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600041 173M

.-^. -., i.

GENERAL VIEW

OF THfi

AGRICUIiTTUHE

OF THE

COUNTY OF SUSSEX.

DEAWN UP FOR

THE BOARD OF AGRICULTVREi

AND INTERNAL IMPI^OVEMBNT.

BY THE REV. ARTHUR YOUNG.

LONDON:

puiNTED FOR RICHARD PHILLIPS, bridge street;

90ld by faulder & son, bond street; j. harding, st. james's

^tbeet;'^j. asperne, cornhill; black, parry, & kingsbury,

leadenhall street; j. donaldson, t. pollard, ft w. paine,

brighton ; messrs. lee, lewes; p. humphrey, •& w. seagrave^

chichester; mrs. spooner, worthing; a. constable 9c co,

EDINBURGH; J. ARCHER, ft M. KEENE, DUBLIN; ft EDWARDS tc
SAVAGE, cork;

BY B. MCMILLAN, BOW STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1808.
[Price Fourteen JShillings in BoarcUt^

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE desire that has been generally ex-
pressed^ to have the AoRicuLTuaAL SuRVBra
of the KiNODpM reprinted^ with the additional
Communications which have been received since
the OaiGiNAL RspoBTS were circulated^ has in-
duced the Board op Agriculture to come to A
resolution to reprint such as appear on the whole
fit for publication.

It is proper at the same time to add, that the
Board does not consider itself responsible for
every statement contained in the Reports thus
reprinted, and that it will thankfully acknowledge
any additional information which may still be
communicated.

N. B. Letters to the Boards may be addressed
to !$ir John Sinclair, Bart, the President,
No. 32, Sachville-Streety Piccadilly, London.

a^i

.TKdi/i^f.x'r;

. . I

»••/.. .'- -.cj.

I I / * » *

w" • i I ., w . O- -.^ . I -' . • ^ }'...:• . . . i i\.-

'iff* '*k* ** t f

» r r / -

■• . - . • . ■

•- ^

^^llt^

I** • r»

Sr-. ^ •- '

^ .

• «v)W^ '. ,\^'.'- .J.: . ... ,1- V' •

CONTENTS.

CHAP. I. GEOGRAPHIC AI, STATE AND CIBCUM-

STANCeS.

81CT. 1. Sitoation and Extent, 1

2. Divisions, ..,..;..* 2

a. Ciimalc, ... 2

4.* Soil and Surface, ...,, 4

5. Minerals, 10

6. Rivers, 15

CHAP. II. STATE OF PROPERTY. .

Sect. 1. Estates and their Management, 17

■ ■ •

CHAP. III. BUILDINGS.

Sect, l . Houses of Proprietors^ , I9

2.' Farm-Houscs, 3n4 Offices, 19

3. Cottages, 2

CHAP. IV. MODE OF OCCUPATION.

Sect, l . Size of Farms, 23

2. Rent, .....'. 2?

3. Tthes, 30

4. Rates, sfe

^, Leases, , 43

§. Expense and Profit^ 44

CHAP. V. IMPLEMENTS, 55

• ■ ■ • . ■ •

■ 3 CHAT.

ft COVTBNTS.

^ CHAP. VI. ENCLOSING, FENCES, GATES, 62

CHAP. VIL ARABLE LAND.

Sect. 1. Tillage, 66

2. Fallowing, 67

9: RowHon^ 'Orops, v . . . . . -^ ^69

4. Crops commonly coUWfltcd, 79

1. Wheat, 79

^» jjariey, v.........^....' v*-^ . • .7. • "9«

3. Oats, .• 100

4. Rye, i.... . 101

5. Pease, ,.,'a . . .^ . 102

6. Tarefe, ..... ,..,.,.,....,.....,. 104
^,», . L/Olcseeci, _._._....,,• .^. ... ,.^ . .^i^^ . 100

8. Turnips, 107

5. Tlropa not i^omnnoQljr caltlvatjod, ^. 112

1. Beans, 112

** * 2.' Potatoes,* 115

3. 3uck-wbeat, 128

4. Lettuces, .\ 128

v5. Hops, 139

6. Carrots, 140

7. IU>ubaTb, 141

8. Opium, .^ HI

•9. Sainfoin, '...-.,. 142

10. Lucern, -. . 144

11. Chicory, 145

• . CHAP. VIIL GRASS LANDS.

Sect. 1 . Natural Meadov^d andPastarc?; 146

2. Cl6ver, Trefoil, Ray-grass, 149

3. Hay-harvest, .. ^ 153

4. Feeding, 355

CHAP.

9A9M

CHAR IX. ORCHABDS, lOai

CHAP. X. WOODS AND PLANTATIONS, l64

CHAP. XL WASTES, IS/

* • CHAP. XIL IMPROVSMENTS.

Cbct. 1. DnuDiag, jpi

3. Faring and Burniog, 1^/

3. Maotirito'g, ..;. igg

1. Chalk, :.. igg

2. Lime, « 202

3. Marl, 212

4i^ Sleech, 218

3. Soap-asbes, , 213

d. Wood*atfaeti . , . ; 318

7. Peat-oshet, ^ 218

8. Coal-asbet, ....I ;.•... 219

9. BagSk Sheep-dipplngi, 219

30. Pikfaards, 219

11. Paring-duft, 219

12. Gypsum, 220

4. Weeding, 221

5» Watered Meadows, 222

CHAP. XIIL LIVE STOCK.

€ect. J. Cattle, 228

, 1. Beef, 228

2. Dairy, , 251

3. Work, 275

2. Sheep, 286

1 . Breed, , 292

2. Management, 310

3. Profit, 337

3. Horsea, 376

4. Hogs, ••,,,•,«, «^. 381

SECT.

StCT.^. Rabbifcs^ • *..............,..;: V ^gi

6. Poultry/ ..-* 391

7. Pigeona/ .........;...;..;•. .'j •'.... 1 393

8. Bees, 802

9. Fish, '. 393

10. DeWi ..*....w..i...- ...* 400

CHAF. XIV. RURAL ECONOMt. ' •

■ ' ' ' .

SxcT. 1. labour, ,.« 404

2. Provisions, ^ 41 1

«. Fuel, ...!..'..."..." ,.,.., 413

CHAP. XV; POLltlCAL ECOlSJOMY,

AS COKMECTED WITH.AOBICULTU&E.

. • . • ... I -

facl*. 1. Roads, 416

3. Fairs. . . . ; .....*.. ^ 427 '

4. Manufacturcu, . .^v-,... /% 4 43 1

5. Poor, '. ....4....i 436

6. Populatiop,^ .....,«, ^ 4 457

CHAP. XVI. OBSTACLES TO IMPROVEMENT.

. . . WOODS AKJ3 COMMON RIOUTS, 463

CHAP. XVn. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS.

SscT. 1. Agricultural Societies, 406

2. Weights and Measures, 469

CONCLUSION. MEANS OF- IMPROVEMENT, . ^^^

ANU MfiASUEES CALCULAltD foil THAT PtTfi POSE,

APPENDIX,

Weald of SuVsei, ' .. ..*.".'.'* .'.1 .'. ^.. 470;

• •

• ■■•• *•• •

/ AOaiCUL<

Cn'

■-^^^^

..■^""g ri«-ir — "A^)( '

THE

AGRICULTURAL SURVEY

SUSSEX*

CHAP. I.

4SEOGRAPHICAL STATE AND CIRCUMSTANCES.

- SECT. I.-i— SiTUATION AND EXTENT.

^USSEX fe a maritime county, bouncled oii the ^est
by Hdmpshire, oh the north by Surrey, oti the
north -cast and east by Kent, and on the houlh by the
British Channel;

In contains^ according to the mensuration in Tem-
pleman*s Tables^ 1416 square miles, and 1,140,000
acres : the extent, by the same authority, is 65 miles,
and the breadth 26. But, accordinjr to this cilcula-
tion, the real length is considerably under-rated, whilst
the breadth is increased ; >vhich y,c find to be the case
by later, and more accurate surveys. >\i:oth(T calcula-
tion reduces the numl>er of acres to 908,952; both of
trliich are confessedly erroneous.

The length of this county, as measured from Ems*
<irorth to Kent-ditch, extends 76 miles, and the medium
breadth falls short of SO. The superjGcial contents

SUSSEX.] B amount

CMMATE.

amount to 933,360, and each parish averages 2982
acres*.

SECT. IT^ — DIVISIONS.

The artificial divisions of the county are compr<?-
hended in six rapeti th'fl«e©f (jfiieljestct, Arundel, and
Bramber, form the western division, and in which the
• quarter-sessions are .luM 9i Chichester. Mtdhurst,
Petworth, and Horsham ; I^ewes, Pcvensej, and Hast-
ings rapes, form the cA^te^ffit qi^arter of the comity, for
which the quarter-sessions are always hckl at Lewes.^^
Tfic riuiMter of pairfttfeen in the county are 313.

-*" ■ XKOT* III.— ^LdMilTE^

■ Th«? cKmato'in tte wcslem part of tlic maritime dis-
frlct is very wstrm, and highly favourable to the pow«
ers of vigdniiaiLf. Bat upon ifni bleak situation of

■ I III I i^^»^— ^M^-^ ■ m ,

* In- the accpant annexed to the Poor Returns^ drawn up under the
iospectioQ ojT the Right THon. George Rose, the ninnber iy 935^040.

t As Mr. Ydnilg; jttstly retnarks, the dfmat« of the South Dewns i»
ti^fM, 3ii\d An T§ome TfApcdti favourable to vegetation. In tlic severest
iro6^ vre h^d'Hkthfi year I7S9, 1 exppted a thermometer at WilUngdon*
mill, one pf thue highest points on the hills, after »unset : it stood three:
degrees of Fahrenheit's scafe lower than one in the vilhge of Jevington,
iand three degrees hij^her than the tKermometets^ were reported to ha^
fttood in London at the same tlmb.

. Wl^ I sfiy the ^tekte is in some -respecd favourable to vegetation,
I mean, it hasLens both the birth and maturity thereof, but no plants:
whatever attain that rank luxurijincy commonly to be observed in par*
ticular spots in most countries. This influence affect* the -aobnals as
Wefl » vegetables indigenous on the hilJs ; and the hares and partridge*
arc a^pat>eni]y smaller t^an those of some other parts of England.—*
i?^. Mr, Sueyd,

the

CLIMATSi

the SiMitli Dofwll failU, extMMed to (he aoatli'wcsty the
"wIikIb have bi*en known to strip the thatch oflF com-
Btackfe) and the covefin^ horn all thatched buildings ;
and it has sometimes happened, that farmers Imre suf-
fered Considerable losses by tlie violence of these wes-
terly gales in harvest, blowing the standing com out
of the ear, and doing other damage* When impreg-
nated with saline pftrticlos*, occasioned by the west
and south-west winds beating the spray against the
beach^ all the hedges and trees on the windward side
are destroyed^' and, gen^ra11y speaking, the foliage
wears the aspect of its wintery dress. The hedges
seem to be cut by the spray, as if it were artificially ;
and in very exposed situations it penetrated the houses,
thmigh built with brick, even at a considerable dis«
tance from the coast* The consequence df this has
been, that the greatest part of the buildings in the dis-
trict are situated in hollow protected situations, in

0fmm^mm^ilim^mmmmimm^^mmmt^tmm0^lmatamm^,^tmamm^^mm^mimm.mm^mj^

* This is SO geilftrall/ received an opinion, that it is perhaps presump^
don to contradict it ; but T jg^tatl^r doubt if the spray of the sea does thtf
ii^ury htte ascribed to it. It must necessarily gain a considerable height
ftbove the Icrel of the sea, to be carried far inland. Now, it is well
knowiiy sea salts are not exhaled by the sun ) and strong winds are ol>-
tenred to-depriiss and bear to the ground all light bodies^ such as smoke,
eteanit and- the- like. As to the spray produced by the see^ driven yioi'
lently by tbe-south^west wind' on the beach^ it must needs mount per*
f>endiculasly abqut ISO feet before it could surmount the cliff; whereas
an easterly or south-east wind, which makes a more broken ^ea, and
consequeaHy more spray, baa no cliff to surmount between fieachy'*^
liead aad Hastings, therefore would extend its influence farther and
ttore powerful! yi yet the foliage immediately exposed thereto is neveC
injured thereby, though but at a short distance from the shore, whilst
all tfaeinjnry is done from the south-west, where, as I before remarked^
OTe baiw the clifi^ which seems to preeent an insurmountable barrier
agaiast tho«e iijiines we observe some how a&dked, and which perhaps
i» caused by the force of the wind soltly obstructing by its agitation the
^ol4h0sejttioei,wJUck should nourish the leavss.^—ibv. Mr- StKyA

B 2 order

4 SOIL AND SUAfACE.

order ^0 ibelfeti'thcm' from^ Ahesis di^reming cofrtci^

■l ■ ' 1 . ' .■• • , . I * • " ,1> " • t •' ' '' 4

.;> r ! , • I t 1.- »• •'";*l. ■-■,■»

^ECXn IV,— SOIL ANJ? SURFACE,.. •

The mvdtigatiori of tl^e liataVe aiia prdperf les bt'thc
Varieties of soil, in this or any other cotluty, so as
accurately to clialk. out .the line where one soil eiius
una another bc^^ns^ can be moroughly made only oy
tlibse who Have ia 'most exact 'arid 'iniiina^te knowledge
of the county. Tn attempting "to giVe the Board this
inforoiation. if apjppared (liat' flic varijations would lie
Inofe clearly traced oufi and Aiorie accurately defined 1

it will be but lumeifect^ arid lia'ble to errors whicfi are
Ujiavoidable.

The difierent soils of cIialR, clay, sand^loam, and
ffravel, are found in this county.

The first is nearly the universal soil of the South
Down hills*^ .the second, in gep€fal, ^.9^ ,:t^<?.sW:^d t;

-.. c. , '. • i c \ ' » i -.i^f -{j ■ thft

* This, strictly speaking, 18 not-the CiJSti theptre, luctivei^ntdiiched
'soil of the Downs is chiefly a rich« light, haael 'mouiilv wiu^inpoitdah
«te substratum is a loose chalk« 'i^'licse become max. by the plough^
and the qibre freti[uemty the earth !& turned, the morejpredominaitt the
chalk becomes* ■ • • ' i ■ i- ♦ ':• .

There is also a very considerable pordoD pf the hilts between Cockii
tnare river aud East Bourne, whose soil is a strong red loam. . There is a
irein of this sort near four miles>'long, east* and west, and full- threo*
fouxths.of a mile, north and south, running fnom the western extremity
of £xcit-hilk to WiUingdon-miil. This soil 'is very deep, some feet evea
OB the tops of the hills: it is rather what is called cold land, but wh«i
mended with chalk,^ becomes extremely productive.— *i?<;«. Mi^.,^mtyd.

\ The Weald is an indefinite expression for a country, the Jtmits of
which are tiaknowa* In a legal acceptation) it .means the .woodland

distficti

the thwd ]princi{MlIy '^e.npies tbe^aortlr side of the
cctaniy'; the feiirth is found on the south side of the
bills ; and tlie last lies between the rich loam of the
coast and the chalk.

' The soil of the South Downs varies according to its
"situation. On the summit is usually found (more
especially in the eastern parts) a very fleet earth ; the
substratum chalk, and over that a surface of chalk
rubble, eoveied with a light stratum of vegetable caU
'>careous mould. Sometimes along the summit of the
•Downs there is merely a covering of flints, upon which
'the turf spontaneously grows. Advancing down the
hills, the soil becomes of a deeper staple, and at the
bottom is every where a surface of very good depth for
j;>k>ughing. Here the loam is excellent, nine or ten
inches in depth, and the chalk hardish and broken,
"and mixed with loam in the interstices, to the depth
-of some feet, which must make it admirable land for
sainfoin; :'!<'

• West of the river Arun, the soil above the chalk is
very gravelly, intermixed with large flints. Between
the rivers Adur and Ousc, a substratum of reddish
.sand is discovered ; the usual depth of tlie soil above
the chalk, varies in almost every acre of land, from
one inch to a foot. The general avcrage'betwcen East?
bourne and Shoj-cham, docs not exceed five inches*
W-est of Shorcham the staple is deeper, and between
•Arundel and Hampshire the soil is deeper still*.

districts in- the counties of Sussex, Kent, and Surrey, in which wood»
*i^d» pay no tithe; bnt as a district relative to soil, it is extremely Tav*
^ou8, containing, besidet the predominant clay, much sanci, Sec.

* 1% 19 the remark of a Nobleman in this county, that the surface of
these hills being usually very steep to the north, the hard chalk, so fa^

B 3 vourable

:9 .wu* ji*D 8i^»rAo&

At fife ndflbeni ^tremiij of tbflM cbalk hilUi anil
ilto^U^ exteoding the taraie iengtb fts tbe Oowiutv i» a
^ip of very ripb and stiOf arable land} but of vtry in-
considerable br^adtb: it runs for $onie distitiice into
tbe yale, before U meets the ;Cl^y, The soil of this
narrow ^lip is an expessivei^ fliff calcareous loam on a
clay bottom ; it adheres do much to tbe sbare, and is
io very difficult to plough, that it is not an unusual
-aight to observe ten or a dozen stout oxen, and some-,
times more, at work upon it. It is a soil that must
rank amdngst the finest in this or any other county,
being pure clay and calcareous earth s to the eye it ap«
rpears whitish, from the 'mixture of chalk. Some of it
that appears of a blacker nature, is less mixed with
that substance : it is generally deep, and under it is a
jKire clay.

South of these bills is an extensive arable vale of
lingular fertility," This maritime dimtrict, extending
from Srightbelms^one to' Ertih.wortbi SG n^iles, is at
.first of a very triiling breadtlij between Bri;>liton and
.Shoreham, The nature of tbi^ soil) which is proba«

vourable for aU the purposes of th^ fanner, is ^t hand %q assiit his in^
iu$txj iq the cvltiwrtion pf the strong retentive soil of the Weald,
which lies at the 4H>ftherr^ extremity of th^se hills ; Mfhilst (he syrface to
the sooth graduan;jF ao^ ahnost ifnpercelptibly unites i^elf to the ricl%
Strict on the coasC| where the soft chalk, qx ch^lk m^rl, is found
^uaBy propitious to the pMr^uits of the farmer^ which shews (to make
use of hit Lordshsp't words) how beneficially NHt^re has distributed her
gifts, in adapting fp eyery soi) a m^uiure so suitable and near at hand.

Directly opposite (o the Sputh Down hil^ to the north^ are the Sur^
rey bills, falling abruptly to the southyrard, and sloping gradually to
4lie north \ and t^ween these two lines of hilb it the Weald of Sussex
^fid Surrey, where the S^88ez mafb)e (lyhich is ppthing else than a con^
erecion of shells) i« to be found. The position and formation of thece
opposite hills is such, that, in (he opinion of his Lordship, the^ appear
4Wi if com aiuikkiP by «<2AM vioi^t conimotloa of Nature,

bij e<|ual to .luijr in th^ kingdoip^ k>» riok loanif
either upon a reddUh brick earth, or graTel; thcge-
ocral depth of tho upix;r soil varying from ten to six-
ieeii inches. Procwding westward, gravel is f^euerally
found under the surface. This maritime districi is in
parts stiff, but more usually light, intermixed with
«and, and beneath which is sand. Between Brighton
and Siioreham^ the general breadth of this uncommonly
rich vale falls short of one mile; between tho rivers
Adur and Arun it is incretfled to three milen, and front
the Ar«a to the; bordevs of Hampshire, it becomes still
wider; from three to seven miles, la the south-west
angle the land is stiiTer and more retentive, and in
Selsea peninsula, more aigillaceous ; and the farmers
here not kaving the same opportunities of marling aa
their brethren on the eastern side pf Pagfaam-harbour^
the soil is not equal to it in fertility*

Between (bb muritime district and ilxo South Downs
runs a veia of land, not equal to the foregoing in rich-
ness, bot adnurable hmd for the turnip husbandry.
It is provincially called shravey*^ stony or gravelly,
the flints (where they have not been picked o(l' the
land^ lying so tliick, as efiectually to cover the groun^l ;
and it is curious to observe how vegetation flourishes
through such beds of stones* The general opinion is,
that if the farmers were to put themselves to the trouble
j^d expense of picking them off the land, the soil

♦ ThU term is applied by the Datives of the South Dowot more gene^
flially to those spots on the lidet of tteep hill», Where the turf has slipped
away and exposed the soiL These tears or holes aro termed strokes. I am
Sit a loss &>r the true derivation of tht word, but think it probably oomes

from the Saxon Schp^mme^ which signifies » scar, slash, or trench,.

The Earl of Egremont observes, that is a common provincial word
for stbrty-fcnd, or any soil mixed with sandstone, 3cc,

'* B 4 would

8 flOIXi AND StTRFACE*

Nrould be most materially injared. Some, indeed, ifrha
have tried thi^ e:^periment, are thoroughly convinced
of the losB thereby sustained, the land having never
since produced such fine crops of com as before ; but
ibis remark applies only tq some places where the stones
are so numerous.

In the line from Chichester to Emsworth, . north of
tibe road, we meet with tlie same kind land for turnips
and barley. The declJv!t3r of Hanbrook-commoh is
wet and springy to the sbtth, but on the north it is
dry and gra'wUy. This 'Common is a light gravelly
or stony loftm upon a gravel' bpttom; a brick'^rthj
18 inches in thickness, frequently intervenes Ijetween
the upper soil atid the gravel. It has been for some
time in contemplation to apply to the Legislature to
enclose this common.' 'Some of those who live in the
neighbourhood of it, would, if it were enclosed, freely
give SO/, per acre fhr tlie best of it ; at present it is no^
worth oiie shilling. ; . * : *

• The soil of the Weald is ^Wcrally a very stiff loam
^pon a brick clay bottom, and that again upon'sand«
$tone. Upon the range of hills, tunning through the
county in a north-west direction,*^ the soil is diffe-
Tent. Iri& here either sandy loam upon a sandy gritr
stone, or it is a very poor black* vegetable ss^nd on a
soft clay marl. A great * propfertipn of these hills is
Bothing better than the poorest barren sand. St. Leo-^
Dard*s Forest contains 10,000 acres of it, and Ashdo\^n
18,000 more, besides many thousand acres more in
various other piirts of the county.

The depth of the sand on thpse rabbit«warrens is va«
lious — full 13 inches in many places : the soft clay,
lyhich in its outward appearance resembles marl, is
much deeper. In the neighbourhood of Handcross^

upon

lipta'St. LeonaTd's, this sobstmtam is several ieiet in
iiepth, as may be seen on the declivitjr of a new road
lately made by Mr. Marcus Dixon. ■ An extensive
tract of this unimproved sandy soil, stretching into
Kent on one side, and, with some intersection of Mlti«
vation, into Hampshire on the other, and calkng loudly
ftr improvement, occupies chiefly the northern divi*
sion of the county. I do not affirm that this unpro*
dnctive soil is united from one end of the county to
th^otli^, since it is broken into and intersected by
interventions of the clay district ; but it is usually
to be met with running east and west at the north
side of the county. It is com^monly understood to
form a part of the Weald, which in its utmost extent
comprehends all that district of Sussex at the foot of
the South Down hills, or within two or three miles .of
tliem. In its more appropriate signification, it has ie#
ference to the deep and heavy clay loam district, be»
lug bounded to the west by the Arun.

Re$pecting the surface of tliis tract of land, th^
BBSid^ produce the birch, hazel, beech, and sortie other
iinder-growth, of which some profit is annually made.

So predominant is the timber and wood of one sort
or another in the Weald, that when viewed" from the
South Downs, or any eminence in the neighbour-
hood, it presents to the eye hardly any other pros-
pect but amass of wood. This is to be ascribed to
the great extent and quantity of wood ; preserved by a
custom of a nature so extraordinary, that it is not a
little surprising no steps haye been taken to put aa-end
to it.

When this country was first improved by clears
ing, it was a common practice to leave a shaw of
frood several yards in width, to encompass eac}i

distinct

10 MIKEBAI^.

^i^tinct eaelosurei as a nursery for the timber, frc«
The sizeof tbesQ enclosures being small, ^lust of course-
contribute to render the general aspect of it woody.
Anterior to the Conquest, the Weald "was. a continued
forest, esLtending from the' borders of Kent to the con*
^es of Haihpshire, across the whole county 6f Sussex ;
and the names of a yariety of parishes situated in this
line, and evidently derivec) from Saxon original, attest
^bis iact to the present day. In truth, tlie forest now
remaining occupies a considerable portion of Sussex.
•, Besides the soils already treated of, there is a large
jtract of marsh land adjacent to the sea-coast between
0x^ eastern extremity of the South Downs and Kent,
^he soil is a composition of rotten vegetables, inter**
ynixed with sand and other matter, collected from the
^oods and iilth which settle on the surface. In Lewes
JLcvelthis vegetable mould is at least twelve inches in
thickness.

In Pcv.^nsey Level it is many feet deep, and under
it a very heavy black silt, intermixed with, various
9ort6 of shells. Water^Iogs, stumps of trees, and
timber, have been dug from Pevensqy Level; trees,
each containing one load, cubic measure, have been
taken from Lewes marshes.

BECT. V.-^MINEBALS,

Respecting the minerals of* Sussex, it is not
tnfetior to many in the production of this most va-»
luable material. Limestones of every description ate
to be met with in the most eastern parts of the Weald.
The Sussex marble ^ v^hen cut into slabs foif orna-*
inenting chimney-piccesy &c. is equal io most in

beauty

JKmfjr mA quality, whea hi;;hly iK>li8lied. Tha

Earl of E^mont has several chiianeyr))icce8 at Pe(*>

woith, fdrmed of it« It is an excelWnt stone for

jquare buildin^ri and for jiaving is nut to be ex-

-Me4ed» . It aiiordg n yery yaluable manure, equal,

smd by some thought to be superior, to chalk, and

cheaper to those nvho live near the place where it is dug*

Jt is found in the highest perfection upon an estate of

•the Karl of £gremoat*s, at Kirdibrd, from 10 to 90

fyci under ground, where ii if i|i tialcs nine or ten

. inches in thickm^ss. Much of it was used in the

Cathedral . at Canterbury, the pillars, monuments,

vaults, pavement, ' ^c. of that venerable structure,

being built of this article, called there the Pei^

woarih marble. The Ajrchbisliop*s chair is an entire

piece*

Besidesy the limestones of this district, I shall set
down a short account of what I had a more immediate
opportunity of seeing, by observing the gradations in
the earth, and mineral beds of ironstone and limestone,
to the depth of 130 feet, at Ashbumham^furnace.

The received opinion of the range of the limestone
in this neighbourhood is, that it runs eight miles from
east to west, and one from north to south. How far
this opinion of the limited continuation of limestone is
well founded, has not as yti been decided* The soil
tending immediately to sand, is of the hazel kind:
that tending to marl, connected either with iron or
limestone, is formed of a more tenacious and closer tex-*
ture ; and every where the substrata bear a strict ana-*
logy to the surface* The limestone and ironstone g&t
nerally rise very near the surface ; often within three
&et t the depth to which the limestone continues, has
not as yet been discovered, having never in this coun-*

^trj been drawn deeper thaft 190 feet, wh^re'it is firmer^
'mnd superior to that at any other depth. -

The appearance of the ironstone more than 40 fed
'under tUe surface, is difiereht ; certainly not so good,
hdng coai^, and seeing more dull, and worksbeavier
•iii the furha:ce ; and the rhrfhf^t ot the veins are fre-
quently intersected With -stripes, the thickness of a
quill, filled with a soft iii^Iey matter ; aiid the marl-
lieds Which t^ie ir6n lies in, wear % bluer iappearaneei.
ihah where it is good f but the'b^ds df lime^oiie have
'po such resemblance at any depth. : It i& a curious fact,
and worthy the attention of men conversant in matters
of this sort, to account for the difference, which pcr-
kaps may not be very difficult, upon Tully considering
the component parts of each -substance. The, fact cei^
tainry is, that ironstone diminishes in goodness from
depth', and limestone does not ; neither the grey, which
is composed of shells, and the eiifuvia of marine ani-
mals; nor the blue, which is a perfectly indurated
calcareous marl. As it is now sufficientVj^ proved that
there are under-stones, that, with clearing and burning,
.win make equrtlly as good lime as the top-bed, or
great blue (as it is provincially called), from which
one stratum is at the distance of 21 ^t ; so that instead
of two to two feet and a lialf of blue 'Stone generally
Arawn and used, there i3 now projdubed,' without
spoiling any more surface, ' upwards of seven feet.
Thisr fact slidws that the perseverance of the Earl of
Ashbumham, iu drawing the deep under tstones at his
works, and thereby setting an example whieh; other
'Kmestone^lrawers are now following, has been truly
useful : for that part of Sussex must have ceased to
avail itself of the advantage of lime as q, manure with*
>at some change of lhifr«ort. ' .

Tl^

MINBAALSt • tS

tphe alternate order of sandstone and ironstone ii
^very where found througl^ the Weald in alldirectionsi
The sandstone^ marl) and ironstone) all dip into the

hill. ■ ••';

Under tBfisV M' &' considerable' dearth, the various sorts
of limestcrni^We discovered in the order in Avhich (licjr
lire set d Wii^ ' Vith (be thickness and shale of each dif^
ferent sort*

.«,t ,. .'.Thickness. .. Slide.

. Ft. In. Ft. In.

The first lim(^ionrfj 3 3 ,•«...•«-••—.. 8 0 grey.
. sectatl 4Utpi' "(J 9 ...M...... — 9 0 ditto*

litirddiito;;'; * a .39 0 ditto.

Joukh dittos 0 ^ L.......U.U 3 0 ditto.

fiftn difto, ', .0 8 .1. J...; '2. 0 ditto.

sixth £lit(!o, 83 .'...., 4 0 diUo.

seventh ditto, 2 0 ......l... 1 6 blue.

ci^tfa ditto, ^O/B....^^. — .. 6 4 ditto,

nitiih ditJLo^ 0 9' ••.m..w»— •• 1 3 ditto.

tenth ditto, 1 -S'.... 0 4 ditto.

. eleventh ditto, 0 8 1 1 ditto.

twelfth ditto, 1 1 •..........•..• 1 6 ditto.

thirteenth ditto, 0 6 8 0 ditto,

fourteenth ditto, 2 3

•••••••••••«.•••«

The great blue by far the best.

This last stone is fine enough to set a razor.

This is the succession in which they are found.

The Sussex limestone, upon trial, has been disco-*
Tered to be superior both to the Maidstone and Ply-
mouth stone,- aird it is now supposed that for cementi
none equal to it isYound in the kingdom.

//. Iron*

•• • . . '

This mtrteral abounds in .an eminent degree in Stt&«
kex; ai)d it is to tfa^ fentiginottii raixtore 'with :which
the soil of this county is in many places so highly im«
pregaoLted^.tbat is to be.asqribed th« sterility ol'vo large-
a portion of it.
At Penhurst, in the neighbourhood of Battel^ the
* soil is graVelly to an indeterminate depth* At the bot-
tom' of ttie Earl of Ashburuham^s parl^. sandstone ia
found) solid enough for {he,purpbse of masonry* Ad*
Tancing up the bill, the' sand-rock is SI feet iti thick-
ness, but so friable, as easily to be reduced to powder.
On this immediately a marl sets on, in the diffi?rent
depths of which the ironstone regularly comes on in all
the vsurioiis sotts^ as follows, s

1* Smflkll balls^ provincitlly, twelve^ foots ^ bemuse
so. many feet distant from the first to tlie la&t bed.

S. Grdly limestone -, Vfh&i is nsed as a flux*

3* Foxes/

4. Eigget.

5. Balls.

6. Caballa balls* .

7. White-burn.

8. Clouts.

9. Pitty. . ' ■

This is the order in which the diflferpnt Qrc% are dis*
covered. Advancing on, I crossed a valley; \yhere thf
mineiuL bed seems entirely broken, and the sandstone
sets on. At the distance of something ^boye a mih)|
tho ironstone is again seen. Another intervention of
sand; and then, at low water, when the tide goes out,

the

the beds <if ironstone appear regnlarly an the shore : an
iadisputablc proof that, howeref the appearance of the
surface may vary, the substrata continue the same.

In taking the range north wardlj from the bottom of
Ashburnham-park, for twelve miles at lea^^ the strata
are nearly the same, there being no material inequality
of snr&ce which does not partake of sandstone, marl^
ironstone, and sand again at the top. Sand being the
general cap to the hills, the coltivatcd soil of these
districts is made np so lati^ly'of- it; eren.th^ loamy*
and marly soils, after rain, very evidently discover it
in small glittering particles, which, in process of time,
have been washed from their native beds.

///. Chalk— Marl— Fullers'-Earth.

Beside the minerals above-mentioned, a vast range
of hills, the composition of which is chalk j occupy a
considerable part of the county, adjoining the coast*
Marl is dug up on tlie south side of these hills, in va-
rious places. Fullers'' 'earth is found at TilUngton,
and consumed in the neighbouring fulling-mills ; and
red-ochre at Graflham, and in various places adjoin-
ing the sea^ as Chidham, &c. much of which goes to
London.

SECT. VI. RIVERS.

The chief rivers are, the Ouse, the Adur, and the
Arun ; they rise in the nortliern parts of the county,
and after dividing the chalk-hills into four or five
parts, empty themselves into the Channel ; the first at
Newbaven^ the second near Shorebam, and the third

kirMM,

iit iitCle'Eta<ti{>tdna Althopgh toaiparatiydy ^mkltj
tbey render the great£6t baiefit to the county at large^
by farnishiag points of connexion fdr t he qanal» already
jBnished^ or in agitatioqi . - Assisted by the public-
spirited apd enterpriimig conduct of otie or, two, Nobler
men^ Sussex^, on the comptetion of those eiinpts^ .\yill
tiot h^ inferior to oAher cpuntieft.in the stdv^ntagea of
inland navigation ; but as this subject comes i^qder the
iurti(;ie Canals y I shall have occasion to speaj^ of it
• mcNre at large ttpder that head J

t •

f •

c!/!

I • •', t

■■>''•. , , '

■ . . •< A

• 1 ■

'.(

. V

1 i-

» • » » • •
. » i t. ■

I • ■

i: • ,

CHAF*

CHAP. 11.

STATE OF PROPERIT.

SECT. I.-— ESTATES, AND THEIR MANAGEMENT.

IN SO large, populous, and cultivated a county,
estates must necessarily vary : the largest does not ex-
ceed 7500/. a year. lathis, as in all other counties,
gentlemen of property have stewards, or superintend-
antSy to examine the state and condition of their lands.
Most proprietors hold land in tlieir own occupation ;
and the increasing attention observable in the better
cultivation of this county, affords an agreeable spec-
tacle, not only of rational amusement and satisfaction,
but it is also eminently useful in a national light, inso«
much that all the great improvements in our agricul-
ture have been patronized, propagatetl, and encou-
raged by gentlemen of large landed property and sci-
entific exertions.

In this class, it is impossible for the Author not to
mention the Earl of Egreinont. To do justice to the
exertions of this distinguished nobleman, is far above
the reach of my humble cn[)acity. SuHicc it to say,
that his Lordship's estat(»s are conducted upon a great
scale, in the highest siylv of improvement. Every
attention is here given to the suggestion of whatever
hints have a probability of biiiig turnrtl to (he use and
advantage of his country. T]y» Duke of Tlchmond
has made great ^nd bcntHcial exertions. The Earl of
. ^yf§EX,] c Chichc:

rAQl

18 ESTATES, AND TI^EIIl MANAGEMENT.

Chichester and Lord Sheffield have practised with great
success ; but the number of those gentlemen who have
thus promoted the good of their country, is too great
to repeat all their names. The follmving pages wilt
contain -details sufficient to establish the fact, that tlie
land-owners of Sussex have not been behind the gene-
ral spirit of this agricultural agc^.

N 1

mntr*

CHAl*. IIL

BUILDING^.

s»6t. t.^— rtottSES Op PhoPRifefORS.

MANY of the noblemen's and geutlemen^s seats al^.
taked upon a s]^leildid) no less than a rational^ plan^
and emiDCiitly contribute to the ornament and embd-*
lisfaitaent df the cOnttty* ' Without specifying each in-
dividual residence^ it may be observed^ that fewdis^
tricts have to boast more elegant stractUTeti

• • •' I '»'■.■,

• ■ i

.. . I . : - I

SfeCT. H.-^PARM-HOtlSES AND' OFFICES.

"Wherever the quarries dre cbnvenientty situated,
stone is the uisiiat material for farm-buildings and
offices, no less than for gentlemen's s^ts; ahd as ati
excellent build ing^stoiie is found under a Wy consi-
derable proportion of Sussejc, it is a vtiluabW circum-
alance to have materials for building of such a (][ua«
lity.

On the South lOowtiSj ^nd iii the hdghbburhdod,
another material, equally good, is made Use of in the
construction of houses, Which are flints, and a better it
is impossible to meet with: farm-hduses, bams^
stables, out-houses, ahd^ in general, all the buildings

c2 ia

20 FAHM-TIOUKES.AXD OFFIC£8.

in this district, arc formed of flint. Tile is much used
as a facing for boiisos, especially in situations exposed
to the inclemency of the >vest or south-west winds.

I do not know wlwItHer.fli/sHli- facing for houses is
used beyond the liiuits of Sussex and Hamj)shire ; but
it is very prevalent fn fmssex,- "anil in o\ycn and ex-
posed situations effectually checks the fury of the
storms, and preserves thifrilBrktc of the house air-tight
and dry : they are very common all over the county.

UnderpU^lq hp^^^.pertaiu: ^gneficial pract^c^ in the
coustniction and arrangenv nt of farm-buildings and
officeiS) tlesetvos^to 4>^ padicuiatly • ndticec}, and can-
J|^ot1:)e^bo£;»rcfb{yirc^oinii[iend0d-.to a| more extended

■TJk^ ^3|twisihgp;.:ni?inot!!P' i^ich the . fatmers a4apt
thrbi^oHftib gf(3nt.pfitr.t<^tKt8:cf>un4yi^ and especially
in the westenuxiiytUion^'of ^t<iclii«g tjieir corn on cir-
cular stone piers, cannot be adminnl too much. It
requires some art and attjuj^on in the construction of
these stacks, and nice maruigement to adjust them
in their truest proportion. I take thi.s to be the best
method of preserving wh(*at;*and it is lio small re-
QOmjrneiidatipriy.tliat it most efteciually pn^vents all
w^mnjtom Igdgipg iri tlie sjicaves, and hereby ob-
yiating.ii>cajc.ulable losses to the owner.

latbi^.fettiug of oxen, it is not unusual to find ex-
c^lept (JOBlri^apccs te save labour in attendance:
st^ills.. ojF^sliieds .of jBint.51 requisite for the aiumber of
cattle, are frequently contrived (as at BIr. Thomas
EU«»u'&4 io£ §liQrchaip)> with keclers in each stall for
^Ifi^tering^ wiUj troughs of comjgaunication to convey
Ae water rfr/om a pump in the farm-yard to the genc-
Bil,, trough at' .the outside, of tlie buihling, which is
4lg;jin.a>»)ycyf5i to each stall ; so that all the trouble of

tieing

♦

■i

RcferPOCL's ,

A_7Vc dirimns eftfmFUnv nimediifi. in. '
one ofwhuh it Ascribed by detEed lines,
aJUuictofadGiale.Ax'tnitiie^wve. '
rrwi-eaitk i^-i-dons en ffiMside.anti let. '
dotvn, at pleasure .

Vk^Tke^back whav the (bmis heapt Offain,^

"vi -J^' ■ *

A Three tBfiaoiU of thBFhoriMidmmvntfie

Tlmdav
B T^TmAatf 'Shewn ^ttetsuppcrt tfiefbor
C TkeplaeetDheapthetiimm&ne efnnufm^

«.

rARM-iioiWs axd'offtcks, fl,

tiring and iintioiiitr, aii:l ilrivinir to wntcr, is avoided.
Ivai^h stall ii. siiiUciiMit to (;a:i!;siH two oxen, iivi' fcri
foom lieinir allow (\1 to «':.rli.

^»Crp-vnrds, or siaiidiin^ folds, arc very jiKliciouBly

<^^*atrQctod 0!i thr Sondi Downs. Mr. li^tlniHii JlUf^

^^"©Avhicli roiitaiiis nil ar<a ot' .■>() yards by ^0, which is>

siiliich*ni for 7.'>(» sht*ep, at.lli;; niu» of <»ii(- yard aiid a-

™if i'or 'cach ; so arraii£:4*d as to coiitain sheds all

■roand uine or teiifeot in widih, and across ihocoiitre^

^ the* flock is niinieroiis. A rack for haT is jilaced

i^inBt the waU'which siirround^ the ^vhple^ and ari^i

^>^fter, a double one, on^rhtto stand aloiio^ tiio central

*'>Gd, for the sheep to. fi?ed from in each divLKion of thd

^"Uncl;^ These practices, whicli arc in the ccouom}- of

^ vvell-ordered farm, desi»rve universal iiuitatiou*.

* X shall take thu liherty of ol>sc'rvinj^ to the Board of Af^rlculture
v^'id- "wortiiy it is of their consideration), that jj^reat iniprovcments may
°^Q^ade both to landlords and tenants, by placin;]^ burn-*, &c. conveni-
ently on large farms. All buildinjrs necessary to a farm, undoubtedly
oug"i:a t to lie placed in the mo-v lilgible spots, on lar^ Down farms, for
"*e ^^snantto cultivate them to -KUMnlii^f. 'll-iC inconvenience and
*Xti*i^ expeiues it occasions to the fiinncr, wli'.'n all the f:irm-yard build-
***€?• ^which too often is tiie case) siirrc/inul tlie Iioiise, is incredible.
" ^'^^i^oves then every landlord wlu> is p()ssesiod of ri-jy of those incon-
^^'^•■^^xit farms, to have them inspected (not only for his benefit do I wish
It, l^'«^^ t for a public good), and order buildings to \y: removed, or new
^^'^^^ erected, as convenient as possible for the farmer's use.

* ■*"^* most advantageous way to lay barn-flouis, to prevent rats and

xns>C^i from undermining them, ii to ^et flints or haru stono ; break them

6**^ > in the same manner as thev do on turnpike?, and i^y them twenty

\lJ.ctVc?8 thick ; consolidate them with a lunvy raiimier; and at each side

Y^\>1>1^ a foundation- wall with grey lime, to lay the ends of t!ie planks

C"^^*^- This method, if done well, prtscrvrs ilic ^iuibc:-, -uvi is- a pic-

^^X^tative against vrrmir.. — j'l '•■>:,

'.. ».

r..*i 3KCT,

S$ - <?0TTAOBf,

SECT. llI.-p-COTTAGES.

7|iE miserable copstniction of cottages in matiy
of the kingdom^ and the too great excloMOA of
pomfort, are circumstances ivhich ought to be reme-**
died. No ^igns of prosperity like new-built cottages :
the dwellings of the poor^ are, in most countieft, but
mudfcabbins, -with holes that expose the inhabitants.
io the rigour of thp climate. In the Weald of SussexT
they are in general warm and comfc^rt^Ue^ and.maqy
of them built of stones and on the Downs with fiistsv
Certainly the lower class of people are here imnraoh
more eligible circumstances^ than in many other paii^
pf England which might be Qame4t

cUat,

CHAP. IV.

MODE OF OCCUPATION.

SECT. I. 8IZC OF FARMS.

THIS most important division of the rural ceo-
nomy of the county is exceedingly variable. It if
nsuidly governed by the soil. Farms here, as else-
^rtiere, are to be found more extensive, and the ma-
nagement in general highly superior on dry soils,
to vhat is usually the case on vfet ones. This is
precisely the fact vrith respect to the county now.
under consideration. ' Compare the Weald with the
South Downs, and this circumstance will be suffi-
ciently manifest.

