raised  himself,  was  made  canon  and 
archdeacon  of  Besan^on,  then  bishop  of  Arras,  in  which 
character  he  spoke  very  forcibly  at  the  council  of  Trent 
when  but  t*venty-four  years  of  age,'  and  afterwards  served 
the  emperor  Charles  Y.  in  several  embassies  to .  France, 
England,  and  elsewhere.  This  prince  had  so  particular 
an  esteem  for  Granvelle,  and  such  confidence  in  him,  that 
on  abdicating  the  empire,  he  recommended  him  to  his  son 
Philip  II.  who  scarce  ever  took  any  step  relative  either  to 
private  or  public  aflPairs,  without  his  advice  and  assistance. 
Granvelle  was  afterwards  appointed  the  first  archbishop  of 
JMlalines,  was  made  cardinal  in  1^61,  by  Pius  IV.  and  at 
length  counsellor  to  Margaret  of  Parma,  governess  of  the 
Netherlands,  where,  according  to  Strada*s  account,  his  am- 
bition and  cruelty  occasioned  part  of  the  outrages  which 
were  committed.  Philip  II.  recalled  him  a  second  time  to 
court,  and  entrusted  him  with  all  the  affairs  of  the  Spanfsh 
monarchy.  Cardinal  de  Granvelle  died  at  Madrid  Septem* 
ber21,  1586,  aged  seventy,  after  having' been  nominated 
to  the  archbishopric  of  Besangon.  His  Life,  written  by 
T>.  Prosper  Levfique,  a  Benedictine,  was  printed  at  Pari^ 
1753,  2  vols.  12mci.  It  is  interesting,  but  the  author  h 
nnpardonably  partial,  and  conceals  the  cruelty,  ambition, 
and  other  faults  of  this  celebrated  cardinal.' 

PERKIER  (Francis),  a  French  artist  of  merit,  bom 
at  Ma^on  in  1590,  was  a  goldsmith's  son;  but  contract* 
ing  dissipated  habits,  ran  away  from  bis  parents,  and  is  said 
to  have  literally  begged  his  way  to  Rome,  in  partnership 
fvith  a  blind  man.  At  Rome,  after  suffering  much  for  want 

'  D'Alemb«ri*i  EulogieB  by  Aikin,  toI.  II.— Nicwoo,  toU  XXXia 
«  iIorcri.^Dlct  Hist. 


P  E  R  R  I  E  R. 


349 


of  resources,  he  had^  recourse  to  his  pencil,  and  was  .soon 
enabled  tb  maintain  himself.  Having  become  acquainted 
with  Lanfranco,  he  endeavoured  to  follow  his  manner,  and 
was  not  unsuccessful.  Thi^  giving  him  a  con6dence  in  his 
powers,  he  resolvetd  to  return  to  France ;  and  stopping  at 
Lyons,  he  [tainted  the  Carthusians  cloister  there.  From 
Lyons  he  proceeded  to  Paris ;  and  having  worked  some  time 
for  Vouet,  who  engrossed  all  the  great  works,  he  took  a 
second  journey  to  Italy,  where  he  stayed  ten  years,  and 
returned  to  Paris  in  1645.  About  this  time  he  painted  the 
gallery  of  the  Hotel  de  la  Villiere,  and  drew  several  e^seU 
pieces  for  private  persons.  He  died  professor  of  the  aca^ 
demy,  in  1655.  He  etched  several  things  with  a  great 
d^al  of  spirit,  and,  among  others,  the  finest  basso-relievos 
that  are  in  Rome,  a  hundred  of  the  most  celebrated  an- 
tiquities, and  some  of  RaphaePs  works.  He  also  engraved, 
in  the  chiaro  oscuro,  some  antiquities,  after  a  manner, 
jof  which,  it  was  said,  he  was  the  first  inventor;  but 
Parmegiano  used  it  a  long  time  before  him.  It  consists 
of  two  copper*plates,  whose  impression  is  made  on  paper 
faintly  stained :  the  one  plate  is  engraved  after  the  usual 
way,  and  that  prints  the  black  ;  and  the  other,  which  b  the 
secret,  prints  the  white  *.  " 

P£RRI£R  (Charles),  orDuPERiER,  a  French  poet,  was 
bom  at  Aix  in  Provence.  He  first  devoted  himself  to 
Latin  versification,  in  which  he  si^cceeded  greatly ;  and  he 
boasted  of  haying  formed  the  celebrated.  SanteuiL  They 
quarrelled  afterwards  from  poetic  jealousy,  and  made  Me* 
Bage  the  arbitrator  of  their  differences;  who,  however,  dor 
cided  in  favour  of  Perrier,  and  did  not  scruple  to  call  hioi 
^*  The  ..prince  of  Lyric  poets."  They  afterwards  became 
reconciled,  and  there  are  in  Perrier*s  works  several  trans- 
lations of  pieces  from  Santeuil.  Perrier  afterwards  applied 
liimself  to  French  poetry,  in  which  he  was  not  so  success- 
ful, thoiigh  he  took  Malherbe  for  his  model.  His  obtrusive 
Tanity,  which  led  him  to  repeat  his  verses  to  all  who  came 
near  htm,  made  him  at  last  insupportable.  Finding  Boileaa 
one  day  at  church,  he  insisted  upon  repeating  to  him  an 
ode  during  the  elevation  of  the  host,  and  desired  his  opi-^ 
nion,  whether  or  no  it  was  in  the  manner  of  .Malherba 

*  This  iaTention  ha^ '  been  mueh  perfection  by  Mr.  KenU  who  performed 
improved  since,  and  especially  of  late  it  in  any  two  otlier  colours  as  well  as 
iii  Eoglaod  t(as  been  carried  to  great     black  and  white. 

\  Pilkingtoa  aiid  Strutt.~^D*Ar(eaTine,  vol.  iy,«*Moreri«' 


IMF  P  S  «  it  i  S  R. 

MM 

Pope's  Iitie%  ^'No  ptace  so  aaovod  ffpm  sqcli  rfi^pe  jii 
bayr'd^"  &e.«iielit«raUy:a|rtnsUtioD  of  Boileau^s  on  Pe»ioi^ 
<<  6ard)SB<^#«i0  d'inher  ce  rimcur  fiurie^ix,"  &c*  Iii4i£^ 
feitent,  bowrelrer)  as  bW  xFrench  poetry  was^  the  ob^ned 
tibe  academy^pri^e  two.yeai^  togetb^)  namely,  in  IMl 
and  16 84.  He  di<9d  JVIeSpcfa  28,  16d2.  Hk  Latio  poems 
are  to  hefdiiod  in  ^arioifts:  collections,  bot  bave  neir^r  beea 
puMiaked  in  4a  separate  ^iiim»  althougb  tbiay  wiply  de- 
innre  tbat  dbiiffiction.^ 

PEillilON  {hkUBs  Davy  «iv),  a  cardinal  oiore  lewoeM 
^(kr'igDeBt  talonis  nad  learw^  tjian  forprificiple,  .vi^4e^ 
soeiided  him  aacieAt  «aki  aDble  faoiiUes  on  bolb  sid^s/ 
HtBipareDls,  bavitig  been  educate  in  the  protesmnti^- 
gsoD,  finiiidtt  naeestary  to  remove  froot  liQw^r  ^^oir^i^dy  |p 
Ovn^ira^'aml'aetiled  af^rw«rds/ia  tbe  qinfcoiiof  Berufi  ^be«e 
be  was  born,  NoTl  25,  liiS6«  His  fattfceci  Juliao  Iliavy,  a^ 
able  pfaysiciaa,  .and  e  man  ^  learnings  injB4riieted>bim  till 
jie<Mraa  ten  years  of  ;age»  and  ^ai»ght  bj»n>iii$itj)^m.atics  aad 
^tiao  Lalii^  tongne.  'Youag  Petreo  aeomsf afterwajrds  to  ba¥f 
'  bisiit  tipoti  this  fdUMbtioa,  for,  whjble  jws  par^A,ts  <wer^ 
4ibligedrtD*«eaK)feYfoin  place  to  place  .by  dsU  «ars  41^ 
peraeoatioB,  ketaug^  bimself  tbe  6re#k-t0i^¥ie.aiKl  pbir 
losopby,  beginning  that  study  vt^ithibe  Jo^vof  Ariaitoifcie: 
Ifaenoe^fae 'passed  ftoAe  ^y»loars  anfd;f]|Oi^ ;  tand  afterwards 
appbed.  aa  tbe  Hlsbnew  language  .wi^b*4u0h  snec'esf;,  tbat 
be  bmldTead  it  ^tfaiaiit  points,  aod  lw^«rad  on  4t  to  t^^ 
pMftestantdei^. 

in  dkeveign  of  HiMxy  III.  >li^  mfi»  asiii«d)l»  tbeij^aimill 
emrt,  'Wbieh  was  then  at  BIdia,  mhexe  tke  ^U^es  .w^i^e 
assembted^in  1576  ;. and  introdut^Ml^fto  the  l(ing  as^a  4f«?^i- 
digy^of  pans  and  learning.  His  ^on^p? erslal  t^«i^ts,iM^re 
alrmdy  so  eonspieuous,  i^but  few  m^ji  to««di;ip^$e  ^9N4b 
bim.  fiis  mgenaity  does  not^  kom^etf  ^appfiarvtOibMa 
graatJy 4Mkaiioed  bisi intenaat,  ior  •^-we  )#r0  told  ^t  iidlp#^^ 
aftttr'«iiis,4ie  earner WBaarli,  be-biMiillo  gather  ^esa^roe  ttta9 
t&  teach  Latin  for  breads oand-tbatiat-a^^iiaQ  wb^n  he  ,bfi|d 
pdbHoc<mferem:e&ttpo&iibefSfikfiM3Miblbe9ar)d  Ml^o^it^ 
Augutines.  He^et  hiniaelf  aftef waf ds tomf^d^ tk^  ^Sl^ltpr 
naa^'of  St.  Thonsas^AqiiiAas,  jaad  €i4iivfiled^a  ftckt  iri^mdr 
sfaip-^itb^Pbilip.IkapQiaes,  iBibbat  of  Titrop,  iiwbo  .proc^imid 
bim>  his  own  place  of  reader  to  Henry  IIL  and  was  the 
jGjrstjt9.ad?jao  him  to  renouqcebis  religion.    Preldously  to 


P  £  R  II  Q  N.  S3i 


his  uftiBg  this  dtep,  he  i»  nai  to  haVe^eflfended  Henry  IIL 
by  M  af ow»l  of  religkmd  iildtfferencie,  whidh  is  thos  rex 
kted  :  ,onfe  day,  white  the  king  Wis^t  dinner,  he  marie  wk 
admirlBiUe  discourse  agaanst  atheists ;  on  #btcb  the  kiag 
cbbimetidcd  him  mnch  for  ha^ng  proved  die  being  'bf% 
Bod  by  arguinetits  so'sdid.  Perron  insttatty  replied^ 
that  <^  if  his  majesty  was  disposed  to  hear  faim^  he  wouM 
prove  the  contrary  by  Itrguneots^  -as  soKd  ;*'  wbicl^.  ^ 
oflfeoded  the  king,  that  he  forbad' him  to  come  into  his 
pretantee.  This  story  has  been  denied  by  sonie  Fretitk 
writers,  lis  derogatory  to  Duperroii's  religroas  principles'; 
but  others  say  that,  granting  it  to  be  true,  it  means  tio 
more  than  that  Du  Perron  vaanted  his  ability  to  take  either 
side  of  a  question,  a  practice  unii^ersal  at  that  tUne  in  tbte 
acbools ;  yet  they  allow  that  his  t^ly  to  tbe  Bng  was  r«^ 
ther  ill-timed,  and  ili^expressed. 

H«,  recovered,   however,    from  any  loss  Hf  ebaracter 
which  this  affair  might  occasion,  by  abjuring  the  religion 
Jn  which  he  had  been  educated.     It  is  rather  aingiriar  tih*t 
he  is  stiid  to  have  acquired  a  distaste  of  the  protestant  re- 
iigion  by  studying  the  <^Summa'*  of  St.  t^omfts  AqaiMi, 
arid  the  writibgs  of  St.  Austaa;  but  bavttlg  by  this  or  by 
some  other  means,  reconciled  his  mind  to  the  change '^f 
hia  I'eUgioa,  he  displayed  all  the  zeal  of  a^neweonvarrtfay 
•labouring  earnestly  in  th^  conversion  of  otheite,  efeo  %%- 
fore  b)e  had  embraced  the  ecclesiluitieal  funetitm.  ''By  tlMMe 
arts,  and  his  uncommon  abilities,  he  acquired  giMt  infla- 
ence,  and  was  appointed  to  pronounee  the  foiieral  orailoa 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scdts,  in  1 5^1 ;  as  iie  had  diMie  also  that 
of  the  poet  ilonsard^  in  ISM.    He  wrote,  sosciie  time  after, 
.  by  oc^der  of  the  king,  **  A  te:omparisofi  of  moral  and  thee* 
logical  virtues;'*    and  two  *^  Discourses,'*  one  upM  the 
soul,  the  other  uponself-kndvdedge,  which  he  proa octf need 
before  that  prhioe;    After  the  murder  of 'flienry  III.  ^he 
:  retired  to  the  house  of  Cardinal  de  Bourbon,  and  h^Kmred 
more  vigdrdusly  than  ever  in  the  conversion  of  the  re- 
.  forjcned.    Among  his  converts  was  Henry  Spondanns,  after* 
ward^  bMlo^  of  Pamiea ;  as  this  prelate  ttckaowledge8,'4n 
his  dedioation  to 'Cardinal  du  Perron  of  *his  <^  Abridgdieiit 
of  BareoAis^s  Antials."     Bat  his  saocess'with  Henry  IV.  is 
1  supposed  to  redound  most'  to  due'  tredit  of  Us  pdvters  of 
^-freiteaMon.    He  wfent tcrwait onrcbat^piifyee  wkh'oai^dhitd 
ode  Bdurboo,  at  the  '^ge  6f  iloa^ ;  and  fallowed  him  ut 
fteoti^  Avfa^reiieiBald  ^  .finVu^  diapewe  infh  iilur  |>rec(iW< 


352  PERRON. 

talat  ministers.  Th6  ^ingj  afterwards  resolving  to  have  4 
conference  about  religion  with  the  principal  prelates  of  tho' 
kingdom,  sent  for  Du  Perron  to  assist  in  it ;  but,  as  he 
was  yet  only  s,  layman,  he  nominated  him  to  the  bishopric- 
of  Evreux,  that  he  might  be  capable  of  sitting  in  it.  He 
came  with  the  other  prelates  to  St^  Denis,  and  is  said 
to  have  contributed  more  than  any  other  person  to  the 
chapge  in  Henry^s  sentiments. 

;  Ai'ier  tfais^  he  was  sent  with  M.  d'Ossat  to  Rome,  to  ne« 
gotiate  HenryU  reconciliation  to  the  holy  see;. which  at 
Jengtb  he  effected  more  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  king,  than 
of  his  subjects;  that  part  of  them  at  leftst,  who  were  zea^ 
lous  for  Galilean  liberties,  and  thought  the  dignity  of  their 
king  prostituted  upon  this  occasion.  After  a  year's  resi«- 
di^oce  at  Rome,. he  returned  to  France;  wheie^  ;by  such 
services  as  have  already  been  mentioned,  he.  obtained  pro^ 
motion  to  the  highest  dignities.  He  wro^e>  and  preiMched, 
and  disputed,  against  the  reformed ;  particularly  against 
Dii  Plessis  Mornay,  with  whom  he  had  a  public  conferencer, 
ia  the  presence  of  the  king,  at  Foqtatnbleau. .  'The  king' 
resolved  to  make  him  grand  almoner  of  France^  to  give 
him  the  archbishopric. of  Sens,  and  wrote  to  Clement  VIII. 
to  obtain  for  him  the  dignity  of  a  cardinal ;  which  that 
pope  conferred  on  him,  in  1604,  with  singular  oKirks  of 
esteem.  The  indisposition  of  Clement  soon  after  made 
the  king  resolve  to  send  the  French  cardinals  to  Rome; 
where  JDu  Perron  was  no  sooner  arrived,  than  he  was  em-' 
ployed  by  the  pope  in  the  congregations.  -  He  liad  a  great 
share  in  the  elections  of,  Leo  X.  and  Paul  Y.  He  assisted 
,  afterwards  in  the  congregations  upon  the  subject  of  Grace, 
and  in  the  disputes  wbicH  were  agitated  betweeuthe  Jcduits 
and  the  Dominicans :  and  it  was  principally  owing  to  his 
advice,  that  the  pope,  resolved  to  leave  these  questions  uii-* 
decided.  He  was  sent  a  third  time  to  Rome,  to  accom- 
modate the  differences  between  Paul  V.  and-the  republic 
of  Venice.  This  popehad  such  an  opinion  of  the  power  of 
bis  eloquence  and  address,  that  he  said  to  those  about 
him,  ^*  Let  us  beseech  God  to  inspire  cardinal  Du  Perron, 
for  he  will  persuade  us  to  do  whatever  he  pleases.*' 

.After  the  murder  of  Henry  IV.  in  1610,  Du  Perrpn  de- 
voted himself  entirely  to  the  court  and  see  of  Rome,  and 
prevented  every  measure  in  France  which  might  displease 
that  power,  or  hurt  its  interests.  He  rendered  useless  the 
arret  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, .  against  die  book  of  cardi* 


/      P  E  Jl^  p  N;  Ijll 

«pa  9f llmrqiuie ;  wa4  |^Fqure4  ijti^  wifelUbility  of  ih,^  pop?r 
lyid  bis  sup^ciori,ty  .ov:^^  fi  couacU,  in  «  thiesis  lO^intainQi) 
in  1611,  before  the  npnciQ.  .He  -after war4^  heJd  91  prQ-s 
vioeifil  ii9f»embly,  in  wbicb  b^  .con4^ipqe{I  Rbb^r'ji  book, 
<#  coDcerpii^g  .ecclesiastical  ^nd  civil  authority :"  f^pd,  being 
^  the  ^^si^aibly  of  Blois,  b^  m^^^  an  baran^gue  to  prore# 
t}^  they  ov^t  n^  to  ^^cide  some  qiAestiiqns,  91^  acqouni: 
c^  tjbeir  being  pqi^ts  ^f  ffiith.  f^e  wa|i  qpe  of  the  presi-^ 
4^^  €^  the  %sseipb)y  ,Qf  the  clergy,  which  wad  held  fit: 
Il^R^  in  1,61;^ ;  and  foa^e  hiaun^gues  tp  the  Jjing  ^t  th^ 
^^^ing  and  ^bu^ing  pf  i,)^9t  agsembly,  which  ii^ere  .am^ok 
smpjaiid^d*  This  wa3  |h^  l^st  pf  bis  public  services;  Xq^ 
aflifsr  thi^ :b? rQlice^  tp bisbc^ViiSe at  3^gnplQt»  and  eipploy^cl 
)^lli$^lf  wboliy  ip  ^r^yisipg  and  copipleting  hU  works.  Tl^m 
WfLs  withbim  va  fi^tt^r  of  gre^t  ioiporunce,  for  ba  not  only 
M^^  priFJVte  p^e^s  in  bis  hpusei  tjbat  he  might  h^vp  tbeoi 
|t^bUsbed4M>i;irecUy9  Apd  revised  ev^ry  ^b^pt  bifnself,  but^ 
is  )9$Md  fdsv  tp  have  printed  a  few  cppie/s  pf  every  wQrk  (bat 
b^e^ivi^ed  rtp  appear  to  advi^ntage,  fpr  ,the  r^vi^al  oif  U^ 
fri<eods  bef<K^  .p«bU<?atiQn.  .Hp  ;di^d  at  Pari^,  Sept.  4f, 
i^hh  i^ed  piif:ty-thre^.  He  wap  ft  ipan  of  great  abilities ; 
bad;a  ^iviely  ^apd  penetrating  wity  and  a  particular  taleni; 
^t.  making  bis  yietms  appear  .roasonabte.  iHe  delivered 
bioiaelf  iipoa  ajl  /occa^ipn^  wiib  great  cLearne^s^  dignity, 
and  doquen^e.  He  ;bad  a  prpdigigus  mei^pry,  and  bad 
smdiedn^ncb.  He.iwras  very  wellver^d  in  antiquity^  both 
eqp^^iastipal  aiij^  profane »  wd  b^d  re^d  much  in  tbp  fa*- 
thera,  cpun<;ils4  ^d.eccle^imtical  bistgprians,  of  vfhicb  be 
kunw  bpw  to  eiiake  %h^  best  t»se  tP  perplas,  if  npt  to  coiir 
Tince  bi9;adveir^ri^f.  He  was  wafoily  at^aQbed  to  ibe  $ee 
of  jteme,  and  j»ti:ennpns  in  defending  it$  righ^  and.  prero- 
gii|iv€^;  and  tberi$&>re  it  Ciannqt  ,be  wp«idcjred>  that  bis 
imme  ba3  i^ver  b^en  b^ld  in  high  bpt)pnr  acnpng  tho^e  of 
bU^PQantryn^en  who  have  been  a^jcnstoinipd-^p^tund  np  for 
tbe;Gallican  libertiqj^*  Tbey  consider  indeed  that  a<nbi^ 
tinn  was  bisnnUng.|2assiont  and  that  it  e^tepd^d  ^^en  to 
liteia^re»  it)  wbicb  be  thopgbt  b^  Qught  tp  bpM  the  Grift 
IMk*  in:  bis  youth  he  bad  translated  intp  French  yer$e  a 
part  of  tbe  ^neid;  and;tbo  pnaises  which  Pesporties  and 
•B^tai;it  bestowed  pn  this  .perforrxianee  mad^  bim  fancy, 
itial  bis  ^tyle  was  .^up^ripr  to,  that  of  Virgi).  lie  was  }oi 
liis.Qwn  opinion,  says  tbe  abb^  LongMerii}e»  tbp  ^pm- 
^nanderninrchief  of ;  literature ;  and  antbots  found  thai  bis 
i^pi/iion  was  to,be  s^a(edibe&re.tbat^.tb^.p«blic«  fiis 
Vol.  XXIV.  A  A 


SSi  P  E  R  R  O  1^ 

fiBkvourite  ^mbors  were  Montaigne,  whose  essays  be  eallecf 
the  breviary  of  all  good  men,  and  Rabelais,  whom,  by  way 
of  disCinction,  he  called  "  The  author.*' 

The  works  of  Du  Perron,  the  greatest  patt  of  which  bad 
been  printed  separately  in  his  life-time,  were  collected' 
after  his  death,  and  published  at  Paris,  1 620  and  r622,  iif' 
3  Tols.  folio.    The  first  coirtahis  his  great  **  Treatise  uponf 
the  Eucharist,**  against  that  of  Du  Plessrs  Mornay.,    The 
second,  his  *'  Reply  to  the  Answer  of  the  -King'  of  Great 
Britain.**     The  following  was  the  occasion  of  that  work : 
James  I.  of  England  sent  to  Henry  IV.  of  France  a  book, 
which  he  had  written  himself,  concerning  differences  iH 
religion.     Henry  put  it  into  the  hands  of  Du  Perron*s  bro^ 
ther,  who  informed  his  majesty,  from  what  the  cardinal 
had  observed  to  him,  that  there  were  many  passages  in 
that  book,  in  which  the  king  of  England  seemed  to  cumi^ 
near  the  catholics ;  and  that  it  might  be  proper  to  send 
some  able  person,  in  hopes  of  converting  him  entirely. 
Benry  accordingly,  after  taking  the  advice  of  his  preiatea 
in  this  affair,  desired  to  know  of  the  king  of  England,  whe- 
ther he  would  approve  of  a  visit  firom  the  cardinal  Du  Per- 
ron ?  King  James  answered  that  he  should  be  well  pleased 
to  confer  with  him,  but  for  reasons  of  state  could  not  d0 
it.     After  this,  Isaac  Casaubon,  who  had  been  engaged  in 
several  conferences  with  Du  Perron  about  religion,  and 
seemed  much  inclined  to  that  egregious  absurdity,  a  re- 
union between  the  popish  and  reformed  church,  was  pre-* 
▼ailed  on  to  take  a  voyage  into  England  j  «vbere  he  spoke 
advantageously  of  Du  Perron  Co  the  king,  «nd  presented 
some  pieces  of  poetry  to  him,  which  the  cardinal  bad  pot 
into  his  hands.    The  king  receivcid  them  kvndiy,  and  ex* 
pressed  much  esteem  for  the  author ;  which  Casaubon  no- 
ticing to  Du  Perron,  he  returned  a  tetter  of  civility  and 
thanks  to  his  Britannic  majesty ;  in  which  he  told  him,  tbat| 
*<  except  the  sole  title  of  Catholie,  be  could  find  notbing 
wanting  in  his  majesty,  that  was  necessary  to  maj^e  a  mo$t 
perfect  and  accomplished  prince.**    The  king  re[^ied^  thal^ 
*\  believ4ag  all  things  which  the  ancients  had  unanimously 
ibmtght  necessary  to  salvation^  the  title  of  Catholic  could 
.«ot  be  denied  him.**     Casaubon  halving  sent  this' answer  to 
Du  Perron,  he  replied  to  it  in  a  letter,  dated  the  1 5th  of 
July,  161 1|  in  which  he  assigns  4he  reasons  tbait "obliged 
hioft  to  Tefuse*the  name  of  Catholic  to 'his  Britaniiic  mas 
jesty*    Casaubon  sent  him  a  writing  by  ^^vay  of  answer,  iA. 


P  E  R  R  O  N.  355- 

the  nanie  of  the  king,  to  all  the  articles  of  his  letter;  to 
which  the  cardinal  made  a  large  reply,  which  constitutes 
the  bulk  of  the  second  volume  of  his  works.  The  third 
contains  his  misceUaneons  pieces;  ilmong  which  are,  '*  Acts 
of  the  Conference  held  at  Fontainbleau  against  Du  Plessis 
Mornay  ;^  moral  and  religious  pierces  in  prose  and  verse, 
orations,  dissertations,  translations,  and  letters. 

There  was  a  fourth  volume  of  his  embassies  and  negoti- 
ations, collected  by  Ciesar  de  Ligni,  his  secretary,  and 
printed  at  Paris  in  1629  and*  1633,  folio:  but  these  are 
Supposed  not  to  have  done  him  much  honour,,  and  Wic« 
^i^uelbrt  thinks  him  as  a  diplomatic  charactef  inferior  to 
d'Ossat  in  every  respect  There  were  also  published 
afterwards,  under  his  name,  *'  Perroniana,''  which,  like 
most  of  the  ontf,  is  a  colleetion  of  puerilities  and  imperti- 
^nenccs. ' 

-  PERROT  (Nicolas)^  sieur  d^ABLANCOURT,  a  scholar  of 
considerable  parts,  and  once  admired  for  his  translations 
^tom  aociefit  authors,  was  born  at  Chalons,  April  5,  1606. 
He  sprung  from  a  family  which  had  been  illustrious  in  the 
law,  and  the  greatest  care  was  bestowed  on  his  education, 
liis  father,  Paul  Perrot  de  la  Sailer,  who  was  a  protestant, 
iLud  also  a  man  learning,  sent  him  to  pursue  his  studies  in 
the  college  of  fiedan ;  where  he  made  so  rapid  a  progress^ 
that,  at  thirteen,  he  had  gone  through  the  classics.  He 
was  then  taken  honiie,  and  placed  for  some  time  under  a 
private  tutor,  after  which  be  was  sent  to  Paris,  wb^re  he 
studied  the  law  Sve  or  six  moriths,  and  was,  when  only  in 
bis*  eighteenth  y^ntr,  admitted  advocate  of  parliament ;  bilt 
did  not  adhefcf  long  to  the  bar.  Another  change  he  made 
about  this  time  of  great- importance,  was  that  of  his  reli« 
gioiil/  for  popery,  of  winch  he  eoibraced  the  tenets  at  the 
persuasion  of  his  uncle  Cvprian  Perrot,  who,  in  hopes  of 
procuring  him  some  valuable  benefices,  took  great  pains  to 
jrecommenfd  the  church  as  a  profession,  but  in  vain.  Nor 
did  he  succeed  better  in' retaining  him  as  a  convert,  for  b# 
bad  scarcely  distinguished  himself  in  the  republic  of  leuersj 
by  writin-g  a  preface  to  the  **  Hono^te  F^mme/'  for  bis 
friend,  father  Du  Bosc,  than  he  felt  a  desire  to  return  to 
the  religion  he  had  qukted.  He^as  now,  however,  in  bis 
twenty  ••seventh  year,   and  bad  sense  enough  ;  to  guard 

t  Dup(i|.-^Bullart's  Academie  des  Sciencet.— Vie  de  Du  PerroB|  by  Buris^ny. 
Jliog.  Uni?,  inDiiperron.-— Pcnrault'sLet  HomoBCtlHiiitw. 

A  A   2 


356  P  E  R  R  O  T. 

agamat'pi^otpita^tion  in  a^matter  of  bo  much  conseqiienoe. 
He:6tuclied»  therefofe,  the  diffenenoes  heVmita  the  RomUlif 
and  reformed  oburoby  and  after  three  years 'iiurestigotion^ 
daring  i^htch  .be  did  ^not  disclose  bis  intention  to. any  otwe; 
be  set  oot  from  Paris  to  Champagne,  where  be  abjured 
popeiy ;  and  very  soon  af;^r  went  lo  Holland,  till  the  oia<« 
mour  which  followed  ibis  step  waa  over.     He  was  .near « 
year  in  Leyden,  where  ^he  learned  Hebrew,  and  contracted 
a  friendship  with  Salmasius.    firom  Holland  be  went  to 
England-;  then ; returned  to  Paris;  and,  after  passing  some 
wedES  witb.M*  Patru,  took  an  apartment  meartbeXuxem-' 
bourg*     He  passed  bis  days  very  agreeably ;  and  tfaongb 
be  devoted  the  .greatest  part  of  his  leism'e  to  books,  mixed 
occasionally  in  socie^,  and  was  the  respected  assodate  of 
all  the*  learned  in  Paris.    In  1637  he  was  admitted  a  mem* 
ber  of  the  French  academy,  but  was  soon  after  forced  to 
leave  Paris,  on  account  of  the  wiaurs ;  and  therefore  retired 
to  his  estate,  called  Ablancourt,  where  he  lived  till  his 
death.     He  died  Nov.  17,  1664,  of  the  gravel,  with  whick 
be  bad  been  afflicted  the  greater  part  of  his  life. 

He  was  a  man  of  great  acuteness,  imagination^  judg<^ 
Qient,  and  learning,  and  thought  equal  to  the  prodttctioa 
of  any  work ;  yet  we  have  no  original  pieces  of  his,  ez-^ 
ceptiqg  the  '^Preface*'  above  mentioned,^*  A  Discourse 
upon  the  Immortality  of  the  Sonl,''  and  a  (ew  letters  to 
Patru.    But  be  made  French  translations  of  many  ancient 
writers,  which  were  once  admired  for  their  elegance,  purity^ 
and  chasteness  of  style.    Among  these  ar«  Tacitus,  Lu* 
cian,  CflBsar,  Thucydides,  and  Arrian ;  but  he  took  too 
great  liberties  with  the  sense- of  his  author,  for  the  sake  of 
imitating  his  liianner,  and  producing  something  like  aa 
original.     He  is  said  to  have  succeeded  best  wfailebe^ppo^ 
JBted  by  the  advice  ^f  Patru,  Contart,'and>Chapelain ;  «nd: 
it  is  certain  that  those  translations  written  in.  his  latter  days, 
when  be  had  not' that  advantage,  are  inferior  to  the  otliera» 
When  be  was  4islced,  why  be  chose  to  be  a  tnmslatoi^ 
rather  than  an  author,  be  answered,  tlmt  '<  hewas  nritfaer 
a  divine  nor  lawyer,  and  t^on^quently  not  qualified  to 
compDie  pleadings  or  sermons;  that  the  world  was  fflled 
with  trii^ses  on  politics;  that  all  discourses  on  morality 
were  only  ^so  many  repetitions  of  Plutarch  and* Seneca; 
and  that,  to  serve  one*8  country,  a  man  ought  rather  to 
translate  valuable  authors,  than  to  write  new  books,  which 
seldom  contain  any  thing  new/'    The  minister  Colbert^ 


P  E  R  B  O  T.  S&t 

jttdgbj^  hin  vary  capable  of  writing  the  *^  Hktoiy  Of  Lotiit 
XI V/*  recomaiended  htm  to  that  monarcb ;  who  however^ 
i^KNi  being  informed  that  Perrot  waa  a  protestant,  said, 
that  ^<  be  would  not  have  an  historian  of  a  religion  difierent 
from  his  own."  Perrot  was  a  man  of  great  talents  in  con^ 
▼ersation^  aad  said  so  many  good  things  that  Feltsson.  i!e<» 
gretted  these  was  not  some  one  present  to  write  down  ail 
bespoke.' 

PILKHY  (John),  captain,  a  celebrated  engineer,  the  sev 
cond  son  of  SaoMiel  Perry,  of  Rodborpugh  in  Gloucester- 
shire, gent,  and  Sarah  bis  wile,  daughter  of  sir  Thomas 
Nott,  knt.  was,  in  or  before  169^3,  lieutenant  of  the  Moft^* 
tague;  which  about  that  year  coming  into  Portsmouth 
dock  to  be  refitted,  be  exerted  his  skill  in  the  impvow* 
ment  of  an  engine  for  throwing  out  a  large  quantity  of 
water  from  deep  sluices  in  a  short  space  of  time.  In  1695^ 
be  publislied  ^*  A  Regulation  Hot  8eamen  ;  wherein  a  me* 
Ibod  is  humbly  proposed,  whereby  their  Majesties  fleet 
may  at  all  times  be  speedily  and  effectually  manned,  and 
the  Merchants  be  more  readily  and  cheaper  served^  without 
baring  their  men  at  any  time  pressed  or  taken  away ;  set*» 
ting  forth  the  gieat  advantages  that  will  accrue  thereby 
to  the  king,  merchant^  and  subject  in  general,  whereby 
these  islands  will  be  asore  secure  and  happy,  the  king's 
revenue  considerably  be  eftsed,  trade  in  general  be  quick<« 
ened  and  encouraged^  and  every  individual  subject  receive 
benefit  thereby,  in  lessening  the  price  of  all  naval  com^ 
modities ;  wherein  is  also  proposed,  a  method  or  nursery 
for  training  up  of  Seamen  to  supply  the  loss  and  decay  of 
them  ia  time  of  War:  as  also,  the  giving  hereby  equal 
Kberty  and  advantage  to  all  seamen,  removing  many  hard« 
abtps  that  they  now  suffer  under,  and  giving  them  many 
et^courageroents  that  they  do  not  now  enjoy..  By  John 
Perry,  late  Captain  of  the  Signet  Fire-ship,  now  a  prisoner 
in  the  Marsbalsea,  according  to  sentence  of  a  late  Court** 
Martial.  To  which  is  added,  a  short  Narrative,  of  his 
Case  relating  to  his  loss  of  the  said  ship  in  company  6f 
the  Diamond  Frigate,  in  September  1693,'^  4to.  By  thia 
pamphlet  it  appears  that  he  bad  been  sentenced  to  a  fine  et 
1000/.  and  to  ten  years'  imprisonment.  In  1698,  when  tbe^ 
Czar  Peter  was  in  this  country,  being  desirous  of  eogagict|^ 
some  eminent  astbts,   Mr.  Perry  was  introdooed  to  his 

1  Mvnri^D'KU  Hist-^^Life  by  Pstnu 


35S  PERRY. 

tiotice>by  idle  CDar^uiB  of  Carmarthen,  and  by  Mr.  Dfinimef^ 
surveyor  of  the  Navy,  as  a  person  capable  of  serving  hiiiK 
on  several  occasions,  relating  to  bis  new  design  of  ^sta^ 
biishing  a  fleet,  making  his  rivers  navigable,  &c.;  and  be 
was  taken  jnto  the  service  of  the  Czar  as  comptroller  of  the 
marine  works,  at  a  salary  of  300/.  per  annum,  with  travel* 
ling  charges,  and  subsistence-money,  on  whatever  service 
he  should  be  employed ;  besides  a  JFurther  reward  to  ht^ 
satisfaction,  at  the  conclusion  of  any  work  he  ishould  finish; 
After  some  conversation  with  the  Czar  himself,  particularly 
respecting  a  communication  between  the  rivers  Volga  and 
Don,  he  was  employed  on  this  work  three  successive  suni- 
mers ;  but  not  being  properly  supplied  with  men,  partly 
on  account  of  the  ill-success  of  the  Czar  against  the  Swedes 
at  the  battle  of  Narva,  and  partly  by  the  discouragement 
of  the  governor  of  Astracan,  he  was  ordered  at  the  end  of 
1707  to  stop,  and  next  year  employed  in  refitting  the  ships 
at  Veronise,  and  in  1709  in  making  the  river  of  that  nami( 
navigable.  After  repeated  disappointments,  and  fniitlessr 
applications  for  his  salary,  he  at  last  quitted  the  kingdom,^ 
under  the  protection  of  Mr.  Whitworth,  the  English  ataa* 
bassador,  in  1712.  ^ 

^  After  his  return  he  published  *^  The  State  of  Russia^ 
under  the  present  Czar ;  in  relation  to  the  several  great 
and  remarkable  things  he  has  done,  as  to  bis  naval  prepa- 
rations, the  regulating  his  army,  the  reforming  his  people, 
and  improvement  of  his  country ;  particularly  those  works 
on  which  the  author  was  employed ;  with  the  reasons  of 
his  quitting  the  Czar's  service,  after  having  been  fourteen 
years  in  that  country.  Also,  an  Account  of  those  Tartars, 
and  other  people,  who  border  on  the  Eastern  and  extreme 
Northern  parts  of  the  Czar's  dominions;  their  religion 
and  manner  of  life.  With  many .  other  observations.  To 
which  is  annexed  a  more  accurate  Map  of  the  Czar's  do'^ 
minions  than  has  hitherto  .been  extant,"   1716,  8vo. 

In.  1721  he  was  employed  in  stopping  the  breach  at 
Dagenham,  made  in  the  bank  of  the  river  Thames,  near 
the  village  of  that  name  in  Essex,  and  about  three  miles' 
below  Woolwich,  in  which  he  happily  succeeded,  after 
several  other  persons  had  failed  in  that  undertaking.  He 
was  also  employed,  the  same  year,  about  thp  harbour  at 
Dublin,  and  pubKshed  at  that  time  a^  answer  to.  the  ob« 
jections  raised  against  it.  A  publication  by  Capt.  Perry 
on  these  subjects  is  thus  entitled,  *^  An  Account  of  thq 


PERRY.  35a 

Stoppiog  of  Dagenbam  Breach ;  with  the  accidenU  that 
have  attended  the  aame  from  the  first  undertaking:  con- 
taining also  proper  Rules  for  performing  any  the  like 
work^  and  Proposals  for  rendering  the  ports  of  Dover  and 
Dublin  (lyhich  the  author  has  been  employed  to  survey) 
commodious  for  entertaining  large  ships.  To  which  is  pre- 
fixed a  plan  of  the  levels  which  were  overflowed  by  the 
breach/'  1721,  8vo.  Upon  this  project  1600Z.  had  been 
spent  by  the  author  of  ^*  An  impartial  Account  of  the 
frauds  and  abuses  at  Dagenbam  Breach,  and  of  the  hard^ 
ships-  sustained  by  Mr.  William  Boswell,  late  undertaker 
of  the  works  there :  in  a  Letter  to  a  Member  of  Parlia- 
ment/* London,  1717,  8vo. 

Capt  Perry  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  Gentlemen's 
Society  at  Spalding,  April  16,  1730,  to  which  Society  was 
^communicated  his  original  Map  or  Chart  of  the  Sea  Coasts* 
lie  died  Feb.  1 1,  1733,  and  was  buried  in  Spalding  church, 
where  an  inscription  on  a  slab  erected  by  his  kinsman  and 
heir  William  Perry,  of  Penshurst  in  Kent,  preserves  his 

PEESIUS  (AuLUS  Flaccus),  one  of  the  three  gre^t  Ro- 
man satirists,  was  born  at  Volterra,  in  Tuscany,  in  the  22d 
year  of  Tiberius's  reign,  or  A.  D.  34.  At  the  age  of  12  he 
wa3  removed  to  Rome,  where  he  pursued  his  studies  under 
Palaemon  the  grammarian,  and  Virginius  Flaccus  the  rhe- 
torician. He  afterwards,  at  sixteen,  applied  himself  to 
philosophy  under  Cornutus,  a  Stoic,  who  entertained  so 
great  a  love  for  him,  that  there  was  ever  after  a  most  inti- 
mate friendship  between  them.  Persius  has  immortalized 
that  friendship  in  bis  fifth  satire,  and  his  gratitude  for  the 
good  oiBces  of  his  friend.  This  he  shewed  still  farther  by 
his  will,  in  which  he  left  him  his  library,  and  a  great  deal 
of  money;  but  Cornutus,  like  a  true  philosopher,  who 
jknew  how  to  practise  what  he  taught,  accepted  only  the 
books,  and  gave  the  money  to  the  heirs  of  the  testator.  We 
bave  nothing  deserving  the  name  of  a  life  of  Persius,  but 
bis  character  appears  to  have  been  e3u;ellent.  He  bad,  a 
strong  sense  of  virtue,  and  lived  in  an  age  when  such  a 
sens^  would  naturally  produce  a  great  abhorrence  of  the 
reigning  vices.  His  moral  and  religious  sentiments  we^o 
form^  on  the  best  systems  which  the  philosophy  of  his  age 
afforded ;  and  so  valuable  is  bis  matter,  that  Mr.  Harris,  of 

.  ^  Nicliolf!sBowyer«— HttttonV Dictionary. —*PKfac«  to  hit  StattftfRustin. 


Mb  P  tut  S  I  tJ  '6. 

I 

•S^iisbtii'jr,  jMtl^  isafici,  <<U6  ^a^sf  t(h<5  ofiTjr  difflclillf  Lftth^ 
IKAthor  tbai  Wo^M  re^atd  ^bei'edddt  fot  £b^  ^)sM4  i^lifich  te 
must  ealce  to  unfd^mdnd  Mmf.'^ 

f6tM^  is  iaid  to  iMLv^  been  of  a*  ifeak  cdti^titti(i6ir,  aiifd 
ttofubfled  with  indigestio'nf,  of  isbitU  be  dfied  fh  his  3oVh 
^e^r  Of  Irid  ^tires,  sri±  ai^e  extatit,  and  kave  j^^^ocur^d 
lAm  tb  be  n^nti^d  Whh  tibyacef  ahd  JtiVeififal  aii  tUe  third 
gf eat  Latin  satifriW.  With  rtfgird  to  M^  ob;9curity^  crilifcli 
have  Varred  in  their  opinlo'n^  of  th^  dattse  of  ii:  86ttie  attri- 
bute It  sts  sLii  origin^  defect  ih  his  st^le;  #Uil6  Mh6V^  ai- 
iett,  ihsit  wh^t  we  caitl!  obscurities  and  difEfecihr^s'^n^^ 
ftbm  ^lltaibtis  to  pertohsl,  events,  and  practTcel,  with  ^hich 
we  are  now  unacquainted.  Th^^^  are,  undd^bt^dly,  ^uf^ft 
Mttisions  in  aff  tbdr  Romati  p/o^i ;  but  Perkins  taitiitn  be 
idtbgetfaer  acquitted  of  h^r^bn^^^  tod  obscttfrt^  of  stjr!^; 
it/deperident  of  sdch.  Hd  h^  thore  of  itid  fotckl  knd  Std^ 
df  Jchrenal,  tban  of  the  pohteness  bf  Hoi^acf^;  but  a^  a 
ttOi'dl  v^riter  h^  excels  both. 

•  Tbd  best  ediiioTfi*  of  this  poet  are  that  bf  tondori,  1 64t, 
8vo,  with  Casaubon's  "Commentary;"  and  that  of  Wdd- 
d^bjlrn,  Ainst.  1664,  l^mb;  biit  be  is  generallir  printed 
kfdhg  Urith  Juveri^l ;  dnd  ba^  b&d  th^  i^atbe  editoN.  Wi 
Itave  several  Engiish  mefarifc^l  Crdiisiiiiioni :  the  first  bj"  Drjr^ 
A^ii ;  the  setoiid^  and  a  ietf  thiiiabte  one^  by  a  Vt  BrfeW- 
ster,  in  ll51,  Bvb;  zM,  nidi-b  ieceniily,  tih  degftrtft  ntA 
s|)iritfed  ^erjiidn  by  Mr.  Drufnitiond.' 

t>ERUGlNO  (PiETtto),  d'  c^lebmect  milktt  piaiht^f,  th4 
master  of  Raphael,  v(^ad  Borh:  Ih  1446,  dt  l^^i^ugia,  ^b€ric<i 
he  took  the  ndcrr^  thslt  h^s  totally  obliterated  bis  fattiiily  dp* 
pellatioU,  wbicH  iir^sr  Vanacct.  Etis  pdr&titi;  ^re  pdcN-^ 
but^  being  desirbbs  to  pdt  hlbi  in  h  way  6f  snppoi^titlg  bibt-^ 
Mfy  plaeed  hini  with  d  pointer,  undler  Whoxh  b6  imblbiiti 
at  Ibast  ft  strong  entbu^iatsnt  for  his  dri,  dnd  diesire  to  exc^l 
in  it.  His  applibation  to  study  was  ititcibsd;  dnd  iVhen  hi^ 
bdii  mad^  a  suffibierit  prb^res^^;  hb  ^tnt  to  Flbt^bbe,  dhii 
becaiiie  a  disciple  of  Andrea  Veroccbio.  FironI  this  paihtet 
He  kcoiiired  a  graceful  tndde  bf  d^idgtiing  hi^dds,  pdrtidu- 
Hirly  those  of  bi^  female  figui'e$.  He  i*bse  by  degrees  td 
{^Obsidei-able  ^blihence>  and  wds  bniplbyed  b^  Si^ttu^  IV, 
tb  liairit  seterdl  pieces  for  his  cha[)i^l  at  Rpihe.  Gr^at  ad 
]EiU  t£ilbiltk  «^ei^e,  h€l  wd^  iinfot>tbnatei^  infected  ^itb  tbS 
^bfii  df  cbvi^toush^kss     It  ^ds  f rbm  tlli^  cduS^  thit,  ^Hbn  jti^ 

1  Voftibi  de  Poet.  Ltt-*^olius'8  lim  of  Uis  iUnria  Poeti#-i^-45txil  OttMbdit. 
•^-Druoimond's  Preface* 


PERUGI.Nt).  sei 

» 

iretuTnef}  lb  Florenifee,f  lie  qiAivr^Uod  with  Miehacl  Afi^do, 
and  befaaTed  lo  ill,  ihat  the  Florentine^  htva%  ehraged 
against  him,  dtfove  hia#  from  their  city:  on  whickhere* 
turned  to-  hi^  native  Pefiigia*  The  stime  foible  proved  aooif* 
dentally  the  caiise  of  his  death;  for^  h«?ing  aeoumulated 
aome  money,  which  he  ^as  v^ry  anxious  not  to  \o%e^  be 
always  carried  it  about  hirii.  H^  continued  thitf  praeti^e 
till  some  thief  robbed  him  of  bis  treasure )  and,  tbe  %ti€i 
foT\nk  toss  being,  too  severe  fdr  bis  streogtby  be  di^  ifi 
1524,  at  the  age  of  78. 

His  touch  was  light,  a6d  biii  pifcttires  highly  finished ; 
but  hia  mfanne^  was  stiff  «ad  dry^  and  bift  ohtiirte  ^asl  fre- 
qneniiy  inobri^eel.  His  nktstoapitail  paliifting  is  in  tbe  ehwrt^h 
0f  St.  Peter  at  Pefagia.  It  is  dn  altar- piece,,  tie-  subject 
of  which  is  tb^  Asoension  of  CUfist  The  disdpl<ds  artf  fbei^ 

'  represented  in  various  aimddes,  but  aii  directing  Hheir'  ey^b 
to  heaven,  and  looking  «fte#  the  L<nrd^  whv  is  suppose  U> 
have  as<:ended. ' 

PERUZZI  (BAiiDilssaR/B)^  a  paiiiter  of  history  atfd  arc'br- 
teeture^  vTas  born  in  l#81^  at  Aceiljaao^  in  the  dioc€^e  tif 

.  Voherrd,  but  In  tbe  territory  and  a  OitiM»  of  l$ieiia<  H fe 
coaimenced  bis  stadia^  as  a  paiiiterlit  Siena ;  and  wheni  hfe- 
bad  gained  a  cofaipeteet  d^ree  of  knowledgey  he  cdpi^d 
tbe  works  of  tbti  best  mfitsters^  With  a  diligt^ilice  arid  succ^isa 
that  were  equally  extraordinary.  From  Sienli  he  i^eii!it  t<^ 
Rome,  where  be  was  employed  by  the  pcipe  Aleiiander  Vl^ 

^  Julias  II.  and  Leb  Xw  in  their  palates^  aild  in  seversll  cba^ 
pels  and  contents.  He  was  particularly  sueee^fol  in  paints- 
ing  architecture ;  and  so  tompletely  undeffetood  the  pfih^ 
ctples  of  ohiaro-dscnro,  and  of  p^^rspeetive^  that  eveA 
Titian  iii  ^&id  to  have  fteeli  tbe  eflSsdta  with  surpriae^  beifig^ 
Mrdiy  able  to  believe  that  what  be  saw  wan  the  work  of  the 
pencil,  and  not  real  architecturei  His  usual  snbjedts  were 
itreets,^  palaces,  corridors^  porticoes,  ilnd  the  insides  6f 
magnificefit  apartments^  which  Jte  represented  with  a  truth 
tbat  produced  an  absolute  deception^.  He  received  some 
instructions  frbm  Braitiante^  the  architect  of  8t<  Peter's^ 

*  "  His  frescoes, "  says  Mr.  Fusel i,  ever,  was  arcbiiectur^  :  Ijomaszo  calll 

*'*  approach  the  style  of  itapliael :  such  him   ^  Arch  iter  to  Universale;'  and  as 

H  fbe  *  Jvia^farteilt  of  PaHs;*  iil  tH«  dil^  ftiwih  hi  stit>eHbi(ind^<),  fhf-  sr>the  tXthii^ 

U«  pf  ^elcard ;    and  the  eelhhraie^ ,  %hk  fabrick  of  $tw  Peter,  mri«i»ard)Bll 

Sibyl,  at  Foute  Giusta,  of.^iena,  whose  and  pitifully  paid.     With  regard' to  bis 

^   aivise  eQtbu6ia^th  hk%  fa^Vef-  b)i«h  (^«-  dfigii),  t^  '  lett<^Nf  Setti;)!,*  (oin.  XiV. 

eelled.    His  great  prerofative,  bow-  page  178." 


Z62  P  E  R  U  2  Z  I. 

and  was  himself  employed  by  Leo  X.  in  fonnihg  designs  and 
models  for  that  building.  He  was.  anfortunately  in  Rome 
.when  it  was  sacked  by  the  army,  of  Charles  V/in  1527;  and 
was  made  a  prisoner,  but  obtained  his  liberty  by  painting  a 
portrait  of  the  coiistable  de  Bourbon.  Peruzzi  died  in 
l5o6f  very  poor,  though  he  had  been  always  in  great  em« 
ploy  men  t.  They  who  were  indebted  to  him  were  not  always 
very  ready  to  pay,  and  he  was  too  modest  to  demand  his 
right,  by  \\hicfa  means  he  lost  a  great  part  of  what  he  had 
fairly  earned.  * 

PESARO.     See  CANTARINI. 

PE8SKLIER  (Charles  biEPHEN),  member  of  the  aca- 
demies of  Nancy,  of  Amiens,  of  Houen,  and  Angers,  was 
born  at  Paris  on  the  9th  of  July,  1712,  of  a  reputable 
family.  In  his  early  youth  his  progress  in  his  studies  was 
rapid.  His  assiduous  application,  his  lively  genius,  and 
jytild  demeanour,  conciliated  the  esteem  of  his  master/  and 
gained  the  friendship  of  his  juvenile  companions.  His  taste 
for  poetry  was  apparent  at  a  very  early  period  ;  but  the  de- 
signs of  his  parents  for  the  advancement  of  bis  fortune  would 
pot  permit  him  to  resign  himself  entirely  to  bis  favourite 
-pursuits,  and  he  sacrificed  in  some  degree  his  propensity  to 
their  wishes.  He  was  placed  under  M.  Rolland,  an  advo- 
cate, and  constantly  attended  to  the  regular  discharge  of 
business.  His  leisure  hours  were  devoted  to  the  Muse; 
and  he  gave  up  that  time  to  poetry,  which  by  many,  at  his 
age,  is  sacrificed  to  pleasure.  In  1738  his^^  Ecole  du 
Temps,''  a  comedy  in  verse,  was  represented  with  ap- 
plause on  the  Italian  theatre.  Encouraged  by  this  success, 
and  with  the  approbation  of  M.  Rolland,  he  produced,  in 
the  following  yeajr,  at  the  French  theatre,  his  '*  Esope  au 
Parnasse,"  a  comedy  in  verse.  The  reputatibn  of  the  young 
poet,  and  his  character  for  probity,  recommended  him  to 
M.  Lallemand  of  Bety,  a  farmer-general,  who  was  at  that 
time  forming  a  system  of  finance,  and  who  felicitated  him- 
self in  procuring  such  an  assistant,  and  in  attaching  him  to 
bis  interest.  The  occupations  incident  to  this  new  depart- 
ment were^  probably  the  causes  which  prevented  Pesselier 
from  producing  any  other  pieces  for  the  stage.  Poetry 
was,  however,  still  the  amusement  of  the  time  that  could 
be  spared  from  business.  In  1 748,  he  published  his  fables, 
and  ^mong  his  dramatic  works  appears  a  comedy,  *^I^ 

t  Pilluostooj  br  Faseli. 


P  E  S  S  E  L  I  E  R.  361 

Mascarade  du.Parnasse/'  inverse,  and  io  one  act,  which 
was  never  perforaaed. 

His  attachment  to  poetry  could  not  prevent  him  from 
dedicating  some  of  the  moments  that  could  be  spared  from 
the  labours  of  finance  to  the  elucidation  of  that  science- 
Accordingly,  be  published  the  prospectus  of  a  work  upon 
that  subj«ct»  This  publication,  exhibiting  in  one  view  a 
perfect  knowledge  and  extensive  prospects  for  the  im- 
provement of  that  necessary  resource,  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  ministry,  who  established  an  office  for  promoting 
the  plan,  and  placed  the  author  at  the  head  of  it,  with 
appointments  proportioned  to  his  talents  and  the  import-p 
mce  of  his  labours.  The  views  of  Pesselier  now  extended, 
further  than  the, operations  of  finance.  He  undertook  a 
treatise  on  the  customary  laws  of  the  kingdom,  of  which, 
however,  only  the  preliminary  discourse  appeared.  Soon 
aifterwards.  he  published  his  *^  Letters  on  Education,''  iu:. 
two  volumes  12mo. 

Incessant  application  and  a  delicate  constitution,  with 
an  extreme  vivacity  of  spirits,  probably  shortened  his  life, 
His  health  began  to  decline ;  but  he  ceased  not  from  his 
diligence.  His  attention  to  the  business  of  his  office  was 
almost  without  remission;  till,  overcome  by  fatigue,  he 
fjBll  s^k  in  November  1762,  languished  under  his  disorder 
for  six  months,  and  died  the  24th  of  April,  1 763.  ^ 

PETAU  (Denis),  perhaps  better  known  by  his  classical 
appellation  of  Dionysius  Petavius,  was  born  at  Orleans 
Aug.  21,  1583.  His  father,  Jeromb  Petau,  although  a 
merchant,  was  a  man  of  considerable  literature,  and  rather. 
more  attentive  to  matters  of  taste  than  of  commerce :  the 
consequence  of  which  was,  that  he  left  very  little  property 
to^his  children,  six  sons  and  two  daughters.  He  gave  them 
8|ll,  however^  a  learned  education ;  the  daughters  as  well 
as  the  sons  being  taught  Latin  and  Greek,  and  able  to  write 
verses  in  both  languages.  But  we  find,  that  with  all  his 
learning,  Jerome  was  a  superstitious  bigot  to  his  religion; 
which"  his  biographer,  father  Oudin,  as  warm  a  zealot  as 
himself,  says  was  at  one  time  in  danger  of  being  shaken  by 
s^me  of  his  Protestant  friends,  who  were  very  numerous  in 
QjrleanSk  Nay,  he  was,  according  to  Oudin,  about  to  re* 
nounce  Popery  altogether,  and  retire  with  his  family,  when 
ai|i  extraordinary  apcident  prevented  his  design.  A  part 
of  his  house  fell  down,  and  so  frightened  him,  that,  while 
hp  lay  buried  under  the  ruins,  be  made  a  vow,  that  if  ever 

1  Diet  Hitt.  in  tbe  last  edition  of  irbich  be  is  Mlled  Joseph* 


U4  F  E  T  A  U. 

he^^itkpeAf  h«f  would  break  oiF  alt  acquaintance  ivilb  die 
Protestants ;  and  being  dug  out  alive  and  uiiburc,  he  kept 
Mtt  tofw,  a^d  endeavou>r^  to  gWe  faw  ehiUren  thesaine 
dislike  to  the  Proie«tsint  faitb  as  be  haflk  forineriy  dtvemined 
to  give  thtm  to  tht  RomafiOatliolic. 

'  As  be  pereeif  ed  hi  bis  second  sob,  De«»is,  a  more  tban 
erdintfry  capacity,  aa  well  as  eagetnesa  for  knowtedga,  bi^ 
paid  panrtiicula/  attention  to  tbe  fidmivtioDf  of  bta  taate  amd 
the  ditection  of  hia  studies;  avid  olien  told  bioftv  <h«t  be 
flbould  lay  up  sQcb  a  fuiK^  of  kaewledge,  as  to  be  able  td 
cope  witb  <<  tbe  giant  of  tbe  AHopbylse,*'  b$  be  called  Sea^ 
liger,  whose  learning  and  works  were  of  socb  iflaportaiioif 
to  the  Protestants.  Thi9  advice  was  not  thrown  a;way  oW 
Denid,  who  studied^  with  the  greatest  diiigetice,  both  itf 
Orleanfs  and  Paris  $  an-d  when  be  caiM  to*  take  bis  degred 
cf  master  of  arts,  supfKyrted  a  thesis  in  Gre^k;  a  langu8g<^ 
Which  he  knew  as  intimately  as  Latin,  and  both  iliore  86 
than  he  knew  French.  For  two  years  be  beard  tbe  lecturetT 
t)f  tbe  most  eminent  doctors  of  tbe  Sorbonne,  \i»  his  traiie ; 
and  was  ^o  assiduous,  that  he  never  left  bis  study,  uuies# 
Ibr  the  king's  library,  where  be  wa4  permitted  to  coitsiiiti: 
tbe  vftUmble  Greek  and  Latinf  mauiiscripts.  Ab<ya€  tfaisr 
tiiYie  he  hecam6  acouainred  wifth  the  learned  Isaae  Casau-^ 
bon,  whom  Henty  lY.  bad  tavited  to  l^atis  m  1600,  and 
their  friendship  continued  until  Oa'^aoboti^'s  departure  fm^ 
England,  and,  what  hurt  P'etau  ttiost^  bi^  departure  from 
Popery,  afier  which  he  treated  him  wrth  as  much  aspeifity^ 
as  any  other  of  bis  opponents.  In  the  mean  time,  it  was  ii^ 
Consequence  of  Casaubon^s  advice,  that,  young  as  be  wAs,* 
he  undertook  to  pi'^pare  for  the  press  aA  edition  of  the 
whole  works  of  Synesius;  thiit  is,  to  eoMat^  mitnuscript 
copies,  to  translate  whitt  was  in  Gre^k,  and  to  add  e3t|Ma«^ 
liatory  notes,  fie  had  no  sooner  undertaken  this  work, 
than  he  was  promoted  to  the  professorship  of  philosopby  'm* 
the  university  of  Bourges,  when  only  in  bis  nineteeni^ti  year/ 
The  course  which  this  office  enjoined  him  to  teaeb  lasted 
two  years,  during  which  be  also  rted  the  ancient  pbilbsCN 
phers  and  mathematicians. 

In  the  second  year  of  hh  being  at  Bourges,  Frederick 
Morel,  Greek  professer  at  Paris,  brought  out  a  comfiletc/ 
edition  of  the  works  of  Dio  Chrysostom,  and  itraerted  tf 
discourse  6f  Synesius,  translated  by  Petau,  whe  waa  nof 
sorry  to  have  this  opportunity  of  sounding  tbe  taste  of  the 
j^ublic  dn  the  merits  of  his  tranalatidn.    In  the  title  ar'e  the 


P  E  T  A  IL  &65 

ffpr^B :  InUrpreU  Dianymo  Bato^  iJne  nanie  he  assuaged 
tom^  time  before  thik  Hitherto  bi$  intieniion  bad  been  to 
enter  the  church ;  AQd  he  was  already  subdeacon,  and  had 
baen  {preferred  to^aci^aonry  in  the  cathedral  of  Orleans. 
He  had  never  yet  $een  the  Jesuits ;  hut  having  become 
adquaittted  with  tbe  natutfe  of/their  order,  when  at  Bourges, 
partly  froin  inolination,  .and  partly  from  the  pePBuasions  of 
the  learned  Fionto  DucflBUs,  he  entered  as  a  noviciate 
among  them  at  Nancy,  in  June  1^5,  After  two  years  of 
pgobalion,  be  studied  for  two  years  longer  .at  the  college  of 
Pont^a-Monssoni'tben  very  flourbdung.  Thence  be  was  sent 
to  Biieimii,  where,  for  <thcee  years,*  he  taught  rhetoric* 
In  16 ID,  he  did  the  hoaOuKSiof  the  college  at. the  consecra- 
tion of  Louis  XIIL 

Notwithstanding  these  employments,  .andthe  p?oducttoa 
of  some  occasionaT  pieces  in  prose  and  verse,  which  they 
required,  he  was  enabled  to  publish  his  edition  of  Syne* 
sius  in  161J2 ;  but,  as  he  .was  absent  fromtthe  press,  it  suf* 
fered  much  by  the  carelessness  and  ignorance  of  the  prints 
frs;  and  even  the. second  edition,  of  L631,  retains  a  great 
many  of  the  ecrors  of  the  first  It  gave  the  learned,  how- 
ei^er,  an  opportunity  of  knowing  what  was  to  be  expected 
f«om  the  talents,  diligence,  and  learning,  of  father  Petau  ; 
and  they  entertained  .hopes  which  were  not  .disappointed. 
I>ariqg  the  years  1613,  .16,14,  and  1615,  he  taught  rhetoric 
in  the  cpllege.of  JLa:Fldche,  inAnjou;  and,  in  the  (irst  of 
these  years,  he  .published  some  works  of  the  emperor  Ju* 
lian,  which  had  thitherto  remained  in  MS.  «and  announced 
his  intention  of  publishing  an  edition  of  Themistius,  the 
Greek  orator  and  sophist.  In  1614,  when  the  college  of 
La  Fi^che  .was  .visited  by  Louis  XIH.  with  the  queen  mo- 
ther and  the  whole  court,  he  contributed  many  of  the 
complimentary  tvecses  on  the  occasion ;  which,  as  we  shall 
notice,  were  afterwards  published.  In  |he  mean  time,  he 
undertook  an  edition  of  Nicephorus's  historical  abridg- 
ment, wbidi  bad  never  been  printed  either  in  Greek  or 
Latin.  In.  this  he  -was  assisted  .with  the  copy  of «  valuable 
manuscript,  which  father  Sirmond  sent'to  him  from  Rome. 
In.  1617, tl^  Biblical  professor  of  La  Flfiche  being  removed 
to  another  charge,  Petau  supplied  his  place,  until  cdlled  to 
Paris. by  order  of  iiis  superiors,  ^to  be  professor  of  rhetoric: 
It;was>aliaut.this  time  that  he  was  attacked  by  that  violent 
fever,  which  he  has  so  well  described  in  his  poem  entitled 
'':Soteria;*'.a.circnmstance  scarcely  worth  mentioning,  if 


/ 


8186  P  E  t  A  d. 

it  had  not  been  connected  wiih  an  instance  of  superstuiolU/ 
which  AiewB  that  his  father's  prejudices  had  acquired  p'Os- 
session  of  his  mind.  During  this  fever,  and  when  in^appa* 
rent  danger,  his  biographer  tells  us,  be  made  a  vbw  to  St. 
Genevieve,  and  the  fever  left  him.  The  object  of  his  vow 
was  a  tribute  of  poetical  thanks  to  his  patroness  and  d^ti- 
verer.  In  order  to  perform  this  as  it  ought  to  be  performed^ 
.be  waited  until  his  mind  had  recovered  its  tone ;  but  he 
waited  too  long,  and  the  fever  seized  him  again,  as  a  re- 
membrance of  his  neglect.  Again,  however,  St.  Gene^ 
vieve  restored  him;  and,  that  ae  might  not  hazard  her 
displeasure  any  more,  he  published  his  ^<  Soteriay"  in  16 1 9^, 
which  the  connoisseurs  of  that  time  thought  his  dkefd^critore 
in  poetry ;  and  his  biographer  adds,  that  *^  it  is  in  Virgit 
only  we  can  find  lines  so  completely  Virgilian." 

The  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in  performing  the 
several  o6kes  of  his  order,  or  iif  those  publications,  a 
list  of  which  mil  prove  the  magnitude  of  his  labour^, 
tie  died  at  Paris,  December  11,  1652,  in  the  sixty* 
ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  seems,  by  the  general'consent, 
not  only  of  the  learned  men  of  his  communion,  but  of 
many  Protestants,  to  have  been  one  of  the  greatest  scho^- 

*  lars  the  Jesuits  can  boast :  and  would  have  appeared  in  the 
eyes  of  posterity  as  deserving  of  the  highest  character,  had 
not  his  turn  for  angry  controversy  disgra<ied  his  style,  and 
shown,  that  with  all  his  learning  and  acuteoess,  he  did  not 
rise  superior  to  the  bigotry  of  his  time.  We  have  a  striking 
instance  of  this,  in  his  connection  with  Grotius.  He  had, 
at  first,  such  a  good  opinion  of  that  illustrious  writer,  as  to 
think  him  a  Roman  Catholic  in  heart ;  and  on  his  death, 
said  a  mass  for  his  soul;  but  some  time  after,  writing  to 
cardinal  Barberini,  he  uses  these  remarkable  words:  *^ I 
had  some  connection  with  Hugo  Grotius,  and  IttishI  could 
say  he  is  now  happy  /" 

The  catalogue  of  the  works  of  Petau  aflbrds  an  uncom* 

^mon  proof  of  diligence;  for  we  are  assured,  that  besfdes 
the  labour  of  composing,  compiling,  &c.  he  transcribed 
every  thing  with  his  own  hand  for  the  press,  and  employed 
no  amanuensis  or  reader  to  assist  him.  Among  his  works 
are:  I.  ^^Synesii  Dio,  vel  de  ipsius  vits  instituco,'*  men* 
iioned  already  as  published  in  MorePs  edition  of  St.  Chry* 
sostom.  2;  *^  Panegyricus  Ludovico  XIII.  Francias  et  Na^* 
varrsB  regi,  &c;  in  natalemi  diem,"  &c.  1610,  12mol 
^,  <^  De  laudibus  Henrici  magni  carmen/' &c;  1610,  410*. 


y 


P  E  T  A  U.  »«* 

4«'*Oratio  de  laudibus  Henrtci  magni,**  Rheintsi^  }€H^ 
4to.  5.  <^Sjrfiesii  Opera/' Paris,  1612— 1633,  3  vols,  fo- 
lio. 6.  /<  Juliani  imperatoris  orationes  tres  panegyricae/* 
FlexiflB  (La  FiSche),  1613,  8vo.  7.  ^^Themistii  Orationes 
aeptemdecim.  Gr.  Lat''  ibid.  1613,  8vo.  8.  <' Tragjoedia^ 
Qarthaginieusets'*  ibid.  1614,  8to,  a  tragedy  in  the  manner 
of  Seneca,  which  it  was  then  the  fashion  to  imitate.. 
0.  *'  Pompa  regia  Ludovici  XIII."  &c.  a  collection  of  the 
complimentary  verses  on  the  royal  visit  to  La  FlSchCj  men* 
tioned  before,  1614,  4ta  10.  ^^  Nicephori  Breviarium 
Historicum,''  Gr.  et  Lat."  Paris,  1616,  8vo.  11.  "The- 
mistii,  cognomento  Suad®,  orationes  novemdecim,  Gr.  et- 
Lat.''  ibid.  1618,  4to.  12.  *<  Soteria  ad  S.  Genovefam/' 
ibid.  1619, 4to,  his  votive  poem  to  St.  Genevieve.  13.  Ano- 
ther, in  praise  of  the  same  saint,  *^  Panegyricus  in  S.  Ge* 
neveftim,''  ibid.  1619,  4to.  14.  "  D.  Petavii  Orationes,'* 
ibid.  1620,  1622,  1624,  8vo,  15.  <<  D.  P^tayii  O^emPoe-* 
tica,"  ibid.  jL621,  8vo,  reprinted  at  l^t  three  times.  16. 
^^  Office  de  S.  Genevieve,"  ibid.  1621,  16mo.  17.  Epiphanil 
Opera  o^mia,"  ibid.  1622,  2  vols,  folio,  reprinted  at  Co« 
logn  1682.  In  April  following  the  publication  of  this  work, 
Salmasius  took  ocicasion  to  attack  Petau,  in  his  edition  of 
the  ^^  Pallio"  of  Tertallian,  and  certainly  not  in  very  re- 
spectful language.  Petau's  biographer  says  he  ought  to 
have  taken  no  notice  of  such  an  atltack, .  9s  in  that  case  his 
silence  would  have  completely  disconcerted  Salmasius,  a 
man  who  could  not  exist  without  a  quarrel  with  some  con- 
temporary;  or,  at  all  events,  Petau  should  have  been  con- 
tent with  a  short  answer  to  such  an  opponent.  Perhaps 
Petau  might  have  been  of  this  opinion,  if  he  bad  not  con- 
sidered that  Salmiisius  was  a  Protestant,  and  regarded  by 
Protestants  as  the  man  who  would  one  day  supply  the  loss 
^f  Joseph  Scaliger ;  and  he  was  not  therefore  sorry  to  have 
this  opportunity,  not  only  to  defend  himself  against  Sal** 
masius,  but  to  attack  him  in  his  turn.  He  published,  a<:<* 
cordingly,  I84  <<  AnimadversioUum  Uber,''  under  the  ficti** 
tiotts  name  of  Antonius  Kerkoetiqs  Aremoricus,  and  the 
fictitious  place  of  >*  Rhedonis  apud  Yvonem  Halecium," 
i.  e.  *^  Parisiis,  apud  Sebast  Cramoisy,"  1622,  8vo.  This 
brought  on  an  angry  controversy,  in  which  Salmasius  cer- 
tainly had  some  advantages,  from  his  superior  knowledge 
of  the  manner  of  handling  the  weapons  of  controversy ; 
and  perhaps  we  may  be  permitted  to  say,  from  his  having 
the  better  cause  to  support*    Petau^s  pamphlets,  oa  .w$ 


$««  !»  5  T.A  tr: 

cpsi^o^  were  eotieled  ^  MastigMipbcv'^^''  «|id  i^cmifMul  <tf 
three,  and  a  ^supplemen^  publi^lved  4a  l.@$#  imd  ^634. 
-^But  .ij^e  iifistea  lo  bis  more  impontooA  .^facpBologiQal 
woriu,  wbioby  of  ali  others,  fMresevrvve  .^U  i^fspnAily  M^  .Qiic 
times :  Id.  ^*  Opus  de  docirina  Tempofiuoii^'  Pmh  I  ^^If 
2  ^ois.  folio,  jrepriuted,  wuh  additions  &otn  )ii^  awa  pop^^, 
AmibL  1708,  folio.  20.  ^^  (UranoLogion,  :sive  sy^ema  .var 
noruREi  author  urn,  qui  de  spbsra  ac  Mderl!>i>^>  eQjruinquA 
motibiis  Gtmot  oooiiiientati  tsuni/^  ibid*  163Q,  fc^i^^'*  ia^ 
teoded  as  a  sapplement  to  vhis  ^  Dpctriiia  temporim  T*  lo 
which  an  xjtdditioiin^l  volume  was  published,  wi^b  idi^serta^ 
dons  fron  the  MSS.  of  Petau  apd  Sirmood,  io  X7P?,  folio* 
21.  ^^TabuiiB  CbrooologicsB  Regum,  Dyn^tarpoa,  JJrbium, 
&c.  d  mundo  coadito,  &c/.&c.^'  ibid.  l^2Ay  qd  large 
sheets,  and  ofteQ  seprinted :  4he  best  edition  is  (that  of  . 
Vesel,  il902.  22.  <^  Rationarium  TeinpQruai,'V  ibid..  1633, 
12ino.>ihe  best  liDown  and  most  useful  of  ^11  bis  ^orks,  »nd 
long  the  standard  book  in  all  .sc^min^ries.andpriii^ate  libra- 
vies,  /or  chronology  and  history.  It  was  consequently 
often  ^rej^nted^  inipvoved,  and  enlarged,  notiMoly  by  the 
author,  but  >by  various  ptber  .editonn.  There.arie  two  edi-» 
tions,  pointed  at  Ley  den  in  1724  and  1745,  2  a^ols.  H$;o, 
wluch  are  said  to  ibe  the  .best;.  Besides  these,  and  many 
ocber  work&of.ioferioriimportaBoe  enumemted  by  his  bio« 
grapher,  ^Petan  published  a  considerable  number  of  theo^ 
logical  pieces,  which  have  sunk  into  oblivion,  except  per- 
haps bis  ^  Theologica  dogmata,''  Paris,  1644,  5  Fols.  folio;  . 
reprinted 'Dftore  correctly  at  Antwerp,  i70Q,  3  voU.  fplio. 
Of  this  work,  B^yle  has  observed,  that  Petavius  did:  the 
(Socinians  ^eat  service,  t;bough  unsArares,  andagainat.his 
intentions ;  and  quotes  the  following  passage  from  the 
*<  Lettres  Choisi^^'  of  Mr.  Simon :  *^  If  there  be  any  thing 
to  censure  in  Petavius's  works,  it  is  chie^  in  the  .second 
tome  of  hi|3  *f  Dogmata  Tbeologica,.'  .in. which  he  i|e)dms  to 
favour  the  Arians.  It  is  true,  that  he  softened  thqse  pasr 
sages  in  bis  preface ;  but  as  the  body  of  the  work  coptinuea 
entire,  and  the  preface,  whichis an. excellent  piece,  oarae 
afterwards,  it  has  not  eqtirely  prevented  the  hfirni. which 
that  book  is  like  to  do,  at  this  time,  when,  the  i^Wi Unitarians 
boast,  that  father  Petavius  declared  fpr  theiB.^'  BayW 
tbiiiks  he  has  resolved  this,  by  infprming  us. that  Petaviusfs 
original  design,  in  the  second  volume  of : his* ^fDc^^mata 
Theologica,"  wsus,  to  r^resent  ingenuously  die  doiftruie 
of  the  three -first  centuries.    Having  no  particular  system 


P  E^  A^j  .        3#^ 

i(i  defend,  he'  did  not  disguise  the  opinions  of  the  fathers  f 
but  acknowledged  that  some  of  them  entertained  false  andf 
absurd  notions  concerning  the  Trinity.  All  this,  however^ 
either  from  fear,  or  upon  better  consideration,  he  re« 
tracted,  and  published  a  ^^  Preface,'*  in  which  he  laboured 
solely  to  assert  the  orthodoxy  of  the  fathers.  The  **  Dog-^ 
mata  Theologica  of  Petavius/'  says  Gibbon,  '^  is  a  work  of 
incredible  labour  and  compass :  the  volumes  which  relate 
solely  to  the  incarnation  (two  folios  of  837  pages)  are  divi- 
ded into  sixteen  books  i  the  first  of  history,  the  remainder  of 
controversy  and  doctrine*"  "  The  Jesuit's  learning,'*  adds 
oar  infidel  historian,  *^  is  copious  and  correct :  his  Latinity 
is  pure,  his  method  clear,  bis  argument  profound  and  well 
connected :  but  he  is  the  slave  of  the  fathers,  the  scourge 
of  heretics,  and  the  enemy  of  truth  and  candour,  as  often 
as  they  are  inimical  to  the  Catholic  cause.'^ 

PETER  CHRYSOLOGUS  (St.),  an  eminent  prelate  of 
the  fifth  century,  and  called  Chrysologus  from  his  elo- 
quence, was  descended  of  a  noble  family,  and  bom  at 
Imola,  then  called  Forum  Cornelii.  After  a  suitable  edu- 
cation, he  was  elected  archbishop  of  Ravenna,  about  the 
year  433,  and  was  mtich  celebrated  for  his  virtue  and  his 
eloquence.  He  died  about  the  year  45  U  Tbefe  are  l26 
sermons  or  homilies  of  his  in  the  library  of  the  fathers,  in 
which  he  unites  perspicuity  with  brevity ;  their  style  iai 
concise  and  elegant,  but  not  unmixed  with  quaintnesses* 
Father  d'Acheri  has  published  in  his  "  Spicilegium,"  five 
other  sermons  written  by  him  ;  and  in  St.  Peter's  works,  is 
bis  answer  to  Eutyches,  who  had  written  to  him  in  the  year 
449,  complaining  of  St  Flavianus  of  Constantinople,  ia 
which  he  defends  the  orthodox  faith,  and  refers  Eutyches 
tb  the  excellent  letter  sent  by  St.  Leo  to  Flavianus,  which 
teaches  what  is  to  be  believed  concerning  the  mystery  of 
the  incarnation.  The  best  edition  of  St.  Peter  Chrysologus 
'  is  that  printed  at  Augsburg,  1758,  folio.' 

PETER  DE  Blois,  or  Petrus  Blesensis,  one  of  the 
most  learned  and  celebrated  writers  of  the  twelfth  century^ 
studied  at  Paris  and  Bologna,  and  was  appointed  preceptor 
find  secretary  to  William  IL  king  of  Sicily,  and  afterwards 
was  invited  into  England  by  Henry  II.  who  made  him  arch« 

>Life  by  Oudho,  in  Nioeron,  vol.  XXXVII. '^  Batesii  Vit»  Setectonini 
VironiiD.— Dopio.^Burigny's  Life  of  Grotios.  —  Gibboo's  Hiatory.  —  Saiii 
OoomaslicoD. 

«  Care,  toI.  I.-»Dapin«— Saxii  Onomaat. 

Vox.  XXIV,  B  B 


deacon  of  Bath,  but  permitted  him  to  reside  netir  Ricbi^d^' 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  whose  chancellor  he  was.    Peter 
de  Blois  lost  this  archdeaconry  towards  tiie  end  of  his  life, 
and  had  that  of  London,  where  it  is  said  he  laboured  much 
-for  little  profit.     He  died  in  1200>  in  England.     There  are* 
some  letters^  sermons^  and  other  works  of  bis,  in  the  library ' 
^  of  the  fathers,  in  which  he  strongly  condemns  the  abuses 
^nd  disorders  which  then  reigned  in  the  church.     He  ia 
said  to  have  been  the  first  who  used  the  word  transubstan- 
tiation^  to  express  the  doctrine  of  the  Romish  church  on 
the  subject  of  the  eucharist.  The  best  edition  of  this  author 
is  by  Peter  de  Gussanville,  1667,  folio.' 

PETER  CoMBSTOR,  or  the  Eater,  a  celebrated  writer 
in  the  twetfth  century^  was  born  at  Troyes,  of  which  city* 
he  was  canon  and  dean,  afterwards  chancellor  of  the  church 
of  Paris.  These  benefices  he  resigned  to  enter  as  a  regu* 
lar  canon  of  St.  Victor  at  Paris,  where  he  died  in  October 
1198,  leaving  a  work  entitled  '^  Scholastica  historia  super: 
Nov.  Test.'^  which  contains  an  abridgment  of  the  sacred 
history,  from  Genesis  to  the  Acts,  first  printed  at  Utrecht 
in  1473,  small  folio,  and  reprinted  at  Vienna  in  the  same- 
year^  and  several  times  since.  He  dedicated  this  work  to 
cardinal  William  de  Champagne,  archbishop  of  Sen^.  He 
is  the  author  likewise  of  *^  Sermons,"  published  by  Bus^e, 
under  the  name  of  Peter  de  Blois,  1600,  4to;  and  a  *f  Ca* 
lena  temporum/'  or  universal  history,  is  attributed  to  hiin» 
which  was  printed  at  Lubec,  1475,  2  vols,  folio,  and  trans- 
lated in  French  under  the  title  of  **  Mer  des  Histoixes^^' 
JParis,  1488,  2  vols,  folio.' 