In the Weald, although farms sometimes rise to
200/. a year and upwards, yet of this magnitude they
are not often to be met witli ; and in a general inquiry,
a fat greater number fall very considcraWy below this*
calculation, insomuch that the average size in this
district is under 100/. a rear. On the South Downs
they rise much higlier. Many farmers occupy the
greatest part, if not the whole of their respective pa-
rishes, as in Buttolphs, Kingston, Coombs, Bram.
bcr, NorthStoke, Bletchington, Falmer, Piddinghoe,
and many others in the neighbourhood of Lewes,
£ast Bourne, and Brighton. Many of these have
marsh-land annexed to their farms, for the conveni-
ence of maintaining and fattening their oxen, the

c 4 work,

34; SIZE OF {"ARMS*

work for the most part depending upon their labour*
A farm of 1200 acres at East Bourn(» has 200 acres
of marsh ; another of 1260 has 300. Farms in this
district average 350/; per annum. In the triangle
formed by Shoreham, Lewes, and East Bourne,
they rise much higher, and on the western sid^ of
the Downs they fall lower^ In the maritime dis-
trict they vary from 70/. to 150/. Three farms
out of five are under 100/. rent. In the peninsula of
Selsea, rented at 1800/. and containing more than
2000 acres, farms vary from 50/. to 400/. \3ptRi the
Ijarge gravelly soil situated between the^naritimd district
and the South Downs, they average at 300/. In the
hundred of West Bourne, they ar« met with somfitimies
unusually small. The hamlet of Prinstead coutainp
nine farms, each not exceeding 50/. per annum.
And within a circuit of five or isix miles round West
Bourne, they fall short of 100/. per annum. Betwi^n
Nutboum- turnpike and Emsworth there zre 1500
acres divided into 14, on which 50 horses are kept.
If that tract of land was in thriee, instead of four-
teen, the rent might be 1200/. instead of 1000/. ;
there would be 500/. worth more of cuttle and sheep
k^pt there than at present ; 500/. per annum more
com raised; and 36 horses kept instead of 50, with
much more employ for labourers. This is an exact
representation of many other small-farm districts^ aft
well as this.

The proper size of a fiirm- is a point upon which
a variety of opinions have been entertained t some as-
serting tliat farms should be limited by law, and Over-
grown ones divided ; wliilst others, on the contrary,
contend, that large farms only should be encou-
raged. As no doubt exists in my own mind as

la vkich tlie preference should foe given (though ab»
•olate freedom is the only thing to be contendeil for),
I shall njerelj consider the arguments advanced by
the advocates who contend for the superiority * of
^m^ll farms over large occupations. The argumentfi
on tills side of the question are, that industry is re^
ivarded^' nertt encouraged, markets plentifully sup^
plied) and population increased, by the lit<le occupier.
All which appear more specious than solid. Respit-
ing the encouragement of industry in a small farmi
by holding )oat a reward to those labourers who are suf-
ficiently industrious and active in their occupation, to
be enabled to lay by their gains for investment in a farm,
the present situation of little farmers in many counties
has been «uffieiently discouraging, to afford the smaU*^
-est prospect of successful industry in tliat manner*
From the observation which I have made in 'tins
county under consideration, and which holds out a
striking instance of tlie comparative superiority of
great over small farms in every point of view, I h6ld
the active and industrious labourer to be more easy
in his circumstances, and the domestic economy of
his family far better arranged for promoting his hajv
piness, than he could possibly expect in the other sii*
tuation, to which his ambition mi;^ht possibly prompt
him. No dass of men, such as the labourer converted
into a farmer, work more intensely, and none fare so
bardly. Surety, therefore, at such a crisis as the
Jpresent*, when, from the high and increasing price in
all the necessary articles of living, and the still more
formidable increase of paroihial assessments, which
^sdl with such distress upon the small oceupier^'it

■¥iii »«

* Wjitten at a time of scarcity.

musit

9B^ SXZJE.aF PARMf •

mMst appear little sltorjt of absolute ruin, td encoor
mge laborious industry, by holding imt the superior
advantages of small farms. Markets may be, and
perhaps are, more plentifully provided with a few
Articles ; and so far some of the convenienees of lifi»
may be afforded to sale at a cheaper rate to diote
^bose easy circumstances, or affluence, it is qI little
oom^uence to encourage. In the preset inquiry^
il fs the laborious classes of life that are supposed t0
]|3C cliiefiy affected in tl>e markets, and to the benefit
of which tliese farms are supposed so highly to cob<«
tribute. But a great proportion of the commodities
of markets, as butter and eggs, pigs and poultry, cajj-
ttot be said to enter into the composition of a labourer^
diet. . But the great hinge upon which this system
revolves, is the increased population to which it is^
tbought to give birth . The unidn of small properties,
it is said, has a tendency to depopulate : but within
the last 30 or SO ycdxa this evil of engrossing land has
increased ; consequently we onght to expect that po«
pulation would be checked in proportion as tliis evil
has increased ; yet every one, i presume, is by this
time convinced, and concurs in acknowledging,
that the population of England, within the last forty
years, has increased rapidly. The fact is> that in
proportion to the paucity of families occupying, wiH
be good management, and the greater the. surplus of
free hapds for employment in trade ai)d manufacture.
But small farms, so far from being favourable to
population, arc directly the reverse ; for the greater
number of horses that are required for tlie cultivatiof|
of a little farm, decides the question. And sii|C€!|
upon the same ground tliat a certain proportion of
horses arc maintained^ an equal number of men might

subsibt;

BENT*. . ST

wbsisi ; it fibllows, fhat large farms iure nuire &toiivv^
lAle to population, • «.

But, without doubt, the wisest mcasoie io be em*
braced, is to .leave the size of farms to find their own
hfdy unshackled by laws, unlimited in extent, for.
ttpitab of all sorts to find em ploy meat*

V flECT. H.*~BENT.

Rent, of course, varies in proportion to the qua«
lity of the land. In the Weald it averages at 9s. per
acre (but in a great part of the Weald, is from 12f.
to 20^. per acre), excepting the north and north*
western parts, comprehending a considerable por«
tion of poor, and frequently wet sandy land, which is
lett at 7s. and 8^. per acre ; whilst good loamy clay
on the eastern side rises to 15^. At the foot of the
South Downs, not included in t]iis district, tl)ere is a
slip of excellent arable, which, taken by itself, is
rented from 20 to 25s. per acre. But this is generally
included with Down farms. A great quantity of waste
land, not less than 100,000* acres, in this part of
Sussex, is lett from 1^. to 1^. 6d. Of this, SU Leo-^
nard^s and Ashdown forest contain at least 30,000
ncres. With respect to the rental of the South' Downs^
we find that farms are occupied at a rate much lower
on these hills than on the cold wet soils on the Weald,
'whcQ the nature of the soil, situation, &c. arc con*
ftidered. Some farmers on the Downs rent their
farms at a valuation under what the same lands would

• T}us inight probably be made worth five timet as much.— ^xwff. • -'

yield

9B* «cnj

jFfdd ia nanj other ports of Etaglaiid. Tkis practice'
deserves consideration, as low rents do not always-
gemtmUf exertion and activity*. .

^e iMti^r&dewn, or sheep-walk, is rented at vtt-^
riotis prioes-^frinn Is. to Ss. 6d. A<Tery lar^e tract
of the hills between Newhayen and Shoreham, avo»
rages at 5s. 9d. and the arable at 11^.; very rich at
205. Between Lewes amHBast Bourne, the Down is
9s. Qd- ; arable, 10^. 6d. Between East Bourne and
Shoreham, 4^. Id. On-the light gravelly soils, the
rent is 125. 6d. ; where the quality is better, as in

Prinstead manor, m.^...^......— ....-..^; 24^.

' vdidhani ditto, .•^••mp.*w«.«.,.«.m«.««*«..«.. 20
; Hprney.Bickley, .•^•^^p..^.....,.,......... 20

East Mardin, •••...•^..^m^ ^r..,.,. 10 . .

Racton, .«•••.•*• f*. 16

Stoughton, ......^.:... 12t

In (he maritime district, rents rise from 20^. to 30s.

* I am glad to find this idea in the minds of so many of the RepOrt-
tn,'—ff^Uliam l)dnn^ Gillingham.

t The average price per acre on these parishes, I presume ; the calcfi*
lotion Co be made on statute acres. The reason of my oboervtng. thif is.
because, to myJusowledge, the acres are very unequal- a^tq the numbec.
- i>f rods they contain. In the padshes of Prinstead and Bo&ham, the size
ef acres are from. 107 to 212 rods ; and in Chidham, Funtin^don, West
Boorfie, and many oth^ adjoining" parishes, 107 rods to the acre. In
Che porisheB (many oi tkem) between Arundel and Chichester^ cherc it
t0 re^ar meaf ure, for iq:Spine farms, the acres pjce from UO to 12C^
or 130 rods, to the acre. I believe, if the size of all acres were made

stature meaiure; If would be nroreTratisfitctcry to tlie tenant, aint*of tm
r ^^tatute measure.-*^, r.

TLis

JUSKX*. S9

This land is almost entirely arable ; and property is
much diFided, almost atl the farmers enjoying land
of which they are 1 -ic proprietors.

Excluding the rents of pasture in the vicinity of
towns, with all grass-laud which enjoys any local or
particular advantages, grass in the Weald avenges
at 13 or lis. per acre, but it is seldom Ictt by itself.
On the western side of the countv, wh(^re the admi-
rable practice of irrigating is understood and prac-
tised, meadow rents as high as 40;. per acre; in
Kast Lavant, at 95s.; in West Bourne, 35s,; in We^t
llampnet, meadow, which before watering rented all
5s. per acre, is now lett at 40;. and has been> valued
as high as 60s.

The river Lavant, from the spring-bead at East
Dean to Chichester, irrigates between four and five
hundred acres.

A large tract of marsh-land adjoining the <;^ast, va^
rles from 20jp. to 40s. per acre. Some small parcels
rise as high as 50.^. and even 60s., Pcvensey -level
averages at 30s. ; Winchelsea, 25s- ; Brede, 35s. ;
Pett, 25s. ; Lewes and Lawton, the same ; Beedlng^
SOs, ; Arundel rape, 25s. The rental of the parishes
of Pcvensey and Westham, amounts to 75 IQ/. almost
entirely grazing land. Pevenscy parish contains only
four arable acres ; about two-thirds of it is occupied
by iha parishioners, and the other third by graziers
livinsc at a distance.

I ^liall conclude this account of the rent of land by
thv* fallowing statement of the rent, produce, and di-
yihiim of the Land .

ji/.r^n-

90 ri-tut^.

Atns. i, J^.

pownland, 68,000 at 7s,* is SS,800 at Srentt- 7])4(X>

Rich arable, 100,000 — 20/. — 100,000 — 5 — \S00jW

.Marshy 30,000 —.25/. — 37,500— »§ — 7^000

tSTaiie, 110,000 — l/.6i/.— 82i^— IJ — 12^75

ArabkaBd pasture? 4^5^^ _j2^^ ^255,000-3 ^ 765,000
.. in the Weald, 3^ .

Woods, &c. 170/XX> — 8/. — 68,000 — 2 — IS6/XX>

- . .11 it

£.903,000 £.492,550 £.1,559,775

• The remainder is composed of water, roads^ huUd^
fog8^ &c. ; so that the general rent is 492^500/. or lOs-*
per acre, including all sorts of hind ; and the product

SECT. ni. TITHES.

TiiE mode of collecting tithes is variable. In the
western parts of the county, the composition which
generally takes place, is at the average fate of 45. 6cf»
in the pound. The lay impropriators compound by
the acre. Wheat, 4^. 6d. ; barley, oats, and pease^
2y. 6d. ; pasture and meadow, 2s. per acre. These
tithes, on the whole, are allowed to be moderate and
Very fair.

' In other parts of Sussex, tithes are higher, and fall
with greater weight upon the occupier. About
-i— 1,1 I ■ • ■ • - ■ .- ^. ^-

• Down-land at 7/. is surely tOo high.— ^>»e*.

tVhett I speak of I>ov<m-land, it is to be understood that t take into
the estimate aU the land on the Downs, arable as Well as native^ down ;
and vdien it is considered what a considerable portion 6f these hills is
under the plough, and that the pure down of itself rents in a Tariety
of places at from 4/. to 7/i. and the arable from 10/. to 15/., I think it
■ot far from the truth, in Kttiog the average at 7/.— 'il. T»

Cuckfield,

X\*nt4. $1

Cudifield, wheat from 5^. to 65. ; barley, is. 6d. to
3s, In m^ny places they are taken in kind| as Hail*
sbatfiy &k.

In the levri of Westham, tithe on grazing land is^
is. ; upon faU rents* of arable, !*• 4d. t

la Battel, the composition for wheat is 4f. and
Lent corn Ss. per acre. A very considerable part of
the. parish is tithe-free, being abbey-lands, the pos-
session of Sir Godfrey Webster. By a return of the
corn tithes of the above extensive parish, transmitted
hy Sir Godfrey to the President of the Board of Agri«
culture, some .tolerable estimate maybe formed, noi
only in the parish of Battel, but in other parts of the
county, *^ of the comparative progress of improve-
mpat, and the additional benefits which result from
moderate compositions/'

Corn Tithes of Battel for Thirty-sexen Years^ 1758-

to 1794.

Acres. Average.

• 1758 to 1764, ........ wheat, 1039 ..v— 1481

1771, 13G0 .; WO

1778, 1655 ^i

1785, . 1502 214f

1792, 1583 ..,,<.. 226

1793, r 249

— ■— II I II I I m ■ II » .

* If thk was ,g«neral, Ahere would-be no comphimt retpfiCtijB^ the
jpajment of tithes^r^fViUiam Dann*

f Tliroughout the levels of Westh j^, both great and small tithes are
due in kind. ' The great tithes are in lay hands, and taken in ]und ;
the vicarial are mine, and lett to the landholders^ not by thfnr rtnts,
but coBipoiiaded for by the acrc^— i?«v. Mr» Sneyd,

* Lent

SSi JlATSii

Ijent Corn.

Aero. . ikterfgt)

».; I75S tQ, 1764,. ...^". vh«at, 1682 .— .. 2404^

1771, -i — 1915 ,.^..« 273i

. •: ; ;1778, ...;..U - — 2132 ........ 384^

■;. •. .1785, .-^--.2018 ...,..„ 288f

• .'7*- ■ . ^ • v^w y •••••••• ' ' - " ' . ^/£0 § i^«a»«»« H/tSTi'v '

.?■ ». ^. X I i'(jj ••••••^« ' •••••••• •••••«•• crO^

• f-l^.^y ••••»••• — — — ##tft««# '••»•••»• 4aI^ . ,

• .. . • ■ ' •

The mo^e, as at present adopted, of collcctii^
fit^e?, although perhaps levied with as little hards^i]^
upon the occupier as the nature of the case adnrits,'
is^ without any doubt, exposed to the strongest objec-
tions. These have of latebe^nso much and so ably
discussed, that a repetition of the complaints woiilct
1^ needless. Certainly tithes are a heavy deduction
from the profit of farming, and an onus of no inconsi-
derable freight upon improvement. An arrangement
of such fi nature a^ to embrace equally tb« interest of
the fairaier and clefgyman, is the object so much to be
wished &r. :

SECT. IV. RATES.

The rates for the maintenance of tlic -poor in Sus-
sex, collectively taken, are not comparatively so bigb
as in other counties wliere manufactures prevail. But
the increase pf them in almost every district of the
Hin^dom, is truly alarming, and operate^ 9^ a m>%t
discouraging check to agricultural ex^rtioa, ai^timm-^
when the comforts accruing to the poor are inversely

» tbe increase of rates. From an iiispectioa of the
rate-books in Tarioos parts of the county, it esta*
blishes the fact, of a considerable increase baying, air
most invariably arisen. But this is to be understood
as relmting to those parishes where houses 'of indus**
try have not been set. up; since, where these have
been established (although very recently founded)^
the contrary has followed. In eleven parishes united
at Sutton, in the lower rape of Arundel, though tlie
junction was formed as lute as 1791, the rates have
diminished. It is in some measure to be attributed
to the good or bad management of those who ate en""
trnsted with the superintendance of the poor, that
iffQch of the expenses may be said to be increased or
diminished ; and until gentlemen of liberal education
and independent fortune, in their respective parishes
attend more closely to the concerns of the poor, they
may surely be said to connive at the evil. But this
burthen, so alarming in its magnitude, and so dis«
tressing in its consequences, lies deeper than this.
The system of the poor-laws perhaps needs revision,
before any radical remedy will succeed. It is a
growing evil, which should be tim<*ly curbed by legis-
lative interference. Temporary laws enacted upon
the spur of the moment, for the purpose of ward-
ing off pn'sent inconveniences, and rernovina^ the
evil day out of sight, cannot fail of proving unsuc-
cessful. J>y the multiplication of acts, difticuUies
are entailed, the whole system becomos complex,
and the execution sometimes impracticable.

That the reader mny v.\ some nieasiure be made ac*
quainted with the progressive increase of the r>tes,
I shall §et down a few extracts, as specimens for the
county at large.

SUSS£X.] B la

In Battel parish, containing between 1800 and 1909'
people, and rapidly increasing, the rise of rates liai
been'in proportion :

In 1769^, the collection was •••.•••--.•• £.656
1788, ^^..^-.-.....^ 1071

1790, .... 927

At present they are considerably augme^tody b|$*
ing 65. in the pound. ; r

In Selsea, the rates in 1786 were. set at 4«. and
produced 356/. ; the next ycr, at 5s. Id. 4i. 6^
is. 9d. 3s. Id. ds. Sd. ; and in 1792, S*. 3d. T\ki»
diminution is entirely ascribed to the very excellent!,
management of the overseers. In Petwortb, the i:ates.
for 1791 were 3*. Qd. in the pound ; the next year,
As. 6rf, ; and in 1793 and 1794, 3s. 6d. ; wliich, if
we take into consideration the scarcity of all the arti*
eles of living, is certainly low ; and this in a large and
highly populous place. The conduct of this parish^
in all that respects the economy of their poor, is ex-
cellent ; and although they are contracted for at a re*
gular stipend, yet the situation of the paupers is i^.
every respect tlie reverse of that consequence which is
so generally understood to How from this method of
farming the poor. No mismanagement results in this
parish from such a conduct. The governor's salary is
fixed by agreement. A sack manufactory, which pro-*
mises success, has been lately established.

JL^NXP

tJtM^TAX.

ZAITD TAX.

Sussex, laftd at 4s. in the poundi

Anaiel, Upper Divi' |

Arundel^ Lower JOroi^

•MM, 25.

sioHf 34.

£. $.

£. s. d.

j^ypp^^^j

291 2

Ambcrlcy,

150 0 8

ki^intnogt

296 1

' Bignar,

B7 6 ^

Sarnbam,

127 16

., Billingshurst,

4^7 1^ 4,

BBUNd,

83 14-

Bury,

210 9 4

Borpham,

91 11

' Burton,

59 18 a

dialing,.

209 5 ]

' ChiltingUw, 1
' West, J

lao 17 4

£ut^ate.

85 11

Ttisnag,

118 11

Coatee, .

29 la 0

ford.

57 4

Biddlesfoldi .

18 11 Or

(sbrdng,

212 7

Duncton^

57 0 4f

Uttle Hampton

,128 17

£gdean.

34 1 4lr

Kingston,

43 8

Fitllfworth,

149 14 0

lieominster.

302 15

Greatham,

58 1 a

Ifcdeharst,

76 10

Hardhana,

98 19 .4

Middleton,

50 0

Houghton,

50 2 S-

Pnclpham,

212 4

Kindf'ord^

619 16 B

K)lcing,

77 3

Lavingtoi;i> Bar,

85 12 0

Preston, East,

^3 2

Lavington,Wod

,138 13 6

losbingtoa.

138 2

Lurgcr-ball,

265 3 Q

Sl6ke, North,

48 4

North Chappelj

, 175 1 a

Stoke, South,

91 18

Parbam,

47 18 4

Tortingto0>

103 9

Petwortb,

594 17 Q

WalbertoB,

130 10

Pulborottgh,

4(53 7 a

Warningcamp,

55 5

HudgwLek,

373 17 a

Ifapion,

213 0

Slin/oiU^
Stophanii •

:3ii^!i4 a

T^> ;f

.3042^ 14

51 7 4

1 Sioains^y,

1.^.9 0

]

Sutton,

3»

LAirD TAX.

£• s, d,

Sutton, 108 is

TlUington, 323 6 4

Walthamcold; 71 6 4

Weggonholt^ 09 a 0

Wisbocough- y 5^^ Q Q

green,

Total, ^'.5992 12 O

Bramber^ Upper Divu
sioTiy 31.

£, s, d.

Alborne, 142 0 O

AshingtoD/ go a a

Ashurst, 164 10 O

BeecKngi Upper, 299 6 O

Bccding, liower, 142 4 O

Brambec, 50 0 O

Broadwater^ 234 & O

Buttolphs, 47 2 6

Chiltington,East,119 19 8

eiapbanf, 8/2 0

Coombs, 5a O O

Durrington> 56 12 O

Edburton, 60 O 0

Findon, 120 O O

Heene, 51 10 6

Henficld, 446 13 4

Kingston-by-sea,.6l 8 O

Lanceing, 158 O 0

Patching, 65 0 O

Old Shoreham, 89 O 0

Ne\r Sboreham, 130 O O

Steyning, 361 6 8

8<9m^tin2, IS6 0 0

Southweek,

Sullington,

Tarring,

Tbakebam,

Washington,

Wiston,

72 16 o

116 o o

280 O O

200 18 O

]64 13 4

176 4 O

Woodmancoat, 152 O O
Worminghurst, 89 12 O

Total, £. 4336 I6 Q^

Bramher^ Lower Dvoi^,
sforiy 11.

Cowfold, 295 14 O

Grinstead,West, 446 10 «'

Hitchingfield, - II9 10 2

Horsham parish, 701 17 IJ^.

borough, 185 13 3

Ificld, 302 O a

Nuthurst, 184 1 O

Rusper, 186 8 O

Shcrmanbury, 153 I9 Q

Shipley, 497 9 5

Warnham, 353 4 3

Total, ^ . 3436 7 10

1 ■

Chichester^ Upper J3tV
zisiony 45.-

Aldingbournc,
Appieduew, : .
Binderton, '

277 ^0' 6

96 J2 O

92 13 a

Sirdham^

c;&in> TATt.

£. ,. d.

BhAuB,

182

W«t Stoke,

02 4- O

WertBoorne,

363

Slooghton,

176 8 8

SmdiBeretM],

341

Tangmer,

97 8 o

Sl.BjnholomeH

■s.es

Thorney.

69 a 0

Boriutn',

332

E. WhUUriag,

115 6 0

Boxgrove,

235

W. Whiltering

189 8 0

Cbicbester,

643
«0

19
0

Upper Waltham, 39 16 0

COWptOB,

Total, £. 7429 4 8

Chidhain,

)26

t»tDan,

123

Wdt Dean,

20!)

Chichcsler, LoTOer DU

Dontiingttm,

HV5

24. :

bmlj.

103

Zartbam,

/. 1. rf.

ViAbourne,

Bepton,

94 16 0

PnndDgton,

227

Budingion,

30 13 *

"di Hamprd

132

ChUhuret,

45 14 0

Hmrton.

102

Cocking,

188 5 0

IldMnor,

Didling,

54 10

Mid LavEint,

Eastbourne,

335 0 6

RiW.Livan

,116

Elsied. ■

108 14 6

Konh MaiUeii,

Fernboret,.

190 le 6

Upper ILtiilen

101

iti

Gr,iffliain,

84 10 0

£sit MaidL'D,

H. sling,

545 10 0

Mrrsion,

flO

Heysh> tt.

J42 6 4

K. Mundham,

21)3

Si. Jt.liH's,

25 ? 6

Wag,

351

Il'ing,

94 2 0

Pagham,

427

Loilsworlh,

152 18 4

6l. Fencrass,

LjncI),

67 W 9

Bactoii,

(K>

Lynch mot*.

104 0 0

Mombaldwcek,

Midlmrst,

20p 15 0

Gelst^.

255

B'-ritc.

■IIH 16 0

Eiddlesham^

338

Selhara,

73 5 3

Sogleton,

179

SieJIiHin,

154 7 0

SlindoD,

J 27

Tcrwicfc,

41 18 0

I'rajford,

Iidli7i> IC^X.

£.

£. i. i

Vraerfof^

Northyain,

254 9 *

Trotton,

OOl

Orr;,

W »S .4

Woolbcding,

lis

PeaRmar»h>

d^i 19 9

Total, £.3374 17

l^eiiiiurirt,
Pett,

7^ Id »

1S7 » »

•

■

Playdcn,

80 #.#

' Hhslinp Rapey

40,

Saleburst,
Seddlesoomb,

^87 i %
147 u »

£•

Ticchurst,

4^ ^ U

Ashbornham,

233

Udimer,

21^ 11 9

Battel,

4S2

Watlingtoo,

91 « T

Bexhill,

37s

Warble* on.

250 7 H

Beckley,

276

Westfldd,

244 10 f

Bcdiaui,

115

33(5
226

Wartling,

326 19 y

Breed,
SBriglitling,

Total, £.9395 q 4

£urwab]3>

528

^astle parijih,
Catsfield,

4S
113

8
0

Lewes, Upper Diti*

Crowhurst,

1X6

520/? 9

i?0.

Dallington,

143

;f . ^. i

Etchingharo,

221

Barrotnb,

366 9 2

Ewhurst,

321

Brighthelmstone,263 8 d

Fai flight.

Chailcy,

251 8 10

Guesiling,

169

Chillington,

141 9 S

East Guildford,

350

Clayton,

'18I 60

Heaihfield,

322

Ditcheiling,

308 0 8

HoUington,

113

Faltner,

159 3 4

Ht)vc,

211

Fu Iking,

115 12 6

Hur$tmonceuXj

, 342

Hamsey,

224 0 0

Jcklesham,

278

Hangleton,

UO 16 Q

Iden,

276

Hove,

bQ 16 10

St. Leonard's,

Hurstperpoint,

499 10 a

Muniidd^

203

Kord,

n^ 1 lo

Nciificld,

127

Kcyincr>

236 5 a

Kingston,

LAND TAXi

£'

r. s.

XuQ[StOlly

106 17

Crawlqr,

51 14

Meecbing,

Cuckfield,

755 i

Newick,

123

H-athlcy, West, 284 l6

Newtimber,

108

Slaagham,

170 19

Orindeaiiy

Twinebam,

173 18

Patcbam,

262

Worth,

480 7

Fidii^hoe,
Rccomb,

91
162
124
130

10
12

2
6
6

4
8

Total, £.
Pevensrj/^ I

2520 10

Plamptoo,

Portslade^

PojmingSy

39.

Preston,

■

£. s.

Rodroelly

130

Alciston,

95 0

KoUendeat),

141

AIlfristonK

106 8

Street,

Arlington,

402 8

St.Anii'l,P.M

. 151

Bedinghara,

144 5

St. Michaels,

\^7

Berwick,

92 16

St. John's,

150

Bisbopston,

71 16

All Saints,

113

Bletchington,

36 1

Southees,

Bourne, East,

365 8

Southovcr,

142

Chalvlngton,

52 8

Telescomb,

Dean, East,

62 16

Wcstmislon,

123

Dean, West,

122 4

VivilslicJcJ,

212

Denton,
Firle, West,
Folkington,
Friston,

41 4

292- 0

74 .4
68 0

Total, £.5i)o4

0
0

LeKcSj TjQ\

"ccr Din
9.

•

Clynd,

Plailsham,

Hellin^ly,

152 13
243 4
325 17

0
0
0

£'

Hey ton,

21 14

Ardingly,

201

Jevington,

70 18

Balcomb,

187

Langhton,

369 4

Bolp«7,

215

Littleington,
4

32JS 0
Lulling-

LAND TAX.

;f . S. d,

Lullington^ 42 8 0

Kingmer^ 425 16 O

Bipe, 158 4 O

Selmeston, 177 12 O

South Mailing, 212 8 O

62 4 0

113 17 0

50 14 0

237 14 O

117 12 0

Stanmer,
St. Thomas,
Tarning Nevil,
Willingdon,
Wilaiington,

Total, ^.4840 15 0

Pevenset/^ Lower Divi^
sioriy 20.

£, s, d,

Buckstead, 439 16 o

ChidiDgly, 231 4 0

Jletching, 417 9 0

O
O

Frant, 306 6 O

Frantfield, 374 O

Grinstead, East, 857 2
Hoathly, East, 153 18
Hartfield, 377 12

Horsted, Little, 123 10
HorsledK-yns, 179 11 8
Isfieid, 115 14 S

Lamherhurst, 154 4 . 0

L'nfield, 396 11

Maresfidd, 210 4

Majfieid, 6/4 18

RothertieW, 638 17

Uckfifld, 155 8

Wadhurst, 60O 4

Waldron, 254 4

Witbyam, 306 8

O
O
0
0

0
8
O

Total, £'^9^9 2 O

Cinque Ports.

Rye, 473 J8 0

Seaford, 141 0 0

Pevensoy, 1088 10 0

Winchilsca, 405 0 0

Hastings y asunder:

AllSaints, 93 8 0

Castle Parish, 170 0 0

St. Clement's, 114 18 0

Hastings, total, ■ ■

Charge,

Cbarge, ». ». ^.G0,050 4 10

Collector and clerks, ...-„». 1135 18 9
-Daserten, .... jf.S5^

MmtU, ™. 827 J « 347 0 '•

Hemp^ ate. 95?

^.58,086 1 1

Jlapes. Pariskci.
Arundel, Upper, _ S5

Lower, -.._ „... ,31-

Bramber, Upper, ,..„..... , 31

Lower, .....'.■„„,.„. S4

Chichester, Upper, 45

— Lower ....- 24

Hasting, 40

Lewes, Upper, ...,..,.,.,» _.., ^ -

Lower, »..„ „„„ 9-

Pevensey, Upper, „ „ „ 38

■ '■ Lower, „...._.._..«.. 20

Rye, .......

Cmque Ports.

Seafotd,

Winchilsea,

JIaslings, .„..

II Bim.

H-€use9*
BoBses and windows, 1798 <com- / -^-^^ ^^ , .

New iahabitcd, ^^ m. 10,365 6 2

Inhlibited duty 17193, ...o........ 1103 8 7

£. 19,253 rO 10|

■V

Horses.

Hortes, . . 1875 10 (T

Additional, . ^ 411 15 0

I ■ "■— — M— afci— ^

j^.2387 5 0
Carriages J Four Wheels.

Additioaa!, . « .«... 280 0 0

■ ■ ■ ■ 'i ■ I lit- I. ■

£.275S 0 0

Carriages^ Txto Wheels*

Twowteels, . •^^.......•..^..^^. 1186 10 0

Carriages, •-••—•••. ^^,3944 10 0

Ten per cent, assessed taxes, •••••• £. 1681 IS 6

•■

9£CT.

•*» T Vi

Tas tewi of lenses «Tcry ivhcirc vm-ibb. Thf jr Mf
panted ^ seven, fourteen, and tMrenty^one year 8» li
fbrnttintcB happens that none are altowecl, fttid tbf
teant depencb upon the good faitli and lionoiir otkm
landlord. Lcasc^b are unqu; stionably ihcgrealeit posair
ble encouragement to agricultural improvement, and
vhen exertions are necessary, tliey are not to be ef«
fected without th is security . Where they arc granted,
the covenants betAvocn the landlord and the tenant are,
that the landlord shall find materials for all repairs,
and different buildings, as posts, rails, gates, &c. ;
that the tenant whhin the distance rf fnot or five
laMes, shall be at the expense of conveying thoafc
mtterials to his fi^nn, and shall pay all costB of labour^
except occasioned by fire, tempes4, or extraofdinary
high winds. The landlord to be at the expetn^e of
materials in their roneh state; awd all other charge*
to be defrayed by Ihe tenant. Where hops are c5uU
tivated, the covenants agreed upon are, that the
tenant is to sow one crop of corn hi (ween the neif
and old crop of hops, when ihey arc grubbed up;
that one-third of his fampi shall be under tillage, and
tWo-thirds in meadow, pasture, and hops; that n<i
grass shall be ploughed up, but for hops : and in old
leases, that all manure arising from the farm, shall
be given to the meadow and hop-grounds

All close fences, yards, sUiblcs, barns, and otlt-house#
in general, to be repaired by the landlord.

In some parts, the covenants are, that no grass
be ploughed up, under 10/. penalty per acre; that
the £ajm abaU be soMffn in four regular /aires j or divi«

44 EXPENSE AND PROFIT.

sions, to prevent the ground from being too much cx«
hausted ; and at the clo^e of leases, that one lairc
shall be left fallow for the succeeding tenant ; that
no coppice shall be cut undcfr twelve years growth ;
that no trees shall be lopped: rough timber on tht
stem, and in some cases brick and mortar, are allowed^
with materials in general ; but all workmanship to b«
at the tenant's expense.

SBCT. VII,.— EXPENSE AND PROFIT.

. To draw up any detail of the expenses and profit
of farming with accuracy and precision, such as ix^ay
Jbe relied iipon as a medium standard for the whole
county» is, I fear, a task so difficult of execution,
that it may be thought <o border upon impossibility.
No farmer, for obvious reasons, will lay open to the
view of others a detail of his busincvss ; and observation
alone is absolutely insufficient, and never to be de*
pended upon. It must be founded on documents, and
collected from registered accounts.
. In the clayey soils of Sussex, which embrace the
major part of the county, the expense.<i attendant on
cultivation are high. According to the common sys-*
tern of husbandry here, fallow, wheat, oats, and clo-*
ver, the expanse and profit of an average acre, may
thus be estimated :

Expensi^

SXVJUFSE AMD PROFIX . . 46-

Expense, Produce. Ptiffit.

£^. s. d. £. s. d. jr. t. d.

h Wheat, 770 — 880 — 1 10

i. Oats, . 4 13 8 — 4 18 0 — 0 4.4

3. Clorer, 1 17 9 — 2 11 7 — 0 13 8

;C. 13 18 5 — 15 17 7 — 1 19 0

13 18 3

£.\ 19 2; leaving a
profit often per'cent. on a capital of 5/. per acre on
arable land. If pasture be added, the account vili
stand higher.

In the Tery fertile maritiino district, the general
profit yerj much indeed exceeds the above calcu-
lation.

Expenses and Profit^ according to Mr. Woodsy ai

Chidfiam.

1. Wheat Expense.

£. s. dm^

Ploughing, .• 0 8 0

Harrowing, ^..«.,.. 0 4 0

Seed and sowing, , 10 0

Rent, 0 18 0

Tithe, ^ 0 5 0

Rates, 0 3 0

Manure, 0 16 0

Harvesting, 0 10 0

Thrashing, 0 6 0

Total expense; •..m.,.,mm..... £A 10 0

.:. XI /••. Produce.

Produce* .

3qis.at445 ^..-.•••...•m-m..-..- 6 IS 0

IVofit, ^ • * jf.2 2 0

Straw not calculated, as that goes for dung; the 16^.
is for labour*

2. Turnips Expense.

. Plongliing, harrowing, seed, &c ;^..l 4 0

Hoeing once, •« ^. 9 6 0

Tithe, and rates, •••«•••••••••••••••••••.•••••••.•• 0 8 Q*

Tptal expense, ••«••....—•—•—•• ;^. 2 16 (f

■I
Produce.

SOO fat sheep, at id. per week, — -*.. 3 6 8

Pixjfit, • £.0 10 8

3. Barley Expense.

Twice-ploughing and harro^vingJ 0 18 0

Seed and sowing, 0 12 0

Rent, 0 18 0

Tithe and rates, 0 8 0

Harvesting, 0 5 0

Thrashing 5 qrs, , ,*........... 0 6 0

£'3 7 0

produce^

MnMi Awm f B#nf • 4P

Ppodtiet.

dqrs. at S4f • •—•••^•— •—•-»•-.•••••'•.••— •— 6 13 0

4. C/oiPcr Expcme.

Seed, 12 lb. red. If lb. white, •«-....... 0 12 0

Tithe and rates^ •«..•••— »--—.-««.«*«.^m— 0 8 0

Throe ton, at 1/. IO5. perton, ••..—•• 4.10 fl!
Mowing; and making, equal to the se-J j j^ ,,

S 8 »

5. Wheat Expense^ .....••• 4 10 0

Produce— 3 qrs. at 445. •.•.^•.....-.....•••. 6 12 0

■ ■■ ■ I a

■ ■ — — — ^

6. Turnips Expense^ 2 16 0

ftroduce^2p0.fet,»hwp,at4(/. ...-,m . 3 6 8

Profit^ ;C-0 10 8^

7. Pofa-

4t; SZPSK8B AND PBOFlTtf

<•

7. Potatoes Expense,

Twice ploughing, ••••••••••^^•••••j****.*.*.*^ 0 IS 0*

Harrowing and rolliug, 0 2 0

Seed, planting, dutiing, •.••••.••••.^••— 2 4 0

Eattbiiigup, .m..^.. m....— .••• 0 2 0

Xi^ni, ••••••••••••/•••••«•••••••■•••••••••••••••••••••••#• Vf jio \#

Tithe and rates^ ••••*«».,^....-..— •••••m..^. 0 8 0

fiXpense, •••• 4 6 0

Produce— 80 sacks, at 3s 12 0 0

Rrofit, L.U ..........^....^ .... £.7 U 0

8- fFkeat.

Expense^ m m.....mo-—....«...... 4 10 0

Produce-^ qrs. at 44^ •••••..o. 6 12 0

Profit, ;C.2 2 0

9. Barlet/*

Expense, m 3 13 0

Produce, b\ qrs. at 2is 6 12 0

Profit, £. 2 19 0

10. Clover.

Expense, ..^ 3 8 0

Produce, 4 10 0

• I

Profit, „,.„...« £.12 0

"^"

Reca^

AHO PROFil?

RtcdpituldtibH.

Exptnses. , Produce

£. 5. di £. f. di

i. Wti^iii, 4 iO 0 .;...^»............ 6 12 0

i&. Turiiips, S 16 Ci „ „... 3 6 8

- 3. Barley, 3 f 6 . .. 6 H 6

4. Clover, 3 8 0 ...~. 4 10 d

5. Wheatj 4 l6 0 ...:. . . 6 ig 0

B, Turnips^ S 10 0 ....; 3 6 8

V. Potatoes, 4 6 0 12 0 d

8. Wheat; 4 10 0 . 6 12 d

D. Barley, 3 13 0 ;»................... 6 12 d

id. Clovel-, 5 18 0 ....;..-.......«... 4 Id d

£.S1 14 d ;C;6d 13 4

u- ^-^ 37 14 d

10)22 19 4

Average profit each ycari ••;;;•;..;«« ;^.S 5 11

iOalculation of the Expense and Profit of Farmings
inthh common System of JlUsbdndrt/^ in tht strohg
Lands of the Weald^ vizi — I: Fallot; 2. Wh^t;
S. Odtsf 4. ClovelTi

1; Wheat Expense.

A faiiow, t^itii the crop of tvheat iijpoii
the laiid, takes Up near tivo year^ ; say i
bne year and a halifj which, at 145.
per acre tent^ ,.i...,* ;..•• ;,••••••

£. s. di

1 1 d

^IJSSEk'.]

Carry forward^

••••

£.1 1 d

PoOXf

1B0

•KicPENS^. AWQ vnovit,.

»•*•

£. s. d,
1 1 0

0 7©

a 1 If
0 4 0

0 10 a

y 0 14 0

Brouglit forward,

Poor, church, and hundred tax, at bs.
in the pound, k............

Road-tax, with labour, at 9d. in the
pound, •— *.•..•«•.•-•.. •

Tithe, .;,....^

First fallowing per acre, eight oxen;
three-fourths of an acre daily, .-

Two stirrings, with six oxen, a man, and
a boy, whose wages are 2s. 6d. ; the
oxen to plough one acre per day ; the
labour of which set at Is. 6rf. a pair,
each day, that is, 4^. 6rf. added to the
men's work, makes the two stirrings

Lkne, 100 bushels, at Gd. pej bushel, .2 10

Carri^e and spreading, •...^4«. .r^.^. 1 0

Incidental harrowing, and rolling the
fallow to occasion a season, set one
year with another, at pfr acre, ^...... •.

Three bushels of seed per acre, at 6.?.

Sowing, harrowing, clodding water-fur-
llows,''crow-keepihg, ....•

W ceding, •• ^..•••.. ^

Carriage of the wheat, scatu men and
boys, three waggons, twelve oxen,
four horses, two carters, at l^. Sd. ;
two boys, at 9rf. ; the rest at 1^. Qd,

Men and boys, .... ^.094

Twelve oxon, at 9rf. 0 9 0

Fouf hoifses, at. 1^. 0 4 0

Use of waggons, &c. 0 10

^.1 3 4 per diem ; or,

0 1 3

0 18

0 3

0 1

Carryforward, ,.., £.1 II lOf

One

SKPBMSE AND FAOPIt* Bl'

£, s, dm
Brought forward, •••• 7 11 10|

One acre with another, • i — ...i 0 3 0

Thrashing 3 qrs. at 35; 9i/. •—•i;..*..«*.— •••..•• 0 8 3
Winnowing, &c. at 6d. •••^••.•••^m*«— •••••••••• 0 16

Turnpikes, l^i S(/. per quarter^ ...m— »— •• 0 3 7f

Expenses, •••••••••••••••• £'S 8 3

Produce, 3qrs. at465« ••• •••••••••«••#••••••••• 6 18 0

Straw, stubble, chaff. Sec .v***-— •••••^ 1 10 0

Product, ^. ;C. 8 8 0

Many farmers look ut>on tlie wheat as a losing crop.
It ai^pedrs very clear, that a. crop of wheat three times
ploughed and manured with lime, as. is usual in this
county, will not more, if so much as pay, the expense
of raising it: that all the profit arising, must be from
the oats aiid clover in the two isucceedii^ years.

2* Oats.

£. s. d.

'Winter ploughing, &c .« ^•••••o 0 10 0

Seed, 7 bushels, at 3^ 110

Sowing, harrowing with four horses, and > n A fl

cross-harrowing again repeatedly, S

Weeding, .*# - 0 19

Mowing, •« 4 .«..« ,.^.. 0 19

Shoving and turning, • .•»•.•••• 0 13

CJarryiiig and unloading four acres per> n S O

day, half a mile, with one waggon, S

Thrashing, &c ^, 0 4 8

Carriage ta market, l*. per quarter, > n 4 0

three or four turnpikes, S

Carry forward, .... ^.2 11 .5
£ 2 Rent,

£. s. d.

Brought forward, .«. 2 11 5

Rfent, .!.•. ;^.0 14r 0-

Rates, i i 0 2 9

Ttthcj 0- 3- 0

Ihterest of capitaif.... 0 3 (TL 12 3

Wear; and tear, ...... 0 0 6

Expenses, ;^. 3 13 8

Produce.

Fbur^niarters^ at 21^. •.•m..m«.m.«m«....»m.«....» 4 4 0
Strawy &C4 ......M. ^ 0 14 0

Produce, .•..•..^..•••....« 4 18 0

ftofit'byoats, ;^.l' 4 4»

3. Clover.

S^dTand so^KJng^ . ..^.##a..#^^*. .« •••«.•• 0 8 3

](^tc3, ..••. ..M..*.. •.*••»... .M..... Q 3 9.

Kent, CM..... 0 14. 0

Mbwiiig fiist .crop. SOist. . making .1**

Carriage!, 2^^^. w.earajad.tear,. 0 5 9

Second ditto,^ »^^^^^^^^^^^^^,.^,» 0 5 0:

, Expense, ........ £^1 17 9

P^oduco*— Firtt.crop, twoloads^at 25^. > o -i^ /y
S^ond^do^ one do. at do* S-

Profit by Glover, ;C-1 17 3

Reea*

SXPBK9C AVft T^O^Wn. ft

Recapitulation.

Expense, Produce, Prqfit.

£. s. rf. £, s. c/. ^. s\ cf.

1. Wheat, .... 8 8 0 .... 8 8 0 .... 0 0 0

2. Oats, .... 3 13 8 .... 4 18 0 .... 4 4 4

3. Clover, .... 1 17 9 .... 3 15 0 .... 1 17 3

' ■ II ■ ^

£.13 19 5 ^.17 4 1 ^.3 1 7

4)3 1 7

On 6/. 'Cfi'pfta), *#.. £.4Ji 36 0 per c^ profit.

Grass Land.

Expenses. £. s. d.

Rent and taxes, ....•••......m J 10 0

Jjabour — Mowing, .... 2s. 6d.

Making, ...• 2 0

Carrying, .... 2 0

Wear and tear, 0 6

Tithe, 0 8

7^. 8rf.

0 7 8

Expense, ;f • 1 17 8

FromJan.toMay,feedingtheTouon5 6wceks, 0 10 0

l-l ton of hay, at Ss. per cwt 3 0 0

Rouen, 0 10 0

Produce, 4 0 0

Expense, — ,. 1 17 8

Profit per acre, £.2 2 4:

Calculation at the rate of stocking with sheep.

K 3 Isty Thir.