PETER  DE  CLUGNY,  or  PETER  the  Venerable^. 
s  native  of  Auvergne,  descended  from  the  family  oC  the 
counts  Maurice,  or  de  Montbois^ier,  took  the.  monk^s  habit 
at  Clugny^  was  made  prior  of  Vezelay,  afterwards  abbot^ 
and  general  of  hi&  order  in  1121,  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
eight.  He  revived  monastic  discipline  in  the  abbey  of 
Clugny>  apd  received  pope  Innpcent  II.  there  in  1130. 
He  opposed  the  errors  of  Peter  de  Bruys  and  Heiiry»  and* 
died  in  his  abbey,  December  24,  1156.  We  have  six 
books  of  his  letters,  with  several  other  works  of  very  little, 
consequence,  in  the  ^' Library  of  Clugny,^^  and  some  ho* 
milies  in  Martenne's  ^'  Thes.  Anecd.'*  That  so  ignorant 
and  trifling  a  writer  should  have  been  honoured  with  the. 

■   * 

1  Cave,  YoL  IL— -Pupift.  .  '  Cave,  yoI.  Il.*-Diip:n.— .Diet  Hiit^ 


tttlte  of  Venerable,  is  a  strong  miirk  of  the  low  state  of  re^^ 
tfgious  knowledge  at  that  time.  In  these  his  works  he  takes* 
great  pains  to  vindicate  the  manners  and  customs  of  hiff 
monastery,  &ind  appears  to  place  the  essence  of  Christianity 
in  frivolous  punctilios  and  insignificant  ceremonies.  It 
was  be,  however,  who  received  the  celebrated  Abelard  in 
his  afflictions  with  great  humanity^  and  who  consoled  Eloisa 
after  his  death,  by  sending  to  her,  at  her  request,  the  form 
of  Abelard's  absolution,  which  she  inscribed  on  his  se- 
pulchre.* 

PETER  THE  GliEAT,  cxar  of  Russia,  who  civilized  that 
nation,  and  raised  it  from  ignorance  and  barbarism,  to  po-i* 
liteness,  knowledge,  and  power,  a  man  of  p,  wonderful  com- 
position  and  character,  was  bom  the  30th  of  May,  1672^ 
and  was  son  of  the  czar  Alexis  Michaelowitz  by  a  second 
wife.  Alexis  dying  in  1672,  Feodor,  or  Theodore,  bis 
eldest  son  by  his  first  wife,  succeeded  to  the  throne,  and 
died  in  1682.  Upon  his  decease,  Peter,  though  but  ten' 
,  years  of  age,  was  proclaimed  czar,  to  the  exclusion  of  John; 
his  elder  brother,  who  was  of  a  weak  body,  and  a  weaken 
mind.  The  strelitzes,  who  were  the  established  guard  of 
the  czars,  as  thejanisaries  are  of  the  grand  seigniors,  madei 
an  insurrection  in  favour  of  John,  at  the  instigation  of  thet 
princess  Sophia,  who,  being  own  sister  to  John,  hoped^ 
perhaps,  to  be  sole  regent,  since  John  was  incapable  of 
acting ;  or  at  least  to  enjoy  a  greater  share  of  authority 
under  John,  than  if  the  power  was  lodged  solely  in  her 
half-brother  Peter.  The  matter,  however,  was  at  lastcom-^ 
promised ;  and  it  was  agreed,  that  the  two  brothers  should 
jointly  share  the  imperial  dignity.  The  Russian  education 
was,  at  that  time,  like  the  country,  barbarotis,  so  thelt  Pe* 
ter  had  no  advantages ;  and  the  princess  Sophia,  who,  with 
considerable  talents,  was  a  woman  of  great  ambition  and 
intrigue,  took  all  imaginable  pains  to  stifle  bis  natural  de** 
sire  of  knowledge,  to  deprave  and  corrupt  bis  mind,  and  to 
debase  and  enervate  him  with  pleasures.  Yet  his'  abhor-' 
rence  of  pageantry,  and  love  of  military  exercises,  dtsco<^ 
tered  itself  in  his  tenderest  yeats ;  and,  to  gratify  this  in** 
clination,  he  formed  a  company  of  fifty  men,  commanded 
by  foreign  officers,  and  clothed  and  exercised  after  the' 
German  manner.  He  entered  himself  among  them  in  tb« 
lowest  post,  and  performed  the  duties  of  it  with  the  utmost 

*  Cave,  y^,  II.«**]>apii».— Mitnn't  Cbttreb  Hiit0nr, 

p  B  2 


373  1^  E  T  E  R. 

diligence*  tie  ordered  them  entirely  to  forget  that  he  Wa» 
c:Qar»  and  paid  the  utmost  deference  and  submission  to  the 
<!ibaimanding  officers.  He  lived  upon  his  pay  only,  and 
lay  in  a  tent  in  the  rear  of  his  company.  He.  was  some 
time  after  raised  to  be  a  serjeant,  but  only  as  he  was  en<- 
^tled  to  it  by  his  merit ;  for  he  would  have  punished  his 
^oldiersi  bad  they  discovered  the  least  partiality  in  his 
favour :  and  he  never  rose  otherwise,  than  as  a  soldier  of 
fortune.  The  strelitzes  looked  upon  all  this  as  the  amuse- 
ment of  a  young  prince :  but  the  czar,  who  saw  they  were 
too  formidable,  and  entirely  in  the  interest  of  the  princess 
Sophia,  bad  secretly  a  design  of  crushing  them ;  which  hsi 
wisely  thought  could  not  be  better  effected,  than  by  se-« 
curing  to  himself  a  body  of  troops,  more  strictly  disci- 
plined, and  on  whose  fidelity  he  could  more  fully  rely. 

At  the  same  time,  he  had  another  project  in  view,  of 
vast  importance,  and  most  difficult  execution.  The  sight 
of  a  small  Dutch  vessel,  which  he  had  met  with  on  a  lake, 
where  it  lay  us^eless  and  neglected,  made  a  wonderful  im- 
pression on  his  mind,  and  he  conceived  thoughts  of  forming 
a  navy;  a  design,  which  probably  then  seeo^ed  next  to 
impossible,  even,  to  himself^.  His  first  care  was  to  get 
Hollanders  to  build  some  small  vessels  at  Moscow,  and 
afterwards  four  frigates,  of  four  guns  each,  on  the  lake  of 
Pereslave.  He  had  already  tauo^ht  them  to  combat  one 
another ;  and  in  order  to  instruct  himself  in  naval  affairs, 
lie  passed  two  summers  successively  on  board  English  or 
Dutch  ships,  which  set  out  from  Archangel.  In  1696,  the 
czar  John  died,  and  Peter  became  sole  master  of  the  em- 
pire. He  began  his  reign  with  the  siege  of  Asoph,  then  ia 
the  hands  of  the  Turks,  but  did  not  take  it  till  1697.  He 
had  already  sent  for  Venetians,  to  build  gallies  on  the  river 
I)on,  which  might  shut  up  the  mouth  of  that  river,  and 
prevent  the  Turks  from  relieving  the  place.  This  gave 
him  a  stronger  idea  than  ever,  of  the  importance  and  ne- 
cessity of  a  naval  force ;  yet  he  could  have  none  but  fo- 
reign ships,  none  at  least  but  what  he  was  obliged  to  em- 
ploy foreigners  in  building.  He  was  desirous  of  surmount^ 
ing  these  disadvantages^  but  the  affairs  he  projected  were 

<     *  See   '*  An  Account  of  the  Rise  printed  in  the  leeond  volame  of  V.Tbt 

and  Naval  Poorer  of  Russia,  or,  the  .  Present  State  and  Regulations  of  the 

•tory  of  the   little  Boat  which  gave  Church  of  Ruifia.'*    ByTho^Coniett 

rise  to  the  Russian  Fleet,"  said  to  be  M.  A. 
^vritten  by  the  caar  Pet«r  himselfj  and 


P  E  T  E  It  S73 

ef  too  new  and  singular  a  nature  to  be  so  much  as  con- 
sidered in  his  council,  nor  were  they  proper  to  be  coaimu« 
nicated.  He  resolved  therefore  singly  to  manage  this 
bold  undemaking;  with  which  view,  in  1698,  he  sent  an 
embassy  to  Holland,  and  went  himself  incognito  in  the 
retinue.  He  entered  himself  in  the  India  admiralty-office 
at  Amsterdam,  caused  himself  to  be  inrolled  in  the  list  of 
ship-carpenters  ;  and  worked  in  the  3rard  with  greater  assi- 
duity than  any  body  there.  His  quality  was  known  to  all ; 
and  he  was  pointed  at  with  a  sort  of  veneration.  King^ 
William,  who  was  then  in  Holland,  paid  him  all  the  respect 
that  was  due  to  his  uncommon  qualities ;  and  the  czar^s 
disguise  freed  him  from  that  which  was  merely  ceremonious 
and  troublesome.  The  czar  worked  with  such  success,  as 
in  a  little  time  to  pass  for  a  good  carpenter ;  and  afterwards 
studied  the  proportions  of  a  ship.  He  then  wept  into  Eng- 
land ;  where,  in  four  months,  he  made  himself  a  complete 
master  in  the  art  of  ship-building,  by  studying  the  princi- 
ples of  it  mathematically,  which  he  had  no  opportunity  of 
learning  in  Holland.  In  England  he  met  with  a  second ' 
reception  from  king  William ;  who,  to  make  him  a  present 
agreeable  to  his  taste,  and  which  might  serve  as  a  model  of 
the  art  he  was  so  very  desirous  to  learn,  gave  him  a  magni- 
ficent yacht.  He  carried  with  him  from  England  several 
English  ship-builders  and  artificers,  among  whom  was  one 
f^hose  name  was  Noy ;  but  the  czar  took  also  upon  him- 
self the  title  of  a  master-builder,  and  was  pleased  to  sub- 
mit to  the  conditions  of  that  character.  Thus  he  and  Noy 
received  orders  from  the  lord  high  admiral  of  Russia,  to 
build  each  of  them  a  man  of  war ;  and,  in  compliance  with 
that  order,  the  czar  gave  the  first  proof  of  his  art.  tie 
never  ceased  to  pursue  it,  but  had  always  a  ship  Upon  the 
stocks ;  and,  at  his  death,  left  one  of  the  largest  ships  in 
Europe  half-built. 

'  During  the  czar^s  absence,  the  princess  Sophia^  being 
uneasy  under  her  confinement,  and  meditating  to  regain 
that  liberty  which  she  had  forfeited  by  former  insurrections^ 
found  means  to  correspond  with  the  strelitzes,  who  were 
now  quartered  at  a  distance  from  Moscow,  and  to  instigate 
them  tb  a  third  rebellion  in  her  favour.  The  news  of  this 
obliged  him  to  hasten  home :  and,  arriving  at  Moscow 
about  the  end  of  1699,  he  executed  terrible  vengeance 
iipon  the  ringleaders  ;  yet  took  no  other  satisfaction  of  his 
Blister  the  princessy  than  by  continuing  her  confinement  in 


574  P  E  T  E  B, 

the  nunnery,  and  hanging  up  the  priest,  who  had  carried 
her  lettiers,  on  a  gallows  before  her  window.  In  1 700,  be 
got  together  a  hody  of  standing  forces,  consisting  of  thirty 
thousand  foot;  and  now  the  vast  project  which  he  haq 
JFormed  began  to  display  itself  in  all  parts.  He  first  sent, 
the  chief  nobility  of  his  empire  into  foreign  countries,  ta 
improve  themselves  in  knowledge  and  learning :  he  opened 
his  dominions,  which  till  then  had  been  shut  up,  and  in* 
yited  all  strangers  who  were  capable  of  instructing  his  sub* 
jects ;  apd  he  gave  the  kindest  recept^qn  to  all  (and  andi. 
sea  Queers,  sailors,  mathematicians,  architect,  miners^ 
'porkers  in  metals,  physicians,  surgeons,  and  indeed  open 
rators  and  artificers  of  every  kind,  who  would  settle  iu  hi^ 
^dominions.  In  the  ipean  time,  h^  had  to  do  with  a  dullj, 
heavy,  untoward  people ;  so  that  it  is  no  wqn^er,  that  pro« 
ceedipgs  sp.new  and  strange  should  raise  many  discontenta 
fmd  tumults,  and  it  was  sometimes  almost  i[mpossible  with 

,»  ^11  bis  power,  to  suppress  them* 

^  One  very  singular  reason,  on  which  these  discootenta 

^were  grounded,  was,  that  the  Russians  considered  gran* 
deur  and  superiority,  the  czar's  greiit  object,  in  no  other 
light  than  as  a  power  of  doing  evil.  In  1700,  being 
strengthened  by  an  alliance  with  August^$  king  of  Poland, 
he  made  war  upon  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden ;  from  cooti<* 
.  nuing  which,  he  w^s  not  deterred  by  the  ill  success  of  ht9 
first  campaigns  :  for  he  ysed  to  say,  ^*  I  know  that  my  ar«r 
xnics  n^ust  ^e  oyercomf  fo^  a  great  while ;  but  even  thia 
will  at  last  te^ch  them  to  conqu^^.^'  Afterwards,  howeverji 
he  gained  considerable  advantages  in  t.iYQni^  apd  Ing^ia^i 
provinces  subject  to  the  Swedes.  His  acquisition^  here 
were  so  important,  that  tbey  induced  him  to  build  a  for- 
tress, whose  port,  situated  on  the  Baltic,  might  be  large 
f^nough  to  receive  a  fleet;  and  iiccordingly,  in  1703,  bc^ 
laid  the  foundation  of  Petersburgh,  now  one  of  the  strongeat 
pities  in  Europe,  which  wi^s  to  him  what  Alexandria  was  to 
Alexander.  He  waged  war  with  the  Swedes  for  several 
years,  and,  without  ever  gaining  any  considerable  advan- 
tage, was  frequently  most  miserably  heat  by  them.  But 
firmness  of  mind  and  perseverance  were  qualities  pecu«* 
liarly  eminent  in  him ;  and  therefore  at  length,  ip  1 7Q9| ' 
he  obtained  a  complete  victory  over  them  in  his  own  domi- 
nions, at  Pultowa.  A  great  part  of  the  Swedish  army  weve 
pade  prisoners.  The  Swedish  generals  who  were  takeq 
'jpex^  constantly  entertained  at  his  own  table  ^  and  one  daji 


1*  E  T  E  It:  575 

ttrbeti  he  had  drunk  a  health  to  his  masters  who  had  in- 
Uructed  him  in  the  art  of  war,  count  Rinschild,  a  chief 
officer  among  the  prisoners,  asked  him,  ^^  Who  they  were 
whom  he  honoured  with  so  glorious  a  title  ?"  ^*  Yourselves, 
gentlemen,'*  said  he.  "  Your  majesty  is  very  ungrateful 
then,**  replied  the  count,  *^  to  have  so  beaten  your  masters.'' 
Upon  which  the  czar,  to  niake  them  some  reparatioti,  for 
this  ingratitude,  immediately  gave  orders  that  their  swords 
should  be  returned  them ;  and  treated  them  with  the 
greatest  generosity  and  goodness.  Nea^r  3000  Swedish 
officers,  however,  were  dispersed  up  and  down  his  domi- 
nions, and  particularly  in  Siberia,  a  country  of  vast  ex- 
lent,  and  running  as  far  as  China  ;  and,  havihg  little  pro- 
fpeot  of  returning  to  Sweden,  they  soon  formed  a  kind  of 
colony,  and  began  to  apply  themselves  to  the  various  pro- 
fessions with  which  they  were  acquainted.  Thus  they  for- 
warded the  czar's  great  purpose,  in  polishing  an^  civilizing 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  country;  and  many  arts, 
which^  although  established  at  Moscow  and  Petersbiirgh, 
might  not  have  reached  Siberia  a  long  tkne,  were  thus  sud«' 
ilenly  established  there. 

)  In  the  mean  time,  Petersburgh  ha,d  risen  into  a  large 
and  powerful  city ;  and  the  king  of  Sweden  having  been 
obliged  to  fly  from  Pultowa  to  Bender  in  the  Turkish  do- 
minions for  refuge,  the  czar  availed  himself  of  his  absence, 
,by  making  a  complete  conquest  of  Livonia  and  ingria ;  to 
which  he  added  Finland,  and  a  part  of  Pomerania*  The 
Turks  having  broken  a  truce  they  had  concluded  with  him,; 
he  was  inclosed  by  their  army  in  1712,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Pruth  ;  and  that  in  so  disadvantageous  a  situation,  that 
he  seemed  to  be  inevitably  lost.  While  the  army  wa& 
under  great  consternation,  the  czarina  Catherihe  projected 
an  expedient  for  its  deliverance.  She  sent  to  negociate 
with  the  grand  vizir,  and  let  him  privately  know,  th^^t  a 
great  sum  of  money  was  at  his  service :  he  was  ten»pted, 
add  the  czar's  prudence  completed  the  work.  To  per-^^ 
petuate  the  memory  of  this  event,  he  caused  the  czarina 
to  institute  the  order  of  St.  Catherine,  of  which  she  was 
declared  sovereign,  and  into  which  none  but  women  were 
to  be  admitted.  The  king  of  Sweden  having  at  last  quitted 
the  Turkish  dominions,  in  1713,  the  czar  found  this  for- 
midable enemy  advancing  to  oppose  him  :  but  he  was  now 
strengthened  by  an  alliance  with  the  king  of  Denmark.  He- 
^ried  the  waur  into  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  which  was  vx 


.1 


376  PETER. 

alliance  with  the  Swedes ;  and,  in  17 14|  obtained  over  them 
a  victory  at  sea,  near  the  coasts  of  Finland,  upon  which  he 
entered  triumphantly  with  his  fleet  into  the  haven  of  Pe- 
tersburgh. 

All  tliis  while  he  continued  his  pursuits  after  all  kinds  of 
knowledge.  He  caused  his  engineers  to  draw  the  plan  o( 
every  city,  and  to  take  designs  of  all  the  different  machines 
which  he  had  not  in  hisiown  cpuntry.  He  instructed  him- 
self in  husbandry,  and  in  all  sorts  of  trade,  wherever  he 
came.  In  1716,  he  paid  a  visit^  with  his  consort,  to  the 
king  of  Denmark  at  Copenhagen,  where  he  spent  three 
inonths.  He  visited  there. every  school  of  the  university, 
and  all  the  men  of  letters :  for,  regardless  of  ceremony 
and  pageantry,  which  he  hated,  it  was  indifferent  to  him, 
whether  they  waited  on  him,  or  he  went  to  them.  He 
coasted  every  day  some  part  of  the  kingdoms  of  Denmark 
and  Sweden,  attended  by  two  engineers ;  surveyed  all  the 
windings,  sounded  every  part  of  the  straits,  and  afterwards 
had  the  whole  so  exactly  described  in  charts,  that  not  so 
much  as  the  smallest  shelf  or  bank  of  sand  escaped  his  ob- 
servation. From  Copenhagen  he  went  to  Hamburgh,  Han- 
over, Wolfenbuttle^  and  from  thence  to  Holland.  Here  he 
left  the  czarina,  and  went  to  France  in  1717  ;  and,  in  June 
that  year,  visited  the  royal  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  where 
he  was  entertained  by  seeing  the  latest  invented  and  most 
curious  machines  and  experiments.  He  was  no  sooner  re- 
);urned  to  his  own  dominions,  than  he  signified  his  inclina- 
tion of  becoming  a  member  of  that  society ;  and  the  aca- 
demy having  made  their  most  respectful  acknowledgments 
for  the  great  honour  he  did  them,  he  wrote  them  a  letter 
with  his  own  hand.  •  These  particulars  may  be.  seen  in  the 
history  of  that  academy  for  1720  :  the  academy  sent  him 
^very  year  a  volume  of  their  proceedings,  to  which,  as  an 
academician,  he  was  entitled;  and  he  always  accepted  it 
with  pleasure,  as  from  his  brethren. 

It  would  be  endless  to  enumerate  all  the  various  estab- 
lishments, for  which  the  Russians  are  indebted  to  this  great 
emperor:  Foutenelle  has  recorded  some  of  the  principal, 
which  are,  1.  A  body  of  100,000  foot,  under  as  regular  a 
discipline  a^  any  in  Europe.  .2.  A  navy  of  forty* ships  of 
the  line,  and  200  gallies.  3.  Fortifications  iii  lall  main 
towns,  and  an  excellent  civil  government  in  the  greater- 
ties,  which  before  were  as  dangerous  in  the  night,  as  the 
.most  yQfre(][uented   deserts.    ,4*  Aa  i^cadem^  far  naval 


PETER,  37T 

ijflhirs  and  navigation^  where  all  the  nobility  are .  obliged 
to  send  some  of  their  children.  5.  Colleges  at  Moscow^ 
Petersburgby  and  Kiof,  for  langpages,  polite  literature, 
and  mathematics ;  and  schools  in  the  villages,  where  the 
children  of  the  peasants  are  taught  to  read  and  write,  6, 
A  college  of  physicians,  and  a  noble  dispensatory  at  Mos* 
eow,  which  funiishes  medicines  to  the  great  cities,  and  to 
the  armies;  whereas  bejfore  there  was  no  physician  but 
the  czar's,  and  no  apothecary  in  all  his  dominions.  7* 
Public  lectures  in  anatomy,  a  word  never  heard  before  in 
Bussia.  Voltaire  relates,  that  the  czar  had  studied  this 
branch  of  knowledge  under  Ruysch  at  Amsterdam ;  and 
made  such  improvements  under  this  master,  as  to  perform 
even  chirurgical  operations  himself.  He  afterwards  pur« 
chased  the  cabinet  of  that  anatomist,  which  contained  an 
immense  collection  of  the  most  curious,  instructive,  and 
uncommon  preparations.  8.  An  observatory,  not  only  for 
the  use  of  astronomers,  but  as  a  repository  for  natural  cu* 
nosities.  9.  A  physic  garden,  to  be  stocked  with  plants, 
not  only  from  all  parts  of  Europe,  but  from  Asia,  Persia^ 
and  even  the  distant  parts  of  China.  10.  Printing-hoMses, 
where  he  abolished  their  old  barbarous  characters,  which, 
through  tbe  great  number  of  abbreviations,  were  almost 
become  unintelligible.  11«  Interpreters  for  all  the  lan- 
guages of  Europe;  and'  likewise  for  the  Latin,  Greek, 
Turkish,  Kalmuc,  Mogul,  and  Chinese.  12.  A  royal  li^ 
brary,  composed  af  three  very  large  collections,  which  he 
purchased  in  England,  Holstein,  and  Germany. 
'  These,  and  many  more,  were  particular  institutions 
and  establishments :  but  the  czar  made  general  reforma- 
tions, to  which  indeed  the  other  were  only  subservient. 
He  changed  the  architecture  of  his  country,  which  was 
ugly  and  deformed  ;  or,  more  properly,  he  first  introduced 
that  science  into  his  dominions.  He  sent  for  a  great  num-« 
ber  of  pictures  from  Italy  and  France  ;  and  thus  instructed 
in  the  art  of  painting  a  people,  who  knew  no  more  of  it, 
than  what  they  could  collect  from  the  wretched  daubing  of 
iRea  who  painted  the  imaginary  beads  of  saints.  He  sent 
ships  laden  with  merchandize  to  Genoa  and  Legborn, 
which  returned  freighted  with  marble  and  statues ;  and 
pope  Clement  XI.  pleased  with  his  taste^  presented  him 
with  a  fine  antique,  which  the  cza)*,  not  caring  to  trust  by 
$ea,  ordered  to  be  brought  to  Petersburgh  by  land.  Reli** 
gi(Hi  was  not  neglected  in  this  general  reform ;  ignoraqc^ 


SJt  PETER* 

tad  saperstition  had  orer-run  it  so  much,  that  it  scarceljT 
mmted  the  name  of  Christian.  The  czar  introduced  know- 
ledge, wliere  it  was  miserably  wanted ;  and  this  knowledge 
enabled  him  to  abolish,  at  least  in  a  considerable  degree, 
fasts,  miracles,  and  saint*worship.  He  ventured  further 
than  to  the  correction  of  rites  :  he  abolished  the  pa- 
triarchate, though  much  independent  of  him ;  and  thiift 
got  rid  of  a  power,  which  was  always  interrupting  and  dis- 
concerting bis  measures.  He  took  away  part  of  the  rere- 
Hues  of  those  churches  and  monasteries  which  he  thought 
too  wealthy  ;  and,  leaving  only  what  was  necessary  for  their 
subsistence,  added  the  overplus  to  his  own  demesnes.  He 
made  many  judicious  ecclesiastical  canons,  and  ordered 
preaching  in  the  Russian  language.  Lastly,  he  established 
a  general  liberty  of  conscience  throughout  his  dominions. 
There  is  one  more  reformation,  and  perhaps  as  necessary 
and  useful  as  any  of  the  former,  which  he  made  even  in 
bis  last  illness,  though  it  was  exceedingly  painful.  When- 
the  senators  and  great  personages,  then  about  him,  men-^ 
^ioned  the  various  obligations  which  Russia  lay  under  to 
bim,  for  abolishing  ignorance  and  barbamsm,  and  intro- 
ducing arts  and  sciences,  he  told  them,  thst  be  had  forgot 
to  reform  one  of  the  most  important  points  of  allj  namely, 
the  mal-administration  of  justice,  occasioned  by  the  tedious 
and  litigious  chicanery  of  the  lawyers ;  and  signed  an  order 
from  his  bed,  limiting  the  determination  of  all  causes  to 
eleven  days,  which  was  immediately  sent  to  all  the  courts 
of  his  empire. 

:  This  wonderful  man  died  of  the  strangury,  caused  by 
an  imposthume  in  the  neck  of  his  bladder^  Jan:  28,  1725, 
aged  fifty rthree.  He  was  tall,  and  remarkably  well  shaped ; 
bad  a  noble  countenance,  eyes  sparkling  with  vivacity,  and 
a  robust  constitution.  *  His  judgment  was  sound,  which,  as 
Voltaire  has  observed,  may  justly  be  deemed  the  foundation 
of  all  real  abilities :  and  to  this  solidity  was  joined  an  active 
disposition,  which  led  him  into  the  most  arduous  under^ 
takings*  Whoever  reflects  upon  the  interruptions,  diiE- 
c^ulties,  and  oppositions,  that  must  unavoidably  occur  in 
civilizing  and  reforming  a  Urge  and  barbarous  empire, 
must  suppose  the  czar  to  have  been,  as  indeed  he  really 
was,  a  man  of  the  greatest  firmness  and  perseverance.  His 
education  was  far  from  being  worthy  of  his  genius :  it  bad 
been  spoiled  by  the  princess  Sophia,  whose  int^est  it  waa 
ibfl^  he  should  be  iouneraed  in  liceutiou3  ^Ke»s»^    How^ 


PETER.  87^ 

i^veri  in  spite  of  bud  example,  and  even  fain  own  strong 
propensity  to  pleasure,  his  natural  desire  of  knowledge  and 
magnanimity  of  soul  broke  through  all  habits ;  nay,  they 
broke  through  something  even  greater  than  habits,     h  is 
remarkable,  that  from  his  childhood  he  had  such  a  dread 
of  water,  as  io  be  seized  with  a  cold  sweat  and  with  con- 
vulsions, even  in  being  obliged  to  pass  over  a  brook.     The 
cause  of  this  aversion  is  thus  related  :  When  he  was  aboul 
fiv,e  years  of  age  he  was  carried  in  the  spring  seasoa  over  a 
dam,  where  there  was  a  water-fall  or  cataract*     He  was 
asleep^  in  his  mother's  lap,  but  the  nmse  and  rushing  of 
the  water  frightened  him  so  much  that  it  brought  on  a 
fever ;  and,  after  his  recovery,  be  retained  such  a  dread 
of  that  element,  that  he  ooiikl  not  bear  to  see  any  standing 
water,  much  less  to  hear  a  ninning  stream.    Yet  stich  was 
the  force  of  his  resolution,  that  he  gradually  conquered 
this  antipathy,  and  bis  aversion  of  water  was  afterwards 
changed  into  an  excessive  fondness  for  that  element*     He 
bad  a  son  who  lived  to  be  a  man ;  but  this  son  engaging 
vith  his  mother,  whom  Peter  had  divorced  in  1692,  and 
Other  malcontents,  in  a  conspiracy  agaipst  his  father  in 
1717,  was  condemned  to  die.     He  saved  the  exeputionera 
the  trouble  by  dying  a  natural  death ;  and  an  account  of 
this  unfortunate  prince,  with  original  papers,  was  pub- 
lished by  the  czar  himself.     The  title  of  it,  as  it  stands  in 
the  second  volume  oif  the  **  Presept  State  of  Russia,"  trans- 
lated from  the  German,  and  printed  at  London,  1722,  in 
8vo,  runs  thus  :  *'  A  Manifesto  of  the  Criminal  Process  of 
the  Czarewitz  Alexi  Petrowitz,  judged  and  published  at 
St.  Petersburg,  the  25th  of  June,  1718,  translated  from 
^he  Russian  original,  and  printed  by  order  of  bis  czarisb 
majesty  at  the  Hague,  171$.*'     The  czar  composed  several 
pieces  upon  naval  afFi^rs  i  and  his  name  must  therefore  be 
^ded  to  the  short  catalogue  of  sovereigns  who  have  fa- 
Toured  the  public  with  their  writings^ 

The  czarina,  his  widow,  whom  he  nominated  his  suc^ 
pessor,  was,  upon  his  death,  immediately  acknowledged 
empress  of  Russia  by  the  several  estates  of  the  empire^ 
The  history  of  this  lady  is  rather  extraordinary.  She  waa 
|>orn  in  Livonia,  in  1684;  and  losing  her  parents,  who 
wer^  of  low  condition,  she  becam%  destitute.  The  parish-* 
clerk,  who  kept  a  school,  took  her  into  his  house,  and 
supported  her,  till  Dr.  Gluck,  minister  of  Marienbqrgj^ 
l^appeuing  to  coi^e  to  that  village,  eased  the  clerk  of  the 


480  PETER. 

girl^  whom  he  liked  exceedingly,  and  carried  her  home, 
witbhiof).  Dr.  Gluck  treated  her  almost  in  the  same  man* 
ner  as  if  she  bad  been  bis  own  daughter ;  and  not  only  bad 
her  taught  spinning  and  sewing,  but  instructed  her  also 
himself  in  literature  above  her  sex,  and  especially  in  the 
German  language.  At  length  a  Livonian  serjeant  in  the 
Swedish  army,  fell  passionately  in  love  with  her,  and  she 
Agreed  to  marry  him  :  but  the  next  day  the  Russians  made 
themselves  masters  of  Marienburg;  and  the  general^  cast- 
ing his  eyes  accidentally  on  Catherine,  and  observing 
something  very  striking  in  her  air  and  manner,  took  her 
then  under  his  protection,  and  afterwards  into  his  ser- 
vice. Some  time  after,  she  was  advanced  to  be  a  house- 
keeper to  prince  MenzikofF,  who  was  the  general's  patron  ; 
and  there  the  czar  seeing  her,  she  made  such  an  impression 
on  him  that  he  married  her.  She  was  taken  at  Marienburg 
in  1702,  and  married  to  the  czar  in  1710:  what  became  of 
ner  former  husband,  the  serjeant,  is  not  known.  She  was 
a  woman  of  wonderful  abilities  and*  address,  and  a  very  fit 
consort  for  siich  a  man  as  Peter  the  Great.  It  has  been 
already  observed  in  what  manner  she  rescued  him  from 
ruin  by  her  management,  when  he  was  surrounded  by  tKe 
Turks :  and  he  seems  to  have  made  her  the  partner  of  hii 
councils  and  undertakings,  as  well  as  of  bis  bed.  He 
shewed  the  high  opinion  he  had  of  her  by  nominating  her 
to  succeed  him  ;  but  she  died  in  little  more  than  two  years 
after  him.  She  had  several  daughters  by  the  czar ;  the 
youngest  of  which,  Elizabeth,  after  the  heirs  of  the  elder 
branches  were  extinct,  ascended  the  throne  in  1741.* 

PETERS  (Hugh),  a  noted  fanatic  in  the  time  of  Charles 
I. -Was  the  son  of  a  merchant  at  Fowey,  in  Cornwall,  and 
was  some  time  a  member  of  Trinity  college,  in  Cambridge, 
whence,  it  is  said,  he  was  expelled  for  irregular  behaviour ; 
but  this  expulsion  must  have  taken  place  after  he  had  taken 
both  his  degrees,  that  of  A.  B.  in  1618,  and  of  A.  M.  in 
1622.  He  afterwards  betook  himself  to  the  stage,  where 
he  acquired  that  gesticulation  and  buffoonery  which  he  so 
often  practised  in  the  pulpit.  He  was  admitted  into  holy 
orders  by  Dr.  Mountaine^  bishop  of  London,  and  was  for  a 
considerable  time  lecturer  of  St.  Sepulchre's,  in  that  city ; 
but,  being  prosecuted  for  criminal  conversation  with  another* 

1  Voltaire's  Hist,   of  Peter  the  Great.— Modern  Unirenal  H»tory.<r'Po«« 
Unt\W»  Eioge.^'^Cox^'i  }Trayel8.«^Tooke'8  Baiiia. 


PETERS.  ZSX 

muxk*s  wife,  he  fled  to  Rotterdam,  where  he  was  pastor  of 
the  English  ciiurch,  together  with  the  learned  Dr.  Wiitiam 
AmeSy  who,  it  is  .probable,  either  did  not  know,  or  did 
not  believe  the  report  of  bis  being  prosecuted  for  adultery^. 
He  afterwards  went  to  America,  and  after  a  residence  of 
seven  .years,  returned  to  England  at  a  time  when  men  of 
his  character  were  sure  of  employment.  He  became, 
therefore,  a  violent  declaimer  against  Charles  I.  and  in  fa-> 
▼our  of  all  the  measures  of  the  republican  party ;  and  Crom-* 
well  found  him  one  of  his  most  useful  tools  with  the  army 
and  the  lower  classes  of  the  people.  When  king  Charles 
was  brought  to  London  for  bis  trial,  Hugh  Peters,  as  sir 
William  Warwick  says,  '^  was  truly  and  really  his  gaoler.*' 
Dr.  Kennet  informs  us  that  he  bore  a  colonel's  commission 
in  the  civil  war ;  that  he  was  vehement  for  the  death  of 
the  king;  that  it  was  strongly  suspected  that  be  w^s  ond 
e(  his  masked  executioners,  and  that  one  Hulet  was  the 
other.  After  the  restoration  he  was  executed  with  the 
other  regicides.  His  character  appears  to  have  been  in  all 
respects  unworthy  of  his  religious  profession  ;  what  can  be 
iftlleged  in  his  favour  may  be  seen  in  our  authorities.  ^ 

PETIS  DE  LA  CROIX  (Francis),  an  agreeable  French 
writer  and  learned  Orientalist,  was  born  in  1654.  After  a 
suitable  education  he  became  the  king  of  France's  secre- 
tary, and  interpreter  for  Oriental  languages,  and  succeeded 
his  father  in  those  offices,  which,  his  countrymen  inform 
us,  he  was  eminently  well  qualified  to  fill.  To  a  very  con- 
siderable share  of  general  learning,  he  added  an  integrity 
and  firmness  of  mind  which  enabled  him  to  resist  the  im- 
portunities of  corruption  in  a  very  remarkable  instance. 
He  had  great  offers  made  to  him  if  he  would  insert  in  the 
treaty  between  the  Algerines  and  Lewis  XIV.  that  the  six 
hundred  thousand  livres,  to  be  received  by  the  latter, 
should  be  paid  in  Tripoli  crowns,  which  would  have  made 
a  difference  of  a  sixth  part.  But  this  he  rejected  with  con- 
tempt, although  the  trick  could  not  have  been  discovered, 
QV  known  to  any  except  those  who  were  to  profit  by  it. 
'  His  own  court,  however,  imposed  a  duty  upon  him  more 
congenial  to  bis  disposition,-  and  highly  conducive  to  the 
advancement  of  his  favourite  studies.     In  compliance  with 

^  Peters  published  **  Amesii  Lectiones  in  Psalmos,  cam  Epist.  Dedic.*'  Loud, 
1647,  Svo.  * 

JLtfe  by  Harris.-^BrooVs  Lives  of  the  Parttatis.-<*Barnet's  Gwd  Times.'-* 
Barwick's  Life,  Itc,—- Grangec 


S82  P  E  T  1  S. 

his  royal  master^s  commands,  he  undertook  several  voyag<$# 
to  the  East,  and  to  Africa,  and  performed  some  negocia-^ 
tions  so  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  Louis  XIV.  that,  be- 
sides other  rewards  of  his  merit,  he  was  appointed  in  1692 
Arabic  professor  in  the  rojai  college,  which  he  hetd  until 
his  death  in  1713. 

Besides  the  Arabic,  Turkish,  Persian,  and  Tartarian 
languages,  he  was  acquainted  with  the  Ethiopian  and  Ar* 
menian.  His  '<  Persian  Tales^*  were  first  published  afteir 
bis  death  in  five  small  volumes,  in  1722.  His  own  account 
of  them  was,  that  they  were  Indian  plays,  turned  into  Per- 
sian stories  by  the  dervice  Modes,  who  communicated 
them  to  him,  and  gave  him  leave  to  transcribe  them.  Those 
who  are  acquainted  with  the  Arabian  Tales  will  perceive 
the  similarity  of  the  present,  in  which  we  have  the  same 
method,  the  same  taste,  and  the  same  design,  with  thb 
only  difference,  that  in  the  Arabian  Nights,  a  prince  ia 
prepossessed  against  women,  and  in  the  Persian  Tales,  a 
princess  aflfects  the.  same  aversion  to  men.  Of  these 
^'  '1  ales"  we  have  an  English  translation,  which  has  often 
been  reprinted.  His.  other  works  were  ^^  The  History  of 
Tiniur  biec,  or  the  great  Taraerlan,"  1722,  4  vols.  I2mo; 
'^The  State  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  3  vols.  12mo;  the 
^^  History  of  Genghizcan  ;"  which  have  all  been  published, 
but  he  left  other  translations,  which  are  yet  in  manuscript. 
His  son  Alexander.  Louis  Maria,  was  also  professor  of 
Arabic  in  the  royal  college,  and.  translated  the  canon  of 
Soliman  II.  for  the  instruction  of  Mourad  IV.  He  died  in 
1 7  5 1 ,  aged  fifty«three.  * 

PETIT  (Anthony),  a  celebrated  French  anatomist,  waa 
horn  in  1708,  at  Orleans,  and  received  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  physic  at  Paris,  in  November  1746.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  royal  academy  of  sciences  in  1760.  His 
talents  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  procured  for  him< 
the  appointment  of  inspector  of  military  hospitals  in  1768; 
and  in  the  following  year  he.  was  appointed  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  at  the  king's  garden,  where  bis 
science  and  eloquence  attracted  a  crowd  of  auditors^  In 
1775  he  wa,s  succeeded  by  M.  Vicq  d'Azyr  in  the  duties  of 
this  chair,  while  he  remained  titular  professor.  He  died 
in  1794.  He  was  author  of  the  following  works ;  viz.  ^^  Let* 
%rm  d'un  Medecin  de  Montpeliier,  au  sujet  de  Texamea. 

>  Morer4.— Pick  Hbt, 


PETIT*  SS5 

llublie  qfie  1^  Sienr  Louis  a  subi  ii  siunt  CAine^  en  1749,. 
pour  servir  d^Eclaircbsement  a  ce  qu^en  dit  M.  Fr6ron/' 
1749,  4to.     **  Discours  sur  la  Chirurgie,''  an  introdaclory 
lecture  delivered  at  the  schools  of  medicinei  1757  ;  /^  Con- 
tultation  en  faveur  des  Naissances  tardives/*  1764,  Svo; 
**  Premier  et  seconde  Rapport  en  faveur  de  rinoculation,'* 
1766,  8vo  ;  "  Deux  Consukations  Medico*iegales/V  rela-» 
t)ve  to  a  case  of  supposed  self-murder,  and  to  a  supposed 
infanticide,   1767.     He  also  edited  *^  Anatomie  Chirurgi- 
cale  public  cidevant  par  Jean*  Palfin/'  1753,  2  torn.  8vo.  ^    . 
PETIT  (John  Lewis),  a  celebrated  surgeon,  was  born 
at  Paris,  March  13,  1674,     From  bis   childhood  he  dis- 
played uncommon  acuteness,  and  received  his  first  instruc- 
tions  in  anatomy  from  M.  de  Littre,  a  celebrated  anatomist, 
who  resided  in  his  father^s  house.     Under  this  master  he 
made  such  rapid  progress,  that  he  had  scarcely  attained  the 
age  of  twelve,  when  M.  de  Littre  found  that  he  might  be 
intrusted  with  the  care  of  his  anatomical  theatre.    He  after- 
wards studied  surgery  under  Castel  and  Mareschal,  and 
was  admitted  master  in  1700.     In  the  course  of  no  long 
time  he  became  the  first  practitioner  in  Paris,  and  wascon* 
suited  in  all  cases  of  importance;  and  there  were  few  ope- 
rations of  difficulty  and  delicacy  which  he  did  not  super- 
intend, or  actually  perform ;  and  his  band  and  his  counsels 
were  alike  successful.     Such  a  reputation  soon  extended 
throughout  Europe.     In  1726  he  was  sent  for  by  the  king 
of  Poland,  and  again  in  1734  by  Dpn  Ferdinand,  after- 
wards king  of  Spain  ;  he  re-established  the  health  of  both 
these  princes,  who  endeavoured  to  retain  him  near  their 
persons  with  the  offer  of  great  rewards,  but  could  not  over- 
come his  attachment  to  his  native  place.     Among  his  pro- 
fessional honours  was  that  of  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences,  director  of  the  academy  of  surgery,  censor  and 
royal  professor  at  the  schools,  and  fellow  of  the  royal  so-, 
ciety  of  London.  He  died  at  Paris,  April  20,  1730,  aged  76, 
regretted  as  much  for  his  private  virtues  as  his  public  ser- 
vices.—He  communicated  many  memoirs  to  the  academy  of 
sciences,  and  several   to  the  academy  of  surgery,  which 
were. printed  in  their  first  volume.     His  only  separate  pub- 
lication was  his  "  Traite  des  Maladies  des  Os,"  printed  at 
^^aris  in    1705,  in.  12mo,  and  frequently  reprinted,  with, 
additions.     An  edition  in  1758,  in  two  volumes,  l2mo,  waa 

« 

^    ^  Plot*  Hjst.—El03r,. Diet.  Hist.  dcMedtciae. 


S84  PETIT. 

published  by  M.  Ant.  Louis^  with  an  historical  and  critieal 
essay  respecting  it  subjoined ;  and  hi^  pupil»  M.  Lesne, . 
published  his  posthumous  works  in  1774,  with  the  title  of 
**  Trait6  des  Maladies  Chirurgicales  et  des  Operations  qui 
leur  conviennent,"  in  three  vols.  8vo,  with  many  plates 
of  chirurgical  instruments.  His  treatise  on  the  bones  in- 
volved him  in  several  controversies ;  but  the  only  chagrin' 
which  he  felt  arose  from  finding  Winslo^,  who,  as  censor 
royal,  had  approved  the  work,  retract  his  approbation,  in 
a  letter  inserted  in  the  Journal  des  Savans  for  May  1725.  * 

P£TIT  (Peter),  a  considerable  mathematician  and  phi^ 
losopher  of  France,  was  born  at  Montlu^on,  in  the  diocese 
of  Bourges,  in  1598,  according  to  some,  but  in  1600  ac- 
cording to  others.     He  first  cultivated  the  mathematics  and 
philosophy  in  the  place  of  his  nativity;  but  in  1633  he  re- 
paired to  Paris,  to  which  place  his  reputation  had  procured 
him  an  invitation.     Here  he  became  highly  celebrated  for 
his  ingenious  writings,  and  for  his  connections  with  Pascal, 
Des  Cartes,  Mersenne,  and  the  other  great  men  of  that 
time.     He  was  employed  on  several  occasions  by  cardinal 
Kichelieu  ;  particularly  to  visit  the  sea-ports,  with  the  title 
of  the  king's  engineer  ;  and  Was  also  sent  into  Italy  upon' 
the  king's  business.     He  was  at  Tours  in  1640,  where  be 
married ;  and  was  afterwards  made  intendant  of  the  fortifi- 
cations.    Baillet,  in  his  Life  of  Des  Cartes,  says,  that  Pe- 
tit had  a  great  genius  for  mathematics;  that  he  excelled 
particularly  in  astronomy ;  and  had  a  singular  passion  for 
experimental  philosophy.     About  1637   be  returned  to 
Paris  from  Italy,  when  the  dioptrics  of  Des  Cartes  were 
much  spoken  of.     He  read  them,  and  communicated  his 
objections  to  Mersenne,  with  whom  he  was  intimately  ac- 
quainted, and  yet  soon  after  embraced  the  principles  of 
Des  Cartes,  becoming  not  only  his  friend,  but  his  partisan 
and  defender.     He  was  intimately  connected  with  Fascal, 
with  whom  he  made  at  Rouen  the  same  experiments  con- 
cerning  the  vacuum,  which  Torricelli  had  before  made  in 
Italy;  and  was  assured  of  their  truth  by  frequent  repeti- 
tions.    This  was  in  1646  and  1647;  and  though  there  ap- 
pears to  be  a  long  interval  from  this  date  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  we  meet  with  no  other  memoirs  of  his  life.     He  died 
August  20,  1667,  at  Lagny,  near  Paris,  whither  he  ha4 
retired  for  some  time  before  his  deceased. 

1  Eloy,  Diet.  Hilt,  de  MetJicine.— Recs's  Cycl^paBdit. 


?  E  T  ft.  38* 

'  P^it  Was  the  author  of  several  works  upon'  physical  and 
astronomical  subjects;  the  principal  of  which  afe,  I.  *^  Chro* 
uological  Discourse/'  &!c.  1636^  4tOy  in  defence  of  Sea- 
liger.  2.  ** Treatise  on  the  Proportional. Compasses/'  3, 
"  Qn  the  Weight  and  Magnitude  of  Metals."  4.  "  Con- 
struction and  Use  of  the  Artillery  Calibers."  5.  "  On  a 
Vacuum."  6.  "  On  Eclipses."  7.  "On  Kennedies  against 
the  Inundations  of  the  Seine  at  Paris."  3.  "  On  the  Junc- 
rioii  of  th6  Ocean  with  the  Mediierra^ean  Sda/  by  .misansof 
the  rivers  Aude  and  Garonne."'  9.  "  On  Comets."  JO. 
**^On  the  proper  Day  for  celebrating  Easter."  11.  "On 
the  nature  of  Heat  and  Cold/'  &c.* 

^ETIT  (Peter),  another  very  learned  Frenchman,  was 
born  at  Paris  inf  1617,  atid  brought  up  to  the  profession  of 
physic,  in  which  faculty  he  todk  a  doctor's  degree  at  Mont- 
pellier :  but,  afterwards  returning  to  Paris,  neglected  the 
practice  of  it,  and  gave  himself  up  entirely  to  the  study  of 
polite  litcfrature.  He  lived  sonne  time  with  thie  first  presi- 
dent Lamoignon,  as  preceptor  tX)  hi'^  sobs ;  and  afterwards 
with  mons^  Nicolai,  frrst  president  of  the  chamber  of  ac* 
counts,  as  a  mah  of  letters  and  companion.  He  spent  the 
greatest  part  of  his  life  in  composing;  and  had  a  wonder^ 
ful  facility  with  his  p6n,  which  enabled  him  to  write  much. 
lie  was  deeply  read  in  the  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  au- 
thors, and  joined  to  his  skill  in  these,  an  uncommon' kn6w« 
ledge  in  philosophical  matti^rs.  He  died  in  1687,'  aged 
seventy. 

He  wrote  much,  both  in  verse  and  pfosey  but  in  Latiri' 
only.  His  first  production  seems  to  have  b^n^  1.  "  An 
Elegy  upon  the  Death  of  Gabriel  Natld6,  in  1653."  In 
1660,  he  published  in  8vo,  Sf.  "  De  motu  animaliuni  spon« 
taneo  libet  unus."  Petit  wiis  a  great  partisan  for  the  Pe- 
ripatetic philosophy ;  and,  in  this  as  well  as  some  other 
works  of  the  ^me  kind,  he  has  strenuously  supported  the 
principles  of  Aristotle,  and  combated  those  of  Des.  Cartes. 
3.  "  EpistolsB  ApologeticsB  A.  Menjoti  de  variis  sedtis  am-» 
plectendis  examein :  ad. medicos  Parisiehses,  aotore  Adri- 
ano  Scauro,  D.  M.  1666,"  4to.  Menjot  had  maintained 
that  a  man  should  attach  hiibself  to  no  particular  sect,  but 
take  from  each  whatever  he  found  good.  This  sentiment  did 
not  please  Petit,  and  he  opposed  it  in  this  work  under9the 
fictitious  name  of  Scauirus.     He  published  the  same  year,  ia 

I  Chaafepie.— .Hiittoh'i  Dictiomurr.— Ni^Mdn,  v^faf/XI  andX!^ 

Vol.  XXIV.  C  c 


3M  PETIT; 

8vo,  todder'  the  feigfied  naiae  of  Marians  SuiUeot^  «4» 
*^fApo\ogiaL  pro  genaitate  fragmeuti  Satyrioi  Petroniani  ;'f' 
which  Badriao  Vaie8iii9  then,  and  the  best  cxkics  since, 
have  agreed  to  reject  as  spurious.  Eutbypbiron  was  anos 
tber  assumed  namei  under  which  he  published,.  ^^  ^^^De 
voya  curaiidofun»  morborum  ratiooe  per  transfasioneiDsan^-/ 
guinis^'*'in  1667,  4to.  He  there  rejects 'this  method  of 
cure,  which  was  approved  by  many  physicians  i>(  his  ifnie^^^ 
and  supports  his  own  opinion  with  much  elegance  andr 
learning.  In  1683,  were  published  at  Utrecht^  in  8ro^ 
6.  f ^  Miscellanearum  Observationum,  libri  iv.''  These  are 
verbal  criticisms  upon  various  authors^  and  shew  great  ac«-* 
curacy  as  well  as  profound  erudition.  The  same  year  at 
Paris  came  out  in  8vo,  7.  ^^  Seleetorupi  Poematum,  librt  ii* 
Accessit  Dissertatio  de  Furore  Poetica*'  The  dissertation^ 
is  curious,  and  the  poems  have  merit  enough  to  rank  hiiii;< 
with  Rapin,  Menage,  and  the  best  writers  of  modem  LatiA 
poetry.  8.  ^>  De  Amazonibus  Dissertatio,*'  Paris,  1685^ 
ISmo.  The  edition  of  Amsterdam,  1687,  12mo,  is  pre** 
ferabie,  there  being  additions  by  the  author,  and  critical 
observations  by  M.  de  la  Monnoye.  9.  ^^  De  natura  et 
iDoribns  Antbropophagorum  Dissertatio,*'  at  Utrecht,  1688,: 
8vo.  A  curious  and  leiirned  work.  10..  *'  In  tres  prioresi 
Areteeii  libros  Commentam :  Una  cum  dissertatiuncula  de 
Petiti  vita,  et  copioso  in  eosdem  Commentarios  indice^' 
1726,"  4to.  It  was  Maittaire,  who  published  this  post-i 
humous  work,  and  placed  the  life  of  Petit  at  the  iiead  of 
it.  There  dre  several  works  of  this  author^  but  we  have 
mentioned  the  most  important.  Care  must  be  taken,  in 
the  mean  time,  not  to  confound  him  with  the  preceding 
Peter  Petit,  who  was  his  contemporary.* 

PETIT  (Francis  Pourfour  du),  a  learned  physioiaiv 
was  born  June  24,  1 664^  at  Paris.  Heattended  the  hos-^ 
pitals  of  the  army,  but  settled  at  Paris,  after  the  peace  of 
Utrecht  in  1513 ;  was  admitted  into  the  academy  of  scien-v 
ces  in  1723,  and  acquired  great  reputation,  particularly  bjr 
hiB  skill  in  disorders  of  the  eyes.  M.  Petit  kivented  .an 
Ophihahjmneter  for  measuring  the  parts  of  the  eye»  and 
sevieral  other  instruments  to  direct .  the  thaad  in  its  -.ope^ 
rations  upon  that  delicate  organ. '-  He  died  at  Paris  June 
18,«»-I74l,  ageil  77.  His  works^  .which  are  written  ip  m«* 
ther  a  careless  style,  are^  '^Trois  Lettres  d*iia  Medecim 


1  Omi^k^JM.  miA^IOfff,  Diet.  Hist  ds  Madicwe. 


^E  T  I  t:  $ii 


^  BosptUHic  4'a:  Rot  il  un  watte  Medechi  d^  fM  ftmb; 
war^nn  NoUvcaa  Bylttetnfe' dti  CenieauV'  Namur,  1710^  4to.' 
f^  Dissertfttion  sur  une  Noavelle  Metbode  de  faird  TOpera^ 
liota  de  la  Catairtete/'  Par.  1727,  ]2aio.  <<  Lettre  dans 
kqucAleU^est^MliNMitr^  que  la  Crystallin  est  fort  fn^de 
l*U^e^  et  oil  Von  rappone  do  ttoat<eU6s  proores  de  I'Qpe- 
fUtion  de*la'€ataracte/^  1^29,  4to.  ^  t«ettres  contenant 
dos  BoflexioiiS'Siir'ce  que  M*  Hecquet,  M.D.  a  fisit  impri*« 
mei  tbochafit  les  Maladies  des  Yohx,*'  1729^  4to. :  ^  LeU 
Ijres*  cofi tenant '  des  lleflexions  sur  lefit  Decouverte^  fidteil' 
Aries  Y^ux,''  I7S2,  4toJ 

•-  PETIT  (SAMimL),  or  PETITUS,  a  celebrated  scholar,^ 
mts  born  at  ^isme^  in  1594«  He  studied  at  Geneva,  witb 
a  sntibesS'So  uncomnkm,  that,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he^ 
was  admitted  to  tho  sacred  ministry.  Soon  after,  be  wai^ 
misled  to'the  professorships  of  theology,  atid  of  Greek:  and 
HobieW  in^that  eity^-  where  he  parsed  the  chief  part  of  his. 
Ufoj  and  where  be  died  in  December  1645,  at  the  age  of 
fifcy^ne.  He  has  left  behind  him  several  works  of  grieat 
learning.  For  instance,  1.  '*'  Miscellanea,**  Paris,  1630, 
4to,*'in  nine  books,  cotitaining  corrections  of  passages  in 
a  vast  number  of  anoient  authors.  2:^*  Eclogse  Cbrono-t. 
Jogicae,*'  Paris,  i6S2,  4to.  S.  <♦  Varios  Lectiones,'*  Paris, 
1633,  4to.  This  is  in  four  books,  three  of  which  are  em« 
pibydd  on  the  custoins,  ceremonies,  &c.  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament.  4;  **  Legei  Afticse,*'  first  published  at 
Parisj  h)  1615,  but  again  in  1635,  &c.  This  is  a  work  of 
die  highest  reptitation,  and  htfrfng  been  enriched  by  the 
subsequent- remarks  of  Palmerins,  Salvini,  Dillker,  and 
Wesseling,  wasrefMrinted  in  1742,  fol.  In  this  shape,  it 
^orms  a  third  volume  of  the  collection  entitled  ''  Jurispru- 
dentift  Rornam  et  Atti6a,''  published  by  Heineccius,  Ou- 
ker/  and  Wesseling.-  Petit  was  the  author  alsO  of  other 
publications oMess  consequehc^,  but  all evincingprofound; 
and  extensive  leamiflfg.  His  character  was  not  less  amia^' 
bte,  than  his  accoihpliriiments  were  extraordinary.  Ho 
was  mild  and  gentle  in  an  uncommon  degree.  It  is  related 
df 'him,  that  going  once  from  curiosity  into  a  synagogue  at 
Av%n^n,  a  rabbin,  supposing  himseUffree  from  aU  danger 
of  detection,  railed  against  him  in  Hebrew,  in  a  very  gross 
manner. .  P^tit,  without  any  angier^  coolly  answered  him 
iQ  the  same  language,  •  and  thus  covered  the  assailant  with 

>  Sloy,  Diet.  Hitlt.  de  Medicine.-— Moreri. 

C  C   2 


S8§  .       "         il*  £  T  I  T* 

Gonfosion.  In  answer  to  ihe  apologies  and  excuses  of  t^ 
iew,  be  only,  in  .4  oiild  mannery  exhorted  bim  to  eoihntQ^ 
Christianity. ' 

PETIT-D IDIER  (Ma^tthe w),  a  celebrated  Beoedietioe, 
of  the  coDgregatioQ  of  St^  Vannes,  was  born  jDecember  18, 
1659^  at  St.  Nicholas  in  Lorrain.  Ho  taught  philosophy 
and  theology  in  the  abbey  de  St  Michael ;  was  mad^  ab- 
bot of  Senones  1715,  and  bidiop  of  Macra  1726.  He  diad 
June  14,  .1728,  aged  69.  The  principal  among  bis  bu* 
meroQS  works  are,  3  vols.  8vo,  of  ^^  Remarks  on  M.  Dupin> 
Ecclesiastical  Library ;"  and  *^  An  Apology  for  M.  Pascal's 
Provincial  Letters,*'  in  seventeen  letters.  This^work:hc^ 
afterwards  disavowed  in  a  letter  to  cardinal  Corradiniy 
dated  September  30,  1726,  where  be  declares  that  tbeso. 
seventeen  letters  have  been  rashly  and  falaely  attribated 
to. him ;  but  TAvocat  says,  that  it^  is'  nevertheless  certain 
that  he  wrote  them.  He  wrote  also  a  treatise  ^^  On  the 
Pope's  Infallibility,'^  in  favour  of  the  Holy  See,  and  against 
the  liberties  of  the  Galilean  church,  Luxemburg,  1724, 
12mo;  and  a  ^^Dissertation  on  the  Council  of  Constance,'* 
1725, 12ma  He  not  only  accepted  the  constitution  ^'  Unt* 
genitus,"  but  wrote  in. its  defence,  and  by  that. means 
gained  the  abbey  of  Senones,  which  the  person  to  whom  it 
bad  lapsed  disputed  with  him.! 

PETITOT  (John),  a  celebrated  pointer,  was  born  at 
Geneva  in  1607,  of  a  father  who  was  a  sculptor  and  archi* 
tect,  and  who,  after  having  passed  part  of  his  life  in  Italy, 
retired  to  that  city.  His  son  was  designed  to  be  a  jewellery 
Ind,  by  frequent  employment  in  enaoielling,  acquired  so 
fipe  a  taste,  and  so  precious  a  tone  of  colouring,  that  Bor- 
dier,  who  afterwards  became  his  brother»in-law,  advised 
bim  to  attach  himself  to  portrait,  believing  he  might  pudi 
his  art  00  still  to  greater  lengths ;  and  though  both,  the  one 
and  the  other  wanted  several  colours  which  they  could  not 
bring  to  bear  the  fire,  yet  they  succeeded  to  admiration. 
Petitot  padnted  the  heads  and  hands,  in  which  his  cplouv* 
ing  was  excellent;  Bordier  painted. the  hair,  the  draperies, 
and  the  grounds.  *  These  two  friends,  agreeing  in  their 
work  and  their  projects,  sc(t  out  for  Italy.  The  long^  stajf 
they  made  there,  frequenting  the  best  chenu^ts,  joined  .to 
^  strong  desire  of  learning,  improved  them  in  the  prepara* 

1  Cb&ufepie.— Blount's  Centura. -^olomesii  Gallia  Oricatalift.— Saiii  0^ 
waaticeo*.  *  Oupm^««Msraii 


P  E  T  I  T  0  T.  389 

tidn  of  their  colours;  but  the  completion  of  their  succesii 
«fnust  be  ascribed  to  a  journey  they  afterwards  made  to 
England.     There  they  found  sir  Theodore  Mayerne,  phy- 
sician to  Charles  I.  and  a  great  chemist ;  who  had  by  his 
experiments  discovered  the  principal  colours  to  be  used  for 
enamel,  and  the  proper  means  of  vitrifying  them;     These 
by  their  beauty  surpassed  all  the  enamelling  of  Venice  and 
.Limoges'.     Mayerne  introduced  Petitot  to  the  king,  who 
retained  him  in  his  service,  and  gave  him  a  lodging  in  White- 
kali.     Here  he  painted  several  portraits  after  Vahdyck,  iii 
which  he  was  guided  by  that  excellent  master,  who  was 
^ben  in  London ;  and  his  advice  contributed  greatly  to  the 
ability  of  Petitot^  whose  best  pieces  are  after  Vandyck. 
King  Charles  often  went  to  see  him  work ;  as  he  took  A 
pleasure  both  in  painting  and  chemical  experiments,  to 
which  his  physician  bad  given  him  a  turn.     Petitot  painted 
Ibat  monarch  and  the  whole  royal  family  several  times. 
The  distinguished  favour  shewn  him  by  that  prince  was 
only  iMterrupted  by  his  unhappy  and  tragical  end.     This 
was  a  terrible  stroke  to  Petitot,  who  did  not  quit  the  royal 
family,  but  followed  them  in  their  flight  to  Paris,  where 
he  was  looked  on  as  one  of  their  most  zealous  servants. 
During  the  four  years  that  Charles  II.  stayed  in  France^ 
he  visited  Petitot,  and  often  eat  with  him.     Then  it  was, 
that  his  name-  became  eminent,  and  that  all  the  court  of 
France  grew  fond  of  being  painted  in  enamel.     When^ 
Charles  II.  returned  to  England,  Louis  XIV.  retained  Pe« 
titot  in  his  service,  gave  him  a  pension,  and  a  lodging  in 
the  gallery  of  the  Louvre.     These  new  favours,  added  to 
a  considerable  fortune  he  had  already  acquired,  encouraged 
him  to  marry  in   1661.     Afterwards  Bordier  became  his 
brother-in-law,  and  ever  regained  in  a  firm  union  witlf 
biai :  they  lived  together,  till  their  families  growing  too  « 
numerous,  obliged  them  to  separate.     Their  friendship  was 
fimnded  on  the  harmony  of  their  sentiments  and  their  reci* 
procal  merit,   much   more  than  a  principle  of  interest; 
They  had  gained,  as  a  reward  for  their  discoveries  and  their 
labours,  a  million  of  livres,  ivhich  they  divided   at  Paris ; 
and  they  continued  friends  without  ever  having  a  quarrel^ 
or  even  a  misundjerstfin()ing,  in  the  space  of  fifty  years. 

Petitot  copied  at  Paris  several  portraits  of  Mignard  and 
Le  Brun  ;  yet  his  talent  was  not  only  copying  a  portrait 
with  an  exact  resemblance,  but  aisp  designing  a  head  most 
Pisrfectly  after  iiature.    To  this  be  also  joined  a  softness 


IWf  f  ^  T  I  T  Q  T. 

;and  liyetf  neis  of  colouxingy  wliich  will  never  <iimge,  i^tii 
,will  ever  render  bU  W9rks  valual^ie.)  jEl^  pa^nt^d  Loiiiii 
Xiy.  Mary  Ann#  of  Austria  his  ipqtber,  and  Mary  Tfai^^eto 
Jbift  wife,  seyeral  tim^  As  he  j^ns  a  zeatous  protestanl, 
and  futi  of  apprehensions  at  the  revocation;  of  the  edict  of 
Nantz  in d 685,  be  demanded  the  -king's  peripis^iqn  to  re- 
iirfs  to  Geneva^  who  finding . hi oi  urgent,  and  fefiring  h<s 
should  esfcape,  cruelly -caused  hioi  to  be  arrested,,  and  sent 
ipFort  TEvSque,  where  the  bishop  of  M^aux  was  ap^ 
pointed  to  instruct  him.  Yet  neither  the  eloquence  of 
JSossuet,  ]nor  the  terrors  gf  a  dungeon,  could  prevctiL  He 
was  not  convinced,  but  the  vcii^ation  andconfinement' threw 
him  into  ^  fever ;  of  which  the  ki<)g  being  ioformed^ 
ordered  hin^  to- released.  He  no  soqner  found'  himself'  ijflt 
liberty,  than  be  escaped  with  his  wife  to  Qeneva,  after  it 
residence  at  Paris  of  tbirty*six  yearf .  His  children  fe- 
maining  in  that  city,  and  fearing  the  king'#;  resentoieal^ 
threw  );bemselves  4;>n  b^s-  ipercy,  ai^d  ^ploied  his  proted- 
tioq.  The  king. re^Cieivedthen^  f^vcfurabiy,  and  told  tbeni 
be  could  forgive  an  old  man  ;the  wbim  of  desiripg  to  be 
buried  with  his  fathers  *. 

When  Petitot  returned  to  bis  own  cQt|iitry,  be  cultivated 
his  art  with  great  ardour,  and  had  ^e  sfttisfi^ction  of  .ppe^ 
fierving  to  the  end  of  his  life  the  esteem  of  all  connoisseurs^ 
The  king  and  qyeen  of  Poland,  desirous  to  have  their  pic* 
^ures  copied  by  Petitot,  though  then  above  eighty ,<  s§nt  tbe 
originals  to  Pans,  believing  him  to  be  there.  Tbe  gentle* 
man  who  was  charged  with  the  conimission.  went  on  Ao 
Oenevar  The  queen  was  represented  on  a  tfophy  holding 
fhe  ^iog^s  picture.  As  there  were  two  heads  in  the  same 
piece,  they  gave  him  a  hundred  louis  d'oj?s ;  and  he  cocer 
cuted  it  as  if  he  had  been  in- the  flower  of  his  age.  Hie 
concourse  of  his  friends,  and  the  resort  of  ^tbe  curioua  wlia 
came  to  see  him,  was  so  great,  that  he  was  obliged  to  quit 
Qeoeva,  and  retire  to  Vevay,  a  little  town  in  the  canton 
pf  Berne,  where  he  worked  in  quiet.     He  was  about  ibe 

\ 
•  I 

*  Lord  Orford  relates  ibis  in  a  man- '  the  tioie,  for  a  bon-mot,  but  a  rtrj 

ier  very  different  from  hit  usual  Qip-  '  flat  witticiisni  cannot  depreciate   the 

ipancy  where  matters  <if  r^lgkm  are  f  lory  of  a  cojiietiory  who  had  stifeied 

coneerped.    <*  Hia  mijesty,*'  says  niy  impritonment,  resisted  eloqtieaoei  apd 

author,  "received  them  with  great  good-  sacrificed  the  etbolamenis  at  court-fa- 

mtu,  and  told  them,  he  >*ltHiigly  for-  ▼ottrtothettprlghtnietsofhiitJOiitcietice. 

faveao  old  man  who  had  a  whim  of  Petitot  did  not  with  to  be  buried  wit&  i 

eing  buried  with  bis  fathers*    I  do  not  hiifatbexf)  buttodieintlieirraligiob.'^  j 

deubt  but  this  itf  giveii;  and  passed  at  I 


P  E  T  I  T  O  T.  Mi 

picture  of  bis  wife^  when  a  distemper  carried  tum  off  in 
9Pe  day,  in  169 J,  aged  eighty-four.  His  life  was  alwaya 
ei^eaiplsry,  and  his  end  was  the  same.  He  preserved  bis 
^su^l  candour  and  ease  of  temper  to  his  last  hour.  He 
bad  seventeen  children  by  his  marriage ;  but  only  one  of 
bis  sona  applied  bioMelf  to  painting,  who  settled  in  Loot 
doo«  His  father  sent  him. several  of  his  works  to  serve 
bim  for  modek.  This  son  died  a  good  many  years  ago, 
Md  bis  family  settled  in  Dublin,  but  whether  any  are  now 
remaining  we  know  not 

Petitotmay  be  called  the  inventor  of  painting  in  enamet; 
for  though  Bordier,  his  bilsother-in-law,  made  several  att 
tempts  before  him,  and  sir  Theodore  Mayerne  had  facili-* 
tated  tbe  means  of  employing  the  most  beautiful  colouis, 
it  was  still  Petitot  who  completed  the  work ;  which  under 
bis  band  4U!quired  such  a  degree  of  perfection,  as  to  sur* 
|mss  miniature,  and  even  equal  painting  in  oil.  He  made 
use  of  gold  and  silver  plates,  and  carely  enamelled  on  cop«- 
per.  When  be  first  came  in  vogue,  his  price  was  twenty 
kmis  a«headj  which  be  soon  raised  to  forty.  His  custom 
was,  to  carry  a  painter  with  him,  who  painted  the  picture 
in  oil ;  aft^  which  Petitot  sketched  out  his  work,  which 
he  always  .finished  after  tbe  life.  When  be  painted  the 
king  of  France,  be  took  those  pictures  that  mQst  resembled 
bim  for  bis  patterns ;  and  tbe  king  afterwards  gave  bim  a 
sitting  or  two  to  finish  bis  work.  He  laboured  with  great 
assiduity,  and  never  laid  down  bis  pencil  but  with  relucts 
ance;  saying,  that  be  always  found  new  beauties  in  his 
art  to  charm  bim«^ 

P£TIT*PIED  (Nicholas),  a  learned  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,,  was  born  in  1630,  of  a  respectable  family  at  Paris. 
He  was  counsellor  clerk  to  the  Chitelec,  and  curate  of  the 
parish'  of  St.  Martiai,  and  died  sub-chanter  and  caoon  of 
the  church  of  Paris,  1705,  aged  ^5,  leaving  a  learned 
work,'  entitled  ^*  Du  I>mi%  et  des  Prerogatives  des  £ccle-> 
siastiques,  dans  radministretkin  de  la  justice  seculaire," 
4to.  This  was  occasioned  by  M.  Petit-Pied  having  offered 
to  preside  in  the  ehatelet  upon  one  occasion,  which  it  was 
said  tbe  clergy  bad  no  right  to  4o»  The  work  was  con* 
sidei^  as  of  great  merit  in  point  of  argument^  and  conr 
iributed  to  obtain  a  decision  in  favour  of  the  clergy. 


^  I 


>  Biog  Brit.  vol.  YII.  Supplement.— Watpole's  Anecdotet. 


592  P  E  T  I  T  -  P  I  E  D. 

PETIT-PIED  (Nicholas),  nepliew  of  the  pr^ceding^ 
and  a  celebrated  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  was  born  Aug.  4, 
1665y  at  Paris.  He  was  appointed  professor  in  the  Sor- 
bonne  1701;  but,  having  signed  the  famous  "Case  of 
Conscience"  the  same  year,  with  thirty *nine  other  doctors, 
be  lost  his  professorship,  and  was  banished  to  Beaune  in 
1703.  Some  time  after  this  he  retired  into  Holland  with 
father  Quesoel  and  M.  Fouillon,  but  obtained  leave  to  re- 
turn to  Paris  in  1718,  wh^re  the  faculty  of*  theology,  aad 
the  house  of  Sorbonne,  restored  him  to  bis  privileges  as 
doctor  in  June  1719.  This,  however,  was  of  no  avail,  as  the 
king  annulled  what  had  been  done  .in  bis  favour  the  July 
following.  M.  Petit-Pied  became^  afterwards  theologian 
to  M.  de  Lorraine,  bishop  of  Bayeux,  which  prelate  dying 
June  9,  1728,- he  narrowly  escaped  being  arrested,  and 
retired  again  into  Holland.  In  1734,  however,  he  wa$ 
recalled ;  passed  the  remainder  of  life  quietly  at  Paris, 
and:died  January  7,  1747,  aged  82,  leaving  a  large  num- 
ber of  well-written  works,  the  greatest  part  in  French,  the 
rest  in  Latin,  in  which  he  strongly  opposes  the  constitu- 
tion Unigenitus.? 

.  P£TJV£R  (James),  a  famous  English  botanist,  w^s  coo- 
temporary  with  Plukenet;  but  the  exact  time  of  his  birtl^ 
is  not  known,  nor  is  much  intelligence. concerning  him  at 
present  to  be  obtained.  His  profession  was  that  of  an  apo- 
thecary, to  which  be  was. apprenticed  under  Mr.  Feltham, 
then  apothecary  to  St.  Bartholomew's  hospital.  .  When' he 
entered  iiito  business  for  himself,  he  settled  in  Aldersgate«> 
street,  and  there  continued  for  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  obtained  considerable  business,  and  after  a  time  be- 
came apothecary  to  the  Charter- house.  After  the  Tjq^des- 
cants,  he  appears  to  have  been  the  only  person,  except 
Mr.  Courten,  and  sir  Hans  Sloane, .  who  made  any.,  con-^ 
siderable  collection  in  Natural  History,  previous.^  those 
of  the  present  day.  He  engaged  the.  captains  apd  sur- 
geons of  ships, to  bring  him  home  specimens,^  and  enabled 
them  to  select  proper  objects  by  printed,  directions  which 
he  distributed  among  them.  By  these  means,  his  collection 
became  so  valuable,  that,  some  time  before  bis  death,  sir 
Hans.  Sloane  offered  him  four  thousand  pounds  .'for  it 
After  bis  death,  it  .was  purchased  by  the  same  collector^ 
and  now  makes  part  of  the  British  Museum,  where  thei^ 

\  Moreri,-— Diet,  ^is^, 


P  E  t  I  V  E  R.  '  398 

.%re  freqaently  resorted  to  for  the  sake  of  ascertaining  ob- 
scure synonyms,  his  plates  being  so  generally  cited  by 
Linii86u89  and  in  oiafiy  instances  so  insufficient  to  express 
the  precis^  object,  intended.  He  was  elected  into  the  royal 
society,  and  becoming  scqaainted  with  Ray,  assisted  him 
in  arranging  the  second  volume  of  his  History  of  Plants.  He 
died  April  20,  1718,  and  much  honour  was  shewn  to  him 
at  bis  funeral,  by  the  attendance  of  sir  Hans  Sloane,  and 
other  eminent  men,  as  pall-bearers,  &c. 

He  gave  the  world  several  publications  on  various  sub- 
jects of  natural  history :  1*  **  Musei  Petiveriani  Centuriae 
decern,"  1692 — 1703,  8vo.  2.  "  Gazophylacii  NatursB 
et  Artis,  Decades  decern,"  1702^  folio,  with  100  plates. 
3.  ><  A  Catalogue  of  Mr.  Ray*s  English  Herbal,  illustrated 
with  figures,"  1713,  folio,  and  continued  in  1715.  Many 
smaller  publications  may  be  found  enumerated  in  Dr.  Pul- 
teney's  Sketches,  with  many  papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  and  a  material  article  in  the  third  volume  of 
Ray's  work,  entitled  '*  Plants  rariores  Chinenses  Madras- 
patan»,  et  Africanas,  &  Jacobo  Petivero  ad  opus  consum- 
mandum  coUatae,'^  &c.  Most  of  his  lists  and  catalogues 
having  become  very  scarce,  they  were  collected  and  pub« 
lisbed  in  1767,  in  2  vols,  fol.^ 

PETRARCH  -  (Francis),  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
characters  in  literary  history,  ,was  born  in  Tuscany,  in 
1 304.  His  father  was  a  notary  at  Florence,  who  having 
taken  part  with  the  Ghibellin  faction,  shared  their  fate, 
and  was  banished,  after  which  he  took  up  his  residence  at 
Pisa.  Here,  his  infant  son  discovering  marks  of  genius, 
bis  father  destined  him  for  a  learned  profession;  and  having 
recommended  him  to  study  the  law,  be  passed  several  years 
at  Montpellier  and  Bologna,  listening  to  the  ablest  pro- 
fessors in  that  science,  but  much  more  inclined  to  peruse 
^e  writings  of  the  classical 'authors.  He  relates  himself, 
that  his  father,  incensed  at  what  he  thought '  a  misappli- 
cation of  time,  seized  at  once  every  classical  author  of 
which  be  was  possessed,  and  threw  them  into  the  fire^  but 
the  frantic  grief  which  Petrarch  expressed  at  that  sight,  ^o 
mollified  the  old  man,  that  he  hastily  rescued  Cicero  and 
Virgil  from  the  flames,  and  gave  them  back  to  his  son  ; 
remarking,  that  it  was  only  the  immoderate  attachment  to 
these  authors^  which  he  blamed,  and. that  the  works  of 

^  Palteney't  Sketclie8.T^9eet!s  Cyclopedia,  by  vir  J«  S.  So^itb,    , 


S94  PETRARCU, 

Cicero,  if  rightly  u«edi  were  the  be^t  prepai«ti?e  to  4be  .ttudjp 
of  the  law.  Petrarch  acknowledges  that  the  struggle  bt^ 
tween  the  strong  propensity  of  his  nature^  and  the  wiU  of 
a  respected  parent,  was  the  cause  of  maoy  unhappy  hours. : 
but  his  father's  death,  which  happened  when  be  was  aboul 
the  age  of  twenty«two,  put  an  end  to  the  contest ;  ^od  left 
him  at  liberty  to  pursue  his  inclinations* 

The  pope's  court  being  then  at  Avigoon,  Petrar<;h,  who 
bad.  while  at  college  contracted  a  strict  intimacy  witb  tim 
bishop  of  Lombes,  pf  the  illustrious  family  of  Colonna^  and 
had  passed  a  summer  witb  him  at  hip  bishopric  in  Gascony, 
was  afterwards  kindly  solicited  to  reside  with  him  in  the 
bouse  of  his  brother,  the  cardinal  Colonna,  then  at  Avig*^ 
non.  This  invitation  he  .accepted.  His  shining  talents, 
says  his  late  apologist,  joined  to  the  most  amiable  manners^ 
procured  him  the  favour  and  esteem  of  many  persms  in 
power  and  eminent  stations:  and  be  found  in  the  house  of 
the  cardinal  an  agreeable  borne,  where  be  enjoyed  the 
sweets  of  an  affectionate  society,  witb  every  convenience 
be  could  desire  for  the  induleeuce  of  bi»  favourite  studiest 

It  was  while  at  Avignon,  that  he  contracted  that  passion 
which  has  so  deeply  engaged  the  attention  of  his  biogra** 
pbers,  and  has  given  an  air  of  romance,  or  of  poetic  fiction^ 
to  a  considerable  portion  of  bis  Jife.  It  appears  that  on  the 
morning  of  Good  Friday  in  1 337,  he  saw  for  the  first  time 
the  young,  and  beautifql  Laiira;  undoubtedly  a  most,  im? 
portant  incident  to  Petrarch,  for  although  bis  works  give 
evidence  of  his  abilities  as  a  politician,  theologian,' and  phi* 
losopher,  yet  it  is  to  those  beautiful  versfea  aione»  in  which 
he  has  celebrated  the  accomplishments,  and  bewailed  the 
fate  of  Laura,  that  he  has  been  indebted  for*  his  perma- 
nent reputation.  But  his  biographers  differ  widely  from 
each  other  in  their  representatioos  of  the  nature  of  Pe« 
trarch's  love  for  Laura.  His  late  acute  and  ingenious  apo- 
logist, lord  Woodhouselee,  deduces  from  the  works  of  the 
poet  himself,  that  this  passion,  so  remarkable  both  for  its 
fervency  and  duration,  was  an  honourable  and  virtuous 
flame,  and  that  Petrarch  aspired  to  the  happiness  of  being 
united  to  Laura  in  marriage.  "  We  have,"  says  bis  lord*^ 
ship,  <^  unquestionable  grounds  for  believing,  from  tbt 
evidence  of  his  own  writings,  that  the  heart  of  Laura  was 
not  insensible  to  his  passion  ;  and  although  the  term  of  hiB 
probation  was  tedious  and  severe,  be  cherished  a  hope, 
approaching  to  confidence,  that  he  was  at  last  to  attain  thf 


PSTRARCH.  $95 

of  his  wifthes.  Such  are  the  ideas  that  we  are  led  to 
eotertain  from  the  writings,  of  the  poet  himself,  of  the  na* 
ture  and  object  of  his  passion ;  and  such  has  been  the  uni- 
form and  continued  belief  of  the  world  with  regard  to  it, 
.from  his  own  days  to  the  present,'' 

.  <*  At  leoffth^"  continues  lord  Woodfaouselee,  ^'  comes 
into  the  field,  a  ba,rdy  but  most  uQcourteoua  knight,  who, 
,.with  a  spirit  very  ppposit;e  to  that  gf  the  heroes  of  chivalry, 
Ji^lasts  at  ouce  the  fair  fame  of  the  virtuous  Laura,  and  the 
.hitherto  unsullied  honoi^r  of  her  lover ;  and,  pioudly 
throwing  down  his.  gauntlet  of  defiance,  maintains  that 
Laura  was  a  manned  woman,  the  mother  of  a  numerous 
family ;  that  Petrarch,  with  all  his  professions  of  a  pure 
and  honourable  fiame,  had  no  other  end  in  his  unexampled 
assiduity  of  pursuit,  tbaa  what^every  libertine  proposes  to 
himself  in  the  possession  of  a  mistress  ;•  and  that  the  lovely 
Laura^  though  never  actually  unfaithful  to  her  husband's 
bed,  was  sensible  to  the  passion  of  her  Cioisbeo,  highly 
gratified  by  his  pursuit^  and  while  she  suffered  on  his.  ac- 
couat  much  restraint  and  severity  fro.m'  a  jealous,  husband^ 
continued  to  give  him  every  u^ark  of  regard,  which,  with- 
out a  direct  breach  of  her  matrimonial  vow^  she  could  be- 
jBtow  upon  him."  Such  is  the  hypothesis  of  M.  de  Sade, 
jn  his  '^  Memoires  pour  la  Vie  de  Petrarque,"  3  vols.  4to, 
which  he  published  at  Amsterdam,  ia  1764 — 67.  He  also 
disserts  that  Laura  was  the  wife  of  one  of  his  own  predeces* 
sors,  Hugh  de  Sade^  and  the  mother  of  eleven  children ; 
that  she  was  the  daughter  of  Aodibert  de  Noyes,  was  born 
in  1307  or  1308,  at  Avignon,  and  died  there  in  1348, 
having  been  married  in  1325. 

The  arguments  of  lord  Woodhouselee,  who  bas.fnlly 
examined  and  refuted  this  hypothesis,  appear,  to  us  to 
amount  as  nearly  to  historic  demonstration  as  the  case  will 
lidmit,  while  the  whole  train  of  De  Sade's  narrative  is  in^ 
consisjteot  with  the  evidence  to.be  derived  from  Petraroh^s 
writings..  In  the  conclusion  lord  Woodhouselee  says,  ^'  I 
have  now,  as  I  trust,  impartially  canvassed  the  whole  of 
these  firgumeots  drawn  by  the  author  of  the  ^  Memoires' 
from  the  works  of  Petrarch  himself,  or  what  may  be  termed 
the  intrinsic  evidence  in  support  of  the  material  part  of  bis 
hypothesis,  4iamely,  that  L^ura  was  a  married  woman  ^ 
nor,  do  I  think  I  presume  too  oauch  when  I  say  that  I  have 
shewn  their  absolute  insufficiency  to  pi^ve  that  propo- 
aition/'     After,  farther  asserting^    that  in  the  whole   of 


S5^  PETRARCH. 

Petrarch's  works,  coiisisthig  of  more  tban  300  sonnets  tnd 
other  poetical  pieces,  there  is  not  to  -be  found  a  single  pas- 
sage which  intimates  that  Laura  was  a  married.  Woman;  be 
.produces  a  variety  of  direct  arguments  on  the  subject,  and 
concludes,  that  **  while  on  the  one  hand  we  have  shewn 
that  there  is  not  the  smallest  solidity  in  all  that  elaborate 
argujnent,  which  has  been  brought  to  prove  that  Latira 
was  a  married  woman,  we  have  proved,  on  the  dthf  r,  from 
the  whole  tenour  of  the  writings  of  Petrarch^  the  only  evi- 
dence that  applies  to  the  matter,  that  his  affection  for 
Laura  was  an  honourable  and  Virtuous  flame.*' 

Notwithstanding  this  argument,  which  we  think  conclu- 
sive against  the  abb£  Sade,  all  the  difficulties  which  attend 
this  part -of  Petrarch's  histdry  are  by  no  means  removed. 
Many  ^re  still  inclined  to  doubt  whether  Laura  was  a  real 
character.  Gibbon  calls  Petrarch's  love  *^  a  metaphysical 
passion  for  a  nymph  so  shadowy,  that  her  existence  has 
been  questioned.*^  Some  say  that  his  mistress's  name  was 
Lauretta,  and  that  the  poet  made  it  Laura,  because,  thus 
altered,  it  supplied  him  with  numberless  allusions  to  the 
laurel,  and  to  the  story  of  Apollo  and  Daphne ;  but  what, 
appears  to  have  perplexed  most  of  his  biographers  and 
critics,  is  their  supposition  that  Laura  was  a  married  lady. 
This  obliges  them  to  suppose  farther,  that  Petrarch's  love 
was  disinterested,  and  correspondent  to  a  certain  purity'of 
character  which  they  have  been  pleased  to  give  him,  in  con& 
tradiction  to  the  fact  of  bis  licentious  commerce  with  wt>« 
men,  by  whom  he  had  at  least  two  children,  at  the  times 
when  he  is  suffering  most  for  the  absence  of  his  Laura. 

The  duration  and  intensity  of  Petrarch's  passion  for 
Laura,  whether  single  or  married,  afford  also  other  subjects 
for  dispute ;  and  it  seems  to  be  agreed  upon  by  those  sober 
critics  who  wish  to  strip  bis  history  from  romance,  that  aU 
though  his  passion  was  so  sincere  as  to  give  him  uneasiness 
for  a  time,  it  was  not  of  a  permanent  and  overwhelming 
nature,  and  must  have  been  diverted,  if  not  extinguii^hed, 
by  the  multiplicity  of  studies^  travels,  and  political  em- 
ployments, which  form  his  public  life,  to  which  we  shall 
DOW  advert.  It  is  said  that  one  of  the  methods  he  took  to 
combat  his  passion  was  travelling  ;  and  it  is  certain  that  his 
frequent  removals  form  a  very  great  part  of  the  incidents 
which  compose  his  life.  In  1333  be  travelled 'through 
Paris  into  Flanders,  and  thence  to  Aix-la-Chapelle  and 
Cologne,  returning  by  Lyons  to  Avignon,    After  anothef 


PETRARCH.  Sg7 

lafkible  into  Italy,  be  resolved  to  retire  from  the  world. 
Those  who  contend  that  Laura  was  a  single  lady,  and  think 
that,  she  received  him  on  his  retarn  with  reserve  and  dby- 
B^s,  attribute  part  of  his  dissatisfaction  with  the  world  to 
this  cause ;  but  they  add,  likewise,  that  his  fortuneis.  now 
wore  an- unpromising  aspect :  the  best  years  of  his  life  w^re 
wei^ring  £sst  away ;  and  the  friendship  of  the  great,  though 
soothing  to  his  self* love,  had  yet  produced  no  beneficial 
oonseqaenee.  Disgusted,  therefore,  with  the  splendid 
delusions  of  ambition,  and  feeling  no  solid  enjoyment  but 
in  the  calm  pursuits  of  literature  and  philosophy,,  he  re* 
^Ived  at  once- to  bid  adieu  to  the  world ;  and  at  the  early 
age  of  thirty- four  he  retired  to  the  solitude  (^  Vaucluse, 
about- fifteen  miles  from  Avignon,  where  he  purchased  a 
4iiiall  house  and  garden,'  the  humble  dwelling  of  a  fisher- 
man :  a  lonely  but  beautiful  recess,  which  he  has  celebrated 
in  many  parts  of  his  works,  and  indeed  in  which  he  wrote 
many  of  those  works,  particularly  his  Italian  poetry;  many 
of  his  Latin  epistles,  in  prose  and  verse ;  his  eclogues ;  his 
treatises  on  a  *<  Solitary  Life,"  and  on  <^  Religious  Tran« 
quillity ;"  and  part  of  bis  poem  on  Africa.  < 

The  taste  for  poetry  and  elegant  composition,  for/wfaick 
the  public  mind  had  be.en  prepared  by  the  writings  of 
Pante^  ascended  to  a  pitch  of  enthusiastic  admiration,  when 
l^ese  works  of  Petrarch  appeared.  ^  Literary  fame,  in  those 
days,  must  have  depended  on  the  opinion  of  a  very  few 
competent  judges ;  for,  as  printing  was  not  then  ^nown, 
the  circulation  of  a  new  work,  by  manuscript  copies,  must 
bave  been  very  slow,  and  extremely  limited.  While  en- 
joying this  reputation,  however,  he  received  a  letter  from 
the.  Maecenas  of  the  age,  Robert  king  of  Naples.^  And 
this  honour  was  followed  by  one  still  greater ;  the  revival, 
in  his  favour,  of  the  ancient  custom  of  crowning  eminent 
poets  at  Rome.  Petrarch  appears  to  have  indulged  the 
hope^of  attaining  this  honour,  and  not  on  slight  grounds  ; 
lor,  in  August  1340,  he  unexpectedly  received  a  letter  from 
the  Roman  senate,  inviting  him  to  come  and  take  the  laurel 
in, that  city,  and  on  the  same  day  he  received  a  similar 
ievitation  from  Paris.  Having  determined  to  accept  the 
^itatton.frooi  Rome,  he  thought  it  necessary  first  to 
|!eps^r  to  the  court  of  king  Robert  at  Naples  (in  March 
|341)y  ^nd  undergo  a  public  examination  as  to  his  learning 
and- talents.  Havitig  gone  ^through  a  ceremony,  whicbf 
ts  lar  a»  voluntary,  was  os^&tatious^  he  went  to  Rome ;, 


39t  t»  E  T  R  ARC  Hi 

where,  on  Easter-day;  in  the  midft  of  tb^  plaodits  ^  tM 
Roman  peojsle,  the  ceremony  was  pferfbrmed  in  the  capitol 
by  bis  friend  count  d^An^illm^  •  Twelvia  patridati  yoilkth J 
were  arrayed  in  scarlet ;  six  repreMntativea  of  Hbe  iiios# 
iUastrious  iamilies,  in  green  robes,  wi|.h>  gartands  of -flow-^ 
ers,  accompanied  the  procession  :  in  the  midst  •  of 'tht^ 
princes  and  nobles,  A  nguillara  assamed  Ms  throtie,  an^ 
at  the  Toice^of  a  herald  Petrarch  arosei  Af^  discourshigf 
on  a  text  of  Virgil,  and  thricfe  repeating  his  vows' folr  the? 
prosperity  of  Rome,  he  knelt  before  the  throne,*  and  re« 
eeived  from  the  senator  a  laurel  crown,  with -the  deehM-^ 
tion,  ^  This  is  thereward  6f  meritj^-  <  Hie  peo{rie  %hbutedf 
V  Long  Ufe  to  the  capitol  ind  the  poet*' -  Asonn^t  inr 
praise  of  Rome  was  accepted  as  thd  efutfion  ^f  geohis  bnd 

fratitude;  and  after  the  whole  proeedtion  .hmd  visited  the' 
atican^  the  wveath  was  suspended  before  the  shrine  of 
StiPeter.  '  In  the  act  of  diplopia,  wbieb  was  prdbented  to 
Pelntrch,  the  tideatid  pre/ogativea  Of  poet-^lftureatare  re*'' 
▼iTed  in  the  oapitol,  after  the  lapse  df  I-Seo  yealMt  '<^nd  he' 
received  the  perpetual  privilege  of  wearing,  lit' his  choice, 
a  crown  of  laurel j  ivy^  or  myrtle^,  of  ^sumin^  tile  poetic^ 
habit,  and  of  teaching,  diiputing,  )ntdtf>reting,  and  com- 
posing, in  ali  places  whatsoever,  and  oii  all- subjects  oiP 
literature.  The  gratit  was  ratified  by  the  anthority  of  the 
senate  and  people,  aAd  theehmbCicHr  i>f  citizen  -was  the're-^ 
oompeuceof  bis  aifectidiifor  the  Rdmtoname.  ' 

From  Rome  Petrarch  went  to  Parma^  wheM  be  passed 
some  time  with  his  protectorsi  the  lords  of  Corregio,  and 
employed  himself  In  finishing  bls^' Africa.^^  'It  was  pro^ 
bably  from*  that  femily  that  he  obtlnn6d^hedighity  of  arcb-^ 
deacon  •intbe  church  of  Parma;  and*in  134S|  when'he  liras 
sent^  to  compliment^  Clement  VI.  on  his  actessieni  in  the 
name  of  the  senate  and  people  of  RcMne,i(;  prioiy  ititbc^ 
diocese  of  Pisa  was  given  bim  by  Ibis  pope.  Inthefel^' 
lowing  year  be  composed  •  his '  Onridi!is  *<  Dialogue  with 
St.  Augustine,'*  in  which  he  confesses  thef  passion  for 
Laura,  which  still  held  dominion  over  his  soul.  In  1 349^ 
be  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  this  object  of  his  affections, 
who  died  of  the  universal  pestilence  which  ravaged  ItU 
Europe^  The  same  pestilence  deprived  hihi'  of  his  gpreat 
firiend  and  patron,  cardinal  Colonna;  IVom  Paduir,  wherer 
be  appears  to  haVe  been  when  these  misfortunes  'befell 
him,  he  ^travelled,  for  a  year  or  two,  toParma^  Carpi  j  and^ 
Mantua ;  And  4ii  1150  he  again  visitefd  *  Padya^  where  br 


PETRAR.CH,  899 

dbtataed  a  can^myy .  and  wrote  a  very  eloqaent  letter  to 
the  emperor  CbaflealV.  exbortitig  him  to  come  into  Italy 
for  the  parpose  of  remedying  the  many  evils  with  which 
that  country  was  oppressed.  After  various  other  removals^ 
lie  went  to  Milan,  iwbere  the  kiudness  and  pressing  soliciw 
tation  of  John  Vtsconti,  its  archbishop  and  sovereign,  in« 
ducedbim  to  settle  for  some  lime*  ^Here  be  was  admitted 
into  the  council  of  state ;  and  in  1354  wu  sent  to  Venice,  to 
make  another  effiart  for  pacifying,  the  two  hostile  republics^ 
but  his  eloquence  proved  fruitlisss.  Ip  the  same  year  he 
wient*^^  Mantua  to  meet  the  emperor/ who  having  at  length 
come  to  Italy,  gave  him  a  most  gracious  reception ;  and 
although  no  advantages  resulted  to  his  country  from  this 
interview,  the  emperor  afterwards  sent  him  a  diploma^ 
conferring  the  title, of  count  palatine.  In  1 360  Petrarch 
was  sent  to  Paris,  to  congratulate  king  John  on  his  libera^ 
tioa  from  English  captivity  ;.  and  hi&  reception  in  that  ca« 
pital  was  answerable  to  the  celebrity  of  his  name* 

By  pope  Innocent  VL  Petrarch  was  treated  at  first 
with  much  neglect,  or.  even  contempt;  but,  in  1361^ 
he  had  so  far  overcome  his  prejudices,  as  to  offer  the  poet 
the  place  of  apostdical  secretary,  which  he  declined,  as 
he  did  also  a  very  prassing  invitation  from  John,  king  of 
France,  to  reside  at  his  court  When  pope  Urban  V«  had 
succeeded  to  the  pontifical  chair,  he  gave  him  a  canonry 
of  Carpentras,  and  was  very  desirous  of  a  personal  inter** 
yiew  with,  him ;  and,  notwithstanding  his  age  and  infirmi- 
ties, Petrarch  set  out  for  this  purpose  in- 1370 ;  but  being 
unable  to  sustain  the  fatigue,  he  returned .  to  bis  villa  of 
Arqua,  near  Padua.  His.  last  journey  was  to  Venice,  in 
1373,  where  he  harangued  the  Venetian  senate  in  favour 
of  his  patron,  Francis  de  Carrara.  On  his  return  to  Arqua, 
be  fell  into  a  state  of  languor,  which  terminated  in  a  fit  of 
'sopse  kind,  in  the  night  of  July  18,  1374.  He  was  foiind 
dead  next  morning  in  his  library,  with  his  head  resting  on 
a  book.  He  survived  his  Laura  many  years,  if  the  date  of 
her  death,  April  6,   1348,  be  correct 

It  seems  to  be  generally  agreed,  that  Petrarch  fj^reatly 
oontributed  to  the  restoration  of  letters  in  Italy,  and  through 
Italy  to  the  other  realms  of  Europe.  The  Latin  tone;ue, 
to  particular,  is  chiefly  indebted  to  him  for  the  restoration 
of  its  purity ;  Italian  poetry  for  its  perfection ;  hiuI  eve» 
philosophy  for  a  constderaUe  share  of  improvement.  The 
ecioQee  of  ethics  be  studied  with  a$teotioos  and  clothe<l 


400  P  E  T  R  A  K.C  ft. 

many  exceHent  precepts  of  tnorality  with  all  the  graces  (X 
pure  and  classical  language.  His  treatises,  '^  De  Remediis' 
utriusque  FortUfiae  ;"  "  De  vera  Sapientia;*'  "  De  Con- 
temptu  Mundi;'*  <^  t)e  Republica  optime  administranda;'* 
^*  De  Avaritia ;'*  On  the  Remedies  of  Fortune;  True' 
Wisdom  J  the  Contempt  of  the  ,  World  ;  Government ;. 
Avarice;  and  above  aj I  the  rest,  ^^  De  sua  ipsius  et  alio- 
rum  ignorantia/'  On  hii^  own  Ignorance  of  himself  and 
others^  are  exceedingly  valuable.  In  reading  the  moral 
writings  of  Petrarch,  we  i^sit,  says  Brucker,  not  a  barren 
desert  of  dry  disputation,'  but  a  fruitful  garden  of  elegant 
observations,  full  of  the  choicest  flowers  of  literature.  But 
Brucker's  animated.  piTaise  of  Petrarcb^s  prose  works  is  pro- 
bably confined  to  himself.  The  above-mentioned  treatises 
might  have  been  useful  and  interesting  when  written,  when- 
the  world ^^ was  in  its  elements;"  but  they  would  meet 
with  a  very  Cold  reception  in  the  present  improved  state  of 
moral  and  philosophical  discussion.  Petrarch's  fame  as  a, 
writer  depends  now  entirely  on  his  Italian  poetry,  and  on 
thd^  facts  in  history  which  exhibit  him  as  contributing  to 
the  revival  of  literature,         '  . 

On  this  subject,  a  recent  ingenious  writer  observes,  that 
although' the  monks  had  forages  bieen  assiduously  engaged 
in  the-  meTitorious  work  of  transcription,  yet  ^n  Petracch'S 
tiine  the  libraries  of  Italy  had  little  to  show,  besides  some 
works  of  the  fathers,  of  ancientand  modern  theologians,  of  ec* 
clesiastical  and  civil  jurisprudence ;  of  medicine,  astrology^ 
and  philosophy ;  and  even  these  in  no  abundance.  .  .7'be 
names  of  the  classical  writers  were  barely  retained:  their 
productions,  and  the  times  in  which  they. lived  were  ml-^ 
serably  confounded,  and  the  authenticity  of  authors  notun- 
frequently  disregarded;  while  transcribers  were  often  grossly 
ignorant  and  careless.  In  this  dearth  of  accurate  copies,- 
and  even  of  the  valua^ble  works  of  .many  ancienjt  authoi^s,^ 
Petrarch  turned  his  mind  to  the  most  useful  inquiries.  :  He 
saw  that  his  own  efforts  would  be  useless,  without  recalling' 
into  general  notice  the  true  models  of  taste :  he  ovirnedi 
that,  on  this  subject,  he  was  animated  by  a  real  passion,, 
the  force  of  which  he  had  no  desire  to  check ;  and  commu- 
nicating his  wishes  to  his  friends,  he  entreated  them  to  join' 
their  researches  to  his  own,  and  to  ransack  the  archives  of 
libraries. 

These  researches  were  not  very  successful.  .  Three  de-' 
cades  of  Livy,  the/  first,  third,  and  fourth,  were,  at  that. 


P  £  T  R  A  R  f;  H.  401' 

time,  all  which  could  be  found.  The  secoiid  decade  w«s 
sought  in  vain.  A  valuable  work  of  Varro,  and  other  prO'^ 
ductions  which  he  had  seen  in  his  youth,  were  irrecoverably 
lost.  With  Quintilian  be  was  more  fortunate,  t,hough  the 
copy  which  he  discovered  was  mutilated  and  imperfecta 
Cicero  was  his  idol,  yet  his  collection  of  the  works  of  thia 
great  orator  was  very  incomplete,  although  be  had  the  hapr 
piiiess  to  make  some  new  discoveries,  particularly  of  bis 
*^  Familiar  Epistles.'*  He  was  once  poases^ed  of  CiceroV 
work,  <<  De  Gloria  ;'*  but  he  lent  it  to  a  friend,  aud  it  wK$ 
irreparably  lost.  He  often  employed  himself  in  making 
transcripts  of  ancient  authors;  by  Which  his  eager  thirst 
was  allayed,  and  accurate  copies  multiplied*  But  neither 
Rome,  nor  the  remains  of  Roman  literature,  were  sufficient 
totally  to  absorb  the  attention  of  this  active  man.  Greece 
also  engaged  his  thoughts.  The  study  of  the  (Sreek  lan« 
guage  had  at  no  time  been  completely  neglected;  and 
when  an  occasion  of  learning  it  offered,  Petrarch  prose^* 
cuted  it  with  his  usual  zeal.  But  he  never  wholly  sur« 
mounted  its  difficulties;  for,  when  a  present  of  a  Greek 
Homer  was  sent  him  from  Constantinople,  he  lamented  his 
inability  to  taste  its  beauties,  although  his  joy.  on  receiving 
such  a  present  was  not  less  sincere.  Such  were  the  pursuits 
by  which  he  rendered  services  of  the  greatest  importance 
to  literature,  and  which  made  him  to  be  so  esteemed  and 
honoured.  He  was,  indeed,  considering  the  times  in  which 
he  lived,  in  all  respects  a  very  extraordinary  man  ;  and  it 
is  not  without  reason,  that  his  countrymen  still  entertain  % 
profound  veneration  for  bis  memory.  .  He  has  also  been 
the  object  of  the  admiration  and  inquiries  of  scholars  in  all 
countries;  and  his  writings  have  been  printed  so  pften^ 
that  it  becomes  impossible,  and  perhaps  would  not  be  vttf^ 
useful,  to  enumerate  hal^  the  editions,  commentSj  and  cri«« 
ticisms,  with  which  his  poems^  in  particular,  have  been 
honoured.  He  is  said  to  have  had  twenty-five  biographers, 
exclusive  of  the  sketches  of  his  life  given  in  collectionsi 
Of  these^  the  most  copiou^  is  the  work  of  the  abb^  de  Sade» 
and  the  most  necessary  to  illus^trate  that  important  part  of 
Petrarch^s  life  which  relates  to  his  connexion  with  Laura,,  is 
Lord  Woodbpuselee's  **  Historical  and  Critical  Essay  of  lfa« 
Life  and  character  of  Petrarch,**  1810,  8vo.^ 

A  riraboscbi Niceron^  vol.  XXyilT.— Gin^aeni  ^ist  Lit.  d'ltftlie.— -Sat^ 

ritfgton^t  Literary  Hiitory  of  tb«  Middle  Ages. 

Vol.  XXIV.  Do  ■       ' 


i02  P  E  T  R  E. 

•  "t?ETRE  (Sm  William),  a  man  of  learning,  a  patron  of 
leai^ning,  and  a  distinguished  statesman,  in  the  four  dis- 
cordant reigns'  of  Henry  VIIL  Edward  VI.  queen  Mary, 
tind  queen  EHzabeth,  was  the  son  of  John  Petre,  of  Tor- 
'newton,  in  the  parish  of  Tor-brian,  in  Devonshire,  and 
born  either  at  Exeter  or  Tor-newton.  After  some  ele- 
mentary edu^.ation,  probably  at  his  native  place,  he  was* 
entered  of  Exeter  college,  Oxford;  and  when  he  had  stu- 
died there  for  a  while  with  diligence  and  success,  he  was, 
in  1523,  elected  a  fellow  of  All  Souls.  We  may  suppose 
that  he' became  sensible  of  the  importance  of  learning,  and 
of  the  value  of  sukrh  seminaries,  as  he  afterwards  proved  a 
liberal  benefactor  to  both  these  colleges.  His  intention  being 
to  practise  in  the  civil  law  courts,  he  took  his  bachlelor's 
degree  in  that  faculty  in  July  1526,  and  his  doctor's  in 
153!2^  and  the  following  year  was  admitted  into  the  college 
of  Advocates.  It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  he  left 
Oxford  on  thb  account,  but  was  made  principal  of  Peck- 
water  Inn,  now  part  of  Christ  Church ;  and  he  became 
soon  afifer  tutor  to  the  son  of  Thomas  Boleyn,  earl  of 
Wiltshire. 

Hitherto  he  had  devoted  his  time  to  literature,  and 
had  no  other  view  than  to  rise  in  hU  profession  ;  but  being 
noticed  by  lord  Cromwell,  while  in  the  Wiltshire  femily, 
as  a  young  man  of  talents,  he  was  introduced  by  him  at 
court,  and  appeareld  to  so  much  advantage,  that  Henry  VIII. 
recomnsended  the  farther  improvement  that  travelling  might 
contribute,'  and  allowed  him  a  handsome  pension  for  his 
expenses.-  <Hts  manners  and  accomplishments,  on  bis  re- 
turn, appear  to  have  fulfilled  the  expectations  of  his  pa- 
trons,' and  'he  was  appointed  Latin  secretary  in  the  secre- 
tary of  staters  office,  the  first  ^tep  in  his  public  life;  and 
which  led  to  those' preferments  and  opulence,  which  ena- 
bled hitn  to  become  the  founder  of  a  noble  family, 
,  In  1535,  when  a  general  visitation  of  the  monasteries 
was  determined  upon,'  Cromwell,  who  considered  him  as  a 
Kery  fit  person  for  this  business,  caused  his  name  to  be 
inserted  in  the  commission,  in  which  he  is  styled  one  of 
the  clerks  in  chancery  ;  and  he  appears  also  to  have  been, 
at  this  time,. master  of  the  requests.  Having  acqoitted 
.  him&elf  iti  this'.employment  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  king, 
who  was  determined  on  the  dissolution  of  these  reUgious 
bouses,  he  was  not  only  r'ewarded,.  in  1588  and  1539,  witn 
very  large  grants  of  abbey-lands,  but  received  the  honour 


P  E  T  H  E.  4&^! 

hf  knighthood.  In  ]  543,  having  become  still  more  accept* 
able  at  court,  he  was  sworn  of  the  privy-council,  and  ap*- 
.pointed  one  of  the  principal  secretaries  of  state ;  and 
accordingly  we  find  his  name  signed  to  every  act  of 
council  during  this  reign.  In  1544,  such  was  his  con* 
sequence,  that  he  was  not  only  appointed  one  of  the.  re- 
gency in  the  absence  of  Henry  VIII.  in  France,  but 
obtained  special  licence  to  retain  twenty  men,  besides  his 
own  menial  servants,  and  to  give  them  liveries,  badges^ 
♦and  cognizances. 

In  king  Henry^s  will,  dated  Dec.  30,  1546,  Sir  William* 
Petre  was  nominate^   one  of  the  assistant  counsellors  to 
Edward  VI.    and  was  not  only  continued  in  the  privy- 
council  and  in  his  office  of  secretary  of  state,  but  was  also, 
in   1 549,  made  treasurer  of  the  court  of  first  fruits  for  life  ; 
and,  the  year  following,  one  of  the  commissioners  to  treat 
of  peace  with  the  French  at  Guisnes.    .  He  was  also  in  se- 
veral commissions  for  ecclesiastical  affairs^  the  purpose  of 
-which  was  the  establishment  of  the  reformed  religion ;  and, 
in  the  course  of  these,  was  one  of  the  persons  before  whom 
both  Bonner  and  Gardiner .  were  cited  to  answer  for  their 
conduct ;  two  men  of  such  vindictive  tempers,  that  it  might 
have  been  expected  they  would  have  taken  the  first  oppor- 
tunity  of  revenge  that  presented  itself.     Owing,'  howeyer, 
to  some  reasons  with  which  we  are  unacquainted,  queen 
Mary,  when  she  came  to  the  throne,  not  only  overlooked 
£ir  William's  zeal  for  the  reformed  religion,  but  continued 
bim  in  his  office  of  secretary  of  state,  and  made  him  chan- 
cellor of  the  garter,  in. the  first  year  of.  her  reign.     Nor 
was   this   the    most   remarkable  instance  .of.  her  favour^ 
The  dissolution  of  the  monasteries  was  a  measure  which 
had  given  great  ofi'ence  to  the  adherents  of  popery ;;  and 
the  grant  of  abbey-lands  tQ  laymen  appeared  tbe  vilest,  sa- 
crilege.    It  was  natural  to  think,  therefor^,  that  popery 
heing  now  established,   some,  steps  would    be  taken,  to 
resume  those  lands,  and  reinstate  the  original  possessors. 
Sir  William  Petre  seems  to  have. entertained  th  is  apprehen- 
sion; and. therefore  determined  to  secure  what  Henry  yill. 
had  given  h,im,   by  a  dispensation  from  ^pope  Paul  iV. 
whom  he  informed  that  he  was  ready  to  employ  them  to 
spiritual  uses ;  and  by  this  and  other  arguments,  he  actually 
obtained  from  the  pontiff  (doubtless  abq  by  the  consent  of 
queen  Mary),  a  gr^nt  by  which  the  whole  of  bis  possessions 
was  secured  to  him  and  bis  heirs;  and  thus  he  was  enabled 

D  D  2 


404  t>  E  T  R  E. 

to  leave  estates  in  seveo  counties,  to  bis  son,  the  first  lonl 
Petre. 

Mary  bad,  in  fact,  such  confidence  in  sir  William  Petre^ 
that sbe  employed  bim  in  uegociating  her  marriage  with 
Philip;  and.  applied  to  bim  for  .relief  when  her  mind  was 
perplexed  on  the  subject  of  the  church-lands,  the  aliena- 
tion of  which  could  not  easily  be  reconciled  to  her  principles^ 
He  was  her  private  adviser  also  in  other  matt)?rs  ;  and  when 
pope  Paul  III.  was  about  to  send  another,  legate  instead  of 
cardinal  Pole,  whom  sh^  bad  desired,  he  advised  her  to 
forbid  bis  setting  foot  in  Englatid.^  which  she  very  resolutely 
did.     In  all. this  there  must  have  appeared  nothing  very 
obnoxious  in  the  eyes  of  queen  Elizabeth :  for  she  conr 
tinned  bim  in  the  office  of  secretary  of  state  until   1,560,  if 
not  longer ;  and  he  was  of  her  privy-icouncil  til)  bis  death,  and 
was  at  various  times  employed  by  her  in  public  affairs.    He 
died  Jikn.  13,  1572,  and  was  buried  in  a  new  aile  in   the 
church  at  Ingatestone,  where  he  bad  built  almshouses,  for 
StO  .poor  people.     He  also  left  various  considerable  legacies 
to  tJie  poor  in  the  several  parishes  where  he  bad  estates,  as 
well  as  to  the  poor  of  the  metropolis.     To  Exeter  college 
he  procured. a  new  body  of  statutes  and  a  regular  deed  of 
iaooiporation,  and  founded  at  the  same  time  eight  fellow* 
ahips.     To  All  Souls  he  gave  a  piece  of  .ground  adjoining 
to  the  college,  and  the  rectories  of  Barking  and  Stantoor 
Jiarcourt,  and  founded  exhibitions  for  three  scholars.     He 
was  married  twice.    One  of  his  daughters,  by  his  first  wife^ 
became  afterwards  the  wife  of  Nicholas  Wadham,  and  with 
iiim  joint  founder  of  Wadham  college.    His  son  John,  by 
his  second  lady,  was  the  first  lord  Petre. 
t    Sir  William-  Petce  was  unquestionably  a  man  of  learning 
and  (aleats>  and  an  able  minister  and  negociator.    Without 
4aleat%  .'witbout  political  ^kill.  and  address,  be  never  could 
]>ave  retained  a. confidential  situation  under  four  such  so** 
▼ereigns  as  Henry,  Edward,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth.  •   Whe*- 
ibeV'all  tbia  .was.. accompanied  by  a  sacrifice  of  principle^ 
is AOtq)oite oiear^  >It is  in  bis  favour^ however,. that biscon^ 
.duct  has. been  censured  by  the  popish. historians,^ and ilbat 
.the  balance  of  bia  virtues  must  thei«foi^  Jie.on  ibe  Pro- 
testant stde^«*        '  .  . 

,  PEXaONIUS  ARBITER,  a  Rpman  satirist,  wa^  9- 
favoutite  of  Nero^  supposed  to  be  the  same  whom  Tacitua 

»  Biog.  Brit.— Strype's  life  of  Cranmer,  p.  35.  55.  U6.' 1  SSL ^^0-^225.  303, 
504.— PHnoe't  Wonkict  of  Dttoa.«--iJofya*t  State  Wonl>iei.-^Dodd't  Cttureh 
MUtory. 


PETRONIUS.  40S 

iiientibns  in  book  xvi.  of  his  Annals,  and  was  proconaul  oi 
Bithynid,  and  aftei'vrards  cOndul.  He  is  said  to  hare  dia* 
covered  a  capacity  for  the  bignbest  offices ;  but  abaQdoning 
himself  to  ▼oluptoousneiss,  Nero  madie  hioi  one  of  bis  prin« 
Gipal  cofifidant^,  and  the  superlntendant '  of  his  Uceotioat 
j^leasnres)  nothing  being  agreeable  or  delightfol  to  that 
prince  but  what  Petronius  approved;  This  raised^theeavy 
of  Tigetiin^u^,  another  of  Nero's  fovoarites,  who  accused  him 
of  being  engaged  in  a  conspiracy  against  the  ennperocv 
Upon  this,  Petronius  was  arrested  ;  and,  beittg  condemned 
to  death,  he  caused  his  veins  to  be  opened  and  sbut>  ffom 
time  to  time,  while  he  conversed  with  his  friends  on  vefsea 
and  poetry.  He  afterwards  sent  Nero  a  book,  sealed  up 
by'  his  own  band,  m  which  he  described  that  'eaipefor*4 
debaucheries  under  borrowed  names,  und  died  about  Um 
year  66.  His  **  Satiricon,**  and  some  other  pieces^'  ar4 
Written  in  elegant  Latin,  but  filled  with  such  obsoenities^ 
that  he  has  been  called  autar  purissims  tmpuritatis.  A 
fragment  of  his  works  was  found  in  the  sevenCeenlh  den^ 
tury  at  't'raou,  a  city  of  Dalmatia,  ih  the  dnchyof  Spa- 
latro,  which  contains  *^  The  Supper  of  Trimaloion^?*  oi«e  of 
his  most  indelicate  pieces.  Many  disputes  have  ariltett 
Concerning  its  authenticity,  which  however  now  seems  to 
be  admitted ;  but  some  other  fragments,  taken  fihom  a  ma* 
nuscript  found  at  Belgrade  in  1688,  and  published  «t 
Paris  by  M.  Nodot,  in  1694,  are  yet  under  suspicion  of 
being  forgeries.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  uncertainty,  both 
about  the  works  and  personal  history  of  Petronius ;  and  ia 
Maittaire^s  ^*  Corpns  Poetaruih''  are  verses  by  five 'difFerMC 
pbets  named  Petronius.  Although  no  English  critic  hai 
disgraced  himself  by  employing  his  time  in  illustrating  tUa 
abominable  author,  Chalderios,  Sambucos,  Goldast,  and 
Other  foreign  scholars,  have  be^n  less  scrupulous.  Bur^t' 
man's  edition  of  1709  and  1743,  4to,  is  usually  reckoned 
the  best;  but  some  prefer  that  of  Antonius,  printed  at 
Ldpsicin  1781,  8vo.* 

PETTY  (William),  a  singular  instance  of  an  Almost 
universal  genius,  and  of  learnitig,  mechanical  iifgenuity^ 
Imd  oeconomy,  applied  to  useful  purpotos,  whs^  the  eldest 
son  of  Anthony  Petty,  a  clothier  at  Rumsey,  in"  Hal^pshirei 
and  was  born  May  16,  1623.  It  does  not  appear 'that  hit 
father  was  a  man  of  much  property,  as  he  left  this  ^oti  none 

1  Vostiat  d«  Poet  Lat.-«Fabricii  BiU.  Ut.-^»i  OnoiaMU 


PET  TY. 

il  his  death,  in  1644,  kqd  tonaribut^d  v6ry' little  to  bi^ 
maiDCenance.  When  young,  the  boy  took  extraordinary 
pleasurie  in  viewing  various  mechanics  at  their  work,  and 
so  readily  conceived  the  nature  of  their  employment,  and 
the  use*  of  their  tools,  that  he  was,  at  the  age  of  twelve, 
able  to  handle  the  latter  with  dexterity  not  much  inferior 
to  that  of  the  most  expert  workmen  in  any  trade  which  he 
bad  ever  seenl  What  education  he  had  was  first  at  the 
grammar-school  at  Rumsey,  where,  according  to  his  own 
account,  he  acquired,  before  the  age  of  fifteen,  a  competent 
knowledge  of  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  French  languages, 
and  became  master  of  the  common  rules  of  arithmetic, 
geometry,  dialling,  and  the  astronomical  part  of  navigation. 
.With  this  uncommon  fund  of  various  knowledge  be  te^ 
moved,  at  the  above  age  of  fifteen,  to  the  university  of 
Caen  in  Normandy.  This  circumsunce  is  mentioned  among 
those  particulars  of  his  early  life  which  he  has  given  in 
bis  wiH>  although,  by  a  blunder  of  the  transcriber,  0«r« 
ford  is  put  for  Caen  in  Collins*s  Peerage.  Wood  says 
that,  when  he  went  to  Caen,  ^*  with  a  little  stock  of  mer« 
chandizing  which  ixe  then  improved^  be  maintained  him**^ 
self  there^  learning  the  French  tongue,  and  at  eighteen 
years  of  age^  the  arts  and  mathematics.'^  Mr.  Aubrey's 
account  is  in  these  not  very  perspicuous  words  :  *'  He  has 
told  me,  there  happened  to  him  the  most  remarkable  acci- 
dent of  life  (which  he  did  not  tell  me),  and  which  was  the 
jbundation  of  all  the  rest  of  his  greatness  and  acquiring 
riches.  He  informed  me  that  about  fifteen,  in  March,  he 
went  over  to  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in  a  vessel  that  went 
hence,  with  a  little  stock,  and  began  to  play  the  merchant, 
and  had  so  good  successe  that  he  maintained  himseife,  and 
also  educated  himseife :  this  I  guesse  was  that  most  re* 
markable  acddtrtt  that  he  meant.  Here  he  learned  the 
French  tongue,  and  perfected  himself  in  Latin,  and  had 
Greeke. enough  to  serve  his  turne.  At  Caen  he  studyed 
the  arts.  At  eighteen,  he  was  (I  have  heard  him  say)  a 
bettcfr  mathematician  than  he  is  npw ;  but  when  occasion 
is,  he  knows  haw  to  recurre  to  more  mathematical  koow-i 
ledge."  These  accounts  agree  in  the  main  points,  and  we 
may  learn  from  both  that  he  had  at  a  very  early  period  be« 
gun  that  money-making  system  which  enabled  him  to  rea? 
lize  a  vast  fortune.  He  appears  to  have  been  of  opinion^ 
that  '^  there  are  few  ways  in  which  a  man  can  be  more 
harmlessly  employed  than  in  mating  money.*^ 


PETTY.  407 

On  his  retilrn  to  his  native  country^  be  speaks  of  being 
preferred  to  the  king's  navy,  but  in  what  capacity  is  ncrt 
known*.  This  he  attributes  to  the  knowledge  he-  had  acat 
quired,  and  his  ^'having  been  at  the  university  of  Caen.!! 
Li  the  navy,  however,  before  he  was  twenty  years  of  age^ 
be  got  together  aboijit  60/.  and  the  civil  war  raging  at  tbkr 
tyUne,  be  determined  to  set  out  on  hb  travels,  for  further  invr 
provement  in  his  studies.  He  had  now  chosen  medicine 
as  a  profession,,  and  in  the  year,  1643,  visited  Leydeiv 
Utrejcbt,  Amsterdam,  and  Paris,  ^  at  which  last  city  be  stu-r 
died  anatQmy,  and  read  Vesalius  with,  the  celehfateti 
Hobbes,  who  was  partial  to  him.  Hobbes  was  then  writihg 
on  optics,  and  Mr.  Petty,  who  had  a  turn  that  ws^y,  ,drew! 
bis  diagrams,  &c.  for  him.  While  at  Paris,  he  informect 
Aubrey  tiiat  '^  at  one  time  he  was  driven  to.  a  great  streighti 
for  money,  Kud  told  .him,  that  he  lived  a  week,  or  two  on> 
three  pennyworths  of  walnuts.*'  Aubrey  likewise  queries 
whether- he  was  not  soine  time  a  prisoner  there.  His  inn 
genuity  and  industry,  however,  appear  to  have  extricated 
him  from  hiis  difficulties,  fpr  we  have  his  own.  auttiority  that 
he  returned  home  in  1646,  a  richer  man  by.  10/.,  than  he, 
set  out,  and  yet  had  maintained  his  brother  Anthony.  a& 
well  as  himself. 

How  this  70/.  accumulated  will  appear  by  his  will.  lb 
may  suffice,  here  to  mention,  that  in  the .  following  year, 
March  6,  a  patent  was  granted  him  by  parliament  for  se-* 
▼enteen  years,  for  a  copying  machine,  as  it  would  now  be 
termed,  .but  which  he  calls  aq^  instrument  for  dquble  wri*. 
ting.  In  an  advertisement  prefixed  to  his  ^'Advice* to  Mr.: 
Samuel  Hartlib,"  he  calls  it,  f'  an  instrument  of  small  bulk* 
and  price,  easily  made,  and  very  durable;  whereby  any» 
man,  even  at  the  first  sight  and  handling,  may  write  two 
resembling  copies  of  the  same  thing  at  once,  as  service- 
ably  and  as  fast  (allowing  two  lines  upon  each  page  for 
setting  the  instruments)  as  by  the  ordinary  way,  ol  ^^hat 
nature,  or  in  what  character,  or  what  tnatter  soever,  as 
paper,  parchment,  a  book,  &c.  the  said  writing  ought  to. 
be  made  upon.'-  Rushworth  also,  having  mentioned  the 
patent  for  teaching  this  art,  transcribes  nearly  our  author's 
wordb  ;  and  says,  ^^  It  might  be  learnt  in  an  hour's,  pracf 

*  Aubrey  says    that  he  was  first  he  desired  him  to  go  aloft  and  fook  for. 

bound    appreutice  to   a  sea-captain,  It  was  on  this  occasion,  Mr.  Petty  said, 

#ho  once  **  drabbed  bio  with  acQrd"-  that  be  first  found  out  that  htt  mmg. 

for  DOt  dJKQreriPi;  a  ]and-marl&  whioh  ncar-gighted.  .  '     . 


40*  PET  T  Y. 


lAoe,  and  that  it  was  -of  great  advantage  to  lawyers,  scrU* 
vcaers,  merchants,  scboUrs,  registers,  clerks,  &c.  it«avin^ 
die  labour  of  examination,  discovering  or  preventing  fttisi« 
fication,  and  petforltiing  the  whole  business  of  writing,  ^asi 
with  ease  add  speed,  so  wi^h  privacy  also?'  The  addi^ 
tional  fatigue  occasioned  to  the  hand,  by  the  increase  'of 
weight  abore  that  of  a  pen,  rendered  this  project'  uselessr 
as  to  the  chief  advantage  proposed,  that  of  expedition  ia 
writing ;  hot  it  seems  to  have  been  applied-  with  some  atte-^^ 
rations  to  the  business  of  drawing ;  the  in^rumenr  for 
which  is  too  w«il  known  to  need  any  descfipCionheilft. 
.  Though  thid  project  therefore  was  not  very  profitable  in 
kself,  yet  by  this  itieans  lie  became  acquainted  with  the« 
leading  men  of  those  times.  He  next  wrote  some  very 
Sensible  remarks^  on  national'  education  in  useful  braiicbes 
of  knowledge,  in  a  patnphlet  entitled  <^' Advice  to;  Mn 
Hartiib  fbr  the  Advancement  of  Learning,''  and  Hi  I64d^ 
went  to  Oxford,  where' having  no  scruples  refspeccingtiie 
state  of  political  parties,  he  taught  anatomy  to  the  j^ernig 
scholars,  uid  became  deputy  to  Or.  Clayton  professW  <d 
anatomy,  who  had  an  inaurmouniabie  avetvionto' the  ^tgbt 
ef  a  mangled  corpse.' 'He 4il80« practised  physic  andchewf 
mistry  with  good  success ;  and  rose  into  such  reputatioir, 
that  the  philosophical  meetings  wliieh  preceded  the  Royjd 
Society,  w«re  first  held  (for  the  most  pari)  at  'his  lodgin^^ : 
and  by  a  parliamentary  recomhendation  he  obtained  a  fel* 
lowship  of  Brazen-nose  ^oU^e,^  in  the  place  of  one  of  the^ 
ejected  fellows,  ^and  was  created  doctor  of  physic,  Mardv 
7,  1^49.  He  wavadibitted  a  candidate  of  the  college  of 
phy^cians^  June  25,  1650;  The  same  year,  he  was^cbieA^ 
concerned  Jn  the  recovery  of  ^  woman  who  had  been: 
hanged  at  Oxford,'  for  the  supposed  murder  of  her  bastard^ 
child*;    '  :  •. 

On  Jan.  I,  1651,  he  was  Bolade  professor  of  anatomy  f 
'•■<•'•  ■    .  '       •  •  . ' 

;  *  This  WM  Qoe  Anne  Green,  ^xe-  fellovr  staipped  with  all  bis  forceoq  bfje 

cnited'at  Oxford,  l^ec.  14,  16^0.     The'  breast  and  siomach,  to  puth^r  oat  or 

storjT  is,  that  she  was  hi^nged  by  the  berpaiii;  but  hy-the  assistanee'oftiki 

neck  niQ«r;h»lf.  aQ  Jioor  ;■  some  of  h&r  docifprS;  Peliy»  Willis*  Baihuvstg>  m^ 

IriendSy  io  the  mean  time,  tbump.iag  Cls^rk^,  she  was  a^^ain  brpught  to  life. 

her  on  the  breast,  others  hanging  with  **  1  myself"  says  Derhaok,  **  tftw  heV 

aU.tiieir  weight  ttpooher*  legs^  somfe^  many  yaMrs"after  that*-  Sk^  Jiai^  t 

-times  lifting  her  up,  and  then  pulling  heard,  born  divers   children.''     Phy* 

her  down 'again  with  «  sudden  jerk,  sico-Theol.   See  also  a  printed  aocbnot 

thereby  the  sooner  to  dispatch  her  out '  of  it,  entitled  "  News  from  the  ]>ead,?' 

of  her  painv   Af^r'she  was  in  her  cof-  &c.  edit  1^1,  i^ndjn  Morgaa'ft  S^hctt 

(in,  beini;  observed  to  breathe,  aliwty,  ni;(;r4to«  .      . 


t*  E  T  T  Y.  40^ 

mnd^  Feb.  7,  music  professor  at  Gresfaam  college,  by  the 
ihterest  of  bis  friend  Dr.  Graunt.  In  1652,  he  was  ap- 
pointed physician  to  the  army  in  Ireland,  and  he  was 
likewise  physician  to  three  lords  lieutenants  ^uccessivdy, 
I^ambert,  Fleetwood,  and  Henry  Cromwell. 

I^ome  time  after  his  settlement  in  Ireland,  having  ob^- 
served,  that  the  lands  forfeited  by  the  rebellion  in  1641, 
which  had  been  adjudged  to  the  soldiers  who  suppressed  it, 
Were  very  insufficiently  measured,  he  represented  the  mat<*> 
ter  to  the  persons  then  in  power,  who  granted  him  a  con« 
tract,  dated  Dec.  II,  1654,  to  make  the  admeasurements 
anew ;  and  these  he  finished  with  such  exactness,  that  there 
was  no  estate  of  6p/.  per  annum,  and  upwards,  which  was 
not  distinctly  marked  in  its  true  value,  maps  being  like- 
wise made  by  him  of  the  whole.  By  this  contract  he  gained 
a  v^hry  considerable  sum  of  money.  Besides  20^.  a  day, 
lyfaich  he  received  during  the  performance,  he  had  also  a 
|»enny  an  acre  by  agreement  with  the  soldiers :  and  it  ap* 
pears  from  an  6rder  of  government,  dated  at  the  castle  of 
Dublin,  19th  March,  1655,  that  he  had  then  surveyed 
2,008,000  acres  of  forfeited  profitable  land.  He  was  like*? 
wise  one  of  the  commissioners  for  setting  out  the  lands  to 
the  army,  after  they  were  surveyed.  When  Henry  Crom- 
well obtained  the  lieutenancy  of  that  kingdom  in  1655,  he 
inadethe  doctor  his  secretary,  appointed  him  a  clerk  of  the 
council  there  in  1 657,  and  procured  him  to  be  elected  a 
Km^ess  for  West  Looe  in  Cornwall,  in  Richard  CrpmwelPs 
parliament,  which  met  Jan.  27,  1658.  March  the  25th 
Sbllowing,  sir  Hierom  Sankey,  or  Zanchy,  member  for 
Woodstock  in  Oxfordshire,  impeached  him  for  high  crimeai 
and  misdemeanors,  in  the  execution  of  his  office.  This 
brought  him  into  England,  when,  appearing  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  April  19,  he  answered  to  the  charge  on  the 
Hist;  to  which  his  prosecutors  replying,  the  matter  was 
adjourned,  but  never  came  to  an  issue,  that  parliament 
being  suddenly  dissolved  the  next  day.  Henry  Cromwell 
bad  written  a  letter  to  secretary  Thurloe,  dated  the  11th 
of  that  month,  in  his  favour,  as  follows  :  <<  Sir,  I  have  here-« 
tofore  told  you  my  thoughts  of  Dr.  Petty,  and  am  still  of 
the  same  opinion:  and,  if  sir  Hierom  Sankey  do  not  run 
him  down  with  numbers  and  noise  of  adventurers,  and  such 
other  like  concerned  persons,  I  believe  the  parliament 
trtfl^fiiid  him  as'I  have  represented.  He  has  curiously  de- 
ceived me  these  four  years,  if  ^e  be  a  knave.     I  am  sure 


/ 


410  P  E  T  T  Y. 

the  juntos  of  tbem^  who  are  moat  busy,  zxp  Dot  men  oftbe 
.quietest  temper.  I  do  not  expect  you  will  have  ieisurei 
or  see  cause,  to  appear  much  for  him  ;  wherefore  this  is 
only  to  let  you  understand  my  present  thoujgbts  of  him. 
The  activeness  of  Robert  Reynolds  and  others  in  this  busi- 
ness, shews,  that  Petty  is  not  the  only  mark  aimed  at.*'     * 

Upon  his  return  to  Ireland  soon  after, .  some  further  en- 
deavours being  used  to  bring  on  a  prosecution.  Petty  pub- 
lished the  same  year,  '^  A  Brief  of  the  Proceedings  between 
sir  Hierom  Sankey  and  the  author,  with  the  state  of  the 
controversy  between  them,*'  in  three  sheets;  which  was 
followed  by  ''  Reflections  upon  some  Persons  and  Things 
in  Ireland,''  &c.  He  then  came  again  to  England ;  and 
brought  a  very  warm  application  in  his  favour  from  the  lord 
lieutenant,  in  these  terms :  **  Sir,  the  bearer,  Dr.  Petty, 
hath  been  my  secretary,  and  clerk  of  the  council  here  in 
Ireland,  and  is  one  whom  I  have  known  to  be  an  honest 
and  ingenious  man.  He  is  like  to  fall  into  some  trouble 
from  some  who  envy  him.  I  desire  you  to  be  acquainted 
with  him,  and  to  assist  him,  wherein  he  shall  reasonably 
desire  it.  Great  endeavours  have  been  used  to  beget  pre- 
judice against  him  ;  but  when  you  speak  with  him,  he  will 
appear  otherwise."  Notwithstanding  this,  he  was  removed 
from  his  public  employments  in  June. 

It  may  be  here  necessary,  for  the  sake  of  his  very  curious 
answer,  to  mention  the  charges  which  his  enemies  brought 
against  him  :  These  were,  1.  **  That  he  the  said  Dr.  Petty 
bad  received  great  bribes.  2.  That  he  had  made  a  trade 
of  buying  debentures  in  vast  numbers,  against  the  statute. 
3.  That  be  had  gotten  vast  sums  of  money  and  scopes  of 
land  by  fraud.  4.  That  he  had  used  many  foul  practices 
as  surveyor  and  commissioner  for  setting  out  lands.  5. 
That  he  and  his  fellow-commissioners  had  placed  some  de- 
bentures in  better  places  than  they  could  claim,  denying 
right  to  others.  6.  That  he  and  his  fellow-commissioners 
bad  totally  disposed  of  the  army's  security ;  the  debt  still 
feoiaining  chargeable  on  the  state." 

The  principal  object  of  his  answer  is  to  demonstrate  that 
be  might,  without  ever  meddling  with  the  surveys  of  the 
Irish  lands,  have  acquired  a$  large  a  fortune  otherwise ;  and 
his  demonstration  must  be  allowed  the  praise  of  ingenuity  at 
least :  "  In  the  year  1649"  (says  he),  "  I  proceeded  M.  D* 
after  the  charge^  whereof,  and  my  admission  into  the  col* 
lege  of  London,  I  had  left  about  60/.    From  that  time  till 


P  £  T  T  Y,  4U 

tibout  Aogpst  1652)  by  my  practice,  fellowship  at  Gre- 
sham,  and  at  Brazen-nose  college,  and  by  my  anatomy 
lecture  at  Oxford,  I  had  made  that  60/.  to  be  near  500/. 
FroiQ  August  16,  1652,  when  I  went  for  Ireland,  to  De«- 
cember  1654  (when  I  began  the  survey  and  oth^r  public 
entanglements)  with  100/.  advance  money,  and  of  365/.  a 
year  well  paid  salary,  as  also  with  my  practice  among  the 
chief  in  the  chief  city  of  the  nation,  I  made  my  said  500/. 
above  1,600/.    Now  the  interest  of  this  1600/.  for  a  year  in 
Ireland,  could  not  be  less  than  200/.  which,  with  550/.  (foi: 
another  year's  salary  and  practice,  viz.  until  the  lands  were 
set  out  in  October  1655)  wou^d  have  encreased  my. said 
stock  to  2,350/.  With  2,000/.  whereof  I  would  have  boughl; 
8,000/.  in  debentures,  which  would  have  then  purchased 
me  about  15,000  acres  of  land,  viz.  as  much  as  I  am  now 
accused  to  have.     These  1 5,000  acres  could  not  yield  me 
less  th^n,  at  2s.  per  acre,   1,5Q0/.  per  ann.  especially  re* 
ceiving  the  rents  of  May-day  preceding.     This  year's  rent 
with  550/.;  for  ipy  salary  and  practice,  &c.  till  December 
1656,  would  have  bought  me  even  then  (debentures  grow-^ 
ing  dearer)  6,000/.  in  debentures,  whereof  the  five  7thi| 
then  paid  would  have  been  about  4,000/.  neat,  for  which  I 
must  have  had  about  8,000  acres  more,  being  as  muph 
almost  as  I  conceive  is  due  to  me.     The  rent  for  15,000 
acres  and  8,000  acres,  for  three  years,  could  not  have 
been  less  than  7,000/.  which,  with  the  same  three  years^ 
salary,  viz.  1,650/.  would  have  been  near  9,000/.  estate  in 
nioney,    above   the  abovementioned   1,500/.  per  ann.  in 
lands.     The  which,  whether  it  be  more. or  less  than  what  I 
liow  have,  I  leaye  to  all  the  world  to  examine  and  judge* 
This  estate  I  might  have  got  without  ever  meddling  witU 
surveys,  much  less  with  the  more  fatal  distribution  of  land» 
after  they  were  surveyed,  and  without  meddling  with  the 
clerkship  of  the  council,  or  being  secretary  to  the  lord 
lieutenant :  all  which  had  I  been  so  happy  as  to  have  de^ 
clined,  then  had  I  preserved  an  universal  favour  and  inte- 
rest with  all  men,  instead  of  the  odium  and  persecution  I 
now  endure."     In  this  manner,  he.  endeavours  to  prove, 
bow  he  might  have  made  his  fortune.     How  be  (lid  make  it 
will  appear  hereafter  in  his  will. 

In  1659,  he  had  enough  of  the  republican  spirit  as  to 
become  a  member  of  the  Rota  Club  at  Miles's  coffee-house 
in  New  Palace-yard,  Westminster.  The  whimsical  scheme. 
ot  this  club  was/  that  all  officers  of  state  should  be  chosen 


412  P  E  T  T  Y. 

by  balloting,  and  the  ti6:ie  limited  for  holding  their  places ; 
and  that  a  certain  number  of  members  of  parliament  sbotild 
be  annually  changed  by  rotation.     Bat  he  returned  to  Ire-* 
land  not  Jong  after  Christmas,  and  at  the  Restoration  came 
into  England,  ,and  was  received  very  graciously  by  his  ma- 
jesty ;  and,  resigning* his  professorship  at  Gresham^  wag 
made  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the  court  of  claims.    On 
April  11,  1661,  he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood,  and 
the  grant  of  a  new  patent,  constituting  him  surveyor- gene*; 
ral  of  Ireland ;  and  was  chosen  jbl  member  of  parliament 
there.     Upon  the  foundation  of  the  Royal  Society,  he  was 
ene  of  the  first  members,  and  of  the  first  council ;  and^ 
though  he  had  left  off  the  practice  of  physic,  yet  his  name 
appears  in  the  list  of  the  fellows  in  tbe^  new  charter  of  the 
tollege  of  physicians  in  1663.   About  this  time  he  invented 
H  double-bottomed  ship,  to  sail  against  wind  and  tide,  the 
model  of  which  he  gave  to  tlie  Royal  Society.     In  1665^ 
he  communicated  ^^  A  Discourse  about  the  Building  of 
Sbips,^'  containing  some  curious  Secrets  in  that  art.     Tliis 
was  said  to  have  been  taken  away  by  lord  Brounker,  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society,  who  kept  it  in  his' possession 
till  1682,  and  probably  till  his  death,  as  containing  mat- 
ter too  important  to  be  divulged.     Sir  William's  ship  per- 
formed one  voyage  from  Dublin  to  Holyhead,  into  which 
tjarrow  harbour  she  turned  in  against  wind  and  tide,  July 
1663  ;  but  after  that  was  lost  in  a  violent  storm. 
'    In  1666,  sir  William  drew  up  his  treatise,  called  **Ver- 
bum  Sapienti/'  containing  an  account  of  the  wealth  and  ex- 
pences  of  England,  and  the  method  of  raising  taxes  in  the 
most  equal  manner ;  shewing  likewise,  that  England  can 
beair  the  charge  of  four  millions  per  annum,  when  the  oc- 
casions of  the  government  require  it !     The  same  yearj 
1666,  he  suffered  a  considerable  loss  by  the  fire  of  London; 
baving  purchased,  several  years  before,  the  earf  of  Arundel's 
bouse  and  gardens,  and  erected  buildings  in  the  garden, 
called  Token-house,  which  were  for  the  most  part  destroyed 
by  that  dreadful  conflagration.     In  1667,  be  married  IHi- 
isabeth,  daughter  to  sir  Hardresse  Waller^  knight,  and  re-^ 
lict  of  sir  Maurice  Fenton,  bart. ;  and  afterwards  set  up; 
iron  works,    and  a  pilchard-fishery,   opened  lead  mines, 
and  commenced  a  timber  trade  in  Kerry,  which  turned  to 
Very  good  account ;  and  with  all  these  employments  be 
found  time  to  consider  other  subjects  of  general  'utilitjr^; 
ivhit^h  he  cominunioated  to  the  Royal  Society.     He  com^. 


PETTY.  4lf 

posed  a  pieceof  Latin  poetiy,  and  published  it  at  London 
in  1679,  in  two  folio  sheets,  under  the  name  of  ^'  Cassid.  Au<<^ 
reus  Manutius/'  with  the  title  of  ''  Colloquium  Davidis  cum 
anima  sua.*'  His  patriotism  had  before  led  him  to  use  his 
endeavours  to  support  the  expence  of  the  war  against  the 
Dutcby  and  be  felt  it  necessary  also  to  expose  tbe  sinister 
practices  of  the  French,  who  were  at  this  time  endeavour- 
ing to  raise  disturbances  in  England,  increase  our  divisions^ 
and  corrupt  the  parliament  at  this  time.  With  this  view 
he  published,  in  1680,  a  piece  called  ''The  Politician  Dis- 
covered,'* &c.  aud  afterwards  wrote  several  essays  in  poli- 
tical arithmetic ;  in  which,  from  a  view  of'  the  natural 
strength  both  of  England  and  Ireland,  he  suggests  a  method 
of  improving  each  by  industry  and  frugality,  so  as  to  be  a 
match  for,^  or  even  superior  to,  either  of  her  neighbours. 
Upon  the  first  meeting  of  the  Philosophical  Society  at 
Dublin,  .after  tbe  plan  of  that  at  London,  every  thing  was 
submitted  to  his  direction  ;  and,  when  it  was  formed  into 
a  regular  society,  he  was  chosen  president,  Nov.  1684. 
Upon  this  occasion  he  drew  up  a  ''  Catalogue  of  mean, 
vulgar,  cheap,  and  simple  Experiments,**  proper  for  the 
infant  state  of  the  society,  and  presented  it  to  them  ;  as  he 
didalso  his  "  Supellex  Philosophica,'*  consisting  of  forty- 
five  instruments  requisite  to  carry  on  the  design  of  their 
iilstitution.  But,  a  few  years  after,  all  his  pursuits  were) 
determined  by  the  effects  of  a  gangrene  in  his  foot,  occa- 
sioned by  the  swelling  of  the  gout,  which  put  a  period  to 
bis  Hfe,  at  his  house  in-  Piccadilly,  Westminster,  Dec.  16, 
1687,  in  his  sixty-fifth  year.  His  body  was  carried  ta 
Rumsey,  and  there  interred,  near  those  of  bis  parents. 
There  was  laid  over  his  grave  only  a  flat  stone  on  the  pav^-^^ 
mentf  with  this  short  inscription,  cut  by  an  illiterate  work-' 
man : 

HERE  LAYES 

SIR  WILLIAM 

PETTY. 

His  will  is  altogether,  perhaps,  the  most  extraordinary 
composition  of  the  kind  in  our  language,  and  is  more  illus-^ 
trative  of  the  character  of  sir  William  Petty  than  any  infor- 
mation derived  from,  other  soui^ces. 

*This  singular  composition  bears  date  May  2,  1685^  and: 
mn«  thus:  "  In  the  name  of  God,  Amen;  I,  sir  William 
Petty,  km.  born  at  Rumsey^  in  Hantshire,  do,  revoking* 
idl  other  and  former  lyilis^  make  this  my  last  will  ^nd  tes- 


414  PETTY. 

tament,  premising  the  ensuing  preface  to  the  same; 
whereby  to  express  my  condition,  design,  intentions,  and 
desires,  concerning  the  persons  and  things  contained  in. 
and  relating  to,  my  said  will,  for  the  better  expounding 
any  thing  which  may  hereafter  seem  doubtful  therein,  and 
also  for  justifying,  on  behalf  of  my  children,  the  manner 
and  means  of  getting  and  acquiring  the  estate,  which  I 
hereby  bequeath  unto  them ;  exhorting  them  to  improve 
the  same  by  no  worse  negociations. — In  the  first  place  I 
declare  and  affirm,  that  at  the  full  age  of  fifteen  years  I 
had  obtained  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  French  tongues,  the 
whole  body  of  common  Arithmetic,  the  practical  Geometry 
and  Astronomy  conducing  to  Navigation,  Dialling,  &c. 
with  the  knowledge  of  several  mathematical  trades,  all 
which,  and  having  been  at  the  university  of  Caen,  pre- 
ferred me'to  the  king's  navy  ;  where,  at  the  age  of  twenty 
y^rs,  I  had  gotten  up  about  threescore  pounds,  .with  as 
much  mathematics  as  any  of  my  age  was  known  to  have 
had!  With  this  provision,  anno  1643,  when  the  civil  wars 
between  the  king  and  parliament  grew  hot,  I  went  into  the 
Netherlands  and  France  for  tliree  years,  and  having  vigo- 
rously followed  my  studies,  especially  that  of  medicine,  at 
Utrecht,  Leyden,  Amsterdam,  and  Paris,  I  returned  to 
Rumsey,  where  I  was  born,  bringing  back  with  me  my 
brother  Anthony,  whom  I  had  bred,  with  about  lOL  more 
than  I  had  carried  out  of  England.  With  this  70/.  and  my 
endeavours,  in  less  than  four  years  more,  I  obtained  my 
degree  of  M.  D*  in  Oxford,  and  forthwith  thereupon  to  be 
admitted  into  the  College  of  Physicians^  London,  and  into 
several  clubs  of  the  Virtuous  (Virtuosi) ;  after  all  which 
expence  defrayed,  I  had  left  28/.  and  in.  the  next  two 
years  being  made  Fellow  of  Brazen-Nose,  and  Anatomy 
Professor  in  Oxford,  and  also  Reader  at  Gresham- college, 
I  advanced  my  said  stock  to  about  400/.  and  with  100/. 
more  advanced  and  given  me  to  go  for  Ireland,  unto  full 
bOOl.  Upon  the  10th  of  September,  1652,  I  landed,  at 
Waterford  in  Ireland,  Physician  to  the  army  who  had  sup- 
pressed the  rebellion  begun  in  the  year  1641^  and  to  ?tbe 
general  of  the  same,  and  the  head  qii^fters,  at  the  rate  of  205; 
per  diem^  at  which  I  continued  till  June  1659,  gaining, 
by  my  practice,  ab6ut  400/.  a  year  above  the  said  salary. 
About  Sept.  1654,  I  perceiving  that  the' ftdmeasiiremeht 
of  the  lands,  forfeited  by  the  aforemetition^d  rebellion,'  and 
intended  to  reigulate  the  satisfaction  of  the  soldiers  who  had- 


PETTY.  4lS 

suppressed  th6  same,  was  mpst  insufficiently  and  absurdly 
managed;  I  obtained  a  contract,  dated  11th  December, 
1654,  for  making  the  said  admeasurement,  and,  by  God's 
blessing,  so  performed  the  same,  as  that  I  gained  about 
9,000/.  thereby,  which,  with  the  500L  aborementioned, 
and  my  salary  of  20s.  per  diem,  the  benefit  of  my  practice, 
together  with  600/.  given  me  for  directing  an  after  survey 
of  the  adventurer's  lands,  and  800/.  more  for  two  years' 
salary  as  clerk  of  the  council,  raised  me  an  estate  of  about 
13,000/.  in  ready  and  real  money,  at  a  time  when,  with- 
out art,  interest,  or  authority,  men  bought  as  much  lands 
for  ten  shillings  in  real  money,  as  in  this  year,  1685,  yields 
105.  per  annum  rent,  above  his  majesty's  quit-rents.  Now 
I  bestowed  part  of  the  said  13,000/.  in  soldier's  deben- 
tures, part  in  purchasing  the  earl  of  Arundel's  house  and 
garden  in  Lothbury,  London, xand  part  I  kept  in  cash  to 
answer  emergencies.  Hereupon  I  purchased  lands  in 
Ireland,  with  soldiers'  debentures  *,  bought  at  the  above 
market-rates,  a  great  part  whereof  I  lost  by  the  Court  of  In* 
nocents,  anno  1663 ;  and  built  the  said  garden,  called  Token- 
house  Yard,  in  Lothbury,  which  was  for  the  most  part  de- 
stroyed by  the  dreadful  fire,  anno  1666.  Afterwards,  anno 
1667,  I  married  Elizabeth,  the  relict  of  sir  Maurice  Fenton, 
bart.  I  set  up  iron-works  and  pilchard-fishing  in  Kerry,' 
and  opened  the  lead -mines  and  timber-trade  in  Kerry  :  by 
all  which,  and  some  advantageous  bargains,  and  with  living 
under  my  income,  I  have,  at  the  making  this  my  will,  the 
real  and  personal  estate  following :  viz.  a  large  house  and 
four  tenements  in  Rumsey,  with  four  acres  of  meadow 
upon  the  causeway,  and  four  acres  of  arable  in  the  fields, 
called  Marks  and  Woollswonhs,  in  all  about  30/.  per  ann.; 
bouses  in  Token-house  Yard,  near  Lothbury,  London, 
with  a  lease  in  Piccadilly,  and  the  Seven  Stars  and  Blazing 
Star  in  Birching- lane,  London,  worth  about  500/.  per 
annum,  besides  mortgages  upon  certain  houses  in  Hog- 
lane,  near  Shoreditch,  in  London,  and  in  Erith,  i;i  Kent, 
worth  about  20/.  per  annum.  I  have  three  fourth  parts  of 
the  ship  Charles,  whereof  Derych  Paine  is  master,  which 
lvalue  at  80/.  per  annum,  as  aUo  the  copper-plates  for 
the  maps  of  Ireland  with  the  king's  privilege,  which  I  rate 
at  100/.  per  annum,  in  all  730/;  per  annum.     I  have  in 

*  These  were,  by  act,  1649/ or-  pay  the  soldier -creditor,  or  his  assigns, 
dained  tc  be  in  the  natare  of  bonds  or  the  sum  due  upon  auditiof  the  account 
hii\»,  ^obarge  tlie  C^mmonweatth  to     of  his  arrears. 


416  P.  E  T  T  V, 

Ireland,  tirithoUt  the  county  of  Kerry,  in  lands,  rema'm--^ 
ders,  and  reversions,  about  3,100/.  per  annum.     I  hav^  of 
neat  profits,  out  of  the  lands  and  woods  of  Kerry,^  above 
1,100/.  per  annum,  besides  iron*vvorks,  fishingi  and  lead-; 
mines,  and  marble-quarries^  worth  600/.  per  annum  ;  in  all 
4,800/.     I  have,  as  my  wife's  jouUur6,^during   her   lifen 
about  850/.  per  annum  ;  and  for  fourteen  y^ars  after  hep 
death  about  200/.  per  ann.    I  baye,  by  3,300/.  money  at  in^ 
terest,  20/.  per  annum ;  in  all  about  6,700/.  per  annum.  Th^ 
personal  estate  is  as  follows,  viz.  in  chest,  6,600/. ;  in  th^ 
Lands  of  Adam  Loftus,  1,296/.;  of  Mr.  John  Cogs,  gold-, 
smith)    of  London,  1,251/.;  ia  silver,  plate,    and  jewels^, 
about  3,000/. ;  in  furniture,  goods,  pictures,  coach-horses^ 
books,  and  watches,  1,150/.;  per  estimate  in  all  12,000/^ 
I  value  my  three  .chests  of  original  map  and  field-book?^ 
the  copies  of  the  Dowrtersurvey,  with  the  Barony-maps*, 
and  chest  of  distribution- books,  with  two  chests  of  loose 
papers  relating  to  the  survey,  the  two  great  barony-books^ 
and  the  book  of  the  History  of  the  Survey,  altogether  at 
2,000/.     I  have  due  out  of  Kerry,  for  arrears  of  my  rent 
andiron,  before  24th  June,  1685,  the  sum  of  1,912/.  for 
the  next  half  yearns  rent  out  of  my  lands  in  Ireland,  (Dy 
wife^s  jointure,  and  England,  >on  or  before  24th  June  next, 
2,000/.     Moreover,  by  arrears  due  30th  Aprilj  1685,  out 
of  all  my  estate,  by  estimate,  and  interest  of  money,  1,800/. 
By  other  good  debts,  due  upon  bonds  and  bills  at  this 
time,,  per  estimate,  900/.    By  debts  which  I  call  bad  4000/. 
worth   perhaps  800/.      By   debts  which  I  call   doubtful, 
50,000/.  worth,  perhaps,  25,000/.      In  all,  34,412/,    and, 
the  total  of  the  whole  personal  estate,  46,412/.::  so  as  my 
present  income  for  the  year  1685  may  be  6,700/.  the  pro« 
fits  of  the  personal  estate  may  be  4,64l/«  and  th^  demon- 
strable improvement  of  my  Irish  estate  may  be  3,65.9/.  per 
ann.  to  make  in  all  15,000/.  per  ann.  in  and  by  all  mamier. 
of  effects,  abating  for  bad  debts  about  28,000/. ;  whereupoa 
I.  say  in  gross,  that  my  real  estate  or  income  may  be  6,600/. 
per  ann.  my  personal  estate  about  45,000/^  my  bad  and 
desperate  debts  30,000/.  and  the  improvements  may  be 
4,000/.  per  ann.  in  all  15,Q00iL  per  ann.  ut.  supra.     Now 
ray  opinion  and  desire  is  (if  I  could  effect  it,  aud  if  I 
were  clear  from  the  law,  custom^  and, other  impediments), 
to  add  to  my  wife^s  jointure  three,  fourths  of  what  it  now 

^**Thep1ate8  of  theie  barony-maps,  Anne's  wars  by  a  French  prirateer,. 
in  number  two  hundred  and  fifty-two,  and  are  said  to  be  now  in  the  Idng  oC 
were  taken  on  board  a  ship  in  queen     France's  library."    Go^gh's  Topog. 


petty;  •  417 

k  computed  at^  vi^.  637/.  per  ann.  to  ihake  the  whole 
1,487/.  per  ami.  wbith«addition  of  637/.  and  860/.  beings 
deducted  out  of  the  aforementioned  6,600/.  leaves  5,113/; 
for  my  two  sons ;  whereof  I  would  my  eldest  son  should 
ha.ve  two-thirds,  or  3,408/.  and  the  younger  1,705/.  and 
that,  after  their  mother's  death,  the  aforesaid  addition  of 
637/.  should  be  added  in  like  proportion,  making  for  the 
ddest  3,832/.  and  for  the  youngest  1,916/.  and  I  would 
that  the  improvement  of  the  estate  should  be  equally  di-< 
vided  between  my  two  sons;  and  that  the  personal  estate 
(taking  out  10,000/.  for  my  only  daughter)  that  the  rest 
should  be  equally  divided  between  my  wife  and  three 
children;  by  which  method  my  wife  would,  have  1,587/^: 
per  ann.  and  9,000/.  in  personal  effects ;  my  daughter 
would  have  10,000/.  of  the  Crame,  and  9,000/.  more,  witb 
less  certainty  :  my  eldest  son  would  have  3,800/.  per  ami. 
and  half  the  expected  improvement,  with  9,000/,  in.  hope- 
ful effects,  over  and  above  his' wife's  portion:  and  my 
youngest  son  would  have  the  same  within  l,900/»  per  ann.? 
I  would  advise  my  wife,  in  this  case,  to  spend  her  whole 
1^587/.  per  ann.  that  is  to  say,  on  her  own  entertainment, 
charity,  and  munificence,  without  care  of  increasing  her 
children's  fortunes  :  and  I  would  she  would  ^ give  away- 
one- third  of  the  above  mentioned  9,000/.  at  her. death, 
even  from  her  children,  japon  any  Worthy  object,  and  dis- 
pose of  the  other  two-thirds  to  such  of  her  childfen  and 
grandrchildren  as  pleased  her  best,  without  regard  to  any 
other  rule  or  proportion.  In  6ase  of  either  of  my  three 
children's  death  under  age,  I  advise  as  follows  ;  viz.  If  my, 
eldest,  Charles,  die  without  issue,  I  would  that  Henry 
should  have  three-fourths  of  what  he  leaves ;  and  my  daugh-^ 
ter  Anne  the  rest.  If  Henry  die,  I  would  that  what  he  leaves- 
may  be  equally  divided  between  Charles  and  Anne  :  and  if 
Aline  die,  that  her  sliare  be  equally  divided  between  Charles 
and  Henry.  .  Memorandun^j  That  I  think  fit  to  rate. the 
30,000/.  desperate  debts  at  1,100/.  only^  and  to  give  it  my 
daughter,  to  make  her  abovementioned  10,000/.  and  9,000/. 
to  be  full  20,000/.  which  is  much  short  of  what  I  have  given 
her  younger  brother;  and  the  elder  brother  may  have 
3,800/.  per  ann,  and  9,000/.  in  money,  worth  900/.  more, 
2,000/.  by  improvements,  and  1,300/.  by  marriage,  to  make 
up  the  whole  tp  8,000/.  per  ann.  which  is  very  well  for  the 
eldest  son,  as  20,000/.  for  the  daughter.'^ — H-e  then  I'eaves 
his  wife  executrix  and  gdaVdian*  during  her  vvidowbiood;^' 
Vol.  XXI\r;  E  e    ' 


418  PETTY. 

aiidy  in  case  ef  her  marriage,  her  brother  James  Waller^' 
and  Thomas  Dame :  recomtnending  to  them  tvirp^  and  his 
children,  to  use  the  same  servants  and  instruments  for 
management  of  the  estate,  as  were  in  his  life* time,  at  cer- 
tain salaries  to  continue  during  their  lives,  or  until  his, 
youngest  child  should  be  twenty-one  years,  which  would  be 
the  22d  of  October,  1696,  after  which  his  children  might 
put  the  management  of  their  respective  concerns  into  what 
hands  they  pleased.     He  then  proceeds : 

"  I  would  not  have  my  funeral  charge  to  exceed  300/. 
over  and  above  which  sum  I  allow  .and  give  150/.  to  set 
up  a  monument  in  the  church  of  Rumsey,  near  where  my 
grandfather,  father,  and  mother,  were  buried,  in  me- 
mory of  them,  and  of  all  my  brothers  and  sisters.  I  give 
also  5/.  for  a  stone  to  be  set  up  in  Lothbury  ohurcht 
London,  in  memory  of  my  brother  Anthony,  there  buried 
about  18th  October,  1649.  I  give  also  50/.  for  a  small  mO"» 
nument  to  be  set  up  in  St.  Bride^s  church,  Dublin,  in  me- 
mory of  my  son  John,  and  my  near  kinsman,  John  Petty^ 
supposing  my  wife  will  add  thereunto  for  her  excellent  son. 
Sir  William  Fenton,  bart.  who  was  buried  there  18th 
March,  1670-71 ;  and  if  I  myself  be  buried  in  any  of  the 
said  three  places,  I  would  have  100/.  only  added  to  the 
above*named  sums,  or  that  the  said  100/.  shall  be  bestowed 
on  a  monuments  for  me  in  any  other  place  where  I  shall 
die.  As  for  legacies  for  the  poor,  I  am  at  a  stand  ;  as  for 
l>eggars  by  trade  and  election,  I  give  them  nothing ; ,  as 
for  impotents  by  the  hand  of  God,  the  public  ought,  to 
maintain  them;  as  for  those  who  have  been  bred  to  no 
calling  nor  estate,  they  should  be  put  upon  their  kindred ; 
as  for  those  who  can  get  no  work,  the  magistrate  should 
cause  them  to  be  employed,  which  may  ,be  well  done  in 
Ireland,  where  is  fifteen  acres  of  improvable  land  for  every 
lead;  prisoners  for  crimes,  by  the  King;  for  debts,  by 
their  prosecutors ;  as  for  those  who  compassionate  the  suf- 
ferings of  any  object,  let  them  relieve  themselves  by  re-* 
lieving  such  sufferers,  that  is,  give  them  slms  pro  re  nataf 
and  for  God's  sake  relieve  those  several  species  above-men-* 
tioned,  where  the  above-n^entioned  obligersfail  in  tbeiF 
duties :  wherefore  I  am  contented  that  I  have  assisted  all 
my  poor  relations,  and  put  nilany  into  a  way  of  getting  their 
own  bread,  and  have  laboured  in  public  works,  and  by 
inventions  have  sought  out  real  objects  of  charity  ;  and  do^ 
hiereby  conjure  all  who  partake  of  my  estatei  from  time 


PETTY.  419 

to  time  to  do  the  same  at  their  peril.  Nevertheless,  to 
answer  custom,  and  to  take  the  surer  side,  I  give  20/.  to 
the  most  wanting  of  the  parish  wherein  I  die.  As  for  the 
education  of  my  children,  J  would  that  my  daughter  might 
marry  in  Ireland,  desiring  that  such  a  sum  as  I  have  left 
her,  might  not  be  carried  out  of  Ireland.  I  wish  that  my 
eldest  son  may  get  a  gentleman's  estate  in  England,  which, 
by  what  I  have  gotten  already,  intend  to  purchase,  and  by 
what  I  pi^esume  he  may  have  with  a  wife,  may  amount  to 
between  2000/.  and  3000/.  per  ann.  and  buy  some  office  he 
may  get  there,  "together  with  an  ordinary  superlucration 
may  reasonably  be  expected ;  so  as  I  may  design  myyoung- 
est  son's  trade  and  employment  to  be  the  prudent  manage- 
ment of  our  Irish  estate  for  himself  and  his  elder  brother, 
which  I  suppose  his  said  brother  must  consider  him  for.  As 
for  myself,  I  being  now  about  three-score  and  two  years  old^ 
I  intend'  to  attend  the  improvement  of  my  lands  in  Ireland, 
and  to  get  in  the  many  debts  owing  unto  me;  and  to  promote 

.  the  trade  of  iron,  lekd,  marble,  hsh,  and  timber,  whereof 
my  estate  is  capable  :  and  as  for  studies  and  experiment, 
I  think  now  to  confine  the  same  to  the  anatomy  of  the 
people  and  political  arithmetic ;  as  also  to  the  improve* 
ments  of  ships,  land-carriages,  guns,  and  pumps,  as  of 
mosft  usie  to  mankind,  not  blaming  the  studies  of  oihermen. 
As  for  religion,  I  die  in  the  profession  of  that  faith,  and  in 
the  practice  of  such  worship,  as  I  find  established  by  the 
law  of  my  country,  not  being  able  to  believe  what  I  myself 
please,  nor  to  worship  God  better  than  by  doing  as  I  would 
be  done  unto,  and  observing  the  laws  of  my  country,  -and 
expressing  my  love  and  honour  to  Almighty  God  by  such 
signs  and  tokens  as  are  understood  to  be  such  by  the  people 
with  whom  I  live,  God  knowing  my  heart,  even  without 
thy  at  all ;  and  thus  begging  the  Divine  Majesty  to  make 
me  what  he  would  have  me  to  be,  both  as  to  faith  and  good 
works,  I  willingly  resign  my  soul  into  his  hands,  relying 
only  on  his  infinite  mercy,  and  the  merits  of  my  Saviour, 

'  for  my  happiness  after  this  life,  where  I  expect  to  know 
and  see  God  more  clearly  than  by  the  study  of  the  Scrip- 
tures and  of  his  works  I  have  been  hitherto  able. to  do. , 
Grant  me,  O  Lord,  an  easy  passage  to  thyself,  that,  as  I 
have  lived  in  thy  fear,  I  may  be  known  to  die  in  thy  fa* 
Vour.     Amen.*' 

His  family,  at  his  death,  consisted  of  his  widow  and  three 
children,  Charles,  Hepr}',  and  Anne;  of  whom   Charles 

E  £  2 


42(>  PETTY. 

was  created  baron  of  Shelbourne,  in  the  county  of  Water^^ 
ford,  in  Ireland,  by  king  William  III. ;  but  dying  without 
issue,  was  succeeded  by  his  younger  brother  Henry,  who, 
was  created  viscount  Dunkeron,  in  the  county  of  Kerry  in^ 
that  kingdom,  and  earl  of  Shelbourne,  Feb.  11,  1718.  He 
married  the  lady  Arabella  Boyle,  sister  to  Charles  earl  of 
Cork,  who  brought  him  several  children*  He  was  mem-t. 
ber  of  parliament  for  Great  Marlow  in  Buckinghamshire, 
a  fellow  of  the  royal  society;  and  died  April  17,  1751. 
Anne  was  married  to  Thomas  Fitz-Morris,  baron  of  Kerry 
and  Lixnaw,  and  died  in  Ireland,  anno  1737.  The  de-. 
scent  to  the  present  marquis  of  Lansdown  may  be  seen  ia 
the  peerage. 