54 SZPENSS AND PROFIT,

1st J Thirteen weeks, three sheep, at 4rf. each,0 13 0

2dy Ditto, ditto, six ditto, at4(f. each, 1 6 Q

3dy Ditto, ditto, six ditto^ at id. each, 16 0

4<A, Ditto, ditto, three ditto, at id. each, 0 13 Q

Wool, 3 lb. per fleece^ from six sheep, at*) , 9 8

Is. 3d. per lb. ..^ • 3

Pifoduce, • 5 0 8

Expenses as above, to which add losses, &c. 2 2 Q

Profit, .,-M.-..M..M-M..,M. ;^, 2 18 8

U 11

tUAF.

i *■

1 —

ts^/ •

CUW. V.

IMPLEMENTS.

IN all the operations of husbandry, how essen**
f iallj necessary it is to the ultimate success of the
undertaker, that his implements of labour be con«
structed upon mechanical principles. In the conduct
of operations of so much consequence, and so depending
upon the active knowledge and enlightened minds of
individuals, it ia indeed surprising that we find so little
progress made in this branch of rural economy, and
that we so frequently sec such a display of ignorance
in agricultural tools. A knowledge of mechanics is so
essentially necessary, that every farmer should be ac«
quainted with the principles upon which the practice
of his profession is supported. So groat have been
the improveniients brouglit forward in almost every
other branch of the farmers' art, that it is uiiaccount«
able to observe the clumsiness of the ploughs in ge-
neral. The wheel-plough most common, is the Kent-
ish turn-wrest. It breaks up land from five to seven
inches deep, perhaps better in some instances than
the ploughs of Suffolk and Essex, especially when the
ground is dry and hard ; it will then work steadily at
a time when the best ploughman is unable to keep
the other in the earth. There is an advantage which
arises from its use for spring crops on the Downs sown
lipon a singly earth, for it turns the furrow perfectly,

£ 4 yet

56 IMPLBAiENTS.

yet leaves the ground in a more crumbly state th^u
most other ploughs (thougli certainly eflccted at the
expense of a more extraordinary drauglit). Fropi the
;wreight of tl)is plough, it is absurd to use it in any
work where the isoil is in a friable or loose state. In
all pther respect39 it is a clumsy and unmechanical
plough, ai^d its defects outweigh the advantages.
It throws out and drives along almost as much earth
on the landrside, as it doe^ on the farrow -side, and
iihe fixed sticks which act in uaion with the moveable
one, .as a mould-board, arc in ^ awkward a position,
tbat with xleep ploughing they ride on the land on
both sides, and keep the plough from going close at
bed ; tp i:emedy \^hich they sometimes }iook on great
weights at the tail of it ; two half hundred weights are
not unfrequently tied to it ; and this alone is sufficient
to prove the unmechanical construction of this tool ;
a weight in a plough never acting beneficially, but
by correcting some error ip its construction. But
this tool, which is not very well adapted for any
tiling except always throwing land the same way,
and consequently doing well on steep hills, or for
laying Ir.nd to grass withput a furrow, is in this county
a great favourite. This is universal. Whatever
plough we find in any county, is sure iq be palled the
best in the world.

In the maritime division of this county, a one wheeU
plough is much esteemed ; it is generally drawn by
three horses in a line. This is a much better constructed
implem* nt than the other ; but the method of harness-
ing tlie horses remains for improvement, by substi-t
tuting two only, and these a-brcast. The iiglit plough
of the Suffolk kind, introduced by the Earl ofEgre-
mont about Petworth, would be a ypry capital improv<e*

ment;

insnt; and it performs its work (upon 6oiIs of a light
Itextnre) in a more perfect manner than any of the
ploughs of the county. The new-invented wheel-
plough of Mr. Woods, of Cbidham, hns gained him

tnuch credit. It is drawn by two horses abrctist, and
ivithout any driver ; moves well in stiff land^ and
plough$fthree*fourths of an acre of land in tiie same
space of time that a full acre is ploughed after the
common method. A driver and a horse, and some?
iimes (wo, are thus saved.

Mr. Seaton intr xluced from Yorkshire the Ilotber^
ham-plough, wliich the lie v. N. Turner carried into
Another part of the county, where it was adopted by
maiiy, and jiroved a real improvement. /
*" In rei^pect to the harrows of Sussex, for all strong
soils (not kept in small ridges), they are well executed ;
and at Chidham, the common custom of the driver
i¥alking close to the horse's headS| has been improved
upon by his holding the reins from behind.

The waggons, taken altogetlier, are better fitted
io a farmer's use, in a country which is fiir from being
level, than any other known in the neighbouring coun-
ties. The carts have nothing particularly deserving
/either praise or censun*, but are in general made for
the carriage of small loads, from sixteen to twenty-four
bushels.

• BrQod'skare. — Whether this admirable tool, he*
kmgB t« Kent, or is the invention of Sussex, remains a
question. The great use of it, of which 1 have seen
tnany instances near Lewes, is for cutting pea an«l
Jiean-stubbles, or fallows weedy, that do not require
liloiigfaing. It consists of an oblong share two {e^^
4^g> and four or five indies ivide^ fixed to the sock

or front of the gTOUnd-rist,by an iron shank in the
cHe, and sometimes bolted to the side of the ground*
rist of a Wheel-plough. It is pitched with an incli*
nation into the ground, raised or sunk at pleasure^
bj the elevation or depression of the beam on the gaU
lows, and answers the purpose of the great Isle of Thanet
tbimy for which see my Father's Eastern Tour. After
Ihe stubbles are cut with this machine, they are har«
lowed, raked, and burnt, and the land Is left in excel*
lent order for wheat.

The great attention which the Earl of Egremont
bas paid , in improving the farming implements of
8usscx, has already had a considerable effect in
the neighbourhood of Petwortli, and induced some
farmers to adopt the use of those which promise
the greatest advantage. His Lordship has been
at no inconsiderable expense to introduce cartsc,
ploughs, harness, and men, from Suffolk ; and the sue*
cess of the new plough, in the prize-ploughing ^t Pet-
wortb, has sufficiently testified the merit of it. Too
much commendation it is impossible to bestow upon
bis Lordship's unwearied |xjrseverancc, so constantly
exerted for the benefit of his country.

Amongst a great variety of other implements which
bis Lordship has succeeded in introducing ipto Sus?
sex, the following may be mentioned :

1. The Suffolk Farmer'* s Car^-r-This farming car-
riage was introduced by his Lordship for the purpose
rf removing those errors inseparable from the use of
uraggons ; and when trial of this cart was made at
Pctworth, it was immediately found how much supe-
rior was the work of a horse or ox, when single, than
9k hen he is harnessed with others in a team. Thf$^

carts

IMPLEMENTS* £9

carts hare been found capable of doing every part of
the work of a farm with more eKpedition than in anj
other way ; but it is to be observed, that this result
would have been much more striking, had not the
Suffolk whcd'wriglit made the common blunder of
building it too heavy,

2, My Fr^ther's improvement on the Suffolk plough,
from the hints of Mr. Arbuthnot. This plough does
its work with two horses a-breast; and whether the
nature of the soil be a strong clay or a sandy loam^
whether it go six or only three inches deep, it has ex-
perimentally done its work in a way superior to all
the tools which have as yet been brought against it;
It bore away the priajc at the Petworth plpughing?
match in 1797.

3. The Mole'Plough. — This tool was also intro-
duced by Lord Egremont, and at first it seemed to pro*-
mise great success in laying dry springy and wet pas-
tures. It has been repeatedly tried in the Stag-pai^k, and
it always worked well, forming a circular drain three or
four inches in diameter, by means of a round piece of
iron two feet in length, and tapering from the heel to a
point: it is connected to the beam of the plough by a
strong bar of iron, which either elevates or depres3es the
1¥ork at pleasure, according as it is found necessary to
plough shallow, or deep ; and before it a coulter is
£xed, to cut the sod to the depth of the drain. This in-
strument will no doubt be found useful in many respects ;
but the drains which it formed in the Stag-park, were
so soon filled up after they had been made, that the work
liras rendered useless after one year^ and other dra^^
i^rere made in their place.

4. HoTsc'^

4l. JlorsC'Jloes for Benns. — Various skims apptw
cable to the same beam, and so contrived as to ck»m
in^yalsof any breadth.

5. Iron Dibbles — Invented }yy Jolm Wynn ^aluir^
in Ireland, and found much superior, in plantii:^
beans and cabbages, to wooden ones.

6- ScuJJer.-^V ^rious sorts of this tool have beea
iuirod^cedAt Petworth) and with very gre^t success.

7* Mr. Ducket^s Skim-Coulter — Was introduced
}yy hi^ Lordship^, and with such success^ that it xifos
adopted by a great number of farmers.

8. The Rotfierham Plough — Which, the yej^r
after the comparative trials alluded lo above, beat all
jUBse Susse:;^ ploughs, siud has since spread much in the
jieighboorhood^

. In the plough described by Mr. Young, the draught
iq>piies ©early 4q the centre oi the implement as it
^tasnds for 11^, iin<J ;s^«ies very near to com])ktely ^xe^
ipiite ift Utet r-csi^ct the idea 1 delivered to tiie JBoard
itpoo I4];is (>Hbj(.'pt, in my iirbt notes on the Report iw
4Slo»cesiwAii^*.— J/r. Fox.

• Wlmt Mr. Voun^ obscrvee, is certainly tie case im
boime soiU, tnit <a«ii4)vig others, is an instance of the
imprepriety of ^adopting ^one mode for all kinds df
)«ud. It is twie, « weli-oonslructed pkiugh wiH worjc
vhj ¥Oil ^nth C\vo horses. But some soils reqaire
a deeper furrow than others. Upon isueh soil%

theoji

^^^^^rm , it IS impossible that two horses can draw as

^^^JD, and plough as fast, as four, or three. The

^^e^l^r a fine strong loam is ploughed, we certainly

^^tsi in a finer range for the food of plants. It retains

^^ moisture longer, and consequently .defends the

p^r^ts the better from the drought. We should not

tty an old*constructed plough and four, with a new

one and two horses. It is altogether astonishing what

a saving of friction is obtained by the new«coil9irllcted

ploughs in general. ,

As to the propriety of ploughing good land defep^

one argument seems against it. It requires .more ma^

mire to impregnate a larger mast of soil j than it wouUk

do for a lesser. Hence the deep furrow conttantlyr

turned up by strong ploughing^ mutt require more

than one less deep. Bat (if we might yeature on a)

philosophical argument) as the food of plants- is ooii«)

tained in the soil as well as in the atmosphere ; and as

much more oft hat large mass is occupied by the fibres

nr- roots in quest of their food, at one time than that of

the lesser ; may we not reasonably conclude, that it»

nmst be less easily exhausted, and consequently ne^d

l«8s artificial manuring i Where a greatdeal of nuH*

- imfe abounds j^ such land, well 'ploughed, might be

Itept alnfkost in constant 'tillage, tfnd bear an^ccasionali

sq>plica^ion of a stimulus.

The above note is not so much a conectiott^-oC tbs»
P^xii as air appendix toit.^'— /% T.

CHAP.

CHAP. VI.

ENCLOSING— PEISTCES— GATES.

THE very extensive and predominating range of
timber, so very congenial to the soil of this county^
^nd the singular custom of their shaws, render Siis-
sex one of the most thickly-enclosed of any in tbe^
Mrbole island ; and if an exception is made of the wastea
that border upon Surrey and Kent, together with the
major part of the South Downs, the remainder may-
be considered as entirely enclosed. And to such a
degree is this carried, that if the county is: viewed
from the high lands, it appears an uninterrupted wood-,
land. No parliamentary enclosures of any conse-.
qitence have been made, the county having been en-
closed from the earliest antiquity.
. The custom of shaws cannot be too strenuously corh-
demned, since, wherever it prevails, ii has the most-
pernicious influence on the contiguous, land. How
glaringly striking is this, by traversing the country
with any attention, and marking tlie state of husban-
dry wherever these hedge-rows^ two, thjee, and even
four rods wide, abound. When corn is enveloped ia,
such fences, impervious to the rays of the sun, it must
necessarily experience very great and essential da-
mage. No doubt, the conditions upon which tenants
receive their farms, are made compatible with this ;
but it is nevertheless a loss, and a heavy one, as well
to the farmer as to his landlord. I liave seen fields of

cora

£NCLOSIir«. ^

ecNTli whkh (excepting in the centre) would never be
ripe. Perhaps the Sussex farmers may be contented on
this score ; and landlords may think that these hedge^
rowsmaypay better than com. The present condition
of the tenantry in the Weald, is an unanswerable rcfu«
tation to these ideas .

The history of this custom of the broad belts of un*
derwood is evident. The country was originally a
forest, and cleared probably among the latest in the
kingdom : fields of tillage and grass were gradually ,
opened among the woods ; and whilst laud was plen-
tiful, no accurate attention was paid to surround in|f
them with fences, the forest making a. sort of fence*
Carelessness and ill husbandry continued the practice ;
till at last the landlord, finding the sweets of great ,
falls of timber from these shaws, made it an article in
the lease, ta preserve them against those encroachments
iirhich improved husbandry would necessarily make.
A system, however, of greater barbarity can hardly
be imagined : the country being generally so wet, the
means to air and dry it here used are, to exclude the sun
and wind by the tall screens of underwood and forest
around every field ; and tliese being so small, a great
number are so wood-locked, that it is a little surprise*
ing how the corn can ever be ripened. At the
same time that this mischief is done, the wood itiself i^^
(timber excepted) but of a miserable account, as any
•pne mpy suppose, when be is informed, that these
shaws have a fence only on one side, and consequently
are exposed to be eaten by the cattle that graze in
the fields : hence there is an imperfect system of wood,
an inj\ircd one of corn, and wretched fences: by aim-
ing at too much, nothing arrives at perfection.

• . * ■

Fences,

Fences. --^13 ndet thx^ariijcle^ it would be a iie^teiA
Hot. to describe the quickset-ihedges at Goodwood'^
which are Very capital, and trained in a most masterly
manner. , The Duke of Richmond planted them about
eighteen or twenty years ago: they surround a vtry
considerable farm, fend are in a wonderful state of preJ
serVation, They form an excellent fenccj mtHout thd
Assistance of any ditch, bank, rail^ or pale; consist
of three rows of white thof*n, which spread three oif
four feet at bottom^ but are clipped rt^gularly and gra-
dually to a thin edge at top : the shoots are so riumeJ
rous, and trained with such care, that even irl winter^
without a leaf, the thickness is uncommon* By thd
young hedges in' training, it appears that oncf method
pursued has been to plant th^ centre row first, and
when that is ^vell established, to add another dn each
side of it; at lenst' this is- done in these lieKv hedges/
They are kept in a state of gartled^ ole^ttfletes: the'
branches are drawn into the line desired) by beirig tied
with mat, ot other lines, and the clippirig done witH
thecxactcst attention j the anion of the hedges Atiththef
gate-posts, is close £lnd perfect ; and as to gap, Scci
there is no such thing. How they have been preserved
ftom cattle, but especijil'y from sheep, is marvellous^
if either are ever allowed to enter these closes: an at-*
tentiori, never ceasing, and a boundl(?ss expense (a«
fkf, I m^Mj, as necessary )j must liave beeti exerted^
They cannot be recommended to the irtiitatioh of fur^
metsyhixi as an object beautiful to the farming eye^
for its perfection, they merit all that cart be ^aid of*
tlienii

On Walburton farm are some tery good fences,*
planted about 23 years' ago: the quick wacs ^t aboui
two inches asunder, and single: they are cut twice?

ill aTCir ; are four and a h^If feet high, and two feet
thick. Yery little ground lost by the hedge, as it oc«
copies only four feet. Upon a very extensive scale^
the same excellent liort of fences have b^n made in
Lord Egremont's new enclosures in the Stag-park ferm^
and most neatly kept.

All that remains to be observed under this head is^
that fences are usually, in the new enclosures, two
rows of white thorn on the bank of the ditch. But
care should be taken that the ditch be not too near the
ipick, as it acts as a drain^ preventing it from re*
^seifing that nourishment so necessary to the growth of
a strong and durable fence.

itssBXiJ

taA^« '

■ I

CHAP. VII.

Arable land.

'y SECT. I.-— TILLAgB.

TtlE more improved tillage of land, as at premA
Inractised, is confined to individuals. Little 19 tkm
that deserves commendation. Tiie ploughmen are noft
remarkably adroit in handling their implements, which
are for the most part clumsily constructed ; but on the
light sandy loams about Petworth, the tillage is more
perfect. The operations arc executed by horscis and
oxen. Eight of the latter form a plough-team ; but
ten, and even more, arc sometimes in use. They
are universally worked, except by a fbw intelligent in-
dividuals, in common yokc^ and bows, going double ;
half of the cattle walking in the furrow, and the other
half on the nnplougbcd land. At first »ight it appears,
that in attaching such numbers to a plougli, theex«
penses of farming must be immense : and unquestion-
ably, if these draught cattle were kept for the purposes
of their work only, such would be the case : bift this
tottst be consistent with the progression in their value^
or they consider, and with justice, that the sjrstem
would lose its principal merit; consequently the
work is at all times gentle, and such as will not affect
their growth.

With respect to the working of horses, the common
management of the conufy is, to us^ tluree^ or four

with

FALLOWING. 0T

jn€b a driver, to one plough. Some few persons of
intelligence discarding this useless incumbrance^ hafji
gresitly improved upon this system, by cutting off
two of the horses and the driver, and thus ploughing
wl€Ii only two ; and it has been found, upon repeated
trials, that four horses and a driver, with the heavy*
wheel plough of the county, execute but little more
tha,vi one-half of the breadth of ground which the samO
fota V- horsQs in two teams will perform*

I VI the neighbourhood of Chichester, Mr. Woods has
brought the art of ploughing nearer to perfection, than
it Imsid ever attained before in that neighbourhood, by
airvming at that standard which prevails in the east of
£'^Sl^'*^* Hb systcin of tillage is among the best in.
th^ county: neighbouring fiinuers are opening their
fy^is to the improvements in this line, and are sen*
^^t>l4e of the beneficial effects that flow firom superior
tillage.

SECT, ir.— PkLLOWINO.

ALLOWING very generally prevails in the stiff soils
^^ ^^ussex, where, it is thought, no corn could be bad
^•^"tXiout this necessary preparation. But there is a
^*^'**jr rich soil at the foot of the South Downs, all
^^ '^hicli .is either pure clay, or calcareous eajfthi
^^^-'^l. so excessively tenacious, that it adlieres to the
f'^^^ire like pitch : it is upon, this land that the best of
7*^^T[ijcrs never fallow. It has been managed in the faU
.'^'^v^ system; and practice has experimentally con-
'V^'iced them, that it is neither necessary nor profitable :
^^^^crs adhere to this system of fallowing every third
<^ 'fburtb year; but in general it declines ; is not pur-

. f8 sued

,'is

68 *atjT.owiwg.

Bupit by (lie best agriculturists; anil most practi!
by the worst,

The inference (o be tirawn is obvious: if (he
karsh, iintractabic, ad h-^i ■.'!■, s\nil strotii^ soils,
as require ten or twelve slotil i>xen »" plf>ii!;h half an
acre.per tlay, Cftsi be managed without a tallow, (o
gTcat profit, a"! h e'rt:uMy the caFi" ■ llien what be-
conitj oi' Ibe [Keicndefl neccssily, or propriety of
this practice, on the thousand griidiilinuN of soils be-
tween common loams nnd tlti'se mdly Kiiff clays?
To ititroduec new prnclices i" hii'-lKindry, that are
Tull in the teeth of old and inveterate prfjntlit'esj'is
indeed suiTrcii-nlly dilliciiU. The grenlcst impro'
ments in the husbandry of this island, Imve not bel
established much above a century ; b\:t rc;d impro'
ments wUI work their way in time; and this err
of the necessity of fallowing;, will, by degrees, give
■way to abetter system. Those who coiitcnd for (he
necessity of it, from the eftct of a pitrtifular cxperi.
ment, or the practice of this or that individual, are
not sensible of the mischief they ivonid do the king-
dom, if (heir ideas were universally to prevail. Un-
fortunately they do prevail too- much. Without
having recourse to particular iiistatices, Sussex allbrds
general ones, which speak powerlVHy, On the Soiitli
Dowa farms, turnips, potatoes, clover, tares, rapi?;
Ac. expel fallows, and rents have advanced from
tbirly to lifty per cent : more' s(ock is kep(, and l>etter
iept. But in the \V».«ld, the fallow py^lem is ad.
hered lo; and here it is that rents have been far from
being in proportiim to the advance in the other ini
, stance.

PatiCKlar spots and instances, owing to other causes
tbao tke ituxlcs of husbandry, merely local, do_

[lo_ tu(^

EOTAtlON OF CHOPS. 09

affect the general fact* Tbe produce in the Weaid.
is the*same at present, or rery nearly so, that it tWML
a- century back ; and consequently improvement sta-
tibnafy. But rents are not to be raised whilst pcoducta
remain as they 'were. And how are products to be
improved but by the conversion of fallows to tar*
nip^, kabba^, coleseed, tares, clover, &c* &e.
thereby tddiu^ i;reatly to thcHvc'-stodL ; consequently*
to the'dtin|Dr, and saving the expense, nearly a useless
one^ of time? I will venture to assert, that there
is in the line of a great view, and not descending ta
minutifit!, no other method of doing it. Lord Sheffield
fans made great advance's in proving this material fitct,'
^^ turn your fallows to crops that shall feed cattle ; da
not depend so much upon hay ; mow less, and feed
more ; and do this upon an enlarged scale ; and never
fear but you will grow corn, if you can keep cattle
and sheop"" — and this doctrine comes from the heart
of the Weald.

SECT. -III. ROTATION OP CR0P9»

* 1^1 E rotation adopted by the Sussex farmers, ij^ In a
great measure regulated by the uature and prpperfietf
of the soil under dultivation. Tlie judicious armnge-
fnient of afarhi, in respect t'o the succcssionof lis crops^
i«*on(5 of thoi^ leading f».'aturcs whicli so clearly mark
the skilful from the inattentive cultivator i and no
•where seen in a more striking light than upon the diffc-
rent soils of this county. It is, without exception, the
most prominent stay of good husbandry, to adopt those
crops which are congenial to the qualities olFthe soilj
in such order of succession as will yield the greatest

F 3 produce ;

7rf
prod 11 (

POTATION OF CHOPS.

; witilst, at the !

; lime, the toil shall be

: same I
kept in the bcsi cuUiration.

From not paying due attention to this circnmstmice,
we daily find the old system pursued upon cold wet
land, from one extremity of t lie kingdom to the other;
such as was familiar to the Roman Imsbandmen, and.
practised in Virgil's time — a fallow succeeded by two
crops of corn. Thus it is in Suxsex, aud the practice
is the reason why the clay farmers are so much dis-
tanced by the rest of England, and In their practices
left so far behind.

The new face which improvement has given to the
Iiusbandry of this kingdom, took j>\ncc on sands,
and chalk, and soils of a similar description.

The most general system pursued on the stiffcr or
Btrong loamy clays, is in the following order, and
may be considered as the standard for the Weald.

1. Fallow, -m

S. Wheat, '"

3. Oals,

4. Clover and ray-grass, two or three years;

5. Outs, pease, or wheat.

Upon the very tenacious clay under the northern
lange of chalk, the clover leys, after having been
down some years, are then broken up, and sown
with oats; and then sufijraer-fallow.d for a crop of
wheat; asecond crop of oats succeeds that of wheat;
it is then laid down witJi clover and ray, or trefoil.
These fail in two or three years, when the land is
Covered with weeds and ^^rasscs indigenous to the
soil. A soil which discovers such a tendency to
run to grass, should not be ^uficrcd to remain in bad

tillage,

Upa^

ji6¥ation op^cboipI. 71

* TT]|idn CBoie'of a li^liter texture ' than tlie fcftegcing^
an arrangement is practised, which cannot be too
mnch recommended to d more extended cultifatioD* .

1. Tamips, •

2. Barley,

3. Clover,

4. Wheat,

Farmers in the neighbourhood of Battel, East-
bonme, &c. arrange part of 4:heir land under a sys*
tern of tillage different from any of tl^e preceding, and
bring potatoes to their aid.

1. Potatoes,

2. Barley,

3. Clover,

4. Wheat.

Sometimes, as at Battel,

1. Potatoes,

2. Wheat in succession*

That the potatoes do not decline frdm repetition,
appears by the last pot atoc crop turning out better
than any of the preceding, and the wheat good.
This course is singular, ^pd has been practised ivith
uniform success for more than twenty years, by Mr.
Mayo, of Battel.

That following for a crop, even upon the stiff land,
is by no means necessary / is proved, by much of
this soil being managed Avifhout any fallow.

I. Tares, ". .

9. Wheat,

3. Oats. • '. >

1 4 The

•

•» -

7fr

W<4f I<^^ V W^Of^r

•

Tl^0 fMnnuigW^ upon

U^ech

•

ddk&nu

Wrff'rW^^^^

• 1.

TFWlow,

Wheatj

••^■■•H^T^e If*

' ■■'.i:

Wheats

-9,

B»rl«y,

-■^»-^'*"r il-9^tn

Barley,

Clover,

Turnips,

: . i * • '• >

Wheat.

•K

Wheat,

- , f.

Barley,

Peasej

.-,-.. 'T

Tares,; m pease^

Barley,

■ 4.

Gate,

Turnipsj

,■■■- . ., ■■?

Clover.

Taifes.

-. ••-J

The following nfiserable course of croppiag is isuai
on the tenantry hires in the neighbourhood of liewes.

1. Wheat,

2. Barley,

3. Oats, pease, or tar^s ; «^-

4. Clover, or turnips.

But the more general practice is that of having five

crops of white corn in si^ ye^rs. But besides this

open-field management^ we iind, 1. wheat.; 2. rye

and tares, sown in x4iigust and September, fed in May

apd June for turnips, barley? and clover. Another

arrangement rlul into practice by nitciligent farmers on

light land is, to manure for wheat after tares or clover*

* * • • *
then turnips^ ; or, clover sown in the spring amongst

the wheat : tbe turnips succeeded by bjirley or oats,

and clover ; which, after remaining one yc^ar, the

ley is broken iip, "sown with pease or tares, followed

by wheat. But on the stiUer soils, wheat "is sown

«fter clover or tares, and seeds wiUi it in the spring ;

the clover is eith^i' twice m6\Vn, or fed in the summer,

mafiured, ai^d ^owh with wheat upon on^ earth.

A. very

< #

A Tery common practice prevails in this . couiHy |

of sowiag wheat upon turnip*land*. Those wh^ foU

low it are compelled to turnip- feed their fibclc^ ai that

season when the turnips are reputed of the least yalue^

and ^hen a plentiful supply is in existence pf all other

food upon which the sheep might be supported equally

well* '" '

In the maritime district the accustomed Itidde dT
era jp ping the fand is in the order df>

1. Tares, pr pc^Ee, , 7

2. Wheat, ' . ., . '

3. Clover,

4. Clover, , .

5. AVheat,

6. Oats,

his system, is only adapted to veiy Ttclirlan<A« Piif*
ti<^vi.laT instances occui^, of wheat having been sow«
foiMx- or five yeai^ in succession, and the prodttcm
anx counted to four or five quarters per acre. The
coM^Tse of -wheat, pease, whfat, barley, pursued iw
tht^i vale, will afford ai\y person a tolerable insight
into- the general properties of the laud in question.

'Throughout the gravelly soils between Chichester .
Wd the South Downs, wc find,

1. Pease,

2. Wlicat, ; ,

5. Wheat, * ^ \

6. Pease ; . .

• A very ba4 practice ind^ed*'^An/i9t^

^ ' ' r

' ' V

tl kItatioii of cfto^r;

5< •

•f

Barley,

' • * -

'li

A metliod yery commonly pursued is, that part pC
tjbeir tmpgring lai|d round in six laircs, ivheii it is all
kept in tillage^ in the following manner: tttniip%
Wheat, barley, seeds, oats ; all which methodic can*
not be approved^ inasmuch as it is not only a ted
plan for keeping stock, but it is farming also at a very
considerable expense, as that course will occupy at
least five four-horse teams m the management of 700
acres, and we may reckon the expense of each team at
lOO/..; but by laying 200 acres to sainfoin, and as much
to pasture, .'after tv9o years tumipping, the annual ex*
pense of ten horses, equivalent to 250L will then be
saved. This will enable the farmers to keep the re-
mainder in exceeding good condition, by having so
much sainfoin-hay upon which to winter their sheep,
besides two other great advantages; for, by having s6
much sainfoijwhny, the experienced linsb:uidman will
always be cnabJcd to feed his seeds, and by that means,
will bring liis land round in four laircs instead of six,
and in much better heart.

Farmers arc unsettled in their mode of management ;
many wlio followed the six*lairc course, and othcr^^
nearly in the same system, are now ciiaij^ing it to four
laires on the- chalky and gravelly land. Upon the
South Downs they substitute a double crop of tares in^
stead of a fallow for wheat ,^sowing early winter-tares, to
be fed late in the spring ; then slimmer tares and rape,
fed off in time for wheat; which is altogclher very ca-
]^{tal httstandry.

DOTATION OF CROil* 7S

f n place of an unproductive fallow, the skilful and
lutellfgent farmer raises two crops of tares^ to answer
the great purpose of fallowing (clearing and meliorate
ing) equally well. The ploughing is at a seaso;n of
the year when the ground can be easily worked ; and
in the western part of Sussex, with a light plough,
two horses and one man, who both holds and guides
the plough, which, upon calculation, Is a great savins;
of labour, whilst at the same time, he secures to liim«
self food for his stock at the most critical period of
the^ear, and enriches the ground with the manm^
arising from the fold, or stock fed on it*

The

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oq.-^T*o'*T^'!l*t^»— '«tcoot>>t^Ccsoo f«ot>* S'^csf'

^coco3?c^cor<cotr^c0'*^^c^'*?0 SciW^eoc^

coftoOl^cnc^O^d CO "^ «0*Ols.00OiO^ c4

I shall

TO HQISJII^Oir OF CK9B9»

I •

I lAallxIpse this articlei with noting iwd arr^ge«^
ihents practised by the Earl of Egfemont at Petworth.
XJpoQii cold springy land, which in frosty weatEet
works well, and becomes mollified, but if dry sue-
ceeds> it bhids like stone, his Lordship sows,

1st — Tares and rye ; or, if the land is foul, he

'-ploughs it four times, and three or four inches deep!,

according to the depth of the clay beneath thesur&ce

earth ; but never with a view to bring up the clay.

When tilla^ has brought it into order, the next crop

. put in is,

2d — Turnips. Tfiis land having been very.judici- ^
eiisly drained, answers well for this root : these are
fi)lded, the largest having been previously drawn for
&tt^iing cattle ; the manure for the turnips, is either '£
dung by itself, or compost of earth and lime; time^
wUhout mixturo, not answcrii^ for turnips.
- 3d — Oats, one ploughing ; six bushels of seed.

4//i-— Clover, one gallon ; trefoil, one gallon and a
.balfi rye-grass, two gallons : but when wheat succeeds
upon the layer (one year's duration), his Lordship
sows only clover and trefoil j and no ray-grass, as it is
^ plant untLindly for wheat, which js (he last crop in
the course.

Where, the staple of the soil is fleeter, and the clay
rises nearer to the surface, the same system is pursued,
as fur as the seeds, which instead of one, are kept
.two years ; thfc reason of which is, the soil is so poor,
tliat the layer of one year's duration is insufficient.

tJe has introduced, since this- report was written^
Wins as a fallow, thus :

1 . BreaK up a layer for beansj

2. Wheat,

S> lyianure for beans,

4. Wheats

CEOPf COMMOirtY CULTITAtBD^ 99L

4- Wheat,

5. Tar Alps,

6. Oats and grass^sccds : and better husbandry
cant no \¥here be found*.

SECt. IV. CHOPS COMMONLT CUI^TIVA'TED.

1. WHEAT,

1. Preparation.

• f

The tillage for wheat depends upon the crop it
ntcdeeds. It is, 1^^, a fallow three tinies ploughedji
Hie first earth fallowing up ; the second, a stirriiffg^
uid the third landing up^ but the, number pf eart^ U
regulated by the condition of the fallow : If foMlf ant
<>ther earth is given, or more* 9dlj^j If it; sncp^edM
dorer, the practice of bastard-fallowing is in many
cases adopted* This method of breaking up a clover*'
hiy, as a preparation for wheat, is supppscd to h^

* It nerer can answer the purpose of faUowiog. Clay and strong
loams can never be kept dean, without being ploughed in summer, .i^
•orking them at any other period^ wiH nex'er kill either couch-graat
* thistles. The condition of land in the xMciniiy of every large town, is
^ pregnant proof of the truth of the above, as from the great rents
piidia these situ.-i^ons, the farmer is too often ttmpted to negj^ct^lfe
beneficial practice of giving his ground a complete summer fallow.*--
^T, It, Braur,. *

The instance that 1 have cited above, and the facts that jvc quoted Im
"lustration of the antl-faUowing system, so opposite to this gentleman'%
<*puuons, are sufficient to speak for themselves, where we see that
^ay and strong loams, by the attentive mAnagemeni: of good husband*
"^n, can be kept perfectly clean without recurring to fallows, fiut the
***toncc given of this tare-husb ladry has nothing to do with clay ; axidi
before the observation if wide of the mark.— ^4. T. * U

causcdf

• ■ • ' ._

caused by the ravages of the wonn im9^i^fagi| iiM
were sown upon a single ploughing; fM:^3i^t 4i ^,
trheat appearsirt the bladie, these in^i^btsli^^th^itfit^
It is effected about Midsummfet/ by ^pltfilgMAf |^
harrowing till the fibres and roots of the clover, by
the operation of the harrows, are separated frcHii> die
earthy and die away,,/rom bcin^ ^3^{)osed to ibA^A^
mosphere and the effects of the sun. It is imaj^Ml
that the wheat upon ,pl/>v^r-l(^ys ^f this nature^ caiiw,
not be trodden too muc6/ It is therefore harroim^
with double implements, and six horses are. used fyi\
this purpose. The business of harrowing 4s deemed
io 'He^sisary, tb^t land has und^^one tliii^ opeidBpii
iibt less tliuti a dozen times. 3<^/y, If the crop^if
mheat i$ preceded by peasi^^ a single ploittg4iing Is /li§^
goiiiefkri'ifiers thought suiBdent, provided the landiffii
ill ioterable drder. ' Some plough the? pea-stubMe ill
hanrest, harrowing Ironi four to six timei^,^andjigltlft
ttir.it between harvest and Michaelmas ; anfd in Octdii*
bcr they ridge it up in the usual manner (hine bottlip
to a fend of thirteen feet and a half), aitd «dw imtoedt^
atcly after the phmgh. ^fkh/, If the w/hcat is 9<»wr
ir|>on turnip-land^ one earth about Christmas is the

general method. 5thfj/y After tares, one earth also. ^

• " ■ ''''*■-

2. M (inure. ^

Stablc-dnng, Mr. Woods, of CliidWim, observei??
•fiould be laid upon a clover-Icy, or other land,, just
before sowing, at the rate of sixteen to twenty load»
per acre, spread and ploughed in immediately. ^

There is about Eastbourne, Jevinoton, &c. a badT
custom on the arable lands of that neighbourhood^
fpreading in July forty large loads ef dung per acre^
Io be sown with wheat at Michaelmas-^ and they'

s leave

• m

leave ft till then on the surface, tepo^ed to tbe sunt
and wind. Upon what system they caEli fblloir thig
custom, it is difficult to conjecture* If they wdidA
idect on the fact of the Tolatile alkali being the JbodI
of plants, and that one of the principal causes of liie
fertility resulting from dung, is its containing that
evaporative salt, surely they vrould think that some ez«
periments on this point vrould not be undeserving tlieif
notice. If they vrill try the effects of spirits of haiii*
bom applied to common-field earth in a gardeft-pM^
tbey will presently be conyinced of one fact ; ai|d If
they then expose some of the same spirit to the at*
inosphere in a plate, they will soon nndeiMand another
&ct not less important : these two triak ate rery easily
made ; and he who tries them will not be ready afker*
wards to expose hi^ dung«hills one mom^t longei than
necessary.

S. Sort.

■

Of the several sorts of wheat in cultivation in Su»i

Bex, the velvet-eared is preferred in the Weald, hav^

ing by much the thinnest skin: they call it Jluffed.

It weighs upon an average S9 to 60 lb. per bushel. It

is an observation of Mr. Gell, of Applesham, one of

the most spirited and intelligent farmers in the countyi

that the white fluff on good land answers best, as be«

ing the most saleable ; but on poor land, |»ubject to

poppic^^ the fitrong-strawed sort that overpowers this

weed, should certainly be sown.

A sort Oi wheat,' obtaining much on the Dovni^^
is what they call Clark wheat. \i is not bearded ;
red blossom, red chaff, and red straw; white grain;
,the sample coarse, being in price under the finest sorts*
It is a great yieldcr^ and requires ^ b^ (pxi fprward. ^
lussfix.] a i^r

^X fSOra COMMONLY CULTIVATED.

Mr. Woods, of Chidbam, a very excellent and b]
iHed iatraer,has foun'l by long and aUcniivc experience,
fh at a change of seed-wheat is of csseiitiiil imparlance
io the fariaer, as that seed which has been repeatedly
flown over tlie same ground, at length degenerates,
and the produce becomes each sncceeiliii^ year in-
fciLW in qiiaHty ; for which reason lie sows wheat that
is apt to run to straw upon ley-land, and the Ilcrtford-
shtTC white upon pca-stubbles.

The farming world is certainly indebted to Mr.
"Woods for a valuable acquinilion, in bringing inta
cultivation, what with justice liiui ljt:en called, and is
a new sort of wheat, the Cftid/inni o'hUe, or Iiedgr-
lefieat. Tfic origin of it was tliis; as Mr. Woods
was occasionlly walking over his iields, liq met with a
ftingle plant of wlieat gro\ving in a hedge. This plant
contained thirty fair ears, in which were found four-
toen hundred corns. These Mr. Wooils planted the
ensuing year, willi llic greatest attention, in a wheat-
s-Id: the crop from these fourteen hundred corns
produced ejglit pounds and a half of seed, which he
.planted the same year ; and the produce amounted to
forty-fight gallons: this he drilled, and it yielded
{ftecn quarters and a half, iiine-gallon measure,
ilaving now raised a large quantity of seed, he
-partly drilled, and in part sowed, ihe lastt produce
broad-cast, over rather more than tjfly acres of land,
and iie gained 384^ loads. Twenty loads of this quan-
tity was sold for seed, at 13/. 15s. (ler load. The-
wheat, upon trial, was discovered to be so line, that
-Mr, Woodh had an immediate demand for a far greater
quantity than he could spare for sale. 1792 turned
*ut a bad yielding year, otherwise the last produce
frould bave fully cquiillcd forty-five load. With re-
spect

CROPS COMMOVLV CCtTITATED.

Bpect to the sample of the Chidham ishent, it is nhitej
of a very fine berry, an I remarkably lon^ in the strawj
M> as to stand, in < wet summer, full sii^ feet in height.

.Xlie seed is now dispersed over Hampshire, Hiirrey,
and other counties, and much cultivated aixtut Guild-

Iford.

4r. Steeping,

The method of using lime in preparing the seed-
wheat, practised by Mr. Ellman, of Glynd, is, to have
a sieve made abuut ten inclies in depth, containing
three pecks of wheat, which is tUpt into a tub of

* sea-water or brine ; this causes the lime to take etfecl,
and thereby to destroy the seed of the smut ; it leaves
a coat of lime upon the wheal. By making the brine
sufficiently strong to swim an egg, where no sea*

I water is to be had, all the light corn floating on the
Biirfoce is skimmed oil', and the good wheat remains at
the bottom. — Mr. Elfmait's Experiment.

The common method of preparing seed-corn is, to
Eoak it in briny or sea-water twelve hours; after this
'^the water is let off, and tlic lime sifted on the com,
mixing the whole together. This operation is per-
formed at five or six o'clock in the morning, and (he
seed is carried into the field at seven; consequently
the lime, remaining so short a time on the grain
before sowing, has no time to penetrate into the com;
whereas, by wetting the wheat, and leaving it until
tlie succeeding morning well limed, tlic lime has a
power in destroying the smut-po>v dcr than
^hcn it remains on it for hidf an hour only, when most
of th« lime is ru'^b^^d off the cont. Sometime the
brine has been heated} and then poiued out of a pot
wpon the seed.

G 2 Another

b4 ceopS comwonly cultivated.'

Another process, practised by Mr. WooJs,'
Chidham, is tliis: about two sacts of seeil, at each
lime, arc shot info a leaden cistern constructed for
'that purpose, filled with salt-water, in such a roan-
Der, that the water is made to flow over tlic soed^
and to float all the light and liood-corn, which is then,
"Bkimraed off. It remains in this manner about tha
ice of sis. hours, when they are in hnste for tiuwin^ ^
gltut at any time twelve hours are sutTicicnl ; ti\a wheat
; is then thrown out of the cistern upon a brick-fioor, th<
."jiWater being first drained olf, through a tap-hole, and
j-fiesh lime, iwhicli is newly slaked for tlfc purpose,
- is then sifted over it, to the amount of half a bushel oi
<he strongest grey limr, to yue tjuader of wheat: it i;
Ihen turned over and mixed Into an he:ip, where it re-
mains iu that situation till the following morning,
. when it is taken for use. JErery morning, previous to.
the sowing iiext day, the wheat should be stocptxl tilU
iieyening, nnd llion limed as aborc, and left till iiijf.
f.taoiiaag.

, ...Seed-wheat, prepared by steeping it twelve hours In^
-aea-vaiei, drwi! vifh liroc, has hcca kuown to be ef^i
v.&clive; a, headicmd sown dry has been smutty, when
V the rest of.the tieid, si^cpcd, has eactiped. The smut
(I in tiie cprM.isaacvil which the, Soutli Dovtus are littlo
; 'Subjected Ip. It has bei;n attributed to the practice
Ji'WDOa^t the Jarmen;, of sowing the same sort of seed
^ Sot a U'Ugth of years, without giyii-^ tlic land the least
If change ; or it may be owiug to a negligence in irapro-
I..perly prepArliig the seed. Lime is the best preveiita-
i .fire*,

5. Seed.

lo'

■ " Sogieatu the variety of cases uQ tliia Jieid, ihat it cannot Cuil^
' "ht afccrcilned to tvlint cnuic Eo asoribe tlie wi'^iidcrfui effect of nnut '

lutbfl

•■■•■•"•-■ ■ ■ -* ' •■■:•■ .•.■•'■•'' r

5. Seed. .

The quantity sown depends upQn circumstatices ; the
erop it succeeds, Sec. In general, it' inaj be estimated
from two to three, -and .up lo^fo^r biitMl^ (B^lhitff^*
Mr. Gell sows at Appksbwi.ibtfr l>ttB}i^j<||y<ghjlp9Ky
land/^and three upon tUth*. Mr. W<iod«:t||fQg{f|iid)i^
half; and when wheat sujbce^s p^so, hf}80|i;|A|||l{^i;^
bushdis, provided it is ear\j in ti|r spxi^^^psfL ^If^jn
more^ since the vegctatiou ds .aoi ^^aoh^qjo^JH^f^floiiK

wheat. If to aa insect in the gfsam .ydty iiTf me^jiup^^af a ^^.aiflbffftd^
9pd not another at the fame Ui^^ ^d.^inder th^^aafiif Cfxturofimc^ ^
But this now and then actisally occurs. . The taxpe (^ectioaliea asaintt
an insect in the soil, the season, or any genml ctrctuwMte th^'Vl^^iclr
aD die lldd equally particil^ates. We are eqijafl^ %iijdnt^^ nfdehtif
thrtwo, fime or pickle, ire can attiitoc the cvfe^ lAccoj^iinfyf fotak
only wet it, on purpose to znake the lim^-adb^r^ o^^frirai:? e^tcemci]^
attentiTe to the pickle, and on!y use the lime to dry it for fowiae;

.«• Some fanner. »w withoo. o«ng e-ther. '>^^ ii^^l ,&ccimmf
tor a number of years together, but always iniflfbr more in 6ili -unlucky'
year than would pay the expense, and reward the trouble for a long

** A report prevails in Scotland, that the practice was accidentally in^^*
Croduced by some seed-wheat haying been sown frc^m a wreck af^er hav^
lag been steeped in the ses( a night or two; that the wheat' sOwn dry
0a the same field yras blackened much, whilst the other wiisM:leaii and
healthy. Both pickling and liming are practised generally in Scol^
land, and the pickle most in use is urine. When the grain is pretty
equal, there is no need of floating ; and blacked wheat ought to be
iivoided for seed."

The observation is ill founded. The smut ia' perfectly well under*
stqpd. Every scientjfic farmer knows that it is occa^oned solely by
smutty powder adhering to the grain, which at once accounts for all tl>e
eases this frentle<iiaa>«tart6«^ Any operation that completely, ir^ed. the
IP"^ by washing, or. destroys Jc by .acrid,, corrosive, or poifonous ^ap-
plication, .wiU, have the effect, in^mibly of securjn^ a cleaa crop.7-
JLBraua. ' ... ^ ,

r ^ -^ ^-3 rishing.

eftOH COMMONLT CBtTITATSB.'

xisliing. Tlie medium quaotity may be estimate
ftom two aad a balf to three bushels*.

6. 3"'""^ "/ Soz^'hig.

This too depends upon contingfneics ; Seasons,
Ming cmps, &c. Respecting the fittest time for;
itog wheat, experience only caji determirH;. Early
sowing sc'isons are well adapted to gome eoils, but per-
nicious to others, Mr. GeJI is of opinion, that the
earlier the seed is put in, the better will the crop turn
out ; he therefore sows as early 'is possible, to allow it
& sufficient time to take root, and be enabled to stand
L' against the frosts. The wheat sowing season com-
' mences about the beginning of October. Mr. Woods
prefers early sowing also, as a less quantity of seed is
demanded, and vermin d'^strny more of it in cold wea-
ther ; much too is apt to rot in late sowings. By sow-
Ling afler the month of iVovembEr, the com remains in
f "ihe ground so lone before vegetation arises, that muck
[" of it is destroyed; and if hard frosrts come in ahtteseed.
f time, the grain is cut off before the nourishment takes
I place. However, nofwilhstanding, farmers will regu-
["'latc their sowinjj by the natijreof (he soil they culti-
I vate. la many places it is seldom finiithed before new
' Christmas.

7. Culture K'ft'Vj/ grcjcin^. ^M

The Culture which the wheat receives, is in propor-
tion to the active induairy of the farmer, and the

• Thel-C!>Jon aiiipncd for soWinir a lirge qoratifj- of seed
cho.ilii the rubbish, suth .i< charlock.
«ell covewdwiih eota.—Jain Blla.:'

^ . . . thai it

poppy, &c. if the ground be not

CROra (30SH0RLT CCLTIVATED. ST

means he pxcrts to keep bis crops in tlie most per*
feet state of ciillivation. Tlic practice which is most
^ncrally adopted is, to )iiiii(l-l)oc in the spring : this
optrratiou is effected sometimes only once, but fic-
qiieiitly twice, as it depends on the preceding crop.
" omeo-iiTe usually employed, at 8rf. per day.

'■Ptiis operation of hand-lioeing wheat is disapproved
^T Mr. Ellmaii, who never hoes his while corn, liav-
^"S" given it Up from a conviction that liis crops were
iic-V(.f benelileU by Ibe practice ; but on th c contrary,
'"=»* it always did mischief. Should the practice
*°*i»ttime6 be right, ami sometimes wrong; or right
" some soils, and wrong on others, these contrary
^'^ts may probably dcix-nd on the spring roots, which
*"<i said to strilvc iiilo the air, and enter the ground at
^**T»te small distance from the stem. If a band-hoeiug
^ given just before tliiJ appearance of those roots, it
*^«iy, on a bound surface, prepare for their easy en-

P-ince; but if given afterwards, it should seem pro-
able, that ilie elTect would be mischievous, would re-
ud the progress of (he plant, and force it to do its
rork over again, perhaps at a worse season. Iftbis
i the case, the Itenelit w liich results from bitting the
moment exactly, may by no mt^ns equal the probabi*
Jily of mischief upon a scale of any extent; in which the
right time can scarcelybetatien fur the whole of a crop.
I have beard excellent furmcrs declare, that if a
man would pay for the hoeing their wheat, they would
nnt permit the ii|)cralioii, being conviiieed that it did
more barra than good.

Fffding. — The custom of feeding the young wheat

is prnclised in various parls 'if Sussex. I'po^the rich

arable vale upon the coast, sheep are turned into the

G 4 wheat

8S esftM eoMMostv ccltitatbi*.

iFlicaf from Christmas to March, Many farmers hai
tLought tbnt the wheats are tlic stilTer, and rise more
abundant for this practice. The truth appears to be,
that this is done not so much to benefit tlie wheat, as
through mere necessitj ; since it is allowed, that in
proportion to the scarcity of turnips, and other arti-
ficial food, will this practice l>e in vogue. En is

tTixiifiiia't Tov riTev.

Meadow and pasture, in various parts of Susses, is
[ to small in quantity, thai it requires agreater abundance
I pf artifictal provision, and brought into cullivalton in
Tfi different rotation, to keep sheep in much greater
■Slumbers; and we sec, that tofecd the prcscni Ktocfc, is
I Sometimes found io be a matter of no small difficuKy,
K,ftnd highly hazardous ; so that the resort of the fanner
1 is to turn his sheep upon his wheat, which at best is a
I Ineasure of questionable policy. Sheep are often turned
■ into the wheat to tread and bind it, and give the soi^
[ ft cohesion grateful to that plaat,

Treading. — Mr. Kenward, of FIctching, uses A

fjind eight oxen in drawing a light pair of harrowi

K and he remarked, that they were not, on such occa-

Xfeions, used either at harrows or ploughing for the

draivghtj but for the treading on such of the Weatd

lands as tend pretty much to sand, or ratlier a sort of

loft abraded stone. He n.imed a farmer who contd get

no wheat, until he drove all his oxen, cows, and

pheep, repeatedly over his land, directly after sowing.

"Without these precautions, the plant is root-fallen,

*nd eaten by the coekehafer-grub all winter, and by

wijain red wire-worm in the. spring. The best wheat

rip

M.;j«

4aKL these laiids is, when the seed is^ firom a \9^ teiispo^
poached in at sowing. :.i ::.•.:.;»

The county, it is to be noted, is in general mof^inh
jclined to wet loam and clay, than to^Tiand;• bint. tlj^,
sides of hills have a s^ft friable stoso, Miiiph moulder
into sand for all undernstratum ; and tin proiiortioi|>:iiA
^19 rises to, and mixes with the ^ur&ce, the evil b^r^
complained of, takes place. Tp avoid sufjb dxp^f i^y^
remedies at a busy season, rolling app^n^praciical^es
1>ut it has been tried ; it makes the^sand blow morei
4fai$ is known in Norfolk tumip-^aUo|iFa«r Fallotving[
the bane of such a soil. The fafmQf3 admit the
l)est crops Xo be on clover* But care should be takeit
-fiat theclove»be sowA really clea;i, and let it lemain
ttwo years,, never mown ; and in a mdst reason, befoN
sowing the wheat, it should be rolled with a beavjr
iroller. It would be the best and cheapest cnlture. .

Upon dry soils subject to popptjr, Mrv £Umto, e|f
Shoreham, ploughs his tare and rape > land for. wheats
the beginning or middle of September, t|o sow the whei^t
the middle of October. The harrowing- kills tb^
poppy ; and in putting in the seed, he likes to tread
nuch with oxen, or with sheep. ^ neighbour treads
his with oxen in March, which he thinks better against
poppy, than doing it at sowing*

. 8. Harvest.

The wheat»liarvest commences, in forward seasons,
about the latter end of July; in late seasons, about
ten. days pr a fortnight softer. Thei opeacation of gather-
ing in the harvest, is performed by a contract betw^
the farmer and his men, sometime previous to. the har-
vest^ when the wages are agreed upon,, and tjie pro-
^portion of com allotted respectively to eaqb man. The

reaping*

enOT9 COMMOWLT CTTITIVA TBB.

-00

leapmg-liook and sickle, botli the jagjicd and tlij
smouth edge, are the insfrumonts made use of. The
duration of liarvesi depends upon (he season ; but ge>
nerally varies from four (o six weeks. \Va2:es (1793)
were nsually 3/. for a month, and lioard ; hut since
that time, this rate hns advanced. Mr. Woods be-
gins his harvest about new Laniraas-day, and observcsj^
I that if wheat be fit to reap before that time, a gre
'■ crop is expected in- proportion to the tuimbcr of i
preceding Aiti^ust 1st, and s

After harvest is finished, it is every where, I 1
lieve, customary for the farmers to yivo a hai
Jiorae, orsnpprr, to their harvest-raen.

At Mr. Eilman's, above eighty men, women,
children, gmwally sit down to hi^ harvcst-Mippi
I Thesupply of provision for this numerous cominiiy «
^■buudanl; beef, 1(5 sionr; mjtlon, 8 stone; plumb-
puddinir, ] cvvt. ; beer, M)gTiII(>ii'' ; bread and dice
&c. &c. ; what remains is distribute! to the ]
The origin of this custom is ihouglit by Mr. EHmairA
be this : that when labour wiis scarce, the itrlghb
ing artisans assisted the farmers in their harvest for
two or three days, gnitis; and the harvest-home wis
a recompense for it.

Reaping wheat is done by the acre; it varies fro
Isinc to eleven and twelve shillings. A good lalioiu
leaps an acre in three days.

9. Thraslung.

Thrnshiug the wheat is every where performed

*by flail-work, and cleaned either with a shovel and

broom, or by winnoijHig-machines. Three instances

occur of ihriishing-mnrhiiu's having been erected,

that of Sir Richaxd Ilol^am's, at Bognor.

iluinb-
chees^^
: portlM
mairflH
:hboni^

st for

c wriB

'h^fl

6 A»M Cdim OKtY CJiriiTltATBDd 91:

which hfis been out of repair; Mr. Pennington's^
at Asbbumbam ; fuid the Earl of Egremont^s, at Pet-
worth; of which moi« will be said hereafter. The
projdfigions saving that mijsfht be made in the expenses
^f labour, in the article of thrashing only, by. subati«i
toting machinery in lieu of the <)ommon "-system d?
Crashing, ongl^ to induce gentlemen, and Urge iar- '
mors in this county, to improye tbb branch of* raral
economy. These machines, where tliey have been
^ected upon proper plans, have facilitated the-com«>^
mon operations of thrashing, lessening expenses cou»
3idcrably.

It has many advantages tp recommend it : the stmw
for fodder is better by passing tiirou^h a mill ; and
w^Iiat is a point of mach greater importance, it has!
been discovered, that when the work has been exe-
cuted lUler the usual manneri by the flail, one pint -
9Xkd a half of wheat usnally remains in each truss
<^£' straw ; since straw that has passed through good
tixTftshing-mills, has been found to yield that quantity.
X*]ie vast utility of them, upon large corn farms, is
^t, once obvious: the saving of labour is considerable;
ca v^ i^hen they come to a higher state of improvement,
ill unquestionably be adopted over the great corn
Tins of this kingdom. The plea, that the poor
^vould be dreadfully injured, is more visionary than
^^ibstantial ; a;id will, in many cases, hold to be equally
^^ fallacious in agriculture as it oncejdid in manufiic*
'^tsres. Clear enough it is, that the great object in
^^Tming is to cultivate land in the best possible manner^
^t the least expense. By the means of machinery^
^bich enables him to thrash and to dress at the same
time, he spends more money in improving, and rais*
^ng a geeaJUx produce for the market.

10, Prom

eXOPS COMUOKLT OtfJiTtX AV9D.

10. Produce.

Respecting- the produce of ivhtnt, this depends upon
fio many circumstances, thii) <tll tliat can be said upon
it is, U> draw aa average ot" the produce ot" several pa-
rishes chiefly in the dihtrict of clay, and scattered,
•ver a very considerable tract of land, which ^ilb
enable ns to form an idea of the com prgducl& of
Sussex.
■ Worth, Slaiigham, 19 bushels.

Horsham, Huspcr, Balcorab, 14 busheh.

Lower Bccding, Crawley, NulliiirsI, IG bushels.

Rudgnick, ilillinghurst, Ktiidford, Green, Hitch--'
ingfield, Itt bushels.

ilolney, Cuckfiekl, 20 bushels.

Luggershall, Wariieham, Slingfold, Cowfold, 1
manbury, Hcjifold, 22 hnshcU.

Snit'hurst, M'cst (irinstcad, AKliur5.t, PuU^rough,
Chtlliii^on, Shipley, Si busbt's.

Iliirslerpuint, Albuiune. Ditinhliti^, Tlnylshiq
AbhbiirDhum, Winchilsea, Wtslham, ^2 buslwia^

Average, 91 bushels 2 (wcl;»-

Individual instaiicS of LLi;lh cxyrn' produclsi do not
afFecllhe gcnorsd avcrag''. Up^jn (he very fertile land
which borders upon the cousi, products of wheal much
greater thini the abovi', are frequenliy met with. X
fiiir crop and au^vcfitsf' "»f> viliriJes frojii 31 to 40
bushels, st:ilule measure, upon th*^ tame laud. At
Fclpfaam, adjtiiriiug Uo^nor, 52 bii^heU have been
raised over nneight^wn-actc field of Sit-Richard Ho-
I tham's; and land at Winchilsea has yielded Hulo 48.

In I7fl4, nver.5f acres of very stron;^ cluy loam,
L but all of it drained in a very iniiiitCtlyiiuiiJiifX, lhit:..^|aH

itch-

rough,
ls],w

of Egremofit gained three quarters and a half per aor^;
and in the following year, upon land of a similar de-
scription, his Lordship raised four quarters and a half
per acre. These are extraordinary products, when the
iiature of the soil is considered. But the merit,.in this
instance, arises from the corn having been {Nfoduced.
Upon -land which has lately been converted by hia
X«ordship from a forest into a capital farm.

One of the most extraordiu^y experiments that wa^

JOaade in this coutity, was by the father, of the praseft

Ib(r. Car, of Bedinghum, who upon a piece of land

Chat had been, left by the sea at Bishopstone, tried how

^ciften in immediate succession it might profitably be

^fiown with wheat; not so much from an experimental

intention, as from the t^ircumstances arising ia the

lirial. The first crop was seveii quarters ; the sepond^

^hesame; thi\ thKdsix; the fj>urth, fifth, andsixth^

^^ach five quart e>;:, npon an arerage. This i» perhaps

'the most extraox^i»naiy i;:stance of fiirtility upon record-

"<See Annals, vx=L xii.) The -ame piece of land (§1

-acres), in 1795, yielded aa extraordinary crop, ps

_the following letter, coramunxcated by Lord Sheffield^

jnfficiently evinces.

•** BUhopstone, Dec. I, J 7^.

'^ DEAR SIB,

'^ It is but just you should be apprised, that thij»
fruitful spot is part of my Lord Pelham's farm .a(
Btsh<^tone. It is indeed an undeniable fact, that
Ibis single piece of ground, containing 31 acres, pro-
duced more than 40 loads of wheat in the last yean.
My authority is the miller who has lately purchased
l9ishopstone*miU; to which tiie 1^ ia question i»

conti*

Vi CHOPS C0M5I0ITI.T Cri.TlVATED.

configuous, and who pucliased the whole of the pro-
duce. He tolJ inc, he believed there wi're 43 loads*
He gave diflerent [irici's for (he crop, as it was broiigLl

' ill, iVom 20/. lo 21/. per Umd. Fortj-two loads at onl^
20/. amounts to 840/. The tenant's rcnl to my Lord
Petiiam, the miller tolti me, is 50*. per acre. He has
then the whole piece at 77/. IOj. This natisfics nic
that the miller told nic triilh, whtii he assured mc,
that he knew the temint cleared jnore than 700/. iii tlit=

-last year hy this sinjle piece of land.

' " Yon may remember, Sir, liiat I ojicc pointccR
out to yon this rich part of Bisho|'slone-fanii ; and
that 1 iiilornti'd you il yielded Car, when lenant, svd
fine crops of wheat in as many years. In the seventh.
yeat he sowed il with pease, that it aiight be cleared-

1 of weeds by hoi ing ; and in the eighth year sowed
wheat a^ain. There are two pieces of the land which

•have this fertile properly, which are st^parated only by

•Iheroadleadiri* to themill. The one is the piece wcare

'■peaking of, which contains 31 acres, the other coii-

' tains 17 acres.

" I do not remember to have ever seen manure laid
on any part of the whole 4S acres ; and were manure
never to be hiid, I think it would not be impossible

^ton to make a small forhine out of the land, though
wheat were at 10/. the load.

" Adjoining the above two pieces of land, is a largo
piece of grass-land on (he right, and several smaller

" piecwon the left, which 1 make no donlil, were they
,' to be broken up, would be found equally fruitful, being
'^ on the same level, and having, no doubt, been re-
scued from the sea al the same time. They caiuiot
contain much less in quantity than the other two pi^;ces.
" If the above iiit«lligence proves of service tAj

f service tayOT,

. .»

GE9P8 OOMUOlTLir CVtm^^Af ^pf * 0|^

it will add greatly to the pleasore of jrour obedieot
JiUfflbleserrant and friend 9 ^

« C. HURDW.**

lU Manufacture of Bread.

The cpminon preparation in the manufacture of

Irheatcn bread, is too universally understood to need

•ay recital in this place; but the late very high pricfe

of 1)read com, which has been so affecting in its nah

tmcj und so alarming in its tendency, induced sevemi

^nilemen and others, who were friends to their c6u»»

%ry, to set about trying experiments in order to ascer*

tftin wliat other substitutes could be devised in the

Htoor of scarcity, equally. nutritious as wheaten biead^

' and sufficiently piilatable so as to ward off those evU

jtoiisequences which .tlireatened so speedy an approsch.

Among other substitutes for this end, none appeirad

inove efficacious, none that l>ore a stronger lanaloggr to

'wheat with respect to the above essential requisites, thaa

^ mixture of potatoes. In order to dbtain this end|

the Earl of Egremont, with that r^ard for his coun«

try, to which it is out of my power to do justice, un^i

dertc^ok various experiments in the composition of

bread witfr the meal of potatoes, and wheaten flour^

^ with a view to determine the true quantum of potatoes

which should be a standard for making a suiBcienlly

agreeable, and nourishing sub^itute instead of wheaten

lu'ead. By his Lordship's directions the loaf was

composed of

ist, lib. of potatoes »•,•••••*•• lib. of flour

, Sd,. 1 ditto •••♦•••••••^••••••••••••••t S ditto

3d, 2 ditto •^•^•••••••^••••••••••fw.* 1 ditto*

"Theae several mixtures were bub;^ on the 18tb of

96 CaOPB COMMOSLT CtltTIVATED.

December, I7!)5j and were not proved (ill six da^
afterwards ; for it was affirmed, and with ^eat jus-
(ice, as llie result demonslralcd, llia( potatoe bread,
when new, is certiiinly apt lo pass ofTloo quickly,
without uftbrtlidg tlia( siisleiitalion so necessary to ttie
labouring class of the comniunily. Now this defect
in the potatoe bread, by licing kept for some days ptu-
I prions lo its being eaten, is takeci away, and the com-
I position of the materials iidinit of lotia;er keepiii<r than
I Jitlicr bread, without being deprived of any of its good
I -^alitics. When the bread made of the above materials
•was eaten, the nsult was, that between the bread
which was one half potatoes and one half flour, and
.fliat which was twotliirds Hour, and one Ibird pota-
toes, the diiil'rence was so (rifling as to admit of liltle
observation or remark. Holli were equally pleasant,
and Hie latter, of two thirds potatoes and one third
£our, thou !rh not equal to the foregoing, in point of
iflavour, as it yielded rather a bitter taste, from the pre-
jxJndcrancy of llie potatoes in the mixture, yet it
■turned out far from unpleasant or disagreeable, anijl
indeed highly superior to that which is (he ordinary
bread in many of our Northern and other counties.
., ■ Bclativc however to the general result of these tvialsj
'-{^eat doubt was entertained whether the bread an-
'a*ered in point of nourishment : it is good enough for
'those who have plenty of other food ; but delieieut for
• others who depend altogctijcr, or very much on the
staff of life : the general opinion was against the
practice.

His Lordship has also tried rice in the raauufacture
of bread, and none could possibly be finer.

Another valuable and interesting piece of intelligsice

^t the present crisis is, the discovery of a substitute for

yeastj

yeast) or for lessening the quantity cdmmonly lised^

which is made at Petwofth from the fermentation of

potatoes. The bread from the result of the fore^

going experiment -was kneaded with the yeast pre-^

pared from potatoes, and a small quantity of comsnoii

yeast. — Three pound of potatoes put into thr6e pinW

of water ) boiled till it becomes a mash^ theh taken off

^be fire, and the liqtior and potatoes strained through a

cullender: one pint) or rather more, of milk is thea,

fnixed with it, and left to fehnent, and this quantity

is sufficient for a bushel of llouf.

>!■ Ai

!!• BARLEY;

!• Preparation*

. Tlie preparation for barley, if preceded foy wheatf
is t; vro or three eafths i as soon as the harvest id ovei'
the wheat stubble is, by intelligent farmers, fallowed
^P> and whatever other tilth is reqtiisitejis given irt
the spring : the winter frosts ameliorate dnd piilverize
U^e clods, and render it better prepared for the recep-
tioix of the seed, and land can hardly be too nibiildy for
barley. After turnips, thi^eci earths are uiSiually given^
ploughedcross ways ; or if it follows pea$e^ the tillage
iLSinuch the same. \Vhcn the pease are otf the ground^
tW stubbie is fallowed up, and the temitiiiing earths
gWen in the spting : otlier variations in the rotatioii
. aad number of earths are certainly found, which de-
pend upon the degree of intelligencie and skill, or io
the wajit-trf it, of which the farmer is possessed.

Hutx the wheat has beeti carried, Mr. Woods turns

liis sheep iiita the stubble ^ which is sooii after begun to

siissfiX.] . H be

98 CSOFS COMMONLY CDLTITATED.

be ploughed for barlty, t!iat is, wlicn wlicatscwl time is
past. Hcfnllows upllieslubbio about scvt'n iiiclirs docp,
and ploughs three times. In llie tiling of liis luud he
has a practice wliich i.s pcciiliiir to himbclf : that of open-
ing his furrows ill his uhi-iit bliiblik-,, where barlt^y is
intended to be sown in tlit^ spring;. Firsl, the furrow
is opened by plougliing and tlirowinfj Ihc soil iijiun the
^tilcli, leaving a small space of about six inches iit
widlli, which is ploughed the third lime. This ope-
ntion is jwrformcd ihioiigh the field, in dry wciilber,
early in OclnbtT, and remains in that stale until the
wheat sowing sKison is over, when ihe three furrows
are ploughed (ogerher to form one ridge. This work
should be executed in dry wealhcr, or at least in the
driest season that occurs in November or December;
and afterwards the remainder of the land to be plouglied
as a fallow for barley. His reason for this mode of
ploughing is tliis ; that when the laud is ploughed a
second time in March, (he ridgw upen the more freely,
4iid the furrows will not l)e fonud to be stubborn
and ditUcult to work, nor Ihe ground to be rough
aud cloddy in the furrow afier that practice, so as to
produce an unkind ridge in the third ploughbig,
which is often the cnse when such opening is neg<
lected; insomuch that builey frequently makes no ap-
pearance for the space ot'lhrecfeit on each ri<lge.

ll is to be observed, llint Mr. AVoods is particularly
careful not tu hiy his ridges too round, nor too high
at ll)c wheat season, least the lands Ix; loo Hat when
fallowed up for barley, as he is clearly of opinion that
the land sustains a greater injury by the'rctention of
the water iu the fallow, wliL-n llie ridges were reversed
tud li^ hoUow in the middle^ than at any other time.;

M iti addition to this, gtcdtdr loss !s ^li in (He crop
oFbdiley by such d method, than dtn jpdkAiAy be i!i6
dwe ill the wheat by laying the land dat;

ft)tatocs are a good prep^ratidd fdir bafl6^. MK
Gilbert dunged for wheat, and after the wheat plaiiieft
potatoes, which gavft fotri hUhdred bushels ^ ^kcre t
he then took barU^y, which l^fts a better iiroj[) ihdit iuio-
ther pxiice sown dfler librl^y follbwiiig; wiiesttf ^tiich
iras dunged for equally Whii th6 other.

2. Sorty Seed^ Quahlitj/ sown^ TitAt^ CuUtire^

Jldrtesty 4*^.

The only sort of barley which is in g^eral cultiya<»
Itoh, k fh6 comiuoh Ehglbh barley t it ii Mfix iteep^
ed ; ^e ^atntity of !ie^ is taridtts,* «hd d^ilMd^ tlpdtf
<»i^cti[nn(diices ; bM it vibrate trcrfh fddi to fliVe Umidi
OikhiM ib the acfe. The time bfMfmg U HHUhl
^i latt« *nd Of Mrtrch Gt beginning of April*

Mr. Wdbds, after the wheat hds been f^^eS attd
c»MtA, {fallows the stubble, and in! April idws Anif
Mcls and a half io the acre ; it is hoed- after tlfeetf-
^^gthle wheat is finished, and after wheai hdtVesf is
fofebed he cuts his barley i if foul, it remdmiEf ihree or
four days on the gifound before it is cdcied, ^ftidh ii
tfone in sttiall heaps, as they dry sooner, besi^df^ not be«
feg 80 stibject to be trod by the pitcher. Mt. Wood^
obtains the fthest crops of barley upbn a pea' stttt/bl^^
bttt tfpdn a cold winter fallow, the bafley is hot do pro*
^tt6ttv6'; this necessarily depends upon the sd!l, cuf«
^, sitiiation, &c. The pflroduce may hi estimated' to
vibrate ftdm three to six quartern. ?ei*haps tfri^ aivc^
1^ b four qoartafs. The Weald of Sus^^i U' (o^ the
fn^ pakt compdi»!d of too heavy a ^dil &fi tbe culture

100 CEOP8 COMMONLY CULTIVATED.

• t

of barley, and the proportion which it bears to theic-
maindcr.of the county, is too considerable to call Sussesi^
in general a great barley district. In some few places
of the Weald, where it is cultivatx^d, the average is thus
estimated :

Slctugham, Worth, 16 bushels.

Cuckfield, Horsham, 24: bushels.

Shipley, West Grinstead, Ashurst, 26 bushels.

But these products bear no comparative proportion
to those which are obtained on the Downs.

in. OATS.

The Weald of Sussex is well adapted to the growth
of this crop. It generally follows either wheat, barley^
turnips, potatoes, or beans. Two plonghings are
giveiT, the first in winter, from three and a half to fife
inches. Wheii the crop is on ley ground, the field is
broken. up with a single plongbing. The quantity of
seed is various ; from ihur to six bushels is tlic accus-
tomed allowance, wliicli is sown in March and April.
Mr. Gilbert, of East Honrnr, had a field of oats, which
at its first appearance oui cftlic iiiouml wus very un«
favourable, so that he had thoughts of ploughing it
up : however he drove a large heavy roller of 35cwt.
and twenty-four oxen in it, repeatedly over the field
in the spring, and it turned out a most abundant crop.
Many soils in this county require a simj(lcur treatment,
before any produce can be expected. The /crop is va-
rious, and depends altogether upon^ circumstances :
from four up to eight and nine quarters are gained.

On the fertile land about Walburton, Mr. Henry
Murrei has grown 12^ bushels upon ten acres ; which

CHOPS COMMOITLl^ CULTITATkb. 101

16 at the rate of sixteen quarters and a half per acre,

opon a very adhesive clay loam. The Earl of Egrc-

mont, over a sixteen acred layer, broken up and sown

with Dutch blues, has gained one hundred and $ixty

quarters ; ten quarters per acre, li is this land, none

indeed bearing such noble crops of com, that was

lately a forest, and a1)soIutely unproductive. Above

«cvcB hundred acres have been thus improved] What

^ noble undertaking !

Slaugham, Rusper, 16 bushels.

Worth, Horsliara, SO bushels* *

Rudgwick, Kindford, Wisperer-gieen, Billings-
urst, Hitchingfield, Crawley^ Ifield^ Balcomb, 24
ushels*

Shipley, West Gxinstead, Ashurst^ Wamch^m,
uckfield, 38 bushels.

Horsham, Slingfold, Pulborough, Chiltington, ^
iishels.

Salehurst, 32 bushels.

- f

IV. RYE.

Rye is much cultivated on t|ie South Downs as food

^r sheep. It is sown in August and September ; the

earlier, the better it is. In spring, when other food is

scarce, and in the lambing season, ewes and lambs are

turned into i^ : a certain portion is hurdled ofiTor this

purpose.

H 3 V. PEASE*

V. PEASE.

P/saqe ar^ m^uch cultivated in Sussex, especi^Uy on
the South, Downs, and along the maritime district.
The popimon preparation i$ to sow them after one
ploughing, either upon a wheat, barIc]r,oroat-^rattien ;
(he ]aji4 is ploughed from four to five inches ; fpnt ot
five bushels of seed are sown. The produce is yerj
varidus — ^fro^i two and a half to four, and even iGve
quarters per acre. They are often drilled.; many
fapne^s preferring tliis method to the common one of
bfpaci-cast.

When Mr. Ellman drilled pease, he used the Ken*
tish drill, and found great advantage in shifting the
draft by a staple in the axle, and a notch, in tbp pil-
low; drilling, thus at eighteen inches instead of two

■ • ■ ■ ■ ^

feet ; the wind drove them together so, that they united
well, which they^ill not cquj^lly at tw() feet. His
greatest crops, however, have been broad-cast^ in which
way he has had as high as five quarters and a half
per acre.

Mr. Carr approves of drilling by skimming and
Ivind-hoeing ; has tl)us had four quarters of Marlbo*
rough grpys ; but Mr. Davics, pursuing the same sys-
tem, has not gained two quarters.

Mr. Woods prepares his land at Chidham in the
following manner : after harvesting, the barley-stubble
is occasionally fed until January, when it receives a
single ploughing for pease, which he drills in rows
eight inches asunder. It is a rule with him never to
plough twice for pease, especially too on cold ground,
as he finds by experience, that the soil is put into a
muph worse condition by this practice ; besides, cold

land

GROMMJniOSrLY CtnLttVAt«0. MS

laiul is not able to receive the plough early enough
for pease to be sown ia that manner. Mr. Woods
ploughs for pease six inches deep, drilling four bushels
fo the acre. The wheels of his drill-machrne, by mov«
ing after (he drill, covers the seed, and obviates the
necessity of harrows. He has tried wheat and barley
dHlIed, but without effect; but for pease, drilling
answers well. When the plant is three or four inches
afK^ve ground, Mr. Woods harrows, and IVequently
toHs them in March, to loosen and prepare the gtovmA
ibr hoeing them in ApriU Two five-inch hoes are fixed
at three inches apart, and between which thednfi
ptoses in such a mtoner, that a man draws it aflet
him : of this work a man will hoe an aqro ii^* a dky;.
They are cut about the middle pf July, by hackiag
them with a long handlisd book, and wadded ' Mo
^mall parcels or locks ; as soon as i^y are harve^ted^
the stubble is well harrowed, and carried {hfo" the
yatds for making dung. I shall closletSiis aceomit
6t the cultivation of pease with noting the average
product of this crop in seveml parishes where they
are cultivated in the Weald ; which it may be proper
to remark, is not a soil well adapted for them.

West Grinstead, Slangham, 10 bushels.

Worth, Rusper, 12 bushels.

Baleomb, Horsham, li bushels.

Keld, Guckfield, Rudgwick, Kindford, Wisperer-
green, Billinghurst, Hitcbingfield, Kybushcls.

Wameham, Horsham, Slingfold,Pulborough, Ghil-
ttfigton, Shipley, 30 bushels.

Hurstperpoint, Alboume, Bolney, 24 bushels. •

Haylsham, Ditchling, 30 bushels.

h4 VI. TARES.

OBOPa POMHOSI.T CCI.TlVATEn.

VI. T.AKES.

The cultivation nf tares h wdl iirderstood, aiid :
jnaiiy parts succfssfuilj praclistfl. TIiiT' Hrc used
for cattle, horses, and slicpp : .tiid sometimes hogs
have betn folded nponthcin. From (wo to lliroe bushels
are sown upon the slnbbks in autumn, mid in the
spring they arcMaltled oiF with sheep; one acre, at
4rf. per week for cwe.s and lambs, is wortli 40,?. to 60s.
In summer, horses arc soiled with tares; and Ibey
are of such infinite importance, that not one half of
Ihe stock could be maintaiucd without Ihein ; horses,
cows, sheep, hogs, all feed upon this valuable plant.
Upon one acre, Mr. Davies maintained, at Bcdingr
I>am, four horses, in much better condition than
■with five acres of grass. Eight acres have kept
twelve horses and five cows for three rapnths (June,
July, and August), without any other food. Spring
tares are sown from April to June. Horses thrive upon
them surprisingly, and no plant is able to vie with this
excellent food.

Mr. Halstead cultivates tlicm at Lavant with great
intelligence and success. He has sown three bushels
of seed tp the acre upon a wheat stubble, 5th of Scp-
tember. When these have made their appearance
above ground, and are strong, ^e throws in a sectuid
crop, and then, in like manner, a third, abi>nt a month
intervening between each sowing. IJy one crop of
tares succeeding the other, he ensures a crop for the
^jhole summer, of the best food that cau be givcu to
cattle.

They haveon the South Downs an admirable practice

in their course of crops, which, cannot be loo much

commended ^

eiiOV%'t6nuosiMY cpi/rivA¥£i>. 105

commciulcd ; that nf substituting a double crop of
tares, instead of a fallow' for wheat. Let the intelli-
gent reader glyc his attention to this practice, for it
If ifortli a journey of 500 miles. They ww forward
winter tares,, which are fed oflF late in the spring with
ewes and lambs ; th<.y tlien plough and <ow summer
tares and rape, two bushels and a hi^if of tares, and
half a galloit of rape; and this they feed off with
their lambs' in time to plough once for whea^t. A ya«
riation is for mowing — tliat of sowing tares oiily in suo«
cession, even tio late as the end of Jime, for soiling.
October 6th, a crop was- finishing between Lewes and
Brighton, on land which had yielded a full crop of
i?intcr-sown ones* The more this husbandry is aha*
lyzed, the more excellent it will appear. The lan^
ia Che fallow year, is made to support the utmost po»»
sible quantity of sheep which its destination admits ;
the two ploughings arc given at the best seasons, in
Aixt,iimn, for the frosts to mellow the land, and pre-
pare it for a successive growth of weeds,, and late ia
sparing to turn tlicm down ; between the times of giving^
tli^sse stirrings, the land is covered with crqps ; the
Q^^ntity of live-stock supported, yields amply in ma?
aii'ire ; the trcadiiiii: the soil receives previous to sowing
^l^^at, gives an adhesion grateful to that plant ; i|i a
^^>rd, many views are answered, and a new variation
from the wretched business of summer-fallowing disccU
^^^ed, which, by a judicious application, would be
Attended in great tracts of this kingdom with most
l^^ppy consequences to the farmer's profit.

A. practice which Mr. Thomas Ellman adopts at
^Horeham, is that of breaking up his layers (clover,
F^y, and trefoil) for 8ummer*tares and rape. What

106

uRopi coyfMasj.Y cc^titateiv.

an immense improvement is this upon Ihr common ri
vciily custom iii jVorfnlk, of riliblinj, or half, or bas-
tard-ploughing such hiyers! a niiscnibk' [iractice, jct
very gpncral amongst llic spirilt^ cnllivators of that
celebrated county. Propfiratory to iliis priclit-e, Mr.
J^IImaii, in his system of lillrigc, sows ryi*-!;rnss with
^is spring corn, which is laid fur two years During
tbis time it is twieo folded^ nhen he brealts it up iii
^aj and June, and so^»s rape and tares, fed with
ehepp ID August and Scptunibi-r.

The benefit of sowing rnpe and tares tn this manner,

■ Mr. £l1man discovers to be inestimable. The com-
mon system of cnllivalioii in this ueighbuiirbood wouhl
bOj to break up the layer, and fidlow it for wheat,
it an expense of full 4^ pet acre ; but this ex-
perienced farmer pursues a very different course: if>-
slc.td of an unprodue.tive fallow, lie gains a noble or#p
«f rape, with ail the expense of raisini; it paid by the
V|. Crop; besides thoroiiKhly preparing the fjtuuud for

L ]|t)c succeeding crop of ^^licat.

Vn. COLKSEED. ^M

Cole 18 deserveilly in high repute amongst tlic flock
fitimcrs of the Downs. It is sown either with lineR.
yr by itself, as food for slieep ; not frequently for seed.
^ £wes and lambs arc waltlcd upon it in spring, and it i&
^ l^crally allowed to be most eflicacious and highly
Kourishiiig to the young tumbs. Mr. Gilbert, ofEast>
bourne, at tlie lambing season, seldom allows his ewes
^ny other food but this, as the rape produces a Inrger
supply of milk than turnips ; which he thinks has tbe
^'ect of extending the udder, without ailbrding any

GQfji^idera^ flow of milk. Tkts genllemai^ soim
yeais ago, lost 80 or 90 of his cvicg hy sUppii^g tbm
lainl^9 which he attributed to feeding th^fa on rape
about Christmas ; yet he had fed thenion ii I^e^e^ wit^
9ttt being attended with any si^ch «&ct ; tji^e shec^p had
been hard kept. He has since beard of the sai^e :tlu^
happening amongst other ^a^ers ; but it is Kienifrl(,«
able, that ^, neighbour fed Iiis rapeover tbeJU6dge jsttthi^
aame time, without any inconvenience of ^ kind. Mr.
.Gilbert sows ray^grass with his rape fc»r 8b(3ep,^Ofi. Dqwii
land ; one gallon of rape-seed^ And tw« of ray^Tasa*
The rape is fed off first; and aflec that the vay-grasa
rises and affords a spcing bite. June and July is the.
usual scasbn for p'utting in this crop, one gaUon^tp the
abre : when folded, a rood and half is a sufficient dnilj
consumption for 600 sheep.

YUU TURNIPS.

The cultivation of this very vahjable root is tho-
roughly well understood ; and the high degree of im-
portance which is attached to it in the economy of A
flock farm, renders it nn object of the last consideration
among the South Down fiirmers. Turnips for mdny years
hav^ been cultivated in this county, and with increase
ing success. Indeed, so great is the dependence upon
them, that it is the first object to secure an abundant
crop for the winter and spring provision of their flocks^
The common tUlage is to plough three or four times^
or more, ta pulverize the soil, and render it as fine as
possible, afkl to extirpate all weeds ; the preceding iat.
eUiiera crop of com, or pease, or tares, &c. Many,
fidmers carry the dung- rough out of the yards, 'in^

thia

108 C»OP« COMMdNIiV CVhTlV AtElb*

tills manner Mr. Elltnan carries alt liisfiir bis tinr-
nips, withont giving it any previous stirring, or mix*
ing it with earf h or Itnic, &;c. ; for it is clear with him^
tliat mnch of the virtue of manure is lost bj stirring.

In some parts of tliis county, liming for turriips is
practised : it was first adopted in the ncighbonrhood
of Hastings, and the effi^t has been such, that the
practice has not declined. Mr. Cluttou limed nine
acres at Cnckfield, in 1793, the expense, SO guineas;
two horses ploughing one acre and a half per da j :
six oxen will finish one and a quarter in the same
time. About Midsummer^ the sieed is put in ; from
one to two pints of seed to the acre. Grood far*
mers hoe twice. '

. Mr. EUman observes, that in hoeing with the com-
mon Norfolk hoc, more of the weeds are drawn toge-
ther than are cut up, and if rain come, most of theses
weeds shoot again ; but his own hoe, the blade of
which is but an incli wide, eflectually cuts up every
thing, whilst the weeds and i^rth pass freely ovc|r it,
^t the same time that none of the earth is pollcptixl.
"jfhis hoe ought by all means to be used on turnip
farms, where the soil is inclined to be light and sandy,
but on those pf a heavier tendency, the hoe should b^
•^ider.

The attention which Mr. Ellman ha^ given to era-
dicate weeds, is another instance of good management.
Kilk or charlock, is the most destrqctive foe to which
the chalk hill^ are Jiajjle, yoi a Ijlade of it is never visi-
ble upon hi5 ferm ; whilst bctwejen Lewes, Eastbourne,
and Brighton, almost every farm is overwhelmed with
this wce^. Ills neighbour^ lij^ye been freqi^ently sur^ .
prised at seeing his turnip props upon land similar to

their

ibeiTowny and apparcutljr t? ith similar nK^nagemqnt,

w b ikt (he J are not able to grow any. Tills lias been a

freqaent object of remark ; but tliere arc some circum*

sfances in bis management ^vhich willexplain therea-

sou. Mr. EUman i)ays great attention in saving hi»

seedy by transplanting some of the largest and roundest

til rnips in bis garden^ and in rejecting all those large ones

which indicate any hoUowncss in the crown of the

pla.nt, which forms a cavity for the rain to lodge pnit|

and thus cau«e the turnip to rot. By constantly sow*-

trij^soch seed, which he -annually saves, he contrives

to get fine crops ; and by setting them out very thick,

b« raises very heavy ones. He begins to §ow early^

tincl raises several pieces in succession. Ijiis turnips

a*"o? this j-ear (1797) upon rye grass, which he folds

i'^ spring ; he then ploughs in June four or five tunes

^^MT tiiruipSi hoes twice, setting them out very thick,

^^^ laarkifig at the same time, that tlie small crop and

""^ ick one will exceed the other considerably.

J),ccember 9, 1793, he measured, numbered, and
^^^^^^ighed, two perch of turnips.

Toftt, cxvf. qrs, iS»

^^rie perch of middle sizetl contained ^

one hundred .ind ninety fourj which > 31 4 1 4
WTighed 4371b. which is per acre, J
^ne perch of the largest sized con-

tnined one hundred and forty-five; I oq in n n

which weighed 3991b. which is per

acre,

In favour of middle sized, 2 14 1 4

One

lid ckoipl coMKONLT x;uif tVAi^0;

One bundred and ninHj-fcmr turnipsto a percb^ls
allowing a space of sixteen inches and three quarters
and a fraction for each turnip : the other is at th^ Mte
of twenty-one inches. Mr. Ellinan is clear that fifleea
inches is fully sufficient for each turnip, or twofadn*
dred and eighteen tuniipti for every perch.' Sdme ex-
periments of this soft have beeu registered in the An-
nals of Agriculture, ivhich leave no doubt' as to tlie
advantage of setting them out thick, and close*

In 1793, Mr. Ellmari had thirty-five acres and 8
half of turnips : he began folding the beginning tit
October, and fed twenty-seven acres and a half till the
b<*ginning of Marcli : six montfls complete, with fivcJ
hundred ewes and three hundred ahd twenty lambs^
besides carting off eight acre* for cattle.
The generality of farmers pay little attention irt
cleaning their land of kilk, &c. nor do they dress M
fine at each time of ploughing, but lay it rough ; nor
sufficiently observe to let the haf rows and roll follow
the pioogh as quick as possible*, to prevent the earth
from drying, &c. With respect to the manure, Mr-
EUman lays it on after tlie second ploughing, carried
out in small heaps into the field from the farm-yard,
as conveniently as possible for running it out : first, it
prevents the carts from treading much over the
ground when it is dressed very fine, which would
cause it to bind and ttirn up at the succeedhig plough**
ing very close, the carts going with three horses and
four oxen. When the dung is got into high fermen-
tation, he then sets on \o plough the third time, and
lets the harrows and roll follow the plough immedi-
ately^ to break the clods occasioned by the carts and
cattle. In this system, the ploughing, dunging, and

sowings

itfOPtf OOMMOHLY Ct7LtlVA*rit6v ' 111:

nowifig, M in tttck accession y tlnit the t^ed is kid as

it were in a hat4)ed, which makes it come up in*

piclly, and vogjrtntc rcmarkablj quick. By this

meaii^, be has never failed scc^ritag ah abundant

pntfluce. He sows his light lands every fourth year,

which is not the common practice of the county*

it should be remarked, that he never tmws in wet wea<»

thcr, or whilst it rains ; since after the la;td is worked

ia that light, or pulverized state, before the last tim«

6f ploughing, or before sowing, the harrows, by going

<»v:er the land, encrust the surface,- which, when it

becomes dry, the young plants find a difficulty in pe-

aet rating througli. After plough ing'*in his dung, he

nii%s a light roller and a brisk harrow, io raiso a little-

d<i^ on the surface. ^

I loeing is done by the acre ; 6^. 6d. the first tiroe^
31^ c1 3^. the second. In folding his sheep, Mr. Ellman
dr^iws Ihcm out of the ground two or throe days before
tl»<i sheep are turned into the field ; by this method,
^'•ich begins to be general, the turnips lose their wa-
^^*ry property, and the sheep thrive on them much
hotter.

Similar to this is the practice of Mr. Carr, who, in
f^Ading his sheep, draws up all the turnips within the
Cold, a day or two before the sheep are allowed to
enter, in order that the turnips might wither, and
Evaporate their water. The reason is, that when the
sheep ate them without this precaution, many were
lost.