Before  concluding  this  article,  we  may  glean  a  itw  me- 
moranda of  his  personal  history  from  Aubrey,  who  appears 
to  have  lived  in  intimacy  with  him. 

^^  I  remember  there  was  a  great  difference  between  htm 
and  sir  (Hierom  Sankey),  one  of  Oliver^s  knights,  about 
1660.  '  They  printed  one  against  the  other.  *The  knight 
had  been  a  soldier,  and  challenged  sir  William  to  fight 
with  him.  Sir  William  is  extremely  short-sighted,  and 
being  the  challengee  it  belonged  to  him  to  nominate  place 
and  weapon.  He  nominates  for  the  place  a  dark  cellar, 
and  the  weapon  to  be  a  great  carpenter's  axe.  This 
turned  the  knighfs  challenge  into  ridicule,  and  it  came 
to  nought  Sir  William  can  be  an  excellent  droll,  if  he 
has  a  mind  to  it,  and  will  preach  extempore  incomparably, 
either  in  the  presbyterian  way,  independent,  capucin  friar, 
or  Jesuit. 

^^  He  had  his  patent  for  earle  of  Kilniore  and  baron  o( 
.  166 — ,  which  he  stifles  during  his  life  to  avoyd  envy, 

but  bis  Sonne  will  have  the  benefitt  of  the  precedency  f. 
He  is  a  person  of  an  admirable  inventive  bead,  and  pracr 
ticall  parts.  He  hath  told  me  that  he  hath  read  but  little, 
that  is  to  say,  not  since  25  ataU  and  is  of  Mr,  Hobbes  his 
mind,  that  had  he  read  much,  as  some  men  have,  he  bad  not 
known  so  much  as  he  does,  nor  should  have  made  such 
discoveries  and  improvements. 
.  **  I  reotember  one  St.^  Andrew's  day  (which  is  the  day  of 

*  "  The  k'nigbl  was  wont  to  preach  at  Diiblin,  which  out  of  envy  obstructed 

at  Dablin.**    Aubrty.  the  pasiinir  of  Hit  patent*'    Aabrej, 

f  **  1  expected  that  his  tonoe  would  who  it  probably  here  speakiof  of  a 

have  broken  out  a  lord  or  earle,  but  it  period  before  the  raitoraiion. 
teemes  that  be  had  enemies  at  the  court 


V  E  T  T  Y. 


42  f 


the  general  meeting  of  the  royal  society  for  annual  elec- 
tions) T  sayd,  *  Metbought  'twas  not  so  well  that  we  should 
pitch  upon  the  patron  of  Scotland's  day,  we  shpnld  rather 
have  taken  St.  George  or  St.  Isidora  (a  philosopher  ca- 
nonized).' *  No,'  said  sir  William,  *  I  would  rather  that  it 
had  been  on  St.  Thomas's  day,  for  he  would  not  believe 
till  he  had  seen  and  putt  his  fingers  into  the  boles,  accord- 
ing to  the  motto  Ifullius  in  verba.'' 

"  He  told  me  that  he  never  gott  by  legacieJ^  in  his  life 
but  only  10/.  which  was  not  payd.  He  hath  told  rae^  that 
whereas  some  men  have  accidentally  come  into  the  way  of 
preferment  by  lying  at  an  inne,  and  there  contracting  an 
acquaintance,  on  the  roade  ;  or  as  some  others  have  donne : 
fae  fiever  had  any  such  like  opportunity^  but  hewed  out  his 
fortune  himselfe." 

The  variety  of  pursuits  in  which  sir  William  Petty  was 
engaged,  shews  him  to  have  had  a  genius  capable  of  any 
thing  to  which  he  chose  to  apply  it ;  and  it  is  very  extraor- 
dinary, that  a  man  of  so  active  and  busy  a  spiric  could  find 
time  to  write  so  many  things,  as  it  appears  he  did  by  the 
following  catalogue:  1.  "Advice  to  Mr.  S.  Hartlib,"  &c. 
1648, 4to.  ^.  "  A  brief  of  Proceedings  between  sir  Hierom 
Sankey  and  the  author,"  &c.  1659,  fol.  3.  "  Reflections 
upon  some  Persons  and  Things  in  Ireland,"  &c.  1660,  8vo. 
4.  "A  Treatise  of  Taxeff  and  Contribution,"  &e.  1662,  1667, 
'16S5,  4to,  all  without  the  iauthor's  name.  This  last  was 
republished  in  1690,  with  two  other  anonymous  pieces, 
**  The  Privileges  and  Practice  of  Parliaments,"  and  "The 
PoUticiah  discovered  ;"  with  a  new  title-page,  where  they 
are  all  said  to  be  written  by  sir  William,  which,  as  to  the 
first,  is  a  mistake.  5.  ^*  Apparatus  to  the  history  of  the 
common  practice  of  Dyeing,"  printed  in  Sprat's  History  of 
the  R.  8.  1667.  6.  **  A  Discourse  concerning  the  use  of 
Duplicate  Proportion,  together  with  a  new  hypothesis  of 
springing  or  elastic  Motions,"  1674,  l2mo.  See  an  ac- 
count of  it  in  "  Phil.  Trans."  No.  cix.  and  a  censure  of  it 
in  Dr.  Barlow's  <*  Genuine  Remains,"  p.  151.  1693,  8vo. 

7.  ^' Colloquium  Davidis  cum   anima  sua,"  &c.  1679,  fol. 

8.  "The  Politician  discovered,"  &c.  1681,  4to.  9.** An 
Essay  in  Political  Arithmetic,"  &c.  1682,  8vo.  10.  "Ob- 
servations upon  the  Dublin  Bills  of  Mortality  in  1681,"  &q. 
1683,  8vo.  It."  An  account  of  some  Experiments  relat- 
ing to  Land-carriage,"  Phil.  Trans.  No.  clxi.  12.  **  Some 
Queries',  whereby  to  es^amine  Mineral  Waters,"  ibid.  No« 


422 


PETTY. 


clxvi.  13.  *^  A  Catalogue  of  mean,  vulgar,  cheap,  and 
simple  Experiments/'  &c.  ibid.  No.  clxvii.  14.  "  Maps 
of  Ireiand,  being  an  actual  Survey  of  the  whole  kingdom," 
&c.  1685,  folio.  This  contained  tbirty-six  accurate  map« ; 
viz.  a  general  map ;  the  province  of  Leinster,  consisting  of 
elevan  counties,  each  in  a  distinct  map  ;^  that  of  Munster 
pf  six ;  Ulster  nine ;  and  Connaught  five.  Another  edition 
was  afterwards  made  from  the  same  plates.  Sir  William's 
surveys,  say3  Mr.  Gough,  as  far  as  they  gp  are  tolerably 
exact  as  to  distances  and  situations,  but  neither  the  latitudes 
nor  roads  are  expressed,  nor^is  the  sea-coast  cjxactly  laid 
^own ;  his  design  being  only  to  take  an  account  of  the  for- 
feited lands.;  many  other  tracts  are  left  blank,  and  from 
such  a  survey  his.  maps  are  formed.  15.  "Ah  Essay  con- 
cerning the  Muhiplication  of  Mankind,"  1686,  8vo.  N.  B. 
The  Essay  is  not  printed  here,  but  only  the  substance  of 
it.  l!?.  "  A  further  assertion,  concerning  the  Magnitude 
of  London*  vindicating  it  from  the  objections  of  the 
French,*'  Phil.  Trans,  clxxxv.  17.  "Two  Essays  in  Poli- 
tical Arithipetic,"  &c.  1687,  8vo.  An  extract  of  these  is 
in  Phil.  Trans.  No.  clxxxiii.  18.  "  Five  Essays  in  Political 
Arithmetic,"  &c.  1687,  8vo,  printed  in  French  and  Eng- 
lish on  opposite  pages.  19.  "  Observations  upon  London 
and  Rome,''  1687,  8 vo,  three  leaves.  His  posthumous 
pieces ^re,  1.  "  Political  Arithmetic,"  &c.  1690,  8voj  and 
iL755,  with  his  Life  prefixed;  and  a  Letter  of  his  never 
before  printed.  2.  "  The  Political  Anatomy  of  Ireland," 
to^hicb  i^  added,  "  Verbum  Sapienti,"  1691,  1719.  In 
the  title-page  of  thie  second  edition  this  treatise  is  called 
"  Sir  William  Petty's  Political  Survey  of  Ireland."  This 
latter  was  criticized  in  "  A  Letter  from  a  gentleman,"  &c. 
1692,  4to.  3.  "  A  treatise  of  Naval  Philosophy,  in  three 
parts,"  &c.  printed  at  the  end  of  "  An  account  of  several 
new  Inventions,  Sx^c,  in  a  discourse  by  way  of  letter  to  the 
earl  of  Marlborough,"  &c.  1691,  12mo.  Wood  suspects 
this  may  be  the  same  with  the  discourse  about  the  building 
of  iships,  pientioned  above  to  be  mai^y  years  in  the  hands 
pf  lord  Brounker.  4.  "  What  a  complete  Treatise  of  Navi- 
gation  should  contain,"  Phil.  Trans.  No.  cxcviii.  This  was 
drawn  up  in.  1685.  Besides  these,  the  following  ar^  printed 
in  Birch's  History  of  the  R.  S. :  1.  "  A  discdurse  of.making 
Cloth  and  Sheep's  Wool."  This  contains  the  hi»tory  of 
th/e  clothing  trade,  as  Np.  5.  s^bove,  does  that  of  dyeing;  and 
he  purpq^ed  te  have  done  the  like  in  other  trades ;  in  which 


PETTY..  423- 

design  some  other  members  of  the  society  engaged  also  at 
that  time.     2.  <^  Supellex  Pbilosophica."  ^ 

PETTY  (William),  descendant  of  the  preceding, 
second  lord  Wycombe,  and  first  marquis  of  Lansdown, 
was  born  in  May  1737,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  lord 
Wycombe,  earl  of  Shelburne,  in  the  month  of  May  1761. 
In  February  1765  be  was  married  to  lady  Sophia  Carteret, 
daughter  of  the  late  earl  Granville,  by  whom  he  became 
possessed  of  large  estates,  particularly  that  beautiful  spot 
Lansdown  Hill,  Bath,  from  which  he  took  his  last  title. 
By  this  lady,  who  died  in  1771,  he  had  a  son,  John  Hen- 
ry, who  succeeded'bim  iu  his  titles,  and  who  is  since  dead^ 
leaving  no  male  heir.  The  marquis  married,  secondly, 
lady  Louisa  Fitzpatrick,  by  whom,  who  died  in  1789,  he 
had  another  son,  lord  Henry,  the  present  marquis  of  Lans« 
down.  His  lordship  being  intended  for  the  army,  he,  at  a 
fit  age,  obtained  a  commission  in  the  guards,  and  served 
with  the  British  troops  in  Germany  under  prince  Ferdinand, 
and  gave  signal  proofs  of  great  personal  courage  at  the 
battles  of  Campen  and  Minden.  In  December  1760  he 
was  appointed  aid-de-camp  to  the  king,  George  III.  with 
the  rank  of  colonel.  As  a  political  man,  he  joined  the 
party  of  the  earl  of  Bute;  and  in  1762  he  eagerly  defended 
the  court  on  the  question  respecting  the  .preliminaries  of 
peace.  In  the  following  year  he  was  sworn  of  the  privy 
council,  and  appointed  first  lord  of  the  board  of  trade, 
which  be  soon  quitted,  and  with  it  his  connexion  with  the 
court  and  ministry,  and  ^attached  himself  in  a  short  time 
to  lords  Chatham  and  Camden.  When  the  Rockingham 
administration  was  displ^cj^d  in*1766,  and  lord  Chatham 
was  called  upon  to  form  a  new  administration,  he  ap« 
pointed  lord  Shelburne  $iecretary  of  state  of  the  southern 
department,  to  which  was  annexed  the  department  of  the 
colonies.  But  this  he  resigned  when  lord  Chatham  with- 
drew in  1768,  and  from  thi^  period  continued  in  strong 
opposition  to  all  the  measures  of  government  during  the 
American  war  till  the  terminatipn  of  lord  North^s  ministry, 
in  the  spring  of  1782.  He  was  then  appointed  secretary 
of  state  for  the  foreign  department  in  the  Rockingham  ad« 
ministration,  and  .upon  the  death  of  that  nobleman  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  office  of  minister.     This  measure  gave  great 

}  Bbg.  Brit-^Ath.  Ox.  vol.  IL — ^Ward's  Gresham  Profegsors.-r Aubrey  MSS, 
ia  "  Letters  by  Emioeot  Perions,"  1813,  3  vols.  8vo.— There  are  many  of' sir 
.W.  Petty's  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum;  and  among  others,  a  sort  (»f  confessm 
/•f  his  faith  corresponding  with  the  concluding  passage  in  lus  w»!U 


42*,  PETTY.' 

offence  to  Mr.  Fox  and  his  friends,  but  his  lordship  did  not 
quit  his  post.  His  first  object  was  to  make  peace ;  but  when . 
the  treaty  was  brought  before  the  parliament,  lord  North  and 
Mr.  Fox  had  united  in  a  most  disgraceful  coalition,  which, 
however,  for  a  time  was  irresistible,  and  early  in  1783  lord 
Shelburne  resigned.  When  at  the  end  of  that  year  Mr* 
Pitt  overthrew  the  coalition  administration,  it  was  expected 
that  lord  Shelburne  would  have  been  at  the  head  of  the 
new  government.  He  formed,  however,  no  part  of  the 
arrangement,  and  appeared  to  have  been  satisfied  with 
being  created  marquis  of  Lansdown.  He  now  retired  to 
a  private  life;  but  on  tlie  breaking  out  of  the  French  revo- 
lution, came  forward  again  in  constant  and  decisive  oppo- 
sition to  the  measures  of  administration,  in  which  he  con-*' 
tiuued  to  the  day  of  his  deatli.  May  7,  1805.  His  lord- 
ship always  had  the  reputation  of  a  man  of  considerable 
political  knowledge,  improved  by  a  most  extensive  foreign 
porrespondencev  and  a  study  of  foreign  affairs  ^nd  foreign 
relations,  which  was  very  uncopmon,  and  gave  his  speeches 
in  parliament,  while  in  opposition,  very  great  weight* 
Many  of  his  ablest  efforts  in  this  way,  however,  were  rather^ 
historical  than  argumentative,  excellent  matter  of  informa-* 
tion,  but  seldom  ending  in  those  re.sults  which  shew  a 
capacity  for  the  formation  of  able  and  beneficial  plans.  It 
was  his  misfortune,  throughout  almost  the  whole  of  his  po^ 
litical  career,  to  have  few  personal  adherents,  and  to  pos« 
sess  little  of  the  confidence  of  either  of  the  great  parties 
who  divided  the  parliament  in  the  memorable  contests  re- 
specting the  policy  of  the  American  war,  and  the  propriety 
of  our  interfering  in  the  continental  effort  to  suppress  the 
consequences  of  the  French  revolution.  His  lordship  was 
possessed  of  perhaps  the  most  valuable  and  complete  li- 
brary of  history  and  political  documents,  both  printed  and 
manuscript,  that  ever  was  accumulated  by  any  individual 
or  family.  The  printed  part  was  dispesrsed  by  auction  aftef 
his  Iprdship^s  death,  but  the  manuscripts  were  rescued  from 
.this — shall  we  say,  disgrace  ?  by  the  interference  of  the 
trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  at  whose  representation 
-the  whole  was  purchased  by  a  parliamentary  gi:ant  for  the 
^um  of  4925/.  It  is  remarkable  that  this  was  the  average 
.valuation  of  three  parties  who  had  no  connection  with  each 
pt^er  in  the  inspection  of  the  MSS.  They  are  now  depo- 
ts! ted  in  tlie  above  great  national  colleccion,  and  besides 
4heir  importance  as  a  miscellaneous  collection  of  historical, 


,p  E  T  T  Y.  V  425 

biographical,  and  literary  matter,  they  must  be  considered  . 
as  highly  interesting  to  future  politicians  and  statesmen 
when  we  add  that  they  were  scarcely,  if  at  all  known,  to 
those  able  antiquaries  and  inquirers  into  political  history, 
Collins,  M urdin,  Jones,  or  Birch.  ^ 

PETTYT,  or  PETYT  (William),  student  of  the  Middle 
Tediple,  bencher  and  treasurer  of  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower,  was  born  in  1636,  at 
a  place  called,  in  his  Latin  epitaph,  StoritheSj  near  Skip-. 
ton,  in  Crayen,  Yorkshire.  Of  his  progress  through  life 
we  have  no  information,  except  that  he  enjoyed  much  re- 
putation as  a  law-writer,  and  particularly  as  the  collector 
of  a  Tery  curious  library,  and  many  valuable  MSS.  now  in 
the  Inner  Temple  library.  He  died  at  Chelsea,  Oct.  3, 
1707,  aged  seventy-one,  but  was  buried  in  the  Temple. 
church,  where  is  a  long  Latin  epitaph,  recording  his  many 
virtues  and  his  collections,  donations,  &c.  It  is  probable 
Chelsea  was  his  favourite  residence,  as  the  year  before  his 
death  he  built  a  vestry  and  school-room  adjoining  the. 
church-yard,  with  lodgings  for.  the  master,  entirely  at  his 
own  expeiice.  ^  " 

In  1660  he  asserted  the  <^  Ancient  Rights  of  the  Com- 
mons of  England,  in  a  discourse  proving  by- records,  &c. 
that  they  were  ever  an  essential  part  of  parliament,^*  8vo. 
This  gave  rise  to  a  controversy,  in  the  course  of  which  the 
following  pieces  were  published,  L  *^  Jani  Anglorum  facies 
nova,  or  several  monuments  of  antiquity  touching  the  great 
councils  of  this  kingdom  and  the  courts  of  the  kingV  im- 
mediate tenants  and  officers/*  1680,  8vo,  said  to  be  written 
by  Mr.  Atwood.  2.  **  A  full  Answer  to  a  book  written  by 
William  Pettyt,  esq.  with  a  true  account  of  the  famous 
Colloquium,  or  Parliament  40  Hen.  III.  and  a.  glossary 
expounding  some  few  words,  in  ancient  records,  together 
with  some  animadversions  on  a  book  called  Jani  Anglorum 
facies  nova,**  16S3,  8vo.  3.  '<  Jus  Anglorum  ab  antiqup, 
or  a  confutation  of  an  impotent  libel  against  the  government 
by  king,  lords  and  commons,  under  the  pretence  of  an- 
swering Mr.  Pettyt,  and  the  author  of  ^  Jani  Anglorum 
facies  nova,*'*  1681,  8vo.  4.  "  Argumentura  Antmorma- 
riicum ;  or  an  argument  proving  from  ancient  histories  and 
records,  that  William  duke  of  Normandy  made  no  absolute 
conquest  in  England,'*  1682,  8vo.     Thii  is  thought  by  Dr. 

>  CqIUdi's  Pcersgei  by  nir  £.  Brydge«,  &c.  &c. 


426  P  E  T  T  Y  T. 

.Brady  to  be  also  written  by  Mr.  Atwood ;  but  by  others  it. 
is  attributed  to  Mr.  Cooke.  To  this  an  answer  afterwards 
appeared  by  the  principal  champion  in  the  dispute,  On 
Robert  Brady,  who  collected  all  he  had  written  on  the 
occasion  into  *^  An  Introduction  to  the  Old  English  History, 
in  three  tracts/^  and  by  the  same  author  the  same  subject 
was  connected  with  ^^  An  Historical  Treatise  of  Cities  and 
Burghs,  or  Boroughs,"  (See  Brady)  1704,  1711,  foL  1777, 
Svo. 

In  1680,  168],  Mr.  Petty t  published  his  <<  Miscellanea 
Parliamentaria,'*  12mo;  and  other  collections  were  left  by 
him  upon  the  subject  of  the  law  of  parliament,  which,  after 
his  death,  were  published  under  the  title  of  "  Jus  Pariia« 
mentarium,  or  the  ancient  power,  jurisdiction,  rights,  and 
liberties  of  the  most  high  court  of  Parliament,  revived  and 
asserted,*'  1739,  fol.  He  also  left  a  summary  or  table  of 
the  records  kept  in  the  Tower;  some  MSS.  containing 
copies  of  records  and  law  matters,  relating  chiefly  to  naval 
concerns ;  and  other  MSS.  containing  a  great  number  of 
collections  from  records  and  other  authentic  materials, 
chiefly  relating  to  the  law  and  constitution  of  England, 
which  are  preserved  in  the  Inner  Telmpie  library,  and  are 
much  recommended  to  the  notice  of  the  English  lawyer 
and  historian,  by  Mr.  Justice  Barrington  in  his  ^^  Observa- 
tions on  the  Statutes.'' ' 

PEUCER  (Gaspard),  a  celebrated  physician  and  mathe- 
matician, was  born  at  Bautzen  in  Lusatia  in  1525,  and 
became  a  doctor  and  professor  of  medicine  at  Wirtemberg* 
He  married  a  daughter  of  Melancthon,  whose  principles 
he  contributed  to  difiuse,  and  whose  works  he  published  at 
Wirtemberg  in  1601,  in  five  volumes  folio.  He  had  an 
extreme  ardour  for  study.  Being  for  ten  years  in  close 
imprisonment,  on  account  of  his  opinions,  he  wrote  his 
thoughts  on  the  margins  of  old  books  which  they  gave  him 
for  amusement,  making  his  ink  of  burnt  crusts  of  bread, 
infused  in  wine.  He  died  at  seventy-eight,  on  the  25th 
of  September,  1602.  He  wrote  several  tracts,  l.^'Oe 
prsecipuis  divinationum  generibus,"  1584,  4to.  2.  ^^Me- 
thodus  curaudi  morbos  internes,''  Francfort,  1614,  Svo.  3. 
^<  De  Febribus,"  1614,  4to.  4.  <<  Vitee  illustrium  medi- 
corum."  5.  "  Hypotheses  astronomicse."  6.  **  Les  noms 
des  Monnoies,  des  Poids,  et  Mesures,"  Svo.     His  characr 

A  OraD|;«r.— -Nichols's  Bowyer.— Bridgman's  Le^B^al  Bibliofrapbf, 


P  E  U  C  E  R.  427 

ter,  as  drawn  by  himself,  is  that  of  a  man  who  did  no  in* 
jury  to  any  one,  but,  on  the  contrary,  gave  all  the  aid  in  , 
his  power  to  all  who  might  require  it.     For  these  things  he 
calls  God  to  witness. ' 

PEUTINGER  (Conrad),  a  celebrated  scholar,  was 
born  at  Augsburg  in  1465,  and  studied  successfully  in  the 
principal  cities  of  Italy.  When  he  returned  home  he  was ' 
appointed  secretary  to  the  senate  of  Augsburg,  and  em-< 
ployed  by  that  body  in  the  diets  of  the  empire,  and  in  the 
various  courts  of  Europe.  In  his  private  character  he  con<* 
ferred  happiness  on  an  excellent  and  learned  wife ;  and^ 
in  his  public,  was  always  rendering  essential  services  to  his 
country.  This  excellent  citizen  died  at  eighty-two,  in 
1574,  having  lost  his  faculties  for  some  time  before.  He 
is  most  known  by  an  ancient  itinerary,  which  from  him  is 
called  '^  Tabula  Peutingeriana.^.'  It  is  a  curious  chart 
found  in  a  monastery  in  Germany,  and  communicated  to 
Peutinger  by  one  Conrad  Celtes.  It  was  formed  under 
the  reign  of  Theodosius  the  Great,  and  marks  the  roads  by 
which  the  Roman  armies  passed  at  that  time  to  the  greater 
part  of  the  empire.  It  is  not  a  geographical  work,  and 
seems  to  have  be^n  made  by  a  Roman  soldier,  who  thought 
of  nothing,  or  perhaps  knew  nothing;  but  what  respected 
the  roads,  and  the  places  for  encampment.  A  magnificent 
but  now  very  scarce  edition  of  it  was  published  by  F.  C. 
Scheib  at  Vienna  in  1753,  fol.  Peutinger's  own  works 
are,  1.  "  Sermones  convivales,"  in  the  collection  of  Schar.^ 
dius;  Jena,  1683,  8vo.  2.  ^^De  inclinatione  Romani  im- 
perii, et  gentium  commigrationibus,"  subjoined  to  the 
former,  and  to  Procopius.  3.  *'  De  rebus  Gothorum,"  Bale, 
1531,  fol.  4.  ^'  Romanse  Vetustatis  fragmenta,  iu  Augusta 
Vindelicorum,"  Mayence,  1528,  fol.* 

PEYER  (John  Conrad),  a  native  of  SchafFhausen  in 
Switzerland,  is  famous  for  baving  first  given  an  accurate 
account  of  the  intestinal  glands,  which,  in  a  state  of  health, 
separate  a  fluid,  for  the'  lubrication  of  the  intestines,  and 
which  in  diarrhoeas,  or  upon  taking  a  purge,  supply  the 
extraordinary  discharge  that  happens  upon  these  occasions. 
His  works  are,  "  Exercitatio  Anatomico-Medica,  de  Glan- 
dulis  Intestinorum,  Schaifhausue,  1677,"  Amstelod.  1682* 
This  is  in  the  Biblioth.  Anatom.  of  Mangetus  and  Le  Clerc. 

'  Chaufepie. — ^Niceron,  vol.  XX VI. — Blount's  Censura. 
^  Cbaufej}ie.— Nicerou>  Talfl.  ^ill.  and  )i,X, 


426  P  EY  E  fe. 

**  Pseonni  &  Pythagorae  Exercitationes  Anatomicoe,"  Basil; 
1682 ;  "  Methodus  Historiarum  Anatomico-Medicarum,**. 
&c.  1679;  *'  Parerga  Anatomica&  Medica,*'  Amstel.  1682; 
"  Experimenta  nova  circa  Pancreas,  extant  in  the  Biblioth.* 
Anatom.  of  l^e  Clerc  and  Mangetus.  * 

PEYRERA  (Isaac  la),  a  French  protestant,  born  at 
Bourdeaux  in  1592,  entered  into  the  service  of  the  princie 
of  Cond6,  whom  he  pleased  by  the  singularity  of  his  hu- 
mour. Peyrera  believed  himself  to  have  discovered  froni 
St.  Paul,  that  Adam  was  not  the  first  man  ;  and  to  prove 
this,  he  published  in  Holland,  1655,  a  book  in  4to  and  8vo 
with  this  title  :  "  Praeadamitae  ;  sive  exercitatio  sup6r  ver- 
i(ibus  12,  IS,  14,  capitis  XV.  Epistolae  Pauli  ad  Roman os.'* 
This  work  was  condemned  to  the  flames,  and  the  author 
imprisoned'  at  Brussels ;  but,  getting  his  liberty  through 
the  interest  of  the  prince  of  Cond€,  he  went  to  Rome  in 
1656,  and  abjured  Calvinism  and  Prseadamitism  before 
Alexander  VII.  He  was  not,  however,  thought  sincere, 
for,  returning  to  Paris,  in  spite  of  all  the  means  this  pope 
used  to  detain  him  at  Rome,  he  became  librarian  to  thd 
prince  of  Cond^,  and  some  time  after  retired  to  the  semi- 
nary des  Vertus,  where  he  died  in  1676,  aged  84.  He 
submitted  to  receive  the  sacraments,  yet  was  not  believed 
to  be  attached  to  any  religion.  Besides  the  piece  above 
mentioned,  he  wrote  "  Une-  Relation  du  Groenlaind,*'  in 
8vo;  and  "  Une  Relation  d'Islande,'*  in  8vo;  both  reck- 
oned curious  and  interesting  :  and  a  very  singular  tract  en* 
titled  "  Rappel  des  Juifs,'*  in  which  his  object  was  to  proi-e 
that  two  Messiahs  were  intended  ;  the  first  Jesu^  Christ, 
who,  according  to  his  notion,  came  only  for  the  Christians  j 
and  the  second,  he  whom  the  Jews  have  so'long  expected, 
and  who  is  to  be  a  great  temporal  prince  and  render 
them  lords  of  the  earth.  This  was  printed  in  1643,  8vo, 
a- circumstance  which  the  translator  of  his  life  in  the  Gea- 
tieman^s  Magazine  (vol.  LXXXII.  p.  .431:)  positively  de- 
nies, yet  we  find  mention  of  this  edition  in  every  French 
biography.  It  probably,  however,  attracted  no  great  degree 
of  attention,  and  Brunet  places  it  among  riaire  books ;  but 
being  known  to  some  of  the  adherents  of  Buonaparte  it  was 
reprinted,  when  it  became  his  pleasure  to  assemble  a  Jew- 
ish Sanhedrim  in  Paris  in  1806.  It  was  then  supposed 
ihat  the  Jews  might  be  made  to  believe  that  the  great  tepi- 

^  Eloy,  Diet.  Hist.  Ue  Medicine. 


P  E  Y  R  E  R  A.  429 

ppral  prince  that  was  to  restore  them,  was  na  other  than 
^^  ruler  of  the  French  nation.  In  the  authority  just 
Quoted  are  many  curious  particulars  of  Peyreyra,  from 
father  Simon.  ^ 

PEYRONIE  (Francis  de  la),  first  surgeon  to  the  king, 
was  distinguished  abo.ve  all  the. eminent  surgeons  who  hare 
appeared  in  France,  by  his  ardent  zeal  for  the  progress 
and  improvement  of  surgery,  and  the  sums  he  expeuded 
for  that  purpose.  He  was' born  in  1678,  and  died  April  94, 
1.747.  Among  the  important  services  he  rendered  hia 
country,  we  find  that  he  procured  the  establishment  of 
the  ^^  Royal  Academy  of  Surgery^'  at  Paris  in  1731 ;  and 
left  his  library,  and  estate  of  Marigny,  to  the  company  of 
surgeons  in  that  city,  who  sold  them  to  his  majesty  for 
200,000  livres ;  he  also  appointing  the  same  company  uni- 
versal legatees  to  two-thirds  of  his.  property.  M.  de  la 
Peyronie  bequeathed  to  the  surgeon^s  company  of  Mont- 
peilier,  two  houses  situated  there,  with  100^000  livres,  for 
the  erection  of  an  amphitheatre  for  surgery ;  and  also  left 
the  said  company  universal  legatees  to  the  third  part  of 
bis  property.  Every  clause  in  bis  will  tended  to  the  public 
good,  and  the  encouragement  and  improvement  of  surgery^ 
by  which,  as  well  as  by  his  talents,  this  celebrated  surgeon 
rendered  his  name  immortal  in  France*.' 

PEZAY  (Masson,  marquis  of),  was  born  at  Paris,  with 
a  nat^xial  turn  for  literature,  but  entered  into  the  military 
line,  and  was  captain  of  dragoons,  in  which  situation  he 
bad  the  honour  to  be  the  instructor  of  Louis  XVI.  in  the 
art  of  tactics.  Being  appointed  inspector-general  of  the 
coasts^  he  executed  his  office  with  considerable  attention  ; 
butMvimg  made  enemies,  by  a  degree  of  haughtiness  in 
hi3.  manner,  complaints  were  lodged  agfiinst  him,  which 
caused  him  to  be  banished  to  bis  own  estate.  In  this  situ- 
ation he  died  soon  after,  in  1778.  He  cultivated  the 
Muses  a  good  deal,  and  was  intin^ate  with  Dorat,  whose 
style  he  imitated.  .  His  poems  have  an  elegance  which 
makes  amends  for  a  certain  degree  of  negligence.^  Such 
as,  1.  '^  Zelie  au  bain,'*  a  poem  in  six  cantos.  2.  A  Letter 
from  Ovid  to  Julia.  3.  Several  fugitive  pieces  published 
in  the  Almanach  des  Muses.  4.  An  indifferent  transla- 
tion ,of  Catullus*     5.  **  Les   Soirees   Helv<£tiennes,  Alsa-t 

•   »  Niceron,  roU.  XII  and  XX -^Gen.  Diet.— Morrri.— Gent.  Mag.   LXXXH. 
tnd  LXXXill.  «  E\oj,  Diet.  Hist.  d«  Medicine. 


I 

/ 


430  P  E  Z  A  Y. 

ciennes,  &  Franc-Comtoises/*  1*770,  8vo,  a  work  agree- 
ably Varied,  but  not  sufficiently  correct  in  style.  6.  **  La 
Rosiere  de  Salency,'*  a  pastoral,  in  three  acts,  which  was 
approved.  7.  "  Les  Campagnes  de  Maillebois,"  3  vols.' 
4to,  printed  in  1775,  and  now  rare  and  of  great  value  in 
France.  8.  There  is  said  also  to  be  extant  a  manuscript 
work  entitled  "  Les  Soirees  Provengales,'*  not  inferior  to 
his  "  Soirees  Helvetiennes.'*  * 

FEZENAS  (Esprit),  a  learned  Jesuit,  born  at  Avig* 
non  in  1692,  where  he  died  some  little  time  after  1770, 
was  for  a  long  time  professor  of  physics  and  hydrography 
at  Marseilles.  His  works  and  translations  on  these  and 
similar  subjects  are  very  numerous  :  1.  "  Elemens  du  Pi- 
lotages,'' 1737,  12mo.  2.  A  translation  of  JMaclaurin's 
Fluxions,  1749,  2  vols.  4to.  3.  *•  Pratique  da  pilotage,'* 
1749,  8vo.  4.  **  Theory  and  practice  of  gauging,"  8vo, 
5.  "  Maclaurin's  Algebra  translated,"  1 750, 8vo.  He  trans- 
lated also  the  Course  of  Experimental  Philosophy  by  Desa- 
guliers,  Dyche's  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  which 
was  supplanted  by  Prevot's  **  Manuel  Lexique,"  Ward's 
Young  Mathematician's  Guide,  and  Smith's  Optics.  From! 
the  German  he  translated  Baker's  Treatise  of  the  Micro- 
scope, 1754.  His  ideas  and  language  were  clear,  and  be 
was  esteemed  for  the  mildness  and  agreeableness  of  hisf 
character,  as  well  as  for  his  talents.  * 

PEZRON  (Paul),  a  learned  and  ingenious  Frenchman, 
was  born  at  Hennebon  in  Bretagne,  in  1639;  and  admitted 
of  the  order  of  Cistercians  in  1660.  He  made  the  scrip- 
tures the  principal  object  of  his  study:  aware  of  the  assist* 
ance  to  be  derived  from  profane  history,  he  read  with  at- 
tention the  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  historians.  His  judg- 
ment, however,  did  not  improve  with  his  erudition,  as  ap- 
peared by  a  new  system,  which  he  communicated  to  the 
public,  in  a  work  printed  at  Paris  in  1687,  4to,'  and  called 
"  L' Antiquity  des  temps  retablie,"  &c.  that  is,  ^*  The  An- 
tiquity of  Time  restored,  and  defended;  against  the  Jews 
and  modern' Chronologers."  His  design  here  is  to  prove^ 
upon  the  authorities  of  the  septuagint  and  profane  history, 
that  the  world  is  more  ancient  than  modern  chronologers 
have  supposed ;  and  that,  instead  of  4000  years  between 
the  creation  of  the  world  and  the  birth  of  Christ,  there 
were  almost  6000.     The  great  principle  on  which  this  sup- 

1  Diet.  Hi»t.  3  lbi4. 


P  E  2  R  O  N.  431 

position  18  built  is,  that  the  Hebrew  text  has  been  cor- 
tuptedy  since  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Jews, 
who  otherwise  must  have  been  forced  to  acknowledge, 
upon  their  own  principles,  that  the  Messiah  was  actually 
come.  Pezron's  book  was  extremely  admired  for  the  in- 
genuity and  learning  of  it ;  yet  created,  as  was  natural, 
no  small  alarm  among  the  religious.  Martianay,  a  Bene- 
dictine, and  Le  Quien,  a  Dominican,  wrote  against  this 
new  system,  and  undertook  the  defence  of  the  Hebrew 
text ;  Martianay  with  great  zeal  and  heat,  Le  Quien  with 
more  judgment  and  knowledge.  Fezroh  published,  ^^  De- 
fense del'Antiquit^  des  temps,''  in  1691,  4to ;  which,  like 
the  work  itself,  abounded  with  curious  and  learned  re- 
searches* Le  Quien  replied,  but  Martianay  brought  the 
affair  into  another  court;  and,  in  1693,  laid  the  book» 
and  principles  of  Fezron  before  M.  de  Harlai,  archbishop 
of  Paris.  Harlai  communicated  the  representation  of  this 
adversary  to  Pezron  ;  who  defended  himself  with  so  much 
ingenuity  as  to  render  the  accusation  of  no  effect. 

Pezron  was  the  author  of  other  curious  and  learned 
works,  as,  *^  Antiquity  de  la  Nation  &  de  la  Langue  de 
Celtes,"  in  1703,  8vo;  *'  Dissertation  touchant  Tancienne 
demeure  des  Cananeens,"  printed  in  the  Memoir^s  de 
Trevoux,  for  July  1703}  and  "Dissertation  sur  les  an- 
ciehnes  &  veritables  homes  de  la  Terre  Promise,"  in  the 
same  Memoires,  for  June  1705;  "  Essai  d'un  Commeo- 
taire  litteral  &  bistorique  sur  les  Prophetes,"  1693,  l2mo ; 
and  "  Histoire  Evangelique  confirmed  par  la  Juda'fque  & 
la  Romaine,"   1696,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 

This  ingenious  and  learned  man  died  October  10,  1706, 
aged  67;  having  gone  through  several  promotions,  the  last 
of  which  was  the  abbey  of  Charmoye,  to  which  he  was 
nominated  by  the  king,  in  1697.* 

PFAFF  (John  Christopher),  an  eminent  Lutheran 
divine,  was  born  May  28,  1651,  at  Pfullingen,  in  the 
duchy  of  Wirtemberg.  He  taught  theology  with  reputa- 
tion at  Tubingen,  and  died  there  February  6,  1720,  leav- 
ing *^  A  collection  of  Controversies ;"  "A  dissertation  on 
the  passages  of  the  Old  Testament  that  are  quoted  in  the 
New;'*  and  other  works  in  Latin,  which  are   esteemed. 

Christopher  Matthew  Pfaff,  one  of  his  sons,  was  professor 

'  1  Niceron,  vol.  I.— •Moreri.^-See  Remarks  oo  some  of  bis  opinions,  Archteo- 
legia,  T«l.  I; 


«2>  P  F  A  F  F.   • 

•  of  divinity,  and  chancellor  of  the  university"  of  Tobidgienf' 
and  has  also  written  several  learned  works  in  Latin;  among 
others,  "  Institutiones  Theologic»,"  1719  and  1721,  8vo^ 
and  ^^  S.  Irenaei  fragmenta  an^cdota,"  8vo,  Greek  and  La-, 
tin,  with  many  doctrinal  and  critical  works ;  but  the  most 
valuable  of  alt  is  his  *^  Introductio  in  Historiam  Theologian 
Literariam,'*  1724,  3  vols.  4to.  This  is  a  complete  system 
of  theological  bibliography,  and  particularly  accurate  in 
what  relates  to  English  authors  and  English  books.  ^ 

PFANNER  (Tobias),  the  son  of  a  counsellor  at  Augs-^ 
burg,  born  in  1641,  was  secretary  of  the  archives  to  the- 
duke  of  Saxe  Gotba,  and  instructor  of  the  princes  Ernest, 
and  John-Ernest,  in  history  and  politics.  He  so  well  ful-^ 
filled  his  duties  in  these  situations,  that  he  was  promoted 
to  a  higher  place,  of  secretary  to  the  Ernestine  branch  of  the. 
£&mily ;  and  was  so  deeply  learned  in  matters  of  recordr 
that  he  was  called  the  living  archives  of  the  house  of  Sax- 
ony. >  His  manners  were  pure,  but  his  temper  inclined,  to 
melancholy,  which  was  thought  to  be  increased  by  too  in-* 
tense  application  to  study.  He  died  at  Gotha  in  1717. 
His  principal  works  are ;  1.  "  The  History  of  the  Peace  of 
Westphalia,"  8vo,  the  best  edition  is  1697.  2.  "The 
History  of  the  Assemblies  of  1652 — 4,"  Weimar,  1694, 
8vo.  3.  "  The  Treaties  of  the  German  Princes.'*  4.' 
"  The  Theology  of  the  Pagans."  5.  "  A  Treatise  on  the 
Principle  of  historic  Faith."  All  these  are  written  in 
Latin,  not  so  much  with  elegance,  as  with  strict  care  and 
exactness.* 

PFEFFERCORN  (John),  was  a  famous  converted  Jew^ 
of  whom  it  is  recorded  that  he  would  have  persuaded  the 
emperor  Maximilian  to  cause  all  the  Hebrew  books  to  be 
burned,  except  the  Bible:  ^^  because  (said  he)  they  contaii^ 
magic,  blasphemies,  and  other  dangerous  things."  Thet 
'  emperor,  astonished  with^his  report,  was  so  far  wrought 
upon,  as  to  publish  an  edict,  in  1510,  by  which  he  or- 
dered all  the  Hebrew  books  to  be  carried  to  a  certain  house, 
that  those  which  contained  any  blasphemy  might  be  burnt.* 
Capnio,  however,  shewed  the  danger  of  this  edict,  and 
was  supported  by  Ulric  de  Hutten  :  many  writings  were, 
published  on  both  sides;  but  Capnio  at  length  prjcvailed, 
and  the  edict  was  not  executed.     It  is  ck>mmonly  believed, 

I  Moreri. — Bibl.  Germanique,  toL  XIV.  io  wbuch  is  a  coBiplete  list  of  Plaff't 
works,  but  QomtDtion  ofbisdeatb.  ^  Moreri.— Diet.  Bistb 


P  F  E  F  F  E  R  C  O  i  N.  *ii 

that  Pfeffepoorn  was  so  chagrined  with  this,  as.  to  return  t0 
Judaism;  and  that  be  was  burned  alive  in  1515,  for  pro* 
faning  tM  eucharist,  at  Haii;  but  tbis  must  have  been 
another, person  of  his  name,  since  tbis  Pfeffercorn  was 
living  in  1517.  He  is  the  author  of  some  Latin  pieces^ 
and  among  the  rest  of  one  ^^  De  abolendis  JudsBoruiu 
scriptis.".* 

PFEIFFER  (Augustus),  a  German  orientalist,  was  bora 
at  Lawenbourg  in  1640.  He  professed  the  oriental  Ian* 
guages  at  Wirtemberg,  at  Leipsic,  and  in  otber  places^ 
and  in  1690  was  called  to  Lubeck  to  be  superintendant 
of  the  churches.  In  that  city  he  died,  in  January  1698, 
When  only  five  years  old  he  was  near  losing  his  life  by  a 
fall,  which  fractured  his  skull.  His  sister  discovered  acci- 
dentally that  he  was  not  quite  dead,  and  he  was  restored, 
when  actually  on  the  point  of  being  buried.  He  wrote,  1. 
5'  Pansophia  Mosaica."  2.  <<  Critica  Sacra,*'  Dresden, 
1680,  8vQ.  3  ^^beMasora."  4.  <<  De  tribseresi  Judsp- 
rum."  5.  '^  Sciagraphia  Systematica  Antiquitatum  Hebras- 
arum."  His  philosophical  works  were  collected  at  Utrecht 
in  4to,  but  are  not  now  much  known  or  esteemed.  Hi^ 
learned  works  are  better,  though  heavy.* 

PHiEDON,  a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher  of  Elis,  was 
originally  a  slave;  but,  when  Socrates  had  obtained  his 
iiri^edom,  and  he  becaine  that  gr^at  man's  disciple,  studied 
philosophy,  and,  retiring  to  Elis,  established  a  distinct 
school  called  from  the  place  of  his  birth  the  Eliac,  or 
Eliatic  school,  which  was  continued  by  Plistanus  and  Me- 
.nedemus.  Plato,  in  honour  of  him,  gave  the  name  of 
Phsedo  to  one  of  his  dialogues.  Phsedo  wrote  several  dia- 
logues in  defence  of  Socrates,  and  never  left  him  till  his 
death. .   He  flourished  400  B.  C 

PH^DRUS,  an  ancient  Latin  author,  who  wrote  five 
books  of  ^<  Fables"  in  Iambic  verse,  was  a  Thraciau ;  and 
was.  born,  as  there  is  reason  to  suppose,  some  years  before 
.Julius  Csesar  made  himself  master,  of  the  Roman  empire. 
His  parentage  is  uncertain ;  though  some  have  imagined 
his  liberal  education  to  be  an  argument  that  it  wks  not 
mean.  Perhaps  he  might  have  been  made  captive  by  Oc- 
.tavius,  the  father  of  the  emperor  Augustus ;  for  we  read, 
.that  while  Octavius  was  preetor  in  Macedonia^  he  gave  the 

»  Moreri. — Diet.  Hist.  •  d^aafepie,— Moreri.  * 

'     a  Diogeneg  Laertifit.^Brncker. 

Vol.  XXIV.  Ff 


♦14  P  H'-E  D  It  V  &. 

nuraeiatts  a  v«ry'  gfi^at  overthrow;  '  This  f eU  om  ihe  ^mii 
yetkt  that  Ct  Cicero;  was  'proconsul  of  Asia,  a  Ad  Cesar  sole 
eoQsul  at  Rome*  A^  this  opinioti  would  carry  bis  ago 
pretty  high,  Phsdrus  OntliViiig  the  1 8th  year  of  Tiberjusi 
aoQie  have  therefore  rejected  it,  though  with>  Httle  retsoto  ^ 
ftince  maiiy  proofs  may  be  collected,  from  his  Fables,  ttiat 
be  lived  to  be  very  old.  How  he  came  into  the  service  of 
Augustus  is  unknown  :  but  his  being  called  ^^  Augustus's 
freedman,'*  in  the  title  of  his  book,  shews  that  he  had 
been  that  emperor's  islave.  It  should  seem  as  if  he  ba4 
arrived  early  in  life  at  Kom^ ;  for  be  quotes  a  lirte  from 
*^  Etinius,'*  whicb^  he' says,  be  remetnbers  to  ha Ve  read 
when  he  was  a  boy  :  and  it  is  not  probable  that  he  slmurld 
have  read  it  before  he  left  Thtace.  He  received  bis  free*^ 
dora  from  Augustus,  and  no  doubt  such  a  competency,  as 
enabled  him  to  enjoy  that  valuable  gift.  He  expr'essea 
a  great  regard  for  that  pritice's  memory,  which  he  had  in- 
deed the  more 'reason  to  do,  since  misfortunes  overtook 
faim  after  his  decease.  Under  Tiberius,  he  v^as  urijustlj 
jpersecuted  by  Sejanus,  tcT  which  he  has  frequently  aUuded 
in  his  ^^  Fables ;"' and  particularly  in  the  preface  to  bis 
third  book.  We  know  not  the  cause  of  this  persecution, 
but  it  was  not  for  his  wealth  ;  be  represents  himself,  in  the 
very  same  place^  as  a  man  who  had  never  cared  ^o  hoard 
up  riches  ;  and  mentions  this  as  one  of  the  reasons  whioli 
should  facilitate  his  promotion  to  the  rai^k  of  a  poet.  He 
seems  to  hate  written  all  his  Fables  after  the  death  of  Au^* 
gustus ;  the  third  book  he  certainly  wrote  after  that  of  Se« 
janus,  who  perished  in  the  eighteenth  year  of  Tiberius ;  for, 
in  the  dedication  of  that  book  to  his  patron  Eutycb^s,  be 
has  mentioned  the  favourite  with  a  resentment  whick 
would  never  have  been  pardoned  had  he  been  living.  How 
long  Phsedrus  survived  him,  is  uncertain ;  but,  supposing 
him  to  biave  lived  a  little  longer^  he  must  have  been  abov^ 
seventy  at  his  death ;  for  so  many  years  there  are  from 
CaBsar's^fii^st  dictatorship  to 'the  eighteenth  of  Tiberius. 
Cbronologers  place  him  between  41  and  54  A.  C, 

The  Fables  of  Phsedrus  are  generally  valued^for  their  wit 
and  good  sense,  expressed  in  great  purity,  terseness,  and 
efegance  of  language :  and  they  who,  like  Sciopprus,  imaV 
^ine  tbey  discover  something  foreign  and  barbarous  in  the 
style,  form  their  criticism^  upon  the  knowledge  that  Fh|ae- 
drus^  was  a  Thracian.  They  might  as  well  pbject  solecisms 
and  false  Latin  to  Terence,  because  be  was  born  in  Africa. 


W^  cMnot,  however,  bnt  observe  it  as  somewhat  singular^ 
that  the  Roman  language  has  been  transmitted  to  p(»terityi 
in  its  greatest  purity  and  elegance,  by  two  slaves,  whd 
were  brought  from  countries  by  the  Romans  deemed  bar- 
barous. 

It  is  remarkable,  that  no  writer  of  antiquity  has  made  any 
mention  of  this  author ;  for  it  is  generally  supposed,  that 
the  Phasdrus  mentioned  by  Martial  is  not  the  same.  Se-* 
jaeca  evidently  knew  nothing  of  him ;  otherwise  he  nevet 
coiiid  have  laid  it  down,  as  he  does;  for  matter  of  fact^ 
that  the  Romans  had  not  attempted  fables  and  Esopean 
compositions :  *^  Fabellas  et  JEsopeos  logos,  intentatum 
Bomanis  ingeniis  opus.''  This  may  account  for  the  ob- 
scurity in.  which  the  name  and  reputation  of  Quintus 
Curtius  lay  buried  for  so  many  years;  which  was  like^ 
wise  the  case  with'  Velleius  PatercuTus  ind  Manilius. 
Even  Isaac  Casaubon,  with  all  his  learning,  did  not  know 
there  was  a  Phsdrus  among  the  ancients,  till  Peter  Pi^i- 
thou,  or  Pithoeus,'  published;  his  ^  Fables/-  .  "  It  is  by 
your  letter,''  says  Casaubon,  *^  that  I  first  came  to  be  ac- 
quainted with  Phsedrus,  Augustus's  freedman,  for  that  name 
was  quite  unknown  to  me  before;  and  Inever  read  any 
thing  either  of  the  man  or  of  bis  works,  or,  if  I  did,  I  do 
not  remember  it."  This  letter  of  Casaubon  tvas  written  in 
1596,  at  which  time  Pitiioeus  published  the^^  Fables  of 
Phaedrus/'  at  Troy es.  He  sent  a  copy  of  them  to  father 
Sirmond,  who  was  then  at  Rome ;  and  ^is  Jesuit  shewed 
it  to  the  learned  men  in  that  city,  wJib  judged  it,  at  firsts 
a  supposititious  work;  but,  upon  carefully  examining,  aU 
tered  their  opinion,  and  thought  they  could  observe  in  it 
the  characteristical  marks  of  the  August&n  age.  - 

Since'  that  edition  of  1596,  there  have  been  several 
others,  with  notes  by  the  most  eminent  critics.  That 
.of'' 1698,  in  Svo,  which  Burman  produced,  contains,  be- 
sides the  notes  of  Gudius  never  before  published,  the  en-p 
tire  commentaries  of  Rlttershusius,  Rigaltius,  Nic.  Hein* 
sius,  ScbefFergs;,  and  of  Prascbius,  with  extracts  from 
Other  commentators.  An  editioh  since  this,  at  Amsterdani^ 
1701,  in  4to,  by  the  care^  and  with  the  notes,  of  Hoo^- 
straten,  is  the  most  beautiful  of  all  that  have  yet  been 
printed,  with  regard  to  the  letter  and  the  plates.  The^ 
fablea  were  subjomed  to  the  edition  of  Terence  by  Bentiey, 
In  1746,  4to,  with  the  corrections  and  emendations  of  (hat 


436  iP  H  £  D  R  tJ  S. 

great  critic*  The  more  recent  editions  are  those  of  Brotier, 
Parisi  1783)  and  of  Schvrabe^  Brunswick,  1 806,  which  ar^ 
both  much  esteemed.  ^ 

PHAER   (Thomas),   a  Welsh  physician  and  poet,^  a 
native  of  PemDrokeshire,  and  the  first  English  translator 
of  Virgil,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  whence  he  removed  to 
Liucoln's-inn,  to  undertake  the  study  of  the  law.     Sa  far 
was  he  in  earnest,  for  a  time,  in  this  pursuit,  that  he  pub* 
lished  two  books  on  subjects  of  law ;  one  on  the  nature  of 
writs,  and  the  other,  what  is  now  called  a  book  of  preice- 
dents.     Why  he  quitted  law  for  physic  is  unknown,  but  he 
became  a  bachelor  and  a  doctor  in  the  latter  faculty,  bolh 
in  1559,  and  his  medical  works  were  collected  at  London  . 
in  1560.    They  consist  chiefly  of  compilations  and  trans- 
lations from  the  French.  Among  his  poetical  works  is  "  The  , 
Regimen  of  Life,*^  translated  from  the  French,  London, , 
1544,  8vo,    The  story  of  "  Owen  ,  Glendower,"  in   tKe  , 
'^Mirror  for  Magistrates;"  and  his  translation- of  the  first 
nine  books,   and  part  of  the  tenth,    of  VirgiPs  ^neid,. 
There  is  a  commendatory  poem  by  him  prefixed  to  Philip 
Betham^s  f^  Military  Precepts.''    Warton  mentions  also  an 
entry  in,  the  stationers'  books  for  printing  *^  serten  verses  of 
Cupydo  by  Mr,  Feyre,"  and  that  he  bad  seen  a  ballad  called 
^' Gadshill"  by  Faire,  both  which  names  were  probably 
intended  for  that  of  Phaer.     His  translation  of  the  first 
seven  books  of  Virgil  was  printed  in  .1558,  by  John  Kyng- 
ston,  and  dedicated  to  queen  Mary.    The  two  next  books, 
,with  part  of  the  tenth,  were  translated  afterwards  by  hiit},  . 
and  published  after  fais  death  by  William  Wigbtman,  in. 
.1562.    He  has  curiously  enough  marked  at  the  end  of  each 
book  the  time  when  it  was  finished,  and  the  time  which  it 
cost  him  in  translating^  which  amounts,  at  separate  inter- 
^*als  between  the  year  1555  and  1560,  to  202  days,  with<- 
out  reckoning  the  fragment  of  the  tenth  book.     It  appears, 
that  daring  the  whole  of  this  period  he  resided  very  much 
at  bis  patrimonial  territory  in  Kilgerran  forest,  in  South 
.Wales.     The  fifth  book  is  said,  at  the  end,  to  have  been 
imished  oh  the  4tb  of  May,  1557,  ^*  post  periculum  ejus 
Karmerdini,"  which,  whether  it  .relates  to  some  particular 
event  in  his  life,  or  means  that  he  made  a  trial  upon  it  at 
Caermarthen,.  is  a  little  uncertain;  probably  the. former* 
Wigbtman  says  that  be  published  all  be  could  find  among  . 

i-Vossius  de  Po«t  Lat— Fabricti  Bibl.  Lar. — Saxii  Ooomait. 


P  H  A  E  R.  451 

bis  papers ;  but  conjecturesy  nevertheless,  tb^t  he  had  pro- 
ceeded rather  further^  from  the  two  lines  which  he  trans* 
lated  the  very  day  before  his  death,  atld  sent  to  Wight- 
man.    They  are  these, 

Stat  sua  cuique  dies,  breve  et  irreparabile  tempos 
Omnibus  esc  vitse :  sed  famam  extendere  faetis 
Hoc  Virtutis  opus. 

£ch  mans  day  stands  prefixt,  time  short  and  swift  with  cure-^ 

less  bretche 
U  lotted  all  mankind,  but  by  their  deeds  their  fame  to  stretche 
:    That  privilege  Virtue  gives. 

He  died  soon  after  the  l'2th  of  August,  1560,  on  which 
day  his  will  was  dated.  His  translation  of  Virgil  is  written, 
like  the  preceding  specimen,  in  long  Alexandrines  of  seven 
feet.  The  translation  was  completed,  with  the  addition  of 
Maphseus^s  thirteenth  book,  by  Thomas  Twyne,  a  young 
physician,  afterwards  author  of  other  works.:  his  part  is 
deemed  by  Warton  evidently  inferior  to  that  of  bis  prede- 
cessor, though  Pbaer  has  omitted,  niisrepresented,  and 
paraphrased,  many  passages.  Of  what  he  did  of  this  na» 
ture  Pfaaer  himself  has  given  an  account,  in  his  post- 
script to  the  seven  books :  **  Trusting  that  you,  my  right 
worshipful  maisters  and  studentes  of  universities,  and 
such  as  bef  teachers  of  childten  and  readers  of  this  auc- 
tour  in  Latin,  will  not  be  to  muche  offended,  though  every 
verse  answere  not  to  your  expectation.  For  (besides  the 
diversitie  between  a  construction  and  a  translation)  you 
know  there  be  many  mistical  secretes  in  this  writer,  which 
uttered  in  English  would  shewe  little  pleasour,  and  in  mine  ' 
opinion  are  better  to  be  untouched  than  to  diminish  the 
grace  of  the  rest  with  tediousnes  and  darknes.  I  have 
therefore  followed  the  counsel  of  Horace,  teaching  the 
duety  of  a  good  ihterpretour,  *  qui  quae  desperat  liitescere 
posse  relinquit;V  by  which  occasion,  somwhat  t  have  in 
places  omitted,  somwhat  altered,  and  some  things  I  have 
estpqunded,  and  alto  the  ease  of  inferior  readers ;  for  you 
that  are  learned  nede  not  to  be  instructed.''  A  ridiculous 
error  of  the  press  stands  in  the  opening  of  the  second 
.£neid,  as  reprinted  by  Twyne.  Phaer  had  translated 
*^  eoiiticuere  omnes"  by  "  they  whusted  all,"  for  *'  they, 
whisted,"  or  kept  silence;  but  Twyne  has  printed  it  *^ they 
whistled  all."  Sir  Thomas  Cfaaloner,  in  his  Encomia, 
printed  at.  Londoiia  I^19y  4to,  p.  3^6,  bas.p^betically 
lamented  Phaer^  as  a  most  skilful  physician.    As  to  bia 


4SS  P  H  A  E  IL^ 

nteitne,  it  i»  writt;jeii  Phayer  by  Wood,  and  Phaier  by  Wnf^ 
ton  ;  but  as  we  find  it  Phaer  in  every  part  of  the  transldtioh 
of  Virgil,  and  in  the  *^  Mirror  for  Magistrates,"  we  have 
so  given  it.  His  story  of  Owen  Glendour  is  in  stanzas  of 
seven  lines,  the  same  as  SackviJIe^s  Induction,  and  tbe 
greater  part  of  those  narratives.  ^ 

PHALARIS  was  a  famous  tyrant  of  Agrigentnm,  in 
Sicily,  who  having  made  himself  master  of  that  city  aboiic 
571  A.  C.  exercised  the  most  unheard  of  cruelties,  and 
caused  a  brazen  bull  to  be  formed,  in  which  those  whom 
he  condemned  were  to  be  burnt  alive.  When  Perillus, 
the  author  of  the  cruel  invention,  demanded  his  reward, 
Piialaris  ordered  him  to  be  the  first  person  put  to  death  iu 
the  machine.  The  people  of  Agrigentum  at  lengtb  ros^, 
and  burnt  Phalaris  himself  in  it,  563  A.  C.  We  have  some 
It^tters  to  this  tyrant  under  the  name  of  Abaris,  wkh  the 
answers,  wliich  occasioned  the  memorable  controvert  be- 
tween Bentley  and  Boyle,  to  whose  articles  we  refer  for  Che 
particulars  of  it.  These  letters  were  printed  at  the  Sor- 
bonne  about  1470,  4to ;  at  Trevisa,  1471,  4to;  and  Ox- 
ford, 1718,  8 vo ;  and  the  controversy  itself  has  been  trans- 
lated at  large  into  Latin,  and-republished,  with  the  epistles 
by  Lennep,   1777,  4to.* 

-  PHAVORINUS,'  or  as  some  say  is  the  proper  fbrm, 
TAVORINUS  (Varinus),  who  flourished  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, was  born  at  Favera,  near  Camerino,  a  dncal  town  of 
Umbria,  from  which  he  is  said  to  have  taken  bis  name. 
His  real  name  was  Guarino,  which,  he  changed  to  Varinus. 
He  was  a  favourite  disciple  of  the  celebrated  Angelo  PoU-^ 
tian,:  and  John  Lascaris,  at  Florence,  and  was  patroni'^ed 
by  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent.  Having  determined  on  an 
ecclesiastical  life,  he  undertook  the  eare  of  a  congregation, 
and  was  appointed  preceptorlQ  John  de  Mediei,  afterwards 
pope  Leo  X.  Favorinus  was  appointed  keeper  of  the 
Medicean  library  in  the  year  1512,  and  in  1514  bishop  of 
Nocera.  He  died  in  1537..  It  was  in  1523  that  he  pub- 
lished his  Greek  lexicon  at  Rome,  one  of  the  earliest  mo- 
dern lexicons  of  that  language,  and  compiled,  frdat  Sili- 
das,  the  Etymologtcum  Magnum,  Phrynicus,  Hesybhins, 
Harpocratio'n,  and  other  ancient  lexicons,  published  Hikd 

uhpubtished;  and  from  the  notes  of  Eustathius,  and  the 

»  .'■.■•',.. 

1  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  I.-— Warton's  HUt  of  Poetry.-^Phillips's  Tiieatruno,  by  Sir 
£  Brydges.— Ceos.  Lit.  yol^  [f;^Re8tituta,  rol.  I.-^Ailcln's  Bio^  Memoin  of 


p  H  A;  y  o  R  I  N  y  s.  4a« 

«i^hirfia$ts.  It  is  lyritten  entirely  in  G^eefc,  aod  is.now 
aupe^secled  by  other  works  of  mare  pppular  we ;  tboqgb  it 
may  still  be  serviceable,  in.  supplyii7g  various  readings  of 
Suidat  and  otbers,  of  which  Favcirinus  probftbly  consulted 
yery  ancient  manuscripts.  The  best  edition  is  that  of 
Bartoli,  Venice,  1712,  ifolio.' 

P^EKECRATfS,  a  celebrated  Gr^k  comic  poejt,  con* 
teoiporai-y  wiih  Plato  and  Aristophanes,  fiQurisbed  about 
4^0  HM.  He  followed  the  style  of  the  aitipient  comedy, 
which,  instead  pf  feigned  and  imaginary  persons, .  intro«- 
diK:ed  living  .characters  on  the  stagej.  who  v<{erfe  known  to 
|he  spectators  by.  tbeir  names  aud  distinguishing  mark^^ 
fud  turned  ^hem  into  ridicule;  but  Pherecrates  is.  said  to 
have  been  very  moderate  in  his  use. of  this  licence.  Twenty, 
one  coB^ed^es  are  attributed, to  <this  poet,  of  which  we  have 
qnly  S9roe  fragments  remaining,  colle<;ted  by  Hertelius  and 
Qrotiut^,  U  appears  from  theae  fragments,  som.e  of  which 
^e  givi^n.  by  Cumberlap4,,Qr  rather  Bei»tley,  in  "Th^ 
Observe^,*'  that  Pherecrates  wrote  very  pMre.  Gieek,  and 
excelled  in  that  nice  and  delicate  raillery  distinguished,  by 
the  name  of  Attic  urbanity.  He  invented  ,a  kitid  of  verses^ 
called,  from  his  name,  Pherecratian ;  coivsisting  of  the 
three  last  feet  of  an  hexameter,  the  first  of  these,  three  fe^t 
being  always  a. fpondee*  This  verse  of  Horaee,  for  exam- 
pie,  "Quamvis  Pontica  Pinus,*'  is  a  Pherecratian  verse* 
M.  Burette,  in  torn.  %Y.  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
has  examined  a  fragment  of  this  poet  concejroing  music, 
)vhich  may  be  found  in  Plutarch.  *  v 

.  PH.EKSCYDES,  an  eminent  philosopher,  and  the  fir^t 
p^ecep(or  of  Pythagoras,  was  a  native  of  the  island  of  Scy» 
rus,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  neaf  Delos,  and  flourisbed  about 
Jthe  45th  olympiad,  or  3.  C*  600.  Jt  has  been  maintained, 
withgreat  erudition,  that  Pberecydes  derived  bis  principles 
of  philosophy  and  tbeogouyfrom  the  sacred  books  of  the 
Phoenicians ;  but  little  dependence,  Bruckar  thinks,  is  to 
be  placed  upon  the  authorities  by  which  this  opinion  is 
supported;  and  it  will  appear,  upon  inqniry^  that  the 
tenets  of  this  philosopher  were  not  less  sisnilar  to  those 
of  the  most  ancient  Grecian  and  barb^j^  .philosophers, 
than .  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Phcen.iqians.  The  opiniotii 
of  Josepbus^  that  Pberecydes  studied  philoso|4iy  in  Egypt, 
seems    more    probable ;    for   Egypt   wa$,.  at.tfiat  time^ 

'  FabriciiBibl.  Gnee.-->Chaofepie.---Saxii  Onpniast.  .  •■]  i  ■' 

>  Vosiii  Fo«t,  Gr«c.'— Moreru— Camberiand's  Observer* 


440  P  H  BR  E  C  Y  D  E  S. 

universally  resorted  to  as  the  seat  of  learning ;  ibe  symbo- 
Ecal  method  of  teaching,  which  was  made  use  of  by  Ph^re- 
eydes,  was  perfectly  after  the  Eg}^tian  manner ;  and  the 
general  aspect  of  his  doctrine  bears  a  strong  resemblance 
to  the  dogmas  of  the  Egyptian  school.  ;         <' 

The  particulai*s  which  remain,  of  the  life  of  Pherecydes, 
are  few  and  imperfect.  Marvellous  circumstances 'have 
been  related  of  him,  which  only  deserve  to  be  mentioned, 
in  order  to  shew  that  what  has  been  deemed  supernatural 
by  ignorant  spectators,  may  be  easily  conceived  to  have 
happened  from  natural  causes.  A  ship  in  full  sail  was  tt  a 
distance,  approaching  its  harbour :  Pherecydes  predicted 
that  it  would  never  come  into  the  haven,  and  it  happened 
accordingly;  for  a  storm  arose,  which  sunk  the  vessel. 
After  drinking  water  from  a  well,  he  predicted  an  <earth- 
quake,  which  happened  three  days  afterwards. '  It  is  easy 
to  suppose,  that  these  predictions  might  have  be^ti^'liie 
result  of  a  careful  observation  of  those  phsenbrne'na  wbk;h 
commonly  precede  storms  or  earthquakes,  in  a  climate 
where  they  frequently  happen.  This  is  the  more  probable, 
as  it  is  well  known  to  have  been  a  usual  practice  with  the  an- 
cients, and  particularly  with  Pythagoras,  the  pu|>il  of  Phe- 
recydes, to  impose  upon  the  ignorant  multitude,  by  pretend- 
ing to  powers  which  they  did  not  possess,'  tinfd  particularly 
by  applying  their  knowledge  of  nature  to  the  purposes  of 
imposture.  Pherecydes  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  among 
the  Grecians  who  wrote  concerning  the  nattire  of  the  gods ; 
but  this  can  only  mean,  that  he  was  the  first  who  ventured 
to  write  upon  these  subjects  in  prose;  for,  before  his 
time,  Orpheus,  Musseus,  and  others,  ^  had  written  theo« 
gonies  in  verse.  Pherecydes  was  much  esteemed  M  Lace- 
d»mon,  on  account  of  his  poetry  inculcatinig  the  tnaxtms 
of  Lycurgus.  He  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-^five^.  It  is  not 
easy  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  'doctrines  which  he 
taught:  he  probably  believed  in  an- eternal  first  cause  of 
all  things,  and  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul.  According 
to  Cicero,' be  was  the  first  philtJsopher  in  whose  writings 
this  doctrine  appeared.  He  is  said  to  have  taught  tbe'belief 
of  the  transmigration  of  the  soult  this  is  probably  trlie ;  it 
being  a  tenet  commonly  'received  among  the  Egypti^s, 
Md  afterwards  taught  by  Pythagoras,  who  was,  as  before 
pbsetrv^,  a  pupil  of  Phere^ydesl  *  -    ♦ 

;  I  Pio^encs  liaertius.-r-Stanrey's  PhilosopIiy.-^Jfttbkerii 


PHIDIAS.  441 

PHIDIAS^  the  most  celebrated  sculptor  of  antiquity. 
was  an  Athenian,  and  a  contemporary  of  the  celebrated 
Pericles,  who  flourished  in  the  SSd  olympiad,  or  B.  C.  440 
to  450.  This  wonderful  artist  was  not  only  consummate  in 
the  use  of  his  tools,  but  accomplished  in  those  sciences 
and  branches  of  knowledge  which  belong  to  his  profession ; 
as  history,  poetry,  fable,  geometry,  optics,  &c.  He  first 
taught  the  Greeks  to  imitate  nature  perfectly  in  this  way  ; 
and  all  his  works,  distinguished  for  their  grandeur  and  sub- 
limity, were  received  with  admiration.  They  were  also 
incredibly  numerous ;  for  he  united  the  greatest  facility 
with  the  greatest  perfection.  His  Nemesis  was  ranked 
among  his  first  works;  and  is  said  to  have  been  carved  out 
of  a  block  of  marble  which  was  found  in  the  camp  of  the 
Persians,  after  they  were  defeated  in  the  plains  of  Mara- 
thon. He  made  an  excellent  statue  of  Minerva  for  the 
Piateans ;  but  the  statue  of  this  goddess,  in  her  magni- 
ficent temple  at  Athens,  of  which  there  are  still  some 
ruined  remains,  was  a  more  astonishing  production  of  bu- 
floah  art.  Pericles,  who  had  the  care  of  this  pompous 
edifice,  gave  orders  to  Phidias,  whose  talents  be  weA 
knew,  to  make  a  statue  of  the  goddess ;  and  Phidias  formed 
a  figure  of  ivory  and  gold,  thirty-nine  feet  high.  Writers 
never  speak  of  this  illustrious  monument  of  skill  without 
raptures;  yet  what  has  rendered  the  name  of  the  artist 
immortal,  proved  at  that  time  his  ruin.  He  had  carved 
upon  the  shield  of  the  goddess  his  own  portrait  and  that  of 
Pericles,  which  the  envious  censured  as  a  crime.  He  was 
aUo  charged  with  embezzling  part  of  the  materials  which 
were  designed  for  the  statue.  Upon  this  he  withdrew  to  Elis, 
and  took  a  most  honourable  revenge  over  the  ungrateful 
Athenians,  by  making  for  that  place  the  Olympic  Jupiter, 
which  was  afterwards  ranked  among  the  most  wonderful 
pieces  of  art  in  the  world.  It  was  executed  with  astonish- 
ing sublimity  of  conception;  its  dimensions  being  sixty 
feet  high,  and  every  way  proportioned.  "  The  majesty  of 
the  wWk  equalled  the  majesty  of  the  God,'*  says  Qpintilian  ; 
^^  and  its  beauty  seems  to  have  added  lustre  to  the  religion 
of  the  country."  Phidias  concluded  his  labours  with  this 
master-piece ;  and  the  Eleans,  to^  ,do  honour  to  his  me- 
mory, appropriated  to  his  descendants  an  office^  which 
consisted  in  preserving  from  injury  this  magnificent  image.  ^^ 

!  Plinii  Nat.  Hist.— Jaoiai  de  Plctura  ▼eteram.<^Ptatarcb  io  Pericles.-^ 
OfuhtiUaa  Inst.  Orat. 


442  P  H  1  L  ^  L  P  H  U  S. 

PHILELPHU8  (Faakcis),  a  learned  Italian^  was  born 
in  1398|  at  Toleiitino,  in  the  march  of  Ancona.  Hestur 
died  at  Padua,  where  h^  made  such  progress,  that  at 
eighteen  he  became  professor  of  eloquence.  The  fame  of 
bis  talents  having  gained  him  an  invitation  to  Venice,  he 
yf^s  honoured  with  the  rank  of  citizen,  and  was  sent  by 
the  republic  as  secretary  to  their  embassy  at  Constantino*' 
pie  in  .1419,  and  be  took  advantage  of  this  employment  to 
mikke  himself  master  of  Greek,  lie  there  married  Tbeo- 
dora,  daughter  of  the  learned  Emmanuel  Cfarysolpras, 
about  1419.  Becoming  at  length  known  to  the  emperor 
John  Palssologus,  he  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  iSigis- 
mund  emperor  of  Germany,  to  implore  his  aid  against 
the  Turks.  After  this  he  taught  at  Venice,  Florence, 
Siena,  Bologna,  and  Milan,  with,  astonishing  success.  He 
was  not,  however,  without  bis  defects.  He  wished  to 
ireign  alone  in  the  republic  of  letters,  and  could  not  bear 
contradiction  without  being  extremely  irritatted.  He  woqid 
dispute  on  the  most  trivial  points ;  and  once  wagered  100 
crowns,  on  some  minute  question  of  grammar,  against  the 
beard  of  a  Greek  philosopher  namued  Timotheus.  Having 
won,  no  solicitation  could  prevail  upon  him  to  remit  the 
fine,  and  he  most  unmercifully  shaved,  his  antagonist,  in 
spite  of  very  ample  offers.  To  this  presumptuous  turn. he 
joined  a  prodigality  and  a  restlessness,  which  filled  hi^  life 
with  uneasiness.  Menage  has  accused  him  of  destrayiog 
ia  copy  of  Cicero  **  De  Gloria,"  the  only  one  then  exist- 
ing, after  having  transfused  the  greater  part  of  it  into  a 
treatise  of  bis  own ;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  this  accu« 
sation  was  just.  Otbei  learned  men  have  been  also  siis- 
pected;  but  all  that  is  certain  is,  that  the  work  was  extant 
in  the  time  of  Petrarch,  who  mentions  having  a  copy  of  ir, 
which  has  since  been  utterly  lost.  Philelpbus  died  at 
Florence  July  31,  1481,  being  then  83.  His  vvorks  con* 
sist  of  odes,  dialogues,  orations,  &c.  of  wbiob  the  follow- 
ing editions  are  in  most  request :  1 .  ^^  Orationes  et  non« 
nulla  alia  opera,  Plutarcbi  apophthegmata,  ab  epdem  e 
GrsBco  in  Latinum  conversa,"  4to.  This  is  a  very  rare 
edii^ion,  and  contains  a  letter  from  Philelphus  to  Maria 
Sforza,  dated  from  Mi)an,  1481.  There  are  reprints  at 
Venice  in  1482,  1491,  1492,  &c.  but  of  little  value. 
2.  <<  Odae,''  Brix.  1497,  4to.  3.  '<  Satyrarum  Hecatosticoa 
prima  decas  (decades  decern),"  Milan,  1476,  small  folio, 
of  uncommon  rarity.    4.  "  Satyrarum  decades  decern,'*  Ve? 


P  tt  I  L  E  L  P  H  U  S.  44> 

nice,  1502y  4to.  5.  <*  SatyrsB  centum  distiactse  deoem 
<lecadibus  Catholieis  passim  refertas  sententiis:  praemissa 
autboris  vita  ab  Egid.  Perrino  Campaoo,  &c.**  Paris, 
1508.  De  Bure  says,  that  the  life  announced  in  the  title 
sf  this  edition  is  not  to  be  found  in  such  copies  as  he  has 
seen.  6.  ^Epistolarum  familiarum  libri  triginta  septem,'* 
Venice,  1502,  folio.  7.  "Fabulse,"  Venice,  1480,  4to. 
In  his  letters  are  innumerable  proofs  of  his  arrogant  and 
^spicious  temper.  His  works,  collected,  were  published 
At  Basle  in  1739.' 

'  PHILEMON,  an  Athenian  comic  poet,  contemporary 
with  Menaoder,  whose  rival  he  was,  and  though  inferior, 
was  frequently  successful  against  him  by  means  of  intrigue 
or  the  pM'tiality  of  friends,  was,  by  the  account  of  Suidas, 
A  Syracosan  by  birth  ;  but  Strabo  says  that  he  was  born  at 
Solae,  in  Ciltcia.  He  was  some  years  older  than  Menander, 
and  in  the  opinion  of  Quintilian  fairly  next  to  him  in 
merit,  though  unfit  to  be  preferred*  to  him.  Apuleius 
'speaks  still  more  favourably,  saying  only  that  he  was 
fortaue  impar ;  and  adds,  that  there  are  to  be  found 
in  hift  dramas  ^  many  witty  strokes,  plots  ingeniously  dis- 
posed, discoveries  strikingly  brought  to  light,  characters 
well  adapted  to  their  parts,  sentiments  that  accord  with 
human  life,  jests  that  do  not  degrade  the  sock,  and  gravity 
that  does  not  intrench  upon  the  buskin."  Philemon,  who 
flourished  274  B.C.  lived  to  ^e  extraordinary  age  of  101 
years,  and  composed  ninety  comedies.  Menander,  indeed, 
composed  more,  and  in  less  time,  but  even  this  was  extra- 
ordinary. His  longevity  was  the  result  of  great  temper- 
ance, and  a  placid  frame  of  mind.  Frugal,  to  a  degree 
that  subjected  him  to  the  charge  of  avarice,  he  never 
weakened  his  faculties  or  constitution  by  excess :  and  he 
summed  up  all  his  wishes  in  one  rational  and  moderate 
petition  to  heaven,  which  throws  a  most  favourable  light 
upon  his  character :  <^  I  pray  for  health  in  the  first  place ; 
iir  the  next,  for  success  in  my  undertakings ;  thirdly,  for  a 
cheerful  heart ;  and  lastly,  to  be  out  of  debt  to  all  maii^ 
kind."  A  petition  which  seems  to  have  been  granted  in 
all  its  parts.  As  he  lived  in  constant  serenity  of  mind,  so 
he  died  without  pain  of  body  ;  for,  having  called  together 
a  number  of  his  friends  to  the  reading  of  a  play  which  he 
bad  newly  finished,  and  sitting,  as  was  the  custom  in  that 

I  Chaufepie.— Niceron,  toL  VL— Tiraboichi.— Roscoe's  Lorenzo. 