Willi respect io the distribution of stock to ground,
Mr^ Ellman finds, that twenty acres will fatten one
bujidred sheep, if turned in in a'lean state, and feed**
iog-firom October 1st to the end of March. In other
j^g^ ^ the oounty, about Ci^ictte'ster,' they calculate^

that

Ilif cRors NOT ponnidKLV cuLTivAraD-

Hint one acre iii.-iiiituins one hundred ewes with tlielf
litiiihi a week. Tbt; liiiiliar<l lufiiipis sonn whea
tflieat bUccealHf as il yieldit uiore caxly food. |

In the summer of 1797, Ihe i'iirl of Egremont, as
ail cxperiitu-nt, liowt'd oiie acre willi liirnips in tlio
park. As tJu'y grL-w lip, part of llie acre failed. In
Seplcmlier Iiis Lordsliip filled llic vacant spot will!
ptoDts drawn from II113 iieigliboiirin^ crop, and tho
Mhole is now (.laimitry) diiu contiiined niasK ofprccii
food, and the ruotn of coiisideraWe size and dimeii--
sLDiis. TlicRc tnuixpliiiilod liiniips are very ftourisbf
in^, iillliougli the cxpcrinu'nt was imderlaketi tQo late
ill tlif siimmec (o expect bo fnvoiirable an issue ; and
tt niiRVicred no well, tbat Ills LimUliip iticariN to nM
ttiid lliis bcnofieiii! praclic:' ovlt his whole crop df
(iiniips.

SECT. V.-T-CrtOl'S NOT COMMONLY CULTITAIED.

. L EEAAS.

In tlie few places wlierc fteari^ aVe cultivated, they
are generally after wlieaf, iis 111 llio iirifilil)oiirlioo<l of
SliorcUani, and some oilier places. Mr. Brcsefoit,
grows llie mnzn^an at I'agliain, and Lorse bcana arrf
planted hy Mr. Pcacliey, It lias tieen frequently as-
serted, that Ibc bean system might be introduced to
great advantaire In fhc heavy soils, and most mate''
f iaily tend to amelior^e the present system of hus-
bandry, sljiisliluled ill lien of a faHow. This idea
struck the Kiirl ofEgremont, who, in Murch 1795,
planted two acres, three feet row from rOw : the land

cA6vi H6t eonikoiiisr cttTivAtEiii HA

Vlki coTcred with a mixture of thirty loadi otlMhU
dung and good mould ; the tops were cut off when H
Uossom, and reaped in October^ but it waft an in*
dilTercnt crop. • .

In 1794 his Ldrdshij^ tiled them before/^ Ui6
rcsok much the ^ame ; but as that jeiir was verjrun*
favourable to beans^ he attributed it to the.unkind<<
bess of the season. The same land bears excellent
pease, turnips^ &€. and other grain in abundance.

Tbat beans may not answer ih some years^.is cer^'
tarn. The caltivation hils been atiempfe^ in othef
places, but with little success. .'

Early in the spring of i797> the £arl Of Egremmi
madeatttHher very capital experiAtdlit op tkis subject i
l&e ploughed up a grass lajrer tive y«an old, of sereiH
teen acres, and as fast as the land wib ploughed^ every
other J9ag was dibbled w'itb horse beAQs f iron dSbblea
being used, and about two busfaek of Med per Hcte put
% the moment the rows w«re visible^ they were ef*
fectively liand'-hoed, and throughout their growth a
sbim of various shares was constantly going through
them. These shares consisted of oiie cuttiilg plate ot
^^elve inches, two of three inches, nine apartj and
* central one of nine inches, and H double moulds
"o«fd plough expanding at pleasure for earthing upi
»J means of these tools skilfully applied, the crap wa$
I^pt in garden cleanness, notwithstanding the incest
^«t rains which feH that year \ all weeds which grew
^tnong the plants were carefully extracted by hand*
*rhe crop was viewed by many nobletnen, genUemen^
dnd iarmers, as a beautiful exhibition of perfect hus^
Wdry. They wete pulled, the crop goodj but not
threshed at the time of writing this account.

The stubble was broad-shared| harrowed, and
.. ivssEX.] 1 ploughed

114 CBOF8 KOT COMMOXLir CtTLTlTATED^.

plpbghed oiice for wheat , which now makes a rerj
good appearance*.

After having viewed the stiiF and rich soils of thr
county, I venture to recommend beans in the jbl
lowing coarse^ as a modification ofi their own :

1. Tares,

2. Oats or wheat,

3. Clover,

4. Beans,

5. Wheat*

\*,i

But that beans would not answer upon thefr bin^
was the general opinion of all the farmers ; that, the
had been tried, and did iiot give equal crops wil
pease*. If the trials that iiiave been made were a.
done with skill and intelligence, and often repeated
this is satisfactory : after clover, beans have not gen*
mlly, if ever at all, been tried : on this soil tb^
should perhaps be dibbled by hand (provided a to«
was not to be had that would drill them) in a straigb
line along exactly the middle of every othot furrow, tha
is to say, in rows at eighteen inclies asunder, on th
richest land : on soils not equally rich, the same, witi
double rows at nine inches, and then one missed, ii
which way they would come up in rows at nin
inches, with irttervals for the shim at eighteen. Am
Qn still poorer soils, every furrow io be planted thre
or four inches from beau to bean. If some of thes
intelligent farmers will make this experiment witl
care, and keep the beans by horse and hand-hoein|
€lean, it niay possibly bo found a valuable acquis!

tion : nor let them forget, that \o have winter plough

■ ■ ' ■ ■ > ■' ■ ■ ■ ' ' ■ I

■ * The crop turned out greatly, and the husbandry- continued witl
jAiccets.

CROPS XOT COXMONLV OULTIVATBR. Xi^

ing in A dry tiino, on a clover ley, is, on smch ticklish
soils, bcLii<^ as much at Iheir case as tbey cai^ be*

II. POTATOES.

*Tlie cultivation of this very valuable root is in tiigk

repute, and (he management of it ordered tvith the

greatest success. Indeed the culture of it might fotm

sr> important an article as an ingredient in the food of

men and cattle, that it is not a little singular, that it

has not spread with greater rapidity, when allowed t6

he of such infinite utility. The late very high and

alarming price of bread-corn ascertfiiined the value of

potatoes, and directed the public attention to the prrf-

<Iuciion of this root, which, in case of necessity^

might prove a substitute for wheat ; and the itiqiiirjr

wli ich the Board of Agriculture instituted Mrith a vie^

.^f determining the comparative merit and qualities

of" potatoes as a succedaneum,, has naturally excited

^lAch attention. This root certainly possesses great

n^orit as food for man, and dotibtless, when the cul-

^^ireof it is more extended, may be found upon fur-

tlier trials to be as equally beneficial and nutritious as

^i"ead-corn.

Preparation*

In the neighbourhood of Battel, Eastbourne, and
Chichester, are cultivated the greatest quantity of po-
tatoes. It is upwards of twenty years since the first
introduction of them into the Sussex husbandry, for
fattening bullocks ; and the farmer (Mr. Mayo, of Bat«
td) to whom the count}' stands so highly indebted,
has had the most productive crops of wheat sown upon,
potatoe land*.

The

* Wheat after potatoes may suiswer in the neighbourhood of Battel,
• 12 bat

llG CnoBS KOT COMllnvr,T CULTIVATED.

The course tn wliicti tlii-j are iiitnxliiced, is vari-
ous. Mr. Mayo has lliem in the sinQ;iilur course of,
1. Wheat; 2. Potatoes; cunficiing tlie culture, fot
the convenience of vicinity to tlie polfitoe-house and
yards, to two fields, which arc iiltcriiately uudcr those
crops, and liave been so for twenty years, being ma-
nured every potatoc year. That lliey do not ex-
haust or decline from being on the same lajut, ap-
pears by the last crop Ixiing better than any of the
preceding, and the wheat always good. The soil,
a loam on a moist bottom. The mauure is put iiitc»
the furrows at tliree feet asunder, (o the amount o^
sixty loads 1o the acre, each sixteen bushels. About;
Eastbourne they arc planted upon tlirce plougliings^
from three to seven inches deep. About Chichester,
the crop is put in after turnips. For the growth 0^"
potatoes, the weather, according to Mr. Mayo, can-
not -be too hot and dry ; he finds tliat potatoes do
not draw the land more llian clover, and he builds
his theory on the fact, that where the ground is ovor-
shadoweil and covered, rernienlation, bO favourable to
vegetation. Is thereby excited.

Sorts.

The sorts in cultivation are various; about C^i-
ehester, chiefly the goldeu'duu, anil o.x-^toble. Mr.
Mayo prefers the etttnler, before any other sort, »
t&e oxen like (hem Ijcst. Mr. Cluttou planted as well

. he hogt oT cluster, as the truer sorts, aud tltiuks th«i
:6e former pushes an ox as forward as any other sort.

. Mf. Fallor, of [{ciilhfield, plants the golden-glohe,

but with OK, OD a ligtit ittongtoil, it hai generally bem luiprDdactiTe.
f hxve foantt Ohis aita potafCei aiuwcr siuch bitter ibaa wheats—
-Hr.D.

Quaniity,

eftOrS NOT GOHHOKZ/T GOlrTITAYBB. il7

Quant it I/, and Mtthod of Planting.

lProm sixteen to twenty bushels are planted. Mr.
Gelt plants at Applesham twenty, one foot distant
fifom plant to plant. The method of planting them
practised by Mr. Mayo is, fo ojien the furrows at three
feet asunder, in w^itch he drops the sets one foot from
each other, covering the sets with dung, and then co«
vering by hand, by drawing the earth over them with
hoes. He has tried whole potatoes, also small, and
cuttings of differeht sizes ; but little or no diflS^rence in
the crop. One year he made a rariation in the dis«^
iance of the rows, putting them in at four &et| and

gained a very fine crop ; but he prefers three. /

«
Time of Planting.

i^'rom the latter end of April to the middle of May^
is considered as the properest season for ensuring a plen*
tiful crop ; but the season for planting should be re»
gulated by the sort. Mr, Mayors season used to be
the end of March, or the beginning of April ; but he
has for some years been steady to the beginning of
May, from experience having clearly convinced him
(Imtit is the best season.

Culture.

ICr. Mayo both band and horse^rhoes his potatoes^
as well as earths them up. Mr. Gell weeds, by hwd-
hoeing close to the plant ; after wiiich he runs a double*
breasted plough to earth them up, and they are gene^
rally put out to be taken up by the bushel. About
Chichester, they use the prpng fi^r this purpose*

tS Proince.

«'

lis CROPS irOT COMMONLY ClTLTITAT£b«

Produce.

Tlic produce 13 various, and depends upon tlie fer-
tility of the soil, culture, season, &c. A qoinmcii
crop on Mr. Peeichcy's land near Cliiclicst^r^ is 4pQ
busliels per acre ; the soil a hazel mould upon a rea
brick earth ; a soil ^vhich agrees remarkably ^^cll
"With chalk ; of which manure he lays eight bushels
to the perch. Mr. Mayo's average crop varies from
350 to 400 busiiiels ; he has grown 300, and even 600 ;
Mr, Gilbert from 300 to 400, witliout manure, on
sood land, in rows at two feet and a half. Mr. Calver-
ley, of Broad, on an old hop ground, has raised 700 jjer
acre ; Mr. Fuller, of Ileathficld, frbm 400 to 450 ; the
late General Murray 400.

All these arc great products, and cannot fail im-
pressing us with a high opinion of the cultui|pind
soil from which such considerable crops are gained.

• Method of Preserving.

Perhaps the greatest objection to this root has been
the difficulty in preserving it tlirough severe winters ;
and to guard against such hazards, is a point of some
importance in the cultivation of them. Mr. Mayo
preserves them by digging a hole proportioned to. the
quantity to be put in, usually two feet deep, and over
this to build a house ieii or twelve in height, with
yalls six feet in thickness, made with hay and chopped
straw plaistercd; the entrance is filled with haulm,
or straw. Sometimes, in very severe weather, *a
charcoal fire is kept up in an iron kettle.

In the sev^ere winter of ] 788-9, General Murray,
who was one of the greatest cultivators of potatoes in
^he poupty, preserved all his crop during that winter

OROP8 NOT COBIMOJCLJ CULTIVATED. 119

ill the utmost safety and security, notwithstanding the
intensity of the weather; an4 hairdly had a rottien pon
tatoe in a Iiundred bushek.

W"hen this circumstance is well considered, in the
pinch of such a season as that was, every one wi^l '
^ree, that the vast exi)eriment made by^ Genf^ral
Murray in the introduction of this root, as a winter
and spring food for sheep^ was truly important.

His magazines for preserving the potatoes, are. holes
<^ut in the side of a Iiill, five or six yards ^Yidt*, ten feet
^^^P? ^11 J of an indeterminate length. The carts
froiu the field unload at the top, shooting them, at
oiicc into tlie hole, and they are taken out at that end
*t. bottom, which o|)ens to the slope of the hill, where
^ Avail is built to it, with a door, &c. AVhen full,
^ stack of stubble or straw is built over the whole,
''''^ide and large euough for security against all frosts.
^^ tiiis method, it seems, the largest quantities may
**^ kept together ; for no earth or other mearjs of keep-
**^g the effluvia of the roots being used, it rises tbroi|gh
^ Mv stubble, and does not occasion their rotting frpn^
^^t ; on the other hand, the stubble is thick enough
^o exclude frost.

The preservation of potatoes in severe weather is a
difficult business, when very large quantities, as in
this case, are laid together. Whilst the magazine is
full and kept untouched, I have no doubt of the pre*
ceding method ; but it is doubtful, after it is begun,
and there is a vacancy in it r^the ai^r in that vacancy,
it is apprehended, would rot them. Quere therefore,
if stubble or straw must not be supplied to fill it close,
AS fast ^s the potatoes are. taken for use?

1 4 Appli*

|90 CB0F8 VOT XfOmCOVLV C|rbtIVAn|l4>

Application.

The chief use and objeot for which thej are cnlCiv'
vatcd in Sussex, is the fattenbig of bullocks. Mr,
Mayo has enter^ largely into this practice, and with
linifqrm success, for upwards of twenty years, add it
(decided in the conviction of the profit of it, He fkt^
tens every year six oxen, two steers, and four cow^
or heifers. They complain at Battel, that they have
no hay good enough to fatten a bullock, but with por'
tatoes, all difficulties vanish. An ox of 140 stone eats
rather mor^ than a bushel per day, and ten pouodb or
hay. He has had beasts on turnips, that ate ea^
three bushels a day, and as much hay as if they hadL
no other food. Some graziers that feed with oiUcfike,
lave come to see Mr. Mayors beasts, and have been
of opinion, that they fed as fast as on that expensive
food. One farmer resisted the practice for many__
years ; at last he made an experiment, and found it
so beneficial, that he much feared the profit would
turn out little, from every one getting into it ; thinks
ing from the great advantage, that it certainly would
become general.

Mr. -Fuller has fed many sheep till they were
quite fat, upon potatoes, and has kept to the practice,
Mr. Mayo has fed horses witli them, and with* success ;
and Sir Charles Eveysfield fed all his horses upon them
at Horsham.

Mr. Ellman, at Shoreham, has fed his oxen witli
potatoes, at the rate of four gallons daily to each
ox : one is given in the morning ; another soon aAer,
and the remainder at different times in the course of
the, day. In other places, three gallons is the usual
allowance. The common qua^ti1 v to an ox on Mr.

Pilbert'«

CAOP0 iro^r €OMMo vLr cxtlutated* 191

Gilbert's farm, is from one and a half to two bushels^

an washed and uncut, except a few of the lar^t. Mr«

Gilbert finds that an ox of 160 stone, feats from one

and a half to two bushels, but consumes little bay i

this is a great saving, as he considers potatoes a niuch

cheaper food than hay. The cattle will rarely cat

them for^ the first two or three days, but like them

much afterwards, and they fatten upon them much

quicker than on hay alone. v

Afr. Glutton, of Cuckfield, has fed his oxen largely

with potatoes; but the experiment did not answer.

H^hen he fed on this root, the usual allowance to each

fOL, was one bushel and a half, and as much hay a^

tbey chose. The bullocks choaked, and the. moisture

loosened them, besides being ^Jpwn and much phy-

Voiced. Mr. Glutton has fattened twelve oxen at a time :

i>e^sts which have arrived at 140 st(»ie, and which' fed

OKt^ hay alone, ate about half a hundred weight a day ;

J^^-^e had a bushel of potatoes, and a quarter of a hun-

^**^d weight of hay. Mr. Glutton has been paid 9rf. per

b^^shel, but not so much in general: in the above

^^^ding, a bushel is set against a quarter of a iinndred

height of hay, which, at 3*. per cwt. is just 9d. Bivt

^c^y on the farm cannot be reckoned so high ; 3^. pe^r

^Wt* wrould make the potatoes 6(/. per bushel.

Feeding with potatoes- well known about Lewesi
but opinjoi^ do liot very lyeU agree.

Mr. Carr feeds oxen with potatoes and hay, and
Afterwards with oil-cake ; but neither answered. Mr^
Davis thinks they answer when well got up, that is,
dry : he used 200 bushels for young beasts, and also
|br hogs : a heifer took well to them ; had half a bushef
irith straw ; 60 ))ushels piade ^r n^y fat. Their

use

18^ CROPS J?Of COMMONLY W7Ltl^A*B»/

use appeared fo him so considerable, ihTtt he wotul
buy them if he could at 6d. a bashel for cattle.

Mr. Saxby/of North Ease, bought 1^ bushels i
6d, carrying them himself eight miles ; gave them
fat his heifers; and they paid so welt, that he d
sired to hare more tliis year at the same pria
Ji(^- potatoes. Nobody washes them, evcHi win
dirty.

Mr. Tlicks, and Mr. Sharp, of Langhton, gate p
tatoes to working oxen, and they did well : have ha
700 bushels stacked up for the same use. Upon ii
quiry, if they ever gave them ar(ificially sproute<
or remarked them to be better when naturally so in tl
spring; they replied in the negative, but apprc^vi
the idea; Mr. Da vi% remarking, that one bushel •
liarley malted had, with him, been better than tv
Imshels of oats not malted.

Steaming.

At Petworth is an apparatus belonging to M
Fawkner, for steaming potatoes. He had often fi
iogs on raw potatoes, but found that they fell c
their flesh, and throve, badly, which induced him i
fiteam them. His contrivance is nothing but a hog
head cut in halves, the bottom raddled, and moirtan
"halfway into a small copper, and coarsely coven
with a wooden lid. The potatoes are done i
quickly, that six tubs are steamed in a da5', Mliich
nearly double the number that could be boiled in tl
'ivater: there should however be an easier way <
clearing the copper from the dirt that will, in spi
of washing, gradually collect, witliout the ncccfcsii
of breaking the mortar joint.

» ^»

f •

enoH WOT commonly cuLTirAT«i>. l!B

Tlie expense bf culttvattiig an'acre, is thus^gtif*
mated Iqt Mr. Mayo :

Rent, tithe, and rates, m^..*.— •• 0 14 .0

l?lougbing, _.;.. 0 Ip b

Harrowing, 0 *i t)

Rolling, ....^.i.. ............I...... 0 0 6

Manure, 70 loads, at 16 bushels, three ^ i i/i n

cur(«, one acre and a half per day, S

I'^iUing and laying in the furrow, ........ 0 7 6 ,-

Cutting 18 bushels, at a halfpenny, •... 0 0- 9

*^lanling in the furrow, • w... 0 10

Covering with hoes, ..^......................... 0 2 0 , .

*Iand-h6cing once, «....•.......* 0 2 0 '

A^Yeeding, 0 10

l5arthing up, .«„ 0 2 0

* Jorse-hoeing, one horse, one man and \

boy, five acres daily, twice or thrice, > 0 L 10 . .

at9rf '.........)

T'aking up and putting in carts 450 \

bushels, at three farthings per> 1 8. 0

bushel) •* - 3.

Cartiug home, »...... ^•.•..» •«• 0 4 3

£.5 15 11*

The greatest and most important point of ailj and
Srhich should be ascertained in the clearest maimer, Is
tbe value which bullocks pay for them inMtenihg. Mn

* These particulars are from Mr. Mayo himself; but I nfiust confess
1^ seem to me to be near fifty per cent, under what they would be
ii^)noft situations with which I am acquaintcd.^-^ T.

Mayo

iSi CROPS sax COMMONLY CULTITATEB.

Mayo is clear, and has no shade of Joubt, that tb^ J
pay id. per bushd.

Produce.

4^0 bushels, at W. „ Z"-? 10 9

Expenies, 5 15 \9

Profit, /"I H I

« ~i7i

Decisive experiments resuliina; from weiirhiiig ttt "
bullocks alive to and from the food, would be raty* ^^
satisfactory; but this valuation of id. is the lowtr
we have met with : and we are not entitled to dou
of the accuracy of observation and calculation of ^ "^
man who has been fattening osni for sixft'cn jea*"^*
on this food.

Tlie Itiff General Murray was in the constant habit c^^
feeding a very large flock of sheep on potatoes; the_3^
were given in a manc^er : 710 ewes in winter, titc one-—
third of a ton of bay, and 92 bushels of potatoes,
every day, which is a quart to each. He used pota-
toes for fattening sheep, as well as for lean stock ?
196 fat wethqrs ate 14 bushels ajid 1 cwt. of hay
daily: it may be reckoned 14 bushels for 900 sheep.
As fat sheep are io be supposed to have as mnch of
both as they will eat, it should seem, that it" they
have as many potatoes as they will eat, thcy-dono(
require more than half a pound of hay each, Tlie
fieneral gave potatoes (o his working oxen, and found
Ibat half a buehel with oat-straw was equalto 401b.

■ °T'1

SSOlb. of bay for a week, at 9t. 6d. ^ r q g' 4

per cwi* •••••'•••••••••■•••••••••^•^•••••••••••t*** ^

DedvLCt oat-straw for seyen days ; «np- > n 1 ' tt
pose it «. ^..••.•. J

■ < •

Hemains value of three bushels and ^1 /^ (k ,^ a
half of potatoes, — - ».•••—- j

This is Is. 6el. per bushel ; a higher- value than has
been found in any other application*. It should bo
calculated from a bushel a day, and that would maktf
ft«f* for the value of a bushel.

A variety of experiments respecting tiie C^ulturt
^iMhd growth of this valuable plant, have beon under-
taken bj' the Earl of/EgremonI, but more especially
^y raising them from slioots. The {(jllowing are weU
^^orthy of attention.

May 13, 1795. A potatoe -weighing O^oz^ was

pistinto a pot full of eartb, and plunged into a hot-

'^^d. — May 22, six shoots were taken from it, and i

tHc potatoc was replaceil in the hot-bed.— ^une 9,

fourteen shoots were taken from it, and planted. Thji>

t^otatoe was then weighed, and found to have in«

Creased in weight 2|oz. weighing 9^oz. The po-

^toc was immediately replaced in the pot, but was

t^ot put into the hot-bed. — July 3, twenty-five shoot<^

^^PTcre taken from it, and it was placed in the p«ty

and removed to a hot -house.— July 13, fourteen shooU

irere taken, and the potatoe rettirned to the pot, and

fepla«cd in the hot-house.-*— .July 23, it produced S&

aikoots. The potatoe now weighed 9oz. and was quite

firm, andf not in the least degree shrivelled.- Many

* I

* Imitcd so high 3S to appear to me ettremeij q»e9tionable.

j«orc

126 CROPS FOT COMMOXLT (JULTITATBDj

more shoots mi^hl probably linve been taken from if,
but it was boiltnl, and fuiuul to lie a very good eat-
abU^ pntatop, altliniigk it rfqiiired much time iii boil-
ing : in this process it lost an ounce. The shoots were
planted, 95 in number, all from one jwtiitoe, aiii
wiTC thrivicig and strong plants, according to the dif-
ferent dates of planting. The cxperimcnl was begun
ninch too liitc in the sfnsiin ; but it was only suggested
at that time, by some Etppearanccs which were ob-
served in some potatoes from which the shoots had
been taken. Three potiitoc plants fnim these shooti
were uncovered during their growth, ami iippenred
fnll of young potatoes ; at least 20 were counted to eadl
plant, and I hey were only partially uncovered, and the
earth immediately refurneti.

• Planting with shoots appears to be as produciivQ
and more so, than is the rase with eyes. In anolhex-
flxperiment of his Lordship's, 140 yards were planted
with shoots ; these prodoced at Ihj? rale of S77 bushels
per acre: ISO yirds were planted with rnllings ;; yet
the former produced one bushel more than the laltetc
•the whole yielded 21 b«^h^Is; they were planted ia.
.Tune, and taken npiifl- fiwiobcr. The early kiditey,
if planttx] in .Tune, comes to jjerfection in October.
With respect to the method of breaking off the shoots
from tlie potatoes, (here is no reason to be appreben>
sive how they are taken off; and if the shoot», aft«
they arc separated from the potaloe, are put into- a
basket, and have a little earth thrown over them, Ihey
will k<-ep in this state, if not immediately wanted, for
months. Tlic kidney, after ils second cropping, de-
creases in the number of its shoo(s. No sort equals tbe
red cluster. The early kidney comes up before any
other; the cluster is next, and the ox-noble dast.

Tbe

CmOF.9 KOT COMMONLY CUIitlYAtEO^ IflT

The cluster throws out more slioots than .anjr others
up (o thirty at a time.

Part of another field. was planted with shoots, and
without manu-re; yet these ^latter turned out a greater
crop tlmn any of the former, trenched, mucked, &C*
Some of tlie shoots were planted early in March:
Ji fortnifrht's severe Frost afterwards affected them : the
consequence was, that the frost cut them off; yet they
a^:^tn recovered, and were equally good as the others;
x\11 the flowers of these potatoes, tot experiment, iirere
broken off: if the leaves and tops are taken off, the
root is materially injured ; for the stalks of several were
Out close to the «:round : the earth was afterwards un*
covered, and not a single potatoe was to be founds
^vliich appears to be a proof of the bad effect of cut-
ting t!ietoi)s, which some people so zealously contend
ft>r. The shoots are planted promiscuously from one
six or seven inches long : till the third or fourth'
lonth after planting, the shoots have but a small apple^
•'^ot above the size of the end of a person's finger;
*^nt afterwards they wonderfully increase their size ^
-■^ ence it follows, that the eyes having a greater and
*riorc substantial ro9t to support the vegetative power
^>f the plant, comes easier to perfection ; and that the
""-^lioot, though stationary at first, will in the end more
Lilian equal the other in produce ; and if we add the sav-
Xtig of seed, the advantage will be still more consider
Arable.

Hence we may infer, that this method of cultivating

potatoes, which is practised with success at Petworth,

Tperits the attention of farmers ; for an early market U

Jis the only method of raising them, and the seed an4

expenses of cutting are saved. ' In addition to the-

above

IS8 CttOPg irot COMMONLY CULTITATI9*

above intelligence, some fif rilier yaluaMe infomatiiii
has been inserted in the Annals of Agricaltore, froni'
the same quarter, where the cultivators of this mot
wiU find these experiments more^amplj detailed^.

III. BUCK-WIIEAT.

Mr. Davis had one year eight acres of buck^wheat at
Bedingliam, which his shepherd fed with the flock
wheii in fiill blossom, for two hours : all were drunk ;
the glands of three; were swelled quite to the eyc!i$
none blown ; but were staggering and tumblihg. Ov
hogs it bad the same effect : bleeding made the %heeg
woi-se; however he lost none.

IV. LETTUCES-

The same gentleman made a remarkable experiraei^t
on lettuces for hogs. He has practised it often^ but
not with equal attention. lie sowed fmir ounces of
"White coss-lettuce seed the boglnnirig of March^ very
thick, over two perches of ground. His crop of ])ota->
toes wns in rows At three feet, in Maj^ he planted
a double row of lettuces between the rows of potatoes.
After that, both crops kept elf an by hnfnd-»iiofelng. —
June 7, they were begun to be used for three sows
with little piizs; they were kept on these lettuces
^ix weeks ; theil the pigs .were weaned a fortnight ear-
lier ttinn usual; arid after weaning, the gi^eat use of
the lettuce is found j for the pigs did admirably well
^n them^ till all Weregone.^ — August 15^ they were fed
with cab])agej turnip-tops, &c. as usual, but fell off
at once for want of lettucei The sows had wash.

This

cil6P9 NOT C6lllfdNLT CUtf tVXilBti; ^fltft

'lliis trial dcscrrcs dtteation t Weaning p{^ wit6bat
I profusion df niilk and some corn, b a diiRcolt busf*
hess ; aiH if Iettaci5 will dd it, a man on^ht iterei^ to
fc tfithdut a rodd^ Or half an acr€| tot this parp<Me«

;«

■ ill r I ■

• t

Vi Hoi*a.

, tnttie eastern part df Sussex, tlicj ikf^'Aiiicti culti*
Volied ; but the expenses and uiicertainly of the cropi
iend stroiigly against the cutturfe. The expens^
&re indeed very gte^U At BalWl they aiie thuis e^ti*

Mated:

ReDt^ titbe^ dnd tajtfite,' UW.aVm^..V^^^^ 'SO

Poles, ntl5f, per 100,^ ."..... £*7 10 0^ g jg w

tJaniiige, at 3s* per 100, ••A*u.*.».ft.te«..««.«*.4i»4 1 lO 0

Picking j at 7^^ pett^t. 6 cwt M..«.»«..*i, 2 2 0

Drying and bagging, kt 6^. •a.....«...ik..w...;..i 1 16 0

Oast, 500/^ for 20 acres, interest, •.•*...i..;. 15 0

Manure i dung 100 loads once in- three *) g q ^
years, 33 loads a year, at Isi 3d. ~*«.ki.«. 3

' 24 10 3

Eldest, ••t4«***««««««»it*4««*«»«*««»«*«4*lM*ftit«4ti4t4t***«««* 1 ^'0

;Ci23 14 3

Produ(5e*-^Aterage drop, 6 cwt< and? r ig n 0
a?crage price^ SI. per cwt. •44*.,».mm.«.. 5

tioteperann. ^.7 li S

■ , ^ »■ III « ^t f>

: »u?8Ex-] Jt Bn,t

|S9 CHOI'S tfOT COS(MOSLV CULTITATEt).

But tpn? comes an observation wliich irnisl have i(s
weight, nnd hIiu:Ii seems to protc that there must be
9 fallacy ill such enkuhitioiis. The number of men
n^p an; font] of hops, is great ; and we are hardly I9
suppose, that, they sire all fools, or that none of them
have the capacity to form such an account as this.
ISuf, on the other hand, I desire, and maj- very ra*
tioriiiHy request, " shew me by what means hops arc
profitable." If yon. ask my profit upon wheat, I shall'
stale the expense, the averaj^' priHbice, and the ha*
lance bejwi'cn the two. If you ask Mr. Mayo the
profit upon potatoes, he recites I/. I4s, per acre ; and
be replies satisfactorily, becnnse he docs the same:
he gives you the expense, aud he, gives you the pro-
duce ; but ^hcii ve come to hops, it is h.ere as i(i
'Kci(t,,in JisstX, iu Suffolk, and every vhere else:
,^e have general as-wrtLoDs of profit, naii when we
come to oBamiue, we find partkulw acwuii's of loss.
From this Battel accuunt, Jet n» deduct 1^ a*, for
oast, vhich I tiuppuiie is all an expense of the land-
lord ; all Ihc )iia»urr, or §/. Sd. ; also the iatercst of
ihe first sto^k nf polfb, 11. 3s.; grjd likewise. fl^t of
jtock in tiadc, J/- 4s. amouutin^ in l?te Tvhple fw
5/. J Is. 3^. ; and tlien we shall have reduced tlic an-
nual loss of an acre to Sf. is.

Upon twenty acres, a capital of 500^ in the land-
lord's pocket, and of 990/. iti IIk- tenant's, are sunk,
without payinjr a penny interest; COO loads of dung
^ivfitcd qaiHinlly from the profitable uses of the farm j
and all this for the yearly loss of 44/. I

I talic the fact, from all the information I have at

ditTiarent times, and at different places, received, to

be this. Hops are the gambling of farmers : men

put iota .M, state-lottery, knowing that there is

a vast

a vjist loss upon al} jth^ iicfccis; though iipMiem^',

iiefie(U$ are madedn soiuc^: Arid farmer^ itecqu93iyi

^is\hh^ ihat if 4^^ ^^9^ ^^^ Hlu^n iiiUi ihc iiojf

HccQUiit^ loss will be ike balance of it; bat ihmr-

enter intci the cuUivatioi^ expecting tUe.prLfe^ ^f tl;e|

I)dp-lottofy. Otliers there miiy b^, tUai ^111 4(9 ti)i|'

^me thing, but ilpon racirc pnid^t pr^ici^}es: ^l^y,

Ariirvoluniarily t^ubmit to the ariiiual }fi^,pf ^, ^»f.

^unds^ ill order to have that cert^i^tj^ frljiicli . ji)l^,

^me years confc^siidly ^ises, of 4 ]sLifge s|iq[^ af qn^

(fOT^L a great cr6{j. T^fais certainty, hd^eTeri f^i^,

but ^'Idom; for tlie great crop aloln^w^;4p l^ttf^f

i^ imufit bo a great dr9p ]¥J^ i^f)i^i poii$i.dec^]^ di«f

^ gc,i ft »naU P^ i tl^ai^ is td say, it nj# % ^. gj^^,
qrop) ]^|d a gri^^t p^riqe at ^he dame time; To* n\8^
hopsftnswer steadily, sey&rai ci|r()ijii^^taiices ipuit i^^t^f ;
^onoeotlier man lire i^iist be liscfd tpaA i\tt di^ng afiiie
i^rra, ^ij^tiich cannot^ consl6teiiit|y Dtith pxoSti be iJfii^
fliVerted : they ^hoiijd be in eSpalierJi ^to sitve i^ iHq,
fexpertse of poles, and to throw tlie Mndd lieiirer the
||[r(]luiid^ on the principle of vineyardsj whidh never
HpertwcU, nor yield plentifully^ y^heii the Viiiesare
suffered to rise high.* Another reason isj tHe jpowef of*
j)ickijig as early d§ you please, ttithdnt cuttirig tie
Vuidsi The latest t)icked liops wilt Jdwayi gii^e tUt
l)est crop the folloiiifig year. - ■ - • •

The pstrish of Saleburst ^ntaind tne laigeM planta-
tidii of helps iri the fcounty.; between three and four
bundfed a^res. Mr.* Pooke,' of this place,* an Inielli*
^t< kii4 practical farmer, liad twenty-five acres;
tlie largest produce "virhich he e^et gairied'Wats t^etftV^
bne tdn; IScv^t: S!4 lb. tipOn twenty '^ne ^rei aifd ai
iialf. Duririg the time of pi(^kirilg, tin thi #<nnen' swi
Aildrcn af e $et to work ; frmi JODO to ISOO are €m^

*» :i(klofe«i

132

CHOPS >Or COMMd-fLY CULTIVATED.

ployeJ, one year with anollier, for three weeks or 3
month. Ill crop years, still ijreater iiumbfrs are em-
ployed ; above 500 hamis from qtlier [tarishes. find
employ. Tlic average pnnlace, 9 chI, i;cr actc, ut
4^ percivt. One acre hns yielded 100/. Mr, Pooke
has sold a crop for ISOO/. ; but the same land, in
other years, hail only brought 40/, The crop was so
deticient in 1703, that he set his on the ground that
year at 1000/. less than a medium year. By the same

lethotl of c^ale Illation, the delicicncy of the parisli
was estimated from 10 to 12,000/. The calcillatiott
oftheonnunlexpenscsof plnntini; and keeping up one
acre of hops, which this srnsiblc plautcr was so obliging
to draw tip nccortlmg to a reqnest I made him, I shall
insert in this place, as if is done with exactness, u id
llie result of more than half n eortnry's experience. '

■ *' I begTn the yenr with Jnntwry ; in which month,
d"- thf l.i'S;infting of Febrnriry, it may be proper tw
jtlongh up kiid tu plant with hops.

i^pghing one acre nine iiitlics deep, if^ /* n 10 fl

.^themonld will allow it, set at >

E^ftrrowing (he same very deep and tine, 7 0 4 0

j^st before it, is planted, ,..„ j

ajfflfilfg- 1200 hofcs with a spude, to^i
plant the hops in i>t six fitt square,
.nlilcl) IK tliC qnoiitily uf hdls an sicre
will contaii> at that distance (though
Ai}>.y :a\c planted at various disluEict^,
.according to the humour of the
.planter) ; 'the holes to be made square,
.ftwut nifie inches over, and about nine
laches deep, ot' which a man wilt make
ppe hundred and a half ia a day,

%iucl)) per acre; is „»..„.- J

Cjarjy foiward, ....«

eBOPS NOT COMMON LVCULXiVATBB.

f33

£A 6 0

i 10 0

0 19 0

Brought forwiird, .m.,-.-. •.

Twenty-four cart-loads of dung and

mould, \?cll mixed together, and

rolled^ each load to contain Ig cwt.

nils. 3d. per load per acre, —^m......^.

If we allow one good slioveUfull, or ra-""
ther more, to each hole, the putting
of which in the holes, and filling thcno^ ! ,
up with the best mould that comes ou^
of theui, made fine by clioppiiig it a

• • • ■

little in the h9l£ with: the spade^ •»••••••

plants or sets for each holi^, the cost >
of which ii(ill be, per. acre. .-— .m....**. '

aying the plants out, and setting themi .

in holes per acre^ •••••* ^,....««.«— •••,#• -^

limming the acre twice in each alley, T.
four times over in the summer, ••...^••m* ^
4}ciQg round the young plants, where')
the shim cannot come, and weeding, 3
nc shovel-full of the dun<i: and mould
laid on each hill soon after Michael-
mas, which will take up 24 of our

cart-loads, at Is. 3d ,.••«..••

-A. year's rent for the land, «.., ,......*m*.. 1 5

-A.U sorts of tj^nanl's taxes, .,•..••• 0 7

1 1$ 0

0 4 0

0 16 0

0 9 6

1 10 0

0
6

£.9 &• 0

" No proiluce from this first yeat's planting ; and as

in Sussex in general, it is better to re^plant the hops

once in ten years on the same, or plant frt^sh land,

a proportionable part of the aboye sum should be

added every year, to. the future cj^pense of keeping thf

]M>p-ground up the ten years it may be supposed to

remain. .

Ik 3 ^' Janu^ry^

f January, tlie second year, bwt iii which l!ic bonj
!ivill be first uoled.
Digging Ihc young hops in this month, \

or Febnmry, at U. id. per 100, or ytL-r^ £.0 16 fl

acre, „ ^

prcEsing and Diending the young liiiU? n 9 r

wilh more plants, ifnr«lful, 3

Sharping the poles, and setting them up, 7 n J" 0

at pet acre, „ - 3

■Tying the vin<¥ to the poles, 0 10 0

]Ialf-hilling, that is, laying aljout three,
good shovels-full of fine earth, taken/ n 9 r
put of the alleys, on each hill, iit 9^tf. C

per 100 hills, ar per. acre, '

Hoeing round the hills, there Ix'ing more? n " n-
to hof when pok'd, being farther round , 3

£himming, us before, ...^ 0 16 0

Branching, « - 0 1 6

Whole-hilling, at 5d. per 100, or \u-r ncrc, 0 ."> 0
Incidental expenses, such as tying, or )«'l- 1. 0 5 0
ting up poles that may be blown down, J

Stripping and stacking tlu* pples, 0 4 0

One year's wear of Ibe first poles, there ^

being three to a Iiill, or 3600 on thc> 4 10 (

acre, at IS feet lung, m ^.^

Tithe, _ 0 10

' 133 loads of dung and mould laid on~i
each acre, a load to every nine hills, [
once iu two years, to be spread and ^ 4 3'
dug in at Is. 3d. per load, is^. 6s. 3d.i\
the half of that to be charged yearly, J

Carry forward, ..,!..,. £.14 i
Bf

Brought forward, ....... £. 14 8 H

All sorts of fonant's taxes, such as poor- ^

tax, church*ta:t, way-tax, and hith-> 0 7 o'

dribd-lax, set at .•••.••.••••.•—••••••-—•-— y

Part of the expense of the first year's pUtnt- -j

ing, with something for the interest of > 15 0

that money, set at, yearly, •••-—•—.— '
Interest for the money laid out yearly on 1 n H 0

the acre of hops, •..•••*••••••••—•...•••••.•••-.•• '*

Dreeing and mending the hops with

plants, will an future be more than I^ A S 6

charged for the young ones, by per

Q'Cre« ••••••••••••••«••«••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Tbe hop-ground will in future teqiiirfe

larger and longer poles, the je&tfy

'^tar of which wfll be 71. 4*. per aCtcf>

that is S/. 14;. per ann. more than thd

*^^ear of the first * poles, which added

^ the above 4/. 10;. charged fbt the

irear of the first poles, makes it in fu«^

lure 7/. 4;. per ann.
S:a[pense to pole the acre of ground, m«.* !2 14 0

f^he e^rly expense of raiisingand keeping

up an acre of hop-grpund for 10 years ^ 19. 1$ 1|
. in this place, i^ .••••-—•*• —•••»•.••«•

l^o keep it in high cultivation, as it is ge-
nerally done in this parish, it may^ 20. ft 0
safely be set at yearly per acre,.-*,

fpMp»W,^

^^ Suppose this parish to average at Bcwt. of hops per
Ucre, one year with another, which 1 do nol think it
does, there would be little or^no profit at 4/. pei- cwt.
as I will endeavour to prove.

k4 The

19^ CB0P5 NOT COMMONLY CULTIVATEB.

Tlie expense of the bop-land yearly, as i qq ^ q
above, J '

Picking, drying, duly, anil sending toj

London, being our market, and sell- > 12 0 ^
ing tlicin, will cost U. \Qs. jicr c«t. * ■

£.S«

" I am perBundcd in my own mind , if tlie hops tlioiil *"
not keep up tq a smart price, the platitatiim must t>*5
roduccd. I have bought, in my time, IQOpuIr^ r»«
the same sort, and at the same placeTnt4s, firf. nsbavT^
been sold about two years ago at 2ls. prr !00. It w:i*
55 years since I bought them cvt U. 6f/". i*

'* The parisli of Sale hurst, wiiich is usu;illy cidlrtl Ivot
bcrtsbric'ge, from Ihc jiauii^ of the village, is )>up|){wxl
to have the best plantation of haps in the oontity, t\]C
land being kindly for thfm, especially about J.he
church, where it ip rich. This eoimly may average
at fromScwt. to 6 cwt, pci; acr»^, one year wjlh ano-
ther, hut not more. This parish l\as upwards of 300
ao^es qf Jiop-groundin it at thjs tMU^', i)utl cannot say
exactly how much.

"In my calculation of the value of dilRtrent articles iit
raising arid keeping up hop-gFound^ I nmy have proba-

* The luual kngth of bop-polcs i« frofn II in 16 ktt. Ash are tht
beft, cfreptipg chesnut, which ate not co|nmrDly med : ^llon »rc
^od, if the]' arc not tet (he Erst year; if ■□, tbey are apt \a grow
crooked: beech Tery badv—^. Jl

Various and manifuld have been tffe advantages rcsulling from fbe
Btodj- of horticulture, but fn no one instance would it prove more truly
benctida] than in producing a dwarf hop, I propose it to be a itolqeet'
for p premiupi ; ttie art cft^e gfpitutt yould certainly accomplish it.-^
JUr. TraylH.

CROPS NOT Cl^>M>IONLY.CULTYTAi;PI>*' UT

iAysci some falbcr loo high,, and others rather too low;
but| upon the whole, I believe it >vill. be found to be
|2carly the truth ,^ and not any great, error^ I jprcsuinep
jn an^ of it^ Our county in general do not grow
the crops wcdo, ncilher is it so well cultivated anc}
inanurcd ; consequrntly are not at the samc.e^peitiie ;
generally^ they that look after it best make, most of it;
but there are some pieces of land so unaccountably
kind for hops, that they are better by nearly ohe-half
the viilue of the expense of maintainiug it, than others
Arc adjoining ; and yet the best judges on, earth could
not have known whicli would have succeeded before

T •

tbey'had been plante<1; but there are infinite quaiitUicfi

.01 land where there is not any part of it ever can sue*

i?ced. The grejit unccrtamty of the crop, ocifafiiou^

bops to be a subject of gambling ) and ^o many pcopU).

speculating on them, increases more the uncertaintj

^f the price; that some people will be getting ropn^y

hy planting and dealing, when others must be losing.