444  PHILEMON. 

9erene  climate,  under  the  open  canopy  of  heaven,  an  un^ 
foreseen  fall  of  rain  broke  up  the  company,  just  when  the 
old  man  bad  got  inti>  the  third  act,  in  the  very  warmest 
interests  of  his  fable.  His  hearers,  di^sappointed  by  this 
unlucky  check  to  their  entertainment,  interceded  witii  him 
for  the  remainder  on  the  day  following,  to  which  he  rea- 
dily assented  ;  and  a  great  company  being  then  assembled, 
whom  the  fame  of  the  rehearsal  had  brought  together,  they 
sat  a  considerable  time  in  expectation  of  tbe  poet,  till  wea- 
ried out  with  waiting,  and  unable  to  account  for  his  want 
of  punctuality,  some  of  his  intimates  were  dispatched  in 
quest  of  him,  who,  having  entered  his  house,  and  made 
their  way  to  his  chamber,  found  the  old  man  dead  on  his 
couch,  in  his  usual  meditating  posture,  his  features  placid 
and  composed,  and  with  every  symptom  that  indicated 
a  death  without  pain  or  struggle.  The  fragments  of  Phi- 
lemon are  in  general  of  a  sentimental  tender  cast;  and 
though  they  enforce  sound  and  strict  morality,  yet  no  one 
instance  occurs  of  that  gloomy  misanthropy,  that  harsh  and^ 
dogmatizing  spirit,  which  too  often  mark^.the  maxims  of 
his  uidre  illustrious  rival.  They  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished by  Grotius,  together  with  those  of  Menander ;  the, 
greater  part  having  been  preserved  by  Stobaeus.  Several  of 
them,  as  well  as  the  fragments  of  the  other  Greek  comic 
poets,  have  been  translated  by  Mr.  Cumberland  in  his 
"  Observer,"  to  which  we  refer  our  readers  for  further 
information.  * 

PHILIDOR  (Andrev^),  an  eminent  musician  and 
chess-player,  born  at  Dreuxin  1726,  was  descended  from  a 
long  line  of  musical  ancestors,  who,  in  different  branches 
of  the  art,  had  been  attached  to  the  court  ^ver  since  the  ' 
time  of  Louis  XIII.  The  family-name  was  Danidan  ;  and 
it  is  pretended  that  this  monarch,  himself  a  dilettante  mu- 
sician, occasioned  the  surname  of  Philidor,  a  famous  per- 
former on  the  hautbois,  whom  this  prii^ce  had  heard  in  his 
progress  through  France,  to  be  given  to  Danican,  whose' 
Instrument  b^ing  the  hautbois,  when  Che  king  beard  him 
perform,  he  cried  out,  "Here's  another  Philidor  !'•  AnV 
drew  was  educated  as  a  page  or  chprister  in  the  chapet-i 
royal,  under  Campra,  and  in  1737  he  produced  his  first 
anthem/  which  was  performed  in  the  chapel,  and  com-i 
plimepted  by  the  king  as  an  extraordinary  production  for  a 

'  VQsiius.df  Poet.  Gr«o.r-C(Ciial»ei(l4Dd'8  QV«ertrieii,   :  .:    • 


P  H  I  L  I  D  O  R.  44« 

1 

child  of  eleren  years  old.  On  bis  change  of  voice,  and 
quitting  the  chapel,  he  established  himself  at  Paris,  where 
he  subsisted  by  a  few  scholars,  and  by  copying  music  ;  but 
every  year  be  went  to  Versailles  with  a  new  motet. 

The  progress  which  he  had  made  at  chess  awakened  in 
him  a  desire  to  travel,  in  order  to  try  his  fortune ;  and 
in  1745  be  set  out  for  Holland,  England,  Germany,  &a  • 
In  these  voyages  he  formed  his  taste  in  music  upon  the  best 
Italian  models.  In  1753  he  tried  his  strength  as  a  musical 
composer  in  London,  by  new  setting  Dryden*s  ode  on  St. 
Cecilia's  day.  Handel  is  said,  by  his  biographer,  to  have 
found  his  cborusses  well  written,  but  discovered  a  want  of 
taste  in  his  airs.  As  his  time  was  more  occupied  by  chess 
than  miisic,  be  printed  in  London,  by  a  large  subscription, 
in  1749,  his  <^  Analysis  of  the  Ga^ne  of  Chess."  In  1754 
be  [returned  to  Paris,  in  the  month  of  November,  and  de- 
voted his  whole  time  to  music.  He  had  his  **  Laudae  Jeru- 
salem*' performed  at  Versailles  ;  but  it  was  found  to  be  too 
Italian;  and  as  the  queen  of  Louis  XV.  disliked  that  style 
of  music  in  the  church,  his  hopes  of  obtaining,  by  this  com- 
position, a  place  of  maftre  de  chapelle,  were  frustrated. 

Jn  1757  he  composed  an  act  of  a  serious  opera;  but 
Ribel,  opera-manager,  would  not  let  it  be  performed,  tell- 
ing him  that  he  wovild  have  no  airs> introduced  in  the  scenes 
of  that  theatre.  From  this  time,  however,  to  1779,  he 
composed  various  operas  for  the  French  stage,  that  were 
much  approved.  In  the  last- mentioned  year,  he  com-^ 
posed,  in  Loudon,  "  The  Carmen  Seculare,"  of  Horace,'* 
in  the  conduct  of  which,  Philidor  placed  himself  under 
the  guidance  of  Baretti.  The  performance  was  attended^ 
at  FreemasonsV  Hall,  by  all  persons  of  learning  and  talents, 
in  expectation  of  a  revival  of  the  music  of  the  ancients, 
and,  by  many,  of  its  miraculous  powers.  To  what  kind 
of  music  the  "  Carmen  Seculare"  was  performed  at  Kome^ 
we  pretend  not  to  say;  but  in  London,  adds  Dr.  Burney, 
we  could  trace  the  composer^s  models  for  the  chorusses  in 
the  oratorios  of  Handel,  and  the  operas  of  Rameau  ;  and 
for  the  airs,  in  his  own  comic  operas,  and  the  favourite  me;- 
lodies  then  in  vogue  in  that  theatre,  many  of  which,  with 
Italian  words  and  Italian  singing,  particularly  those  of 
Gretry,  would  be  elegant  and  pleasing  music  any  where. 
Philidor,  however,  in  setting  the  secular  ode,  it  must  be 
confessed,  manifested  his  knowledge  of  counterpoint  in  the 
style  of  the  old  masters;  and  that,  in  spite  of  chess.  He 


446  P  H  I^  I  D  O  It 

bad  found  time  for  the  serioos  study  of  masic.   We^  betij^ya. 
that  110  one  foaod  himself  much  the  wiser  concerning  the 
music  of  the  ancients^  after  hearing  this  music  performed 
to  Latin  words,  than  after  hearing  an  oratorio  of  Handel^ 
or  an  opera  of  Rameau.     For  the  last  two  montitt  of  hb 
life,  he  was  kept  alive  merely  by  art,  and  the  kind  atten-^ 
tions  of  an  old  and  worthy  friend.    To  the  last  moment  of 
bis  existence  he  enjoyed,  though  near  seventy  year&  of 
age,  a  strong  retentive  memory,  which  had  leng  rendered 
him  remarkable  in  the  circle  of  his .acquaiotanee.iu  this 
capital*     Mr.  Philidor  was  a  member  of  the  chess-club 
near  30  years ;  and  was  a  man  of  those  meek  qualities  thal^ 
rendered  him  not  less  esteemed  as  a  companion  than  ad- 
mired for  his  extraordinary  skill  in  the  intricate  and  ar« 
duous  game  of  chess,  for  which  he  was  pre-emineptiy  dis? 
tinguished.    Not'two  months  before  his  death  he  played 
two  games  blindfold,  at  the  same  time,  agaitist  two  exceU 
lent  chess-players,  and  was  declared  the  conqueror^    What 
seemed  most  to  have,  shook  the  poor  old  man^s  constitur 
tion,  and  to  have  precipitated  his  e;&it,  was  the  not  being 
able  to  procure  a  passport  to  return  to  France  to  visit  his 
family,  who  were  living  there,  before  he  paid  the  last  debt 
of  nature.    But  this  refusal  yiras  rendered,  more  bitter,  on 
its  being  intimated  that  he  was  a  suspected  character,  and 
had.  been  qne  of  those  persons  denounced  by  a  committer 
of  French  informers.     From  the  moment  he  was  made  ac^- 
quainted  with  this  circumstance^  he  became  the  martyr  of 
grief:  his  philosophy  forsook  him;   his  tears  incessantlj 
flowed ;  and  he  sunk  into  the  grave  without  a  groan^  oa 
the  31  at  of  August,   179*.'  >        : 

PHILIPPI  (H£NRY),  a  learned  Jesuit,  was  bocn  at 
Luxembiirg,  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Hubert^s,  in  the  Axf 
dennes,  in  1575.  He  entered  the  society  of  the.Je*- 
suits  at  the  age  of  twenty*one :  and  besides  his  other 
accomplishments,  was  distinguished  for  bis  knowledge  of 
scriptural  history  and  chronology.  After  taking  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  divinity,  he  was  en\ployed,  according  to  the: 
usual  practice  of  his  order,  in  teaching  philosophy,  scho> 
lastic  divinity,  and  biblical  literature,  in  the  universities  of 
Gratz,  Vienna,  and  Prague*.  He  died  at  Ratisbon  in  1636,. 
about  the  i\ge  of  6 1 ,  leaving,  among  other  works  of  inferior 
importance,  1.  *'  Chronologica  Synopsis  sacrorum  Tempo* 

1  Buraey^  .in  Rees^s  Cyclopsedia. — ^Account  io  the  last  editioo  of  this  Dia« 
tioQary. 


P  H  I  L  I  P  Pi.  441 

rum/'  16S4.  2.  ><  Manuale  Cbronologioum  Uteris  Teista-i 
meflti,''  1635.  3.  ^^  Chronologise  Veteris  Testamenti  accu«» 
ratom  Etamen/'  1637,  &c.^ 

PHILIPS  (Ambrose),  an  English' poet,. was  descended 
from  an  ancient  family  in  Leicestershire,  and  educated  at 
St.  John*8*college,  in  Cambridge,  whe^  he  took  his  de-* 
grees  of  A.B.  in  1696,  and  A.M.  in  1700,  at  which  time  he 
obtained  a  fellowship.  While  at  college  also  be  is  sup-* 
posed  to  have  written  his  **  Pastorals,*'  which  involved  him 
so  seriously  with  the  wits  and  critics  of  the  age.  When 
be  quitted  the  oniversi ty,  and  repnired  to  the  metropolis,  ^ 
he  became,  as  Jacob  expresses  himself,  '*  one  of  the  wits 
at  Button's  ;'*  and  there  contracted  an  acquaintance  with 
the'gentlemen  of  the  belles  lettres,  who  frequented  it.  Sir 
Richard  Steele  was  his  particular  friend,  and  inserted  in 
his  Titler,  N*.  12,  a  little  poem  of  his,  called  "  A  Winter 
Pifecfe,''  dated  from  Copenhagen,  the  9th  of  May,  1 709, 
and  addressed  to  the  earl  of  Dorset.  Sir  Richard  thus 
mentions  it  with  honour :  '*  This  is  as  fine  a  piece  as  we 
ever  bad  from  any  of  the  schools  of  the  most  learned  paint- 
ers. Such  images  as  these  give  us  a  new  pleasure  in  our 
sight,  and  fix  upon  our  minds  traces  of  reflection,  which 
accompany  us  wherever  the  like  objects  occur."  Pope, 
too,  who  had  a  confirmed  aversion  to  Philips,  while  he 
affected'to  despise  his  other  works,  always  excepted  this 
out  of  the  number,  and  mentioned  it  as  the  production  of 
a  man  "  who  could  write  very  nobly ^" 

Steele  was  abo  an  admirer  of  Philips's  **  Pastorals," 
which  had  then  obtained  a  great  number  of  readers;  and 
was  about  to  form  a  critical  comparison  of  Pope's  Pastorals 
with  those -of  Philips,  with  a  view  of  giving  the  preference 
to  the  latter.  Pope,  ajpprized  of  Steele's  design,  and  air- 
ways jealous  of  his  own  reputation,  contrived  the  most 
'  artful  method  to  defeat  it;  which  wa^,  by  writing  a  paper 
for  the  Guardiaif,  Na  40,  after  several  others  had  been 
employed  there  on  ^pastoral  poetry,  upon  the  merits  of 
Philips  and  himself;  and  so  ordering  it,  as  thsrt  himself 
was  found  the  better  versifier,  while  Philips  was  preferred 
as  the  best  Arcadian.  Upon  the  publication  of  this  paper, 
the  enemies  of  Pope  exulted  to  see  him  placed  below 
Philips  in  a  species  of  poetry  upon  which  he  was  supposed 
to  value  himself;  but  were  extremely  mortified  soon  aftei* 

^  Moreri  — Diet.  Hiit. 


448  P  H  I  L  I  t>  S. 

/ 

to  find  that  Pope  himself  was  the  real  author  of  the  pap^f 
and  that  the  whole  criticism  was  an  itony.  The  next  work 
Philips  published,  i^ccording  to  the  cooomon  account,  was 
'*  The  Life  of  John  Williams,  Lord  Keeper  of  the  Great 
Seal,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  Archbishop  of  York,  in  th6 
reigns  of  James  and  Charles  I."  He  is  supposed  to  have 
undertaken  this,  for  the  sake  of  making  known  his  political 
principles,  which  were  those  of  the  Whigs.  But  we  doubt 
whether  this,  which  was  published  in  1700,  was  not  prior 
to  the  publication  of  bis  pastorals.  {• 

In  the  mean  time,  he  fell  under  the  severe  displeasure 
of  Pope,  who  satirized  him  with  his  usual  keenness.  It 
was  said  he  used  to  mention  Pope  as  an  enemy  to  the  go- 
vernment ;  and  it  is  certain  that  the  revenge  which  Pope 
took  upon  him  for  this  abuse,  greatly  ruffled  his  temper. 
Philips  was  not  Pope^s  match  in  satirical  attack,  and  t^here* 
fore  had  recourse  to  another  weapon,  for  be  stuck  up  a 
rod  at  Button's  coffee  house,  with  which  be' threatened  to 
chastise  his  antagonist  whenever  he  should  meet  him.  But 
Pope  prudently  declined  going  to  a  pjace  where  he  must 
have  felt  the  resentment  of  an  enraged  author,  as  much  su- 
perior to  him  in  bodily  strength,  as  inferior  in  genius  and 
likill  in  versifying. 

Besides  Pope,  there  were  some  other  writers  who  have 
written  in  burlesque  of  Pbiltps's  poetry,  which  was  sin- 
gular in  its  manner,  and  not  difficult  to  imitate;  particu- 
larly Mr.  Henry  Carey,  who  by  some  lines  in  Pbilips*s  style, 
and  which  were  once  thought  to  be  dean  Swift^Sj  fixed  on 
that  author  the  name  of  Namby  Pamby.  Isaac  Hawking 
Browne  also  imitated  him  in  his  Pipe  of  Tobacco.  This, 
however,  is  written  with  great  good  humour,  and  though 
intended  to  burle^ue,  is  by  no  means  designed  to  ridicule 
Philips,  he  having  made  the  same  trial  of  skill  on  Swift, 
Pope,  Thomson,  Young,  and  Cibber. .  As  a  dramatic 
writer.  Philips  has  certainly  considerable  merit,  and  one 
of  his  plays'  long  retained  its  popularity.  This  was  **  The 
Distressed  Mother,"  from  the  French  of  Racine,  acted  iii 
1711.  The  others  were,  ^^  The  Briton,"  a  tragedy,  acted 
in  1721  ;  and  <*  Humfrey  Duke  of  Gloucester,"  acted  also 
in  1721.  The  *^  Distrust  Mother"  was  concluded  with 
the  most  successful  Epilogue,  written  by  Biidgell,  thak 
ever  was  spoken  in  the  English  theatre.  It  was  also  highly 
praised  in  the  **  Spectator.'* 


PHILIP;  Si  44» 

V  ^^bilipa^s  circuQiatances  were  in  geDoral,  thitougb  his  KCe^ 
not  .only  easy »  but  ratber  affluenti  in .  eonsriequenoe  of  bM 
b^ngcoonectedy  by  his  politieal  principles,  with  persons  of 
great  rank  and  coose()uenoe.  He  was  concerned  with  DiL 
Hngb  Boulter,  .afterivards  archbishop  of  Armagh,  the  right 
honourable  Richatd  West,  lord  chaoceilor  of  Irelahd;  thif 
rev*  Mr.  Gilbert  Burnet,  and  the  rev.Mr.  Henry  Stevens^' 
in  vKritingia  series  of  Papers^  many  of  tbeoi  very  excellent/ 
called  ".  The  f'ree-Thidker/'  which  were  all  published  to- 
gether by  Philips,  in  3  vols..8vo..  In  the  latter  part,  of 
queeo  Anae's  ^^^»  he  was.  secretary  to  the  Hanover  club, 
H  set  pf  noblemen  and  genUemen  avho  had  formed  an  asso* 
ciatioain  hoiKiorof  that  sucoessiony  and  for  the  support  of! 
its  inter^i^s;  and  whb. used;  particularly  to  distinguish!  iit 
their  toasts  such  of  the  fair  sex  as  wace  most  zealously  at<^' 
tacbed  tb;  Ahe  illustrious  house  of  BrunsMFich*  Mr.  Philips'sr 
^tion  in  thisciuby  together  with  the  zeal. shewn,  ijn  hie 
^ritiags^ .recommending  him  ta  the. notice  and  fieivourof 
the  new.  government,  he  was,  soon  after  the  accession  of 
H tag  George  L  putiiito  the-conmissioa  of  the  p^ce,  and 
ia  ITllf  ajfq>ointedon^:ef  the  commissioAiers.  of  the  lottery  •< 
Qn  bis  friend  Dr.: Boulter's  being  made  primate  of  IreJandy 
be  accompanied  that  prelate^  and  in  Sept«  1734^-  twas  ap^* 
painted  regtsfrar  of  the  prerogative  court  at.  Ihifaiin|.  bad 
other  aoasiderable  pref^rmeats  bestowed  on*  him^  and  nifaa 
elected  a  member  of  the  bouse  of  common^  tkeret>  as  re-> 
prespntative-for  the.county  of^Ai^magb.  All  length,  having 
purchase  an  aouuity  for  li£e,  of  4^&0i.  pec  annum^  heaame 
Qf«r  to  England  some  timeiui:1748,  but  did  not  long  en^ 
joy. bis  forMia^,  being  struck  witba^  palsy,  df  wfaiab  he 
died  vJune  .:l6,i  1749^  iu  his  seventy-^eighthyeRr,  at  his 
boiiseJo  Haaover-street^  and  was  buried. in  Audley  chapel» 
i^'Of  his  pe|»obal  characier,?Vsays  Dr«  Johnspn^-  'tall  I  have 
heard  is^i  that  he  waaeftiinent  for  bravery  and  skill  in  the 
sword,  and  ^at  in  tiocnrersatioa  he  was  somewhat  solemn 
and  pompous."  He  is  somewhere  called  Quaker  Phitips, 
for  what  does  not  appear. .  Paul  Whitehead  relates,  that 
when.Mr.  Addison  was  secretary^  of  state,  Philips  applied, 
to  him  for  some  preferment,  but  was  coolly  answered^ 
^  that  itiwas  thought  thathe  wasalteady  provided  for,  by 
beingjnade.a  justice  for  Westminster.''  To  this  pUerva^ 
tion  our  author  with  some  indignation  replied,  '^  Though 
poetry  wds  a  trade  he  could  not  live  by,  yet  he  scorned  to 
owe  subsistence  to  another  which  he  ought  not  to  live  by.^' 
Vol-  XXIV.  G  o 


450  PHILIPS. 

,  <'  Among  hit  poemt,*'  mjs  Dr.  Johnson,  the  *  Letter 

from  Denmark/  may  be  JMtly  praised ;   the  *  Pastomls,' 
which  by  the  writer  of  the  Godrdian  were  ranked  as  one  o^ 
the  four  genuine  productions  of  the  rustic  muse,  eannot 
surely  be  despicable.     That  they  exhibit  a  mode  of  life 
which  did  not  exist,  npr  ever  existed,  is  not  to  be  ob« 
jected;  the  supposition  of  such  a  state  is  allowed  to  Pas- 
toral.    In  his  other  poems  he  cannot  be  denied  the  praise 
of  lines  sometimes  elegant ;  btit  he  has  seldom  much  force, 
or  much  comprehension..    The  pieces  that  please  best  are 
those  which,  from  Pope  and  Popefs  adherents,  procured 
him  the. name  of  Namby  Pamby,  the  poems  of  short  lines^ 
by  which  he  paid  his  court  to  all  ages  and  characters,  from 
Walpole,  the  ^  steerer  of  the  realm,"  to  Miss  Pulteney  in 
the  nursery.    The  numbers  are  smooth  and  sprightly,  and 
the  diction  is  seldom  faulty.     They  are  not  loaded  with 
much  thought,  yet,  if  they  had  been  written  by  Addison^ 
they  would  have  had  admirers :  little  things  are  not  valued 
but  when  they  are  done  by  those  who  can  do  greater.   .  In 
his  translations  from  Pindar  he  found  the. art  of  reaching 
all  the  obscurity  of  the  Theban  bard,  however  he  may  fiall 
below  his  sublimity  ;  he  will  be  allowed,  if  he  has  less  fir^, 
to  have  more  smoke.     He  has  added  nothing  to  English 
poetry,  yet  at  least  half  his  book  deserves  to  be  read :  per- 
haps he  valued  most  himself  that  part  which  the  critick 
would  reject,"  * 

PHILIPS  (Catherinb),  an  English  lady  once  highly 
praised  for  her  wit  and  accomplishments,  was  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  Fowler,  a  merchant  of  London,  and  bom  there 
Jjam.  1,  1631.  She  was  educated  at  a  boarding-school  ^ 
Hackney ;  where  she  distinguished  herself  early  for  her 
skill  in  poetry.  When  very  young,  she  became  the  wife 
of  James  Philips,  of  the  priory  of  Cardigan,  esq.  and  after- 
wards went  with  the  viscountess  of  Dungannon  into  Ire- 
land. At  the  request  of  the  earl  of  Orrery,  9^  translated 
from  the  French,  and  dedicated  to  the  countesf  of  Cork,' 
^<  Comeille's  tragedy  of  Pompey ;"  which  was  sinreral  times 
acted  at  the  new.theatre  th&t^m  166S  and  1^64,  in  whi^ 
last  year  it  was  published.  .  She  translated  also  the^  Ipur 
first  acts  of  **  Horace,'*  another  tragedy  of  Comeille ;  the 
fifth  being;  done  by  sir  John  Denhaoi.     She .  died  of  the 

'  Jolmtou'i  Liret.— Popo*!  Works,  Bowlca'g   edUtkn^^Tatier,  ^^ecta^, 
and  Quardian  wiUi  notes,  ejlit.  1806.— fibber's  Lifes. 


P  K(  I  LI  P  S.  451 

ftmall  pox  in  London,  the  22d  of  Jdne,  1664,  to  the  regret 
of  all  the  bisaii-monde,  4n  the  thirty-third  year  of  her  age  : 
*•  having  not  left,"  says  Langbaine,  "  any  of  her  sex  heir 
equal  in  poetry."  —  "  Slie  not  only  equalled,"  adds  he, 
^all  that  is  reported  of  the  poetesses  of  antiquity,  the 
Lesbian  Sappho  and  the  Koman  Sulpitia,  but  justly  found 
her  admirers  among  the  greatest  poets  of  our  age :"  and 
then  be  mentions  the  earls  of  Orrery  and  Roscommon, 
Copley,  and  others.  Cowley  wrote  an  ode  upon  her 
death.  Dr.  Jeremy  Taylor  had  liddressed  to  her  his^^  Mea- 
sures arid  Offices  of  Friendship :"  the  second  edition .  of 
wfaibh'was  printed  in  1657,  12mo.  She  assumed  the  name 
of  Oriuda,  and  gave  that  of  Antenor  to  her  husband  ;  she 
UaSd  likemse  a  female  friend  Anne  Owen,  who  was  Lucasia. 
In  1667,  were  pritited,  in  folio,  **  Poems  by  the  most  de- 
servedly admired '  Mrs.  Catherine  Philips,  the  matchless 
Orinda.  To  which  is  added,  Mocisieur  Corneille^s  Pompey 
»and  Horace,  tragedies.  With  several  other  translations 
frbm  the  French;"  and  her  portrait  before  them,  engraven 
by  Faithorn.  There  was  likewise  another  edition  in  1678, 
folio ;  in  the  preface  of  which  we  are  told,  that  '*she  wrote 
ber  familiar  letters  with  great  facility,  in  a  very  fair  hand*, 
and  perfect  orthography ;  and  if  they  were  collected  with 
those  excellent  discourses  she  wrote  on  several  subjects, 
they  would  make  a  Volume  much  larger  than  that  of  heir 
poems.'*  in  1705,  a  small  volume  of  her  letters  to  sir 
Charles  Cotterell  was  printed  under  the  title  of  *^  Letters 
from.Orinda  to  Poiiarchus  :"  the  editor  of  which  tells  us, 
that  "they  were  the  effect  of  an  happy  intimacy  between 
herself  and  the  late  famous  Poiiarchus,  and  are  an  admi- 
fable  pattern  for  the  pleasing  correspondence  of  ia  virtuous 
friendship.  They  will  sufficiently  instruct  us,  how  an  in- 
tercourse of  writing  between  persons  of  different  sex^t 
ought  to  be  managed  with  delight  and  innocence ;  and  teach 
the  world  not  to  load  such  a  commerce  with  censure  and 
detection,  when  it  is  removed  at  such  a  distance  from 
even  the  appearance  of  guilt."  •  All  the  praise  of  her  doii- 
temporaries,  however,  has  not  been  suftdentto  preserve 
ber  works  from  oblivion.' 

'  PHILLIPS  (EDWARD),  one  of  the  nephews  of  Milton, 
was  the  son  of  Edward  Phillips,  who  came  from   Shrews- 

r 

1  Gibber's  Lives.^Biog.  Dram.-*-Cen^tlra  Lit.  toL  U,— BalUrd'i  EngUtK 
Ladies.— NicboU*s  Poemt,  voL  11  • 

«  e  2 


453  PHIL  L  IPS. 

bary^  wd  rose  to  be  ifccpndary  in  the  Croiyp-ofl^pj  \iy 
Anne,  sister  of  the  celebrated  po^t,  and  was  born  in  th^ 
Strand,  near  Cbariug-cros^  in  August  16 SQ,  ^pd  receireil 
tis  earliest  education  pnc|er  bis  uncle. .  In  }  64g  \ie  becaipe 
a  student  of  Magdalen-b$ill,  Oxford,  where  lie  contioij(ecl 
till  1651.  Tl^e  time  of  his  death  is  riot  a^ertaroe^.  H^ 
published  two  small  works,  entitled  ^^  Tr^tat^Ius  de  carr 
mine  Dramatjco  Poetaruna,  prsesertim  in  c^oris  Tragicis^ 
et  veteri^  CoKnediae/'  and  *^  Con^pendiosaenumeratio  Poer 
tarum  (saltern  quorum  fama  maxime  enituit)  qui  a  tempore 
I)a^i^s  Aligerii  4isque  ad  banc  a^tatem  claruerunt ;  nempQ 
Itatoruipi  Germanorum,  Anglorum,  &c."  These  wer^ 
added  to  the  seventeenth  edition  of  Job.  Buchlerus's  hdo^f 
entitled  ^*  Sacrarum  profanarumque  phrasium  poeticaruoi 
Thesaurus,'*  &V.  Lond.  1j669,  8vo.  But  he  is  better  known 
by  his  ^  Theatrum  Poetarum,  or  a  compleat  collection  of 
the  Poets,  especially  the  most  eminent  of  all  ages,  the 
Ancients  distinguisb't  from  the  Moderns  in  their  seve-; 
ral  alphabets.  With  some  observations  and  reflections 
upon  many  of  them,  particularly  those  of  our  own  nation. 
Together  with .  a  prefatory  discourse  of  the ,  Poets  andl 
Poetry  in  general,''  Lond.  1675.  Into  this  work  there  i%[ 
says  Warton,  good  reason  to  suppose  that  Milton  threw: 
many  additipos  and  corrections.  It  contains  criticisms  far 
^bove  the  taste  of  that  period,  and  such  as  were  ngf^  com- 
ijQoi^^fter  th^  nation^al  taste  had  been  just  corri^pted  by  the 
false  and  capricious  refinements  of  the  court  of  Charles  IL 
The  preface,  however,  disppvers  more  manifest  traces  of 
Milton's  hand  than  the  book  itself. 

In  1800  sir  £.  Brydges  pi^blished  a  new  .edition  of  tb^ 
^'  Theatrum"  a^  far  as  respects  th^e  English  poets,  ai)d  baa 
svbjoine4  very  valuable  additions  to  every  article.  The. 
arrangement  in  this  editipin  is  gceatly  improved  by  being, 
^lade  chronological  j  and  iod^stripus  research  has.  ga- 
thered much  curipus  information)  frpip  othscure  or  neglected, 
source^!.  J^ew  ^ipre  acceptable  pre^nts  could  have  been 
given  to  the  public,  unless  inde^  tl^e  learned  and  accom- 
plished edito;:  wool^  perfonaqi  l^is  promise  tp  add  a  siecpnd 
volume.  ' 

To  Edward  Phillips,  Wpod  attribut;es  ttie  fo^owing 
H^orks,  most  of  which  fender  it  prpbable  that  he  w^s  an 
author  by  profession  :  I .  ^^  A  new  World  of  English  Words, 
or  General  Dictionary,  &c."  Lond.  1657,  folio.  In  this  he 
bad  made  so  much  use  of  Blount's  ^'  Glossograpbia/'  with- 


I»  It  I  L  L  I  P  S.  453 

dut  acktiowledgment,  that  the  latter  comptaitied  of  the  in^ 
jury  in  a  letter  to  Wood,    and  speaks  of  Phillips,   as   i 
^  beggarly  half-witted  scholar,  hired  for  thfe  purpose  hf 
some  of  the  law- booksellers,"  to  transcribe  that  in  four  or 
ivd  mdnrhs,  which  cost  him  (Blount)  twicje  as  many  year^ 
ib  co^mpitiii^.     At  last  he  was  provoked  to  expose  Phillips 
in  &  pamphlet  ^ntrtt^d  **  A  world  of  Errors  discovered  ill 
tbe  New  World  of  Words,'^  1.67?,  folio.     Phillips  had  tt 
yet  mor6  fdrnvidable  antagonist  iti  Skinner,    who  in  biiif 
^*  Etymologicnin"  takes  many  opportunities  to  expose  his' 
ignorahce.    2.  A  supplement  to  "  Speed's  Theatre,"  167^^ 
folio.      3.  A  continuation    of  "Baker's  Chronicle."     4V 
**  Tractatulus  de  motio  et  ratione  form^ndi  voces  deriva^ 
tivas  Latinae   Linguae,"  1684,  4to.     5.  "  Enchiridion  Lin- 
guae   Latinae,    or  a  compendious  Latin  Dictionary,    &c." 
1684,  8vo.      6.  "  Speculum  Linguae.  Latihae,"  1684,  4to. 
These  two  last  are  chiefly  tdken  from  Milton's  MS  Latiti- 
**  Thesaorud.^*     7.  "  Poem  on  the  coronation  of  his  mos^ 
sacred  Hlfajesty  J aifies  II.  and  his  royal  consort  our  gracious' 
qdeen  Mary,^'   1685,  folio.     He  also  published  an  edition^ 
of  Drumn^ond  6f  Hawthornden's  poems,  in  1656 ;  andtrans-^ 
Ifltted  Paufsanias  imo  Lntin  ;  and,  into  English,  two  novels' 
from  J.  Perez  de-Montalvan ;  and  "The  Minority  of  St' 
Lewis,  Avitb'  the  politic  conduct  of  affairs -by  his.  mother 
^ue^n  Blanch  of  Spain,  during  her  regency,"  1685,  ]2mo.' 
But  next  to'  his  "  Tfieairom,"  we  are  m6srty  iAdebted  fo 
him  for  his  life  of  his  illustrious  uncle.  , 
•    John  Phillips,  the  other  nephew  of  Milton,  appears  to 
have  been  at  first  a  warni  adherent  to  his  nncle's  p6lidcal 
6pinipns,  and  published**  Milton's  Defensio"  in  answer  to 
the  f*  Apoloj^ia  pro  reg^,  "Ctc."  which  was  falsely  aiscribed 
to'  bishop  BramhalK     His  other  publications  imply  some, 
change  of  sentiment,  particularfy  his  **  Satyr  against  Hypoi 
orites*,"*  published  about  the  time  of  the  restoration,  and 
fepr-inted  in  1671  and  1680,  4to.   These  other  writings,  ac- 
^d^ding  to  Wood,  are,^  1.  "Montelion;  -or  the 'prophetic 
alrtianack  for  the  year  1660,'*  8vo.     2.  "  Maromdes ;  or 
Virgil  Ti'avestie,"  a  burlesque  on  the  5th  and  6tfh  books  of 
the   Eneid,"  1672^  and  1673,  8vo,  and  reprinted  together 
in  1678.'  3.  "Duellum  Musicum,"  printed  with  Locke'^ 
**  Present  practice  of  Musick  vindicated."     4..  "Mercu- 
rios  Verax  ;  or  the  prisoner's  prognostications  for  the  ye^ar 
1675,**  1675,  8vo.     5.  A  Continuation  of  Heath^s. Chro- 
nicle, 1676^  folio,  a  wonderful  production  from  the  authoi; 


4.54  P  tt  I  L  l^  t  PS. 

of  "  Miltoni  Dfefewsio.'V  6.  «  Dr.  Oates's  Narrative  of  tfie 
popish  Plot  vindicated,"  1680,  folio.  7.  "  Character  of 
a  Popish  Successor,"  the  siecoiid  part,  168t,  folio,  disowned 
by  Elkanah  Settle,  author  of  the  first  part.  8.  *^  Spectt- 
l^m  Cr^perOownorum ;  or,  an  old  Looking-gljass  for  t^e 
young  academics  new  foiFd,  &c."  9.  **  Samuel  Lord 
l^isbop  of  Oxon  bis  celebrated  reasons  for  abrogating  the 
test,  and  notion  of  idolatry,  answered  by  Sam.  archdeacon 
of  Canterbury,^"  1688,  4to.  In  Wood  we  have  no  account 
of  bis  death,  but  he. adds  that  be  was  '^  a  man  of  very  loose 
principles,  atheistical,  forsakes  his  wife  and  children, 
makes  no  provision  for  them."  He  appears,  indeed,  froin 
bis  publications,  to  have  reflected  very  little  credit  on  his 
family.' 

•^  PHILIPS  (Fabian),  author  of  several  books  relating  to 
ancient  customs  and  privileges  in  England,  was  the  son  of 
a  gentleman,  and  bom  at  Prestbury  in  Gloucestershire, 
Sept.  28,  1601.  When  he  was  very  young,  he  spent  some 
time  in  one  of  the  inns  of  chancery  ;  and  thence  translated 
himself  to.  the  Middle-temple,  where  be  became  learned  in 
the  law.  In  the  civil  war  he  continued  loyal,  having  al- 
ways been  an  assertor  of  the  king's  prerogative ;  and  was 
so  zealously  attached  to  Charles  L  that,  two  days  before 
t^e  king  was  beheaded,  he  wrote  a  protestation  against  the 
intended  murder,  which  he  caused  to  be  printed,  and 
affixed  to  posts  in  all  public  places.  He  also  published,  in 
1649,  4to,  a  pamphlet  entitled  ^^  Veritas  inconcussa;.  or 
King  Charles  L  no  man  of  blood,  but  a  martyr  for  his 
people:"  which  was  reprinted  in  1660,  8vo.  In  1653, 
when  the  courts  of  justice  at  Westminster,  especially  the 
chancery,  were  voted  dpwn  by  Oliver's  parliament,  he 
published  ^^  Considerations  against  the  dissolving  and  taking 
them  away  :"  for  which  he  received  the  thanjcs  of  William 
Leuthall,  esq.  speaker  of  th^e  late  parliament,  and  pf  the 
keepers  of  (he  liberties  c/  England.  For,$ome  time,  he 
was  filacer  for  London,  Middlesex,  Cambridgesliire,  and 
Huntingdonshire;  and  spent  much  money  in  searching  re« 
cords,  s^nd  writing  in  favour  of  the  roy^l  prerogative  :  yet 
he  wasi  bu^  poQrIy  rewarded  by  the  place  of  one  of  tite  com* 
piissioners  fpr  regulating  the  law,  worth  200/.  per  anniim, 
which  only  lasted  twp  years.     After  the  restoration  of 

1  Atb.  Ox.  vol.  II.«-Life  of  Edward  prefixed  to  the  <*  Tbeatrum''  i)y  Sir  K> 
Brydges. 


P  H  I  L  I  P  a  48B 

Charies  IL  when  the  bill  for  taking  away  the  tenures  was 
depending  in  parliament,  he  wrote  and  published  a  book, 
to  shew  the  nece»siiy  of  preserving  them.  Its  title  is  *^  Te* 
Qenda  noii  Tollenda  :  or,  the  Necessity  of  preserving  Te« 
mires  in  Capite,  and  by  Knight^s-service,  which,  according 
to  their  first  institution,  were,-  and  are  yet,  a  great  part  of 
the  salus  populi,  &c«  1660,*'  4to.  In  1663  be  published 
<<- The  Antiquity,  Legality,  Reason,  Duty,  and  Necessity 
of  PraB-eniprion  and  Pourveyance  far  the  King,"  4to  ;  and, 
afterwards,  many  other  pieces  upon  subjects  of  a  similar 
kind.  He  hkeivise  assisted  Dr.  Bates  in*  his  *^  Eienchus 
Motuiim  i"  t*specially  in  searching  the  records  and  oflBces 
for  that  work.  He  died  Nov.  17,  1690,  in  his  eighty-ninth 
year;  and  was  buried  near  his  wife,  in  the  church  of Twy^ 
ford  in  Middlesex.  He  was  a  man  well  acquainted  with 
records  and  antiquities  ;  but  his  manner  of  writii^  is  not 
plose  or<  well  digested.  He  published  various  political 
pamphlets,  and  among  them  one  in  J  681,  which,  supposing 
bimtb  have  been  sincere,  proves  his  passion  for  royal  pre- 
I'Qgative  to  have  been  much, superior  to  his  sagacity  and 
judgment :.  it  is  oatitled  "  Ursa  Major  et  Minor;  shewing, 
that  there  is  no  «uch  fear,  as  is  factiously  pretended,  of 
popiery  and  .arbitrary  power.**  In  the  Arcbseologia,  vol. 
XIll.  isan  accnunt  of  a  MS.  of  his  in  the  Harleian  collec- 
tion, entitled  "  An  Expedient  or  meanes  in  want  of  money 
to  pay  the  sea  and  land  forces,  or  as  many  of  them  as  shall 
be  thought  expedient  without  money  in  this  year  of  an 
almost  universal  povertie  of  the  English  nation.**  In 
$trype*s  life  of  VVhitgift  (p.  89),  is  a  notice  of  one  Fabian 
Phillips,  one  of  the  council  of  the- linarches  of  Wales,  who 
appeiars  to  have  been  an  ancestor  of  our  author.^ 
.  PHILIPS  (John),  an  English  poet,  was  son  of  Dr.  Ste- 
phen Philips,  archdeacon  of  Salop  ;  and  born  at  Bampton 
in  Oxfordshire,  Dec.'3Q,  1676.  After  some  domestic  edu* 
<;ation,  he  was  sent  to  Winchester,  where,  as  we  are  told 
by  Dr.  Sewel,  his  biographer,  he  was  soon  distinguished 
by  the  superiority  of  his  exercises  ;  and,  what  is  less  easily 
to  be  credited,  so  much  endeared  himself  to  his  school- 
fellows, by  his  civility  and  good-rtature,  that  they;  without 
ipurmur  or  ill-will,  saw  him  indulged  by  the  master  wkh 
particular  immuntties.  -  It  is  related,  that,  when  he  was  at 
Achool,  be  seldom  mingled  in  play  with  the  other  boys^ 

1  Alh.  Oi,  TOl.  II.— Bio|;.  Brit, 


«5€  F  fl  I  X  I  P  8. 

)>iit  retijred  to  his  chftiubBr ; .  where  his.  scNrereigh  pleaturi 
was.  to  .sit)  hour  after,  hour,  while  his  hair  was  combed  by 
somebody,  whose  iservice  he  found,  means  to  procure. 

.From  school/ ..where  he  became  lacquainted  with  th0 
poets  apcient  aod  modern,  ^nd  fixed  his  attention  partiica-^ 
$arly  on  Milton,  he  was,  in  1694,  removed  to  Christ  church, 
Qi^for^i  where  he  performed  all  his  university  exercises 
with  applause.  Following,  however,  the  natwal  bent  of 
his  genius  to  poetry,  he  continued  the  study  of  his  favou- 
]:ite.  Milton,  so  intensely,  that  it  is  said  there  was  not  an 
ailusiou  in  ^^  Paradise  Lost,"  drawn  from  any  hint  in  either 
Jiooier  .or  Virgil,  lo  which  be  could  not  immediately  refer. 
Yet  he  was  not  so  much  in  loj^.with  poetry,  as  to  neglect 
other  branches  of  leaii\ing,  and,  having  some  inteAtion  to 
?pp)y  to  physic  as  a  profession,  be.  took  much  delight  in 
i^atural^iistory,.  particularly  botany;  hut  he  appears  to  have 
relinquished  these,  pursuits  when  he  had  begun  to  acquire 
poetical  fame*  While  be  was  at  Oxford,  he  was  honoured 
with  the  acquaintance  of  the.  heist  and  politesit  men<in  it ; 
^pd  bad  a  particular,  intimacy  with-  Mr.  Edmund -Smith, 
authoi*  of  the  tragedy  ^f  Phadra  and  I}ippoHtus.;  The  first 
p0Q(D  which  distinguished  him^  io'170d,  was  his  ^^SpUndid 
£iihUling ;"  his  next,  entitled  *^  Blenbeim^-^  he  wrote,  as  a 
liyal  to  Addison's,  on  the  same  subject,  at  the  request  of 
the  earl  of  Oxford,  and  Mn  Henry  St.  John^  afterwards 
Iprd  Bolmgbroke,  on<  occasion  of  the  >  victory  obtained  at 
that  place  by  the  duke<tf  Marlborough  in  1704.  It  was 
pijbUshed  in  1705 ;  and  the  year  after  he  finished  a  third 
poem,. upon. ^^Cyder,V  the  first  book  of  which  had  been 
wxittep  at  Pxford«  It  is-  founded  upon  the  model  of  Vir- 
gil's ^<  Georgics."  All  that  we  have  moce  by  Philips  ir,  a^ 
Latin  <^  Ode  to  Henry  St.  John,  esq. ;''  which  is  also  es- 
turned  ^z  SDaster-piece.  He  was  meditating  a  poem  on 
the  ^/  Last  Day,"  when  illness  obliged  him  to  relinquish 
all  pursuits^  except  the  care  of  hi®  health.'  His  disorder, 
hqwiever,  became  a  lingering  consumption,  attended  with 
anasthraa,  of  which  he  died  at  Hereford, -Feb.  I5,  1708, 
when  he.  bad  not  reached  his. thirty^third  year.  He  was 
interred  in  the  cathedral  there,  with  an  inscription  over 
his  grave;  and  had  a  monument  ereeted. to  his  memory,  in 
Westminster^abbey,  hy  sir  Simon  Harcourt,  afterwards 
Ipvd  chancellor,  with  sm  epitaph  upon  it,  wmten  by  Sh. 
Atterbury,  though  commonly  ascribed  to  Dr.  Freind. 
Philips  was  one  qf  those  few  poet's,  whose  Muse  aod  manr 


PHILIPS.  45T 

I 

Bert  were  equally  excellent  and  amiable;  and  both  were 
so  in  a  very  eminent  degree. 

Dr.  Johnson  obsenres,  that  '^  Philips  has  been  always 
praised,  without  contradiction,  as  a  man  modest,  blameless, 
and  pious ;  who  bore  a  narrow  fortune  without  discontent, 
and  tedious  and  painful  maladies  without  impatience ;  be«* 
loved  by  those  that  knew  him,  but  not  ambitious  to  be 
known.  He  was  probably  not  formed  for  a  wide  cii^cle^ 
His  conversation  is  commended  for  its  innocent  gaiety, 
which  seems  to  have  flowed  only  among  his  Intimiates  ;  for 
I  have  been  told,  that  he  was  in  company  silent  and  barren, 
and  employed  only  upon  the  pleasures  of  his  pipe*.  Hi% 
addiction  to  tobacco  is  mentioned  by  one  of  his  biogra- 
phers, who  remarks  that  in  all  his  writings,  except  *  Blen* 
heim,'  he  has  found  aa  opportunity  of  celebrating  the  fra- 
grant fume«  In  common  life,  be  was  probably  one  of  those 
who  please  by  not  offending,  and  whose  person  was  loved, 
because  his  writings  were  admired^  He  died  honoured  and 
lamented,  before  any  part  of  his  reputation  had  withered, 
and  before  his  patron^  St.  John  had  dii^raced  him.  His 
works  are  few.  The  '  Splendid  Shilling,'  has  the  uncom^ 
mon  merit  of  an  original  design,  unless  it  may  be  thought 
precluded  by  the  ancient  Centos.  To  degrade  the  sound- 
ing words  and  stately  construction  of  Milton,  by  an  appli- 
cation to  the  lowest  and  most  trivial  things,  gratifies  the 
mind  with  a  momentary  triumph  over  that  grandeur  which 
hitherto  held  its  captives  in  admiration ;  the  words  atid 
things  are  presented  with  a  new  appearance^  and  novelty 
is  always  grateful  where  it  gives  no  pain.  But  the  merit 
of  such  performances  begins  and  ends  with  the  first  antbor. 
He  that  should  again  adapt  Milton's  phrase  to  the  gross  in- 
cidents of  common  life,  and  even  adapt  it  with  more  art, 
which  would  not  be  difficult,  must  yet  expect  bui  a  small 
part  of  the  praise  which  Philips  has  obtained :  he  can  only* 
hope  to  be  considered  ^is  the  repeater  of  a  jest." 
.  <<  There  is  a  Latin  '  Ode'  written  to  his  patron  St.  John, 
in  return  for  a  present  of  wine  and  tobacco,  whtoh  cannot 
be  passed  without  notiee.  It  is  gay  and  elegant,  and  ex- 
hibits several  artful  accommodations  of  classicfc  expressions 
to  new  purposes*  It  seems  better  turned  £han  the  odes  of 
HaAnes.  To  the  poem  on  ^  Cider,'  written  in  imitation 
of  the  ^Georgicks,'  may  be  given  this  peculiar  praise,  that 
it  is  grounded  in  truth ;  that  the  precepts  which  it  contains 
are  exact  and  just  ^  and  that  it  is  therefore  at  once  a  book 


46S  PHILIPS. 

of  entiertiiument  and  of  science.  This  I  was  toM  by  MtU 
ler,  the  great  gardener  and  botanist,  whose,  expreision 
was,  that  *  there  were  many  books  written  on  the  saine 
subject  in  prose,  which  do  not  contain  so  much  truth  as 
that  poem.'  In  the  disposition  of  his  matter,  so  as  to  in- 
tersperse precepts  relating  to  the  6uhure  of  treeS  with 
senumeiits  more  generally  pleasing,  and  in  easy  and  grace- 
ful transitions  from  one  subject  to  another,  he  has  very  dili- 
gently imitated  his  master  ;  but  he  unhappily  pleased  him- 
self with  blank  verse,  and  supposed  that  the  Dtimber»  of 
IVlilton,  which  impress  the  mind  with  veneration,  combined 
as  they  are  with  subjects  of  inconceivable  grandeur,  could 
be  sustained  by  images  which  at  most  can  rise  only  to  ele- 
gatiee.  Contending  angels  may  shake  the  regions  of  hea-^ 
ven  in  blank  verse ;  but  the  flow  of  equal  measures,  and 
the  emhellishment  of  rhyme,  must  recommend  to  our  at- 
tention the  art  of  engrafting,  and  decide  the  merit  of  the 
redsireak  and  pearmain.  What. study  could  confer,  PIm- 
lips  had  obtained  ;  but  natural  deficience  cannot  be  sa|»- 
plied.  He  seems  not  born  to  greatness  and  elevation.^  He 
is  never  lofty,  nor  does  he  often  surprise  with  unexpected 
excellence;  hut  perhaps  to  his  last  poem  may  be  applied 
what  Tulty  said  of  the  work  of  Lucretius,  that  *  it  is  written 
with  much  art,  though  with  few  blazes  of  genius.'"  Of 
the  *^  Cider/'  an  excellent  edition,  with  notes  and  illustra- 
tions, was  published  by.  Mr.  Dunster  in  1791,  8  vo.     .  .!*   • 

It  is  remarkable,  that  there  were  two  poets  of  both  the. 
Bames  of  this  author,  who  flourished  in  his  time  :  one  the 
nephew  to  Miltoji,  already  mentioned.  The  other  was 
the  author  of  two  political  farces,  both  printed  in  1716; 
1.  '^Tbe  Earl  of  Marr  marred,  with  the  Humours  of  Jocky. 
tb^  Highlander."  ^.  '<The  Pretender's  Flight :  or,  a  Mock 
Coronation,  with  the  Humours  of  the  facetious  Harry  St. 
John."'  .      , 

PHILLIPS  (Morgan),  sometimes  called  Phiilip  Mor- 
gan, a  native  of  Monmouthshire,  entered  a  student  at  Ox- 
ford about  1533.  Being  admitted  to  the  degree  of  B.  A. 
in  1537,  he  distinguished  himself-  so,  much  by  a  talent  for 
disputing,  then  in  high  vogue,  that  he  was  called  Morgan 
the  sophister.'  Afterwards  proceeding  M.  A.  he  was  chosen* 
a  fdlow  of  Oriel  college,  and  entered  into  orders.  In  1546 
be  was  chosen  principal  of  St  Mary-hall,  and  was  in^smdi 

>  Bi«s«  Brit-rJohnsoa's  Litqs. 


P  H  I  X  I  P  S.  4i9 

isepulatiou  wUh  the  popish  party^  that  he  was  one  of  the 
three  selected  to  dispute .  with  Peter  Martyr  oa  the  sacra- 
Qieqt.     His  share  was  published  la  1549,  under  the  title 
**  Disputatio  de  sacrameuto  Eucharistise  in  univ.  Oxon. 
habita,  contra  D.  Peu  Martyr.  13  Maii^  1549/*     We  bear 
nothing  of  him  during  the  reign  of.  Edward   VI.;    but 
in  that  of  queen  Mary,  he  was  appointed  chanter  of  St. 
David's.  -Being  deprived  of  this  by  queen  Eiizabetb,  he 
went  abroad,  and  after  a  journey  to  Rome  with  Allen  (af* 
terwards  the  cardinal),  he  joined  with  him  in  1568  in  esta*» 
blishing  the.  English  college  at  Doway,  and  was  the  first 
who  contributed  pecuniary  aid  to  that  institution.     Wood 
places  his  death  at  1577,  but  the  records  of  Duway  college 
inform  us  that  be  died  there  in  1570,  and  left  his  property 
for  the  purchase  of  a  hpvse  and  garden  for  the  English 
missionaries.    A.veryscafce  work,  entitled  ^'  A  Defence  of 
the  Honour  of  queen  Mary  of  Scotland,  with  a  declaration 
of  her  right,  title,  and  interest,  in  the  crown  of  England,*' 
(London,  1569, -Liege,  1571y8vo),  was  attributed  to  him ; 
^ut  Camden  and  others  assure  us  that  it  was  written,-  as  we 
have  noticed  in  his  life,  by  John  Leslie,  bishop  of  Ross. 
The  only  other  treatise,  therefore,  we  cap  ascribe  to  him 
with  certainty,  is  that  .written  in  answer  to  Knox*s  ^^  First 
Blast  of  the  Trumpet  ;*'  and  entitled  **  A  Treatise  nhewing, 
the  Regiment  (government)  of  Women  is  conformable  to 
the  law  of  God  and.  Nature,'*.  Lie^e,  1571,  8vo.^ 
.   PHILLIPS  (Thomas),    a  Roman  catholic  divine,  and 
^uthqr  of  some  works  of  considerable  merit,  wa^  descended 
from  an  ancient  family.     His  fajther  was  a  Roman  catholic, 
but  had  beeome  a  convert  to  popery.     Where  or  when  be 
was  born  we  are  not  told,  but  it  appears  that  when  at 
8cho()l,  he  became  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  some  catholic 
books,  lives  of  the  saints,  &c.     He  was  thence  removed 
to  St.  Omer*s,  where  be  made  great  progress  in  polite  lite- 
rature, and  obtained  the  first  academical  prizes.     At  one 
time,  be  felt  an  inclination  to  become  a  member  of  tlie 
society  of  the  Jesuits,  but  changed  his  mind  in  that  re- 
i^pect,  and  after  a  course  of  study  at  St.  Omer's,  travelled 
through   the  Netherlands,    Germany,  France,    and   Italy, 
during  the  course.of  which,  ,he  visited  persons  eminentfor 
learning;  assisted  at  various  academical  exercises;  looked 
.over  the  principal  libraries,  and  considered ,  the  produc- 

1  Atb.  Os,  f ol.  I.-l>Dodd*s  Cli.  HUi.  vol.  II. 


460  PHILLIPS. 

I 
/ 

ttons  of  the  polite  artsr,  and  those  magnifieei^t  ftrtlctdr^f 
which  ancient  and  modern  piety  had  raised  and  dedics^ted 
to  puhlic  worehip.  He  observed  the  different  Ace  and 
product  of  each  country,  and  that  endleis  variety  of  nnan- 
ners  Urhich  seems*  merely  or  principally  id  ari&e  fi^in  cli* 
itia^e  and  education.  He  did  not  truilt  his  rertiarks  to  trie- 
iDory  alone,  but  committed  them  btieRy  to  writiiig ;  but 
whether  they  are  now  existing,  we  are  unable  to^seertaiii. 
>  Having  finished  his  travels,  be  determined  t6  cleVOti^ 
himself  to  the  (ninistry,  and  accordingly  was  admitted  into 
orders.  Sdon  afterwards  his  father  died,  but  his  perse** 
verance  in  his  religtous  sentiments  deprived  him  of  the" 
estate  he  wutilJ  otherwise  have  enjoyed :  Thtis,  though 
an  eldest  son,  he  had  no  other  provisioil  but  what  the  frii* 
gaiity  of  his  parents  had  made  for  him.  This  however  wa^ 
something  more  than  mediocrity,  and  placed  him  above 
dependence. 

The  preceding  account  is  extracted  from  our  authOrV 
pamphli't,  printed  in  176l,  and  entitled  ^*  Philemon,'*  of 
which  a  few  copies  only  were  given  to  friends.  The  dthei* 
circumstances  collected  by  his  biographer  relate  chiefly  td 
his  publicaiit)ns.  In  1756,  he  published  **  The  Study  of 
Sacred  Literature,  fully  stated  and  bonstdered  in  a  Dis-' 
course  to  a  student  in  divinity  (the  rev.  John  Jenison,'  who 
died  at  Liege,  Dec.  27,  1790),'*  a  second  edition  of  whtcfr 
appeared  in  175^,  and  a  third  in  1765.  This  work  is  dn-^ 
titled  to  Considerable  praise ;  but  bis  principal  perform- 
ance was  **The  History  of  the  Lifeof  Reginald  P6le,*'  1764, 
2  vols.  4to,  reprinted  in  1767,  2-  vols.  Svo.  It  cannot  be 
denied  that  this  work;  though  penned  with  no  shiali  de^ 
gree  of  spirit  and  elegance,  contains  much  ttiatc<^r  of  ahf 
exceptionable  nature,  mai^y  of  the^  facte  distorted,  and 
many  of  the  characters  introduced  in  it  virulently  abused. 
It  ejfcited,  therefore,  on  the  protestant  side  a  general- 
alarm,  and  met,  as  might  be  expected,  with  a  Arm  opposi-' 
tion ;  many  answers  soon  made  their  appearance,  ftord 
several  Eminent  handis,  and  the  ndistakes  and  imprOprietieaf 
of  our  author^s  performance  were  pointed  out  and  e^po^ed.'* 
The  following,  we  believe,  iis  an  exact  list  of  bis  answefefSr' 
1.  "A  Letter  to  Mr.  Phillips,  contairting  some  dhsertti- 
tlons  on  his  History  of  the  Life  of  Regiliald  Pole?'  Bf 
Rich.  Tillard,  M.  A.  1765,  Svo.  2.  «  A  Reiiew  of  JPfr; 
Phillips's  History  of  the  Life  of  Reginald  Pole.'*-  By  Glo- 
cester  Ridley,  LL.  B.  1766,  8vo.      3.  <^  Animadversions 


PHILLIPS.  4<li 

VpQU  Mr.PbUlip9'8  Hiatory  of  (be  Life  of  Cardinal  Pole,*' 
By  Timothy  Neve,  D.  D.  Rector  ofMiddleton  Stoney,  Ox- 
ibrd^tiire,  1766,.8vo.  To  this  are  added  some  remarks  b^ 
Pn  jQrtjn.  4.  "  Remarks  Upen  the  History  of  the  Life  oS 
Reginald  Pole/'  By  £dw.  Scone.Clerk,  A.  M.  and  late  Mr 
low  of  WadbaiQOQllege,  Oxford,  1766,  8vq.  The$e  remarks 
were  first  printed  in  the  Public  Ledger.  5.  ^<  1  he  Life 
of  Cardinal  Reginald  Pole^  written  originally  in  Italian,  by 
jLodavii^o  Beoc^telli,  archbishop  of  Ragusa,  and  now  first 
translated  int6  English,  with  notes  critical  and  historical 
Tq  which  is  added  an  Appendix,  setting  forth  the  pla* 

fi^trisma^  false  translations,  and  false  grammar  in  Thomas 
'hillips'B  History  of  tbe  Life  of  Reginald  Pule/'  By  the 
R^v.Ben^ikmui  Pye,,  LL.  B.  1766,  8vo.  6./<Catbolick  Faith 
and  Practice,  addressed  to  the  iogeiiious  author  of  the  Life 
Qf  Cardinal  Pole,''  anojiymx)U3,  I76£i;  the  author  of  which 
svas  Mr.  JoEN  Junes,  of  Welwyn.    (See  before,  vol  .XIX.) 

l^r  vindication  of  himself  he  published  in  1767^  an 
^*  Appendix  to  the  Life,"  with  aome  remarks  on  the  chief 
objections  which  had  b«en  made  to  H ;  and  at  the  end  of 
tl{e  third  edition  of  bis  ^'  £i»ay  on  the  atudy  of  Sacred  Lii 
t^raiure,''  be  added  sdme  strictures  on  bis  opponents^  and 
some  correctio^3.of  mistakes*  .  Speaking  of  this  pamphlet 
io'a  letter  ^Q  Mr.  Cole,  he  says,  *\l  am  about  to  give  ano- 
ther edition  with  considerable  changes;  especially  as  I 
bave  be^n  informed  that  a  seeming  partiality  to  the  ordec 
(^f  tb^  Jesuits^  i&  the  chiefest  objection  to  the  performance : 
whicb  ooay  be  avoided  in,  &  future  edition,  and  the  instruct 
tiosn.  be  as  complete  as  at  present."  This  .seems  to  shew 
tba,t  bis  object  was  the  general  usefulness  of  tbe  work,  in-, 
depeadent  of  party-iconsidevations.  All  be  could  allege, 
bawever^  in  defence  of  bis  Life  of  Pole,  was  not  sufficient 
ts>  establish  the  Qredit  of  tbe  work. 

Mr.  Phillips,  aftet  he  entered  into  holy  orders,  obtained 
a  dispensation  to  quit  the  Jesuits ;  and  this  step  is  said  to 
have  been  taken  in  coqsequence  of  some  dissatisfaction  and 
difference  with  bis  «speriors  and  professors,  by  whom  he 
W04ild  not  submit  to  be  guided  and  controlled  in  his  M^e^: 
logical  studies.  From  Liege,  where. he  look  his  disniia«. 
sion,  he  went  to  Rome,  and  there  obt^ained,  by  the  iate^P' 
rest  of  the  Pretender,  a  prebend  in.  the  collegiate  chuteh 
of  Tongres,  but  was  dispeiised  from  residence  on  condition 
of  serving  the  English  mission,  and  for  many  years  lived  in' 
the  family  of  the  late  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  and  afterwards 


'462  ph,il:lips. 

in  that  of  Mrs.  Berkeley,  of  Spetcbley,  near  Worcdstef. 
In  tbe  decline  of  life  he  retired  to  tbe  English  college  at 
Liege,  with  tbe  design,  which  he  could  not  effect,  of  re^ 
entering  into  'the  society  he  bad  withdrHWii  himself  frdm, 
for  which  he  retained  a  tender  regard  and  affection.  Dcr* 
ring  the  last  four  or  five  years  of  bis  life  he  was  afflicted 
with  epileptic  fits,  and,  as  bis  temper  was  naturally  eager, 
bis  friends  were  cautious  not  to  engage  him  in  conversation 
upon  bis  past  studies  or  literary  subjects,  by  which  they 
observed  his  infirmity  was  increased.  He  was,  we  ar^ 
told,  a  man  of  eminent  piety,  and  always  appeared  strongly 
affected  with  tbe  idea  of  tbe  presence  of  Gbd,  particularly 
in  bis  last  illness,  which  happened  at  Liege  in  1774. 

He  bad  a  sister  Elizabeth,  who  became  abbess  of  the 
Benedictine  nuns  at  Ghent,  to  whom  be  addressed  some 
elegant  and  spirited  poetry,  .which  may  be  seen  in  our 
principal  authority.  Besides  tbe  pieces  already  men-^ 
tinned^  Mr.  Cole  attributes  to  him  <f  Reasons  for  tbe  re- 
peal of  the  Laws  against  the  Papists  ;*'  «nd  bis  biographer 
adds  that  be  was  -  the  author  of  an  elegant  translation  in 
metre,  of  the  beautiful  prose  '*  Lauda  Sion  Salvatorem ;" 
and  an  equally  elegant  **  Censura  Commentariorum  Cor- 
nelii  a  Lapide,' -  in  Latin,  printed  on  a  single  sheet.^ 

PHILO  (JuD^us),  an  ancient  Greek  writer^  and  of  a 
noble  family  among  tbe  Jews,  flourished  at  Alexandria  iti 
the  reign  of  Caligula.  He  was  the  chief  person  of  an  em- 
bassy which  was  sent  to  Rome  about  tbe  year  42,  to  plead 
the  cause  of  bis  nation  against  Apion,  wbo  was  commis- 
sioned by  tbe  Alexandrians  to  charge  it  with  neglecting 
t4ie  honours  doe  to  Csesar ;  but  that  emperor  would  not 
suffer  him  to  speak,  and  behaved  to  him  with  such  anger, 
that  Philo  wasin  no  small  danger  of  losing  his  life.  He 
went  a  second  time  to  Rome,  in  tbe  reign  of  Claudius ; 
and  then,  according  to  Eusebius  and  Jerome,  became  ac- 
quainted, and  upon  terms  of  friendship,  with  St.  Peter/ 
Photins  says  further,  that  be  was  baptized  into  tbe  Chris- 
tian religion,  and  afterwards,  from  some  motive  of  resent- 
ment, renounced  it;  but  there  is  much  uncertainty  in  all 
this,  and  few  believe  that  St.  Peter  was  at  Rome  so  early  as 
the  reign: of  Claudius,  if  be  was  there  at  all.  ^ 

Philo  was  educated  at  Alexandria,  and  made  an  uncom- 
mon progri»ss  in  eloquence  and  philosophy.  After  the 
fashion  of  the  time,  he  cultivated,  like  many  of  bis  religion. 


.  J 


*  SuropcAo  Mag.  for  Sepr.  nee.—Colt's  MS  Athene  io  Brit  Mos. 


P  H  I  L  O.  4&t 

the  philosophy  of  Plato,  whose  principles  he  imbihed  so 
deeply,  and  whose  manner  he  imitated  so  well,  tliat  it  grev 
to  be  a  common  saying,  **  aut  Ptato  pbilonissat,  aut  Phila 
platonizat.'^     Josephus  calls  him  a  man  "  eminent  on  all 
accouDts;"  and  Eusebius  describes  bim  ** copious  in  speech, 
rich  in  sentiments,  and  sublime  in  the  kuowledge  of  holy 
writ;.''     He  is  said,  however,  to  have  been  so.  much  im- 
mersed in  philosophy,  the  Platonic  in  particular,  that  he 
neglected  to  acquaint  .himself  with  the  Hebrew^  language, 
and  the  rites  and  customs  of  his  own  people.     Scaliger,  in 
bis  usual  way,  says  that  Philo  "  knew  no  more  .of  Hebrew 
and   Syriac  than  a  Gaul  or  a. Scythian.*'     Grotius  is  of 
opinion  .that  ^^.  he.  is  not  fully  to  be  depended  on,  in  what 
relates  to  the  manners  of  the  Hebrews;"  and  Cudworth 
jgoes  somewhat'  farther  when  he  says,  that  ^'  though  a  Jew 
by  nation,  he  was  yet  very  ignorant  of  Jewish  customs.** 
Fabricius,.  however,  while  he  allows  some  inadvertencies 
and  errors  of  Philo  with' regard  to  these  matters,  yet  he 
does  not  think  them  a  sufficient  foundation  on  which  to 
charge;  so  illustrious  a  doctor  of  the  law  with  ignorance. 
Others  think  that  Philo's  passionibr  philosophy  had  made  bim 
more  than  half  a  Pagan ;  for  it  ted  bim  to  interpret  the  law 
and  the  prophets  upon  Platonic  ideas ;  and  to  admit  no- 
thing as.  truly  interpreted,  which  was  not  agreeable  to  the 
principles  of  the  ackdemy.     This  led  him  still  farther,  to 
turn  every  thing  into  allegory,  and  to  deduce  the  darkest 
meanings: from  the  plainest  words  ;  which  pernicioqs  prac- 
tice Origen  imitated  afterwards,  and  exposed  himself  by  it 
to  the  scoffs  of  Celsus  and  Porphyry.    The  writings  of 
Philo  abound  with  high  and  mystical,  new  and  subtile,  far- 
fetched and  abstracted  notions,   where  the  doctrines  of 
Plato  and  Moses  are  so  promiscuously  blended,  that  it  is 
not  an>easy  matter  to  assign  to  eadh  his  own  principles,    li) 
the  mean  time,  we  should  greatly  injure  this  Jewish  Plato 
not  to. own,  that. although  he  is  continually  Platonizing, 
and  allegorizing  the  Scriptures,  yet  he  abounds  with  just 
aentiments  and  lessons  of  moi;ality  :  and  his  morals  are  ra- 
ther the  morals  of  a  Christian  than  of  a  Jew.    History  like- 
wise, as. well  as  his  own  writings,  gives  us  all  imaginable 
Teason  to  conclude,  that  he  was  n  man  of  great  prudence^ 
constancy,  and  virtue. 

His  works  were  first  published  in  Greek  by  Turnebus,  at 
Paris,  in  1552 ;  to  which  a  Latin  translation,  made  by 
Geleoius,  was  added  in  1561,  and  printed  several  times 


464  P  H  I  L  O- 

with  it.  The  Paris  edition  of  1640^  in  folio,  was  the  best 
that  was  published  for  a  whole  cienitury ;  which  made  iCote- 
lerius  9ay,  that  ^^  Philo  was  an  author  that  deserved  to  have 
%  better  text  and  a  better  version/'  This  was  accomplished 
in  1742,  in  a  handsome  edition  published  at  London,  "by 
Dr.  Mangey,  in  2  vols,  folio. 

In  1797,  the  learned  Jacob  Bryant  published  ''The  Sen-* 
timents  of  Philo  Judaeus  concerning  the  Logos,  or  Word 
of  Gk>d,"  with  a  view  to  prove  that  Philo  borrowed  his  sen- 
timents and  expressions,  relative  to  the  second  person  of 
the  Trinity,  from  the  conversation  or  writings  of  the  apos- 
tles^, which  he  considers  as  a  striking  argument  in  favour  of 
the  truth  of  Christianity.  Philo^s  autborityj  however,'  had 
been  before  repeatedly  alleged  by  writers  in  favour  of  that 
fundamental  principle  of  our  religion,  the  existence  of 
God  in  a  trinity  of  persons  ;  particularly  by  Dr.  AUix  in 
bis  '^  Judgmeut  of  the  ancient  Jewish  church,'^  1699,  and 
by  the  late  Mr.  Whitaker  in  his  ''  Origin  of  Arianism  dis- 
dosed,*'  1791. 

.  There  are  two  others  of  the  name  of  Philo  on  record, 
but  little  it  known  of  them ;  the  one,  Philo  Biblios,  from 
Biblios,  the  place  of  his  nativity,  flourished  from  the  reign 
of  Nero  to  that  of. Adrian,  and  wrote  in  Greek,  <'  De  Pa- 
randis  et  Deligendis  Libris  f '  <<  De  Urbibus  ;^  *'  De  claris 
Viris ;"  .and  "  De  Imperio  Adriani  :*'  but  he  is  chiefly 
known  as  the  translator  of  Sanchoniatho^s  Phcenician  his* 
tory  into  Greek,  of  which  a  few  fragments  only  remain.^— 
The  other,  Philo  of  Byzantium,  an  architect,  flourished 
about  300  years  before  the  Christian  sera,  and  wrote  a  irea-' 
tise  of  machines  esed  in  war,  which  is  printed  with  ^*  Ma* 
tbemaiici  veteres,^'  in  169S.  There  is  also  a  piede  attri- 
buted to  htm,  entitled  ^^  De  septem  Orbis  Spectacalis,*^ 
printed  at  Rome  in  1640.^ 

,  PHILOLAUS,  of  Crotona,  was  a  celebrat^  philosopher 
of  the  ancients,  who  flourished  about  375  B.  C.«  He  ^at 
«f  the  school  of  Pythagoras,  to  whom  that  philosopher*s 
Golden  Verses  have  been  ascribed.  He  made  the  heavens 
bis  chief  object  of  contemplation  ;  and  has  been  said  to  be 
the  author  of  that  true  system  of  the  world  which  €oper* 
nicus  afterwards  revived ;  but  erroneously,  because  tbert 
is  undoubted  evidence  that  Pythagoras  learned  that  system 

-  *  <  ■ 

*  t 

1  Fabric.  Bibl.  Orcc.  vol.  UI.— Cave,  vol.  I.— Joseph.  Aniiq.  Jodsoc.  litb 
xviii.  c  B.—Euseb.  Hist.  Ecctes.  lib.  ft.  c.  17. — Hieron.  de  Script.  EccleSi 
«.  IK  QQil*  105.<^Sajdi.Oaoi^ait.«-»Brucktr,^BriU  GriU  V0I9.  VllI*  and  Xi 


P  H  r  L  O'  L  A  U  S.       '  468 

in  Egypt.  On  that  erroneous  tuppoBirion  boweiter  it  uras^ 
that  Bttll}ald  placed  the  name  of  Philolaos  at  the  head  of 
two  wor-ks,  written  to  illustrate  and  confirm  that  system.    * 

[^  He  was  (says  Brucker)  a  disciple  of  Archytas,  andl 
flourished  in  the  time  of  Plato.  It  was  from  him  that  Piat« 
purchased  the  written  records  of  the  Pythagorean  system^' 
contrary  to  an  express  oath  taken  by  the  society  of  Pythav 
goreans,  pledging  themselves  to  keep  secret  the  mysteries 
of  their  sect  It  is  probable  that  among  these  books  werA 
the  writings  of  Timsdusy  upon  which  Plato  formed  the  dia* 
logue  which  bore  his  name.  Plutarch  relates,  that  Philo* 
laus  was  one  of  the  persons  who  escaped  from  the  house 
which  was  burned  by  Cylon,  during  the  life  of  Pythagoras^ 
but  this  account  cannot  be  correct.  Philolaus  was  oon- 
temporary  with  Plato,  and  tlierefore  certainly  not  with 
Pythagoras.  Interfering  in  adairs  of  state,  he  fell  a  sacri* 
fice  to  political  jealousy. 

**  Philolaus  treated  the  doctrine  of  nature  with  great 
subtlety,  but  attb^  same  time  with  great  obscurity;  re« 
ferring  every  thin^  that  exists  to  mathematical  principles; 
He  taught,  that  reason,  improved  by  mathematical  learn- 
ing, is  alone  capable  of  judging  concerning  the  nature. of 
things:  that  the  whole  world  consists  of  infinite  and  fi^pite; 
that  number  subsists  by  itself,  and  is  the  chafn  by  wbioh 
its  power  sustains  the  eternal  frame  of  things ;  that  the 
Monad  is  not  the  sole  principle  of  things,  but  that  the 
Binary  is  necessary  to  furnish  materials  from  which  all  sub^ 
sequent  numbers  may  be  produced ;  that  the  world  i«  one 
whole,  which  has  a  fiery  centre,  about  which  the ^en^e^ 
lestial  spheres  revolve,  heaven,  the  sun,  the  planets,  tlie 
earth,  and  the  moon  ;  that  the  sun  has  a  vitreous  sarface; 
whence  the  fire  diffused  through  the  world  is  reflei:ted; 
rendering  the  mirror  from  which  it  is  reflected  visible) 
that  all  things  are  preserved  in  harmony  by  the  law  of  ne«» 
cessity ;  and  the  world  is  liable  to  destruction  both-  by 
fire  and  by  water.  From  this  summary  of  the  doctrine  of 
Philolaus  it  appears  probable  that,  following  Timsos^ 
whose  writings  he  possessed,  be  so  far  departed  from  the 
Pythagorean  system  as  to  conceive  two  independent  prin*i 
ciples  in  nature,  God  and  matter,  and  that  it  was  from  th^ 
same  source  that  Plato  derived  his  doctrine  upon  thif 
subject'** 

1  Diogeoet  Liertiu«— ^Stenley't  PhiIoiopby.*-*Bnicker. 

^Vql.  XXIV,  H  H 


466  P  H  1 1  O  S  T  O  R  G  I  U  S. 

;  PHILOSTORGIUS,  an  ancient  ecclesiastical  historian, 
was  born  in  Cappadocia,  about  the  year  588,  or  as  some 
tay  363.  He  pursued  bis  studies  principally  at  Constanti- 
nople ;  but  we  have  few  particulars  of  his  life,'  and  no  ac- 
count of  his  death.  He  wrote  an  ecclesiasiical  history  in 
twelve  books,  which  begins  with  the  controversy  between 
Arius  and  Alexander,  and  ends  about  the  year  41^5.  As  be 
was  brought  up  in  Arian  principles,  his  history  is  laot  free 
from  partiality ;  but  there  are  many  useful  things  in,  hia 
writings  relating  to  tjie  antiquities  of  the  church.  We 
have  only  extant  an  .  abridgement  of  it  in  Photius,  and 
some  extracts  taken  out  of  Suidas  and  other  autbon. 
Jac.  Gothofredus,  a  learned  lawyer,  first  published  them 
at  Geneva,  in  1643,  4to,  with  a  Latin  translation  and  large 
notes.  Valesius,  having  reviewed  this  abridgement  by  the 
manuscripts,  and  corrected  the  text  in  several  places, 
caused  it  to  be  printed  with  the  other  ecclesiastical  histo- 
rians>  at  Paris,  in  1673,  folio.  It  was  afterwards  reprinted 
at  London,  in  1720,  when  Reading  republished  Valeaius*s 
edition,  in  three  volumes,  folio.  ^ 

PHILOSTRATUS  (Flavius),  an  ancient  Greek  author, 
who  wrote  the  life  of  Apollonius  Tyanensis,  and  some 
other  works  still  extant,  was  either  of  Athens,  or  Lemnos, 
and  educated  in  the  schools  of  the  Sophists.  He  lived  in 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Severus,  from  the  years  193  to 
012,  and  becoming  known  afterwards  to  Juiia  Augusta, 
the  consort  of  Severus,  he  was  one  of  those  learned  men 
whom  this  philosophic  empress  bad  continually  about  her^ 
and  it  was  by  her  command,  that  he  wrote  the  **  Life  of 
Apollonius  Tyanensis."  Suidas  and  Hesycbius  say,  that  be 
taught  rhetoric,  first  at  Athens,  and  then  at  Rome,.frosm 
the  reign  of  Severus  to  that  of  Philippus,  who  obtained  the 
empire  in  the  year  244.  This  <<  Life  of  Apollonius''  is 
bis  most  celebrated  work,  as  far,  as  celebrity  can  depend 
on  imposture,  o£  which  it  contains  abundant  proofs.  We 
have  already,  in  our  account  of  Apollonius,  noticed  its 
being  refuted  by  Dupin,  as  a  collection  of  fables,  either 
invented  or  embellished  by  himself;  but  some  of  the  most 
judicious  strictures  on  Philostratus  with  which  we  are  ac- 
quainted, may  be  found  in  bishop  Douglas's  Criterion  firom 
p,  $0,  edit.  1 807 . 

1  Vostiut  de  Hiit  Gr«e.~Dupin.-«CBTe,  toI.  L—Bloooi*f  Ceosur|i.-— Fabric. 
BibU  Qfsc^-Saxli  OoomMt 


P  H  I  L  O  S  T  R  A  T  U  S.  *67 

« 

Tbe  works  of  Philostratas,  however^  originally  published 
tcpaiuiely,  have  been  thought  not  unworthy  the  attention, 
of  critics  of  the 'first  class.  Grasvius  had  a  design  of  giving 
a  correct  edition  of  them^  as  appears  from  the  preface  of 
Meric  Casaubon^  to  a  dissertation  upon  an  intended  edition 
of  Homer^  printed  at  London  in  1658,  8vo.  So  had 
Bentley,  who  designed  to  add  a  new  Latin  version  of  his 
notes:  and  Fabricius  says,  that  he  saw  the  first  sheet  of 
Bentley's  edition  printed  at  Leipsic  in  1691.  Both  these 
designs  being  given  up,  a  correct  and  beautiful  edition 
was  published  at  Leipsic,  in  1709,  in  folio,  by  Oleafius. 
At  tbe  end  of  Apollonius's  '<  Life,'*  are  ninety-five  '^  Let-- 
ters,'*  which  go  under  his  name,  but  bear  all  the  marks  of 
forgery.  The  ^*  Lives  of  the  Sophists,"  which  makd  part 
cf  Philostratus's  works,  contain  many  things,  which  are  to 
W  met  with  no  where  else;  and  his  '^Icones,"  or  images,  are 
elegant  descriptions  and  illustrations  of  some  ancient  paintr 
kigs,  and  other  particulars  relating  to  the  fine  arts :  to 
which  Olearius  has  subjoined  the  description  of  some  sta- 
tues by  Callistratus.  The  volume  concludes  with  a  collec** 
•lion  of  Philostratus^s  ^<  Letters  f'  but  some  of  these, 
though  it  is  not  easy  to  determine  which,  were  written  by 
a  nephew  to  the  principal  Pbilbstratus,  of  the  same  name ; 
as  were  also  the  .last  eighteen,*^  in  the  book  of  images. 
This  is  the  reason,  why  the  title  of  Olearius's  edition  runs^ 
not  **  Philostrati,'^  but  *^  Pbilostratorum  quce  supersuni 
omnia." 

There  were  many  of  the  name  of  Philostratus  among  the 
antients :  and  there  were  many  other  works  of  the  Philo- 

'ttratus  here  recorded  :  but  we  have  mentioned  all  that  are 
extant.^* 

'^  PHILPOT  (John),  a  learned  English  divine  and  martyr, 
was  the  son  of  sir  Peter  Philpot,  knight  of  the  Bath,  and 
twice  sheriff  of  Hampshire*  He  was  born  at  Compton  in 
that  county,  and  educated  at  Winchester  school,  whence 

.be  was  admitted  of  New  college^  Jan.  27,  1534,  was  made 
fellow,  and  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  laws.  In  a 
tnantiscript  list  of  persons  educated  in  that  college,  pre- 

^-served  in  the  Bodleian  library,  he  is  termed,  **  constans 

iBsartyr  pro  verbo  Dei,  regnante  Maria  regina,''  a  faithful 
sdartyr  for  the  word  of  God  in  queen  Mary's  reign.     He 

1  Fabric.  Bibl.  Qnec.->^Vossiai  de  Hiit.  Qrsc.^-BloanV'  C^Qiura.-^Morcri. 

JiU  2 


«»  P  H  I  L  P  O  T. 

Was,  Acocprding  to  Wood,  estMoifld  a  good  emlinDj  atid 
adminibly  well  8kiU«d  in 'the  Goeek  aod  Heboew  t^iiigu^ 
Strype  says^  <diat  when  at  cdUege,  ^*  he  profited  in  ji^ni- 
ing  so  weU,  that  he  laid  -a  wager  pf  twenty-fAQce  ^th  Johi^ 
Harpsfteld,  that  he  woqld  make  two  haitdi^ed  vwirsed  io  OW 
aigfit,  and  not  n»ake  ahoire'  two  Caulia  in  jHhen^.  Mr.  ThQk> 
nas  Tucfay.ner,  sohooAmas^r,  was  jadge; -and  decreed  tbn 
ftwenty^pence  to  iMr.  PhiifKxt/' 

.  in  i'&41  (lis  fcfUouehip  becaooie  noid,  pi^haUy  .by  hi^ 
getting  out  on  hisitraareds  through  Itaky.  ile  satURtted  iii' 
the  beginning  of  Ung  Edward'ji  reigp,'  and  waa'  collated  /t# 
the  arcbdeaconiy  «of  Wiixchester  J3y  J>r.  Poaet,  or  Pojpnet^ 
«be  first  pvotestant  bishop  of  that  see. .  .He Mas  not  uak'novw 
to  GanAiner,  PonetU  predeceiaar,  <w1bo  4ad  t)ften  forbidden 
bis  preaobiag  #n  king  fienryVneign,  and-  on  ;me  occasion 
oirted  liini  to  bishoose^  btfoce  cectatn  ;|Ujstice%  ^aad  loailedl 
bim  r^guei  Catobing  bold  of  this  abuskve  epithet,  Pb^pot 
saiid,  ^  Do  yovkeep  a  privy  aewoas  in^your  own  bouse  ioM 
me,  and  call  me  rogiiej  .whose  iather  fis  a  knight,  and  may 
spend'  a  vbousaiid  pounds  .within  <one  miie  .of  your  4^Qmi 
And  he4;hat  can*  spend  i^n  pounds  *bytbeyffiur,  .as  I  can,  i 
liia»k<7od,  is  DO  vagaboQdl*'  ; 

;  W4fiile  arcbdeabon  of  Winchester  lie  'Was  a  Irequent 
preacher,  and  actbre  iu  pr/>mataog^hje  iiefermed  sel^rion  is 
the  county  of  Haokpsbire ;  ^and  cun^rderiBg'lhe  doctrine. .of 
the  Trinity  as  of  ftmdameotal  importance,  was  a  decided 
enemy  both  in  word  and  writing  to  the  Arian  opinions  which 
appeared  <fiirst  in  that  teigo.  He  And  Ridrbey  were  vodconed 
two  of  tbe  most  learned  men  of  their  time,  yet  rPhilpot^a 
"zeal  'was  sometifaestoo  ardent  for  the  prudent  diaobargeief 
his  duty^  and  the  tract  be  wrote  against,  the  Ariansf  has  tb# 
Ibir  of  a  coarse  invective  in  itbe  titlex)f  it.  »On  ^he  accesaion 
of  queen  Mary  >be  .disdained  to  itemporiee,  or  oonceal  bis 
•sentiments,  hot' publicly  wept  iUfibetfiirstcon^RiOieation  biaidi 
in  ber  reign,  when  he  saw  it  composed  of  men  who  wjecc 
determined  to  restore  popery.  H«  wrote  a  report  <of-this 
'Convocation,  which  fell  *i»to  bisbtpp  Bonner^s  bands  fooffmf 
t>thec  of  Pbilpot^s  books,  which  Bouner  had  seize^.  b^was 
•not  long,  therefore,  before  he  Wat  a^ipitehended,  and  after 
*vamou«  exauiinatioAS  ^before  Bonrkei;,  and  a  most  cruel  ami 
-irigorotts  imprisonment  of  eighteen  months,  was  ofOtdeamd 
to  be  burnt  in  Smithfield.  This  was  accordingly  executed 
December  18,  1555,  iand  was  suffered  by  the  martyr  with 
the  greatest  constancy^     He  wrote  *^  Epistolie  Hebraicae  ;** 


W  lA  j(kiaAli«(Sri<|^tf ;  <^  An  Ap6lb^y  for  Spitliivg  up^n  da* 
Ailb^n,  with  tfn  invective  aigainst  the  Ariam,**  &e.  LoHr^: 
»5S9^-  8vt>'  and  4«o;  <^  Supplieatibn  to  king  Philips  and^ 
qu6MrMi¥y)''  ^^X^i^rs  to  lady  Vatie;''  >^  Letters  to  tlie* 
Chfisriavt  CoA)i;f6g<ati<lny  that  ib^y  abstain  from  Mdss*;*^ 
*l  fixboruuon  to  hi^  Sister  ;*'  and  <<  Oration.'*  f  h^sd  are 
iH.'  primed  by  Fo9t,  except  i^e  laiH*,  which  is  in  the  Bod- 
l^\m.  Be'  riso  wn>ve  ti^nslati'on?  df  <^  (Jalvih's  H^niiies  ;'* 
^^.CfarynpsWfiie  against  tteresies  j'*  af>d  Cotfliiis  SeeundUaCii^ 
tm/s'  **  Defence*  o<*  the  old  and  at^ciertt  amfadMt^'  df  Christf^ 
Church :"  and  iiiis  account  ef  th^  odtivdca^ion  above  meA^ 
tioned,  or  what  appears'  to  be  so,  under  the  title  of  ^^  Veira^ 
fijBpositid  Disputationis  insvitntee'  rfiandato  t>:  Murite  regin»' 
Aug.  &c>  inSynddO'Ecci'eaiasticO)  LdndiYii,  in  oomkiis  regni 
ad  Itf  Oct  am)d  f59Z;^'  printed'  in  Latin,  dt  Rome,  1554, 
and  in  English  atf  Basil  ^ 

.  PH1LPOT,  ofPHILIPOT  (J^Hi^r),  Somerset  htfraM  in 
the  rei«^n'  of  Jaiiies  I.  wtls  a  native  of  Folkstone,  in  Kdnt, 
and  descend'ed  Arofti  an  ancient  anU  reputable  ftinlily,  long 
seated  in*  that  cdutlty .  Prdm  his  infancy  he*  htfd  a  taste  for 
heraldry  and  antiiquities.  'He  was- respected  by  Cathcfen, 
who  employed  him  much  as  \A^  deputy  or  marshal  in  his* 
wsatattons.  In  16<36  he  pablished  a  catalogue  of  the  cban*- 
oeliors  of- England;  and  in  165?  an  edition  of  CamdenV 
^'Remains,**  with  additions.  When  tHe  civil  wat  brbk^' 
QQt^  he  adhered)  amidst  all  dangers,  td' the- royal  Cause.  In* 
164$^  the  uttivemty  of  Oxfori  conferred  upon  him  the* 
degree^  of  LL.  t).  In  the  following  year  he  fell  into  the 
bands  of  his  eneoiies,  being  surprised  whilst  in  hisquart^rs^ 
at  a  village  about  two  miles  from  OxPfdrd,  by  some  of  this 
parliamentary  forces,  who  sent*  him  up  .to  London  a  pri^ 
soner ;  but  he  soon  obtained,  bis  liberty.  It  was  the  iing'9 
iHtentioB  to  have  rewardied  his  loyalty  by  the  place  ot  Nor- 
n>y^  but  he  died  prematurely,  in  London^  according"  to 
Wood,  or  near  Eltham,  in  Kent,  as  Hasted  says,  Nov. 
^By  1646. 

.  His  eldest  son,  ThoMaS  Philipott,  of  PhiIpot|  M.  A^  was 
educated  at  Clare-'hall,  and  published  the  '^  Villare  Caiv- 
tianam^'  London,  1659,'  folio;  ^  book  whitih  is  written  in 
an  affected  style,  yet  is  a  very  valuable  perfortoiance,  as 

1  Fox's  Acts  and  Moouments  in  year  1555. — Strype's  Memorials,  toI.  III*. 
S^l.*— Fuller's  Abel  KediTiYitt^— Atb.  Ox.  T«i.  h  »€»  taity*HSUXp«'l'GrriiiiMiS 
S95,  322»  541,  ^5Q,  35^^ 


470  P  B  I  L  P  O  T. 

aa  early  history  of  property,  anc}  continues  to  be  htgUyF 
and  juBtly  prized.    Though  the  son  takes  the  credit,  there^ 
can  be  little  doubt  but  that  much  of  it  was  written  by  the., 
father.     The  son,  however,  was  a  man  of  good  abiUties,  a 
tolerable  poet,  and  well  versed  in  divinity  and  antiquities.^ 
He  published  a  whimsical,   mystical,  heraldic  book,  en- 
titled ^*  A  brief  Historical  Discourse  of  the  original  and 
growth  of  Heraldry,   demonstrating  upon   what  rational 
foundations  that  noble  and  heroic  isoience  is  established,'* ' 
London,  1672,  8vo,  dedicated  to  John  earl  of  Bridgewaten 
There  are  sogi0  verses  of  his  prefixed  to  the  <^  Mooasticoa 
Favershamiensis,"  1671,  12mo;  also  an  appendix  to  it  by^ 
him  of  the  descent  of  king  Stephen.     The  book  was  writ- 
ten by  his  friend  Thomas  Southouse,  of  Gray's  Inn,  esq.. 
His  ^*  Poems,''  Lond.  1646,  8vo,  is  a  volume. of,  rare  oc* 
currence.    The  elder  Pbilipot  is  supposed  to  have  been: 
the  author  of  ^  The  Citie's  great  concern  in  this  case,  ori 
question  of  Honour  and  Arms,  whether  Apprenticeship  ex*  • 
tinguisheth  Gentry  ?  discoursed ;  with  a  clear  refutation  of 
the  pernicious  error  that  it  doth,"  1674,  12mo.     Another: 
productbn  of  John  Philipot  waSy  '^  A  perfect  Collection-  < 
of  Catalogue  of  all   Knights  Bachelours  made   by  king: 
James,"  &c.  1660,  8vo.     Mr.  Lysons  gives  an  extract  from- 
the  parish  register  of  Greenwich,  which  has  been. supposed 
to  relate  to  him  :  **  Mr.  Thomas  Philipott,  buried  Septem^' 
ber  30,  1682;"  adding,  ^^  that  besides  the  above  works^  be. 
wrote  on  the  origin  and  growth  of  the  Spanish  Monarchy,'' 
and  a  Life  of  JEsop,"  and  remarking,  that  Anthony  Wood 
attributes  to  him  some  theological  wor^s ;  but  Mr.  Lyaons' 
thinks  it  is  more  probable  that  they  were  the  production  of 
his  contemporary,  Thomas  PhiUpott,  D.  D.  rector  of  Tur-; 
veston  and  Akeley,  Bucks.     Wood  placea  his  death  in 
1684.*  .- 

.  PHLEGON,  sirnamed  Trallianus,  from  Tralles,  a  city 
of  Lydia,  where  he  was  born,   was  one  of  the  emperor^ 
Adrian's  freedmen,  to  whom  he.  gave  a  liberal  education, 
and  lived  at  least  to  the  eighteenth  year  of  Antoninus  Pius,: 
as  appears  from  his  mentioning  the  consuls  of  that  year* 
He  appears  to  have  been  a.  man  of  great  talents,  and  the 
contemporary  of  Epictetus,  Florus,  Arrian,  and  other  emi«». 
i\ent  men  who  adorned  the  court  of  Adrian.    Of  bis  works,:, 
however,  we  have  nothing  left  but  fragments.    The  titles  of 

I  I»9bilt'9  Colle^  of  Armt.^i^h.  Ok,  vols.  I.  and  II.— Censura  Literaria,  rot.  I, 


P  H  L  E  G  O  N.  471 

ihem  were  an  **  History  of  the  Olympiads;'*  '<A  Treatise 
of  tohg-lired  Persons  ;^*  andanotherof  "  Wonderful  Things ;'* 
the.short  and  broken  remains  of  which  Xylander  translated 
into  Latin,  and  published  at  Basil  in  1568,  with  the  Greek 
and  with  notes.  Meursius  gave  a  new  edition  of  them* 
with  his  notes  at  Leyden,  in  1^622.  The  titles  of  part  of 
the  rest  bf  Phlegon^s  writings  are  preserved  by  Suidas ;  but 
the  **  I^istory  of  Adrian,*'  published  under  Phlegou's  uame^ 
was  written  by  Adrian  himself. 

Wfiat  has  made  Pblegon*s  name  more  familiar  aoiong 
the  modems,  is  his  being  cited,  though  a  heathen,  as  bear-* 
ing  witness  to  the  accomplishment  of  prophecies,  and  to^ 
the  miraculous  darkness  which  prevailed  during  our  Lord's 
passion.  This  last  was  the  origin  of  a  controversy  in  the 
early  part  of  the  last  century,  although  the  immediate  cause 
was  the  omission  of  the  passage  from  Phlegon  in  an  edition 
of '  Clarke's  Boyle's  Lectures,  published  soon  after  his 
death,  at  the  persuasion  of  Dr.  Sykes^  who  had  suggested 
to  Clarke,  that  an  undue  stress  had  been  laid  upon  it, 
Whiston,  who  informs  us  of  this  affair,  expresses  great 
displeasure  against  Sykes,  and  calls  *^  the  suggestion  ground* 
less.'*  Upon  this,  Sykes  published  ^'  A  Dissertation  on  the 
Eclipse  mentioned  by  Phlegon ;  or,  an  Enquiry,*  whether 
that  EcKpse  had  any  relation  to  the  Darkness  which  hap- 
pened at  our  Saviour's  Passion,"  1732,  8vo.  Sykes  con- 
cittdes  it  to  be  most  probable  that  Phlegon  had  in  view  a 
natural  eclipse,  which  happened  Nov.  24,  in  the  first  year 
of  the  202d  olympiad,  and  i^ot  in  the  fourth  year  of  the 
olympiad  in  which  Christ  was  crucified.  ^ 

PHOTINUS,  a  famous  heretic  of  the  fourth  century^ 
known  in  church  history  as  the  chief  of  a  sect  called  Pbo- 
tinians,  was  a  native  of  Ancyra,  the  capital  of  Galatia,  and 
bishop  of  Sirmium,  or  Sirmich,  the  chief  city  of  Illyricum. 
He  had  been  the  disciple  of  Marcellus,  bishop  of  Ancyra* 
He  spoke  with  ease,  and  his,  eloquence  gaihed  him  great 
power  over  his  people  after  he  was  consecrated  bishop ;  but 
his  life  was  corrupted,  and  his  doctrine  soon  became  so 
too.  He  espoused  the  same  opinions  with  Paul  of  Same- 
sata,  and  wrote  with- great  obstinacy  against  the  divinity  of 
Jesus  Christ,  for  which  in  the  year  345  he  was  condemned 
by  the  council  of  Antioch ;  in  the  year  374,  by  the  council 
I  ... 

*  Gen.  Diet.— Moreri. — Lardner's  Works. — ^Notes  to  Gabriel  Seigneinc  de 
CorrcTon't  tranilation  of  Addison't  £videnceg.— Wbiiion*ii  Lift. 


47a  P  H  O  T  I  W  1*F  9. 

af  MUftti.  Hdtyevet,  be  stiU  mluntaioe4  bis  fee  4iill  b^rP^ft 
deposed  by  the  council  of  Sirmicb,  A.,D.  351,  aod.by  tbe 
emperor  sent  into  banisbmeoty  where  be  $||Qpt .  tbe.  i^ 
^aioder  of  his  life,  during  which  time  be  composed^a  pi^ce 
i^ainft  all  heresies  in  general,  with  au  intent  to  esublisb 
bis  own.  He  wrote  in  Greek  and  Latin.  The  emp^rpr 
Julian  sf  ut  him  a  letter,  commending  him  for  denying  tbe 
divinity  of  Jesus  Christ  Photinus  died  A.  D.  375  (377^ 
Cave),  in  Galatia,  whither  he  bad  been  banished.  This 
heresy  was,  amongst  many  others,  anathematizedi  in  the 
council  o£  Constantinople,  A.  D.  ^8i.  It  afterwards  wan 
revived  by  Socinus,  *  , .  '. 

.  PHOTIUS,  patriarch  of  Constantinople  in  the  nintlit 
cetitury^  was  descended  from  an  .illustrious  fapiilji,.  and 
born  in  that  jcity.  He  bad  greict  natnrdl  talents^  which  be 
cultivated  with  the  utmost  applicationi  and  there  was  <iia 
branch  of  literature,  sacred  or  profaoe,.  or  scarcely  aitji  art 
pr  science,  with  which  he  was  not  intimately  acquainted* 
He  see^is  to  have  been  by  far.  the  greatest  man  of  the.  age 
in  which  be  lived ;  and  was  so  intimately  concerned  in.tbe 
chief  trau^ctions  of  it,  that  ecclesiastidal  writers  have  theoca 
called  it  ^<  Seculum.  Photiaiium^^'  He  w^  first  raised  ^ 
the  chief  dignities  of  the  empire,  being  made  pmncipal 
secretary  of  stat^,  captain  of  the  guards,  and  a  senator ;; 
in  all  which  stations  he  acquitted  himself  with  a  disiiiie-' 
tion  suitable  to  bis  great  abilities ;  for  be  was.  a  refined* 
statesman,  as  well  as. a  profound  scbokur.  . 
^  When  Ignatius  was  expelled  and  deposed  ffjom?  the  sa9> 
of  Constantinople,  Photius  was  nominated  by  the  court  tp, 
siiceeed  him;  and  although  at  this  time  only  a  lay^an^  in 
the  space  of  six  days  he  accumulated  the  degrees  q£  monk> 
reader,  sub-deacon>  deacon,  and  priest^  i^nd  in  tbi^t^i^lid* 
rpanner  rose  to  the  patriarchate-  on.  C.brifttna&-4ay  i^* 
The  metropolitans,,  subject  to  the  see  of  GoastaiitiiH>pley 
ackfiowledged  Photius;  but  great  opposition  i^sniad^^to 
this  uncanonical  ordination  from  other  quarters^,  and,  be  was* 
actually  degraded  at  Rome.  Photius,.  however^  orde»$cik  a; 
council  to  be  ealled  at  Constantinople,  and  got  him^lf^ 
confirmed  in  his  patriarchal' dignity ;  in  which,  by  various 
art^  not  very  worthy  of  his  high  and  saomd  office^  he*  con-* 
tinned. during  the  life  of  his  friend  the  emperor  Mici^el; 
But  Michael  being  murdered  by  the  Qrder  of  Basilius,  who 


'  Cave,  vol.  1.—Lardiier*8  Works. 


«, 


p  H  0  T  m  a  4TJ 

iiioceioded/lism  in  the  yirar  867,  the  %Smrs  of  Pbdtkid  we4P0 
mined/  and  Basilius  banished  hitaa  to  a  monastery,  a&d 
retottated  jgnatins  iti  his  see*  In  this  degraded  state  Pbo^ 
tiu^  remained  for  more  tblanteb  yedrs^  until  a  divisAon  be«« 
tvreen  the  {^ope  and  Ignatius  afforded  him  ad  oppbttunity 
to  attempt  his  owii  restoration  ;  and,  having  obtained  the 
etnperof's  favoar,  he  returned  to  Constantinople  while  Ig* 
]kaiiu9  was  yet  aliVe.  It  is  said-  IgnatiucT  would  have  pro* 
posed  conditions,  but  Photius,  determined  upon  full  re-* 
aitor ation  to  the  patviak^bate,  would  be  satisfied  with  nothing 
lessi.  Ignatius  however  died  Qct.  23.,  878 ;  and  Pbotius 
immediately  went  intoSt..Sophia*s  churoh,  with  armed  menf 
forced  a  great  many  bishops,  cler&s,  and  monks,  to  com* 
mtunicate  with  him ;  deposed  and  persecuted  all  that  re- 
fused; and  to  prevent  all  opposition  from  the  papal  side, 
prevailed' by  threats  and  presents  on  two  of  the  pope's  Ic"- 
gates  who  were  there,  to  declare  publicly  to  the  clergy  and 
people,  that  they  had  come  to  depose  Ignatius,  and  to  de« 
dare  Photius  their  patriarch.  He  kept  his  seat,  thus 
fbroxbly  obtained,  till  the  year  886,  and  then  was  turned 
out,  and  banishedby  the  emperor  Leo*  into  a  monastery  in 
Armenia,  where  he  is  suppiosed  to  have  died  soon  after. 
He  was,  as  we  have*  observed,  a  man  of  great  talents,  great 
leaming,  and  every  way  accomf^lished;  but  his  ardenfet love 
of  gtory,  and  unbounded  ambition,,  prompted  him  to  such 
excesses,  as  made  him  rather  a  scout^e  than  a  blessing  to 
these  about  him^  He  was  the  author  of  many  intestine 
tumults  and  civil  commodons ;  and  not  only  divided  the 
Greek  church,  but  laid  the  foundation  of  a  division  betweea 
the  Greet  and  Latin  churches. 

•  Amidst  all  his  ambitious  intrigues  he  found  leisure  for 
more  honourable  pursuits,  and  wrote  some  works  which  will 
preserve  bis  name  in  the  learned  world.  Among  those  ex* 
tant  tfaie  most  considerable  is  his  "  Bibliotheca,"  composed 
by  him  while  Ue  v^aa  yet  a  layman,  and  aa  ambassador  in 
Assyria.  It  contains' the  argument  or  abstracts  of  280  vo-*^ 
lames  of  many  authored  upon  various  subjects ;  among; 
whom  are  grammarians,  critics,  poets,  orators,  sacred  and 
proikne  historians^-  physicians^  philosophers,  divines,  &c. 
not  ranked'  according  to*  their  several  arts  and  professions, 
but:  introduced  promiscuously  as  they  occurred  in  the 
course  of  his  reading.  Fabricius  very  justly  calls  this 
"  Bibliotheca,*'  or  library,  non  liber f  sed  insignis  thesaurus^. 
^*  not  a  bqpky  but  an  illustrious  treasure  -^^  in  whidi.  arer 


474  t  H  O  T  I  U  S. 

contained  many  Curious  things  relating  to  authors,  and 
many  fragments  of  works  which  are  no  where  else  to  be 
found.  It  was  first  brought  to  light  by  And  rein' Schottus,^ 
and  communicated  by*  him  to  David  Hoescbelius,  who 
caused  it  to  be  printed  in  1601 ,  at  Vienna,  in  Greek  only. 
Schottus,  considering  the  usefulness  of  this  work,  translated 
it;  into  Latin,  and  printed  his  translation  alone  in  1606. 
Afterwards,  the  Greek  text  and  the  tran^ilation  were  .printed 
togetlier  at  Geneva  iii  1611;  but  the  best  edition  is  that 
printed  at  Rouen  in  1653,  folio,  under  the  title^^  Photii 
Myriobiblion,  sive  Bibliotheca  Itbror.um,  quos  legit  et  cen* 
suit  Pbotius,  Gr.  et  Lat."  There  are  large  paper  copies 
of  this  edition,  which  bear  a  very  high  price. 

Photius^s  **  Nomocanon"  is  another  proof  of  his  great 
abilities.    It  is  a  collection  digested  in  an  excellent  method^ 
and  brought  under  fourteen  different  titles,  of  the  canons 
of  the  councils,  and  of  the  canonical  epistles,  and  of  the 
emperor's  laws  relating  to  ecclesiastical  matters.    Balsamon 
has  written  commentaries  on   this  work ;  and  with  these  it 
appeared  in  public,  by  the  care  of  M.  Justel,  being  printed 
at  Paris  with  a  Latin  version  in  1615,  4tD.     There  are  also 
253  "  Letters  of  Photius,"  which  shew  the  same  strength ' 
of  judgment  and  depth  of  learning  as  are  to  be  seen  in  his 
other  works.     They  were  published  in  1651,  folio,  with  a 
Latin  version  and  notes,  by  Richard  Montague,  bishop  of 
Norwich,   from  a  manuscript    in    the    Bodleian   library. 
There  are  other  small  pieces  of  Photius  that  have  been 
printed,  and  not  a  few  still  extant  in  manuscript  only.   The 
most  remarkable  is  a  very  considerable  fragment  of  a  Greek  . 
lexicon,  in  which  the  greater  part  of  the  alphabet  is  com- 
plete.    The  various  MSS  of  this  Lexicon,  in  different  li- 
braries on  the  continent,  are  mere  transcripts  from  each 
other,  and  originally  from  one,  venerable  for  its  antiquity, 
which  was  formerly  in   the  possession  of  the  celebrated 
Thomas  Gale,  and  which  is  now  deposited  in  the  library 
of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge.     This  MS.  which  is  on 
parchment,  bears  such  evident  marks  of  antiquity,  that  it 
may  not  unreasonably  be  supposed  to  have  been  a  tran-* 
script  from   the  author's  copy.     It  is  written  in  various 
bands.     The  compendia,  which  are  used  in  some  parts  of 
it,  are  extremely  difficult  to  decipher,    though,  on   the. 
whole,  they  are  less  so  than  the  contractions  which  occur 
in  many  MSS.  and  particularly  those  in  the  library  of  St. 
iG«rmain.     A  copy  of  this  Lexicon,  at  Florence,,, waa  trans- 


p.  H  O  T  r  U  S.  475 

cribed  about  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  by  Richard 
Thomson,  of  Oxford,  who  probably  intended  to  publish  it. 
fSee  Scaltger  Epist.  p.  503,  printed  1715.)  Professor  Por- 
son  had  transcribed  and  corrected  this  valuable  Lexicon 
lor  the  press,  and  after  it  had  been  consumed  by  fire,  he 
began  the  task  afresh,,  and  such  were  his  incredible  in- 
dustry and  patience,  that  he  completed  another  tran* 
script  in  bis  own  exquisite  hand*writing.  Mr.  Porson's 
copy  of  the  Codex  Galeanus  is  said  to  be  among  the  papers 
of  that  incomparable  scholar,  which  are  preserved  by  the 
learned  society  of  which  he  was  long  a  distinguished  orna- 
ment. But  whilst  the  publication  of  it  was  anxiously  ex- 
pected and  delayed,  an  edition  appeared  at  Lei{>sic  in 
1808,  by  Godfrey  Hermann,  from  two  MftS.,  both  of  them 
extremely  inaccurate.  ^ 

PHREAS  (John),  or  FREAS,  an  English  writer,  cele- 
brated by  Leland  as  one  of  those  who  were  the  first  to 
raise  their  country  from  barbarism,  was  born  in  London, 
towards  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  or  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  be- 
c^ame  fellow  of  Baliol -college.  After  taking  holy  orders, 
he  settled  as  minister  of  St.  Mary's  church  on  the  Mount, 
in  the  city  of  Bristol;  where  he  pursued  the  studies  for 
which  he  had  made  himself  famous  at  the  university.  Many 
merchants  being  at  that  time  going  from  Bristol. to  Italy, 
his  curiosity  was  excited  by  the  learning  which  he  was  told 
abounded  in  tliat  country,  and  particularly  by  the  fame  of 
Guarini,  an  old  philosopher  and  orator,  who  taught  at 
J^errara.  To  him  be  went,  attended  his  lectures,  studied 
under  him  the  knowledge  of  medical  herbs,  and,  by  an 
odd  assortment,  the  civil  law,  and  gained  the  esteem  of 
many  of  the  learned  there ;  so  as  with  great  applause  to 
read  medical  lectures,  first  at  Ferrara,  and  afterwards  at 
Florence  and  Padua;  in  which  latter  place  he  obtained  the 
degree  of  doctor.  He  also  visited  Rome,  and  there  met 
with  John  Tiptoft,  earl  of  Worcester,  then  absent  from  his 
country,  on  account  of  the  civil  wars  prevailing  between 
the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster.  Phreas  wrote  ^^  Epis- 
tles,*'  and  *^  Poems;'*  some  of  which  he  dedicated  to  his 
patron  Tiptoft.  To  hiai  also  he  dedicated  a  Latin  trans- 
lation of  <*  Synesius  de  laude  Calvitii.''  Basil,  1521,  and 
translated  into  English  by  Abraham  Fiemming,  Lond.  1579. 

1  Cave,  Tol.  n.— Fabrie.  Bibl.  6r9c-^Ree8*s  CyclopaMlia.— Saxii  Oaomait, 


«W»  P  H.K.E  AS. 

Vhrdas;  tmnshcted  aka  into  Latin,  1ib«  history  of  **'Jibi:)i6^ 
CttSi8iciAiAi»^'*  m'bich  «Mis  by  8ome  falsely  attributed  to  Poori' 
gitt».  ..LelandlaieiitiioAs  tbat  h^  had  selrn>  <Sopy,  in-tb^ 
tot  leaf  of  which  ailhter  peikhad  writtieiTj  ^<  P^i>l  (Ii)\  th^ 
B^man  poikiuiF,«  oii<  aeoount  of  tbh  tranlslation,  which' W^^ 
i^edieated  to'.bioa  by  Pbrea^  gave  him  tbe  bishopric  6t 
Beih^  which"  praseiK^atson  he  suffived  only:  one  midnth,  a'Ad 
died  aft  Rome  in  14*6  S,  befere  be  was^cc^nsecraifedl"  Le- 
bfldr  adds^  tbst  some  supposed  him  tohave  been  poisoAi^dt 
hysL  peiaoii  who  was  a:  oomp^titoi^  for  that  appodumenV. 
The  ^saoie  sudipr  subjoins,-  that  he  bad*  seen  a  book^  ^*^  de 
Kebus  6eographicid|*'  wliicti  he;  fiHiidn  v^iribQis  cirduni-^ 
aitancei!;  collected  to  have*  bet^n  written,  by  Phr^s'.  Hei 
speaks. also* of  an. elegant  epitaph  eotAposed  by  him  M 
the  tomb  of  Petrarch.  He  was  moeh'  pra^is^^d'  by  Oni- 
mikmus  Leenicenus,^  and  Hbentaino^,  particularly  (ot  his 
versiois^  of :  Synesios,  and  in  general  for  His  gteat  lea^itirig. 
According  to  Leland^^  he  was  reported' to  have  mad^  s^ 
giseat  deal  of  money  by  pmctising  physic  in  Italy,  ^dhto* 
have  diod  rich.  Some  epistles  of  PHreas^  «tb  s^tilt  e^atitf 
ipi MSjinthe Bodleian  and  in BalioLcollege Itbraries,  which, 
Wnncm.  says^  discover  an  .unconitii6n  tetsiatiess  and  facility 
of  expressions  V 

,  PIAZZA  (HifiROM  Bartholomew),  a^tfstive*  of  I^ty; 
'  waa  the  author  of  <<  A  short  and  true  Acootmt  of  the  fnqui-' 
s&tion  and  its  Proceedings,  as  it  is  praetisedr  in  haly,  set 
fbrtb  ini  some  particular  Cases.  Whereui^^o  is  added;  an 
ExtraclJ'OQt  of  an  aotfaenti^  Booh  of  Lcfgends  of  the  Rqk 
liian  Churchy  By  Hierom  Bartholomew^  Piazza^  an  Ituliam 
born;*  formejif  a  Lector  of  Philosophy  imd!l&iv4nity,  aii9 
one^of  the  delegate  Judges  of  that  Court,  and  now  by  the 
giAce  of  God,  ^  Convert  m  tbe  Chnreb  of  EnglaTnd.'^  Lon- 
don^ printed  by  Wm^  Bowyer,  I722»  He  taught  Italiah' 
and  French  for -many  years  at  Cambridge,  where  he  died 
^iyoiat  1745.  He  had  been  once  a  Doininican  friar,  and  a 
priest,  but  married  here,  to  prove  the  sincerity  of  his  con- 
iiersion«  He  was  regarded  as  an*  honest  man,  but  never 
esteemed  as  having  abilities,  eTen  in  the  two  modem  lan- 
guages^ which  he  taogfat.  * 

PIAZZA  (Callistus)^    an  skrthit  who  flotfrlshed' from 
):524  to  1 545,   was  of  Lodi,   and   inrit^ti^d  the  style  of 

*   '  •  •  •  '   * 

1  Lelan{].-!-*TaQner.-^Warton7s  Hist  of  Poetry.— Aikin's  Biog.  Memoin  of 
Medicine.  ^  PrececKnr  edition  of  this  Dlou^MiclMli>'  BOwycr* 


P  I  A  Z  2  A^,  477 

Tidaoy'  a^d  soinetio;ies  of  Giorgionei  wi^  diatiogaUbed. 
and  of^en  .ucirivalled  success.  Spoh  is  the  9iirprising 
bf^uty  qf  9oa\e  beads  painted  by  l^xm  in  ope  of  tbe^  chapela 
qf  Hxe  IncorQoata.i^t  Lodji  tb^^t  a  tr^di^ion  prevailed  of  jtbeM:. 
having  been  painted  by  Titian  .bioi^elfj  9n  .bi^  pa^s^^e. . 
through  that  pifice.  IJia  picture  of  the  Madonna, wit)i  saraer 
saints^  .a(  S.  ^rfincesco  in  9rjesc;i99  ceiqniod^  us  of -Giorgiope.. 
To  the  viQqdory  of  <  this  {great  m^iu^  .Ridolfi  has  dene  little 
j^stic^,  by  pfai^ing  jjiiip  puly  for  his  colour  in  fresco>aiid* 
di£^teixi|)ier,  without  ,nol;ipiqg  t3^^  grandeur  ^f  bis  dmgaf. 
a^ad  t^  ^l(^nce  of  his  ^oi;iii8.  |l.e  likewise  oiistabes  tbe 
nsmie. of  «biAiP9itiv:e, place  dEbr  bis  surnt^me,  and  calls Jtiim ^; 
^r^cian,  in  defifinpe  qf  the  ioscriptipps  at  the  Incoronatay 
and  elseiyherey  lof  CaUix^us  de  Platea,  and  Caliixtus  Lau* 
deqsis.' 

.  PJAZZJETTA  (John  SUptist),  a  modern  artist,  wa$ 
Wni  at  Venice  in  1683.  He  was  t^e  son  of  a  stattqary  in 
wood,  who  probably  gave  him  what  foundation  M  bad  ia 
design.  He  exchanged  the  ^ay  and  open  manner  in  whicb 
he  painted  ^it  first,  for  the  dark  and  qsurky  ope  t^f^t  evier 
aft^  jQharacterised  .his  works,  from  the  contemplation  of 
$pa£noletto's  and  Gu^rcino's  styles.  He  attempted  td> 
surprise  by  cutting  contrast^  of  light  and  shade,  and  sue* 
cecided ;  such  decision  of  chiaroscuro  gave  v^lue  to  hi^ 
drawings^  and  was  eagerly  imitated  in  prints ;  but  bis  me- 
thod of  colouring  destroyed  its  effect  ip  a  great  measure 
on  the  canvas ;  increased  and  altered  shades,  faded  lights,; 
dingy  yellows,  produced  dissonance  and  spots.  When 
this  is  not  the  case,  and  in  better-preserved  pictures,  the. 
^Sect  is  novel,  s^nd  strikes  at  first  sight,  .especially  in  sub-* 
jects  tbf  t  border  on  horror,  such  as  .the  de.cK>llation  of  Sti 
Jobn  in  a  dark  prison^  at  Padua;  a  work  painted  id  oomt 
petit^n  with  the  best  paiiuers  of  the  state,  and  preferred. 
Vl^zs^ettSL  had  p.o  ^reajt  vigour  of  mind  for  copious  com^ 
position  ;  he  consumed  several  years  in  finishing  a  Rape  of 
the  Sabines,  for  a  Venetian  nobleman ;  and  in  the  express 
9iox%9  of  his  altar-*pieces  be  had  certainly  more  devotion 
than  dignity^  Hjis  chief  strength  lay  in  busts  and  heads 
^r  cabinets.  In  caricatures  he  was  perhaps  unparalleled. 
He  died  in  ,17]^4,  ag^ed  seventy-one. ' 

PIBRAC.     SaeFAUR. 

PICARD  (John),   an  able  mathematician  of   France* 
'  and  one  of  the  most  learned  astronomers  of  the  seventeenth 

1  Pilkin^ton,  by  Futeli.  •  Ibi«i. 


4t8  P  I  C  A  R  b. 

century,  was  born  at  Fleche,  a!nd  became  priest  and  prior 
of  Rillie  in  Anjou.  Coining  afterwards  to  Paris,  bis  sd- 
perior  talents  for  mathematics  and  astronottiy  soon  mad^ 
bim  known  and  respected.  In  1666  he  was  appointed 
astronomer  in  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  And  five  years 
after,  be  was  sent,  by  order  of  tbe  king,  to  the  castle  of 
Uraniburgh,  built  by  Tycho  Brafae  in  Denmark,  to  make 
astronomical  observations  there;  and  from  thence  he  brought. 
the  original 'Qianuscripts  written  by  Tycho  Brahe;'whicb 
are  the  more  valuable,  as  they  differ  in  many  places  from 
the  printed  copies,  and  contain  a  book  more  than  hasr  yet 
appeared.  These  discoveries  were  followed  by  many 
others,  particularly  in  astronomy :  he  was  one  of  the  first 
who  applied  the  telescope  to  astronomical  quadrants :  be 
first  executed  tbe  work  called  '<  La-Connoisisance  des 
Temps,"  which  he  caculated  from  1679  to  168S  inclu-. 
sively  :  he  first  observed  the  light  in  the  vacuum  of  tbe  ba- 
rometer, or  the  mercurial  phosphorus  :  he  also  first  of  aiiy 
went  through  several  parts  of  France,  to  measure  the  de-^ 
grees  of  the  French  meridian,  and  first  gave  a  chart  of  the 
country,  which  the  Cassini*s  afterwards  carried  to  a  great 
degree  of  perfection.  He  died  in  1682  or  1683,  leaving  a 
name  dear  to  his  friends,  and  respectable  to  hts  contem-' 
poraries  and  to  posterity.*  His  works  are  :  1.  "  A  treatise 
on  Levelling.'*  2.  "  Practical  Dialling  by  calculation." 
3.  **  Fragments  of  Dioptrics."  4.  "  Experiments  on  Run- 
ning Water."  5.  "  Of  Measurements."  6.  "  Mensura^ 
tion  of  Fluids  and  Solids."  7.  •*  Abridgnaent  of  the  Mea- 
aure  of  the  Earth."  8.  "  Journey  to  Uraniburgh,  or  As- 
tronomical Observations  made  in  Denmark."  9.  **  Astro- 
nomical Observations  made  in  divers  parts  of  BVance.'* 
10.  **  La  Connoissance  des  Temps,"  from  1679  to  1683. 
'  All  these,  and  some  other  of  bis  works,  which  are  much 
jesteemed,  are  given  in  the  sixth  and  seventh  volumes  of  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences.  ^ 

PICART  (Bernard),  a  famous  engraver,  was  son  of 
Stephen  Picart,  a  good  engraver  also,  and  born  at  Paris  in 
1673.  He  learned  the  principles  of  design,  and  the  ele<^ 
ments  of  his  art,  from  his  father,  and  studied  architecture 
and  perspective  under  Sebastian  le  Clerc.  His  tmcommoa 
talents  in  this  way  soon  began  to  shew  themselves ;  and, 
at  ten  years  of  age,  he  engraved  the  hermaphrodite  of 

1  Eloges  des  Academicient,  toI.  I.— Huttoo'ii  Dict» 


P  I  C  A  R  T.  47» 

I 

I 

Poussiiiy  which  was  soon  followed  by  two  pieces  of  cardinal 
de  Richelieu^s  tomb.   .  These  works  laid  the  foundation  of 
that  great  reputation  which  this  celebrated  artist  after* 
wards  acquired.  '  When  he  was  grown  up,  he  went  into 
Holland^  where  his  parents  had  settled  themselves ;  and, 
after  two  years'  stay^  returned  to  Paris,  and  married  a  lady 
who  died  soon  after.     Having  embraced  the  reformed  re** 
ligion,  be  returned  to  Holland  in  1710,  for  the  sake  of  that 
freedom  in  the  exercise  of  it,  which  he  could  not  have  at 
Paris;  but  connoisseurs  are  of  opinion,  that  in  attempting 
to  please  the  taste  of  the  Dutch,  he  lost  much  of  the  spi- 
jrijted   manner  in  which  he  executed   his  works  while  in 
France,  and  on  which  they  tell  us  his  reputation  was  more 
firmly  founded.     Others  inform  us,  that  be  was  not  so  fond 
of  engraving  as  of  drawing,  that  he  toak  up  the  graver 
with  reluctance,  and  consequently  many  of  bis  prints  are 
better  drawn  than  engraved.     The  greater  part  of  his  life 
was  certainly  spent  in  making  compositions  and  drawings, 
which  are  said  to  have  been  very  highly  finished  ;  and  they 
are  sufficient  testimonies  of  the  fertility  of  his  genius,:  and 
the  excellency  of  his  judgment.    He  understood  the  human 
figure  extremely  well,  and  drew  it  with  a  tolerable  degree 
of  correctness,  especially  in  small  subjects.     He  worked 
much  for  the  booksellers,  and  book-plates  are  by  far  the 
best  part  of  his  works.     I'he  multitude  of  these  which  he 
engraved*   chiefly  from  his  own  compositions,  is  astonish- 
ing.    One  estimate  makes  them  amount  to  1300  pieces. 
The  most  capital  of  his  separate  plates  is  the  ^^  Massacre 
of  the  Innocents,''    a  small  plate  lengthways.     After  his 
death,  which  happened  April  27,  J733,  his  friend^  pub* 
Ijshed  a  six^all  folio  volume,  called  the  **  Innocent  Impos- 
tures ;"  a  set  of  prints  from  the  designs  of  the  great  mas- 
ters, in  which  he  has  attempted  to  imitate  the  styles  of  the 
old  engravers.     Strutt,    who   has,    with   apparent  justice, 
censured  this  production,  in  the  essay  prefixed  to  bis  se- 
cond volume,  laments  that  Picart^s  friends  should   have 
been  so  injudicious  as  to  publish  what  must  diminish  our 
respect  for  this  artist. '  . 

PICCINI  (Nicholas),  an  eminent  musician,  born  in 
1728,  at  Bari,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  may  be  ranked 
among  the  most  fertile,  spirited,  and  original  composer! 

'  Diet.  Hist.— Strutt'8  Dictionary — ^There  is  a  life  aod  \Ut,  of  bis  works  prt« 
fixed  to  the  *'  iooocent  Impostures." 


«e»  p  I  c  c  INI. 

that  the  Nespolilan  school  has  prodoced.  Bis  fa^r  de^ 
^ned  faini  for  the  church,  and  made .  him  study  for  that 
lAtent ;  but,  for  fear  of  his  neglecting  serious  business  for 
amuseoient,  he  would  not  let  him  learn  music.  The  ycning 
man,  iiawever,  having  an  invincible  passion  for  that  art; 
oeiier  saw  an  instrument,  especially  a  harpsichord,  without 
eoDotictn,  and  practised  in  secret  the  opera  airs  which  he 
had  heard,  and  which  he  retained  with  surprising 'accci^ 
'zac^.  His  father  haviug  carried  him,  one  day,  to  the 
bishcf)  of  Ban,  he  amused  himself  in  the  room,  where  -he 
was  left  aloue,  with  a  harpsichord  which  he  found  there, 
thinking  he  could  be  heard  by  no  one ;  but  the  prelate,  in 
the  next  apartment,  having  beard  him,  condescended  te 
go  to  the  harpsichord,  and  obliged  him  to  repeat  many  of 
the  airs  which  be  had  been  ^playing ;  and  was  so  pleased 
with  his  performance,  that  be  persuaded  his  father  to  send 
him  to  the  conservatorio  of  St.  Ooofrio,  at  Naples,  of  which 
the  celebrated  Leo  was  then  the  principal  master. 

The  young  Piccini  was  admitted  in  that  seminary  ifi 
174%  and  was  placed  at  first  under  the  tuition  of  a  subal-*- 
teracnaster,  whose  lessons,  given  in  a  dry  and  contracted 
manner,  soon  disgusted  him ;  and,  in  a  few  months,  his 
discontent  at  such  unprofitable  instructions  drew  on  him 
the  resentment  of  his  tutor,  expressed  in  no  v^ry  gentle 
way.  Shocked  with  this  treatment,  he  resolved  to  study 
by  himself  and  began  composing  without  rules,  or  any 
other  guides  than  his  own  genius  and  fancy,  psalms,  ora« 
torios,  and  op^era  airs ;  n^hich  soon  excited  the  envy  or  ad- 
aurationof  all  his  fellow-students.  He  even  bad  the  courage 
to  compose  an  entire  mass.  One  of  riae  masters  who  bad  seen 
it,  and  even  permitted  him  to  have  it  rehearsed,  thought 
it  right  to  mention  it  to  Leo ;  who,  a  few  days  after,  sent 
for  Piccini,  who,^firigbtened  at. this  message,  obeyed  the 
order  with  fear  and  trembling.  ^^  You  have  composed  a 
mass,''  said  Leo,  with  a  cold  and  almost  severe  counte-^ 
naiice.     "  Yes,  sir."     **  Shew  me  your  score.*'     "-Sir, 

gir," ".  Shew  it  me,  I  say."     Piccini  thought  himself 

ruined,  but  he  must  obey.  Heifetcbed  bis  score ;  at  which 
.Leo  looked,  turned  over  the  leaves,  examined  each  move- 
ment, smiled,  rung  the  bell,  as  the  signal  for  a  rehearsal. 
The  young  composer,  more  dead  than  alive,  begged  in 
vain  to  be  spared  what  he  thought  such  an  affront.  Thtf 
dingers  and  instfumental  performers  obeyed  the  summons  : 
the  parts  were  distributed,  and  the  performers  waited  only 


P  I  C  C  I,N  L  481 

for  Leo  to  beat  the  time.  When,  turning  gravely  to  Pic- 
cini,,  he  presented  him  the  baton,  which  was  then  used 
every  where,  in  the  performance  of  full  pieces.  Piccini, 
put  to  new  confusion,  wished  he  had  never  dared  to  meddle 
with  coa^positiou  ;  but  at  length  mustered  his  courage,  and 
madLed  with  a  trembling  hand  the  first  bars.  Soon,  how-* 
ever,  animated  and  inflamed  by  the  harmony,  he  neither 
saw  Leo  nor  the  standers  by,  who  were  numerous :  he  was 
abs.orbed  in  his  music,  and. directed  its  performance  with 
a  fire,  energy,  and  accuracy,  which  astonished  the  whole 
audience,  and  acquired  him  great  applause,  L^o  kept  a 
profound  silence  during  the  performance.  When  it  was. 
over  —  " I  forgive  you,  for  once,"  said  he;  **  but  if  you 
are  again  guilty  of  such  presumption,  you  shall  be  punished 
ip,  such  a  manner  as  you  will  remember  as  long  as  you  live. 
What !  you  have  r.eceived  from  nature  so  estimable  a  dis« 
position  for  study,  and  you  lose  all  the  advantages  of  so 
precious  a  gift !  Instead  of  studying  the  principles  of  the 
^rt,  you  give  way.  to  all  the  wild  vagaries  of  your  imagina- 
tion, and  fancy  you  have  produced  a  master-piece.'*  The 
I'oy,  piqued  by  these  reproaches,  related  what  had  passed 
between  him  and.  the  assistant-master  under  whom  he.  was 
placed.  Leo  became  calm, .  and  even  embraced  and  ca- 
ressed him  i  ordering  him  to  come  to  his  apartments  every 
morning,  to  receive  instructions  from  himself. 

This  truly  great  master  died  suddenly  some  months  after. 
Happily  for  his  promising  pupil,  his  successor  was  the  cele- 
l^rated  Durante,  one  of  the  most  learned  composers  Italy 
ever  produced.  He  soon  distinguished  Piccini  from  the 
rest  of  his  class  ;  conceived  a  particular  affection  for  him ; 
and  had  pleasure  in  communicating  to  him  all  the  secrets 
of  bis  art.  *^  Others  are  my  pupils,*^'  he  sometimes  used  to 
say,  "  but:  this  is  my  son."  At  length,  after  twelve  years' 
Qtudy,.  Piccjni,  in  1754,  quitted  the  Conservatorio,  know- 
ing ail.ihat  is. permitted  to  an  ii^dividual  to  know  in  prac- 
tical music,,  and  possessed  of  such  a  creative  and  ardent 
imagination,  as  perhaps,  till  then,  was  unexampled 
.  He  began  bis  career  at  the  Florentine  theatre  in  Naples^ 
l^hich  is  that  of  San  Carlo,  what  Footers  theatre  used  to  be 
compared  with  Drury-lsme  or  the  Opera  Hguse.  His 
first  production  there  was  ^^  Le  Donne  Dispettose ;"  and 
the  next  year,  ^^  Le  Gelosie,"  and  ^^  II  Curiosp  del  suo 
Propirio  Danno,"  of  all  which  the  success  increased  in  a 
duplicate  ratio.  At  length,  in  1756,  he  set  the  serio.us 
"  Vol.  XXIV.    '  Ii 


I 


4S2  PfOOlNt 

opera  of  ^  Zenabia^'  for  tbe  great  theatre  <rf  San  Carlo,' 
filiich  Was  crowned  witb  stilt  greater  success  than  bis  cofnic 
operas.  Ith  17589  he  composed  ^  Alessandro  tiell'  lodie,'*^ 
fi>r  Rome ;  and  after  this,  erery  theatre  in  Italy  was  eager 
to  et^ge  him*  In  1760,  his  celebrated  comic  opera  of 
the  ^  Btiona  Figlittolo'*  had  a  success  that  no  musical  dramar 
c^onhl  boast  before.  It  was  no  sooner  hieard  at  Rome  tbair 
copies  were  multiplied ;  and  there  was  no  musical  theatre 
in  Europe  where  this  burfetta  was  not  frequently  per* 
lbrmed»  in  some  language  or  other,  ^dorfaig  many  years; 
In  17^1,  be.  composed  six  operas,  three  sierioos  and  three 
comic,  for  different  theatres  of  Italy;  and  was  at  once 
applatided  i^  Turin,  Reggio,  Botogna,  Vetiiee»  Rome,  and 
Naples.  Saccbini  assured  us,  in  1776,  that  PSccini  bad 
composed  at  least  three  hnndred  operas,  thirteen  of  wfatdt 
were  produced  in  seven  months.  On  bis  arrival  at  Paris, 
be  recdlved  many  mortifications  before  his  reputatibn  was 
firmly  established,  from  the  parti  zans  of  the  oM  FVencb 
music,  as  well  as  the  friends  of  Oloek.  Tbe  success  of  hia^ 
<^eras  of  **  Roland,"  "  Aqrs,**  ^*  Iphig6nte  en  Tauride, 
**^ Adele  de  Ponthieu,*'  "Didon,"  "  Diane  et  Endymion, 
and  '^  Penelope,^*  seems  to  have  solved-  a  problem  whicb 
was  long  thought  iosoItaUe :  ^  Whether  tbe  Frencb  lan- 
g^iage  was  capable  of  reeeivine  Italian  melody  ?*^  If^% 
add  to  so  niany  dramatic  wdrks  the  oratorios,,  masses,  ean^ 
tatasy  and  occasional  songs  and  scenes  in  pasticcio  ofiieras. 
rt  would  prove,  that  in  twenty-five  years  he  had  produced 
more  music,  and.  good  music^  tban  any  other  ten  masters 
bad  done  va  their  wtiole  lives. 

'  What  stili  more  astonishes,  in  such  innumerable  works^ 
!s  tbe  prodigious  variety  which  reigns  in  them  aH,  and  tbe 
science  which  never  degenerates  into  pedantry  or  affecta- 
tion ;  an  harmony  pure,  clear,  and  profound ;  a  melody 
perfectly  suited  to  tbe  subject  and  situation  of  tbe  per- 
formers ;  and  a  force,  an  originality,  and  resources  of  alt 
kinds,  unktiown  till  his  time,  and  of  which,  perhaps,  tbe 
secret  will  long  remain  undiscovered.  And  %vbat  appears 
as  extraordinary  as  the  rest  is,  tha£  tfa)e  genius  of  this  mas- 
ter, far  from  being  exhausted  by  so  many  labours,  by  fire* 
quent  and  severe  sickness,  by  domestic  disquietude  and 
chagrin,  inseparable  from  a  numerous  family,  seemed^ 
before  the  revolution,  to  continue  in  full  force.  Deprived 
of  all  his  appointments  and  well-earned  theatrical  pensions^ 
he  returned  to  Naplies  \  wberei  after  be  had  established 


P  I  C  C  I  N  I.  4» 

hiBM^If  in  France,  all  his  appointments  h^d  been  disposed 
of.  On  the  arrival  of  a  French  army  at  Naples,  he  was 
supposed  to  be  in  correspondence  with  them,  which  occa- 
sioned bis  precipitate  flight  back  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
reeeived  with  open  arms,  and  placed  at  the  head  of  a  new 
sifiging-school.     He  died  at  Passy,  May  7,  1800.  ^ 

PICCOLOMINI  (Alexander),  archbishop  of  Patrais^ 
and  coadjutor  of  Sienna^  his  native  place,  was  born  ia 
l^SOS.  His  family  was  illustrious,  and  originally  Roman, 
but  settled  afterwards  at  Sienna.  He  was  a  siicoessful 
writer  of  the  drama ;  but,  though  involved  in  diat  sed<lcing 
pursuit^  preserved  the  credit  of  exemplary  morals,  as  well 
te  genius.  His  general  charity  was  extreme,  but  he  was 
particularly  considerate  of  the  wan^ts  of  literary  men.  His 
worksr  aite  numerous,  sil' written  in' Italian,  which  language 
hm  was  th#  fiiist  amtfaor  who  applied  to  philosophical  sub-^ 
jpsets.  He  died  at  Sienna  on  the  12th  of  March,  1578.  The 
most  distinguished  of  his  Mrorks  are  these :  I.  Several  dra^*- 
inatic  compositions,  which'  formed  the  chief  basis  of  his 
reputation.  2.  **  The  Morality  of  Nobles,'*  Venice,  1552, 
8vo.  3.  «A  Treatise  on  the  Sphere."  4.  "A  Theory 
€i  the  Planets.*'  5.  <^  A  TranslatioVi  of  the  Rhetoric  and 
Poetic  of  Aristotle,'*  4t0.  6.  "The  Institution!  of  Mora-^ 
lity,*'  Venice,  1575,  4to.  Many  of  his  works  evince  a 
profound  knowledge  of  natural  philosophy,  mathematics; 
and  divinity.  One  work  attributed  to  him,  ^^  Delia  bella 
Creanza  della  Donne,'*  ^*On  the  Education  of  Ladies,'* 
firinted  in  1541,  1558,  and  1574,  has  been  valued  because 
scarce,  but  is  disgraced  by  many  dangerous  maxims,  and 
roust  have  been  a  productioh  of  his  youth;  during  ^(iich, 
we  are  told,  he  was  a  correspondent  of  the  infamous  Peter 
Aretin.  • 

PICCOLOMINI  (Francis),  a  learned  man  of  the  same 
family,  was  born  in  1520,  and  having  taught  philosophy 
for  twenty-two  years  in  the  most  celelH'aced  universities  of 
Italy,  retired  to  Sienna,  where  he  died  in  1604.  He  was 
so  much  respected,  that  the  whole  city  put  on  mourning 
at  his  death.  His  works  are  less  numerous  than  those  of 
his  relation,  but  they  were  esteemed  in  their  day.  They 
are,  l.  <<  Commentaries  on  Aristotle,"  4to,  published  at 
•  ■  • 

1  Buraey^  in  Rees's  Cyclopsdia.— Dict.^  Hiyt-^Notice  ^nr  la  Vie,  par  Gia- 
^oene,  ID  Brit.  Crit.To).  XVIII. 

*  Tiraboaclii,— KiceroDi  Tolt  XX III. — Ballart's  Acad^mie  des  Sciencei« 

113' 


484.  P  I  C  T  E  T- 

Mayence  in  1608.  2.  ^^  Universa  Philosopfaia  de'  Moribus/^ 
Venice,   1583,  folio.* 

PICTET  (Benedict),  a  theologian  and  historian,  born 
at  Geneva  in  1655,. was  of  a  distinguished  family,  and  went 
dirougb  his  studies  with  success.  He  travelled  into  HoU 
land  and  England,  and  then  became  a  professor  of  theology 
in  his  native  city,  with  a  considerable  reputation.  He  was 
invited  to  Leyden,  but  refused  to  leave  his  own  country. 
From  excess  of  application  to  his  duties,  he  fell  into  a  lan- 
guid state,  and  died  on  the  9th  of  June,  1724,  at  the  age 
of  69.  He  was  a  Prot^tant,  pf  a  mild  and  tolerant  di&po- 
sition,  and  a  father  to  the  poor.  His  principal  works  are, 
1*  <*  Theologia  Christiana,*'  3  vols.  4to,  the  best  edition  of 
which  is  that  of  1721.  2.  ^<  Christian  Morality,''  Geneva, 
1710,  8  vols.  12mo;  a  very  excellent  work.  3.  "The 
History  of  the  12th  and  13th  Centuries,"  intended  as  a 
continuation  of  that  of  Le  Sueur ;  but  the  supplementary 
work  is  more  esteemed  than  the  original,  2  vols.  4to. 
4.  "Sermons."  .5.  "Letters,"  6.  "A  Treatise  against 
^ndiiference  in  Religion,"  1716,  12mo.  7.  Many  tracts  of 
morality  and  piety,  among  which  that  on  "  The :  Art  of 
living  and  dying  well,"  Geneva,  1716,  in  L2mo,  is  parti- 
cularly esteemed.  The  subject  is  the  same,  and  the  title 
nearly  the  same,  as  one  by  our  countryman  Taylor.  8.  Se- 
veral controversial  tracts. ' 

PICUS  (John),  of  Mirandula,  considered  as  a  prodigy  of 
learning  in  bis  day,  was  the  youngest  child  of  John  Francis 
Picus,  prince  of  Mirandula  and  Concordia,  by  Julia,  of  the 
noble  house  of  Boirado ;  and  was  born  Feb.  24,  1463.  His 
father  dying  early,  his  mother  took  great  care  of  his  educa« 
tion ;  add  the  progress  be  made  in  letters  was  so  extremely 
rapid,  that  his  friends  are  said  to  have  seen  with  astonish- 
ment a  m6re  boy  become  one  of  the  first  poets  and  orators 
of  his  age.  What  contributed  to  this  progress,  besides 
intense  application,  was  great  vigour  of  intellect,  and  a 
memory  so  tenacious,  as  to  let  nothing  be  lost  which  he 
had  ever  read  or  heard.  At  fourteen  years  of  age,  being 
designed  for  the  church,  he  was  sent  to  Bologna  to  study 
canon  law ;  apd  though  be  was  soon  disgusted  with  a  study 
so  little  suited  to  his  talents  and  fertile  imagination,  be 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  it  sufficient  to  enable  him  to  com- 

> 

1  Gen.  Diet. — Niceron,   vo).   XXIII. — Landi  Hist.  Lit.  d'Italie.-.«TcHBiBiM 
Eloglsi. 
3  Bibliotheque  Germaaique>  vols.  IX.  ^ and  X.-»Niceron«  ¥dl.  I, 


!>  I  C  U  S.  48$ 

pose  an  abbreviated  digest,  or  manual,  of  the  poiUificsd 
-letters,  termed  Decretals,  in  a  manner  that  would  have 
done  credit  to  the  most  accomplished  professor.  Having 
afforded  this  proof  of  early  capacity,  on  a  subject  so  un- 
genial,  he  left  Bologna,  and  visiting  successively  all  the 
most  celebrated  schools  and  colleges  of  Italy  and  France, 
he  profited  so  well  by  what  was  taught  there,  or  by  what  he 
leai'ned  in  discussions  with  the  eminent  scholars  and  pro- 
fessors, that,  before  he  had  attained  to  manhood,  he  was 
universally  recognized  as  a  most  consummate  philosopher 
and  divine*  * 

During  this  early  period  be  distinguished  himself  like- 
wise as  a  poet,  by  his  compositions  both  in  the  Latin  and 
Italian  languages,  almost  all  which,  however,  as  they  were 
disapproved  either  by  the  nicety  of  his  matur^r  judgment, 
or  by  the  purity  of  his  religious'  and  moral  feelings,  at  A 
later  period,  he  was  induced  to  destroy.     Many  also  of  his 
letters,  which  are  still  eitant,  were  written  whilst  he  was 
yet  very  young;  and  from  them  proofs  might  be  selected^ 
tending  greatly  to  support  the  high  juvenile  reputation  of 
their  author.     We  have,  indeed,  few  other  documents  to 
illustrate  his  literary  career;  and  the  little  we  know  of  his 
progress,  during  the  seven  years  that  he  spent  in  visiting 
the  universities,  must  be  taken  from  them,  as  Mn  Gress- 
well  has  done  with  great  judgment.     Among  the  acade- 
mies where  he  passed  the  greater  part  of  the  above  period, 
were  those  of  Ferrara,  Padua,    Florence,   and   Perugia; 
and  among  the  eminent  scholars,  with  whom  he  entered 
into  friendship  and  correspondence,  were  Guarinus,  Mar- 
silius    Ficinus,   Politian,    and   Nic.   Leonicenus.      Wheii 
not  engaged  in  any  literary  excursion,  he  spent  his  time  at 
Fratta,  a  rural  retreat  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mirandula. 
In    1482,    he  informs   Leonicenus   that  he   had  erected 
this  villa,  and  had  written  a  poem  in  its  praise.     With  the 
commencement  of  1484,  the  literary  career  of  Picus  be- 
came more  distinct  and  conspicuous  :  he  was  now  approach- 
ing the  age  of  manhood ;  and  went  to  Florence  to  perfect 
himself  in   the  Greek.     Within  a  few  months  after  his 
arrival  here,  he  composed  his  well-known  panegyrical  cri- 
ticism on  the  Italian  poems  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici.     It  is 
drawn  up  in  the  form  of  a  letter,  and  addressed  to  Lorenzo 
himself.   With  many  femarks  in  the  true  spirit  of  criticism, 
there  is,  perhaps,  rather  too  much  of  a  courtly  partiality 
to  -the  productions  of  Lorenzo.     While  at  Florence,  we 
lind  Picus  employed  in  investigating,  the  manuscripts  of 


486  P  I  C  U  9. 

ftncient  autbon,  both  in  Greek  and  Latin,  of  the  Taioe  of 
which  be  was  already  enabled  to  form  a  just  estimate.  lo.- 
'■  deed  the  mere  discovery  of  them  was  a  service  of  big)i 
ifliportance  at  that  time^  when  the  invention  of  printing 
was  forming  a  new  xra  in  literature.  He  ha4  sow  add^d 
to  his  correspondents  Jerome  Donatus,  Hermolaus  Bar- 
baras, Philip  Beroaldus,  and  Alexander  CortasioSf  tb^ 
latter  of  whom  seems  to  carry  bis  admiration  of  Picos  tp 
the  very  borders  of  gross  and  extravagant  flattery ;  v^bicb, 
however,  a  4ittle  moderated,  was  a  distinguishing  feature 
in  the  literary  correspondence  of  that  age. 

Picus  quitted  Florence  about  the  end  of  the  year  1485, 
with  a  view  to  visit  Perugia,  and  appears  to  have  beep 
employed,  for  some  time,  in  adding  to  his  other  stores  a 
knowledge  of  the  oriental  languages;  stimulated,  as  b? 
says,  by  the  acquisition  of  certain  oriental  works,  which 
be  deemed  of  inestimable  value,  and  which  were  Uurowa  in 
bis  way,  be  adds,  by  the  peculiar  kindness  of  Providence.  la 
a  letter,  written  in  Oct  I486,  to  Andreas  Corneas^  another 
of  his  learned  correspondents,  he  says  :  ^*  I  have,  by  assi* 
duous  and  intense  application,  attained  to  the  knowledge 
of  the  Hebrew  and  Chaldaic  languagf  s,  and  am  at  present 
'struggling  with  the  diflSculties  of  ^e  Arabic  Such  are 
the  achievements  which  I  have  ever  thought,  and  still 
think,  worthy  the  ambition  of  a  nobleman :  though  the 
expression  may  contain  as  niuoh  satire  as  truth."  In  tbia 
letter  he  gives  a  hint  of  bis  intended  visit  to  Rome,  which 
constitutes  one  of  the  most  singular  occurrences  in  his  life. 

The  love  of  fame  (says  bis  excellent  biographer,  wbqin 
we  principally  follow  in  this  sketch,)  and  a  too  ardent  tbur^t 
for  praise,  have  perhaps  justly  been  imputed  to  Picus,  as 
constituting  his  ruling  passion  (notwithstanding  the  rao* 
desty  and  diffidence  with  which  he  frequently  speaks  of  his 
own  talents  and  productions),  especially  if  the  charge 
be  restricted  to  that  period  of  bis  life,  when  maturer 
experience  and  those  religious  impressions  by  which  hi^ 
latter  years  were  more  especially  influenced,  bad  not 
yet  combined  to  rectify  the  errors  of  youth-  Caressed, 
flattered,  courjted,  extolled  as  a  prodigy  of  erudition  by 
the  most  distinguished  scholars  of  his  age,  he  waS)  al^  the 
same  time  consicious  of  his  owa  quaUfication&  and  pqvii^rs^ 
and  began  to  think  that  they  ought  to  be  exhibited  on  the 
most  extensive  stage  which  the  world  then  afforded*  With 
this  view  he  resolved  on  a  journey  to  Rome;^  aiod  imme- 
diately on  his  arriral,  in  Noyember  1486,  he  pybiis|ied  % 


P  I  C  U  S.  487 

-molt  remarkable  challenge,  to  thfi  learned  of  Eurape,  ui^der 
the  title  ^f  ''  Conclusionesi*'  consisting  of  900  proposiUons, 
.«Mr  subjects  of  discussion,  in  almost  every  science  that  could 
exercise  the  speculation  or  ingenuity  of  man ;  and  whicb^ 
extraordinary  and  superfluous  as  many  of  them  appear  to  a 
reader  of  the  present  times,  certainly  furnish  a  more  ade- 
quate idea  of  the  boundless  extent  of  bis  erudition  and  re- 
search, than  any  worda  can  describe.     These  he  promised 
publicly  to  maintain  against  all  opponents  whatsoe?er :  and 
.that  time  might  be  allowed  for  the  circulation  of  his  **  Con— 
clusiones''  through  the  various  universities  of  Italy,  in  all 
of  which  he  caused  them  to  he  published,  notice  was  given, 
that  the  public  discussion  of  them  was  not  intended  to  take 
place  till  after  the  feast  of  the  Epiphany  next  ensuing.     A 
further  object  of  this  delay  was,  to  afford  to  all  scholars^ 
^ven  from  the  remotest  of  those  seats  of  learning,  who  were 
desirous  to  be  present  and  to  assist  at  bis  disputations, 
an  opportunity  of  repairing  to  Rome  for  such  a  purpose. 
So  desirous  was  Picus  of  attracting  thither,  on  this  oeca- 
aion,  all  the  united   wit,   ingenuity,  and  erudition,  that 
Italy  could  boast,  that  he  engaged  to  defray,  out  of  his 
own  purse,  the  charges  of  all  scholars,  from  whatever  part, 
who  should  undertake  the  journey  to  Rome,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  disputing  publicly  with  him  on  the  subjects  pro- 
posed.   He  bad  previously  obtained  the  express  permission 
of  pope  Innocent  VIII.  and  professed  all  possible  deference 
to  the  authority  of  the  church,  in  the  support  of  his  theseii. 
The  boldness  of  this  challenge  could  not  fail  to  asto- 
nish the  learned  in  general ;  but  astonishment  soon  gave 
place  to  envy :  and  the  Roman  scholars  and  divines  in  parr 
ticular,  whose  credit  was  more  immediately  implicated^ 
endeavoured  to  render  his  design  abortive,.  6rst,  by  lam- 
poons and  witticisms ;  and,  when  these  pxoved  insufficient^ 
by  the  more  alarming  expedient  of  presenting  thirteen  of 
Picu«'s  theses,  as  containing  matter  of  an  heretical  teh«- 
dency.    This  answered  their  purpose ;  and  although  Picus 
continued  at' Rome  a  whole  year,  in  expectation  of  reaping 
jthe  harvest  of  praise  which  his  juvenile  vanity  had  led  hiaa 
to  desire,  he  at  last  found  himself  not  only  debarred  from 
all  opportunity  of  signalizing  himself  publicly,  as  a  dispu- 
tant, but  involved  in  a  charge  of  heterodoxy,  and  therefore 
thought  it  expedient  to  leave  Rome,  and  seek  a  temporary 
asylum  at  Florence,  in  the  friendship  of  Lorenzo  de  Me- 
dicL    Here  be  immediately  set  about  (be  composition  of 


48»  P  I  C  U  S. 

his  '*  Apologia,"  a  work  which  not  only  served  to  refofe 
the  caluihnies  of  bis  enemies,  but  convinced  the  world  that 
his  pretensions  to  very  extraordinary  powers  were  not  spu- 
rious or  empiricaK  On  its  completion,  he  sent  it  to  the; 
pope,  who,  although  he  fully*  acquitted  the  author  of  all 
bad  intention,  thought  proper  to  suppress  the  circulation 
of  it;  and  Picus,  on  further  reflection,  not  only  acquiesced 
in  this,  but  in  his  disappointment,  acknowledging  with 
thankfulness  that  divine  Providence,  which  often  educes 
good  out  of  evil,  bad  rendered  the  malevolence  of  bis  ene* 
jxiies  a  most  salutary  check  to  the  career  of  vain  glory,  in 
which  he  had  been  led  so  far  astray.  But  Picus  bad  ndt 
yet  seen  all  the  disagreeable  consequences  of  this  affair : 
hisenemies  began  to  cavil  at  the  ** Apologia"  itself,  which 
appears  to  have  had  considerable  w^ight^  with  pope  Inno* 
tent;  and  it  was  not  until  1493  that  he  was  acquitted  froni 
the  charge,  and  from  ^11  prosecutions,  pains, 'and  penal- 
ties, by  a  bull  of  pope  Alexander  VI. 

In  the  beginning  of  1488,  we  find  Picus  in  the  posses* 
sioh'of  a  peaceful  asylum  at  Fiesole,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Florence,  which  had  been  given  him  by  Loren2So  de  Me«- 
dici,  who  had  a  villa  in  the  neighbourhood ;  and  he  and 
Politian  spent  many  of  their  hours  of  literary  leisure  to- 
gether. Here  also  he  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Robert 
Salviatus  and  the  family  of  the  Benivieni,  four  in  number, 
and  all  men  of  learning  and  talents.  Jerome  Benivieni^ 
or  Benivenius,  became  more  especially  the  intimate. friend 
of  Picus,  the  depositary  of  his  religious  and  moral  opinions, 
and  all  that  congeniality  of  opinion  and  disposition  can 
render  one  person  to  another.  Picus  wrote  a  commefntary 
on  one  of  Benivieni's  Canzone,  which  will  be  noticed 
iiereafter.  In  1489,  Picus's  ^^  Heptaplus''  was  published*, 
and  received  with  great  encomiums  by  the  learned  of  the 
age,  as  worthy  of  its  author's  talents  and  pre-acquired  ce- 
lebrity It  can  scarcely,  however,  says  his  biographer, 
be  productive  of  any  valuable  purpose,  very  minutely  to 
inquire  into  the  merit  of  a  work  which  the  tacit  consent  of 
posterity  has  consigned  to  almost  total  oblivion.  Picus 
intermixes  much  of  Platonism  in  all  his  theological  writ- 
ings; and  they  are  also  tinctured  with  the  fancied  doctrines 
of  the  Jewish  Cabala,  which  is  particularly  observable  in 
the  work  in  question.  After  this  he  appears  to  have  been 
employed  on  a  commentary  on  the  Psalms  of  David,  at  the 
request  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici;  but  respecting  tfaeeoo>ple« 


P  I  C  U  S.  489 

tion  of  this,  nothing  satisfactory  is  upon  record.  Aboiit 
the  beginning  of  1490  he  was  employed  on  his  favourite 
object  of  reconciling  Plato  and  Aristotle.  *^  To  this  work/' 
he  says  in  a  letter  to  Baptista  Mantuanus,  ^*  I  daily  devote 
the  whole  of  my  morninghours  ;  the  afternoon  I  give  to 
the  society  of  friends/ those  relaxations  which  are  requisite 
for  the  preservation  of  health,  and  occasionally  to  the  poets 
and  orators,  and  similar  studies  of  a  lighter  kind ;  my 
nights  are  divided  betwixt  sleep  and  the  perusal  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures/'  In  1491  he  published  his  treatise  ^*  De 
Ente  et  Uno,"  which,  says  his  biographer,  exhibits  a 
chain  of  the  most  profound  and  abstract  reasoning  concern- 
ing the  Deity,  expressed  in  a  language  consistent  with  the 
sacredness  of  the  subject,  much  more  free  from  the  term^ 
and  phraseology  peculiar  to  the  schoolmen  than  might  be 
expected,  and  which  (in  comparison  with  the  mode  then 
usual,  of  treating  arguments  so  metaphysical  and  abstruse) 
may  be  denominated  luminous  and  classical.  This  work 
afterwards  gave  occasion  to  a  friendly  controversy  between 
Picus  and  Antonius  Faventinus,  or  Cittadinus,  the  whole 
ot  which  is  included  in  the  works  of  Picus,  who,  as  a  con- 
troversial writer,  appears, in  a  very  amiable  view. 

The  society  and  conveniencies  of  study  which  Florence 
afforded,  had  reconciled  him  to  a  lasting  abode  in  that 
city,  when,  in  1492,  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his 
illustrious  patron  and  associate,  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  who 
was  carried  off  by  a  fever  in  the  prime  of  life.  He  and- 
Politian,  of  all  the  Florentine  scholars,  had  possessed  per- 
haps the  very  first  place  in  Lorenzo's  esteem.  Picus  now 
resolved  to  leave  Florence,  at  least  for  a  time,  where  every 
object  reminded  him  of  the  loss  he  bad  sustained ;  and 
went  to  Ferrara,  where  he  endeavoured  to  divert  his  grief 
by  again  deeply  engaging  in  his  oriental  studies.  A  short 
.  time  previously  to  this  period,  being  willing  to  exonerate 
himself  from  the  weight  of  secular  dignities  and  cares,  he 
bad,  for  a  very  inadequate  consideration,  transferred  to  his 
nephew  (the  subject  of  our  next  article),  John  Francis 
Picus,  all  his  territories  and  other  rights  and  possessions  in 
Mirandula  and  Concordia,  comprehending  one- third  part 
of  the  patrimonial  inheritance.  The  sums  arising  from 
this  transfer,  he  employed  partly  in  the  purchase  of  lands, 
to  secure  an  annual  revenue  for  the  due  support  of  his 
household,  and  partly  in  charitable  donations ;  to  the  lat- 
ter purpose  also  the  produce*  of  a  great  part  of  his  rich 


490  P  I  C  U  8. 

fnrnitore  aod  plate  wms  appfoprmted.  BeoevDleiice  towwds 
'the  poor  fleeoM  to  have  beeo  a  distinguishing  feature  in  his 
diaracter ;  for,  not  content  with  perfonning  acts  of  ononis 
ficence  and  charity,  the  necessity  and  propriety  of  which 
suggested  themselves  to  his  own  oibservationi  he  engaged 
his  friend  Jerome  Benivenius  to  be  constantly  in  search  of 
aoch  cases  of  indigence  and  distress  amongst  the  poordr 
citizens  of  Florence  as  might  happen  to  escape  gentfal 
'Observation ;  authorizing  him  to  supply  immediate  relief 
AS  necessity  required,  and  engaging  to  refund  from  his  own 
purse  whatei^er  sums  he  should  disburse  on  these  benevo- 
lent occasions.  In  his  latter  days,  to  which  we  are  now  ap^ 
preaching,  we  are  told  that  pride,  ambition,  anger,  and 
all  the  turbulent  passions,  had  subsided ;  that  vanity  and 
aelf*conceit  were  extinguished,  and  that  no  events,  whe- 
ther prosperous  or  adverse,  discomposed  the  constant  and 
uniform  serenity  of  his  mind.  These  great  qualities,  how- 
ever, were  not  wholly  unmixed  with  some  portion  of  the 
superstition  incident  to  the  age.  He  is  repre*sent€Ml  as 
having,  at  particular  seasons,  added  to  the  usual  mortifica- 
tions prescribed  by  the  church,  by  voluntary  penances  and 
self-inflicted  pains,  which  the  erring  judgment  of  those 
times  considered  as  meritorious.  -Of  many,  however,  of 
the  abuses  and  corruptions  of  the  papal  hierarchy  he  ap> 
pears  to  have  been  sensible,  and  on  various  points  of  doc- 
trine his  views  have  been  pronounced  much  more  rational 
than  could  be  expected  from  the  time. 

He  now  devoted  himself  to  tbtological  studies.  We 
have  already  mentioned  his  *^  Hexaplus,*^  or  explanation  of 
the  six  days  of  the  creation  ;  and  he  appears  at  this  time 
to  have  been  making  preparations  for  farther  elucidating 
the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  for  combating  the  errors  of  his 
time;  but  of  these  and  other  undertakings,  scarce  any  now 
remain  except  his  work  *^  Contra  Astrologiam  Divinatri- 
cem^'  and  a  few  "  OptiscuW  Of  the  immense  mass  of 
manuscripts  found  after  his  decease,  few  could  be  decy- 
pbered  or  methodized ;  but  his  nephew,  by  great  pains 
and  labour,  was  enabled  to  transcribe  that  portion  of  his 
voluminous  work  which  was  levelled  against  judicial  astro- 
logy, and  which  proved  to  be  in  a  more  finished  state. than 
the  rest.  It  was  afterwards  published  in  various  collections 
of  his  works,  under  the  title  of  ^^  De  Astrologia  Dispata* 
tionum  Libri  duodecim,*'  and  has  entitled  Picus  to  the 
praise  of  having  been  the  first  who.  boldly  and  successfully 


P  I  C  U  S.  4>l 

•iqpQ^ed  the  fiilUcy  of  a  iKpecM  of  sup^r gtition^  which,  not- 
wUhst^nding  bis  endeavours,  continued  long  after  ihU  to 
hQld  iu  empire  over  the  human  mipd. 
.At  length,  however,  the  labours  of  this  illustriont  scho- 
Jnr  drew  to  a  close.  In  1494,  while  at  Florence,  be  was 
Mized  with  a  fever  which  proved  fatal  on  the  thirteenth 
^9^y9  Nov.  1 7,  ill  the  thirty-third  year  of  his  age.  His  re« 
^aiiia  were  interred  in  the  church  of  St.  Mark,  near  those 
i>f  tiis  friend  Politian,  whom  be  did  not  survive  quite  two 
Ji9pntb&,    The  welUknown  .  epitaph  inscribed  on  Pkus^s 

tsmhf 

Joannes  jacet  hie  Mlrandula^  cslera  norunt 
£t  Tagus>  et  Ganges,  fiirsan  et  Antipodes, 

li  attributed  to  the  pen  of  Hercules  Strozza.  The  regret 
excited  amongst  the  learned  in  all  parts  of  Europe,  by  the 
tidings  of  the  decease  of  Picus,  was  proportionate  to  the 
high  reputation  of  bis  talents  and  character. 