Upon the whole, I really believe th^e are such grc^

Quantities of bop-ground planted wlier« there must be

nioney lost by it, that although many have undoubt^

^ly been very considerable gainers, yet take the whole

body of planters together, I have juy doubta whether

^t has been of much advantage to them ; but as soon n$

t>ne is tired, another will. take it up; for so long aa

*here are a few go d prices in the lottery, peppjc. will

bny tickets, tbpiigh the chances pf gainiuju^ are against

Hem."

V. CABBAGfS,

Are little cultivated ; only by a few individuals is it
Aat an^ att^^ntiop Ts paid to lheiii» Ip the strong

soil

. 138 CndPS NOT COHHMOHVr CULTlTATisb.

soil >?hic1i is iH aduplecl €o turnips, cabbages votlU
turn to fueat advantage. It is bjr intcilfoaving siieh
t^rbps as tlie&e, by judicious managi'mt^nt, yfilU corii^
that such an arrangement of crops trill Ijetter support
each other, and rear up a greater proportion of idockm

The culture of cabbages would perhaps he onetiif
ill c greatest means of meliorating the husbandry of tl)e
Weald. Bttt (hat they <lo not appear (*very where
adapted (o this adhtsivo clay, is seen from the cuUtVii*
tion of them in tlic Stag-park iit Petworlh. The pre-
paMtion by itanuring, tillage, hoeing, &c. were well
attended to: there Wit$ a crop, and a tolerable oriij;
hiit they burst, and rotted. Wet seasons and hurnlld
soils may so'irietlm^s ctinse this ; but draining is a
"remedy ; and froW the Ccipifal manner in \rhich the
Stag«i)ark has be^n drained, I have *not fi doubt of its
now prodticihg as fine crops of cabbages as need be ex-
pected.

Mr. Davi^AVas for some years a cultivator; hesowefl
the seed in his garden in March ; if the seasoit i^da
wet, later. May, ot June, he plant(*d, either updifi
plain land of ridges ; the latter, the best method. With
l^egard to the comparative value ascertained with tur-
pips, he estimates an acre to be more than equal to two
acres of turnips. lie first plants ihc flat Dutch;
after this, the drum-head ; then the Scotfli. The
Dutch are the best, as they stand hard weather bet-^
ter than any others, and weigh heavier ; he has had
them as high as 30 and 40 lb.

June, 1789, he planted one acre ain} a half of the
flat Dutch (sent feim by mistake for the drum-head);
he horse-»hoed twice, and twice hand^hoed. In Ja-
ntlary, having no other food for bis cows than straw, he
began cutting, and gave his ccjws three pcjr d^ each,

with

wi(h straw, for a week ; he theil Ihetestsed the quantity
io six of seven : he found by a wlntey ihilch-cpifr Ii^
bad then, that they produced a great de^} pf ihilk;
Wis other cows gaitied flesli very fast. The iiegiijinihg
of March, all the'cabbiige* were consumed'; he theri
gave hay twice a day ; but the cows fell off, and did
not thrive equally as u|)on cabbage and straw; thrcp
cows out of six slunk their calves.

The next year he planted five acres with jihrcc sorts,
drum-head, long-sided, and Scotch field-»cabbage, of
wrtich the former were the best, although he was partial
to the flat Dutch, as hardier. In winter he began feed-
ing his cows; and they did well, and found the sup*
riition of cabbages causing the slinking their calves,
be erroneous, having none that did it* He gave
csit)bage to his fattening bullocks, which were then
^pon corn, reducing it a third, as he found that
^>oth together was rather too strong food : they throve
^^^ter than before with corn. He had at that time

^'^venteen ewes (which a ram had stolen among), that

•

ye^aned twenty lamibs ; as he had nothing but hay and

^orn, except cabbage, be shut them up in a barn,

^nd fed with cabbage three times a day, and with

iCorn twice. The lambs soon began to eat ; he then

lB?eighed once a week, and they gained one pound and

% half for the iirst three weeks, and afterwards mdt;e ;

at eight weeks he sold. for 25s • per lamb, weighing

.eight and nine pounds per quarter ; the ewes went off

in Ju1y«at 25s.
The following is the weight of a crop, communicated

Jby Mr. Kemp, of Coney borough.
Seed sown middle of March; planted June 1, and

)irateied, and twi^e ^R^ii^Bxds^ tfai^ ^CSasbn beijlg a dry

Novem-

J40 CROPS goT coinioNi.Y cri,TivATEn.

NovcinixT 7, 1794, weighed 40 ; the average she
(the whole weight tiSO lb.) bi'irig I7lb, each. Qusn>-
tily of land, three roodfi sixfeen perches. Number of
cabbijges ■lllfi, at 171b. cadi, is 31 Ion 4c»l. 841b.
(1 lUlb. (o (lie cvit.) Sorts, an equal number of Scotch,
snil druni-hesds. . '

VI. CAIIROTS.

carrots are not cultivated to any pxtent, iis fiioj
for catlle; Ihcy might uiiqiicstionnljly bi; of siiigubr ^
ndvanta^e, where the soil is liglil, and deep; perhaps .
ofall other ap])Iic»lions wliatt'ver, Ibry are the most
bencfieiul Ibr t'allening bullnclis : ihry arc excellent f^
horses, and good for sheep. Mr. Kemp found theft
well suited as foi>d for horses ; his largest produce has
becii 280 bushels over two-thirds of an acre. It w
greatly to be regretted, that the excellent qualities of so
vnluablc a plant are not lieilor understood. The Earl
of Egrcmont, in the winter of 179G, fed hia large dairy
<if cows with carrots, and with great success, and the
buttcT excellent.

The following statement of a crop of his Lordship's^
shfws Ihc vabt productiveness of carrots, and of
parsnips.

■ 43 of carrots ..... 270, equal to lOOi per. acre.; ^
. 53 of parsnips ^... . 203, ditto 613 dittok
G waste,

loi

. fAnd thi^ too wtlliout manure. Cerloia it is, flifit
afl«r parsnips, (hey are the richest food that ^ro«^;
_,,,, V mora

tHOFs kot c'oMMoiCLT cvtiiylftA^ tit

« . ■

more valuable than potatoes^ and nrach more so thah
iamips. Upon sandy loams, there cannot exist m
doubt of the superiority of them (with good mauage-
nient, and judicious application) to every other food
(^dttivated in England foir stock ; they ate more pro«
d'uctive than most other roots, are mote nutritious ;
are drier, and more sacchdrine (excepting parsnips) ;
and many thousand acres there are 'in tliis county ,
which might be cultivated to immense advantage ia
(his manner,

VIL RHUBARB.

■, \

The Earl of Egrempnt cultivtitM iHerh^kim palHi^i-^
Ittmfor medicinal utas, and has it dried and cured tin
^ pnA order and pUf^eservation,' as any: imported from'
abroad. It ia taken out of the groand"^ In autunm^
ftfter standing seven or eight years ; it is theii wadhed)
df the dirt, and dried, either in ' the suti^ or laid ovet^
the flues in the hot-houses, after having been cut into'
pieces. Mr. Andre, the domestic surgeon and apo*
thecary, uses no other, and finds no diffisrcnce between
this and- the foreign. A considerable saving mighty
he made in the importation of rhubarb^ if othera cul-
^Tated it for like purposes*

VIII. OPIUM,

(Papaver somniferum).

The largest quantity of this invaluable drug thafr
iras ever cured in this country, was raised in 1797
from the Earl of Egremont's garden at Petworth ; and
the fact now indeed thoroughly ascertained, that all
^ foreign opixun id highly adulteratcd| renders it an

object'

Ml? CHOP? jfot coMMpiitt c^i^fir^f;^^

(^ject of immense consequence tp /^i^cou^gis tl^e i^
'mcstic growth. Mr* Andre is conyiifdcdf that in^
his practice^ he never made use of any df tjiis JrUg; tj^^
ooiild bvcompared lyith thiSi Ifhc operaltoa pf pojflect^
iJi^ the produce^ is <^i&cted bjr a gentle ihci{si|i>|i daft tie
heads, as they grov> with a khife (jv 6{hjpx fM^tjf, ip^^
sirumenty whi(^ is frequently rep(?ate4 ; ^i^d the^fij^
which exude from tl^t^. wound ^ a^e scraped ipt^ t^
earthcu vostsel^ dried by the sun, ai^d preserved ib|? ii^V:

IX. SAINFOIN.

Very Corisiderdhl^ .tracts are |)eeuliarly adapted td
the culture of this invaluable plants
-.sThe chalks ills ' eOfttatrt Pmnf iho%swij^wmiof
ifttidj tjpcm.whick np otfaei: plaatj.has eyier jei^.h^if^
difi^flvism) tOi. thrive io $mh 94Hfi^i§^. M. this^ aiidt
Hoae; tibiok ever promisddi foir^ - hppcs ,6f sucjDcfto uii
tliie>&iidiistrisiiis farmei! for the.e:v'pfinse of c#)tivati|]g jf j
6a)careoUs «arths> of aU Qther ^^(jils^ ^ire tk^ l>^ $a«ltedi
to tliei^rtiiwth ofsaitifc^in. 0a|L tbe elsertroas wbi^lf,
have l;cen mttde in this liite^ are W^ak qfnd feeble^ taiA
dertaiiiiy not coinmcnsurate to tlie merits of the plant.-

^ozcirtg4^^li is usual to sow the seed with barley ftf
the Spring. Another, but a wcTse method^ is either"
with wheat in autumn, or harrowed on it in the spring".'

Tlie sail should always be in good heart, clear of all
rubbisl), and always ^succeed a capitally managed tut-*
i\'\p fallow. If the land is turniped for the two pre-'
ceding years,- a better crop will be ensured ; and twfc6'
feeding lenriches the land*. Six bushels are sowft withi

• r .

■ I I I ■ I..— M^— I II ^ ' ' ■ ■ — — ^^^.

• I

• Turrniping land for two years previoili to sowing it with iamibin^
If, in my bpinion, tin necessary. If it is properly attended to one year^'
It will in general be found sufficient, and 15 or 4/. per atr« «aved iik ex*
jiensesj by a Ctd]p of corn gained-^Jlfr. H^, Daim, - '

CROPS ^Ot COMUONt.Y CULTIV^TEIl. 143

%h.e corn, and pcrliaiw not q'ti'C ll"^ usual quantity of
liarli'j', tliiit llic cftt'cl ul' l'it> iirjfL' a proiluci; inij^lit nc»t
vndiUigLT (lie tonjcf aliuol.s.

L Feeding. — Snirifoiri, aflctliavin;; Ijcenmown, shoulil

^F «ut bt.' fed till Miclm.'liiiaSf \\]\fn it ^t'ill afTont great
^ft plenty uf gritsii lill Cliri^iduas ; it jnu^t (lien 1m; hid bjr
^E fur tile scjthi', but ncviT fL-d cIu!Il-: aiiecp, by clusu
H ieetUng, nro itpl to bile the cnnvn of tlie root, which,
injures the pliuil. Many are docldv-dly of o|i)iiiun,
that it ou;jht never (o be fed. The durution, from
«'ight or ten years to fmirleen or fiflecn years, if well
niaiiurcd Mitli ashes. It is the best food which cnn
be given to liimbs, being sure to preserve them in
._aigoiid Iiiibit of body ; nndthey are particuhirly fond
•<i( it. Il is equally acceptable to hordes, iutil no hay
-comparable to it. Sheep will feed upon i( (ill I'hiist-
nias, without the expense of cilhcr turnips or hay;
and there is no otlier mode of managing chalk-bills to
such profit, as no subsitiluti: wtlL maintain such a
btock.
« Mr. Pitinix, of Upinardin, has a thorough know*
ledge of the value of sainfoin ; and the great breadth
_of it over his farm, is a feature in the economy of his
business, which at once indi<ales his superior dis-
cernment in this blanch o( his prof<.-ssion. He has
discovered, that the cuHivalion of sainfoin enables him
to keep a far greater number of sheep than any other
artificial grasses; and il is generally the poorest soilf
i^hich arc laid down with it. For this reason, upon a
^rm like his, valued at 7.v. per acre, the lund sown
■ with sainfoin cannot be eBtimatcd at more than 5,t.
B ^DW every possible expense in laying this land with
H jratuibia, is repaid by the two crops of turnipsj^andttrp

barley'

balicj. - WitU fiucb a preparati^m^ so ejtbellent j a)(il
iSfO hi;;ltly td be toitimcnded, the saiiifoirf Will last gtnA
to mow full ten ycfars, atld bd worth S^\ per tettf,
-which is ten times the n^nt of the land i and all iiuB
wtChon t ' any expense^ eithct* ibt 6(3ctf or df t iifage. Fof
the next four y^ts it may fairly be valued at SOi* ipet
aim. Th€* proctub^ varied from SSf to '$(ycwti

X, LUCERN.. ..|.. ..:,i

Lucem is commonlv cutiivateti in tfie imnfccnate

pieces are very fine; §OJb. of sect! to the a^' iipoft
the richest and deepest soils ; not answering to advak^ .
fcigQ upon any other. They mow it three times^ to
soil their teams in the stabte. It is likewise made
intd hay.

The Rev, Mr. Durnford has for some years cultt*
vated lucern in a small way at Berstcad. He piC*
"pared (he land with turnips and a fallow, marled and
harrowed, and tlie seed drilled in oi^^litcHJii inches frotH
row to row, the bi'ginning of June. The firsl yefaftr
was once out ; the second jear, three tinicjf ; the tbirtf^
four times. It is now in its eighth year, birt it b^
gins to fail. Mr. Durnford stocks it at the rate of
tour Iiorsos^ and as many cows, per aae in stvnimerif
it gives excellent butter ; but it ougbt to be cttt tlie
day before it is given to the cows* After each catting^
it is hand'hoed.

The Earl of Egromont has ciiltivatcd it in the padU
docks for soiling cattle, drilled. It \\a9 thrice raowtTy
azxd wherever it failed, Ms Lordslitp Scattered cllV*

CE6P8 XOT COMMDSlLr eutTIVATED, 145

coiy-seed ; and the whole prodifeed aa abundanf iler^

XL CHlCOftV.

Tills plant) by the estperimental irri^fofVemeni of tfe/
has recently been introduced to the knowledge o^
the farmer. For rapidity df growth, laxuriance of
burthei^, |iUtrit|ou8 ^u§litie& of, th§; food, and dii-
tsition, it stands uiiriyaltea. Alt sorts of cattle and
dmeep'feed upon it with itviditj. Where it ba^ beiem
ou^ltivated^ it is usually sown wiffi tdcni corn, mix^
in a certain proportion o( dtber artificial gr£Lifts<^9e^ds<
X*I)e Earl of E^r^mo^t^ haviag ascertained tlie ^ertt
pf it, spread the cultivatidn oyer seteral acnres, and
finds it a mpst use^t and\pi[oiitdble plant. In 1798(
i^nd 1799; he bad ^ajbovc 10(f acres of it^ and tbe use it
'M^as of to him, in the suppoitt of fin immense stock ol*
c«i,ttle and sheep, exceeded eyfitj thing thai pould hart^
i>e^ expected from the soilj and tbe benefit would
hi!i.ve been jstill greater, had that stock been^tUl larger^
foY much of it ran for seed ; but this afterwards pro«
^uced an evil, by ploughing it for whfeat.

t- "^

^ Bj meani^ saiafom and lucenit with tlici addition #f 4^ot^^ di#

^^*ier U laraMhed with what he calls artiJUidl grasjiu, (Mted, witli

BOcd Aumagement^ to almost every land o£ soiL The finite to thf ch^k^

K^vell^r auid ftony lands ; the secoi^d, to light lands ; and the third,

^<^ days. TeW placet indeed are so happy as to ^dmit the di^taitldn cC

^ with eqttal success ; and yet we bbsenre diese xhrp€ growiA|^ tide bf^

^^ at t!he loot off the So4ith Doif(^s^ near Eastboume, satmiBg to vJA

^IfPk fH^kJ^^i^f which should jflourith ihii mostt and yield tho j^eatidi^

ttfip, ,^ {his ivas jp a soil wherw tk« calcareous and argillaeeouf

^eiie ip happily mii;edi that almost an^ vegetable might succeed; an4

fR here we sow them, ploughing up a stubble upon a lett^ '^^

Ikwis iHt a^tOB^ toilhpede them^ with tight eliHtt oitpL^fi^bV* JnC^

■*■■

GIL\SS I^VNDS.

-NATIJIIAL MEADOWS AJJD PASTUBES,

THE nianagemcnt of the meadow and pasture lands
lues nol materinllj' vary froai fbnsc common practices
phich usually govern other coiinlk's in this importimt
division of the work. Here indeed there is but loo
;^.uch reason to complain of negligence, with respect
the improvement of grazing land. Pasture ovcr-
■un with rubbish, or covered with standing water,
rom iuattentiun to draining, arc the necessary conse-
quences of such a slovenly conduct. Many opportu-
"ies of watering meadow land arc at present lost
the owners : a due alfcntion to the principles of
igiition, in converting the various streams which in-
.Jersecttlw; country, to thtse useful pnrposes, would open
«aines of iniixtiauslible treasure. Irrigation is but lu-
^Ily known. It is only in the western paris of Sns-
Sfer, "that any signs of it arc conspicuous. The want
#f a proper mode of managing pasture is the more re-
prehensible, because it is obvious, tliat the Weald in
gencraiyfrom its natural quality for grass, as well as
from the uncertainty of ensuring the production of full
crops of grain, is fur better adapted to the raising of
cattle, than corn. The tenantry here, from considering
^e corn product ae the main object in view, lose sight
of that arniiigvmeut w hich the nature of the soil should
' "" ever

ercr dictate to the farmer the system to fuUovi^; :Wet

and tenacious hungry clays seldom • pay th'e oWner

the expenses of cultivatiou ; and whea^.in additfcn,

is considered the natural impediments to corny, wbicli

iovr from a country so thickly interspersed ti^itfai

f vood-land, wc arc surprised at diat ftttontion to: til*

hgCj which occupies the thoughts of those famfirs^

and characterizes ail their measured. Hence it is Vf6

discorer the difference between the circumstances 6f

the farmers who live on the l&iuth Downs, aha in ihe

Yfeald. The former adapting the crop to the lanq^ .

know the sensible efiects of such a syi^tem ; tie olher

expect the same consequdiices, when working witfi

diferent materials.

The following ar^ the grasses wUdh are foiind oni
&e gohanna-ground in the neighbourhood of Pet«
tralrth^ in very good up-tahd m&tddw itictiersitel/
Imit ; the most numdttfti6 AisU v .

Trifoliam pratense.

t^estnca pratensis.

Cjnosurus cristatus*

jlolcus lanatusi

Hanunculus acris*

Heiracium spondyllum : sheep oiid hogd rerf fontl of iU

Aaatago lanceplata.

.Ldiam perenne.

Dentaurea nigrai .

Trifolium repensi

Anthoxanthum odoratiini^

Poa annua*

Poa tririali^. »

founex aeetosella.

Poa pniteDusis.

liOtt&s comiculatUs^

h 2 I/athyrus

346 NATCHAL MEAEOWH AND PASTURES.

Lathyriis prnlnisis.

Acbiltea milli-foliiim.

Wileum pratenke.

Avciia flavcsccMs.

Dactj'lus glonuTLihis.

Rammculus bulbo^us.

Kanoiiculus ropms.

Marsh.

B<'!ii(]n> Ihv naluriil pasture and iiicadow-Iatul, n
several tliousaiid acres of mar.sU-laiul, eitlicr situated
along Ibe const, or in the ncigtibonrhood of the riven
wliicli cmpfj themselves info Ifie sea. These manjifn
pi'tliaps are to be ranked amongst the finest of tLcir
kind that are my whete to be met with ; and (he con-
duct of the grazier in the management of the fertile
level, is (he direct reverec of that unsystematic po-
licy which is (he guide of the up'Iand farmer in (he
arrangement of hi* grazing Uind.

Very considerable improvements huve been cffectfil
of late years in llie marshes. The brooks or levrfi
have bct-n, and arc now, sometimes subject 10 be
flooded with (lie violent nuns which periodically flirt
from the hills, but more parlirnlarly in the winter,
■If, rts is wmietimtfi fhe case, Hh'sc inundations take
place in summer, the whole produce of the land foi
that year is lost by the stagnant muddy water; and no
cattle will taste the herbage that year. The tidei*
another evil sometimes complained o?, as the banks an
not every where put into a. proper slate of defence
ngainst the incursions of the sea. An act ttbs hov-
tvcr oblainal a few years ago, for widening ihe chaif
iiel near Lewes, and making a shorter cut to the sea}
nud it has cssei^ially bencSted the Lew«s and Laugli'
Ion 1j«v«U..

SECT. 11. CLOVEH, TREFOIL, KAY- GRASS.

The artificial grasses in tUc hijriicst request, and
cbiefly cullivated, nrcTcil ami wliitc clover, Irefoil*
Dill ra^-. Tlicsc plniils, which modern Imslximlry
bs brought into ciiUiration, must in every respect be
ccnsiilcroil as invalunbli: grusscs, iiml adding in no in*
coiisidcmble degree to the wealth and prosperity of
llie fanner. In many places we lind an almotit unU
fCTsal growth of Dutch clover and trefoil, ll is seci>
along the siile of (he turnpike-roads, in the lanes, und
ill every field on tlic soulii side of the hills; about
Sdsca, it springs iip spunlaueonsly in I he greatest luxu*
[iancc; juid by clearing the land of spear-grass, ^n^
<tber weeds, judicious mnnn^ement in a few year^
Toiild convert these lands inln the finest meadows ii^
(lie world. There arc mi better plants than these ; and
tlic indigenous growth should excite fanners to culti<
nte these eicelleni plants, and obtain a fine fleece
of cloTcr and trefoil, where none is visible at present
but tlje spontaneous growth.
The quantity of seed is various ; but the ruUowing
I i| considered as the proper proportion :

^^» Dutch clover, « S gallons.

^B Tretoit, ....» S ditto.

^P Hay, ,. ,.., 4 ditto.

m This is for pcrnmnrnt pasture; but when the land
■ 8 laid down for a layer of one or two years, it i? then ^

I Clover, «.»» ^..^~ 1 gallon.

J Trefoil, „ I ditto.

Ray, 3 ditto.

L 3 However^

150

CLOVER, TaEFOlt, AND HAY-GB

However, (there is no fixed rule in cases of ttils
kind. The quantity of seed soivn is of little conso
queiice in any of ttc operations of farming, bejoml
the hedge wliich bounds the licld. Tlic course in
which these artificial grasses arc introduced, is ge-
nerally with barley and oats ; sometimes with wheat in
fpring. Clnver is certainly the most valuable of any
of our grasses; but land has been known to be eurfeild
with it, when rcpeiiledly sown.

The cultivation of our best natural grasses has bwn
long callrd for, and lately n-coni mended by that elii-
borate boUinist, C'urtis, and by many others, as likely
to turn up a very valuable acquisition. No brandies
of the art of agriculture arc less understood, thim a
jight knowledge of the properties of our grasics, and
the soil congenial to each ■ T.'ill very lately, they were
entirely neglected, excepting ra^, and one or two
others, all of them inferior to rnaiiy of those in a na-
tural state.

As there is undoubtedly a particular period wlini
the grasses Are in a proper stale for mowing, and as
that state is most probably about llie time of their
flowering, should all the under-mentioned grasses be
ibund, upon fair trial, to deserve cultivation, the fol*
lowing diiigraph wo old seem lo divide them into pro-
per assortments to be sown togelhw; snpjwsing ihe
fields or meadows wiicre they are to be sown, to he
principally intended fur hay. If an assortment I'm
^hree crops only be desired, the brackets on the right
hand will shew the division. If^/*^e crops are re-
quired, the brackets on the left hand will direct to the
assodment: in the diviaion of three parts, the first
crop will bo fit to cut early in June; the second
, about ^iUsuiameri 9iid th,^.(^/r(f a|)out tlte middleof
Ki^flVite- July.

JaKr» iaithe ilimtiot^'o(€Yepvti0'^fi&^ be

ripe aboat the latter end .of Ma]r ;•. ^b& $eeo4df jthe
bf^nkig 'of Jane.; the f Atrcf, abpiiifMi^Jsmmioer; jthe
fmlrthy about the beginning of July; .aod'th^^jf^i
' tymiOdleotlft : i^ "-

. ^ 7be annual meadoxoy vernaly "smpifihr^alked ntka*
ioWy:$maUfcscmej.(hgHailyjffiifiavp oat^'oxidfine b^nt^
«em to be best adapted for the feed .of< itheep ; .the
rest for tbe larger ;ki^ds of , cattle $*r-4li^ ^ft'hfume^
tn^th^stalked meadow, smallet .f^cU^^ 9S»d,^eAom
oo^rare partial t0>drjr 90ih i-n^l^t v^pna/^ fOfmilf
rotgh'Stalked meadow^ quake^graas^^ mffidoW'/esiut^
*ofi.gT<ikss^ mcud03O'f{arley^ C(4stail9)Vind»uir$h*i^nty
llolurish most in moist soib ; and soUis , o£ ant ^ intarine-
diattequalityy^^ ifi if^oyit^ luid drynpfs, uri^rbest
6utt the remainder.

- I

t '. ■

I ."»«r •!■ i'f#'''. >^'l••.■

'Annual meadow (poa jmniift)^ Jtowctoi ^rst'
' weekit^May* .

Vernal (anthoxanthum odoratum), .flowers se-
cond week in .May.
Foxtail (alopecurus pratensis), flowers second

week in May.
Soft brome (bromos mollis)^ flowers third
, week in May;
Smoothrstalked meadow (poa ptatensis), flow-"

ers fourth week in May.
Rpug-h-stalkied meadow <poa trivialis), flow-

.ers first week in June.
I^aller fescue (fesiuca oyina, rubra, dutius-^

cula), flowers first week in June.
Quake-grass (briza media), flowers second'
week in June. ^ '

fflSfiH, ttCrail., AND HAY-GB

'ftdugh cOcbsfdOt (dactjrlis glomerata),

SeCoftd week in June.
Tall oat (avena elalior), flowers second week

iR Jun^.
Meadow fescue (fcsluca pratensis), Aowctb

third w-eck in June.
Darnel (loHum perenne), flowers fonrlh week

in Jun«.
'DogstSil (cynosurufi <!ristat«s)j flowers fourtli

■week ill June.
Yello* oal Cavcna flavescens), flower* first

week in July.
Soft ^ass (holcHs lanafut>f flowers ^craid

week in July,
Fine bent (^ostB capUIaris), flowers third
. week in July.
Meadow-barley (hordeum pralense), flowers

third week in July.
Catstail, (plilcum pralense), floweftlbirdwtek

in July.
Marsb^bent (agroatis albn), flowers third week

hi July.

Id laying down land with arti^cial grasses, clover,
trefoil, ray, buriifl, &c. it iiiis beeti supposed, that
to feed the young layers the year they are sown,
is prejudicial to the Juluie {p'owlh of the plant. The
Earl of Egremoiit hiie laid mitny acres with Dutch clo-
ver, ray-grass, and bin net, ia one field, with red clo-
vet, ray-grass, and trefoil in another ; and to discover
■whetber close feediug was detrimental, his I<ordship
covered these layers with (ibepp in the autumn, and
at Chrisbnas, after having contributed to tatten many
itheq

RAT HAR»T»T» t5$

iveCheMi for SniithfieUI, othert irete iumed iir^ aad

nothing could be more favourable thati the fotuie pro*

gress of these layers. His Lordship is satisfied, that

60 fyr from its being injurious to the grasses, it is

lughly advantageous to feed them, as it enables the

plants to dirow out a thicker, more vigorous, and

luxuriant herbage, the following springs he there*

fore constantly pares them to the root in the autumn

and winter, and again in the spring, and through

the summer^

SECT, III. — HAY HAKVEST.

Ik Ae operation «f hay-making ia Sassex, there ase

particular fenturea in the management which de*

^^rve commendttlioa. If the season permits, it gene^

^^Ily commences about the end of June : after it u

<^ut, the swarth is shook out ; it is then heaped into

^mall cocks; the second day it is windrowed, and

Sometimes made into the larger cock, and the third

^3ay carried : this is when the weather is favourable,

^ut hay-making so much depends upon the state of

^he weather, and the judgment of the farmer, that

^there is no fixed rule of proceeding, where the work

depends upon contingencies. An improvement in

making it would be, to have the hay always cocked

nt night. Meadow^Iand is mowed every year, and

afterwards fed : upland pasture is cut every second

year. The produce of the first, rises to two ton, and

upwards, per acre ; the other seldom, upon an avet

rage, exceeds a ton and a half. Clover yields from

one and a half to two tons and a half.

The following singular and interesting method of
applying }inseedH>il pa hay-rick3 intei^ded for fat*

m HAT UJIBTKR.

tenuigpibeastg^ 'merits the sttenttcfn of the cmiovfa; It
wa» commufticated by the Sari of EgmooM. ,. *^

. 'f SIR, ■•:

** I reteivtd your letter in tegard to oiling liay.
I'fnade practice of it about three years; but aiwtyt
Itbo^ to do it -when the -weather is fine, md canf gel
it tip without taking much rain. My method is^'wben
kaeking the hay, to taike tt water*pot, and spriiikle
OTcr every layer very lightly a quart of linseed-dtl
to a ton of bay. I find that the hay comes out of the
rick very moist and very clammy: faftiug beasts and
fatting sheep are very fond of it, and thrive upon it
very fast. I think it not proper, to give- it to. bevies,
or milch-cows^. as I think it is too hot;, t wish it not
•to be reported' in my name, as I did it focmyowB
ieourity.

♦^ Your-'most obedient humble servant.**

Salt. — When the unsettled state of the weather has
damaged the hay in the field, salt has not unfre-
qucntly been used, by sprinkling it 'with the hay in
forming the stack. Mr. Edsaw, of Fittleworth, and
hi^ father before him, have constantly adopted this
practice, in the proportion of a gallon of salt to a ton

•

of hay. Mr, Edsaw has applied it to the hay which
has been well made, as well as to that^which has bcien
damaged I.

8FXX.

1&5

s ■

* -'V • •

SfECT. IV.-r-^EftDI^ra,

* AftbH the hay is ctii and carried, pasture-land bf
iBhially'fed with cattle and sheep. Few traces o#
fiiny well ordered systematic arrangement are bera
Tjisible. In the Weald, where much of the land is'
under ^ass, the aftermath is pastured with bullocks^
<x>ws, young stock, &c. That admirable practice,
ctf reserving the rouen for the pinching part of the
spring, when all artificial ,proTenderfaib, arid before
the young clover and other grasses hav;e began id
throw out their slmots, is hardly known in the county.
7he Earl of Egremont has usually some portion of
the Home-park wattled off for this reason, either foe
Ills' Lordship's dijFerent flocks, or for the^leer; and
experience has declared the -beneficial '^flfects of it, fov
now he has it in hib power to $liply the hay for other
purposes, and save a considerable consumption by thJ
deer,

1799. His Lordship has oontinued this practice t0
the present moment, and with increasing success.* He
is now practically convinced, through a variety of
severe and open winters, that the resource of rouen il
one of the most important that can be secured on a
farm. It is also a constant practice with Mr. EUman,
atGljrnde, and Mr».Sherwin, at Petworth. Mr. Ett-
man usually saves 40 acfes. '

Upon flock farms it is usually important to ensure^
m provision of this nature, to supply the place whicl|
the deficiency of turnips, rape, rye, &c. unavoida^
bly occasions at that season of the year;

In the nvirshes which border upon the sea, we find
the grazier covering those ^ile and exuberant levels

I3S FECSIKC.

yfith the ^rr^fost quantity of stock which the soil i«
capalile of bearing. The stock upon these manbes
consist of ciiltle ati well as sh^'ep. In (be Level of Pe-
Temcy, citttle were tinlvGrsally preferred la sbeep^
The marsh ground about Winchelsea ami Rye^ as it
wants fresh >kalerj has been thought better cakubled,
fnr sheep : these groumtii are univcrsRlIy stocked wittt
tin-IB ; and the general rnle is, to have no snore bul-
locks than whiit are sufTicieiit to keep the pasture fine»,
which is usually one to three or four acres. . Peveirecy.
ka«ng plenty of wafer, was considered as better ailapti
«d for oxen. It should seem as if this circumstance-
had goverited the custom of the two marshes: tbo
soif aad rent are nearly the same; yet tliere aie very
few fbrliincs made in Pevensey, but many ahuut >'\'iiiT
«helsea and Rye ; and this is attributrd to sheep being
fcnml to turn out so much more profitable than oxen.

But fhroiiglioot th(i whole range of Pcvcnsey
Lerel, it is to be oliserved, thai the numlx-r of sheep
Iiavc been very much incnasctl of late years. Grit-
ftcrs have now discoverwl, from (he late rapid ait-
Tanccs in the single atticte of wool, and the ittill iiit
creasinj demand fi>r if, that sbr«p pay far belter tbaH
beasts, whilst the loss is companilively less.

It is not the usual euslom to wintei-^raze cattle.
The land woiiJd be (oo nineh poaclieil, antJ tlicrc is no*
always a siifllctent quiUility of grass to feed IheIn^ In
warm wealhet the herbage grows so thick and luxarv"
•iitly, thai the grazier's own stock, witb what he is
fble lo procure frpm the hill-iarms, is insufiicicnl
to pare it down ; but then it is allowed, that when the
^rass springs up in this very rapid manner, there
littb: substance in it.

tXen are gm^iaUy cmployi^iil In the|ieveU to

dfty

re » M

inoif ^^

^wn the oyer-gmwa hcrbnge, tm it grows rank, and
«ftcop or cattle 4ure not iodined. to feed nlpan it. An
irresistible proof would this be, that they are greatly'
under-stocked (if superficially considered), and vtenred
dily in May or-Junie, wlien^in ihc gxeale&t.luxitrtiincc4

The increase m the quantity x&f &beep anaiially pa^vl
tured, is to bcaccountedfor £rom the good joianagefnent
4of the grazier in laying hi& lands dry, by opening and -
Iceeping clean the ditches^ and making drains at prx>»
per times to receirc the superfluous watens. Tiie ia^
Production of sheep, has also very much contributed
ito augment the fertility of the land, and with it, tho
quantity of stock ; as sheep, by their close bite, pare
4pwn grass mudi neater, and tfayerefore leave no such
^aste as cattle : moreover, tliey expose the ground to
be mellowed by the winter frosts, and which produces
in the spring a much finer herbage^, and a greater abun-
dance of grass, "which in itself is cquul to maimre; not
to mention the amendment immediately flowing from
the sheep.

The profit of these marshes is very considerable, as
"may l)e gathered from tlie following estimate.

The capital necessary for stocking 100 acres, will
beat least 490/.: 350 sheep, and 130 lambs, and about
a score of bullocks, of difierent ages«

Annual Exposes upon 100 Acres »

Rent, at 25s — . i'.125 0 0

Rates, at 4^ « ** 20 0 Q

•Tithe, at 2s ^. 10 0 0

Scot, Is.Gd 7 10 0

Highways, at Gf/. in the pound, 4 •>•«.... 3^6

-*«^

Carry forward, #..< £* 163 12 6

Brought

158 FBCmvG. '

Broiight forward,' «..>f. 165. Ill: •6''

Church-tax, ^t 4rf. .......^ ..*.. . 2 O 0*

Labour, U. per acre; tfaistling, Is. ; > 15 0 0
' fences, 1*. ^ .■ \

.Uraminff, ••••••••••••••••••••••♦••••••••••••••••••o«i»««*« - s^ mnf 'v *

Looker, •••m«.mm-— •— •— .••••-m«.m— •— •..iL..^** 5^ 0^0

Lambing, •••-— •«•— ..t^MUp*.*^**.— ..m*^.*.^.. 15 0

Olattmg, .......^ ^ ^ ...«uJ^ 0 5 0.

Washing, dx. per 100, •••-..^--Mf— •»-•*• : 0 6 0;»
Winding,Tnarking, attcndance-of three ^ * ^ | jg 0'

men, at 3s, per score, «.^«— ••..- 7
Keeping 150 lambs fhirty weeks in the > qq jc Qt

Weald, at 3s, per. score, «.....*—.... 7
Driving into the Weald, and back > . 4 g n'

again, 12*. Srf. per score*, -«•*..— V
Other incidentals, 6d. per acre, ••«...«— ••••^ • S 10 0
Allow for six oxen, gcwt. of hay per 1 q« |o q

week, at 8s. 6rf. for 24 weeks o»ly, J

««.

;f . 268 i (>

>4-

•4-

* High as this- calculation may appear* to *ome, it is accurate ; for t
•end several hundred lambs into the 'W'eald, and cannot estimate my ex-
{^enses at less than what Mr. Young does, though they may be spme^'
what more. These must vary according to the eountary they are sent to#
and the distance they are driven. Some may not drive them so far as I
do ; others I know drive them still farther, and at a greater expense.
When the acTdommodations cfn. tbte road, the many turnpike-gates they
pass through, and the men employed in driving, &c. are taken into the
;^ccoust, the calculation of the author is founded in accara^yv— ^ ^mi^
tNy-matsb- Graxitr*

* f- Product*

190

•

KimiTG.

; \

••t*

J »;/• :• i .

Jfl :

Produce.

■ • .1

» ' •

lOO^inrcthers, atSSf .•....^•-.«..— • j^. I6> 0 0

Siac ^ ^fatting beasts, 140 slone each, at7 .Qg * ^

, S^T 3d .............. 5

Eijg-lit two-yearlings, at 6rf. per week for/ a n O
- SO week% •...•^.•.....•.••........••f ••••»•••— -•# 5

SiiK jearlings, at id. per week, for 20 1 o n o

WwolofGO wethers, 71b. at lOrf 17 10 0

Ditto from 40 ewes, 51b. at9</. . , 7 10 0

394 4 0
£xpcnscs,° .....M...M........ ;^. ^8 1 6

1S6 S 6
Per acre, ...... ;.. , £.\ 5 2f

Tile profit of mAi^h-land wfll appear from the fol-

^owing account df 160 acres, Guildford's, near Hye:

ill

^ original ^purchase was 7500/. It. keeps six cwcs

P®** Here all the summer, and three per acre all the
^^ii^^r.

Expenses.

•«t«t,^ftf7500/.trt4| per cent. ;C".«37 0 0

•^O^sWeep, a«90s. •■. ■ mO 0 0

^ bitllodkt, at' one < to four acres; be- 1 gpQ q q

**oefi 1116 'Siiecp alt 'ov. ....ftMM.'.M.*MM*..*... ^ '

'*^eit of>l«80/;^t^veper cent. ...^...•, 64 0 0

Carry forward, .... £. 16S8 0 0

t60 FERMira*

nrought forward, .... £. 1688 0 0

Wiisliing and shcarinjT 48 score, at 9.< 4 IG 0

Taistling, Sd. ppriicrc, »--» 5 G

Losses, tno and II h'lir per cent -... 33 0

480 sliecp put out to winter lo May-l ™ ^y

day, at 3s ..» '

Kiitcs and taxes, » „ 64 0

Expenses, ^.1866 3

Produce.
960 shcop, at 40.v. Gd. viz. -,

:f . (944 0

Wool,

0 a o'-

440 0

*0 bullock.,

£.S 0 6

Produce, „...

Expcns: s, ............

Prolll,

,-... £-.S3St 0
ISlie 2.

. — £.517 17

0
»

. This id staled in a Singular way, to.sttcw the prC"*^**
6f these marshes. What common fxtm wpuld 1
to have the interest of the purchase of (he fce-simj
charged to U, as an expense in the same way i
West India phnUtion .' Yet here is that and «
cha/^c paid, tind above 500/. a year proQt c
^vould leU at 40?. per acre. Bat te mqertttin wb^^
would very weU answer to give fyi it, let iu cftlc
Vs for a tenant.

- »

DEEDING; 161

Expenses ds above, •m.;..«...«.^..;..^— •• £.1866 2 8
iJeductiuterest, li ;. — .-.. — i.i.-... 337 0 6

£.1629 2 8
(Suppose reiit at 3/. ;....-i««.— •;«..m^«......«. 480 0 0

Alid additional taxes^ * ;*.u;.m..— •-m.......^. SI 0 0

_ — i —

;^.2b30 2 8

Produce, •.;* — ;...; — ..... 2384 0 0
Hxpense^, . ;. — ...; 2030 2 8

Profit, .ui...4M....i...i....4 £;333 17 4

W^hich bn the capital of 2000/; is 17/. 13*. per cent. ;
i^oun. which it iH plain^ that when lett at SOi. and 40i.
>er ^cre, and farms rising flroni 1000 to VOOO acres^ as
"^yond Winchelseaj th^re i^ no wonder that tbqf
^^t^ld be esteemed good farms. Some years agO the
''^iit i^as 22#. 6c/. \ now much highen

■^

• i !<

^twEX.l y^ CHAP.

CHAP. IX.

ORCHAEDS,

IN the western parls of Siissrx, are some conside-
rable orchaida ; and where the soil is adapted to the
fruit, the plantations are thickly interspersed, and the
cider held in much estimation, as it makes a pleasant,
palatable, and nutritiouH beverage ; and as this
county contains a soil well calculated for the produc-
tion of it, there is no doubt but that new plantationr
ojight be made to considerable advantage.

The neighbourhood of Petwortli yields the best li-
quor of any in the county. Lodsworth is nolcti for
tlje excellent flavour of its cider. The Author has had
thepleasurc of tasting it at the Earl of Egremont 'stable,
of a superior quality. The best in Sussex is produced
ou his Lordship's estates, and at Sulton, Bury, Big-
iior, &c. At Sutton, Lord Egremont constructed a
press, which was obtained out of Herefordshire. It is
only in a slip of land under the South Down hills,
that the cider culture is in any request.

The soil which is considered as best adapted to th«
fruit, consists in a sort sandy rock basis, with a stratum
of a light, but tolerably rich hazel mould. Strong
clayey soils here are not suited to cider. The sorts of
fruit are various, aud the cider is componnded of dif-
iereut kinds ; the chief of which arc vulgarly called
pear-npples, maiden-apples, cockle-pippin, &c. Suf-
ficient regard to the choice of the fruit if not attended

ORCHABDi. X6S

to ill the maiiher it ought to be. Tbe harveM is at Hoi j-
jrood ; bat the time much depends oii the ^ifluence of
th^ season. The apples are piled in the Orchard for
texm days or a fortnight^ to mellow ; and three or foot
inonths after being made, it is thought fit for the

• *

table ; but this depends upon refining i fifteen bushels
or fruit will make a hogshead of liquor. The market
is chiefly at home*. Some goes to Petworthj Mid-
liLm rst, &c; but the greater part is consumed by the far-^
♦'^^^ir's family and labourers. The price varies from
i^Wi to I5(fi per gallon;

MS #HAn

CI UP. X.

WOODS ANb PLANTATIONS.

SUSSEX is one of tliosi" counties «Iiich, from
ihe reirit^est antiquity, lias been celebraleti for the
I growth of its timber, priiicipallj oak. Indeed no
other part of England is able to vie with it in this
fespecf , if we consider tbc woods, eilher in regurd to*
the extent of them, or the qualities of the timber they
produce.

The quanlily of land cannot t>e estimated at less than
170 or 180,000 acres ; and (he quality of the oak tim-
ber may be collected tromthecircumsfanceoflheNavy
contractors preferring it in all their agreements, and sti->
purating for Sussex, before every other species of oakj
The reigning fi-afurcof the Weald, is its timber, in
which it is enveloped, and Overspreads it in every di*
reclion, l!i»urishing with great Inxitriancc, and so
nfilurally adnpfed (ft the soiij that if a field were sown
with furze only, and live-dock excluded, the groOnd
in the course of a few years would l» covered with
young oaks, withoi.t any trouble or expense of
planting.

Before the Norman Cowjiiest, this part of the king-
dom was one continued for&sf, estending from Hamp*
shire into Kent; and ilie, number of parishes ending
with the Saxon word, hursl. or '.hxkI, area strong pre-
sumption, thill they were iir-il cleared and cultivated
by sdtlers from that nation. h\ the neighbourhood of
Salehurst

ITQOQS AND PLANTATIONS^ 165

Salehurst we find no less than eight adjoining parishes
ending with this word. At the Conquest, these wood$
were valued, not by the quantity of timber, but by
the number of swine which the a<;orns m£iin.taine4.