In  the  religious  opinions  held  by  Picus,  and  inculcated  in 
liis  works,  be  seems  to  have  accorded  chiefly  with  those  of 
bis  own  age  ^nd  church,  whom  ecclesiastical  writers  have 
denominated  by  the  general  appellation  of  mystics ;  though, 
doubtless,  if  the  minuter  shades  of  difference  be  com* 
bared,  he  will,  as  a  religious  writer,  be  found  to  possess 
his  wonted  originality,  and  to  reason  and  judge  of  many 
speculative  points  in  a  manner  peculiar  to  himself.  His 
devotional  feelings  were  indeed  subject  to  variation,  and 
he  once  formed  a  resolution  to  dispose  of  all  his  property 
io  the  poor,  and  taking  the  crucifix  in  his  band,  to  travel 
barefooted  from  city  to  city  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel; 
but  this  resolution  be  is  said  afterwards  to  have  changed 
for  that  of  joining  the  order  of  the  Dominicans,  at  the  in- 
stance of  their  general  Savonarola ^  and  his  remains  pre** 
vious  to  interment  (which  was  also  the  case  with  PolitianM 
were  invested  with  the  habit  of  this  order.  Of  the  general 
character  of  Picus,  with  all  the  deductions  which  must  be 
made  from  the  reports  of  his  contemporaries,  Mr.  Gresswell 
says,  with  great  justice,  that  it  still  merits  the  admiration 
of  those  who  contemplate  with  philosophical  curiosity  the 
powers  and  capabilities  of  the  human  mind. 

The  works  of  Picus  were  printed  together  at  Boloqjna, 
in  1496;  at  Venice,  1498;  at  Strasburg,  1504;  at  Basil, 
1557,  1573,  1601,  all  in  folio.  The  edition  of  1601  con- 
tains  the  following  works*:  t«  "  Heptaplus,  id  est,  de  Dhi 


429  P  I  C  U  S. 

Creatoris  opere  sex  dierum,  libri  septem/'  which  seems 
to  have  been  written  chiefly  with  a  view  toaotborize  and 
support  those  Platonic  ideas,  with  which  his  warm  imaginav 
•tion  was  not  a  httle  inebriated.  2.  ^^  Conclusiones  900^ 
'quas  olim  Romae  disputandas  exbibuit"  But  the  editors 
have  omitted  the  advertisement  subjoined  at  their  first  pub- 
Kcation,  which  runs  thus :  '^  Conclusiones  non  disputa- 
buntur  nisi  post  Epiphaniam,  interim  publicabnntur  in 
•omnibus  Italise  gymnasiis ;  &  si  quisphilosophus  aut  theo- 
iogus  ab  extrema  Italia  arguendi  gratia  Romam  venire 
voluerit,  ipse  pollicetur  dominus  disputaturus,  se  vialici 
expensas  illi  soluturum  de  suo."  3.  *^  Apologia  adversus 
eos,  qui  aliquot  propositiones  theologicas  carpebant."  4. 
'^  De  ente  &  uno,  opus  in  quo  plurimi  loci  in  Moise,  in 
Platone  &  Aristotele  explicantur.*'  5.  ^  De  hominis  dig- 
nitate  oratio."  Mirandula  discovers  here  many  secrets  of 
the  Jewish  Cabala,  of  the  Chaldean  and  Persian  philoso- 
phers. 6.  *^  Regulse  XII.  partim  excitantes,  partim  diri- 
gentes  hominem  in  pugna  spiritual!.'*  7.  ^^  In  Psalmum 
XV.  commentarius.*'  8.  ^^  In  orationem  Dominicam  expo- 
sitio,"  9.  "  Aureae  &  familiares  epistolae,"  which  are  per- 
haps, at  present,  the  most  useful  and  entertaining  part  of 
his  works :  on  which  account  the  public  is  much  obliged 
to  the  learned  Christopher  Cellarius,  for  giving  a  correct 
editionof  them  with  notes,  1682,  in  8 vo.  10.  '^Disputa- 
tionum  in  astrologiam  libri  XII.''  the  most  solid  and  argu- 
mentative of  all  his  works.  11.  '^  Commento  sopra  una 
canzone  de  amore,  composta  da  Girolamo  Benivieni,  se* 
cundo  la  mT?nte  &  opinione  de'  Platonici ;"  translated  into 
English  by  Thomas  Stanley,  1651,  in  8vo.  12.  "  Elegia 
in  laudem  Hieronymi  Benivieni ;"  in  Latin  and  Italian. 

His  life,  prefixed  to  bis  works,  and  afterwards  inserted 
in  Bates'  *^  Vitse  illustrium  virorum,"  was  written  by  his 
nephew,  John  Francis  Pious ;  but  a  more  valuable,  and 
certainly  the  most  elaborate  account  yet  given  of  this  ex- 
traordinary man,  is  that  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  the 
Rev.  W.  Parr  Gresswell,  published  in  1805,  with  the  Lives 
of  Politian,  &c.  and  to  which  it  is  sufficient  to  refer,  as 
including  every  species  of  authoritj' . ' 

PICUS  (John  Francis),  was  the  son  of  Galeoti  Picus, 
the  eldest  brother  of  John  Picus,  just  recorded,  and  born 
)sibout  1469.    He  cultivated  learning  and  the  sciences,  after 


P  I  C  U  S.  49$ 

);he  example  of  his  uncle;  but  he  h&d  dominions  and  a 
prineipatity  to  superintend,  which  involved  him  in  gr^af 
trpubles^  and  at  last  cost  him  his  life.  Upon  the  deiath  of 
his  father,  in  1499,  he  succeeded,  as  eldest  son,  to  his  es- 
tates ;  but  was  scarcely:  in  possession,  when  his  brothers 
Louis  and  Frederic  combined  against  him ;  ancj,  by  the 
assistance-  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  and  Hercules  L 
duke  of  Ferrara,  succeeded.  John  Francis,  driven  from 
his  principality  in  1502,  was  forced  to  seek  refuge  in  diffe- 
rent countries  for  nine  years ;  till  at  length  pope  Julius  IL 
becoming  master  of  Mirandula,  put  to  flight  Frances  Tri« 
yulce,  the  widow  of  Louis,  and  re-established  John  Fran-p 
cis  in  1511.  But  he  could  not  long  maintain  his.  post ;  for 
the  pope^s  troops  being  beaten  by  the  French  at  Ravenna, 
April  11,  1512,  John  James  Trivulce,  ge^heral  of  the 
iB'rench  army,  forced  away  John  Francis  again,  and  set  up 
Frances  Trivulce,  who  was  his  natural  daughter.  >  John 
Francis  now  became  a  refugee  a  second  time,  and  so  con- 
tinued for  two  years ;  when,  the  French  being  driven  out 
of  Italy,  he  was  restored  again  in  1515.  He  lived  from 
that  time  in  the  quiet  possession  of  his  dominions,  till  Oc- 
tober 1533 ;  and  then  Galeoti  Picus,  the  son  of  his  bro- 
ther Louis,  entered  his  castle  by  night  with  forty  armed 
men,  and  assassinated  him,  wit^  his  eldest  son  Albert 
Picus.  He  died  embracing  the  crucifix,  and  imploring 
pardon  of  God  for  his  sins. 

He  was  a  great  lover  of  letters,  and  applied  himself  in- 
tensely, at  the  seasons  of  his  leisure,  to  reading  and  wri- 
ting. He  seems  to  have  been  a  more  voluminous  writer 
than  his  uncle :  and  such  of  his  tracts  as  were  then  com- 
posed,  were  inserted  in  the  St^rasburgh  edition  of  his  uncle*s 
works,  in  1504,  and  continued  in  those  of  Basil  1573  and 
1601.  Among  these  are,  1.  ^^  De  studio  divinae  &  hu- 
manse  philosophise,  libri  duo."  In  this  he  compares  pro- 
fane philosophy  with  the  knowledge  of  the  Holy  Scripture, 
and  shews  how  preferable  the  latter  is  to  the  former.  2. 
**  De  imaginatione  liber.''  3.  '^  De  imitatione,  ad  f  etrum 
Bembum  epistoiae  duse,  &  ejus  responsum/'  4*  ^'  De  re- 
rum  prsnotione,  libri  IX.'!  In  this  book  of  the  pjrescience 
of  things,  he  treats  of  the  Divine  ^prescience,  and  of  that 
knowledge  which  some  pretend  to  have  of  things  future, 
by  compacts  with  evil  spirits,  by  astrology,  chiromancy, 
geomancy,  and  similar  means,  which  he  confutes  at 
large.     5.  *^  Exametf  vatiitatis  doctrine  gentium,  &  veri- 


4M  f  I  C  U  S. 

tatit  dtscipliAfle  Cliri«tisins%  &e."  in  which  he  opposear  iht 
errors  of  the  philosophers,  tiiiose  of  Aristotle  particoIarHr. 
6.  <*  Episfeolarum  libri  qaataor."  7.  ^<  De  refarmancfli 
noribus  onuio  ad  Leonem  X.*'  These  and  some  more 
compositioiM  are  to  be  found  in  the  editions  above  men- 
tioned of  bis  uncle's  works ;  but  there  are  others  of  his 
Wiitittgs,  which  have  never  been  collected  together,  but 
have  always  continued  separate,  as  they  were  first  pub- 
lished: ASy  '*  Vita  Hieronyml  Savonarolse;  De  veris  cata- 
mitadum  temporuHi  nostrorum  causis  liber ;  De  animsB  im- 
nortalitate ;  Dialogas  cui  notneo  Strix,  sive  de  ludifica- 
tioiie  dmnonum ;  Hy ami  heroici  tres  ad  Trinitatem,  Chris- 
tam^  flc  Virginem;  De  Venere  &  Cupidtne  expel^endii 
ilartiieii  heroicum  ;  Liber  de  Frovidentia  Dei,  contra  phi- 
lOsopliasftrOfl ;  De  auro  turn  sestimando,  turn  conficiendo, 
turn  otendo,  libri  tres,  Jcc."  "  There  is  not,"  says  Du- 
pin,  ^  so  much  wit,  sprightliness,  subtlety,  and  elegance^ 
in  the  work^  of  Francis  Picus,  as  in  those  of  bis  uncle ;  noir 
yet  so  moc]!  learning:  but  there  is  much  ihore  evennes^ 
ftod  solidity ."» 

FIERCE  (EDWARiy),  an  English  painter,  who  fiourisheA 
hi  thfe  reigns  of  Charles  I.  and  II.  ws^s  eminent  b5th  iu  his- 
tory and  landscapes.  He  also  drew  architecture,  perspec- 
tive, &e.  and  was  much  esteemed  in  his  time.  But  there 
i^Mftle  of  hi»  work  now  remaining,  the  far  greater  part 
being  destroyed  in  the  fire  of  London,  in  1666.  It  chiefly 
consisted  of  altar-pieces,  ceilings  of  churches,  and  the 
like ;  of  which  last  sort  there  was  one  lately  remaining,  iii 
Ce^nt-garden  church,  in  which  were  many  admirable 
quaHttes  of  a  good  pencil.  He  worked  some  time  for  Van- 
dyke ;  and  several  pieces  of  his  performing  are  to  be  seen 
at  Belvoir  castle  in  Leicestershire.  He  died  in  London 
about  fifty  year&  ago,  leaving  behind  him  three  sons;  who 
atl  became  famous  in  their  different  ways.  One  was  an 
Meellent  sculptor,  as  appears  by  a  noble  marble  vase, 
Mecnifd  by  him,  at  Hampton-court,  the  statues  of  sir 
ThoiMi  Gresham  and  Edward  III.  at  the  Royal  Exchange, 
tMd  of  tir  William  Walworth  at  Fishmongers^-ball ;  and 
the  bdili  of  Thomas  Evans  in  Painters' -hall,  and  of  sir 
Ghtistophct  Wren  in  the  picture-gallery  at  Oxford,  Sec'.* 

PIBRRE  -fCoRNEiLLE  DE  la),  Comclius  i  Lapide,  bom 
tit  a  vilfaige  in  the  diocese  of  Liege,  entered  early  in  life 

1  TiraWiQki.^J9iifnii.^M(ric.  BibL  Lat  Med. 
*  Wiilpol^'f  Anecdotes. 


P  I  E  11  a  E;  4Si5 

aittorig  the  JeftuitSy  and  h^vin^  leatnedGrtelc  and  Hebrew^ 
d^voied  bitnsetf  to  tbe  study  of  the  sacred  writings*  Tbir 
fiulier  taagM  ^^  Louv^ti,  and  aftemrard^  at  Rome,  in  wtmh 
eity  he  died,  March  1 2, 1651,  aged  sevemy-otie,  leaving  bog 
^'  Coanvieiitaries''  on  tbe  wboie  Bible,  except  clve  Psatmsy 
Afttwerp,  10  void,  folio.  They  contaiit  great  learning,  aod 
many  curious  researches,  but,  says  PAvocat,  little  cijitical 
knowledge,  and  no  taste.* 
PIERRE.  See  SAINT  PIERRE. 
PIGALLE  (JenN  Baptist),  one  of  the  most  celebrated 

-  icdptors  that  France  bas  produced,  was  born  at  Paris  m 
1714,  the  son  of  a  joiner,  and  by  his  talents  beoame  nM 
only  sculptor  to  th^  king,  but  chancellor  of  tbe  aOakdemy 
of  paintipg,  and  knight  of  the  o^der  of'St.  Michael.  Im 
did  nbt  manifest  any  early  disposition  for  dcfsigning ;  be 
loved  to  model,  but  set  about  it  awkwardlji^,  and  finishecT 
nothing  but  by  means  of  indefatigable  kbour.  A  vitrit  W 
baly  g€Lve  him  that  facility  vi^ich  be  could  not  acquire  at 
home.  He  there  studied  the  works  of  the  great  artistsy 
and  returned  thoroughly  inspired  with  their  genius.  He 
died  at  P^ris,  Aug.  20,  1785.  His  most  known  works  ave; 
1.  ^^  A  Mercery  and  a  Venus,''  which  he  made  by  order  of 
Louis  XV.  and  which  were  presented  to  the  king  of  Pme*^ 
lia.  The  king,  who  was  delighted  with  them,  was-desirowr 
lo  see  the  sculptor ;  and  Pjgatle,  some  time  after,  went  to* 
Berlin,  but,  being  announced  as  tbe  author  of  tbe  Merouw 
de  France,  could  not  obtain  an  audience.  *  When  Frederie 
:undeFstood  the  mistake,  he  was  very  anxious  to  repair  it  ^ 
but  Pigalle  was  already  gone  in  some  digust.  Pigalle 
maiutained  that  none  of  tlie  beads  of  Frederic  did  justioef 
to  his  physiognomy,  which,  in  point  of  spirit,  was  the  finest 
he  had  ever  seen ;  and  much  regretted  that  he  bad  not 
been  allowed  to  model  it.  2.  The  monucnent  of  marecfail 
Saxe,  in  which  the  beauty  of  the  whole  obliterates  all  ob*^ 
jections  to  the  parts.  3.  The  pedestrian  statue  of  LooaiP 
Xy.  executed  in  bronze  for  the  city  of  Rheims.  \,  Tbe 
statue  of  Voltaire.  5*  A  little  boy  holding  a  cage*  f-^B.  A^ 
girl  taking  a  thorn  from  ber  foot.  7.  Several  bastl^ormj^nr 
of  letters  who  were  his  friends.  If  Pigalle  cafnieti  bet 
ranked  among  the  met)  of  the  first  genius  in  ^bls^  |kf t^^  tbe^. 

%  good-  sense  of  his  designs,  and  the  soundneq|$iH>f  b^.  tasie^ 
afford. him  a  place  in  the  very  next  class^'        ^ 

»  Foppen  Bib!.  Belg.— Wet.  Hirt.  *  Dice  fi^ 


496  PIG  H  I  U  S. 

.  PIGHI'US  (Albert),  a  Dutch  divine  and  mat|ie(daliQiaQ^ 
was  born  at  Campen  in  Overyssell,  toward9  the  qlo9e.^£ 
the.  fifteenth  century,  and  was  educated  at  LouvaiQ.  He 
acquired  considerable  distinction  by  bis  pubiicfa^tions- 
against  Luther,  Melancthon,  Bucer,  and  Calvin,  and  was- 
much  esteemed,  as  indeed  he  deserved,  by  popes  Adrian, 
yi.  Clement  VII.  and.  Paul  III ;  for,  even  by  the  confes* 
sion  of  the  catholic  historians,  he  was  most  blindly  attached 
to  the  powers,  privileges,  and  usurpations  of  the  Roinish 
pontiffs.;  He  died  at  Utrecht,  where  he  was.  provost  .of  tj)e 
thurch  of.  St.  John  the  Baptist,  Dec.  29,  154^,  leaving 
iqany  works.;  the  most  considerable  ambng  which  is  en- 
titled .  ^^  Assertio  Hierarchiffi  Ecclesiasticse,"  Colog.  1572, 
folio.  .  His  mathematical  treatises,  which  do  him  most  cre- 
dit,;  were,  ^^De  Ratione  Paschalis  celebrationis,''  1520^ 
^<  D:e.  iEquinoctiorum  Solstitiorumque  inveptioncs ;".  a  de«. 
fence  of.  the  Alphonsine  tables,  and  ^^  Astrologiae  Defear 
sio"  against  the  pretenders  to  prognostics,  and  annual  pre-* 
4ictions.^ 

.  PIGHIUS  (Stephen  Vinand),  nephew  to  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Campen  in  1520 ;.  and,  when  grown  up,  went 
to  Rome,  where  he  spent  eight  years  in  the  study  of  Ro- 
man antiquities,  of  which  he  acquired  a  knowledge  that 
was  not.  exceeded  by  any  of  his  time.  .  He  then  returned 
to  Germany,  and  was  taken  into  the  family  of  the  cardipal 
de  Granvelle,  who  made  him  his  librarian.  He  published 
an. early,  but  not  very  correct  edition  of  Valerius  Maximus, 
in  1567,  8yo.  Afterwards  he  became  preceptor  to  Charles, 
prince  of  Juliers  and  Cleves,  and  was  to  have. attended  hiia 
to  Rome :  but  in  this  he  was  disappointed  by^  the  dei^tb  o£ 
the  prince,  whose  loss  be  deplQred  in  a  panegyric,  entitled 
"  Heircules  Prodicus ;"  for  which  the  princess  father,  WiU 
liam,  made  him  canon  of  the  church,  and  head/ master  of 
the  school,  at  San  ten.  He  died  at  Santen  in  1604,  aged 
eighty-four.  . 

His  '^  Annales,  seu  Fasti  Romanorum  magistratuum  et 
prpvinciarum,''  which  are  drawn  up  in  a. more  correct  and  • 
copious  .manner,  than,  even  those  of  Sigonius  and  Onu- 
phrius  Panvinius,  he  commended  to  his  friends  upon  his 
deatlf-bed ;  and  Andreas  Scbottus  published  them  at  Piaq- 
tin^s  press,.  1615,  in  3  vols,  folio,  with  this  character  :  ^' I.  « 
havje  really  found,  and  hope  I  shall  prove  to  others,  that 

1  Foppep  Bibl,  Beif.— Niceroo,  vol.  X}aiX<*-Burman.Tr«^eGU  finidit. 


f  I  C  H  I  U  S.  *  49i 

m 

it  in  not  possible  to  have  a  better  commentary  iTpon  Tully*^ 
hittorioal  work,  Livy,  Dionysius  Halicarnassus,  Dion  Cas- 
tinsy  Floms,  and  all  the  writers  of  Roman  affairs,  than  these^ 
Annals  of  Pigbtus.'*  .  Vossius  also  bestows  the  highest  en* 
comiums  upon  the  author,  and  pronounces  him,  ^*  Vir  de 
Valerio  Maximo, 'de  annalibus  suis  Romanis,  de  universa 
antiqattate  Romana,  prseclard  meritus.'^* 

PI6NA  (John  Baptist),  an  Italian  bistoriin  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born  at  Ferrara  in  1530,  and  pro-> 
secuted  bis  studies  with  so  much  success,  that  at  the  aee 
of  twenty  he  obtained  the  professorship  of  rhetoric  in  mg 
native  city.  Alphonsus  IL  who  was  then  hereditary  prince 
of  Ferrara,  having  heard  some  of  his  lectures,  conceived  a 
high  opinion  of  him,  and  when  he  succeeded  his  father^ 
extended  his  friendship  to  Pigna  in  a  manner  calculated  to 
raise  ambition  in  him,  and  envy  among  his  contemporaries* 
Pigna,  however,  while  he  set  a  proper  value  on  his  princess 
favours,  studiously  avoided  every  occasion  of  profiting  by 
them,  and  refused  every  offer  of  preferment  which  was 
made,  ediploying  such  time  as  he  could  spare  from  his  at- 
tendance at  court,  on  his  studies.  He  died  in  1575,  in 
the  forty-sixth  year  of  bis  age,  greatly  lamented  by  the 
citizens  of  Ferrara^  who  had  admired  him  as  a  favourite 
without  pride,  and  a  courtier  without  ambition.  His  chief 
work,  as  an  historian,  was  his  history  of  the  house  of  Este, 
'^  Historia  de*  Principi  di  Este,  in  sinoal  1476,"  published 
at  Ferrara,  1570,  folio.  This  is  a  well-written  account,  but 
contains  too  much  of  the  fabulous  early  history  of  that 
illustrious  family,  which  was  never  judiciously  investigated 
until  Muratori  and  Leibnitz  undertook  the  task.  Pigna^s 
other  works  are,  I.  "II  Principe,*'  Venice,  1560,  8vo,  in 
imitation  of  MachiavePs  Prince,  but  written  upon  sound 
principles,  which,  says  one  of  his  biographers  with  too 
much  truth,  is  the  reason  why  it  is  almost  unknown.  2, 
"  II  duello,  &c."  1554,  4to.  3.  <<  I  Romanzi  in  quali  delW 
pdesia  e  della  vita  d*Ariosto  si  tratta,*'  Venice,  1554,  4to. 
4.^' Carminum  libri  quatuor,**.in  a  collection  consisting 
likewise  of  the  poeols  of  Calcaguini  and  Ariosto,  printed 
at  Venice  in  1553,  8vo,' 

PIGNORIUS  (Laurbnce),  another  learned  Italian, 
was  born  at  Padua  Oct.  12,  1571,  and  after  being  edu- 
cated among  the  Jesuits,  became  confessor  to  a  nunnery, 

1  M oreri.— Biounf  f  Ccntvnu  *  Ttratetohi.^IDict.  illit. 

Vol.  XXIV.  K  k 


49$     .    •       P  I  G  N  o  R  r  u  s. 

and  parish  priest  of  St  Lawrence,  to  wbicb'  a  cmoaxy  of 
Trevtso  was  added  by  eacdlnal  Badrberini,'  Hfk  w4s'tn<biiti 
bits  of  iotamacy  with  inajiy  of  tbe  moat  iUU9t4ri|>ii3'inei>of' 
bis  tine,  and  collected  a  valuable  library  and  cabinet  of  antU 
quities.  H^died  of  thepiaguein  I63ii.  -  Hedittiageiabad' 
himself  by  deep  researebes  into  antiquity,  and  publi^Ued 
tbe  **  Mensa  Isiaca/*  and  soma  other  (l^iece^,  which -illustrattt; 
tbe  antiquities  arid  hieroglyphics  of  tbe  EfffplAwh  ^^^ 
gained  him  the  reputation  of  a  m^n  aocurai^ely  aa  well  as^ 
profoundly  learned.  He  was  also  skiUed  in  writing  ireraea, 
consisting  of  panegyrics,  epitaphs,  and  a  l^ng-^poem  in- 
scribed to  pope  Urban  VIII.  It  must  be  remembered  to 
the  honour  of  Pignorius,  that  the  great  Galileo  procured 
an  offer  to  be  made  to  hitn,  of  the  professdrsbip  of  polite 
literature  and  eloquence  in  the  university  of  Pisa ;  which ~^ 
bis  love  of  studious  retirement  and  his  country  made  him 
decline.  He  wrote  much,  in  Italian,  as  well  as  in  Latin. 
G.  Vossius  has  left  a  short  but  honourable  testimony  of 
him;  and  says,  that  be  was  '^ob  eximiam  'eruditionem 
at'que  humanitatem  mibi  charissimus  vir."  ^ 

PILATUS  (Leontius),  or  Leo  Pilatus,  a  monk  of 
Calabria,  who  flourished  about  the  middle  of  the!  fourteenth 
century,  is  considered  as  one  of  the  most  industrious  of 
those  eminent  scholars  who  contributed  to  the  revival  of 
literature  and  taste  in  Europe,  and  was  the  first  who  taUght 
Greek  in  Italy,  wh^re  he  had  Petrarch  arid  Boccaedo  for 
bis  scholars.  H6  was  on  bis  return  from  a  journey  through 
Greece,  in  search  of  manuscripts  in  that  language,  when 
he  was  killed  by  lightning.  Notwithstanding  bis  know- 
ledge of  Greek,  he  was  thought  but  moderately  skilled  in 
Latin.* 

PILES  (Roger  de),  an  ingenious  Frenchman^  was  born 
at  Clameciy  of  a  good  family,  in  16S5  ^  and  was. educated 
at  Nevers,  Auxerre,  and  Paris,  aud  lastly  studied  divinity 
in  tbe  Sorbonne.  In  the  mean  time,  bef  cultivated  the 
art  of  painting,  which  he  was  supposed  to  understand  in 
theory  as  well  as  practice.  The  former  aocomplisbraeni 
led  him  to  an  acquaintance  with  du  .Fresnoy,  whose  Latin 
poem  upon  painting  he  translated  into  French.  Menage 
also  became  acquainted  with  bis  great  merit,  and  procured 
him,  in  1652,  to  be  appointed  tutor  to  the  son  of  Mom. 

»  Chaufppie.— Niceron,  vol.  XXL—Tirabofchhr 
'  HodjT  d«  Grscis  illustribuy. 


P  I  L  E  iS(.  <idf^ 

JltneWt :  ia  which  be  gav«  such  satUfaetion>  that;  when  hit 
pupil  was  old  enough  to  travel^  he  attended' hioi  to  Itaily^ 
There  he  had  an  opportunity  of  gnatifying  his  taste  for 
painting ;  and  upon  hi%  return  td  Pifris,  he :  devoted  hiai<^ 
self  to  the  study  of  that,  act,  and  300Q  acquived  a^  name 
among  conooisseucs.  Id  1682,  Amelot,  his  ^ondam  pu* 
pil»  being,  sent  on  an  embassy  to  Venice,  ds  jPiles  attended 
him  as  secretary ;  and,  during  hLs  residence  there,,  was  sent 
By  the  0iarquis  de  Louvois  into  Grermany,  to  purci^^se  pict 
tures  for  the  king,  and  also  to  execute  a  commission  re- 
lating to  state  affairs.  In  1685,  he  attended  M.Ainebt  to 
Lisbon  f  and  in  16*89  to  Switzerland^  in  the  same  capacity^ 
Jn  \6Mf  he  was  sent  .to  Holland,  apparently  as  a  picture-* 
collector,  but  in  reality  to  act  secretly  with  the  friends  of 
France.  On  this  occasion,  however,  hei  w^  diiscbvered^ 
and  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  continued  till  the  peacQ 
of  Ryswick,  and  amused  himself  with  writing!"  The  Lives 
of  Painters."  In  1705,  old  as  he.  was,  he  atte;nde^  Amelot 
into.  Spain,  whep  be  went  as  ambassador  extraordinary: 
but,  the  air  of  Madrid  hot  agreeing  with  him,  be  was  forced 
to  return,  and  died  in  1709,  aged  seventy  •four. 

Besides  his  <*  Translation  of  Firesnoy,*'  and. ^f  Lives  of 
the  Painters,"  of  which  there  is  an  English  translation,  be 
wrote  '^  An  Abridgement  of  Ana^tomy,  accommodated  to, 
the  arts  of  Painting  and  Sculpture;"  ^'Dialogues  upon 
•  the  Knowledge  of  Painting,  and  the  judgement  to  be 
formed  of. Pictures;"  ^^  A  Dissertation  upon  the  Works  of 
the  most  famous  Painters;".  ^^  The  Elements  pf  practical 
Painting,"  &c.  In  all  these  there  is  a  considerable  know« 
ledg^  of  his  art,  but  many  of  his  opinions  have  been  justly 
controverted  by  more  reicent  writers,  and  pat^icularly  by 
^ir  Joshua  Reynolds  in  bis  Lectures.^ 

PILKINGTON  (JaMes),  a  learned  and  pious  English* 
prelate,  was  the  ^hird  son  of  Richard  Pilkington  of  Riving- 
ton,  in  the  county  qf  Lancaster,'  esq.  as,  appears  by  the 
pedigree  of  the  family  in  the  Harleian  cQllection  of  manu-* 
scri|nsin  the  British  Museum.  He' was  bdrn  atRivington 
in  1520,  ai)d  was  educated-  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge,  where  he.  is  said  to  have  taken  the  degree  of  D.  D« 
bttt  Mr.  Baker  and  Mr.  Gole  are  of  opinion  he  proceeded 
only  B.  O.  In  1558,  however,  he  was  made  master  of  that 
coUege^  and  was  one  of  the  reviTers  of  this  Greek  tongue 

1  l^icwDi  vol.  XIU^Bf orf rj. 
KK  3 


660  P  I  L  K  I  N  G  T  O  N. 

10  the  unit ersity.  Strype  tayt  that  be  was  presented  by 
Edward  VI.  to  the  vicarage  of  Kendal  in  WestmoreUfrd. 
He  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country  during  the  Marian 
persecution,  and  abroad  he  appears  to  have  associated  with 
the  Geneva  reforniers,  and  imbibed  their  opinions  as  t& 
externals.  When  .he  retarned,  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Durham  by  queen  Elizabeth,  Feb.  1S60*1,  a  proof  thajt 
he  most  have  been  distinguished  for  learning  and  abilities, 
as  he  appears  always  to  have  been  for  piety.  In  1562  he 
is  said  to  have  been  queen's  reader  of  divinity  lectures. 
For  this,  Mr.  Baker  allows  that  he  was  well  qualified,  for 
besides  that  he  bore  a  part  in  the  dispntation  at  the  visita* 
tion  of  Cambridge,  under  king  Ekiward,  while  Bucer  was 
at  Cambridge,  be  voluntarily  read  in  public  upon  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles,  and  acquitted  himself  learnedly  and 
piously. 

During  this  prelate's  time,  not  only  the  cause  of  religion^ 
but  also  political  matters,  called  the  queen^s  attention  to* 
wards  Scotland,  and  the  borders  were  frequently  the  scene 
tt  military  operations.  During  these  commotions,  the 
queen  having  seized  the  earl  of  Westmoreland's  estates 
jfyitbin  the  bishopric  of  Durham,  our  prelate  instituted  his 
Aoit,  in  which  it  was  determined,  that  ^*  where  he  batb 
Jura  rf^a^  (regal  rights)  he  shall  have  forfeiture  of  high 
treason."  This  being  a  case,  says  the  historian  of  Dor- 
bam,  after  the  statute  for  restoring  liberties  to  the  crown, 
is  materially  worth  the  reader's  attention..  By  an  act  of 
Parliament,  made  in  the  iSth  year  of  Elizabeth,  1570,  c. 
16.  **  The  convictions,  outlawries,  and  attainders  of 
Charles  Earl  of  Westmoreland,  and  fifty*seven  others,  at- 
tainted of  treason,  for  open,  rebellion  in  the  north  part% 
were  confirmed  ;*'  and  it  was  enacted,  ^^Tfaat  the  queen, 
her  heirs,  and  successors,  shotUd  have^Jer  that  ttme^  all 
the  lands  and  goods  which  any  of  the  said  persons  attainted 
within  the  bishopric  of  Durham  had,  against  the  bishop 
and  his  successors,  though  he  claimeth  jura  regalia^  and 
challengeth  all  the  said  forfeitures  in  right  of  his  church.'* 
So  that  the  see  was  deprived  of  the  greatest  acquisition  it 
had  been  entitled  to  for  many  centuries.  Fuller  say^,  thiat 
the  reason  for  parliament  taking  the  forfeited  estates  from 
die  bishopric  of  Durham,  was  the  great  expeoce  sustained 
by  the  state  in  defendttq^  dbe  bishop's  fiimily,  and  bis  see, 
in  that  rebellion.  It  is  certain  that  he  being  the  first  pro^ 
tesunt  bishop  tibat  held  the  see  of  Durham,  was  obliged  t$ 


PI  L  KINGTON.  501 

Keep  out  of  tbe  way  of  the  insurgents,  to  whom  a  mati  of 
J61&  principles  must  have  been  particularly  obnoxioiM. 
Another  reason  assigned,  that  the  bishop  gave  ten  tbousantl 
pounds  with  one  of  his  daughters  in  ofiarriage,  appears  to 
have  less  foundation.  Ten  thousand  pounds  was  sufficient 
for  the  dowry  of  a  princess,  and  queen  Elizabeth  is  said  to 
have  been  offended  that  a  subject  should  bestow  such  a 
sum*  Fuller,  who  has  been  quoted  on  thi»  subject,  has  not 
heen  quoted  fairly  :  he  gives  the  story,  but  in  his  •  index 
calls  it  false,  aiul  refers  to  another  part  of  bis  history, 
where  we  are  told  that  the  bishop  gave  only  four  thousand 
pounds  with  his  daughter.  There  is  some  probability, 
however,  that  the  revenues  of  Durham,  augmented  as  they 
must  have  been  by  these  forfeited  estates,  became  an  ob«> 
ject  of  jealousy  with  the  crown. 

-  The  year  1564  was  remarkable  for  a  contest  about  the 
eccleAia»tical  habits,  and  about  various  irregularities  which 
had  taken  place  in  the  service  of  the  church.  Bishop  PiU 
kingtoi),  who  had  adopted  the  notions  of  the  Geneva  re* 
formers  on  such  subjects,  entertained  some  scruples  in  bis 
own  mind  about  tbe  habits,  and  particularly  disliked  the 
cap  and  surplice,  though  not  so  as  to  refuse  to  wear  them* 
He  was,  however,  very  averse  to  forcing  compliance  upon 
others ;  and  when  he  observed  that  this  matter  was  about  to 
be  urged  by  the  court,  he  wrote  a  long  and  earnest  letter, 
dated  from  Auckland,  Oct.  25,  1564,  to  the  earl  of 
Leicester,  entreating  him  to  use  his  interest  to  oppose  it, 
and  at  the  same  time  justified  his  own  practice  as  wearing 
the  habits  for  the  sake  of  peace,  but  not  forcing  others 
whose  consciences  prevented  their  compliance.  In  all 
other  respects  our  prelate  was  a  true  friend  to  church  and 
state,  as  appears  by  many  of  his  writings,  ati'd  was  very  as- 
siduous in  ecclesiastical  duties. 

.  He  wrote  a  **  Commentary  of  Aggeus  (Haggai)  thif 
Prophet/'  1560,  8vo.  A  sermon  on  the  *^  Burning  of  Su 
FauPs  Church  in  London,  iiV  1561,"  1563,  12mo.  This 
.occasioned  a  short  controversy,  as  the  papists  aiid  pro^ 
testants  mutually  accused  each  other.  He  wrote  also 
^  Commentaries  on  Ecclesiastes,  the  Epistle  of  St<  Peter^ 
find  of  St  Paul  to  the  Galatians,"  and  <^  A  Defence  of  the- 
l&nglish  Service;'*  but  it  seems  doubtful  whether  these  were 
printed.  After  his.death,  his  <<  Exposition  on  Nehemiah'\ 
]^as.publisbe$l  1585,  4t!o.  .  He:  left  in  manuscript  <f  Sla. 
tqtes  for  the  Consistory.''     He  died  Jan.  23,  1#75,  aget' 


fOt  P,  I  I.  K  I  N  G  T  O  N. 

S{lty-fiv6)  9iid>as  0rst  buried  at  Auckland;  bul  aftervrstrds 
xernqred  and  interred  in  the  choir  at  Durham  cathedral, 
With  an  inscription^,  now' defaced,  but  which  WiUis. copied 
ftpm  a  MS.  in  the  Bodleian  library.  .  Mr.  Baker  faas  a  dif- 
ferent one.  His  brothers,  John  atid.Leofiard|  were  pre- 
bendaries  of  Durham  9  Le6nard  was  D.  D.  master  of  iSt. 
John's  college,  Canlbridge^  and  regius  professor  there* 
Our  pi'elate  founded  a  school  at  Rivington,  the  seat  of  his 
faolily.  He  had  by  his  wife  Alicia,  bf  the  family  of  die 
Ki.ngsmilU,  at  Sigmanton,  in  Hampshire,  two  sons  aind 
two  daughters. — He  had  a  bi^other,  Leonard,  who  was  a 
prebehdary  of  t>urbam,  rector  of  Middleton,  regius- pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  Cambridge,  in  1561,  and  master  of  St. 
John's  college.     He  died  probably  ab<mt  1600.- 

PILKINGTON  (Letitia),  an  English  wit  and  poetess, 
of  no  vfery  eminent  r^nk,  wks  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Van 
I^eWen,  a  gentleman  of  Dutch' ettraction,  who  settled  in 
Dublin,  by  a  lady  of  godd  family  ;  and  born  there  in  1712. 
Sh^  fiad  early  it  sirong  inclinaftion  knd  taste  for  letters^ 
especially  for  poetry ;  .  and  her  perfoi'marices  were  con^ 
sidet^  as  extraordinary  f6r  her  years.  This,  With  a  lively 
liQ^utier,  drew  many  admirers ;  and  at  lengtb  she  became 
the  wife  of  the  rev.  Matthew  Ptlkington,  agentleban  once 
JLuown  in  the. poetical  irotld  by  bis  vohiine  of  Miscellanies, 
r^vi$ed  by  dean  Swift,  who  bad  i-eaison  aft6rwa;rds  to  be 
^sh^med  pf  the  connection.  In  a  short  iim6  Mr.  Pilking- 
i^grew  jealous,  as  she  relates,  liotofber  person,  bat  of 
her  understanding ;  and  ber.  pdetry,  which  when  a*  lover 
lie  admired  with  raptures^  was.chlanged  now  be  ^as  become 
her  husband,  into  an  abject  of  envy.  During:  these  jea* 
lousids,  Mr.  Pilkington,  an  1732,  went  into  England,  in 
order  to  serve  as  chaplain  to  Mr.  Barber,  lord  mayor  of 
London ;  and  absence  having  brought  him  into  better  bu<* 
pour  with  his  .wife^  he  wrpte  her  a  very  kind  letter,  in 
which  he  informed  her  that  ber  verses  were  full  of  elegance 
and  beauty;  that  P6pe,  to  whom  he  had.  shewn  them, 
longed  to  see  the  writer  p  and  that  he  himself  wished  her 
heartily  in  LtAidon.  She  accepted  the  invitation,  went| 
^nd  returned  with  faigr  htisband  to  Ireland,  where  they  were 
fopn.  aft^r  separafted,  in  consequence  of  a  gentleman  being 

1  Strype»8  Cranmer,  p.  203,  246,  ,261,  275.— Strype*8  Parker,  p.  43,  67,  85, 
93,  ;55,  181,  275.-^Strype's  Griodai,  p.  54.-^HutObiiispD?8  Hut.  oif  Durham. 
-^Baker's  MS  Hist,  of  St.  Joba's  College.— Cole's  MS  Aibeott  in  Brit.  Mits^— 
Ornish's  TopogApby. 


P  I  L  K  I  N  G  T  O  N.  50S 

found  in  her  bed-chamber  at  two  o* clock  in  the  morning. 
Her  apology  is  rather  ecirious  : '  ^'  Lovers  of  learning,  I  am 
sinrey  will  pardon  me,  as  I  solemnly  declare  it  was  the  at* 
tractive  charms  of  a  new  book,  which  the  gentleman  would 
not  lend  me,  but  consented  to  stay  till  I  read  it  through, 
that  was  the  sole  motive  of  my  detaining  him.*'  Of  her 
guilt,  however,  no  ^doubts  were  entertained.  ^^  Dr.  De**' 
lany,"  ss^ysdean  Swift,  in  a  letter  to  alderman  Barber,  <^ia 
a  vecy  unlucky  recommender,  for  be  forced  me  to  coun- 
tenance Pilkington ;  introduced  him  to  nie,  and  praised 
the  wit,  virtue,  and  humour  of  him  and  his  wife;  whereas 
be  proved  the  falsest  rogue,  and  she  the  most  profligate 
w-^e  in  either  kingdom.  She  was  taken  in  the  fact  by  her 
own  husband ;  he  ia  now  suing  for  a  divorce,  and  will  not 
compass  it ;  she  is  suing  for  a  maintenance,  and  be  has 
none  to  give  her." 

She  came  afterwards  to  England,  and  settled  in  London ; 
wbei'e,  Colley  Cibber  making  interest  for  her,  she  lived 
some  time  upon  contributions  from  the  great ;  but  at  length 
these  succours  failed,  and  we  find  her  in  the  prison  of  the 
Marshalaea.  After  lying  nine  weeks  here,  she  was  released 
by  another  effort  of  h^r  friend  Cibber,  and  then,  weary  of 
attending  ^ipon  the  great,  she  Tesolved  to  employ  five 
guineas  ahe  bad.  left,  in  trade ;  and  accordingly,  taking  a 
littie«hop  in  St.  James's-street,  she  furnished  it  with  pam- 
phlets and  prints.  She  did  not  probably  succeed  in  this 
sobeme,  fdr  on  Aug.  29,  1750,  she  died  at  Dublin,  in  her 
ikhrty-ninth  year. 

Conaidered  as  a  writer,  she  holds  some  tenkin  dramatic 
history,  as  the  author  of ''  The  Turkish  Court,  or  London 
Apprentice,**  a  comedy  acted  at  Dublin  in  t748,  but  never 
printed.  -The  first  act  of  her  tragedy,  "  The  Roman  Fa- 
ther," was  no  bad  specimen  of  her  taleuts  in  that  way. 
Her  ^<  Memoirs"  $re  written  with  grf^t  sprightliness  and 
wit,  and  ^describe  the  different  humours  of  mankind  very 
iMbtarally,  but  they  must,  as  to  facts,  be  read  with  the 
eaution  necessary  in  the  Apologies  of  the  Bellamya  aiul 
Baddelys  of  our  own  days.  She  had  a  son,  John  OAa.T£liET 
Pilkiogton^  whaalso  became  an  adventurer,  and  aomewhat 
of  a>  poet.  -  He  published  a  volume  of  his  f^Memoirs,'^ 
1760,  4 to,  and  died  in  176S.*  '   ^ 

»  Memoirs,  1749,    S  vols.    l2nao.— Swift**   Works.      S««    lodtx.— Gibber »• 
Livei.-— Biog,  Dram..  * 


soi  P  I  L  P  A  Y, 

.  PILPAY  is  the  name  of  an  ancient  fabulist,  a  ftraroio ; 
he  was,  as  is  supposed^  governor  of  part  of  Indostan,  and 
counsellor  to  a* powerful  Indian  king,  named  Dabschdmi 
whose  preceptor  he  had  been.  His  work  is  said  to  have  been 
)¥ritten  2000  years  B.  C.  but  all  internal  evidence  is  against 
this.  It  is  called  in  the  Indian  language,  KelUe  Wadiwnc^ 
a  name  the  Orientals  .give  to  an  animal  very  much  resem- 
bling a  fox,  and  which  is  made  to  speak  throughout  the 
work.  Ail  the  modern  translations  of  this  Orientalist,  are 
made  either  from  the  Greek  t>r  the  Persian,  and  are  said 
to  differ  much  from  the  original.  His  fables  were  trans- 
lated into  French,  by  Ai)t.  Calland,  1714,  li2mo.  Another 
work  is  also  attributed  to  him,  entitled,  in  the  translation, 
f^  Le  Naufrage  des  isles  flotautes,"  or,  '^  The  Basiliade,'* 

PIN.    SeeDUPINs 

PINDAR,  usually  styled  the  prince  of  Lyric  poets,  firas 
a  contemporary  of  ^scbylus,  and  born  somewhat  above 
forty  years  before  the  expedition  of  Xerxes  against  the 
'  Greeks,  and  more  tfaaii  500  B.  C.     His  birth-place  was 
Thebes,  the  capital  of  Boeotia;  a  country,  the  air  of  which 
was  esteemed  gross,,  and   the  stupidity  of:  its,  inhabitants 
proverbial     We  find  the  poet,  in  bis  sixth  Olympic,  cmi- 
fessiog  the  disadvantage  of  bis  climate,  yet  resolving  to 
exempt  himself  from  the  general  censure, .  .His  parents  are 
supposed  to  have  been  of  low  condition,  so  that  he  was 
more  indebted  for  bis  attainments  to  his  geuius  than  to  any 
advantages  of  education.     We  have,  however,  few  parti« 
oulars  of  his  life,  amidst  the  numerous  panegyrics  to  be 
foiind  in  anciieiit  writers.     He  was  highly  courted  and  re- 
spected hy  most  of  the  princes  and  states  of  Greece,,  and 
even  allowed  a  share  with  the  gods  in  their  gifts>  and  offer** 
ings^  by  the  c^mm&nd  of  the  ovacle  itself.     For  the  priestesa 
at  Delphi  ordered  the  people  to  give  9.  psirt  of  their  first* 
fruits,  which  they  brought  thither,  as  a  present  tp  Pindar: 
fuid  he  bad  an  iron  stool. set  on  purpose  for  him  in  that 
temple,  on  which  he  used  to  sit  apd  sing  verses  in  honour 
4>f  ApoUo.  ^ 

.  HIs:  countrymen,  the  Tbebap9,  were  irritated  ^t  his  com«» 
fn/uidipg  their  enejmies,  the  mfisn  of  Athens;  and  fin^d 
him,  for  this  affront  to  the  sta^e.  ;Qut  of  spleen  too,  th^ 
determined  a  poetical  prize  against  him,  in  favour  of  a 

i  D'Herbelot.— Hyde  de  Ludis  Orient. 


FIND  A  B.  505 

woman,  the  ingenious  and  beautifnl  Corinna.  In  the  mean 
time,  the  Athenians  made  bim  a  present  of  double  the 
mdue  of  bis  fine ;  and  erected  a  noble  statue  in  honour  of 
him.  His  greatest  patron  was  Hiero  king  of  Syracuse, 
whom  he  has  celebrateci  in  bis  poems,  and  it  is  supposed 
he  left  Thebes  to  attend  the  court  of  that  prince.  He  is 
thought  to  have  passed  his  whole  time  in  the  ease  and  tran- 
quillity commonly  allowed  to  men  of  his  pnnfession,  with** 
out. intermeddling  in  affairs  of  state:  for  w^  find  him^  in 
bis  **  Isthmics,"  defending  this  way  of  life.  His  death  is 
■aid  to  ha?e  been  an  answer  to  bis  wishes:  for,  having 
prayed  the  gods  to  send  him  the  greatest  happiness  of 
which  a  mortal  is  capable,  he  expired  immediately  after  in 
the  public  theatre,  in  his  fifty-fifth  year.  His  relation^ 
were  highly  respected  after  his  decease,  and  such  was  the 
veneration  for  bis  meniory,  that  the .  Lacedemonians,  at 
the  taking  of  Thebes,  saved  his  house ;  a  mark  of  respect 
which  was  afterwards  repeated  by  Alexander  the  Great. 
The  ruins  of  this  house  were  to  be  seen  in  the  time  of 
Pausaiiias,  who  lived  under  the  reign  of  Antoninus  the 
philosopher. 

Of  ail  the  works,  which  he  is  said  to  have  composed,  we 
have  only  his, four  books  of  hymns  of  triumph,  on  the  con<* 
querors  in  the  four  renowned  g^mes  of  Greece  :  the  Olym- 
pian, the  Pythian,  the  Nemsean,  and  the  Isthmian ;  and 
such  was  bis  reputation  for  compositions  of  this  kind,  that 
no  victory  was  thought. complete,, till  it  bad  the  approba- 
tion of  his  muse.  The  spirit  of  Pindar's  poetry  is  so  sub- 
lime, and  the  beauty  so  peculiar,  that  it  is  hardly  possi- 
ble to  examine  it  by  parts :  and  therefore  the  best  judges 
have  usually  contented  themselves  with  confirming  his  ge- 
neral title  of  **  prince  and  father  of  lyric  poetry,"  without 
analyzing  his  particular  excellences.  ^*  His  Pegasus,''  as 
Cowley  says,  ^^  flings  writer  and  reader  too,  that  sits  not 
sure."  Horace  called  him  iniipitabie,  and,  Quintilian  says, 
deservedly.  **  Pindar  and  Sophocles,"  says  Longinus, 
'^  like  a  rafnd  fire,  Carry  every  thing  before  them,  though 
sometimes  that  fire  is  unexpectedly  and  unaccountably 

Juenched."  The  grandeur  of  his  poetry,  and  his  deep  eru- 
ition,  made  the  ancients  give  him  the  title  of  the  Wise^, 
the  Divine,  the  Great,  and  the  most  Sublime :  Plato  calls 
him  the  Wisest  and  the  Divine;  ^schylus  the  Great;  and 
AthenaBUS,  the  most  Sublime.  Lord  Bacon  says,  .that  *^  it  is 
peculiar  to  Pindar,  to  strike  the  minds  of  men  suddenly. 


\ 


506  P  I  N  D  A  R, 

with  some  won.derAil  turn  of  thought,  as  it  weiie,  with  a 
divine  scepter,"  "  . 

It  is  not  improper  to  observe,  that  some  pre^iadices  faar^ 
arisen  amon^  the  moderns  against  Ptfidar»  fraih  certain 
writings  known  by  th^T  name  of  Pindaric,  odes :  but  very 
few  under  that  title,  not  excepting  even  those  wfitten  by 
the  admired  Cov^ley,  whose  wit  and  fire  first  brought  them^ 
into  reputation,  bav$  the  least  rdsemblance  to  the  manmr 
of  the  author  whom  fhey  pretend  to  imitate,  and  from 
whom  they  derive  their  name.;  or,  if  any,  it  is  such  a  re-». 
semblance  only  as  is  expressed  by  the  Italian  word  ca'nca^ 
iura^  a  monstrous  and  distorted  likeness.  This  observation 
has  been  already  made  by  Congreve^  in  his  preface  to  tifiro 
adm^irable  odes,  written  professedly  in  imitatioai  t)f  Pindar: 
'^  The  character  of  these  late  Pindarics,"  says  he,  ^^  is  a 
bundle. of  rambling  incoherent  thoughts,  expressed  in  a 
like  parcel  of  irregular  stanzas,  which  also  consist  of  such 
another  complication,  of  disproportioned,  uncertain,  and 
perplexed  verses  and  r himes.  On  the  contrary,"  adds  be, 
^^  there  is.  nothing  more  regular  than  the  Odes  of  Pindar, 
both  as  to  the  exact  observation  of  the  measures  and  nam* 
hers  of  his  stanzas  and  verses,  and. the. perpetual  cohereifice 
of  bis  thoughts.  For  ibougb  his  digressions,  are  frequent, 
and  his  transitions  sudden^  yet  is  there  ever  isome  secret 
connexion,  which,  though  not  always  appearing  to  the  eye, 
never  fails  to  communicate  itself  to  the  understanding  of 
the  reader."  Upon'  the  whole,  a  poetical  .imagination,  a 
warm  and  enthusaastici^oius,  a  bold  and. figurative  ex-t 
pression,  and  a  concise  and  sententiovs  style,,  are  the  cha- 
racteristical  beauties  of  Pindaii;  very,  different  from*  the 
far-ftitched  thoughts,  the  witty  extravaganoes>  and  puerile 
conceits  of  his  imitators. 

The  best  .editions  of  this  poet  are,,  that  of  Henry  Ste- 
phens, 1560,  2  vols.  8vo;  that. of  Erasmus  Schmidts,  in 
1616,  4to;.and  that  of  Oxford^  by  West  and  Welsted,  in 
1697,  folio.  From  ^bich  there  was  a  ^eat  and  correct 
edition,  with  a  latia  version,  printed  at  London  by  Bbw- 
yer  in  1755, -small  ^yo.  Of  late  >year8,  the:  edition  of 
Heyne,  1773i  8vo>  J^ut  particularly  tlmtof  ^70B,3  vol5:^vo, 
baye.been.in.  high  and  just  estimalion.  .'Ewo  volumes '6f  a 
more  complete  edition,  wkh  notes  on  th^  text,  ^d;oh  the 
Scholia,  ivere  published  by  the  celebrated  Becik,  iri^dvo,' 
at  Leipsic,  in  1792  and  1795,    Th^  remainder  is*  mnct^ 


PINDAR.  507 

Sirsnted.    We  have  ian  excellehttranslationoF  this  poet  by 
the  amiable  Gilbert  West,  esq.* 

PINE  (John),   an  eminent  engraver,  who,    says  lord 
Orford,  "need  bnt  be  mientioned,  to  put  the  public  in  mind 
of  the  seveml  beautiful  and  fine  works  for  which  they  are 
indebted  to  him,*'  was  born  id  1690.     We  have  ho  account 
bf  bis  education,  but,  independei^t  of  hisai-t,  he  appears 
to  have  been  a  ^olar.     His  first  engVavings  exhibited 
the  splendid  ceirembnJal  of  the  installation  of  the  knights 
t^thebafthin  1725;     These  Were  followed  by  his  admir- 
kbie  prints,  ten  in  number,  Representing  the  tapestry  hang- 
ings in  the  Hotise  bf  Lords.     These  were  so  highly  ap- 
proved, that  the  parliament  passed  ah  act  to  secui^e  the 
emolument  arising  from  their  publication  to  hinl.     IPhese, 
with  tbeietter-press,  forth  a  volume,  "  rivalling  the  splen*> 
did  editions  of  the  Louvre.'*    The  order  of  the  battle,  and 
other 'eifcutnsitances  relative  to  the  memorable  Spanish  ar- 
tnada,  'are  most  accurately  executed:  the  portraits  of  the 
ftdmiVaUand  c{i(ptaih£(  of  the  Ehglii^h  fleet  are  not  the  least 
tichlakble  p^rt6f  the  Whole:     He  engraved  five  other  pistes 
of  the  same  size,  to  atcdompany  them,  being,  I.  A  Plan  of 
the  Hou^e  bf  Peers;  ahother  of  the  Hotise  of  Commons  ; 
A  View  of  tihe  Creation  of  Charles  Brandon,  Duke  of  Suf- 
folk, by  Henry  VHL  from  a  drawing  in  the  College  at 
Arms.     2.  The  Hbusfe  of  Peers,  with  Henry  VHL  on  the 
throne,    the   Commons  attending,   from   a   drawing    by 
the  then  Garter  King  at  Arms.    Another  View  of  the 
House  of  Pe^rs,  with  Elizabeth  on  the' throne,  the  Com- 
mons presenting  their  Speaker  at  the  bar,  frodi  a  painted 
print  in  the  Cottonian  Library.     A  cdpy  of  a  beautiful 
Illumination  of  the  Charter  bf  Henry  VI.  to  the  Provost 
and  College  of  Eton.     3.  The  Hohse  of  Lords,  shewing 
his  maje*8ty  on  the  throne,  the  Lords  in  their  proper  robes 
and  seats,  the  Commons  tH  the  bar,  and  the  Speaker  ad« 
dressing  the  throne.     4.  The'House  of  Commons,  shewing 
.  the  Commons  assembled  in  their  House,  Ihe  Speaker  in 
his  Ch&ir,  and  ]^ir  Robert  Watpble,  the  Minister,  standing 
'forth  in  his  usual  positure  toward  the  chair.     A  View  of  the 
Lord  High  Steward,  in  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  Judges, 
&c.  as^enibled  in  Westihin^ter-hall,  Lord  Lovat,  the  cri- 
minal at  the  bar,  on  his  trial.     He  also  engraved  the  whole 

-  *  Voisint  de  P«et.  Cfiiec-^Fabric; 'Bibl.  Orsec. — K^nnet's  Grecian  Poets,-* 
VteUoit  to  the  Ocies  of  Pindar,  by  Gilbert  We8t>  esq. 


Mi  PINE; 

text  of  Horace,  illustrating  it  with  ancient  bas  reliefa  and 
gems,  and  in  the  same  manner  VirgiPs  Bucolics  ami 
•Georgics.  These  are  bis  principal  works,  except  his  *^  Mag- 
na Charta  :**  one  of  the  copies  of  which  he  presented  to 
the  Aldermen  of  London,  who  voted  hiod  a  purse  with 
twenty  guineas  in  it.  He,  with  Tinney  and  Bowles,  pub- 
lished a  large  Plan  of  London  and  Westminster,  with  all 
their  buildings,,  on.  a  large  scale,  from  an  actual  surv<^f 
taken  by  John  Rocque.  In  1743  he  was  made  Blue  Mantle 
in  the  Heralds*  college,  and  his  Majesty,  George  IL  gave 
him  the  appointment  of  marker  of  the  dice,,  and  afterward 
bis  engraver  of  the  signets,  seals,  and  stamps :  placet 
which  be  held  to  his  death,  which  happened  in  the  collegei 
May  4,  1756,  aged  sixty ^six.. 

His  son,  Robert  Edge  Pin£,  was  a  painter  of  consideiia* 
ble  merit  at  his  outset  in  life,  when  he  painted  his  ^*  SiVr 
render  at  the  Siege  of  Calais,**  and  his  '^  Canute  on  the 
Sea-shore  ;*'  but  did  not  improve  as  he  went  on,  and  hot 
meeting  with  encouragement,  went  to  Philadelphia,  where 
he  died  in  1790.  Edwards  has  given  a  short,  biit  pot  veiy 
favourable  account  of  him.  Mr.  Fuseli  says  that  he  had 
breadth,  richness,  and  mellowness  of  colour,  a  forcible^, 
chiaroscuro,  and  an  historic  tone ;  his  composition  was  not 
despicable ;  but  his  drawing  was  too  provokingly  feeble,  to 
suffer  the  most  unexperienced  or  indulgent  eye  to  dwell 
long  oji  his  work.^ 

PINEAU  (Gabriel  du),  a  celebrated  lawyer,  was  bom 
in  1573,  of  a  good  family  at  Angers.  He  attended  the 
bar  with  a  degree  of  reputation  superior  to  his  age ;  and 
going  afterwards  to  Paris,  distinguished  himself  both  la  the 
parliament  and  grand  council,  by  hb  eloquent  pleadings* 
In  16Q0  he  married. Frances  LadvQcat,  daughter  of  Amauri 
Ladvocat^  seigneur  de  Fougeres,  and  counsellor  to  the 
presidial  of  Angers,  and  at  his  return  to  his  native  place^ 
was  appointed  counsellor  to  the  same  presidial.  Mary  de 
Medicis  becoming  acquainted  with  him  in  1619,  conceived 
the  highest  esteem  for  his  merit,  created  him  master  of  ih^ 
requests  in  her  palace,  and  endeavoured  to  support  herself 
in  her  disgrace  by  bis  credit  and  advice;  but  M.  dii . 
Pineau*s  whole  aim  was  to  inspire  her  with  resignation,  in 
which  he  at  last  succeeded.     Louis  XIII.  in  return  ap-f. 

t  Walpole'g  Aneodoteir^-StrnU'n  Diciioi|anr,rf-Nob|e't  CoUrge  of  Artttr-A 
FiUusgtoo,  bjFvHli,  .  Z 


P  I  N  E  A  U.  509 

|>pinted  him  mayor  and  captain-general  of  the  eity  of  An- 
gers, June  2,  1632,  in  which  situation  be  gained  the  flat- 
tering title  of  **  Father  of  the  People.'*  His  house  became 
also  a  kind  of  academy,  in  which  every  one  freely  proposed 
his  difficulties  on  the  most  intricate  points  of  law  or  history, 
and  when  da  Pineau  had  spoken,  the  point  in  dispute  was 
considered  as  decided.  He  died  Oct.  15,  1644,  aged  7i. 
ilis  wprks  are,  Notes  in  Latin,  against  those  of  du  Moulin 
on  the  canon  law,  printed  under  the  inspection  of  Francis 
Pinsson,  with  du  Moulin's  works ;  "  Comm.  des  observa* 
tions  et  consultations  surlaCoutume  d'Anjou,*'  reprinted^ 
1725,  2  yols.  fol.  by  the  care  of  M.  de  Livoniere^  who  has 
enriched  them  with  very  useful  observations.  Menage  re- 
lates that  when  his  father  William  Menage,  and  du  Pineau, 
agreed  in  their  opinions  on  the  same  question,  the  people 
of  Angers  used  to  say,  ^^  This  must  certainly  be  right,  for 
Pineau  has  confirmed  the  opinion  of  Menage.**  His  house 
was  so  much  frequented,  that  tlie  street  in  which  he  lived 
was  called  **  Rue  Pineau.*'  ^ 

PINEDA  (John),  a  learned  Spaniard,  was  born  at  Se* 
tilie,  of  a  noble  family,  and  entered  into  the  society  of 
Jesuits  in  1572.  He  taught  philosophy  and  theiology  in 
several  colleges,  and  was  skilled  in  the  oriental  languages. 
He  wrote,  among  other  things,  1.  Two  volumes  folio,  of 
*'  Commentaries  on  Job.**  2.  The  same  on  Ecclesiastes, 
8.  A  book  **  De  rebus  Salomonis,*'  folio,  curious  and 
learned,  but  not  always  correct.  4.  f<  An  universal  His« 
tory  of  the  Church,*'  in  Spanish,  4  vols,  folio.  5.  **  A 
History  of  Ferdinand  HI."  in  the  same  language.  He  died 
in  1637,-  much  regretted.' 

PINELLI  (John  Vincent),  an  Italian  nobleman,  cele- 
brated for  his  love  of  letters,  and  the  library  be  formed, 
and  well  compared  by  Thuanus  to  Pomponius  Atticus,  was 
born  at  Naples,  in  1533,  the  son  of  a  noble  Genoese. 
After  having  received  an  excellent  education,  he  went 
and  settled  at  Padua,  at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  and  eafly 
in  life  began  to  form  his  library,  which  he  collected  from 
all  parts  with  incredible  diligence.  Lipsius,  Jos..  Scajiger, 
Sigonius,  Pancirollus,  Pithou,  and  all  the  most  learned 
men  of  bis  time,  corresponded  with  him,  and  have  cele- 
brated him  for  erudition.  His  whole  mind  w^s  occupied 
with   the  love  of  knowledge,    which  embraced  history, 

1  Moreri<— Did.  Hiit  *  Oapin.— •Moreri. 


Sio  P  I  N  i:  L  L  !. 

medals,  antiqqides,  natural  histqry^  an^  botany;  audUji 
ss^id^  that. in  fbrtyrthree  y^^ra  he  n^yer  viraf  out.  pf  Padviay 
except  twice,  one  of  which^  timos  1^}^  removal  was  op^r 
sioned  by  the  plagiie.  He  died.  in.  i 601.  At  hi^  d^^ 
his  library  was  ren^oved  to  his  heirs  at  Naples,  in  130  (;as^^ 
fourteen  of  wl^ic)i  were  full  of  inftnuscripts.  ^wo  bua4ir§d 
yoluDies  were  retaine4  by  %he  repqblic  of  Venicf ,  as  treating 
of  affairs  pertaining  to  that  sta^e.  In  17?Ps  tliis  nqble  lir 
)t>rary,  augtpented  ponsiders^bly  by  tbp  descefidan^^s  of  this 
Pinelli,.  was  purchased  by  Messtr^.  !^dwards  ap.d  Robson, 
two  eminent  booksellers,  and  sipld  by  auctipp.  in  London; 
and  thus  i.n  a  few  weeks  was  dis^ipa^i^d,.  what  it  tad  ;be^p 
th^  laboqr  of  iiear  two  cent^ri^s  to  ^oH^c;^^ 

PINQUJE;  (Alsxandbr  GyT)»  ^  Frencb  .ipath$a^ti<^fia 
and  astronoip^r,  w,ai|1^prn  at  Paris,  in  17U..:  -  Inr  112,7.  it(e 
became  s^  oKemb^r  of  the;  qi^ntops.regul^ir  of  thf^  con^regar 
tiqo  pf  France.     Hq  w«^s  intei^d^d  fpr  th^.^l^urch^  l^jit  ^be 
frec^dom  pf  hi^  ppioious  displeased  hi^  superiprs^  and  af|.^r 
a  few  years'  study  of  theology,  •  bet  devp<ied  himself  ^nUrdy 
to  th|5  spienceSf     Ip.  1749  He  wt^.apppint^^  a_inep>^p?  of 
^^e  academy  of  sciences  ia  Hotipn,  and.  wa^  eleq^efl,  tp..^ 
^he  p65p^  of  fistronomer,  and  attained  to  fii;2Mtir^l^  .^i^p^ls 
lence,     His  earliest  prp^tuction,    a/i  aq   author,   vf^t^ 
*'  Cs^lct^latiori  of  an  Eclipse  of  the  Moon,"  op  tbQ>934.  pf 
December  .l,749..     I^acaille  ha^d  calculated  it  at  Pari^ ;  but 
the  calcqlations  differed .  by  four  mini|tes :  Lac^il^y  hpw^f 
ever  .confessed  hia  error,  and  received  Pingr^  intp.  bk 
friendship.    Ip  May  1753  he  was  fleeted  correspondenf^iof 
^be  A^^adeiny  of  Sciepces  at  Paris, .  after  haying  9(9n.t  ik^p^ 
an  observation  of  the  transit  of  Mercury,  which  be^wd^  at 
Rou^n,.    He  was  next  appointed  librariai)  of  t;;h^  abh^yt  of 
St.  G^nevi^ve^  objtained.  tb^e  cpnstruction  .of  w  pteervtr? 
^ry,  i^nd  was  furnished  by  the.  abbo<  and  <?bftp!ter  with  % 
six-fpo^  tekiscopot  while  be  had.  the  loftn  of  J^ne^cellcaait 
^qadrant  from  tbe  academy.    At  the.  desire  pf  X^e  Mon* 
nie/,  be  Be^t  engaged  ia  calculating  .^^  A  IJiTautjlcal  Almas 
9^^'V  to  enable  navigators  m,oi(e  easily  to  aapprtaio  the 
longitude  by  xn,e^s  of Junac  observations.    He  cakulaied  a 
^ble  oi  ih^  ^jclij>aes  vis^ible  pf .  Abie,  s^p.and  moqn  fvom  t|ie 
co9]iipeao«pf)fi»t.  pf  the  ChristiaiQ  seca  to^  i,%P.Q>  9^iMd  .afji;^i; 
vards  a  taUe  of .  the  ecUpaes.  visiblie,  fr^oip  tb«^  oprtkws 
|K>)e  tp,  t|i«  tq!Mli»rf  for  ^  (bptmiid.yjears  before. oijr  wm^ 

f  Tira)H«chi.— Morerj.^Bl»48$'s  C«litur»* 


P  I  N  G  R  E.  Hi 

The  utility  of  th0lBe  labdurs.for  verifyingihistorical  dates, 
iodaced  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  to  insert  ia.  part  of 
them  in  the  forty-second  volume  of  their  Memoirs.  He 
publiihed  the  *^  State  of  the  Heavens"  for  1754.:  in.  this 
the  moon's  piaee  was  calculated  with  the  utmost  exactness 
according  to  the  tables  of  Dr.  Halley  for  oaon  and  midnight, 
widi  the  right  ascension  in  seconds  of  time  tv^ice  a  day* 
In  1758  he  published  **  A  Memoir  relating  to  the  Disco* 
Tories  made  in  the  South  Sea,  during  the  Voyagres  of  the 
English  and  EVench  round  the  World;^'  In  1760,  Pingri 
left  France  for  the  island  of  Rodriguez,  in  the  Indian 
ocean,  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus,  that  was  to  take 
place  in  the  foUowkig  year ;  and  on  the  6th  of  June  of 
that  year  he  made  his  observations,  from  which  he  con- 
cluded that  the  parallax:  of  the  sun  was  10".  2*  At  the  same 
time  the  English  astronomer  Mason  concluded,  from  the 
observation^  which  he  made  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
that  the  parallax  was  8^  2.  La  Lande,  in  his  **  Astro* 
noniy,'*  published  in  1764,  adopted  a  medium  between 
these  conclusions,  and  supposed  the  parallax  to  be  9",  in 
which  he  was  followed  by  astronomers  in  general,  till  noore 
numerous  observations,  made  on  the  transit  of  1769,  led  to 
a  different  result.  After  the  return  of  Pingre  fvom  the 
East,  he  published  a  description  of  Pekin,  in  which  he 
shewed  the  position  of  that  capital  from  the  result  of  a 
number  of  calculations  of  eclipses ;  and  ascertained  its 
longitude  by  other  calculations,  with  a  degree  of  precision 
to  which  none  of  the  labours  of  the  scieutiiic  missionaries 
had  any  pretensions.  In  1769  he  sailed  for  the  island  of 
St.  Domingo,  on  board  the  Isis  man  of  war,  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venfus,  and  performed  the  service  committed  to 
him  in  the  Most  able  and  satisfactory  manner  possible.  An 
account  of  this  Toyage,  which  proved  of  considerable  im- 
portance to  the  science  of  geography,  as  well  as  astro* 
nomy,  appeared  in  1773,' in  two  vols.  4to.  After  com- 
paring the  results  of  the  immense  number  of  calcula- 
tions ma(le  by  the  observers  of  the  transit  in  1769,  tiie 
Slinks  parallax  has  beeo  concluded  to  be  about  6\6.  In 
1771,  PtAgri  made  another  voyage,  on  board  the  Flora 
frigate,  with  a  view  of  extending  the  interests  of  geogra- 
phical and  astronomical  knowledge,  having  with  him,  as 
the  companion  of  his  pursuits,  the  chevalier  de  Borda,  a 
celebrated  engineer  and  geometrician.  The  account  of 
their  proceedings,  observations,  and  experiments,  was  pub- 


Sii  ^  I  N  G  ft  E. 

lished  in  1778,  in  two  vols.  4^to.  In  1764,  M.  Pingr4  puW 
lished  his  *'  Cometogmphy,  or  bistorical  Und  ffaeoreticat 
treatise  on  Comets/*  in  t^ro  vols.  410,  which  is  his  most 
considerable  work,  and  contains  c«ilcalations  of  the  orbits 
of  all  the  cometfli  of  which  an  account  has  been  preserved. 
After  a  long  life,  spent  in  the  most  important  services  to. 
the  world,  he  died  in  the  month  of  May  1796,  leaving 
behind  him  a  high  character  for  integrity,  having  enjoyed 
the  esteem  of  the  public,  as  well  as  that  of  his  friends.  He 
wi^  author  of  maiiy  other  works  besides  those  that  have 
been  already  noticed. ' 

PINSON.    Se^PYNSON. 

PINSSON.  (Francis),  a  learned  jurist,  son  of  a  profesf 
sor  of  law  of  the  same  name,  was  born  at  Bourges  in  1612.^ 
He  was  admitted  an  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Pariis  in* 
1633,  and.  rose  to  various  honours  in  his  profession ;  and 
was,  at  his  death,  sub.*dean  of  the  company  of  advocates.^ 
He  owed  bis  success 'in  life  to  his  great  knowledge  of  the 
law  of  benefices,  in  which  he.  was  regarded  as  the  'bracle, 
ari^.  which  be  illustrated  by  several  learned,  works.  Of 
these  were,  **  Trait*  des  B^n^fices ;"  **  La  Pragmatique 
Sanction  de  St.  Louis,  et  cellei  de  Charles  VIL  avec  Com-, 
mentaires  ;^*  "  Notes  sommaires  sur  les  Indults,  accord^s. 
a  Louis  XIV.  &c. ;"  "  Trait6s  des  Regales,'*  2  vols.  4to, 
which  is  said  to  be  a  very  learned  and  useful  performance. 
This  industrious  writer  died  at  Paris,  Oct  10,  1691.*  r 

PINTURICCIO  (Bernardino),  a  celebrated  artist,  was 
horn  at  Perugia  in  1454,  and  was  a  disciple  of  Pietrb  Pe- 
rogino,   who  often  •  employed  him  as  his  assistant.     He^ 
painted  history ;  but  in  portraits  was  in  so  much  esteiem, 
that  he  was  employed  to  paint  those  of  pope  Pius  IL  and  of 
Innocent  VIII  $   of  Giulia  Farnese,    Csesar  Borgia^   and! 
queen  Isabella  of  Spain.     His  style,  nevertheless,  was  ex*; 
treniely  dry  and  Gothic,  as  be  introduced  gilding  in  the 
architectural  and  other  parts  of  bis  pictures,  blended  with 
ornaments  in  relievo,  and  other  artifices  quite  unsuitable 
to  the  genius  of  the  art.    The  most  memorable  perform-, 
ance  of  Pinturicchio  is  the  History  of  Pius  II.  painted  in 
ten  compartments,  in  the  library  at  Sienna,  in  which  he 
is  said  to  have  been  assisted  by  Raphael,  then  a  very  young 
man,  and  pcipil  of  Perugino,  wh<>  made  some  cartoons  of 

>  La  Lande'i  Hiitoryof  Aftroiiomy.*p*Rcss'iCyc1cipaBdii.— Diet.  Hist. 
*  Geo.  Diet.— Niceron,  toI.  XXII. 


P  I  N  T  U-R  J  CC  I  O* 


fU 


Uie  most  losi^eml  incidents,  and  sketched  many  parU  of  ihil 
QQn>|)ositiQn8.  r  >  > 

;  His  Ust  work  was  a  No^tivityi  for  the  monastery  of  Sh 
I'rancis,  at  Sienna;  in  which  plfice  he  had  a  room  assigned 
him  to  paint  in,  without  the  danger  of  his  >being  inter-t 
rupted,  and  out  of  which  he  requested  every  thing  mighn 
be  reinov.ed.  Every  thing,  accordingly,  was  taken  away, 
except  an  old  chest,  which  was  so  crazy,  thatM'hen  the 
attempt  was  made,  it  broke  to  pieces,  anil  a  treasury  of 
400  pieces  <xf  gold  was  discovered  concealed  within  it. 
The  joy  of  the  monks  was  equalled  only  by  the  mprtifigat^ii 
of  the  painter,  who  is  said  to  have  died^pf  chagrin  ;sooa 
after,  in  1513,  at  jj^e  age  of  59.  * 

PIOMBO  (SfiBASTiAK  D£i«),  was  called  al^o  Yenetiano^ 
from  Venice,  the  place  of  liis  birth,  which  occurred  in 
1485.     He  was  renowned,,  in  early  life,  as  amusician,  and 
piSLrticularly  for  his  skill  in  playing  upon  the  lute.     Whi)e 
be  was  yet  in  his  youths  he  abandoned  that  science,  and 
was  taught  the  rudiments  of  the  .art  of  painting  by  Gio^ 
vanni  Bellini ;  but  Giorgione  da  Castel  Franco  having  just 
then  exhibited  his  improved  mode  of  colouring  and^effecti 
Sebastian  became  his  disciple  and  (nost  successful  imitaton 
His  portraits,  in  particular,  were  greatly  admired.for  the 
strength  of  resemblance,  and  the  sweetness  and  fulness  of 
atyle,  which  made  theox  be  frequently  .mistakea  for  tb« 
«vork  of  Giorgione.    His  portrait  of  Julio  Gonzaga,  the  fa«f 
ivoiirite  of  cardinal  Hippolito  di  Medici,  is  by  many  writers 
inentioned  in   the  highest  terms.     Being  induced  to  go  to 
-Rome,  l\e  soon  attracted  public  notice ;  and  in  the  contest 
respecting  the  comparative  merits  of  Raphael  and  M.  An-* 
gelo,  Sebastian;  gave  the, preference  to  the  latter,  who  in 
consequence  favoured  him  on  all  occasions,  and  even  sti*^ 
mutated  him  to  the  rash  attempt  of  rivalling  Raphael,  by 
painting  a  picture  in  competition  with  that  great  man's  last 
great  work,    the  Transfiguration ;    which  had  just  been 
placed,  with  great  forip,  in  the  church  of  St.  Pietro  4 
Montorio.     The  subject  Sebastian  cliose  was  the  resurrec- 
tion of  Lazarus ;  for  which  Michael  Angelo  is  supposed  to 
have  furnished   the  design,  or  at  least  to  have  considered 
and  retouched  it.     The  picture  is  of  the  same  size  as  ita- 
phaeUs  ;  and,  when  completed,  was  placed  in  the  same 
consistory,  and'  was  very  highly  applauded.     The  cardinal 


yoL.xxiv. 


.    Ll 


S14  I*  I  O  M  B  O. 

di  Medici  sent  it  to  bis  bishopric  of  Narbonnci  and  it  be** 
came  the  property  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans.  It  is  now  in' 
England,  and  in  possession  of  J.  Angerstein  esq.  who  gave 
2000  guineas  for  it  to  the  proprietors  of  the  Orleans  coN 
lectioni  Although  it  is  a  work  of  profound  skill,  and 
highly  preserves  the  reputation  of  its  author,  yet,  in  our 
OJDinion,  it  is  not  to  be  compared  with  the  great  work  it  was 
intended  to  rival,  either  in  design,  in  expression,  or  effect, 
whatever  may  be  said  of  its  execution. 

Sebastian  continued  to  exercise  his  talents,  particularly 
in  portraiture,  with  great  industry  and  success,  till  he  ob- 
tained the  office  of  Frate  del  Pion^bo,  when  he  ceased  to 
paint  for  profit,  and  was  henceforward  known  by  the  name 
of  Sebastian  del  Piombo.  He  lived  in  great  esteem  with 
pope  Clement  VII.  whose  portrait  he  painted  with  great 
power  and  fidelity,  as  well  as  that  of  the  infamous  satirist 
Aretine,  and  those  of  many  persons  of  rank  and  renown. 
He  obtained  great  praise  for  having  discovered  a  mode 
of  preventing  oil-colours^  employed  on  plaster,  from  be- 
comhigdark;  which  be  did,  by  applying,  in  the  first  in- 
stance, a  mixture  of  mastic  and  Grecian  pitch.  Having 
passed  through  a  life  of  great  honour  and  emolument  to  the 
age  of  62,  he  died  in  1547. ' 

PIPER  (Francis  le),  an  English  comic  painter,  was  the 
son  of  a  Kentish  gentleman  descended  from  a  Walloon 
family.  His  father,  having  a  plentiful  estate,  gave  this  his 
eldest  son  a  liberal  education,  and  would  have  had  him 
bred  a  scholar,  or  else  a  merchant ;  but  his  genius  leading 
him  wholly  to  designing,  he  could  not  fix  to  any  particular 
science  or  business  but  the  art  to  which  he  naturally  in- 
clined. Drawing  took  up  all  his  time  and  all  his  thoughts  ; 
and  being  of  a  gay  facetious  humour,  his  manner  partook . 
of  it.  He  delighted  in  drawing  ugly  faces ;  and  had  a  ta- 
lent so  particular  for  it,  that  he  would  by  a  transient  view 
of  any  remarkable  face  he  met  in  the  street,  retain  the 
likeness  so  exactly  in  his  memory,  that  it  might  be  sup- 
posed the  person  had  sat  several  times  for  it*  It  was  said 
of  him,  that  he  would  steal  a  face;  and  a  man,  who  was 
not  handsome  enough  to  desire  to  see  bis  picture,,  sat  ia 
danger  in  his  company.  He  had  a  fancy  peculiar  to  him- 
self in  his  travels  f  he  would  often  go  away,  and  let  his 
friends  know  nothing  of  his  departure ;  fhake  the  tour  of 
France  and  the  Netherlands,  a-foot;  and  sometimes  hia 

1  PilkingtOD^  by  Fuseli\«-Ree8*8  Cyclopaedift.— D'Arg«ii?ille,  toU  I* 


P  I  P  £  R.  5U 

frolic  carried  him  as  far  as  Grand  Cairo*  He  never  adver<* 
tised  ills  friends  of  his  return,  any  more  than  he  did  of  his 
intended  absence,  delighting  to  bai9e  their  conjectures,  or 
tantalize  their  feelings.  In  this  manner  he  travelled,  at 
several  times,  through  Italy,  France^  Germany,  the  Ne* 
therlands,  and  Holland  ;  in  which  several  countries  he  exa- 
mined ihe  worRs  of  the  several  painters  with  pleasure  and 
judgment,  and  formed  to  himself  a  manner  of  design  which 
no  man  in  that  kind  ever  excelled,  or  perhaps  equalled. 