The great demand of late year$ for bark, l\^& hffca
one of the chief reasonsi for the extensive falls of oak,
which, \n consequence of the high price, has advanced
so considerably , that the fee-simple of extensive apd
well wooded tracts of land has been paid by the felling of
timber and under-wood in two or three years ; and that
upon several^ estates in the western part of the county,
the value has increased full 100 per cent. ii\ tlie space
of twelve years. When Sye take into consideration
the turn for improvqmentj apd that spirit which has
teen so strongly exemplified in the addition which the
Jiighways have received, and the more easy commu-
^lication to sea-ports than formerly was the ca,se,. by
<^xtending the inland navigation of the county ; by
^naprovements in the rivers, anU by opening friesh
(^Uannels : these circumstances thus connecting the in-
terior with the coast, facilitate Ihe transport of the
timber to the dock-^yards upon much easier conditions
^^hn what was ever before practicable, Consequently
^c find that the quantity of oak which has. of late years
^^n sent to Portsmouth and other places, has exceeded
^^e amount which was transported twenty-five years
vack in the proportipn of four to one; and from the
survey which has been dra\Yn o.f this county, as well
^s from the prevailing testimony of experienced Survey-
^^s, it may be relied upon as a fact, that far greater
quantities of oak timber have been lately felled and
PWried coastwise from Sussex, chiefly to the King's
y^rds, than the country will in future be enabled
P^*rmanently to supply.

M 3 Tfie

166 WOODB AND PLANTATIONS,

The quantify now standing of a size for the Royal
Navy, when brought into comparison with what haa
bi-en within half a century, is indeed inconsiderable i
and as there is but little regular succession in reserve,
it follows that tlie annual supply will necessarily grow
less. How far it is an object of importance to the go-
vernment, and of profit to individuals, to pronipte the -«
cullira'ionof oak, shiill hereafter be considered. The -=5
subject is not an unimportant one. T^H

Underwoods, ^^^M

The mode of managing the underwoods is, to cut '^W'
them from eleven or twelve to fifteen or sixteen years' ''^_-
growth ; upon favourable well growing soils, from .^^
eleven to thirteen : upon poor grounds, from fifteen to ^C2>
eighteen. The age of cutting depends upon the qua-, j — -■
litres of soil, ^nd the application of the. crop, so thai ^' *
po fixed rule can belaid doiyn, other thriu the gene-. ,=—-'■
ral one above-mentioned, from eleven to sixteen years. — '■
The Earl of Egremont's underwoods are cut at twelve ^^'^
to sixteen years of age, where the growth consists of ""^
oak, beech, alder, and willow: the underwood ia .^s-**
then the niost valuable part of the convcrsiwi, except ^
in ihe vicinity of hop- plan tat ions, where the poles, ,?**■
pay a inuch better price; woods which abound ^^
with birch, ash, hazel, and willow^ of which hoop^ ^

are usually made, at ten to twelve years of age ;
pewly planted grounds are earlier cut; the shooli^
are more rapid.

It is worlhy of remark, and deserves noting, that un-;
derwoods at twelve ^ir thirteen years' gro>vth, are as,
valuable upon some soils, as they would be if cut
^own at a later age, especially if they are advantage-,
pusly planted in the neighbourhood of hop-grounds ; as
poles

WOODS AND FLANTATIOM. 167

poles of that age and size are equallj as good, and
answer all the purposes of larger ; and -when the un*
derwood has exceeded the size of poles, its utility is
no otherwise essentially serviceable than as it is valu*
able for fuel ; the younger therefore it is cut, if fit fojp
nui^rket, the more productive it will turn out, and the
sooner the succeeding crop will be ready for sale ; for
vben underwoods are left too long before they are ciit,
•besides growing slower, the interest of the money is
lost for which it might have been sold. The coppice
upon the most growing soils (for considerable is the
difference which exists in this respect) is worth, from
S^. to 10/. or 11/. per acre ; but to gain such a pro«
duct, the land must be exceedingly kind.

Application* . .

fllie purposes for wliicli the coppice is converted are
▼a.'K'ious — poles for the hop-plantations, bavins and
si^TT^ay-faggots for the lime-kilns, cord-wood for coaling,
hcK^ps for the use of tlie coopers, besides affording an
^t^lLindant supply in fuel, and other purposes* Of all
tk^ various species of underwood (excepting perhaps

*^c3Ler), ash is the most profitable: the smallest piece

•

IS of tise in some shape or other, and adapted to a

g^^ater variety of purposes than any otlier wood. Ex-

<^^ J)ting Spanish cliesnut, it forms the most durable

pc^les for the hop-planters ; for whose use the various

s^^rts of poles may be arranged in the following manner t

1. Spanish chesnut,

2. Ash,
S. Oak,

4, Willow,

WOODS AND PLANTATII

S. Maple,

8. White birch.

This last is (he verj worst for poling to any stze^^ *— ^
But the light in which ash is considered as so valiiahle^r- :=*■
is the application to which the shiverers convert it ii^^^:^'^^
quartering it into middling, long, and short hoops. Ii^^cr^W
this respect its value is clearly ascertained. JJircfa oiu^^"^
poor wet soils, pays well, and is rapid in its growth ; :^^ ;
but on all soils where the alder is in plenty, whir.h,^^ )
as it makes the best charcoal for the gunpowder- ma—— -
nufacturers, b the most valuable of uiidcrvTood, is con— '•
Tcrted to patten-poles and powder-wood. Palten-pole^^* ~^
cutting, are 9j. per hundred: they meet in general^t-**
from three-fourths to one foot each, and sell for 3rf. per"^^-^'
foot. The powder- wood cutting and stripping is^^-*"
3s. 6d. per load, which is sold for 1/, is.

Value.
The value of underwoods, like most oilier produc-
tions, has advanced considerably in their price of
late years. Those belonging to Battel-abbpy, haye, it
is said, more than doubled (heir value in twenty years.
The immense trqcls belonging to the Earl of Ashburn-
liani, have equally increased. Before his Lordship
used them aS fuel for his vast lime-^vorks, Ihcy sup-
plied several furnaces with charcoal in casting cannoa
for the use of Government ; and although the demand
"^as great at that time, «lill it was to be bad at a lao-t
derate price. But when the art of exlracling sul-.
phur from pit-coal was first discovered (for that coal

i
I

ctnUt^

WOODS AND PLANTATI0W8. 169

fK^Uild not work in ils natural state), very good cannoii

^ere made in Scotland, and in manj other places ; and

the expenses in casting them having turned out so

iQ^ich lighter than -^ puld be the case at these furnaces

vitb charcoal, of course the manufactory ceased in

Sassex. And when these iron^works, which took off

and consumed such prodigipus quantities of wood, de-i

serted the Weald, it was but very ireasonable to conr

elude, that wodd would then be procured in the gr-eati-

est plenty, and consequently cheap ; but the contrary

has been the case ; such a new demand has been cro«

ated for the consumption of these extensive underwoods^

in burning limestone for manure, and the great and

fitill increasing call for hop-poles (3600 to the apre,

and from 16^. to ^^. per hundred) ; all this, with an

increased population, and a better syi^tem of husbanr

^Iry, which every where pe^rvades the whole country,

^-ve the reasons why wood-lands have been rising in

value; and some people considejfr tl^etti i|8 tbe m6^t

jpi'ofitable of g^nv land whatever,

Soil.

That the soil of this county is very congenial to

Oak, is apparent from the growth of it, which is in

l^afiy places astonishingly clean and rapid. It is a

"Weed which springs up in every protected spot. The

l>est soil is a very strong and stiff clay : the red clay

>s well adapted to the growth. Lord Sheffield haai

young plantations which are remarkable for their

quickness of growth ^ and the Earl of EgremontV

?heasant Coppice, which consists of several hundred

^cres, is another instance how well adapted the soil is.

tq the production of this plant.

Xea Plnnlalioi

III newly planted inidcr woods, it is to be oljscrvrf
Ihiitia the first cutlins, whicliismaiie lit sevt'ii or eight
years' growtlij tbe profit is little or nolhing ; — in the
ei^ccKid it is still incoiiddcrable; su tliat tor sixteen
yeiirs Ihe return from young planlntions is trifling
(not a very encouraging prospect to a planter); —
tbe third is the most prolitablo culling, as tbc phiii_
lation lias uow readied its ultimate perfection ; — tbe^
fourth equals the third ; but after (his the coppice ad-
vances no more. The cffi^ct of the youug limber is
now visibly apparent to the prejudice of tiie under-ai
wood, wiiich in sixty years, if the trees bi- left tv
ttaitd thus long, is destroyed.

A fine nursery of young timber is rising in 8tari^
•toad-forest, lyhicli in anollicr century will most am-
ply contribulc to fill up the place of that which has-
lafely been felled, The soil of this forest (960 acres)-
principally consists of strong stony land ; on sonic-
parts of it there is found a deep and rich loam. Tlie
£ieafer part of it has liecn replanted with oak ; soroc
^i' which the father of the late Mr. Cafhery fwho
' ,ivas (he agent and superintc;idant of (he estates)
planted, and the remainder by Ihe son. The ground
was turfy -, and (he iiielhod which he adopted in soyr-
_i»g it was, 1o make a Utile hole in ihe ground wilh
,(!ic broad end of a picke-a\p, into whieh an acorn was
planted, three feet apart from earU other. In the
j(:ourse of twelve or fourteen years after the phinliiig,
^\k first (hinnuig took place, and every four years
qOer, this opcralion wns conlinnud, tjdiiiig away
ihose trees that impeded each other. The land,
pi'io?

WOODS AND PLANTATIONt. 171

prior to its being planted, was valued at 4*. per acre
to the landlord. A curious circumstance occurredi
the following spring after the acorns had been
planted ; for Mr. Cathery looking over the nursery,
upon examination discovered, that the mice had eat(?ii
holes in the greatest part of the seed ; still the tree$
grew up, and few if any of them failed.

Profit.

With respect to the profit of timber, Mr. Glut-
ton is of opinion, that it pays 5*'. per acre per
annum, and the underwood the same, and as the rent
of the county \s about the same, the timber brings the
'^'^ciods to a par with the arable and grass. The value
^f oak at a hundred yjBars ijrowth, is about 7/. Lord
Sheffield has sold out of 30 acres of wood, the feet
^^^^plc of which has not amounted to ?Q0^ 100 trees
^^1- 1000/. and 100 more for 400/. But these trees
^^cl done so much damage, that the underwood which
^^ fourteen years growth, before their being felled,^
-^rl sold at 40.?. per acre, at the same growth after
*^Xling, f(»lch(Hl 7/. 105. per acre. This is a remark-
•^^le fact, and \vhich deserves calculating: 1400/. from
»0 acres, is 46/. 13^. per acre, and that divided by
lOO, the supposed growth of such trees, is 95. which is
"Uie rent per acre per annum which the timber p^id.
Tlie growth however, instead of 100 years, was more
likely to be double, which diminishes tlie rent in the
same proportion. But taking the account as it stands,
the trees did mischief to the underwood, to the amount
of 3/. IO5. in fourteen years: this is near 8s. an acre.
Hence it appears, that the profit of the timber was only
about I5. an acre, even upon the supposition that
|rp^s of ten pounds each were no more than 100 years

growth.

WOODS AND PLANTATIONS.

groivtii. AVliercver one crop is made to grow io tb<
Vrfjiidice of nnotlier, this will generally be found tc
be the case. Trllows are preserved as well from stulw
an from seed, if not too old, but those wliicli arc pre-
fcrred^ npring frqin aciiriis. Woods well covered wilh
timber, rarcty Itiivc manyllirivingtclluws tli»l reiiiaiti.
since Ihvy aru overshadowed, and riud a dlfficiilly in
fighting Ilieir way through the branches of the otliei
trees; the eifect of which is, that a gtuxl succession ol
young oak seldom tollows ii fall of old limber. .StMl"-
timber is by some people preferred to the growth froni
feed ; for when a good stub is cut, the succeeding
loot springs up full three feet the first year, when
an acorn hardly makes ils apiiearitiice abore ground;;
(ind fine oak timber, two loads to a tree, Imsbeen cul
from stubs ; though it is very seldom (hey make goo4
lin^lM-f Hecs,

Uiit no where tliull wc (ind oak to flourit^h wilb*
preatcr Vi\nrinnfP than in the neigh l)onrh«>od of I'et—
Yorth. The X'axI of Egremont bus felled several
acrcs,^ which proilueed a profit of 5tJ0/. ptT acre. Th?
circumstance of 3(KX)/, lieing raised from I he sale oP
fiOO trees, eannot fail of proving how ^ii^-iiial the
soil is to (his plant, '^i Ihereforr, the advaiitnge o(
limlx-T is any where strikiiig, when ronneeled with
|tn>fi(, ueetjieft it in those situations where it floun
Tidies with th<^?rcfllnl sticrrv. But noluithstariding
the iibovornientioned priHliicIs, gn-at as (hey are, the
ciop is n h»singone. Some of ilw best thriving woods
on the PMworlli estate, cJrnr Vis. per acre per unniiin.
tttiffofdin^ tcood is of this description. It adjoins a
farm of his Irtinlship's of 130 ncrrs, which is lelt at
yV. per Nnnuni, am) it is very near the laiiil in his
VVn iumvdiatc (K'cupaliou, and urectM-ly |(h- same

UnooOfl AHD ]?LANTATlON«. 173

^ ii soil which yielded 373 sacks of wheat upon 54 acres
•df in 1794.

Raffplding wood mcasut^^ 23 acres of 14 yean
growths

Amount of TiniWr, Expense of Barlc^

Bsrk^ &c. sold. In^, cutting up iTellOwt cUared.

Wood^ &c.

Tcliows, .... 80 15 b{ .... 23 12 8 .... 57 2 4^

Which is 91. 9$% S^d. per acre, or 3*. 6{d. per acre
per annum.

Amount of each Ar- Expense of cutting Underwood
tide at the Sale Price, and clearing the cleared.

Coppice.

£• s. d, £. s. d. £• s. rf.
U'nderwbodj248 10 Hi.... 112 0 0{ .... 136 ID 11
Which is 5/. 18*. 8rf. per acre, or 9>s. 5^d. per acite
annum.

Tellows cleared, .... 3 6^ per acre per annum.
XJnderwocd, 8 5|^

Total, .... 12 0 per acre per anrilinii

So that the gross produce of the most flourishing

j^Ood, in soils Avhich arc sinc^ularly adapted for oak,

^^^ SO*, per acre per annum! whilst the produce of the

^*^^^ine sort of land adjoining this wood, which is under

^^title and corn, and calci luted at no more than three

''^^^Tncs the rent, is above seven times as great ; and if

^*^ raise it to four times the rent, which is (hen under

^^^ mark,' the gross product of the same sort of soil is

^^ore than nine times greater in corn tliaii in wood.

Age.

Woods axd plantations.

Age.

Tlip opinion of surFfjors, and other well informer
persons, yury much ns to (lie age af wliicli oalt arrive
at perfeclion; and diflerent periods bave been as
signed, from 100 to 180, or 200 years. Their opini
Qiis no less differ as to Ihe mode of managing woods
Bomerocommenil tlie bringing up tfees ofdiBerent.age
in the .same field, and as often as any of them Brrir
at maturity, to fell tlio^c trees, aiid leave the rea
standing, t» be cut in succession ; wbibt other persons
of equal s\i\\, advise, that when the great number a
the trees in the same wood arrive at their full sue
the whole should be cut donn, aud the ground com
plelely cleared and replanted.

Felling.

An oat never comes to perfection under 100 years a
least ; and the fall of the best timber in the countj
will not average more than 4/. a tree, top, bark, &c
all included. When a wood is properly stocked, fivi
trees may be taken down per acre at each felling of lh<
underwood, and tcllows saved in their place. If thirtj
trees are left upon each acre, it is generally supposes!
to be a quantity fully sufficient to arrive at any perfec'
tion. People however differ upon this point, anc
some think that not morr than twenty or twenty-fivi
should remain u[>on an acre ; for it must be observed,
that if the limber is too close, the ujulerwood must
be of less value, the price of which is raised in s
greater ratio than that of timber.

AVhen a tree is six inches in girth, it becomes tira-

berj and when the^ are worth 40$. tliey nertir pay in'

ieiat*

H^OOnS AND PLAKYAtlONS. 175

terest. For profit, they should be always cut when-
ever the tree fetches that price, A very considerable
gain will then arise from the underwood ; but when
the timber is left standing 100 or 120 years, the
toderwood !§ effectually destroyed. When felled
at an early age, the value per foot is certainly small,
but if kept to such an age as to become an object of
national defence, the value decreases in proportion
to the affe of it.

The following is a sliort calculation upon the uti-

iity of early cutting timber that grows in coppices, by

^he very ingenious Mr. Upton, of Petworth, the Earl

of Egremont's timber surveyor, and the same person

^ whom the Society of Arts lately voted their gold

^etlal, for the plan and model of a new barn^^ which

^^ lias lately invented.

^^fjpose one acre of coppice grounds

t:o contain 100 oak trees, at 55 years/- £,]00 0 0

growth, worth 5

-^t. 100 years growth, worth (which > ^^^ q q

- "Vvill seldom be the case)

^ c:ut down at 55 years growth, the

300/. by compound interest for thef qsr. q ^
Remaining 45 years, will accumu-
late to

^dd to that 45 years growth on the \

ensuing crop, exclusive of the loss f^ 80 0 0
of underwoods, , 5

£. 1020 0 ' 0

" But," says Mr. Upton, " if this mode become
general, small timber would be of less value, and
our Navy fall shoft of a supply of ship-plank."

Th»

178 WOODS AND PLAXTAlIOHSf

Thehigh price which oflate years has been gained fa^
timber, is as much to be attributed to the VEilue of the
bark, as it is to Ihe worth of llie timber. The season
Ibr felling is regulated by tlic time of barking: when
titcsapben^s to rise, which usuiilly takes place in
April, the tree is (hen felh-d. Bark pt-eled from young
tress, is much superior to that which is stripped from
older ones ; it abounds more in sapj and there is no such
waste ill it , as the hard and dead part of an old tree ia
drcisodj which is uof the ciise with the other. In re-
giird to the timber) the trees that are growingj and
formed to make four-inch plnnk^ are left standing for
tliat use, and such as are growiilj; and forming for
tliree-inch plank, are frequently left for that purpose^
-williout ever conttidering whether they will pay by
standing for such scantling. The other classes of tirabeif
arc large logs, to be hewed, small planks, and timber fo^
carpenters' use; but all timber that lias finished itif
growth, shouhl be i:nit;ediatety taken down, though
110 lur-fcr than a pole; whoever keeps timber after it
has 0!opp«:d its groivth, will lose the value of the tim-
ber in scv-enlecih years, with the Infefest of the money
it might have bren sold for, and llic injury done Id
(he tiiicJertvfio.'l by its 5t:iiidin^, aird prL'venling the
iiuc cess: Oil of tal.iftvS.

Improvement suggesiedi

It must seem surprisii-.j!:, that in a country where iivi
?C;ivy is an objtxt of such imjHtriahce, and in a county
likeSusbex, \v!ien;oak might be cali.d its staple coni-
r;ocl:ty, no coinplele tri.ih have ever been made of iu'
creasing the tlurulion of timijiT, sO easily pMcticaHe,
and si> important in its consequences. Espctiipenls
buvo been incidentally tried by the Navy Board' on
winter*

WOODS AND PLAlTTATlOirS* 177

Mftxmtar^felled timber, stripped of its baric in the usual
season, and the tree left to dry till the following mu-
ter ^ before it is cut down* But stripping the tree of
itiK t>ark, and allowing it ix) stand in that state thiee
yeci.rs to season, before felling it, has the same etfsct in
eonLverting the sap into useful timber, as allowing the
t re<* fa stand with the bark on it for twenty-five years
longer, would have. In the spring the trees are teem-

•

^**S ^ith Tegctalion, and their cavities overflowing
^^itli sap, which, if the tree is felled at that season, re-
»ia.iii8 in the pores: ihm it putrifies, leaving the
^I'eo full of cavities, and ihc timber weak. Besides
^11 t.hb, it breeds worms, and is liable to shrink t for
^'«^9e reasons it should seem, that during the winter^
^^^on the sap has retired, is the prQperest season for
'filing. The solidfty, strength, and duratiom of the
^'^'iier, is thereby incnsased, and being exposed to
'^^ eflbcts of the sun and wind before felling, is so dried
hardened, that the sappy part in a manner be*
les as firm and durable as the heart itself*
XjTpon the whole, it is a singular, curious, and inte*
^^^tig circumstance, and experiment has confirmed
^^^ b^efidal tendency of thQ measure.

'he Policy of encouraging the Growth of Oak^

Wo not hesitate to question whether our policy in

moling the cultivation of tr!nl)cr is not erroneous.

xn aware,^ tliat there does exist in the minds of some

^^ple a predilection in favour of tvoodlands, which

^^es from an idea of the suporior comparative

"^^fk of them. Hence it might appear a degree ot

^^^sumptk)n in an individual to controvert the

^^^^eral sensO^ of a county, when it ci^ruee along

^DSSJStO N with

178' WOOD* AMD PT.AitTATIONB.

• vith it the fair and pluisible ivpix-arami' of being
founded upon experiaicr, nnil flic result or r&Ublkhnl
practice. Prcjadin- is nol cnsily iTadicitlcd: fo
combat rt with stirrrss is mi ciisy Insk. Syslcins taken
up from fjither (o son, ^jtliniit iiny iiMcntive iiirrKliga-
,tion of debtor and crciiKur, in inqiiiritts like the one
before i», are for ever orciirriiiij, Jf tlio iiiiijcal. rests
upon facts, the qiipstion was dt-cidal before it was
propO§ed. Iiisfancps lihivc already Ix'en produced,
sufficient lo eonviiu-e miy nnprcviidia'cl person how
ptofit^bleisa timber cslair, nhi-ii \nil inlo competi-
tion with cattle nnd coTn.

The statemenis nbove-menliimi'd proved un annual
loss to th£ public, npoii the cnmpnrutive gross re-
c^ipt, to a considerHbk' amouiil ; and as it is a ques-
tion too important lo Ix- passed over without some
further investiEaiioii, I shill tlirow lojiether a few fc-
marks upon a subject which hits Ixvii much misunder-
stood,-and involveil in ernii, from orcnpiers, or tlieir
surveyors, nol having paid a siilTirient altciition to
matter of fact.

-Tlie arable and pasture in tlie Weald may be cal*
ulaled at 425,(KK) nerps: the noods, pinntalions,
coppice, shaws, Ike. at !70,(MX). Tlieexact amount of
either is not malertal in the omsideration of the present
subject, Tht" compar.itiv<' produce by wood and bj
corn, merits ubserval inn.

The common system of husbandry in this part of
the county, is a fallow, two crops of corn, aiid one of
clover.

Wheat,

VOOIM AND PIiANTATXPNt« 1T9

^Vhcat, two quarters and a half, at44«.M £i5'10: X).«
Htraw^ stubbie^ chaffy — ••— m.;.*..^.^.;*.*..*— . 1 10 0
^Ats, 4qrs. at 18.^; •••— «...«..^..— «..*...ij««*.... 3 13 ' 0
('lover, twice mo wn> •4.....—«.««*«o«.*.tf«...M...«* 4 10 0

£'4t)l5 2 0

^rodijce per Jtcre per arinum, «;..m..*;.— .^ £.3 li 6

^ow, in <^disr i6 draw up the comparison as favour* '
able to woodland as impartiality admits, the foIlowiAg
*8 a crop o^ 23 acres of wood gfowing in a highly fe«»
^ourabie soil lipon the Petworth estate, and exceeding
much the Average ValUe of tile county «

Produce of Timber i

'^2 feet of timber^ ««.*m«m««.4«*4«««»««««*m*m j£*«19 11 1
2 loa.ds37cwt.3qrs. 191b. of hatched bark, 51 . 3 3^

7 ^tock 3| qrs. from ditto, ••*«.#...«4......... ; 5 16 . 3

^^vins, *....*...... — * ....».....*«.^* 4 4 4f

80 15 Oi
^^ppice, ...*•..•...•...*. i ^>.....*. 248 10 llf

23)329 5 Hi

■*! I ■■

14)14 6 8
'^^r acre per aunum^ •).«k«...*«i..«-««.«i..«,.*^««4« 1 0 5

■ I II I "■ III II Hi t* 1

. Produce by corn, ;C'3 ^5 (5

. iDitto by wood, «..i.i 1 0 5

' I ■

I)ifference, ..^••••.i. £.2 15 1 periicte per atmiiiitA

Hift>

Hence there appeam abalance of B^ i5^i Id. per an*
kuiti, estimating the gross produce, agttinst wdodhnd ;

k9 so:

I8C WedM AlTtt Tt,A»TATTO*8.

stk times the rent in one i;istancc, ami not twice i
the other. And be it ob«'rve<l, lliat tli(!«^ 23 acres of "
Innd grubhei! up, would yields like (he luntl in (lie
ileiglibourhofKl, at least a iirodiict of 3^. 15*. 6d- one
year willi aiiDther. it" we call 13s. of this prcifit or
rent, and put out to priicliciiblc coinpttund interest
in 100 years (and a leas growth caruiot be allowed ,
for oak), and then sec wluit it becomes, if we adi
another 19*. for farmer's profit, the dilFcreiice is i
greater. How much more then, if ive ground the c
culation on produce, rather than on proDi ?

The most material point in the present inquiry is.T
tu ascertain the cause why arable and pasture arc rated
at so low a value, when it is known, thiitthro|ighoutthe
kingdom in general, the same sort of land would fetch
a rent much nearer to 20.«. than 12s. From what sourcej
is this difference to be derived ? Is it lo the soil, (
ftiie, or to the management ? It is the effect of that '
infliieiice so Strikingly obvioits to every observer,
*1iich die cultivation of timber inflicts upon the
land adjoining it. I do not exaggerate when ) state,
that the culture of com is in many places enveloped in
a forest of timber. Viewed in a national light, its
eftbcfs are sometimes distressing. Traverse ibis
county ; remark the state of i^ in those parts which arc
teeming with timber; observe the corn surrounded by
ft frtfestin every hedge-row; and then calculate the mJa*
chief: the damage it receives is hardly lo he estimated.
By aiming at too much, neither is gained. Without
doubt, the considerations upon which tenants occupy
their farms, are muilc compatible with such effifctt.
It is the public who is the greatest loser ; but landlord
and tenant come iii for no inconsiderable share of the
k)£s. J have viewed many ftclds of corn, wliich the

QlUIB^I

&pt Iwyest weath^ itould acafodylmng^tPiniltiw^*
l^erhft]^' the former is satisfied onrtlw l!(ip)re|i/irlMta^
iOie pipprietor iadulgeatiimvelf m af^vi^, :tjk«|sl^
are better things thanielose clipped JMdg^f ¥1^ If 99^
them fields of t;prn/ S«ck assertions ^re witbpfit p{iiii'»
l>er: but.tke pre^^nt coodition oif the tepaiitrjr i|i
the Weald, is ajreAitatiou of such ideas.. ,• %•'
r«' /The singular /Custpm of shazo^ must be cojadjouuiedr;
i>niad belts of underwoods, and. treses, two, three, afi4
^onr rods wide, around every petty enclosure. Tjfp
Jkndiord isftenacious of preserving them? jbecau^ tbefr
jifiNrd protectioi^ to a quantity of t^^fa^r; fuid tl\e
leoaiit is allowed the underwood at th^Q regular pi^vw4
of cutting. The history of this . custom is evident^
Long since the t^mc Qf the Conquest, the vf^^lp
eouTity was a fone^st : fields . of gnuss,.and tilhtge werp
opened gradually in the woods; andwhilst lai^iTfls
.eheap and pl^^tifuly no accurate attention, paid ip sue*
ilDunding them with . fencca, tlie forest coutiniiing to
jfonn a sort of fepce. Carelessness and ill husbwdrjr
continued the pr.actice, till at last;the landlord, fi&d*
ing the sweets of great falls of timber from these shaws,
made it an article in the lease, to preserve theip
against those encroachments, which an invproved system
-ef husbandry would be for ever necessarily making
•upon them. . The country is very generally wet; the
iheans to air and dry it hero used is, to exclude the
'spn and wind by a screen of underwood, and a forest
roiuid every field: these arc small, so that a great
mimber are so wood-locked, that it is not surprising
• when the corn is not ripened. At the same time
•that this mischief is done, the wood itself is (timber
excepted) but of a miserable account, as any one
•inay suppose, when he is informed that theae shaws

N 3 have

we WO'Ons AND PLATtTATlOKi.

have a fence ouTy on one siilc, and consequef
are exposed to ba r:iloii by llie caltk- thiit grnzc^
the Heldfe: hence we fiiid an imperfi.'ct sy*tem i
wood, and an injiired one of coth.

The arable and pasture in the Weald amount, i
before remarked, to 4So,0r>i') acres. Of this, suppJ
we strike out 195,000, as not materially affrcted by (hi
timber, &c. the reniaininp; 200,000 Bcri.'s arc imdur the
full influence of it, Xon-, in ortltr to brio/?: Ihis torn
^r with the other land in Ihc neiyhl>i»wrl'iw>d, the
tenant conid an)ply iill'ini to pay an additiuaal &.v.
per aere, and he a considiTablo^jainiT by the burgaiH,
provided that the country was laid open, and the petty
enclosnres cnlarjred. Here then isannnTinal toss tn
the public of 7JjOOO/. a year, resnllini; from th<MTiisT
chief which these shaws cause to the adjoining hind,
which is a clear aimnnl deduction to that amount frnm
the value of tho woikIs; so lliat lhedama{i^ whichl
predilection for the cnilivalion of woods occasions '<
the crop of corn, is nwirly in proportion to the i
which the plantation pays its owner.

The advocates in favour of (bis species of propM
tell us, that it is the Ijest land of wh icli a. proprietor c
be possessed ; that although the estates may be of
large extent, he occupies Ihcm himself with success
and advanlsge er|iiat to llie mo!.l attentive and txouoa
mical farmer ; that to make hiniiiclf maMcr of i
business requisite in this line of rural economy,
not require the labour which attends the cidtivatioii
of an arable farm, or the management of live-stockj
that lie h)iB only to order >i>id see Ihat good fences
arc made round the «iiods, to prevent their being da*
maged by the inroads of cattle; and when fit for the
>. sell (hem in the ^

taiifl

WOOM AN^ PZfAMTAtlOm:' 18S

(ail, bjr cutting the wood himself^ lie puts them u^'
tb sale by auction ; the customiiTy mbii to many parts .
of the county; that he'issure^ by this means, of re*
ceiTing the feal valne. In short, that it b a safe, im-
^ jprovtng, and ralaable treasury.

Consider the iitflneiice of woods and forests in a po*
litical light, as afTectiiig the dearest and most impor-
tant interests of the kingdom . Here the evil is flagrant
enough . To encourage the growth of oak in a kingdonl
rapidly increasing in population, wfieil we have so
lately experienced to our cost, the sad effectsof inability
to feed our own people, is not giving encouragement to
what ihost demands attention. Recent ex])erience has
taught a lesson of instruction, fresh in the memory of
all. In order toward off the apprehension of a famine,
We have been under the necessity of importing com to
A vast amount; and in 1797, the balance against us wps
f<^T no less a quantity thnn one million quarteYs of
"Hrheait, and very nearly another million quarters of
Outs! To have com in abundance, we must, in the
first place, lessen our forests and woods ; for in pro-
J3ortion to the size and extent of them, and the waste
land, must be our dependence on foreigners for a part
of our food. Apprehensions of scarcity are periodical,
^nd manifestly alarming to government. Butcher*
nieat, although it has lately declined (written in
1797), has been for some time at an unexampled
price ; almost all the'' productions of our soil have
doubled their value. Under ttiese and similar consi*
derations, does it not argue a singular want of fore^^
sight, that people should be found who will stand up as
advocates for a wilderness, on comparison with corn,
cattle, and sheep ; ifor the benefits whicli arise froi^
^p^si^j^ wood, instead of feeding our own people. It

N 4 is

b-ctirkXM eaougli, that the woods in.tbifi opmityi!^
gmbbed up and |>l$tnted with wheat,. ]VYPuld add fltPf^
than 600,000 qoartens of com tqtbe aatioiifd prodppe.;,
and this is a quantity which, if we look at the ,fl|i|fUi
annually paid for the importation alobe^ is oC, i09Ui
eansequence ; compared with it, the produce by wopd
is too small to merit observation. ^ .. -^

But it will be said, that political views render. ^^
{MToduction of timber necessary. Sqch views should
1^ ext>lained; they will in all probability djscfftTfl
tliemselves tobexott^n. ^' Convert your timber iflito
com, and the nation is undone. What becomes of
the Navy — the wooden walls of old England ? Grtfot*
ing that it is for the interest of individuals to grub i^p
their woods, still oak must be raised* and that tpo ii|^
quantities, or the me^s of national defence disap««
pears.'' — ^As if the additional wealth treated by the
conversion of timber into tillage, would not be abh)
to command the most unlimited supply for the Nary*
Deal we find to be a commodity as essentially ucces*
sary in the construction of our houses, as oak in title
building of our ships; yet where is the inconvenience
of importing it ? The North of Europe, and Ame«
rica, hold out such inexhaustible stores^ that any ap^
prehension of scarcity is unfounded, and what proves,
the scarcity to be ill founded is, tliat the contract
price for oak in the King^s yards, has not ad-
vanced for more than forty years ; a decisive proof,
either that the quantity has not declined, or that the
foreign growth is ev(Ty way adequate. Scarcity is
complained of; the scarcity of timber is unexception^
libly the most convincing proof of national prosper
yity. To complain, is preferring a produce that
yields SO^. t^ another tlis^t at least |>ays 4/^ In pr<^

|M>rtioQ

W^^BC ANB FLANTATIOIIS. 1S$

pcMrtidn Its odr woods and wastes are made to vaaisk bo
(&m^ popvlalion iumI com> must be <l)^ scarcity of wood*
A& tbe'kingdoiii- advances in cuUivation, woods and
fiMnests are made to disappear ; and if our fiiemios make
Use of foreign oak in building their navy, we may
nardy do tbe same on at kast equal tonns.

In wbaterer ligbt this subject is consideiDd^ who*
til er in respect to the landlord, or his tenant; to in*
di^vidualsy or the public, tbe woods are inferior to
coY-n; and the first step to an amelioration of the
¥l^eald, would be the diminution of thorn*. By pro*

perly

^^ I cannot altogether agree with the Reverend Author^ in hit ideas of
tk^ ^eald being so much enveloped with woodlands and large hedge-
tory^r^ la some particular places it certainly is, and would be an ifii«
P^o^ement to grub and clear the land from hedge-rows and tim)>er,
'I'^'Us far I agree with the ingenious Author ; but surely this praptica
^^^.^iiit not to be followed, except where the soil is kind for corn ai^a
iiet the bad soils remain, by all means, in the san^e woo^y statCi
the addition of a much greater quantity of it being planted with
}, as a nursery for timber. The greatest improvement that
be made (and done with the least expense and trouble in that dis*
''■^^t), would be for landlords to take away from their tenants from ten
^^ ^^xty acres,^ in proportion to the size of their farms, of the very
' r land, which in its present state nobody receives any benefit from ;
I am satisfied the tenant would be glad to get rid of the good-
*'^*''— nothing land, as they generally call it, for a small compensation ;
**^^ this landy which now is looked upon as not worth cuitivatiou,
^''^^>"^ld most probably in a few years be valued from 6s, to St. per acre.—

-^11 ideas of the present value of such land, derived from the applica-
of it in its unimprwed ttate^ is liable to error. Where is the g^oJ-fof
*iug UmdT I am acquainted with little land in the Weald, properly
called, and the region of timber, which nobody receives any bene*
9^ IFrom ; for the great tracts of waste-lands form no part of the present
9^*^atioii. But however, uking them into the account, and connected
^^*^ the farmer's other land, they pay some rent, not less than 2s. to
V* peracre. Taken at 2/., the produce is 6/. Now, should this plant-
ing

!8S W006B AVB PtASTATIOHB.

pcrly lessening them, tlie improvement of such heavj
soils would already be more than b;iirciirrie(i throuffh
and the consequent success ^reat, rapid, and effective
Com and cattle, mntton and wiiol, would mark thi
progressive improvement nf tlic county, and thi
Weald, in lieu of Iwins; covered willi ivowds, wuuk
smile with plenty and jirosperily.

To those gentlemen who are such sticklers for oti
couraging the production of timfjer, it will lie ret*
satisfactory to observe, that the Suwck woods, undc
proper management, Hiinld more th;in sopply tl*
Vh(Me lloyal Xavy.

ing tpcculation of raifiup co|>plce, ai a nurspry for Ijmlier, lucceed, !•
biui calculate the progre&Bivc inciea^c of Vi. per anuuni, at cumpoua
iuceieit, during the term Iiii trees are to st^rnd. Sucli i falcul^tic
nill not turn nul any induceinent lo convert whalcvcc llve-iloijc it is clu
■ iecda itpon them.io timber, by way of a grr^t mfrnaqmt. If il be tM*
thu planting a preferable to tlie present wji.Ic state, tli? (riiriipii/ijc!
is admitted: encloacd and divided, tliey will lie fit for aiiy iipj-.litJliuj,-

.f. r.

J87

CHAP. XI.

WASTES.

THE tracts of land vrtiich come uncler tbe de^
scription of mere wastes, in Sussex, are very consider*
'able ; they chiefly occupy the northern side of tht
county: out of a portion containing, by computation,
500,000 acres, these almost desert tracts take up no
fes^ a space thaii 1 10,000 acres of it ; and vfhsii ren-
ders it the more singular is, the apparently beneficial
^circumstance, that this great range is within the dis->
fanceof 35 to 43 miles of the capital ; and all might
**ot only be converted to the great benefit of the
^^tlnty, of which they compose so large a part, but be
likewise highly productive to the empire at large. It is
pot a little curious, that such immense tracts of land
should be still left in a desert state, when they are
©Very where intcri^ccted by turnpikcrroads, and in the
l^eighbourho<i(l of such a market as London ! These
^re surely advantages great enough to recommend tbd
l^iilture of -them. At first sight, the soil is a disc6u«
Taging prospect ; generally a blackish sand, ferni-
fundus, poor, and frequently verj' wet, over a bottom
f^mposed of an earth resembling marl in colour,
thoiigb not in quality. Under this comes a sand-
^^*>ne ; and over the whole tract, iron-works once flou-
I'^shed. To this ferruginous quality of the soil, its
jP^yerty has been ajjcribed.

Pwn

Paring and burning*, wonld be the mnkin^ of Ihis
eoU: it is the abuse of tliis excrllcnt practice, whicb
calls for condemnation. The soil, though poor, is
susceptible of considerable improvL'mPiit. Andbpit
remembered, that somL' of the greatest exertions that
have been nnilerlaken in this Islitiid, have btvn on
soils poor and sandy, soiik' (»f wliich have not ex-
ceeded these in fertility, and wilhout poswssing any
pf those advantages which arisq from the vic^lity oC
Jyondon. ' It is idle to say, that such a soil is taC
poor for profitable cultivation. That such gfvr»'
tracts in Surrey, as well as in Sul.scx and Hampshire;
fhould be suffered tu rpmnin ill Uieir present slate, 9
B niosi unaccountable neglisence, and to a superficL*
observer, a nuiUve for conrhiding, (hat yast citic-*
instead of shedding a benign iiiflueucc over the nei^H
bourhopd, hare a tendency to the reverse. Tl
wastes, only within tO oi' .50 nidcs of London, woof
supply that city with bread. ^

The gri^atest improvement 1h:i( I fciiow undc*
taken in this county, has been efiecled on (he St^^
park at Petworth, smiic yi^ars ago, by the yarl ^
Egremont. Previonsly (o i[s ln-iiis imprnyed, it wn^
aa entire forest scene, ovcrspresul nilh bushes, furzes
some timber, and rubhisii ; of no kind of use, u.
we except a few miserable and riigged young s|odj>
which it anjiually rcaral ; and wonld no( have Jett lb«
more than 4*. or at most 5s. per acre. Tlic uit4ci;t(iJ^
ing of converting lielHren 7 and 800 acres of l;in^
was an exertion to be expecled only iVnm an atMn^atw
and enlightened improver, it was begun about s>|,-
teen or sevenU'eii yi-ars ago j the limber sold, Ibe fjtv-
dcrwood grubbed} and burntfd into charcoal up9ntl||,e

wAfTEir* 189

spot; and every part of Xtxs pArk has b^h aiaoe
ihdvtei in lire most eflfectiial -nKiliBer: the wMe of*
itciidoHed ktvd dividikrinto properfielcb, and planted t
ro^'Ultirly with white*thorn, all of winch h^ beea-
tniined in the nontest manner. All* the cr^pa Hpoii >
(he ground sncceed each other in a system of oortHA
cultivation, and so luxuriant, that few tracts of SOs«
or 30^. ])(*r acre, can be said to b^ more productive,
extraordinary fine crops of wbeat and oats are raised^
as higii as five quarters of the one, and ten qnai^ers df'
<be other ; fifie crops of barley and tares, and va^ ones '
oFtuhiips ; and aftificial grasses ; ctov^^ my, chifooYy^:
^h^ &c. in a^feat profusion,

it is thoroi|<s^hly well stocked with Susscfx^ DeVCH* :
^ir^, and Herefordshire cattle; flocks atid iattingt
^'leep of the Somth Down and Spanish brsid^ jUtossf^j
^^r and Romney : the whole of it is a garden.

Since the first edition of this work has been pub-

**feil:»cd, some considerable tracts of the poor sandy soil

*,y ing along the northern side of the county, have been

^^■■c>ught under a course of improvement. Mr. William

^^^^ton is convert intr a part of Tilgate forest, by un-

^^T^itted exertion, into a well ordered and systematic

^^^angcment of crops, by denshiring the forest (here-

^^^^brc no other than a rabbit-warren) ; and it well me-

^J-ts attention, that no plant or root that has yet been

*^icd upon this land, seems so well adapted to the soil as

potatoes. An account of the expenses and produce of

^ix acres of the forest, very recently enclosed from

tVie warren, was sent by him to the Society of Arts,

• for which the gold premium was adjudged last year.

These six acres, the rent and all the taxes of which

amounted but to 6s. an acre, gained him a produce by

potatoes of 80/., which is upwards of 131. per acre ;

a proof

Mfl WASTES.

tf proof hoffw oil suited is the culture of potatoes fo tW^
bnd, morepnflicularly when we take into coiisidcrati <"
that tlie soil docs not appear to have bet*n chosen frc»
any circumstances of superiority over the rematniV ■
of the warren : ttfe preceding crop was oota, and th «
yi^ed so badly, that the piece wiip then considers
by Mr^^eaton as not worth the expense of ciillivatit*^
a^d for two years it was thrown open to the rabbits. ^
Oclobn-, 1796, it was enclosed and plouj^hcd ; Marc 1
f797, harrowed, and soon after cross-ploughed; t"!
tN^nning of April harrowed again, and sorm afll
ploogbed a third lime ; in ten days harrowed a thL
time, and ndged up for dung(12cari-loads per acr^-
andbeforc April S.5th, SO bushels of potatoes planle-*
In June they were hoed and earthed up, and
October 250 bushels pec acre were taken up.

191

CHAP. XII.

IMPROVEMENTS.

SECT. I. DRAINING.

TfllS operation is not yet thoroughly under.
*^ood ; ihx: pracf ice is confined to a few spirited indU
vicliials. Hollow-draining is the first improvement
^w^Tited ; though it is rendered difScult to execute by
^he nature of the soil. The tenacious properties of the
clay very greatly retards, and in some places abso«
*utely prevents, the stibsiding of the water. In this
cni^se, surface-drains only can be of any use; but
"^iiorever the upper soil b formed of a greater propor-
*'Oti of loam than of clay, the water will pass through
^^ xvith ejise, and the operation may be attended with"*
^^^5it success. The trenches arc made three spit (two
^^^^t) ill depth, and from fonr to eight, or ten inches
^^*^e, at bottom, and eighteen inches at the top ;
^^^ ides the spade, the trunking-tool, and the scoop^
^^^ used. Thd small spray of bush-faggots is^trod in,
to , -prevent the materials (as sea-beach, stone, or
^^^^d-stonc) from settling at the bottom. In the neigh^
^^^Virhood of the sea, beach is used, and it serves for
c:ellcnt -drains, and lasts for cVer. It is commonly
d in the drains about 10 or II inches thick, over
^*- a small quantity of stubble or straw.

- But the art of draining has lately received a, rein-
^^^cemcnt of knowledge^ from an important discovery
Mr. £lkington. - His system' is not so mTuch the

construe-

cor iction of tlrains,, to draw off any witness occ:
R L bj- rain, or overflowing, &c. as the moi
coinpliualecl operation of draining lanils, rendered v-i
by subterraneous w:ili"rs nrijfinatin'^ in hilts and risin
grounds. To discover tlii; bi^ads of lliLttc spring!
Is the main point of llic work. His knowledge tin
experience in driiiiinir bo^i^y land, brou;;ht hini tol
employed in vurifnis parts of 'lie kingdom. Amoii
other places, he cainelo Petwortli, where the Earl <
Egremoiit soon cut out work for his ingenuity.