Having  a  good  estate  of  his  own,  and  being  generous,  as 
most  men  of  genius  are,  he  would  never  take  any  thing  for 
his  pieces.  He  drew  tliem  commonly  over  a  bottle,  which 
be  loved  so  well,  that  he  spent  great  part  of  his  hours  of 
pleasure  m  a  tavern.  This  was  the  occasion  that  some  of 
his  best  pieces,  especially  such  as  are  as  large  as  the 
life,  are  to  be  found  in  those  houses;  particularly  at  the 
Mitre  Tavern,  in  Stocks-market,  where  there  was  a  room 
called  the  Amsterdam,  adorned  with  his  pictures  in  black 
and  white.  The  room  took  its  name  from  his  pieces; 
which,  representing  a  Jesuit,  a  Quaker  preaching,  and 
other  preachers  of  most  sects,  was  called  the  Amsterdam  ; 
as  containing  an  image  of  almost  as  many  religions  as  are 
professed  in  that  free  city.  He  drew  also  other  pieces  of 
humour  for  a  Mr.  Shepheard,  a  vintner,  at  the  Bell,  in 
Westminster,  which  Mr.  Holmes^  of  the  Mitre,  purchased, 
to  make  his  collection  of  this  master^s  pieces  the  more 
complete ;  and  the  benefit  of  shewing  them  was  not  a  little 
advantageous  to  his  house.  Piper  drew. also  a  piece,  re- 
presenting a  constable  with  his  myrmidons,  in  very  natural 
and  ludicrous  postures.  He  seldom  designed  after  the 
life,  and  neglected  colouring :  yet  be  sometimes^  thQugh 
very  rarely,  coloured  some  of  his  pieces,  and  is  said  not 
to  have  been  very  unsuccessful  in  it.  He  was  a  great 
admirer  and  imitator  of  .Augustine  Caracci,  Rembrandt, 
and  Heemskirk's  manner  of  design,  and  was  always  in  rap- 
tures when  he  spoke  of  Titian's  colouring.:  for,  notwith*- 
standing  he  never  had  application  enough  to  make  t^imself 
a  master  of  that  part  of  his  art,  he  admired  it  in  those 
that  were  so,  especially  the  Italians.  He  drew  the  pic- 
tures of  several  of  his  friends  in  black  and  white ;  and 
maintained  a  character  of  truth,  which  shewed,  that  if  he 
bad  bestowed  time  to  perfect  himself  in  colouring,  he 
would  have  rivalled  the  best  of  our  portrait-painters.  To-t 
wards  the  latter  end  of  bis  life,  having  impaired  bis  fortune, 

LL2 


51»  PIPER. 

be  sometimes  took  money.  He  drew  some  designs'  for 
Mr.  Isaac  Becket,  who  copied  them  in  mezzotinto.  Tbose 
draughts  were  generally  done  at  a  tavern  ;  and,  whenever 
he  pleased,  he  could  draw  enough  in  half  an  hour  to  fur* 
nisb  a  week's  work  for  Becket  *, 

His  invention  was  fruitful,  and  bis  drawing  bold  and 
free.  He  understood  landscape-painting,  and  performed 
it  to  perfection.  He  was  particularly  a  great  master  in 
perspective.  In  designing  his  landscapes,  be  bad  a  man- 
ner peculiar  to  himself.  He  always  carried  a  long  book 
about  with  him,  like  a  music-book,  which,  when  be  had  a 
mind  to  draw^  be  opened;  and,  looking  through  it,  made 
the  lower  comer  of  the  middle  of  the  book  his  point  of 
sight:  by  which,  when  he  had  formed  his  view,  he  di« 
rected  bis  perspective,  and  finished  his  picture.  His  band 
was  ready,  his  strokes  bold ;  and,  in  his  etching,  short. 
He  etched  several  things  himself,  generally  on  oval  silver 
plates  for  his  friends ;  who,  being  most  of  them  as  hearty 
lovers  of  the  bottle  as  himself,  put  glasses  over  them,  and 
made  lids  of  them  for  their  tobacco-boxes.  '  He  drew  se* 
Teral  of  the  grand  seignors'  beads  for  sir  Paul  Rycaut's 
**  History  of  the  Turks,''  which  were  engraved  by  Mr.  £lder. 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  he  applied  himself  to  model- 
ling jn  waic  in  basso-relievo;  in  which  manner  be  did 
abundance  of  things  with  good  success.  He  often  said,  he 
wished  he  had  thought  of  it  sooner,  for  that  sort  of  work 
auited  better  with  his  genius  than  any ;  and  bad  he  lived 
longer,  he  would  have  arrived  to  great  perfection  in  iL 
•Some  time  before  bis  death  another  estate  fell  to  bim,  by 
the  decease  of  his  mother;  when,  giving  himself  new 
liberty  an  this  enlargemetrt  of  his  fortune,  he  fell  iiuo  a 
fever  by  his  6ree  way  of  living;  and,  employing  a  surgeon 
,to  let  htm  blood,  the  man  unluckily  pricked  an  artery, 
which  accident  proved  mortal.  Piper  was  very  fet,  vi^ich 
might  contribute  to  tliis  misfortune.  He  iiied  in  Ald^-, 
manbury,  about  1740. 

However  corpulent  and  heavy  Piper's  body  was,   bis 

*  Being  one  day  at  a  tavern  vitH  They  did  tbus  ten  times ;    and«  be- 

Faitborne,    Hart  the    engraver,    and  tween  them,  wrought  up  the  heads  to 

others,  be  scratched  a  head  wKh  a  coat  such   a  beight  of  force,  tb-t  aoibing 

on  a  trencher,  and  gave  it  to  Fa itb«rney  could   be   better  done    io   that  kind, 

who  touched  upon    it.     In  the  oieaa  These  trencher 8  are  stiJI  extant;  but 

tia\e,  Piper  drew  another  on  another  we  cannot  learn  in  whose  bauds  they 

trencher,  and  exchanged  it  with  Fai-  are  at  present, 
tborae  for  that  which  he  bad  toocbed. 


Fl  P  E  R.  an 

liiind  ilfas  always  sprightly  and  gay:  He  was  n^rer  Out  of 
bumour,  nor  dull ;  and  had  he  borrowed  more  time  fropi^ 
his  mirth  to  give  to  his  studies,  he  had  certainly  been  an 
honour  to  bis  country.  However,  be  lives  still  in  the 
memory  of  his  acquaintance,  with  the  character  of  an  ho- 
nest man,  and  a  great  master  in  his  art.  Hi^  pieces  ar^ 
scattered  up  and  down,  chiefly  in  London ;  and  the  best 
and  most  of  them  were  lately  in  the  bunds  of  Mr.  Le  Piper, 
bis  brother,  a  merchant  in  that  city<^ 

PlPPI  (Julio),  called  more  frequently  Juuo  Eomano, 
a  very  eminent  painter,  was  born  in  1492,  and  was  the 
principal  disciple  of  Raphael,  his  heir,  the  continuator 
of  his  works,  and  himself  at  the  head  of  a  school.  Whilst 
a  pupil,  he  imbibed  all  his  master's  energy  of  character, 
and  chiefly  signalized  himself  in  subjects  of  war  and  battles, 
which  he  represented  with  equal  spirit  and  erudition.  As 
a  designer,  he  commands  the  whole  mechanism  of  the  hur 
man  body  ;  and,  without  fear  of  error,  turns  and  winds  it 
about  to  serve  his  purposes;  but  sometimes  oversteps  the 
modesty  oi  nature.  Vasari  prefers  his  drawings  to  bis 
pictures,  as  the  original  fire  which  distinguishes  bis  con- 
ception was  apt  to  evaporate,  in  the  longer  process  of 
finish :  and  some  have,  with  more  reason,  objected  to  the 
character  of  his  physiognomies,  as  less  simple  than  vulgar; 
and  often  dismal  and  horrid,  without  being  terrible.  In 
colour,  whether  fresco  or  oil,  his  band  was  as  expeditious, 
and  bis  touch,  especially  in  the  former,  as  decided,  as  his 
eye  and  choice  were  ungenial :  bricky  lights,  violet  demi- 
tints,  black  shades,  compose,  in  general,  the  raw  opaque 
tone  of  his  oil- pictures.  The  style  of  his  draperies  iis 
classic,  but  the  managenient  of  the  folds  generally  arbitrary 
and  mannered;  the  hair  and  head-dresses  of  his  womea 
are  always  fanciful  and  luxurious,  but  not  always  arranged 
by  taste^  whilst  those  of  the  men  frequently  border  on  the 
grotesque. 

He  came  to  Mantua,  and  there  found  antique  trea^sur^s^ 
of  which  the  statues,  busts,  and  basso^^relievos,  at  present 
io  the  academy,  are  but  insignificant  remains.  To  the 
stores  of  the  Gonzaghi  he  added  bis  own,  rich  in  designs 
of  Raphael,  and  studies  and  plans  from  the  antique ;  for 
uo  designer  ever  possessed  such  industry  with  so  much 
iire,  so  much  ^consideration  with  such  fecundity,  or  com? 

^  Walpole'f  Anecdotes.-^But  this  article  was  much  enlargedi  we  kaow  not  by 
mhota,  ID  the  lifst  edition  of  this  PicttODary. 


518  P  I  P  P  1. 

biued  with  equal  rapidity  such  correctness,  and  with 
great  recondite  knowledge  in  mythology  and  history^ 
that  popularity  and  ease  in  treating  it.  The  increased 
practice,  and  the  authority  derived  from  the  superintend* 
ance  of  the  works  left  unfinished  by  his  master,  established 
his  reliance  on  himself,  and  the  call  of  the  Gonzaghi 
roused  that  loftiness  of  conception,  and  gave  birth  to  those 
magnificent  plans,  from  which  Mantua  and  the  wonders  of. 
the  palace  del  T.  as  it, was  called,  rose,  as  from  enchant* 
ment.  This  palace  furnishes  specimens  in  every  class  of 
picturesque  imagery.  Whatever  be  the  dimension,  the 
subject,  or  the  scenery,  minute  or  colossal,  simple  or  com- 
plex, terrible  or  pleasing,  we  trace  a  mind  bent  to  sur- 
prise or  to  dazzle  by  poetic  splendor :  but,  sure  to  strike 
by  the  originality  of  his  conception,  he  often  neglects  pro* 
priety  in  the  conduct  of  his  subjects,  considered  as  a  series, 
and  in  the  arrangement  or  choice  of  the  cbnnecting  parts; 
hurried  into  extremes  by  the  torrent  of  a  fancy  more  lyric 
than  epic,  he  disdains  to  fill  the  intermediate  chasms,  and 
too  often  leaves  the  task  of  connexion  to  the  spectator. 

In  the  palace  det  T.  Julio  adopted  the  method  of  his 
master.  He  prepared  the  cartoons ;  they  were  executed 
by  his  pupils;  and  he  thoroughly  retouched,  corrected, 
and  gave  the  last  finish  to  the  pictures  :  but  unfortunately 
bis  master-strokes  have  been  covered  again  by  modern 
pencils ;  and  the  fable  of  Psyche,  the  Allegories  of  Human 
Life,  the  Giants  storming  Heaven,  exhibit  now,  indeedj 
bis  composition  and  design,  but  not  his  hand :  this  is  better 
preserved  in  the  paintings  of  the  old  palace,  or,  as  it  is 
now  called,  the  Corte  of  Mantua:  they  are  in  fresco,  and 
chiefly  relate  histories  of  the  Trojan  war.  They  have  the 
same  beauties  and  the  same  defects  as  those  of  the  palace 
del  T.  Each,  singly  considered,  is  a  proof  of  the  poetic 
spirit  and  the  prac tic  powers  of  the  master;  as  9  cyclus, 
they  want  connection  and  evidence.  Helen  sleeping,  Vul^ 
can  forging  arms  for  Achilles,  are  beautiful;  and  Minerva 
in  the  act  of  slaying  Ajax,  the  son  of  Oileus,  sublime.  Nor 
is  his  versatility  less  admirable  in  the  Bacchic  or  amorous 
subjects,  the  capricci  and  grotesque  conceits  with  which 
he  decorated  the  small  cabinets  of  the  same  palace. 

The  altar-pieces  of  Julio  are  not  numerous.  He  did  not 
live  to  finish  those  which  he  had  begun  for  the  cathedral  of 
Mantua.  The  most  remarkable  of  those  which  he  finished 
wi^h  his  own  hand,  are  the  three  frescoes  at  S«  Atardp;  and 


P  I  P  P  I.  519 

in  the  church  of  S.  Christoforo,.  the  athletic  figure  of  that 
saint,  groaning  under  the  weight  of  the  Divine  Infant  on 
his  shoulders.  They  are,  however,  far  inferior,  for  genuine 
pathos  and  classic  execution,  to  the  Martyrdom  of  St.  $te-  , 
phen  on  the  head  altar  of  the  church  di  S.  Stephano  alle 
portedeir  arco,  at  Genoa.  He  died  at  Mantua,  ip  1546.^ 
PIRANESI  (John  Baptist),  a  very  celebrated  architect 
and  engraver,  was  a  native  of  Venice,  but  resident  for  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  at  Rome.  The  time  of  his  birth  is 
not  known  here,  but  it  must  have  bee^i  about  1711.  He 
was  remarkable  for  a  bold  and  free  style  of  etching;  which, 
in  general,  he  drew  upon  the  plate  at  once,  without  any, 
or  with  very  little  previous  sketch.  He  worked  with  such 
rapidity  and  diligence,  that  the  magnitude  and  number  of 
his  plates  almost  exceed  belief ;  and  they  are  executed  with 
a  spirit,  and  genius  which  are  altogether  peculiar  to  him. 
The  earliest  of  his  works  appear  to  have  been  published  in 
1743,  and  consist  of  designs  invented  by  himself,  in  a  very 
grand  style ;  with  views  of  ruins,  chiefly  the  work  of  ima- 
gination, and  strongly  characterizing  the  magnificence  of 
bis  ideas.  These  are  sometimes  found  in  a  volume,  coU 
lected  by  Bourchard,  in  175t):  with  views  of  Roman  an- 
tiquities, not  in  Rome,  among  which  are  several  of  Pola, 
in  Istria.  The  dedication  to  these  views  is  dated  1 748. 
Considering  these  as  forming  his  first  work,  we  may  enu- 
merate the  rest  from  a  catalogue  print,  published  by  him- 
self many  years  after.  2.  ^^  Anticbita  Rpmane,"  or  Roman 
Antiquities,  comprised  in  2 1 8  plates  of  atlas  paper,  com- 
mencing by  a  topographical  view  of  ancient  Rome,  made 
out  from  the  fragments  of  a  most  curious  antique  plan  of 
that  city,  found  in  the  pavement  of  the  temple  of  Romulus, 
*and  now  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  the  Capitol.  These, 
with  the  descriptions  in  Italian,  form  four  volumes  in  folio« 
3.  ^^  Fasti  consulares  triumphalesque  Romanorum,  ab  urbe 
conditH,  usque  ad  Tiberium  Caesarem."  4.  "  Del  Castello 
deir.  acqua  Giulia,  e  della  maniera  in  cui  anticamente  si 
concedevano  e  distribuivano  le  acque,"  21  folio  plates. 
5.  "  Anticbita  d'Albano,  e  di  Castel  Gandolfo,''  55 
plates.  6.  "  Campus  Martins  Antiquac  urbis,"  with  de- 
scriptions in  Italian  and  Latin,  54  plates.  7.  ^'  Archi  tri- 
onfali  antichi.  Tempi,  ed  Anfiteatri,  esistenti  in  Roma,  ed 
in  altre  parti  d' Italia,"  31  plates.     8.  ^^Trofei  d'Ottaviano 

'  Pilkington,  by  Futeli,   principally.^-Sir  Joshua  Reynoldi^s  Worki*    Se# 
iAdBS.-i-D*Ai;ifeAville,  vol*  I. 


Si6  P  I  R  A  N  E  S  I. 

Aagustb,**  &c.   10  plates.      9.  <<  Delia  Magnifieenza  e4 
Architettura  de*  Rotnani/'  44  plates,  with  al^ve  200  pageft 
of  ktter-pressy  in  Italian  and  Latin.     This  great  work  ap- 
pears to  have  been  occasioned,  in  great  measure,  by  some 
dialogues  published  in  London  in  1755,  but  now  forgotten 
here,  and  eptitled,  **  The  Investigator.'*     These,  cofitaih- 
ing  many  foolish  calumnies  against  the  ancient  Romans, 
bad  been  interpreted  to  Piranesi,  and  inflamed  his  ardent 
spirit  to  this  mqde  of  vindication.     10.  '<  Architettdre  di* 
Terse,"  27  plates.     1 1.  "  Carceri  d'inventione,"  16  plates, 
full  of  the  most  wild,  but  picturesque  conceptions.  12.  About 
1 30  separate  views  of  Rome,  in  its  present  state ;  in  the 
grandest  style  of  design,  and  the  boldest  manner  of  etching. 
Besides  these,  there  is  also  extant,  in  very  few  hands  (as  it 
was  not  published,  but  only  given  to  particular  friends), 
^  small  work  of  this  author,  containing  letters  of  justifica- 
tion to  lord  Charlemont ;  in  which  he  assigns  the  reasons 
why  he  did  not  dedicate  his  Roman  antiquities  to  that 
nobleman,  as  had  been  intended.     Piranesi  here  appears 
extremely  irritated  against  his  lordship, .  and  his  agents,  for 
neglect  and  ill-treatment;  but  the  most  curious  part  of  the 
work  is,  that  be  has  taken  the  pains  to  etch,  in  .a  small 
quarto  size,  and  with  the  utmost  neatness,  yet  with  all  his 
accustomed  freedom,  exact  copies  of  the  four  original  fron- 
tispieces, in  which  the  name  of  his  intended  patron  was  to 
have  been  immortalized  :  with  views  of  the  inscriptions  re- 
engraved  as  they  now  stand  ;  as  if  the  first  inscriptions  had 
been  cut  out  of  the  stones,  and  the  new  ones  inserted  on 
small  pieces  let  into  them,  as  the  ancients  sometimes  prac- 
tised.   In  this  form  they  still  remain  in  his  frontispieces ;  a 
peculiarity  which  would  not  be  understood   without  this 
key.     There  are  aliio  head-pieces  and  tail-pieces,  all  full 
of  imagination,  and  alluding  to  the  matters  and  persons 
involved   in   the   dispute.     Thiis  work  is  dated  in    1757. 
Piranesi  was  well  known  to  most  of  the  English  artists  who 
studied  at  R6me ;  among  others,  to  Mr.  My Ine,  the  archi- 
tect of  Blackfrmrs-bridge,  with  whom  he  corresponded  for 
several  years,  and  for  whom  hfe  eUgravetl  a  fine  view  of  that 
structure,  in  its  unfinished  ^tate ;  representipg,  with  pre-^ 
cision,  the  parts  subservient  to  its  construction;  such  aS 
the  centres  of  the  arches^  &c.  for  the  sake  of  preserving  a 
memorial  of  them.     Some  of  his  works  are  dedicated  td 
another  British  architect,  Robert  Adam ;  and  as  Piranesi 
was  an  honorary  member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  ill 


P  I  R  A  N  E  S  I.  524 

London,  lie  always  carefully  subjoined  that  titlid  to  bia 
name.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  academy  of  the  Ar-\ 
cadi,  by  the  name  of  Salcindia  Tiseio,  as  he  has  given  it 
in  one  of  his  frontispieces,  according  to  the  fantastic  cus* 
torn  of  that  society,  of  giving  new  names  to  the  persons 
admitted.  All  who  knew  him  agree  that  he  was  of  a  fiery 
and  impetuous  temper,  but  full  of  genius.  He  left  a  son, 
who  has  been  employed  in  a  diplomatic  line.  The  exact 
time  of  his  death  we  have  not  been  able  to  learn  ;  but  it  is 
supposed  to  have  happened  in  or  near  the  year  1780*.  Pi* 
ranesi  has  been  accused,  and  not  without  reason,  of  suf- 
fering his  imagination  to  embellish  even  the  designs  that 
were  given  as  real  views.  He  was  employed,  as  an  archi- 
tect, to  ornament  a  part  of  the  priory  of- Malta,  in  Rome; 
in  which  place  his  son  has  erected  a  statue  of  him.  It  is 
thus  mentioned  by  baron  Stolberg,  in  his  Travels  :  **  Here 
is  a  fine  statue  of  the  architect  Piranesi,  as  large  as  life, 
placed  there  by  his  son.  It  is  the  work  of  the  living  artist 
Angolini ;  and  though  it  certainly  cannot  be  compared 
with  the  best  antiques,  it  still  possesses  real  merit.'*  His 
portrait,  engraved  by  Polanzani,  in  1750,  is  in  the  style  of 
a  mutilated  statue,  and  is  very  spirited.  It  is  prefixed  to 
some  of  his  works.  ^ 

PIROMALLI  (Paul),  a  celebrated  Dominican  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  was  a  native  of  Calabria.  Having 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  Eastern  languages,  he  was 
employed  in  the  missions  to  the  East,  resided. for  a  consi- 
derable time  in  Armenia,  where  he  gained  several  Converts, 
'  particularly  the  patriarch,  by  whom  he  had  at  first  been 
opposed.  He  went  also  int6  Georgia,  and  Persia,  and 
afterwards  into  Poland,  as  nuncio  from  pope  Urban  VlII, 
to  appease  the  troubles  which  the  Armenians,  who  were 
very  numerous  there,  occasioned  by  their  disputes.  Hav- 
ing re-united  all  parties,  and  embarked  for  Italy,  he  was 
taken  in  his  voyage  by  some  corsairs,  and  carried  to  Tunis; 
but  his  ransom  being  paid,  he  went  to  Roine,  and  having 
given  an  account  of  his  mission,  received  the  most  public 
marks  of  esteem  from  the  pope,  who  sent  him  back  to  the 
East,  where,  in  1655,  he  was  made  bishop  of  Nacksivan, 
in  Armenia.  After  governing  this  church  nine,  years,  he 
returned  to  his  native  country,  was  entrusted   with  the 

*  The  Diet.  Hist,  fixes  bis  birth  in  n^l,  and  his  death  io  1778« 
i  From  last  edition  of  this  Dictionary .-*>Dict.  Hist. 


522  P  I  R  O  M  A  L  L  I. 

church  of  Bisignano/in  Calabiiia,  where  be  died  three 
year&  after,  in  1667.  He  wrote  several  controversial  and. 
theological  works  ;  two  dictionaries,  one,  ^  Latin  and  Per- 
sian;'' the  other,  "  Arnoenian  and  Latin;"  "An  Arme- 
nian Grammar ;"  and  "  A  Directory ;"  all  of  which  have; 
been  esteemed  of  great  utility. ' 

PIRON  (Alexis),  a  French  dramatic  poet,  was  born  at 
Dijon  in  1689,  where  he  lived  till  he  was  past  thirty,  in 
all  the  dissipation  of  a  young  man  of  pleasure.     At  length, 
having  given  great  offence  to  his*  countrymen  by  an  ode 
which  he  produced,  he  removed  to  Paris ;  where,  as  his 
relations  could  not  give  him  much  assistance,  he  supported 
himself  by  his  talent  of  writing  an  admirable  hand.     He 
was  first  secretary  to  M.  Bellisle,  and  afterwards  to  a  fi- 
nancier, who  little  suspected  that  he  had  such  a  genius  in 
his  house.     By  degrees  he  became  known,  from  producing 
several  small  pieces,  full  of  originality,  at  a  little  theatre 
in  Paris  ;  till  the  comedy  called  '^  Metromanie,"  esteemed 
one  of  the  best  produced  in  the  last  century,  raised  his 
fame  to  the  highest  point.     His  very  singular  talent  for 
conversation,  in  which  he  was  always   lively,    and  inex- 
haustible in   wit,  contributed  to  enhance  his  popularity; 
and  as  his  company  was  more  courted  for  a  time  than  that 
of  Voltaire,  who.  had  less  good  humour,  he  was  inclined  to 
fancy  himself  superior  to  that  writer.     Many  traits  of  his 
wit  are  related,  which  convey,  at  the  same  time,  the  notion 
that  he  estimated  himself  very  highly.     At  the  first  repre- 
sentation of  Voltaire's  Semiramis,  which  was  ill  received, 
the  author  asked  him  in  the  theatre  what  he  thought  of  it  ? 
*yi  think,"  said  he,  ^^  that  you  would  be  very  glad  that  I 
had  written  it"     The  actors^ wishing  him  to  alter  one  of 
his  pieces,  affronted  him  by  using  the  word  *^  corrections," 
instead  of  alterations^     They  pleaded  that  Voltaire  always 
listened  to  their  wishes  in  that  respect.     "  What  then  ?'* 
replied   Piron,  ^^  Voltaire  works   cabinet-work,  I  cast  in 
bronze.'^     The  satirical  turn  of  Piron  kept  him  from  a  seat 
in  the  academy.     "  I  never  could  make  ninerand-tbirty 
people,"  said  he,  '*  think  as  I  do,  still  less  could  I  ever 
think  with  them."     He  sought,  however,  a  species  of  re- 
venge, in  the  epitaph  which  he  wrote  for  himself : 

Cy  git  Piron,  qui  ne  fut  rlen. 

Pas  m^me  Academicien. 
'^  Here  lies  Piron,  who  was  nothing,  not  even  an  academician*" 

»  Diet,  Bin. 


P  I  R  O  N.  523 

He  died  of  the  effects  of  a  fall,  Jan.  21,  1773.  His  works 
have  been  collected  in  seven  vols.  8vo,  and  nine  12nno. 
But  it  is  agreed,  that  out  of  the  seven,  five  at  least  might 
be  spared  ;  since,  besides  his  "  Metromanie,*'  his  "  Gus- 
tavus,"  a  tragedy ;  his  "  Courses  de  Tempe,*'  a  pastoral 
piece  ;  some  odes,  about  twenty  epigrams,  and  one  or  two 
tales,  there  is  very  little  in  the  whole  collection  that  is 
above  mediocrity.  His  conledies  are  reckoned  better  than 
b'n  tragedies ;  and  the  prefaces  to  his  dramas,  though  not 
excellent  in  point  of  style,  are  full  of  new  and  agreeable 
thoughts,  with  natural  and  happy  turns  of  wit  and  ex-^ 
pression. ' 

PISAN  (Christina  de),  an  Italian  by  birth,  but  the 
author  of  many  compositions  in  French  prose  and  verse,  was 
born  at  Venice  about  1S63,  being  the  daughter  of  Thomas 
Pisan,  of  Bologna,  much  celebrated  at  that  time  as  an 
astrologer.  When  she  was  five  years  old,  her  father  settled 
with  her  in  France,  and  her  extraordinary  beauty  and  wit 
procured  her  an  excellent  husband  by  the  time  she  was 
fifteen.  After  ten  years  she  lost  this  husband,  Stephen 
Castel,  by  whom  she  was  most  tenderly  beloved,  and  found 
her  chief  resource  for  comfort  and  subsistence  in  her  pen  ; 
her  husband's  fortune  being  entangled  in  several  law-suits. 
Charles  VI.  of  France,  and  other  princes,  noticed  and 
assisted  her  on  account  of  her  talents,  and  provided  for  her 
children.  When  she  died  is  uncertain.  Some  of  her 
poems,  which  are  full  of  tenderness,  were  printed  at  Paris 
in  1529,  others  remain  in  manuscript  in  the  royal  library. 
*'  The  Life  of  Charles  V.V  written  by  desire  of  Philip  the 
Good,  duke  of  Burgundy,  is  considered  as  her  best  per* 
formance  in  prose.  It  is  preserved  in  MS.  in  the  library 
'  of  the  king  of  France,  but  a  transcript  was  published  by 
th^  abb^  Le  Beuf  in  the  third  volume  of  "  Dissertations  on 
the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Paris,"  where  he  gives  a  Life 
of  Christina.  She  wrote  also  "An  hundred  Stories  of 
Troy,"  in  rhyme  ;  "  The  Treasure  pf  the  City  of  Dames,'* 
Paris,  1497;  "The  Long  Way,"  translated  by  John  Cha- 
peron,  1549,  under  the  title  of  "  Le  Chemin  de  long  6ten« 
due."  In  the  Harleian  collection  of  MS S.  (No.  219,  5)  is 
a  piece  by  Christina  entitled  "  Epistre  d'Othea  deese  de 
Prudence  a  Hector,  &c.  Mis  en  vers  rran5ois,  et  dedid 
»  Charles  V.  de  France."   Anthony  Widville,  earl  Rivers« 

1  Diet.  Hilt.— Necrologie  pour  anuee  1774, 


BM  PISA  n; 

translated  a  viork  df  hers,  we  know  not  whether  included 
in  any  of  the  above,  entitled  *'  The  Moral  Proverbs  of 
Christian  of  Pyse,"  printed  by  Caxton.  Lord  Orford,  who 
has  noticed  this  work  in  his  account  of  Widville,  has  also 
introduced  an  account  of  Christina,  which,  although  writ« 
ten  in  his  flippant  and  sarcastic  manner,  contains  some  in* 
teresting  particulars  of  her  history.  ^ 

PISCATOR  (John),  a  protestant  German  divine,  was 
born  at  Strasburgh  in  1546.  In  his  early  studies  he  ac* 
quired  the  character  of  an  able  philosopher,  but  was  most 
approved  as  a  commentator  on  the  scriptures.  He  inclined 
at  first  to  the  Lutheran  opinions,  but  afterwards  embraced 
those  of  Calvin,  arid  lastly  endeavoured  to  give  an  Arminian 
modification  of  some  of  the  Calvinistic  opinions  respecting 
original  sin,  grace,  and  predestination^  which,  as  usual^ 
pleased  neither  party.  He  was  for  some  time  professor  of 
divinity  in  the  newly -established  university  of  Herboru, 
where  he  died  in  1626,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age. 
Besides  a  translation  of  the  Bible  into  German,  he  wrote 
commei^taries,  in  Latin,  on  the  Bible,  first  printed  in  8ivo, 
afterwards  in  4  vols.  foL  1643,  &c.  and  many  controversial 
treatises. ' 

PISO.     SeePOIS. 

yiSTORlUS  (John),  a  learned  divine,  was  born  Fe* 
bruary  4,  1546,  at  Nidda.  He  first  took  a  doctor^s  degree 
in  physic,  but,  as  be  did  not  succeed  according  to  his 
hop'es,  be  studied  the  law,  and  was  counsellor  to  Ernest 
Frederic,  margrave  of  Baden  Dourlach,  whom  he  per- 
suaded to  'embrace  the  protestant  religion,  but  turned  ca- 
tholic bimsielf  sometime  after.  After  the  death  of  his  wife 
he  was  admitted  doctor  in  divinity,  'was  made  counsellor  to 
the  emperor,  provost  of  the  cathedral  at  Breslaw,  and  do- 
mestic prelate  of  the  abbey  of  Fulde.  He  died  in  1 60S,  at 
Friburg.  He  left  several  controversial  tracts  against  the 
Lutherans,  ^'  Scriptores  Rerum  Polonicarum,^'  1582,  3  vols, 
fol.;  ^  Scriptores  de  Rebus  Germanicis,"  1607,  1613,  3 
vols.  fol.  a  curious  collection,  which  Struvius  very  much 
improved  in  a  hew  edition  published  at  Ratisbon  in  1726^ 
3  vols.  foL  Pistorius  also  published  an  edition  c^  '^  Artis 
cabalistice  Scriptores,^'  Basil,  1587,  fol.' 

PITCAIRNE  (Archibald),  an  eminent  Scotch  phy- 
sician  of  the  mechanical  sect,  was  descended  from  an 

1  Diet  Hist— Lo«d  OrdndH  Works,  vol.  I.  p.  dSS  and  553. 

s  Freheri  Thcatrum. — Mogheim,  and  paiticuUrly  the  traiislalor*i  notes. 

3  Moreri.— Diet  Hist. 


P  I  T  C  A  I  R  N  K.  5iS 

Ancient  family  in  the  county  of  Pife,   and  born  at  Edin- 
burgh Dec.  25,  1652.    After  some  classical  education  at  the 
school  of  Dalkeith,'  he  was.  removed  in  1668  to  the  univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh;  where,  having  gone  through  a  course 
of  philosophy,  he  obtained  in  1671  his  degree  of  M.  A.  and 
studied  first  divinity,  which  does  not  appear  to  have  beea 
to  his  taste,  and  then  the  civil  law,  which  was  more  se-* 
riously  the  object  of  his  choice,  and  he  pursued  it  with  so 
much  intenseness  as  to  impair  his  health.     Me  was  then 
advised  to  travel  to  Montpelier  in  France,  but  found  him- 
self recoyered  by  the  time  he  reached  Faris.     He  deter^ 
mined  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  law  in  the  university 
there  ;  but  there  being  no  able  professor  of  it,  and  meeting 
with  some  of  his  countrymen,  who  were  students  in  physic^ 
Jbe  went  with  them  to  the  lectures  and  hospitals.     A  few 
months  after,  he  was  called  home  by  his  father ;  and  now, 
having  laid  in  the  first  elements  of  all  the  three  professions, 
he  foufid  himself  absolutely  undetermined  which  to  follow« 
In  the  mean  time  be  applied  himself  to  the  mathematics, 
in  which  he  made  a  very  great  progress ;  and  an  acquaint* 
ance  which  he  formed  with  Dr.  David  Gregory,  the  cele* 
brated  mathematical  professor,  probably  conduced  to  che- 
rish his  natural  aptitude  for  this  study*     At  length,  struck 
with  the  charms  of  mathematical  truth  which  been  l^teijr 
introduced  into  the  philosophy  of  medicine,  and  hoping  to 
reduce  the  healing  art  to  geonaetrical  method,  he  unalter- 
ably determined  in  favour  of  medicine  as  a  profession;     As 
there  was  however  at  this  time  no  medical  school  in  Edin- 
burgh, no  hospital,  nor  opportunity  of  improveoient  but 
the  chamber  and  the  shop^  he  returned  to  Paris  about  1675, 
and  cultivated  the  object  of  his  pursuit  with  diligence'  and 
steadiness.     Among  his  various  occupations,  the  study  of 
the  ancient  physicians  seems  to  have  had  a  principal  share. 
This  appears  from  a  treatise  which  be  publishedl  some  time 
after  his  return,  ^'  Solutio  problematis  de  iciventoribus,'' 
which  shews  that  he  wisely  determined  to  know  the  pro- 
gress of  medicine  from  its  earliest  periods,  before  he  at- 
tempted to  reform  and  improve  that  science.     In  August 
1680  he  received  from  the  faculty  of  Rbeims  the  degree 
of  Doctor,  whicti  in  16^9  was  likewise  conferred  on  hioa 
by  the  university  of  Aberdeen,   and  he  was  likewise  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  college  of  surgeons  of  Edinburgh 
in  1701.     He  was  before  chosen  a  member  of  the  royal 
collie  of  physicians  of  Edinburgh  frofQ  the' time  it  wa« 
established  by  charter  in  i68U 


526  P  1  T  C  A  I  11  N  E. 

On  bis  return  to  Edinburgh,  which  was  about  the  time  of 
the  revolution,  he  presently  came  into  good  business,  an({ 
acquired  an  extensive  reputation.     Such,  however,  was  hisr 
attachment  to  the  exiled  James  II.  that  he  became  excluded 
from  public  honours  and  promotion  at  home,  and  therefore, 
having  in  1692  received  an  invitation  from  the  curators  of 
the  university  of  Leyden,  to  be  professor  of  physic  there, 
he  accepted  it,  and  went  and  made  his  inauguration  speech 
the  26th  of  April  that  year,  entitled  ^'Oratio  qua  osten* 
ditur  medicinam  ab  omni  philosophorum  secta  esse  libe- 
ram.''    He  cobtinued  there  little  more  than  a  year;  during 
which  short  space  he  published  several  dissertations,  chiefly 
with  a  view  of  shewing  the  usefulness  of  mathematics  to 
physic*     Pitcairne  was  the  first  who  introduced  the  me- 
chanic principles  into  that  art,  now  so  generally  exploded, 
but  they  do  not  appear  to  have  influenced  his  practice^ 
which  did  not  diflier   essentially   from   the  present.     He 
returned  to  Scotland  in  1693,  to  discharge  an  engagement 
to  a  young  lady,  who  became  his  second  wife,  the  daughter 
of  sir  Archibald  Stephenson,  an  eminent  physician  in  Edin- 
burgh ;  and,  being  soon  after  married   to  her,  was  fully 
resolved  to  set  out  again  for  Holland  ;  but,  the  lady's  pa* 
rents  being  unwilling  to  part  with  her,  he  settled  at  Edin* 
burgh,  and  wrote  a  valedictory  letter  to  the  university  of 
Leydeji.     His  lady  did   not  survive   her  marriage  many 
years;  yet  she  brought  him  a  daughter,  who  was  in  1731 
married  to  the  earl  of  Kellv. 

In  1701  he  republished  his  <^  Dissertationes  Medicae/' 
with  some  new  ones ;  and  dedicated  them  to  Bellini,  pro* 
fessor  at  Pisa,  in  return  to  the  same  compliment,  which 
Bellini  had  made  him,  when  he  published  his  **  Opuscula." 
They  were  printed  at  Rotterdam  in  one  volume  4to,  under 
this  title,  *^  Disputationes  Medicae,"  of  which  there  are 
eight.  The  last^  edition  published  in  bis  life-time  came 
out  at  Edinburgh,  a  few  months  before  his  death,  which 
happened  Oct.  13,  1713.  Afterwards  were  published, 
in  1717,  his  lectures  to  his  scholars,  under  the  title  of 
*^  Elementa  Medicinse  Physico-Mathematica,"  although  he 
bad  taken  great  pain?  to  prevent  the  publication  of  any 
thing  in  that  way.  He  even  shews  some  concern  about 
this  in  his  Dissertation  ^^  de  Circulatione  Sa^nguinis  in  ani- 
malibus  genitis,  et  non  genitis.''  There  are  editions  of 
his  whole  works  at  Venice,  1733,  and  Leyden,  1737,  4ta 
In  1696,  bbing  hindered  by  sickness  from  attending  tb* 


P  I  T  C  A  I  R  N  E.  S27 

calls  of  his  profession,  be  amused  himself  with  writing 
remarks  upon  sir  Robert  Sibbald's  **  Prodromus  Histories 
Naturalis  Scotiae,"  who  had  published  a  treatise  ridiculing 
the  new  method  of  applying  geometry  to  physic ;  in  re- 
turn to  which  Pitcairne  wrote,  **  Dissertatio  de  Legibua 
HistorisB  Naturalis/'  and  published  it,  but  not  anonymously, 
as  has  been  asserted,  in  the  abovementioned  year.  Pit- 
cairne likewise  used  to  divert  himself  sometimes  with  writ- 
ing Latin  verses  of  considerable  merit,  which  were  collected 
after  bis  death.  The  occasion  of  their  appearance  was  a 
remark  of  Peter  Burman,  in  his  preface  to  his  edition  of 
Buchanan's  history,  on  the  inconsiderable  number  of  Latia 
writers,  especially  in  poetry^  whom  Britain  had  produced. 
Ruddiman  on  this  (endeavoured  to  vindicate  his  native  coun- 
try from  its  share  in  this  degrading  censure;  and  with  that 
view  published,  in  1727,  a  small  volume  entitled  '*  Selecta 
Poemata  Archibaldi  Pitcairuii.et  aliorum,"  &c.  But,  says 
lord  Woodhouselee,  this  very  attempt  affords  a  demonstra- 
tion of  the  truth  of  the  proposition  it  was  meant  to  disprove, 
for  the  poems  of  Pitcairne  comprise  almost  all  that  are  of 
any  merit  in  the  volume ;  and  even  these,  from  the  nature 
of  their  subjects,  temporary  political  satire  (against  the 
revolution)  the  commemoration  of  local  incidents,  or  allu- 
sions to  private  characters,  have  none  of  the  requisites  to 
found  either  a  general  or  a  permanent  reputation. 

These  poems,  says  the  same  critic,  which  have  the  me- 
rit of  excellent  Latinity,  and  easy  and  spirited  .numbers, 
must  have  had  a  poignant  relish  in  his  own  age,  from  the 
very  circumstances  which  render  them  little  interesting 
in  ours.  Lord  Hailes  once  intended  to  have  ^redeemed 
them  from  oblivion  by  a  commentary,  a  specimen  of  which 
be  gave  in  the  Edinburgh  Mi^gazine  and  Review  for  Febru- 
ary 1774;  but,  as  he  had  no  congeniality  of  opinion  with 
Pitcairne,  either  as  to  religion  or  politics,  there  would 
have  been  a  perpetual  war  betwixt  the  author  and  hiscom- 
inentator.  With  respect  to  his  religion,  although  Dr. Web- 
ster tells  us  he  **  died  a  worthy  and  religious  man,"  there 
is  reason  to  think  he  had  not  always  lived  with  much  reli" 
gious  impression  on  his  mincl.  He  wrote  a  comedy,  called 
*<  The  Assembly,''  printed  at  London  in  1722,  which  Mr. 
George  Chalmers  says  is  ^*  personal  and  political,  sarcastic 
and  prophane,  and  never  could  have  been  acted  on  any 
stage."  He  was  also  the  author  of  an  attack  on  revealed 
religion,  entitled  ^' Epistola  Ardhimedis  ad ,  regem  Gelp' 


&2S  P  I  T  C  A  I  R  N  E. 

neon  Albce  Grsecs  reperta,  .anno  eeirsd  Cbrisdanse  1688.'* 
This  was  made  the  subject  of  the  inaugural  oratiou  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Haiyburton,  professor  of  divinity  in  the  nni- 
varsity  of  St  Andrew's  in  1710,. and  published  at  Edin-t 
burgh  in  1714,  4to.  The  late  Dr.  William  and  Dr.  David 
Fitcairne  were  related  to  our  author,  but  not  ^bii  inunediate 
descendants.  ^ 

PITHOU  (Peter),  or  Pithceus,  a  French  gentleman 
of  eminence  in  the  republic  of  letters,  was  descended  fromi 
an  ancient  and  noble  family  in  Normandy,  and  born  at 
Troy es  Nov.  1,  1539.  His  taste  for  literature  discovered 
itself  early,  and  it  was  cultivated  to  the  utmost  by  the 
care  of  his  father.  He  entered  upon  his  studies  at  Troyes, 
and  was  afterwards  sent  to  Paris,  where  he  became  first 
the  scholar,  and  then  the  friend,  of  Turnebus.  When  be 
had  finished  bis  pursuits  in  languages  and  the  belles  letters, 
he  was  removed  to  Bourges^  and  placed  under  Cujacius, 
in  order  to  study  the  civil  law.  His  father  was  learned  in 
the  law,  and  has  left  no  inconsiderable  specimen  of  his 
judgment,  in  the  advice  he  gave  his  son,  for  acquiring  this 
branch  of  knowledge,  which  was,  not  to  spend  his  time 
and  pains  upon  voluminous  and  barren  commentators,  but 
to  confine  his  reading  chiefiy  to  original  writers.  He  made 
«o  wonderful  a  progress,  that  at  seventeen  he  was  able  to 
discuss  without  preparation  the  most  difficult  questions; 
and  his  master  was  not  ashamed  to  own^  that  he  was  in- 
debted tq  him  for  some  useful  suggestions.  Cujacius  re«' 
moving  to  Valence,  Pithou  followed  him  thither,  and  con* 
jtinued  to  profit  by  his  lectures,  to  1560.  He  then  returned 
to  Paris,  and  frequented  the  bar  of  the  parliament  there, 
for  the  sake  of  joining  practical  forms  and  usages  to  theore- 
tic knowledge. 

In  1563,  being  then  twenty-four,  he  gav^  the fivstfruits 
of  his  studies  .to  the  public,  ^n  a  work  entitled  ^^  Adversa- 
i-ia  Subseciva ;''  which  was  highly  applauded  by  Turnebus, 
Lipsius,  and  other  learned  men,  and  laid  the  foundation  of 
that  great  and  extensive  fame  which  he  aft^wards  ac- 
quired. A  little  time  after,  he  was  advanced  by  Henry  IH. 
.to  some  considerable  post ;  in  which,  as  well  as  at  the  bar, 
he  acquitted  himself  with  high  honour*  Pitixou  wi^  a  Pro- 
testant, and  was  almost  involved  in  the  terrible  massacre 

*  GejUf  Diet. — Account  of  bis  Life,  &c.  by  Dr.  Charles  Webster,  1781,  8vo. — 
Cbalnaers't  Life  of  Ruadimau,  p.  24^31,  61,  96.— Tytl^'s  Life  of  Lor^ 
Kames.  « 


P  I  T  H  O  U,  529 

of  Saint  Bartholomew  in  1572.  His  escape  indeed  was 
▼ery  narrowy,  for  be  was  at  Paris  during  tbe  whole,  and'in 
the  same  lodgings  with  several  protestants,  wno  were  all 
iQurdered.  Whether  from  fear  or  convictioni  he  soon 
afterwards  openly  embraced  the  Catholic  faith.  Afterwardfik 
he  attended  the  duke  of  Montmorency  into  England  ;  and 
in  1572  was  honoured  with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  at 
Oxford,  where  he  resided  for  some  time ;  and  upon  his 
return,  by  reason  of  his  great  wisdom,  amiable  manners,, 
and  profound  knowledge,  became  a  kind  of  oracle  to  his 
countrymen,  who  consulted  him  on  all  imporunt  occa- 
sions. Nor  was  his  fame  less  in  other  parts  of  the  con- 
tinent; Ferdinand  the  Great  duke  of  Tuscany  not  only 
consulted  him,  but  even  submitted  to  his  determination, 
ID  a  point  contrary  to  his  interests.  Henry  III.  and  IV. 
were  greatly  obliged  to  him  for  combating  the  league  in 
the  most  intrepid  manner,  and  for  many  other  services,  in 
which  he  had  recourse  to  his  pen,  as  well  as  to  other 
means. 

Pithou  died '  upon  his  birth-day,  November  1,  1596, 
leaving  behind  him  a  wife,  whom  he  had  married  in  1579^ 
and  some  children.  Thuanus  has  represented  him  as  the 
most  excellent  and  accomplished  man  of  the  age  in  which 
be  lived  ;  an  opinion  in  which  his  learned  contemporaries 
seem  agreed.  He  collected  a  most  valuable  library,  which 
wa^  -rich  in  manuscripts,  as  well  as  printed  books  ;  and  lie 
took  many  precautions  to  hinder  its  being  dispersed  xiftev 
bis  death,  but  in  vain.  He  published  a^  great  number  of 
works  on  various  subjects  of  law,  history,  and  classical 
literature ;  and  he  gave  several  new  and  correct  editions  of 
ancient  writers.  He  was  the  first  who  made  the  world  ac- 
quainted with  the  '^  Fables  of  Phsedrus  :'*  they,  together 
with  the  name  of  their  author,  being  utterly  unknown,  till 
pjiblished  from  a  manuscript,  which  had  been  discovered 
by  his  brother,  Francis  Pithou.  The  principal  works  of 
Peter  Pithou  are,  L  ^^  A  Treatise  on  the  Liberties  of  the 
Gallican  Church,'*  four  volumes  folio ;  the  foundation  of 
all  that  has  been  written  on  that  subject  since.  The  best 
edition  is  Paris,  1731.  2..  Editions  of  many  important  mor 
numents  relative  to  French  history.  3.  Notes  on  many 
classical  authors.  4.  A  volume  of  smaller  works,  or  ^^Opus- 
cula/*  printed  collectively  at  Paris  in  1609,  besides  many 
publications  on  civil  and  canon  law,  some  issued  separately, 
and  some  in  conjui)iCtion  with  his  brother.   It  was  his  in  ten- 

Vol.  XXIV.  Mm 


iS6  I*  1 1  fl  0  a 

tioof  Id  liftte  ptiblished  a  eofiipl6fe  bbdy  of  Flrettdh  liisr^i' 
t&riati*,  bbt  be  publi^bed  only  t#o  vdliiuie^  on  (be  mhjttt, 
etlfe  lit  6ttkra,  shd  fb^  dtbef  itt  qtisllto.* 

PITHOU  (FKAKCis),  adrocate  W  th«  pttfHimeftt  6f  Pa- 
rifi),  bfbtber  of  the  pteci^Aingi  anfd  ftiM  H  v^ry  le^rtted  lil&tf^ 
Wa^  b&m  Iti  1544,  kt  Tfoy^S;  H«  W^t;  wdl  ^quttittted  iritb 
tbe  belled  lettfe^9  ^nd  laVir,  artd  disdOvet^,  as  W6  bkte  juiit 
db^e^V^d^  thd  MS.  of  Ih6  fbbles  6f  t^hifed]*ti^/i^tvidh  h^  ftent 
td  bis  bfbtherj  diid  #hlcb  Wa^  published  iti  13915,  Jn  tSttio. 
Fhdncisy  With  the  as^istanfie  of  his  btothef,  applied  hite^lf 
paHieularly  to  revise  and  explaiii  th^  <*  Body  Of  Cttion 
LftWi"  Which  was  prittt(gd  according  to  their  cofrectio&il, 
16S7,  2  Vols,  folio;  fLti  editibh  Which  is  reckoned  the  best. 
His  othdi-  works  are,  "  Code*  CahonUm,"  leSlT,  folio.  Ati 
edition  of  the  "  Salic  Law,"  With  notes.  The  "  Rotoafl 
Laws,"  fcompa^d  with  those  of  MoiitJs,  16tS,  l2mo.  «Ob- 
iterv^tiones  ad  Codiei^m,'^  1689,  folio.  <<  Antiqui  RhetOfest 
Latini,  Rdtilius  Lupus,  Aquik  Romanus,  Julius  Rtifini- 
anus,  Curius  Fortunatianus,  MariusVictorinus,"  &c.  Paris^ 
1*99^  4lo;  republished  by  M.  Caperohier,  Strasburg,  4to. 
&c.     Hfe  died  February  7,  1681^  aged  seventy *dgbt  • 

PITISGUS  (SAMtJfcL),  a  very  learned  scholar  and  editor, 
#a§  bbrh  kt  Zutphen>  March  30,  163T.  His  grabdfather^ 
i^tte  i§  reason  to  think,  was  Barthblotnew  Pitiscus, 
pr^achel:  to  the  elector  palatine,  wbo  died  in  1613,  and 
wis  thb  author  of  a  Latin  work  on  "  TflgOttOrtiefry,"  re- 

Srihted  ih  1612,  and  very  much  Sippror^d  by  TyiAo 
Irabe.  His  fatheir,  Bamttel,  appears  to  bate  been  a  tef^^ 
ge^  for  the  sake  of  tbe  pfotestant  religion^  and  took  up  bitl 
iabode  at  Zutphen,  where  our  autboi*  Wa^  first  educated, 
but  he  ^fterwardls  studied  polite  Htemture  at  Da^ehter 
^nder  John  iFrederick  Gronovius,  for  two  y^rt,  and  dl-* 
Vinity  for  three,  at  Groningen.  AfteV  fihiihittg  this  cbUfse 
hlft  Was^idtaiitted  into  the  church,  artd  appointed  waster  of 
the  {Public  dcEool  at  Zutphen  in  1635.  Abotlit  the  iramt) 
%irte  he  was  intrusted  with  the  direction  Of  the  eoltege  ot 
I5t.  Jeiromfe  at  Utrecht,  \^ich  he  retained  until  t717,  When, 
being  in  his  eightieth  year,  he  resigned  with  great  etedk, 
but  lived  ten  years  longer,  and  died  Feb.  1,  17^7.  He 
Uiarried  two  wive^,  one  while  schooltoasier  at  ZOtpbeti, 
who  gave  htm  touch  uneasin^silj,  having  cotitradted  a  Mblk 

1  Eife,  by  Grossley,  17^  Q  yoh.  8T(K»»-^a!tesn  Vitoe.<S8)«ctonm  ;  m  «lnck 
Is  bis  will,  a  curious  composition.-*— Tkuani  Hist,  ad  ana.  1596.— Niceron^ 
Vofl.  v.— Btfllitt's  A<?ad<«ttite  A^s  SciejaieiJ— Ath.  X)X.  vol.  t.wSaxii  Onotartt, 

f  Moreri.wPict,  iiiat. 


P  I  T  I  S  C  V  S.  &$l 

of  drqn1(6nnea9,  tq  g^Mify  v^vcU  ^l^  Vks^A  to  s!U^  wA  sell 
bis  bpoks.  Tha  otjb^^r,  wh^^^  ba  oM^pri^d  at  Uue^V  i*^*- 
8tQr^  that  dopfi^skAQ  hj^ppiii^^j^  w^iob  suited  l^is^  r^iredand 
sladigu^  di^^position.  He  aqqi^ire^  considerable  piopejrty 
hy  hisxwark^^  aod  left  at  bis  det^ttt  (0,000  9^Wn»  tQ  the 
poor.  He  was  a  noan  of  exteii^i^  learniog,  directed 
chiefly  to  the  illustration  of  the  olassii^al  ambor^^  aed  Hiag 
long  \\}  the  U^ghest  esteem  ^a  9^  teacher. 

His  viTorks  ^ve,  I.  <<  Fi^udao^eata  religion i a  Chri^tianaa  in 
y&um  Qymi>^ii  Zutphapiensis,"  ^vo.  2.  **  Qgiotua  C.ur- 
tit^s  cum  covaiuentario  pei^p^tuoj  variisque  iq(V)i&l9Xs  sDvi 
affabre  iacisi^^*^  Utrachi;^  1685,  the  first  of  the  classic  aa- 
tbqrs  whom  he  illustrated  by  the  explanatioa  of  ancient 
custqipa,  r^pre^Qot^d  by  engravings.  3.  ^^  Suetonius^^' 
ibid.  i690»  9  vcil^  Sva,  and  teovard.  1715,  3  vols*  4ta 
This  last  is  the  hc^  edition  of  this  elegant  and  useful  work, 
wbicl)  is  w^U  known  to  classical  scholars.  4..  ^^  Anreliua 
Victor/'  ^ith  the  no^es  of  various  cominentatqrs  and  en- 
gravings,' Utrecht,  1696,  3vQ,  a  rare  and  valuable  editioii. 
5*  "  Le^ticon  latino- BelgipuiYi,''  the  b(?st  editipn  of  which 
is  that  prioted  at  ])oPt  in  I724f,  4to«  6,  ^^  Les^ic^n  Anli- 
quitajum  R^onianarum,'*  Utrecht  3  vols,  folio,  a  work'  of 
great  erudition,  ^nd  the  labour  of  many  year^.  7.  ^^  Sq 
lini  Pqlybistpr,  quip  Sairna^ii  ei^ercitationibus  Plinianis/ 
Utr^cbt^  2  vols,  folio,  8,  *♦  Fr?kncisci  Ponaey  Pantheon 
Mythicumv'  9.  "^Rosini  Aiuiq.  Romanarum  corpua,** 
Utrecht,  1701,  4tQ.  Of  these  last  three  he  was  only  the 
editor.* 

PITOT  (Henby),  an  ingenious  mathematician,  det 
scended  of  a  noble  fainily  of  Languedoc,  w^s  h^kxn  in  169^. 
In  his  ^arly  mathematical  studies,  he  appears  to  have  had 
no  in^trLtctpr;  but  going,  in  his  twenty rthird  year,  tp  Paris, 
he  forfned  an  aqquaintiance  with  Reauqdpr.  In  1734  he 
was  received  intp  the  acad^n^y  of  sciences,  in  tbe  Memqirs 
qf  which  he  wrote  ^  great  many  papers.  He  wrote  a  va* 
livable  work,  entitled  "  The  Theory  of  working  ^bips,' • 
173 1 1  which  procured  him  tQ  be  elepteU  a  n^ember  of  thi^ 
Royal  Society  of  London*  In  1740,  the  states-general  of 
Languedoc  gave  him  the  appointqi^ent  qf  principal  engin^et 
to  the  proviiice,  ^nd  also  thai;  of  inspector- general  (^f  th^ 
famous  can?l  wbif:b  fqrm^  l^  navigable  junction  between 
the.  M^d}Km^^P^  fi^  9x^  ^be  bay  of  Biscay.    One  of  hia 


T 


'  Burmj^poi  TnjeeU  Erudit. 
MM  2 


5S2  P  I  T  O  T. 

greatest  works  was  that  for  supplying  Montpelier  with  wa- 
ter from  sources  at  the  distance  of  three  leagues*  For  this 
and  other  services  the  king  honoured  him  with  the  order  of 
St.  Michael.    He  died  in  1771,  at  the  age  of  seventy-six.* 

PITS,  or  PITSEUS  (John),  an  English  biographer,  was 
born  at  Alton,  in  Hampshire,  in  1560;  and  at  eleven,  sent 
to  Wykeham's  school  near  Winchester.  He  was  elected 
thence  probationer  fellow  of  New  college  in  Oxford,  at 
eighteen;  but,  in  less  than  two  years,  left  the  kingdom  as 
a  voluntary  Romish  exile,  and  went  to  Dbuay,  where  he 
was  kindly  received  by  Dr.  Thomas  Stapleton^  who  gave 
him  advice  relating  to  his  studies.'  Pursuant  to  this,  he 
passed  from  Douay  to  Rheims ;  and,  after  one  year  spent 
in  the  English  college  there,  was  sent  to  the  English  col- 
lege dt  Rome,  where  he  studied  seven  years,  and  was  then 
ordained  priest.  Returning  to  Rheims  about  1589,  he 
held  the  office  of  professor  of  rhetoric  and  Greek  for  two 
years.  Towards  the  latter  end  of  1590,  being  appointed 
governor  to  a  young  nobleman,  he  travelled  with  him  into 
Lorraine;  and,  at  Pont-a-Mousson,  he  took  the  degree  of. 
master  of  arts,  and  soon  after  that  of  bachelor  of  divinity. 
Next,  going  into  Upper  Germany,  he  resided  a  year  and 
a  half  at* Triers;  and  afterwards  removed  to  Ingolstadt  in 
Bavaria,  where  he  resided  three  years,  and  took  the  de- 
.  gree  of  doctor  of  divinity.  After  having  travelled  through 
Italy  as  well  as  Germany,  and  made  himself  master  of  the 
languages  of  both  countries,  he  went  back  to  Lorraine; 
where,  being  much  noticed  by  Charles  cardinal  of  Lor- 
raine, he  was  preferred  by  him  to  a  carionry  oif  Verdun. 
When  he  had  passed  two  years  there,  Antonia,  daughter 
to  the  duke  of  Lorraine,  who  was  married  to  the  duke  of 
Cleves,  invited  him  to  be  her  confessor ;  and,  that  he  might 
be  the  more  serviceable  to  her,  he  learned  the  French 
language  with  so  much  success,  that  he  often  preached  in 
it.  In  her  service  he  continued  twelve  years ; '  during 
which  time  he  studied  the  histories  of  England,  ecclesias- 
tical and  civil,  whence  he  made  large  collections  and  ob- 
servations concerning  the  most  illustrious  personages.  On 
the  death  of  the  duchess  of  Cleves  he  returned  a  third 
time  to  Lorraine,  where,  by  the  favour  of  John  bishop  of 
Toul,  formerly  his  scholar,  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery 
of  Liverdun,  a  city  of  Lorraine,  which  was  of  considerable 

1  Diet.  Hift. 


PITS.  533 

Talue.  This,  with  a  canonry  and  an  officialship  of  the 
same  churchy  he  held  to  the  day  of  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened at  Liverdun  in  1616.  He  published  three  trea- 
tises: "  De  Legibus,"  Triers,  1592;  "  De  Beatitudine^'^ 
Jngolst.  1595;  **  De  Peregrinatione,"  Dusseld.  1^04. 

During  the  leisure  he  enjoyed,  while  confessor  to  the 
duchess  of  Cieves,  he  employed  himself  in  that  work  which 
alone  has  made  him  known  to  posterity,  in  compiling  ^*  The 
:Lives  of  the  Kings,  Bishops,  Apostolical  Men,  and  Writers 
of  England."  They  were  comprised  in  four  large  volumes  ; 
the  first  containing  the  lives  of  the  kings;  the  second,  of 
the  bishops ;  the  third,  of  the  apostolical  men  ;  and  the 
fourth,  of  the  writers.  The  three  first  are  preserved  in 
the  archives  of  the  collegiate  church  of  Verdun  :  the  fourth 
.only  was  published,  and  that  after  his  decease,  at  Paris, 
1619,  and  1623,  in  4to,  under  the  title  of  «  J.  Pitsei  An- 
gli,  &c.  Relationum  Historicarum  de  Rebus  Anglicis  tomus 
primus;*!  but  the  running  title,  and  by  which  it  is  oftenest 
<iuoted,  is,  '' De  Ulustribus  Angliae  Scriptoribus."  It  is 
divided  into  four  parts ;  the  first  of  which  is  preliminary 
matter,  ^^Delaudibus  Historian,  de  Antiquitate  Ecclesise 
Britannicse,  de  Academiis  tarn  antiquis  Britonum  quam  re- 
centioribus  Anglorum.''  The  second  part  contains  the 
jives  and  characters  of  three  hundred  English  writers  ;  the 
third  is  an  '^  Appendix  of  some  Writers,  in  alphabetical  or- 
der, and  divided  into  four  Centuries,"  together  with  **  An 
Index  of  English  Books,  written  by  unknown  Authors." 
The  last  part  consists  of  **  Fifteen  Atphabeticai  Indexes,'' 
forming  a  kind  of  epitome  of  the  whole  work.  Pits  ap^ 
pears  to  have  acted  in  a  very  disingenuous  manner,  espe- 
cially in  the  second  part  of  this  work;  the  greater  part  of 
which  he  has  taken  without  any  acknowledgment  from 
Bale's  book  "  De  Scriptoribus  riiajoris  Britanniae,''  while 
he  takes  every  opportunity  to  shew  his  abhorrence  both  of 
Bale  and  his  work.  He  pretends  also  to  follow,  and  fami- 
liarly quotes,  Leland's  "  Collectanea  de  Scriptoribus  An- 
gliae ;"  whereas  the  truth  is,  as  Wood  and  others  have  ob** 
served,  he  never  saw  them,  being  but  twenty  years  of  age, 
or  little  more,  when  he  left  the  nation  :  neither  was  it 
in  his  power  afterwards,  if  he  had  been  in  England,  be- 
cause they  were  kept  in  such  private  hands,  that  few  pro- 
testaYit  antiquaries,  and  none  of  those  of  the  church  of. 
Rome,  could  see  or  peruse  them.  What  therefore  he  pre- 
tends to  have  from  Leiand,  he  takes  at  second-hand  from 
Bale.     His  work  is  also  full  of  partiality :  for  be  entirely 


534  PITS. 

leaves  out  Wickliffe  and  his  foHowers,  together  With  tk« 
Scats  mid  Irhh  writers,  who  are  for  the  most  part  coimni^ 
morated  by  Bale  ;  and  itk  their  room  gives  an  account  of 
the  Roman  catholic  writers,  such  ei^pectally  as  had  left  the 
kingdom,  after  the  Reformation  in  queen  Eii^^beth^s  retgd, 
and  sheltered  themselves  at  Rome,  Doiiay,  Louvain^  &,c» 
This,  however,  is  the  best  and  most  valuable  part  of  Pils'i 
work. — Pits  was  a  man  of  abilities  and  learning.  His  atyte 
is  clear,  easy,  and  elegant;  but  he  waft ts  accuracy,  andhab 
fallen  into  many  mistakes  in  bis  asecocmts  of  the  British 
writers.  His  work,  however,  will  always  be  thought  of 
use^  if  it  be  only  that  ^^  Historia  quoquo  modo  scripia  de^ 
lectat.*'* 

PITT  (OfiRiSTOPHER),  an  English  poet,  was  bom  in 
1699  at  Blandford,  the  son  of  a. physician  'm^ich  esteemed. 
He  was,  in  1714,  received  as  a  scholar  into  Wincheftteir 
college,  where  he  was  distinguiabed  by  exercises  of  lui*- 
common  elegance ;  and,  at  his  removal  to  New  college  in 
17t9,  presented  to  the  electors,  as  the  [Mrodactof  bis^pri*- 
vate  and  voluntary  studies,  a  complete  version  of  Lucan^i 
"poem,  Which  he  did  not  then  know  to  have  beeh  translated 
by  Rowe.  This  is  an  instance  of  early  ditigence  wbieh 
well  deserves  to  be  recorded.  The  suppression  of  such  a 
work,  recommended  by  such  uncommon  circumstaRces^ 
is  to  be  regretted^  It  is  indeed  culpable,  to  load  Itbi^xrisa 
with  superfluous  boolis ;  but  incitements  to  early  exoeU 
!ence  are.  never  superfluous,  and  from  this  e^aa&pie  the 
danger  is  not  great  of  many  imitations.  When  he  had  re- 
aided  at  his  college  three  years,  he  was  presented  to  tiie 
rectory  of  Pimpern  in  Porsetshire,  17^2,  by  his  relation^ 
Mr.  Pitt  of  Stratfeitdsea  in  Hampshire  ;  and,  resigning  fais 
fellowship,  continued  at  Oxford  Jtwo  years  teoger^  tiU  be 
became  M.  A.  1724.  He  probably  about  this  time  trans- 
lated "  Vida's  Art  of  Poetry,"  which  Tristram's  elegant 
edition  had  ifaen  made  popular.  In  this  translaticHi  hedis*- 
tinguished  himself,  both  by.  the  general  elegance  of  his 
style,  and  by  the  skilful  adaptation  of  his  numbevs  to  4be 
images  expressed  ;  a  beauty  which  Vida<  has  with  greai 
ardour  enforced  and  exemplified.  He  then  retitred  to  his 
living,  a  place  very  pleasing  by  its  situation,  and  therefore 
likely  to  exdite  the  imagination  of  a  poet.;  where  be  passed 
the  rest  of  his  life,  reverenced  for  his  virtue,  and  balored 
for  the  softness  of  his  temper,  and  the  easiness  of  his 

1  Ath.  Ox.  vol.  I.-<^Biog.  Brit,^]:>odd*8  Church  Qistory. 


PITT.  535 

Diers.  Before  strangers  he  had  something  of  the  scholar's 
cimiility  and  diffidence ;  but,  when  he  became  familiar,  he 
was  in  a  very  high  degree  cheerful  and  entertaining.  His 
general  benevolence  procured  general  respect ;  and  he 
passed  a  life  placid  and  honourable,  neither  too  great  for 
the  kindness  of  the  low,  nor.  too  low  for  the  notice  of  the 
great.  At  what  time  he  composed  his  ^^  Miscellany,"  pub- 
lished in  1727,  it  is  not  easy  nor  necessary  to  know :  diose 
poems  which  have  dates  appe^ar  to  have  been  very  early 
productions.  The  success  of  his  ^^  Vida*'  animated  hioi  to 
a  higher  undertaking ;  and  in  his  thirtieth  year  he  pub- 
lished a  version  of  the  first  book  of  the  ^neid*  This 
being  commended  by  his  friends,  he  some  time  afterwards 
added  three  or  four  more ;  With  an  advertisement  in  which 
he  represents  himself  as  translating  with  great  indifference^ 
and  with  a  progr^s  of  whkil  himself  was  hardly  conscious* 
At  last,  witJMHit  any  farther  coHtenttoR  with  bis  modesty^ 
or  any  awe  of  the  name  of  Dryden,  he  gave  a  complete 
English  <*  iEneid,"  which  we  advise  our  readers  to  peruse 
with  that  of  Dryden.  It  will  be  pleasing  to  have  an  op- 
portunity of  comparing  the  two  best  translations  that  per- 
haps were  ever  produced  by  one  nation  of  the  same  author,  v 
Pitt,  engaging  as  a  rival  with  Dryden,  naturally  obsei^ved 
his  failures  and  avoided  them  ;  and,  as  he  wrote  after  PopeV 
Iliad,  he  had  an  example  of  an  exact,  equable,  and  splen^ 
did  versification.  With  these  advantages,  seconded  by 
great  diligence,  he  might  successfully  labour  parHoobit 
passages,  and  escape  many  errors.  If  the  two  versions 
are  compared,  perba^ps  the  resuit  will  be,  that  Dryden 
leads  the  reader  forward  by  bis  general  vigour  and  sprigbt^ 
liness,  and  Pitt  often  stops  him  to  contemplate  the  exceU 
lence  of  a  single  couplet;  that  Dryden^s  faults  are  forgot- 
ten in  tte  hurry  of  delight,  and  that  Pitt's  beauties  are  neg- 
lected in  the  languor  of  a  cold  and  listless  perusal ;  that 
Pitt  pleases  the  critics,  and  Dryden  the  people ;  that  Pitt 
is  quoted,  and  Dryden  read.  He  did  not  long  enjoy  the 
reputation  which  this  great  work  deservedly  coiuerred  ;  for 
he  died  April  15,  1748,  and  lies  buried  under  a  stone  at 
Blaudford,  with  an  inscription,  which  celebrates  his  can- 
^ur,  and  pritk)itive  simplicity  of  manners ;  and  says  that 
lie  lived  innocent,  and  died  beloved ;  an  encomium  neither 
slight  nor  common,  though  modestly  expressed.^, 

\  J^ohttiDn'g  Iiv«8^— Prefaot  to  Wartoii'«  Vir|li. 


INDEX 


TO   THB 


TWENTY-FOURTH    VOLUME. 


Those  hiarked  thus  *  are  new. 
Those  marked  f  are  re-written^  with  additions. 


x  AAW,  Peter i 

*Pacatus,  Drepanius 2 

fPace,  Richard ib. 

*Pacheco,  Francis *.  6 

*Pachomiu8,  St. . .    , . .  7 

Pachymera^  Geoi^e ib. 

*Paciaudi,  Paul  Maria 8 

*Pacius,  Julius 12 

♦Pack,  Richardson 13 

fPacuvius,  Marcus 14 

Pagan,  B.  F.  Count  de  . .  , ,  ib. 

*Page,  William. ., 16 

Pagi,  Anthony 18 

— ^ —  Francis 19 

*Pagit,  or  Paget,  Eusebius  . :  ib. 

*——  Ephraim 20 

P^ninus^  Sanctes 21 

*Piyon,  Claude 22 

+PaJQt,  Lewis^Leo 1 . .  23 

*P&ine,  Thomas jb. 

fPalaemon,  Q.  R.  F 31 

fPalaephatus ib. 

♦IMafbx,  John  de 32* 

fPalaprat,  Jphn ib. 


Page 

Palearius,  Aonius .33 

*Paleotti,  Gabriel 36 

*Palestrina,  J.  P.  L 87 

*Paley,  William 39 

Palfin,  John 45 

Pklingenius,  Mareellus  ....  46 

fPalissy,  Bernard  de ,47 

^Palladino,  James 49 

fPalladio,  Andrew ib. 

Palladius 50 

*Pallas,  Peter  Simon  ......  51 

fPallavicino,  Ferrante ......  68 

■■ Sforza 59 

* Horatio 60 

*PaUiot,  Peter 62 

*Palma,  Jacob ib. 

*- the  young 63 

*Palmer,  Herbert ..64 

* John 66 

*Pahnieri,  Matthew 66 

f  Palomino,  A.  A.  V. . . » 67 

#Palsgrave,  John 68 

Pamelius,  James. . ._ 69 

Panard^  Charles  Francis ....  70 


INDEX. 


537 


Page 

Pancirolus^  Guy 71 

Pantsenus 72 

*Pantaleon,  Henry 73 

fPanvinius,  Onuphrius 74 

♦Panzer,  G.  W/F 75 

*P&oli,  Pascal  de ib. 

*Papenbroch,  Daniel 78 

Papias ib. 

*Papillon,  Philibert , 79 

* John ib. 

♦Papin,  Denys 80 

■  Isaac ib. 

Papinian. 83 

f  Pappus ib. 

Paraboseo,  Jerome 84 

f  Paracelsus,  P.  A.  T 85 

Paradin,  William 87 

♦Parcieux,  Anthony  de  . . . .  88 
fPardies,  Ignatius  Gaston  . .  89 
f  Pai'^,  Ambrose 90 

Parent,  Anthony 92 

Pareiis,  David 93 

John  Philip  ......  98 

'• — Daniel 99 

f  Pai*is,  Francis ib. 

Matthew 101 

*Parisot,  Peter 102 

*Parker,  Henry ib. 

t Matthew 104 

* Robert 119 

Sam 120 

*Parkhurst,  J6hn,  bishop  . .  126 

* w  J.  lexicographer  130 

♦Parkins,  John 133 

f  Parkinson,  John 134 

fParmenides 136 

Parmentier,  John ib. 

fParmigiano,  II 137 

tParnell,  Thomas 139 

♦Parr,  Richard 142 

Parrhasius,  of  Ephesus  .  . .  144 
^ Aulus  Janus  . .    ib. 

Parry,  Richard 145 

Parsons,  James 146. 

♦ — -  John 153 

♦ 1  Philip 154 

— -  Robert 155. 

tParuta,  Paul 163 

♦ —  Philip 164 

f  Pascal,  Blaise  ..*. ib. 


♦Paschasius,  Ratbert ...... 

f  Pasor,  Matthias 

Pasquier,  or  Paquier,  Steph. 

♦Passe,  Crispin 

♦Passemant,  C.  S. ....... . 

Passerat,  John 

Passed,  J.  B 

Joseph  .......... 

; — \ J.  B.  antiquary  . . . 

♦Passeroti,  Barth 

Passionei^  Dominick 

Patel 

Paterculus,  C.  V 

♦Paterson,  Sam 

fPatin,  Guy 

t  Charles 


fPatrick,  Simon. . . 

Patrix,  Peter 

♦Patrizi,  Francis  .  . 

Patru,  Oliver 

f  Pattison,  William. 
♦Paul,  of  Burgos. . . 

♦ Diaconus  , . 

♦—  of  Samosata. 
♦ de  Vincent . 


Paulinus . 

—  of  Aquileia. 


♦Paulli,  Simon 

Paulmier  de  Grentesmenil, 

J.  le 

f  Paulo,  Mark 

•fPaulus  ^gineta 

f  Pausanias 

♦Pautre,  Ant.  le 

♦Pauw,  Cornelius  de 

Pays,  Ren^  Le 

♦Peacham,  Henry 

^Peacock,  Reynold 

f  Pearce,  Zachary .....,.., 
♦Pearsall,  Richard 

Pearson,  John 

Pechantre,  Nicolas  de  . . . . 

Pechmeja,  John  de 

Peck,  Francis 

♦Peckham,  John 

Pecquet,  John , . . . 

♦Pedrusi,  Paul 

F.eele,  George 

♦Pegge,  Samuel 

* —  Samuel,  jun 


172 
173 
176 
176 

177 
178 
179 
.  ib. 
180 
.  ib. 
181. 
183 
184 
185 
189 
190 
191 
199 
200 
201 
203. 
204 
.  ib. 
205 
206 
207 
209 
.  ib. 


.ib. 
210 
211 
212 
213 
214 
215 
.ib. 
218 
219 
230 
231 
233 
234 
235 
240 
242 
.  ib. 
.ib. 
244 
249 


^     / 


538 


INDEX. 


*Peirce,  James  ...  4 550 

•^Peireec,  N.  C.  F. « 1253 

Pelagkis « Q57 

PeW,John «64 

Pell^rin,  Simdn  JoBcph  . .  26S 

*Peltegriiii,  Camlllo 269 

Pellerio,  Joseph 270 

♦Pelletier,  Bernard S70 

Claude  de 27« 

Jaques S73 

♦Pellican,  Conrad ib. 

Pellisson-Fbntanier^  Pftul .  S76 

♦Pelloutier,  Simon 278 

♦Pemberton,  Henry 279 

♦Pemble,  WiUiam 281 

*Pena^  John , ib. 

♦Pengelly,  sir  Thomas lb. 

Penin^on,  Isaac 282 

Penn,  William 285 

■    ■    William,  son 286 

^Pennant,  Thomas 299 

fPenni^  John  Francis.  1 , . . .  306 

♦Penrose,  Thomas 307 

Penry,  John 308 

Pepuach,  John  Christ SQ9 

*Pepys,  Samuel 312 

Perau,  G.  L.  Calabre. 3X5 

♦Pterceval,  John ib. 

* John,  2d  lord  . .  317 

* Spencer 318 

♦Percival,  Thomas 323 

♦Percy,  Thomas 327 

fPerefixe,  H.  de  Beaumont   329 

Pergolesi,  J.  Bapt ib. 

♦Periers,  Bonaventure  des. .  331 

^Peringskiold,  John 332 

♦Perino  del  Vaga 333 

♦Perion,  Joachim ib. 

Perizoaius,  James 334 

♦Perkins,  William 336 

Pernetf,  Ant.  Joseph- 337 

fPerot,  or  Peirot,  Nich ib. 

♦Peroufe,  J.  F.  G.  de  la 338 

PerraiiU,  Claude 340 

t Charles 34JL 

♦Perrenot,  Ant 348 

Perriijr,  Francis ib. 

Charles 349 

Perrf  jn,  James  Davy  du . . .  350 
fPerrot^  Nicholas «  355 


f  Perry,  Jdbsn 357 

f  Persius,  Aulus  Flaccus 359 

Perugino,  Pieti'o SSO 

Peruzzi,  Baldassare 361 

Pesselier,  Charles  Stephen    362 
fPetau,  or  Petavius^  C^nis . .  363 
♦Peter,  Chrysologus  ......  369 

♦  de  Blois,  or  BleseDois  ib. 

♦— -  Comestor 370 

♦ de  Clugny , .  ib.^ 

the  Or^t .........  371 

♦Peters,  Hugh 380 

fPetis  de  la  CVoix,  F. 38t 

♦Petit,  Anthony 382 

«- John  Lewis 383 

•\ Peter 384 

Peter,  critic 385 

♦ Francis  Pourfour  du  396 

Samuel 387 

♦Petit-Didier,  Matt 388 

Petitot,  John , ib. 

♦Petit-Pkcl,  Nicb 391 

* Nicb.  nephew  392 

Petiver,  James ^ . . . .  ib. 

fPetrarch,  Francte  .......  393 

♦Petre,  Sir  WiUiam 40^ 

fPetronius  Arbiter 404 

fPetty,  William  ...  , 405 

♦— -  William,  Marquis  of 

Lansdowne 423 

♦Pettyt,  William 425 

Peucer,  Gaspard 426 

Peutinger,  Conrad 427 

Peyer,  John  Conrad ib, 

Peyreyra,  Isaac  . 428 

♦Peyronie,  Francis  de  la. . . .  429 

Pezay,  Masson  /. ib. 

Pezenas,  Esprit .....;....  430 

PezroUjPaul ,  .^.ib. 

♦Pfaff,  John  Christopher  . .  431 

Pfanner,  Tobias 43? 

Pfeffercom,  John ib. 

Pfeiffer,  Aug 433 

♦Phaedon ib, 

Phsedrus  . .  . ib. 

Phaer,  Thomas 436 

fPhalaris  . 438 

•f Phavorinus,  Yarinus ib. 

♦Phere^es 459 

♦Pherecydes  ^  .••,,,.  • ib. 


I  NDEX, 


589 


Pag« 

Phidias...... 441 

Philelphus,  FraoGis 449 

Bhilemon 44S. 

tPhilidOT,  Andrew 444 

♦Philippi,  Henry 446 

Philips^  Ambrose 447 

Catherine 450 

*■ '  Edward  and  John  451 

—  Fabian 464 

'■  John 455 

*       ■       Morgan 458 

* —  Thomas 459 

Philo  JudEBUS 469 

tPhilolaus 404 

Philostcrgius 466 

-fPhilostratus,  Flavins lb. 

*Phypot,  John 467 

* ^  or  Philipot^  John  469 

Phlegon 470 

Photinus 471 

Photius 472 

Phreas,  John 475 

Piazza,  H.B 476 

* Callistus ib. 

*Piazzetta,  J.  B 477 

f  Picard,  John ib. 

Picart,  Bernard 478 

♦Piccini,  Nich.  .^ 479 

Piccolomini,  Alexander  . .  483 

■  Francis ib. 

Pictet,  Benedict 484 

f Picus,  John ib. 

John  Francis 492 

Pierce,  Edward 494 

♦Pierre,  Corn,  de  la ib. 


Paye 

Pigalle,  J.  B , 495 

♦Pighius,  Albert 496 

Stephen  Vinand  . .  ib. 

♦Pigna,  John  Bapt 497 

Pignorius,  Laurence ib. 

♦Pilatus,  Leontius 498 

Piles,  Roger  de ib. 

♦Pilkington,  James 499 

: Letitia 502 

Pilpay ,....  504 

Pindar : .  ib. 

*Pine,  John 507 

* Robert  Edge 508 

♦Pineau,  Gabriel  du    ib. 

Pineda,  John 509 

Pinelli,  John  Vincent ,  ib* 

*Kngrfe,  Alex.  Guy  .......  510 

♦Pinsson,  Francis 512 

fPinturiccio,  Bernard ib. 

♦Piombo,  Sebastian  del ....  513 

Piper,  Francis  le 514 

*Pippi,  Julio 517 

Piranesi,  John  Baptist. ...  519 

*Piromalli,  Paul 521 

Piron,  Alexis 522 

Pisan,  Christina  de 523 

*Piscator,  John 524 

♦Pistorius,  John ib. 

Pitcairne,  Archibald  ......  ib. 

Rthou,  Peter 528 

*— —  Francis 530 

fPitiscus,  Samuel ib. 

*Pitot,  Henry 531 

Pits,  or  Pitseus,  John  ....  532 
Pitt,  Christopher 534 


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