Lord KgreinoHt wunling a supply of water for h
lake, Mr. Elkinglon was of opinion thn! it might I
gained from a hirge hill of sand-stone, which had a
ready been drained into several small rehcrvoirs, froi
. which the water was conveyed to the lake but in a nms
quaatity. Undertaking to procure a ninch largi
stream, not only by discovering more water in the Jii
thao was at present known, but also by diverting sod
Aprings which break out In a common oa the oth
side of the liili, lie agreed to convey the water into tl
park, by cutting his Uoneiiisoii ( lie east side of the hil
in order to draw the \uiter which issues from the nort
and west parts of the hill upon i!ie common. M
Elkington pronounced, that by boring, the mti
should be made to boil in Wis trenches like a fminUin
When his drains 'nere finished, it appeared 4fai
no water was gained by them. Mr. Elkingtm tiii
that thb was no faidt of his, as the springG weM n
perpetual, but dried up in summer. Iq vetj fh
weather, such as 1797, Ibis might be the case^rlx
the drains have been running from that tine toitt
very strongly ; all of lh<;in in their origiilai chv
nelSf and none in Mr. EUiington'ji, , . ,/

toRAiNiNa. I9S

*riie plan upon which he proceeded^ was to sink a
ditch from the level at A

^p to B, where it is eleven feet below the surface ot-
the ground 5 he likewise bored down eight feet lower,
and found nothing but clay. At C, he did not carry
^P a ditch, but sunk a well six feet deep, and bored
dowu seven feet lower, where also it is all clay. He
then sunk a ditch from the level A, round the end of
*^c hill to E ; the water oozed out a little all the
^^y ; and at D, and a few yards each way, there is a
^Hfiart spring, as much, or rather more, than the well
above ; but the soil is composed of such loose stones
a'^d sand, that it immediately sinks, and runs into the
S^'^Und. At E, there is another little run : the bottom
^* the ditch at D, is six feet under the surface, and
tne hill rises very fast. At B and C, x^here Mr. Elk-
*^gton expected to find stone, and a hogshead of watet
every minute, he neither met with stone, or one drop
^* ^aterk There is a well, and a spring which con-*
**^ntly overflows about five feet perpendicular, and
^*^ont ten yards as the hill rises above B. Mr. Elk-
^**gton said that his trench woulJ lay the well dry ;
J^^t the spring flows over the well as much as ever*
**^s charges for this were SOL

«tJ8SEx*J o Another

j\nother affcmpt was made by Mr. ETkingtonT to
drain a meiiciow called Budbam, lying below a gently-
rising groiiiul, and along a river. Mr. Elkingloii
conceived that fliis meadow was wet from springs ia
^lie hill, and that cutting a trench above 500 yardsj
wmtld cut off these springs ; attd as the water in the
river was higher than the meadow, he laid the mouth
of his trench iuto the river, two feet below the surface
of it ; he contending, that the water of the spring*
would run into the river, without the river Tunuing
into his drain.

He was toW, tl)at the wetness of the meadow va*
owing to a milt-head penning up the water above the
level of the meadow. There was -ar ohl ditch for car-
rying the water from the meadow iuto the river, whe*
it was low ; this he said might be stopped up, as his
drain would answer the purpose. Wlien about 900
yards (rf" his drain liail been finished, he found thfrt it
did not answer his purpose, and he deeijened it two or
three feet; but when finished (at the expense of 100/,),
the effect was, that when the ditch was stopped up,
the meadow was flooded by the aprings, as his draiit
did not answer the purpose of carrying the water olF,
although altered backwards and forwards several
times ; and when tlie ditch was open, the meadow
was flooded by the river. When Mr. Elkington was
last at Petfforth, he said that some of the springs were
beyond his work, and he could only recommend ta
bank the river out at Ihc ditdi, and to build a wii
pump to pump the ditch dry.

After this unsuccessful undertaking, Lord Ej
mont took a quite different method. The level of the
meadows on each side of the river having been taken,
it appeared that the meadow-ground on. the oppi

he oppo^t^^_

llRAtlTTNd. Ids

*ide was beneath the level of the meadow which re*
'Quired to be drained, and consequently that the drain*
Ing could be effected by a trunk laid across the bed of
the tiver ; a wooden pipe was therefore laid at tl^e
bottom ) to receive the water of the ditch, and it wa9
carried on by an open drain passing through this
other meadow, on the opposite side (which it also
drained) up to the bridge, under which it passes^
close to the turnpike--gate, by means of a pipe, and
it empties itself into the river at the milUhead. This
lias answered most effectually, so that the water in the
old ditch now stands always a foot below the surface
of the meadow ; and more than one hundred acres of
contiguous meadow have been highly improved by
these new draias : much of it a mere bog before be-
ing drained, is now converted into a fine water*meai-
dow, and worth full 3L per acre. These grounds
are at any time capable of being flowed by the means
of sluices made through the towing-path, which acts
as an embankment 4 and in summer, if the river is
too low, by fresh streams which flow into it from the
Vpper grounds; and the water can at pleasure be
drawn off by drains into the lower level below the
locks, and sometimes, where particular circumstances
Xender it necessary, by the means of culverts carried
across the bottom of the river. The failure of Mr,
Elkington seemed to proceed from a want of that
theory and principle which might have been looked
for in an experienced drainer,

A third failure of Mr. Elkington's occurred also at
Pctworth. Lord Egremont has a forcingrcngine,
worked by a water-wheel at the river, for raising
•water 178 feet high, in order to supply tlie town of
Petworth. This is an expensive machine, so that bis
t- « q2 Lordship

Lordship would have been at the expense of 1000/. tm
procure nn equal supply (a hogshead a minute), bj
bringina: springs from ilistatit grounds. This Mr.
Elbiiigton undcitook tii do ; but as his Lordship had
seen the preceding fiidures, he declared he would be
at no unrertnrn expense, Mr. Elkinglon ofierod io
procure the requisite supply for 1000/. if he succeeded^
and to pay 1000/, if he failed ; afterwards reduced to
500/. and the water to half a hogshead each minute.
But upon Lord Egremont's having the agreement
drawn up by a lawyer, Mr. Etkiugton declined it.
lie went however to work on his own account, in
order to retrieve his reputation as a drainer. The hili
from which he expected to be able to draw the watq
is of a large dimension, spreading a circumfrrer
of several miles, and is formed of wliyu and other
stone : springs of no great account, break out all
around it at different levels. Mr. Elkiugton took
the level of (he Petworlh reservoir, and fixing »
a spot on the side of the hill abtrve that lev^l
on the gohanna ground, where a parcel of these™
smuU springs break out on the sides of the hill, cut
a very deep trench, atid bored ; but all in vain. He
then tried at another place, where two wnall springs
broke out. Here he worse than failed ; for he not
only found no water, but actually lost one of the old
springs, which supplietl two cottages with water, and
did not even catch that of the other spring, though
close to his trench. In one part of this trench he toli
Lord Egremont's direclor of similar works, that liifl
would, at such a spot, find stone, and a spring tluflfl
would run a hogshead in a minute ; but they found no
gtone, only clay, and no water- There is also a well
and spring at another spot, which Mr, KIkington said

:, in

ther
all
x)ol^^^

PARING AND BITIINING. 197

\fe drain would lay dry : it had however no such
cflfect, and flowed afterwards as much as be/ore.

Having thus described his failures, it is necessary
to observe, that he drained an acre of boggy meadovi^
very well and successfully, though at the great expense
of 40/. Lord Egrcmont considers him as a very good
common drainer, though a very expensive one ; btft
without any particular skill or knowledge not pos^
Isessed by any other good drainer,

I have thought it proper to insert the preceding die-,
tails, not by way of prejudicing any man against *
person who has <5ertainly performed, in other cases,
great and singular improvements ; but merely to catlp
lion the world against an appearance of mystery
and intuitive knowledge, which a certain degree of
success may have given to Mr. £lkingtori*s manner.
It goes only to prove that he is very far from being
infallible, which I have lieard some persons very
'iiearly declare him to be. He has executed works suf-
ficient to prove his merit, and wants nothing of that
^ort to add to his reputation.

SECT. II. PARING AND BUtlNXNG.

This is one of the greatest improvements which land
is susceptible of receiving. ' It converts an old worn-
out turf into corn and grass ; it adds new life and vi-
gour to the soil, and changes the nature of it : but in
the hands of a needy tenant, it is almost certain de»
struction to the soil ; instead of improvement, in his
management, it ends in impoverishment. He breaks •
• **P> pstres and burns, and drives the land with three

o 3 ox

or four crops of c

, and (Lep lays it down a^

The ferlilily of his new land tempts his Tapacily toi^
peat his crOps, till the soil is cxiuiiisted of every p
tide of fcrlility ; and when it is eo rediicefl that no
*orn can be made to grow, can it be womliTcd af that
MiUidlords should object (o a system wliicli is entitled
mly to execration ? It is lUt; gross abuse of a practice,
, when properly conduvtixl, is an adimrable
improvement to any land. If paring nml burning
exhaust the staple, the rent of it, so treated, wrtainly
would not Lave ndvanccd in a few years from 50 to
100 per cent. If it exiracled the nutrition or food of
plants inherent in the soil, it would have had tliu
effect of destroying the productive properlies of eurlh
long since, in those countries where the practice has
been a favourite one for many ecnturtes.

In 17G3, the late General Murniy luid a field down
to grass till he returned from Minorca, ami it was not
one penny the better in all Ihnttime; he then pared
and burned, and limed it with the ashes, ploughed,
and laid it down again directly, without sowing any
corn ; and in all the uplnnds of Sussex, there is not a
finer piece of grass than it has been ever since. This
is a remarkable experiment ; atid we may draw a con-
clusion from it in favour of the practice, tkatiti&
only the abuse which merits condeiimation.

When a farmer pares and burns, he knows (ha"^
he is in possession of a dungliill, and his first busi-^
ness is to get the heart and blood out of it as soon as ht^
can, by corn-cropping I with such management th^
practice is execrable ; but if applied with proper cau-"
lion, there is no safer or better husbandry. This trin,l
might Lave succeeded better if a crop of turnips had
been taken after the paring; th<.sc Rd off with sheep,

ancJ

MANURING. Id9

Und then laid down with barley, wliicli is Imsbandry
C^-nd I name it for that purpose) that is applicable to
pommon management : whereas, farmers will not hes^r
305. or 405. to pare and burn, and 605. or SOs.
ore in lime, in order for grass only, however excel*
ft^nt the husbandry, which this undoubtedly is.

This husbandry has been practised io Sussex hy
l%^essrs. Seaton, Dixon, and Bradford^ &c. Great
s^uiccess for a time attended it ; but from the want of
isxjifficient capital in some cases, and too much corn-
ropping in others, tlie final result was not such as it
ould have been with different management.

SECT. III.^ — MANURING*

The manures used in Sussex, besides common dsng^

re,

Chalk,

7. Peat-«ashes.

Lime.

8. Coal-ashesa

Marl ; and in a small

9. Rags.

degree^

10. Sheep-clippings

Sleech.

11. Pilchards.

Soap-ashes.

12. Paring-dust*

Wood -ashes.

13. Gypsum..

The three first are used in great abundance, the rest
jpartially*

1. Chalk.

This is in great request, and used in quantities from
SCO to 1(^00 bushels per acre

Mr. Peachey, of Chichester, spreads 8 bushels to a
perch. Mr. Gell, at Applesham, lays it down as a

a 4 rule^

200 MAnrriiiNG.

jTilc, (hai if should be exposed to the air for a yenr of
two before it is ploughed in, for the frosts in pulvcriw
it, in order to unite It the better with the soil. Hfl
manures with 140 cart-londs to the acre, each load 30
bushels ; and lie estimates Ihe ex]}enBe at 5/, per acre.
This energetic and spirited farmer hag already covered
his well cultivated farm with 90,000 loads of this ma-
nure; and what app<ars to be Ihe siAjruhirity of (be
circumstance, it is nil done upon a chalk farm. His
exertions, in this respect, hi vt; been qniisnally preat.
In the o Iteration of such infereslini; experiments, be
applies chalk in union with limC; first, ISO loads of
chalk upon a layer; two yiars afterwards, lime for
rape ; a kiln of 12 hinds (o two acres and a half. The
wheat-slubhie, with clover araougst it, sown on tliist
preparation, marked a crop of extraordinary gooilness^
and the clovej. a very superior crop. The expeii&e»^
however, of the improrementj enormous.

120 loads of rhalk, dig, fdl, and spread, 1 y j i •

at is. per score, ^

Four carts and 16 oxen, and four dri^ \ ^ T(T •

vers, 40 loads' per day, tliree days, J
Lime. — ISpO furze fag- 1 y. a in n

gofs, at 6s. per 100, J - _

Six loads chalk, labour, "1 i in n

&c. at 5s. J

Burning, ». 110

Beer.— Emptying kiln, \ i iq q

and spreading, ■'

Repairs of kiln, .„ 0 5 0

Pivjdedbj'twoandahalf, £.S 16 0, gives 3 10 ft
, ^ J "Whicli

manuring'. «01

"Wl^ich expense is invested by a tenant upon land, the

fee-simple of which would not sell tor more than 4ff.

"VVhat say tlie farmers of Europe to this, English 6ne9

alono excepted! It is impossible not to admii^e the

spirit which animates such improreimeiit;

*^ Mr. Lickfold, of North Chapel:

A broad- wheeled waacj^on, eight horses n

and two men, eight miles out and?-^. LIO 0
eight homCj two days, at Ids. per day, J

Turnpikes, 0 6 6

Cljalk dig.^n^S 0 10 0

SCH) furze bavins, the produc(3 of three*^

<juarters of an acre of three years' > 2 0 0

growth, two acres and a half, J

^%jrniiig, 0 10 0

vnptying, «.. 0 16

cirriage of nine cart-loads to the field, 0 9 0

For two acres and a half, £,5 6 6

The two acres and a half of furze jiist as good land
the two and a half it n\anures.

Many of the farmers carry the chalk twelve miles,
^d through very bad roads." — Annals^ 38, p. 660.
Chalk we see highly contributing to the melioration
^^f different soils ; but variety is as essentially necessary,
i^i manure, as it is indispensable in seed : hence it is,
^liat in land repeatedly limed, the effect is no longer
Visible.

Chalk should undoubtedly be substituted in lieu of
"it, in all those districts where the land has been repeat-
edly limed. Soft, soapy, and free chalk, might be
tried to very great ajJ vantage, and marl likewise.
The navigation of the Kother, effected by the Earl

-r

MANUBING.

mont, has had tlie gooil cfTect, among i
others, of dispersing great quantities of chulk in llie J
line of country throupli wliicli U passes, at a mu(;]^J
less expense than is cfiected in flic transport of thud^
commodity by land. At lcast40,000 tons arc disporaeM
in tile neighbourhood of the Rothcr and Arun.

2. Lime.

This is an article of the greatest ronsoquonce whi
chalk is procured in such abundance, as all the ksM
mcrs nse it very pkiitifully to manure their (
chiefly for wheal. But the present use of it rendef
llie expense so heavy, and I lie repetition so rapid,
to put the effect of liming in a very questionable point
of view*. The farmers generally lay it on their lal'^
lows from 80 to 190 bushels, every fourth or fifth yeat,!
and some use it every tliird year. The eSect of lirafc-
is unquestionably great, more especially upon land^ ,
lately broken up, and by a prudent and judicious (lis— .
position in the management, it wiU turn out an excel —
lent manure; but repeated so often, it answers n«^
longer. Indeed, sensible farmers have discovered tlii *
to be the case by long experience, and they mix •- ^
with other manures, or monhi, or no longer use it.

As it is cliiefly with a view of ensuring full crops t:^*
■wheat, that we see such exertions effected in liming, -^
eliall in this place enter rather more at large into III' ^

• " A vtrj juil obiervation. Lime, ai a manure, certainly Iwne/''^
land in some dogrce ; and bo iloughl, o[her«'ide the ei[>enae ia certaid'j''^
thrown away. A»fc 93 /arnwra out of 100, wijether ic pays or nt>' '
they csnnoi rell yoii, for they never calciiLitcd ihe greal eiiienae "*
muiuting tiieir land willi lime. Tlio geoeral answer ii, that it is an ol**
CBtablished rule, ihe cuslotn of ihe country, to lay lime on lo their (»'■"
lowt; but my opinion entirely coinehles with Mr. Young's, that itsel-
dom aostvcTA the expenses." — >*'. F.

practice.

MANURING. 909

pra.ctice9 and describe tlie structure of the kilns in thi«
county, with the method of burnin'^ as practised, as
well iu the tunnel as in the flame kilns.

^s the (;halk«!.iHs extend no further than East*

boiinie, in order therefore to supply the rest of the

coxinty, the chalk is shipped in sloops from the Holy-

woU pits at Beachy-head, from whence it is carried to

the Bexhilly Hastings, and Rye kilns : here it is burnt

bxto lime, where the farmers come with their teams

.a.n.<l take it away at 6d. per bushel. In this trade 16

«Xoops are considerably employed from April to the

nrxouth of November. Nine of these belong to Hast*

•

^■^gs, and seven to the port of Rye, The total quan-
'^i^y consumed at these kilns, for one ytar, amounts
tt^sirly to 633 sloop-loads of chalk, each containing
S^SO bushels, or about 350,000 bushels.

That the public may have all requisite informa«
«n respecting the burning, I have inserted the
count of a kiln, and process of burning, whicli
-I bad from a lime-burner of Hastings, who has been
Employed in the trade for many years. The kiln is
Seventeen feet in the cloar, at the bottom, nineteen in
^epth, and fourteen over; 70,000 bricks were used in
Constructing it, which, at the time of building (25 or

a «

S6 years ago), were 25s . per 1000. It has four eyes

^t bottom, each 21 inches wide in the run of the shovel,

* 5ind the same in length. These are situated at the op-.

posite sides of the kiln, and are used for drawing out,

the lime.

The arched way round the kiln, is eight feet wide
in the ring, clear of the buttresses, which are three feet
thick. The whole circumference of the inside circle
is 90 feet. The conveniences are all excellent, as a
Vaggon with one horse can stand in the porch, clear

204 MAMfH

of the door-nay. The kiln contains abobttiOO b
of clialk, proper coal-mcusnri>; and llie draught, in
full work, is 300 bushels ol' lime every ilay. To bam
one l(iln, requires six chuldron of- tools, Welsh, or
Hartley.

The procesB in buming one of tliese is, to lay at tite
boltoin nlioiit .% fa^irolti, and upon ihiitu smiillquitn-
lity (about tiHlt'ii cord of Muod, covered willi Btraw}i;
upon this is Inid cnul, and npon tbc cnul,'chulk, con-
"tinned in this niaunur till the Kiln is three quarten FuU,
"nlien the fng^ots arc lighted at ihelrallum; and«i
qiiicli as (he chalk is roiivertcd into lime, it is dntm
from the boKoin, and replenished witli fhatk at .file
top, (lie kiln bciiiu; always full. A chatilron and a
half of coids is the i\min\ quantify to SOO biislirls uf
lime. The chalk wnslos ono-fourlh in liie operalion.
■They think that Ihe lime is mnch stronger when buml
i^'ilh coal, as (he chalk is alwa>)i cut into small pi^ns
before it Is put into ihc ptrprlunl or tunnel kiln;
fwhereas, in WicJIiime kilns, the chalk is put iiiltf (lies
' kilns in lar^e pieces, the size of a roan's head, uimL
I larger, without any breaking ; and in the act of burn-
ing, it must happen that some of it will ciliier be luf»
much or too little burnt ; thai, for instance, which i*
placed at Ihe bottom direi;tly over the fire, will be vr^-
equally burnt, whilst that which is at a greater dis-
tance from the fire, will not receive its due portion i>»
ihc beat ; for, in these Darue-kilns, the heat bein^
forced upwards through the chalk, it generally hap-
pens that the lower part Is burnt more than the utlitr.
In the coal-kilns, the fire is eoutiiiually advancing
upwards, and the fire spreads more equally : (try
possess an advantage in the quick dispatch of drawing
the lime; but in the flume-it.ihis, alter the chalk is
burnt,

MANURING. SCk5»

• -

burnt, much time is lost by waiting till the lime is*
cold, and by emptying it at the mouth. Last year, at
Hastings, the price of lime was 50s. per hundred bu-
shels, and a drawback allowed of 5s. per cent, io
those who bought 500 bushels. This yea,r (1797) ihe
price is advanced to 21. Hs. 9d. The demand for lime
from these kibis rather decreases.
'X'he account of a lime-burner at Hastings t

Bushels burnt*

1788, 70,000 -

1789, 80,000

1790, .*. 98,000

1791, 103,000

1792, 80,000

1793, 60,000 ,

A^his decrease is caused l)y the erection of two new*
■^i^^nis, iir opposition to those from the proprietor of
^'* ich this account is extracted.

T^he lime-burners at Hastings, Rye, and other places
*'^^^g the qoast, prefer chalk to stone lime, as being
^*^«r and more yieldinfl: : but those farmers who have
M^^oxi in the habit of manuring their land for a number
®* jears with one sort, derive benefits from a change.
Ihe price of *100 bushels (the medium quantity for
^^^ acre) at any one of tli^se kihis was, in 1793,
^ • lis. 2lL ; the year before, 2/. IO5. and a drawback
^* five per cent. The price is now advanced. The
*^^son for burning is all the summer.

Besides the lime burnt from chalk, another great
*^pply from limestone is drawn from the bowels of the
^^rth, in the Weald.

Of tills the Earl of Ashburnham is almost the sole
t^toprijetor, and the greatest lime-burner in all^ t!je

kingdom;

S06 MAKtrntNc.

kiiii^doni ; (lu'spriij'-fiiffffot nf all hisexfcnsivr wnotli
bring cut down as fni-l for his kihix. Ttiesc limr-
■WorUs are sifuatrd in a valley snrroiindctl hy wivxls;
Biul as llicy JMc of 11 diflercnt constrnction lo the fiire-
poing;, I nIiuII in lliis place inscrl tl«> fnllnwin^ nc-
count of oncof tlinn, with tlit; proenss of burning with
fajrS"'-"'"J'' ) ncriiinpanicil i>illi llic plan, <'Ii-viilioFi,
And Kerlion of one nf* liix I.nrdiiliip'N lime-kilns, for
wliicli I am indebted to the spirited and cnterprisinff
inperintendiiiit of (lie lime-works.

Tlic plan of the li;iK--kiIn, drawn by a scale, nnd
ilu'Hiug the appearance a( different lieights, will en-
able a bricklayer (o build one. It must be set into a
Imnk oreiirtli, and rare taken that no wet c^in liKlpe (it
(bo botlom, which iniiBl be paved with brir.k; iho
treast-wall iibove the fhroiifs, may be done with stone.
laid wllIiDUt inortiir; and the brick:; in ttiR iinidc of
lie kiln, may be laid either in loam or mortar. It
will be necessary lo Iiave a rim of iron, abmil two
jiichcs wiih^, round (he top and inside ni' the llircils,
> prevent Ibe linie-biirners from looscoing the IiricU
8 Ibey put in the fliel. The Ijctich is iissd lo form &
ndy bnse for the arch to spring from : and when
Ci^oitc with stone, it is never liable to be bnrn^ an die
^Ihtibers lie tis lii^h in the kiln, whiLst latrning, t\s iUa
bench; iind iOhe slone isof (hat nntnre which retaiiii
its fllmpe during biiriiitig, wilbout crncking or open-
ing* it does not gel Huiliciendy done. Il liiiti n hateli,
merely fur the convenience of Inking tin- lime out : imJ
the Biaeol'it is nol n!iit<Ti!d, ns, of wlinleversize il niH_v
be, it muftl be closed op wilb earlli and fcloocB during
■ burning of Ihv kiln. 'L'hc (ii*l opemtion is llie
, dmie by loimiiig llic iirchcB of the kibi, uliieli
t' a continuation of thu two throufs, lo the far end j

MANtttlNd* i20t

tond they arc turned higher and lower, according as it

is intended to have more or less stone in the kiln ; but

they generally stand hollow about four feet* The

arches spring from Ihc benches, and care must be taken

to fill up the sides as the work advances, and also the

space upon the middle bench, or the arch would not

stand. There is no occasion to be very particular

as to the size of the stone in the arch, but it may be

put in as large as a man can readily lift. The arch

being turned and safe, the largest stones, about the

'size of a man*s head, are placed nearest the breast of

the kiln ; when it iS filled within two feet of the top,

smaller stones are put in ; and within six inches of the

top, the smallest of all, and as small as possible. The

kiln being now filled level with the surface, it is then

Covered over with bricks ; care having been taken,

dnring the operation of filling, to place the limestone

adjoining the sides and back part of the kiln, hollow^

tvhich assist the flame in penetrating through the

^tone, and meeting with some resistance from the

Closeness of the smaller pieces at the top, is, by that

txieans, thrown more into the body of the kiln. This

finished, a gentle fire is kindled, which is kept up

^ith a moderate degree of heat for fifteen hours ; by

S^hich time the kiln becomes thoroughly heated, the

limestone has done cracking, and the inside of the

Sirch assumes a pale red colour. At this time the work

^oes on as quick as possible, there being now little fear

of the arch failing. It is to be observed only, that

towards the conclusion of the burning, when the kiln

tiecessarily becomes very hot, for ten minutes in every

Jialf liour the lime-burner may stop, and put no fuel

into the kiln, and the operation will proceed on with

the same expedition. When the limestone is tho--

roughly

toagMy burnl, thon: is a clear red fire at the top, and
n appf^ranceof siilplinr upmi some of the bricks niay^
: generally seen in (he hullowest parts of the lime-
kiln. It is then nea'ss;ir7 to throw a little clay upon
^e tops of thosrr brioks, in onler to choke Ilie fire, and
forcethe heol elsewhere, ami, by covering the surface
ifilh dirt, the hcnt is griuliully conducted over the
(^Iixle. M'hf;n conl, (he bricks and dirt come from
e limp without the Iciist injury ; but it must remain
^ hours bi'fore it can be emptied. The tools ne-
ssiiry are ; — ii pfinfr, to push forward the faggots,
Bid sometimes to lighten tliein up in the throats; a
J pole, reacliingto the Tirther end of the kiln, for
forring up the embers, (u make them throw out afresh
Jegree of hcit; a large hoc for raking the embers;
1 a large iron shovel-pan to carry them away. In
mttitig the fuel in, the stronger end of the faggot is
rst thrust forward. The ashes arc worth as much per
:1 as the lime, either for the use of the farmer ot
lap-boiler. The two sorts of limeslouc in use are very
uifierciit in llie cllect which the fire Iia? upon them,
e one, a grey stone, is a mass of marine bhells, and
e exuvias of sea animals; this will at first bear the
Jhocessary degree of heat without danger ; is very
l^ough, and will open a little without flying j but, upon
L' beirig continued too long, will vitrify. The other
9 a blue stouif, very much inclined to crack and tly
Vpit'ces, and requires great altonlinn, to prevent this
e forming the arch, from braiking and letting in
B kiln. By continoiog fire too long, and toofiercHyj
uns into a powder, although it does not vitrify lilte
She other : it is a much stronger cement than the greyi
T chalk. At first, difiiculties may arise in the burn-
, and the stone may tumble iu; but be the dijB*

ci^^H

IJA71PRI1I6. TO9

culty what it may, care and perseverance will over-
come it. It may not be worth while to bind the furze,
when used as fuel, in fagj^ots ; but whether it shall
lie burnt as faggots, or loose, it should be stacked
when cut, to retain its strength, and it may be used
in its dry state ; this mode, therefore, should be
adopted. There should be water near the kiln, for
the convenience of welting the iron over which the fag-
gt>ta afc put, and also for wetting the tools, and the
ground round the kiln, to prevent the scattered faggota
«r furze from taking fire. The top of the kiln should
be level willi the surface of the adjacent ground^ and
^ drain should be made from the hatch round the kiln^
to carry away any wet that may fall, and which would
otherwise keep the kiln cold, and therefore waste the fuel.
The bole for the reception of the embers will be most
convenient on the left hand side, of the mouths of the
'treat, at the distance of five or six yards, so as nei-
*h«»rlo give much trouble in conveying them from the
''ilri, nor reflect too great a degree of heat on the
'"*»-ner. For burning coal, the (HHweZ-kiln is superior
'" "t.hcy?n»i^-kiln, for no heat is lost. In aflame-kiln
til is is not the case, sijiceagreat degree of heat, and
•" »»ch time also is consumed, before it can be emptied.
*^tialk loses one-fourth in Ihc kiln. Those farmets
"Ho for mnny years have limed with chalk till it U
Hseless, by cliaogtng it for the stone-lime, have reaped
g*'eat benefit ; and so, on the other hand, with stone*
h'rxe. Variation is necessary*.

^ Might it not ctiiiwf r, to use thp manure of chalk aoil 3iuae, wIlIiuuI

*^<"jmpoBing anJ dpstToying wha'L may beiLaniDfii fEWnlial Tirlneby fircf
''*'" iiutance, if it wai, in iu natural stale, pulveriipd by large miUi
'"'Spared for that purpose, would it not, thus preparrd, prove *nual!]',

■i*)! more elEcaciuus ? The cipefiinent howef cr U Trorlh irying',

™*tevtr may be (lie effect of il. — I!', /it.
fcUSSEX.J F Thft

SIO MANURING. ^1

The great demand for lime iii the ensfem pads of ^1
"Weald, ijiduced the Karl of Aslibunibain, a few jcars
since, to set about a method of drawing up Ibe lime-
stone from ufidcr ground, for the supply of the neigh-
liourliood. This great nndertaking he has most suc-
cessfully accomplished, and the neighbouring farmers
for many miles round, arc now supplied from his
works.

The lime-works arc situated in a valley ia the ccnfrc
. of Orchard-wood, DLdlington-forcst, &c. The shaft
by which we descended is four feet by five, boarded,
with ladders for the men to go and return from their
work, which is 80 feet deep, more or less : through
this the. stone is drawn up hi barrels, of 3 cwt. to each,
one descending while the other ascends. The whole
■ machinery is moved by a horse, and is the same with
' ■that generally used in collieries. Drains are con-
structed at the bottom to take off the water, by means
of a level, eouliuued as the work moves on, and
» serves not only for conveying away the water, but also
I fcr bringing air to the different works. The process
[ in separating the limestoue from the solid bed is, to
L Jjlitst it with gunpowder: a hole is bored in the rock
I IKith an auger; a pricker b put into this whilst the
powder is ramming diiwn, and when this part of the
operation is finjshetl, the pricker is taken out, and a
wheat straw filled wil.h powder is put into I he place of
it, and a small piece of touch-papiT to the top of the
straw, so as to comniuuicate with the powder within,
and give lime (o the workmen [« seek a place of safely.
"When the rock is blown up, the stone rolls down in
, large blocks, which are broken to a portable size, and
I |hen conveyed in barrows or little waggons, on rooda
framed for the wheels to roll along, to the foot of the
shaft.

IfANURING* 1^11

shad. A boy fills the bucket, -which is draum tip,

and sticked into square yards, being previously

cleansed of all dirt and shale, Tvhich would otherwise

vitrify and injure the lime. Each stack is five yards

in breadth, and ten long: from thence it is taken to

the kilns as wanted. In general, it is much better

that the limestone should remain for a time in this

state, that any remaining dirt which adheres to it,

maj^ peel off with the weather. The situation of the

kilns is close tp the pits, and lower in the valley, $0

tliat the limestone is carried down to the kiln, and the

luljovir fucilituted. When burnt, the farmers oome

^vi^!i their waggons to carry it away. HiS' Lordship

ha,H cjtpened a communication with London, and now

^tids from .Hastings by water. The kilns begin

ing in April* In 1792, the account, stood thus ;.

April, 6000 l^ushels.

May, ....! 8OOO'

Jtme, •.. 26,000

July, 35,000

August, .»... 21,000

September, 10,000

October, 9000

^November, 6000

121,000 bushels,

•»^

Tiespccting these liitle-works, it is impossible not to

tuire the spirit with which his Lordship entered

Mpoa this arduous undertaking, by sending for miners

^^d artificers skilled in the operation of mining s his

^>icce6s has carrcj^ponded to the spirit which first

'^Tiimated his endeavours, ^and he now reaps the fruit

^his labour, in creating a supply for the neighbour^

. p2 ing

i
I

919

MANTKlSG.

tag farmers, which Ixifore was to be

qiiantitii's, and that at a drarpr rale, or it was ublig

to be brought trom a distance.

3. Mart.

In the marilimc disfrtcl, this exccllmt niamirc is in
great abuiidaiia- a few feet under the surface. It is lo
be prererri-d when it contains much of that jjreasj kind
of sonpiness, which has workctl such wonders in va-
rious parts of this district. Great exertions have l>een
used in marling these fertile soils. It is, 1 believe,
niorc or less, found every whereon the south side of
the Downs. Great quantities arc dug out of pits on
the sca-shorc, which are g;enerully covered at higti-
naler mark. Near the sea, at I'ord, &c. while marl
is dug out of the ditches, and spread with great suc-
cess. Mr. Milward has greatly improved his estate at
Ilflstings, by marling. In three years he raised GO ,000
loads; dug and spread at tbe rate of 5s. 6d. for SCO
bushels.

The farmcR spread it upon (heir lands according to
circimislanccs — from 10 to 20 wairgon-loads (800 lo
ICOO bushels). AVhcrcver the soil tends to a reddish
loam, or inclmcs to be sandy, here it is that marling
is practised with the greatest success. With regard"
to the season of laying this manure upon the land, the
most proper is in winter or autumn, upon a clover
ley, for the frost to pulverize it : the field is fed in
tbe following spring, and Ilion bastard -fallowed for
wheat. This is considered as the most judicious way,
but the more general rule is that of spreading it ill
, and theu pluiigliing it in*.

* Marl sliould always tie qa tbe laud H^ Of niglu monliu btfore '

MAvuBisra. 913

' The following analysis of the calcareous «oiIs, &c.
of the neighbourhood of Petworth, W4S made at Lord

£gremont^99

turned under; but the longer it lies, the better it will answer, for when
it is immediately worked into tillage, for the want of tun and froets,
&c. it goes to a clay, and is longer before it shews its good effect : pro-
perly applied, it will be beneficial the first season, and when it is woipa
out, if repeated again, will still answer the better, if properly applied,-—
A£r. Har^*

Do they use wtarl Or chalk for meadow and pasture ? Is the chalk
of the hard or soft nature ? — H, Straebey.

Chalk rubble is used upon meadow land, marl upon arable : chalk is
Used, of both kinds, but the soft greasy, soapy, by far the best.

With respect to marl, I shall point out an egregious blunder, which
•ome time ago came accidentally- within my observation. Being on a
visit to a relation who had lately taken a farm in the eastern part of
Sutsex, on walking over his land, I observed several pits, out of which
^ supposed marl had been dug, and as the land was inclining to a light
Aandy loam, I thought marl might prove a valuable acquisition, and
digging in the pits, I found a soft substance underneath, which looked
like marl ; but on trying it with acids, I discovered it to be a soft day,
^Dn this disappointment, I inquired whether any body in the neighbour-
.^ood had ever found and tried it. I was answered, that it had been
^ried, but was not found to do any good, and that it was eiitirdy left
ofFas a useless practice, and that there was of course a general prejudico
^^iost what they deemed marling. Being desirous of inquiring far-
Cher, I sent to a neighbouring marl-pit, which was said to have been a
^ood one, and used not many years before. I gut some from thence,
Skjod on trying it, found it to be mere clay, nor had.it any marl at all
Knixed with it ; and this farmer's land being stiff clay, no wonder that
adding day to it, did not answer ; nor was it any wonder that, under
^e influence of such an error, it should be looked upon that marling
«uch land would not pay for the labour and expense. But it by no
means follows, that marling, or even claying, with such clay as that
>ras, such light land as that I walked over, would not have been a most
l>eneficial practice ; and I am inclined to think, that in some former
times it had been used for that purpose, or I cannot account for so many
|»ito du^ in various parts of a farm. An error of this nature, attended

P3 witJl

214 MAJJtJRlSG.

Egrcmonl's, at Petworth, by Mr. MiirsliaU, tlie well-
known agricultQtal writer : it wilt throw considerable
light upon the subject of cballi, marl, limeslone, &c_

PeUvorlk, jlpril, I'gl.
Hard Marl of Duncton.
100 grains yielded in one cxpcrimenl 76 gr. calc. maf: •

24 residue — a fizr^kf

r- silt.

Kin

In another experimentj 7S'-ciilc, 21| rcsitliie,
100 grains soft marl of Dunctorij 80 gr. dissolv. mat —
SOresitl. usabovQ>

V 100

JOO Grains Chalk of Duncton.

First trial, 73 dissolved.

27 resid. — fine tenacious sifc"^

Second trial, 75 dissolved.

25 resid. as before.

Tillington Whin stone.

First trial,^ 75 dissolved.

25 resid. principally fine saii^c:—

wilh pernlcioui praclical ronsequenccs to to (apilal a biancli of •jT'
culture as manuring land, deserves animadversion, and Ihe if^orai*
on which it ia founded, dcierveB to be eipoied. The ilerertion of eir"
it alvays a capital aiep towardi fiadijig out trutL~£n>. Mr. Viivia.

Scoot;

MAirnitiKO. . flB

SooondtriaT^ •••— 74 dissolved.

26, asjbefore.

Marble of the Weald.

First trial, ..«.•.•.•• 93 calcareoos.

& resid. blue silt.

Second trial, ...- 92fJ^^^^^

*X*lie hard sandstone of Petworth-park, non«caIcare«
^^9 and the yery hard ragstone non-calcareona. '

•««i

Petwarth^ ZOth April, 17AI.

. Blue Stone of Sutton.

64 Calcareous. '

S6 An ash-coloured friable earth'.

• <

^^halk Marl of the sea-beach^. near Middleton-church,
dug up in a state of paste, as the tide was leaving it.

96 Calcareous,

4 Brown slime, with a non-calcareous gy^um,^

like fragment.

Pet worth, igth May.

Chalk Marl of the sea-beach in Middleton, picked up
in knobs on the beach in the tide's way.

98f Calcareous.
1^ Brown slime, with sonje minute fragment&«

Chalk Marl of Deanswood.

98 Calcareous.

5 A$ above.

»4 May

Limestone of Bust Sussex (brown part.)
91 Calcareous.
9 Rusty-coloured friable carlli.

LineBtone of.£ast Sussex (blue purt).
f>5 Calcareous.
5 Black, gnnpowdci' like silt.

Efflorescent Matter of llio New Road,
fi( ScSatioB precipitate white.
36 Residue, iiriBblecLirtli.

Limestone of Tillington Street.
81 Solution wbite.
Id Residue, £ne sand and friable stit.

Hardham itlue Marl,
8^ Solution, a purple tinge.
91 1^ Residue, grey, smooth, tenacious, subsolubt**^
water.

Houghton Clialk, middle strata.
99 Solution. _.

1 Residue, a bro^vn matter lodged in the pores of * — ^
paper.

Houghton, lower strata,
P7 Solution,
3 Residue, grey subtenacious silt.

Houghton, upper stiala.
99 Solution.
i Rcfiiduej as the middle strata. .

Dancton, East Pit^ upper strata*

Solqtion.

A Residue, grey silt, as the loiver strata of Houghs
ton pit.

Duncton, East Pit, lower strata*

S7 Solution.
3 As above, except the colour somewhat darker.

Dunc(on, West Pit, upper strata.

S3| Solution.
6f Still browner and more tenacious, but perhaps
discoloured in drying.

Duncton, West Pit, lower strata.

96 Solution.

^ 4 Light coloured silt, with some white fragments^
apparently of plaister stone.

f« Marl Flour •' of Duncton^ West Pit.

41 Solution.

59 Residue, tenacious, impalpable, resists water^
like fuUers'^earth, but somewhat darker.

^^ Maamsione V of Duncton^ Bury, &c.

•SO Solution.

80 Residue, resembling the residuum of the grej
chalk, but more friable, and somewhat sandy^

Limestone of Rothcrbridge*

68 Solution.

S2 Residue, a fine loose sand.

4> SUeeh.

Slff KAHITRIITQ.

4. SUerh.
Elcecli, or sea-muiI, Is not uncommoiil; uscJ as ma—
wire in the neiglibourliooil of the sea : (hey spread
from i2 to 1300 buslids of it for wheat ; but the \an*\
has been loo freqiieirtly dosed with it, (o render it ar»y
longer answfcrable. It b inferior both to marl aJt"».^_
chiilk.

6. Soap-.lshes.
Thesis arc used upon pu:>fiirc-liuid ; thpyrpeiid wob~

out grass, hy KjlUng (fic mii^s aud olhtr rubbish, a*"* **
produce a iVesh layer of ^vhite clover. Mr. Clii'ic::^' **
ixmght these ashes af9|(^. per bu&hel, at Cuckfield, • **
179jj and sprcud i?00 bushels to aa acre : the imptov *^^^''
mcut great.

■ 6. Vf'uad-.isfies.
These, like the above, have very murii iinpoov^*'^^
cold and wet pnsUirc-Iaud in the Weald, where ihe^y^
are an c-Lcelleut dressing. The virtue ri'^iJiiis; in ;ishc;i^*^
is very great, and not havin^their manure exhausteA}"
like the above, are much more beuefieial. Small sffot^
of poor hungry pasture have been veiy prolitiibly ,bc-
nefilcd by wood'qsihes, to near twice their value; and
great advuuta^s might be made of this manure in 3
forest omtntry, if attention was paid lo the saving of
them. The Weald is a forest, and the consumption
of wood abundant, and selling any part of his manure
js no advantage to a farmer. Mr. Mayo, at Battel,
mends his pastures, in low and spunsrysilualious, with
these ashes, and nothing can equal them.

7. Peal-Jshes,
Mr. Gell, of Applesham, is certainly one of (he

^eatcst manurers in Suescx. \^'ith lime aod cbalk be

has

MANXJRINa* * ftl9

made very powrtful improvements. He has tried
u-ashesfor various crops, aiid undertakes to s^
r are good for pease, turnips^ clover, and sainfoin* t

8. Coal'Ashes.

i^hese too are a great iraprovcrocnt of grass. Lord( •

remont has doubled the value of his park tvith j

•ining and coal-ashes, which before was covered
fa moss, rushes, and rubbish. The difierence &f the
.^, where the land has been covered with ashes,
I where it has not, is most striking. They have ^
cfcted a sweet bite of white clover and trefoil, liked
^h by sheep. •

9. JRagS'-^Shcep^Clippings^

Vhese are of service chiefly in the hop-grounds, for
Sch they are tliought an excellent manure. Great
feefit is said to be dcf ived from the application of
!ce rags and clippings, in contributing to preserve
^ plantations in a state of constant moisture and ve-*
.ation in the driest seasons, when grounds which
^e been manured with dung, have been dried up^
d the hops failed.

10. Pilchards.

T*ish have always been known to contribute greatly
the melioration of land, by the quantity of obagi-
)us matter with wliich they abound. Mr. Milward
us manured with them, but found no benefit,

1 1 • Paring Dust.

A fellmonger of Pet worth tried this as a manui^ in
js garden for potatoes and cabbages. For potatoes,
ic ejtperiment was very eflScjicious. After the trench

SOT WAXUniNG,

is niiide, Hnd tlie potatoo-cultinf^ placcd^ialtT^e^^flk^
vers with dust, and a great produce gained.

12. Gj/psum.
Amon^ otiicr manures, gypsum, or plais(er of Pa-
tis, hiis been tried in Sussex, but none of these mar-
vellmis properties have been discovered to reside in it,
which sf>rac cxperimenlers have supposed that it coii^«^
(aii)s. Mr. Pennin^^on, of AsUbiirnhani, gives tb^
following account of it; — " Having procured equiw_, l^
qtiiinLities of French and English gypsum from lil^^ac
trreen in the Borough, the following trinls were mac~~»
of it; in every instance asmucli ground was covpri. t-'
■with the one as the other, on dislinct, but adjoin i i "^
upols. On liie 14th of June, 179r, in six diOcrc^^
fields, portions of from 40 jKrclies to four percNc^^^
nhicb were accnrately measured, upon natural grus^^^
beans, potatoes, peasL', and barlt-j, were covered, i^e^
the rate of eight bushels to (lie acre; tlic soil a snr.d^^*
loam, but in whicli the sand is of so fine a grit, tlm^^
every shower makes it poach in winter. On the dtiy
it was strewed, it was showery, and on the I5lh it
rained from ten in the morning till evening. Though
J attentively observed those spots throuj;h the summer
cf that year, I could never perceive uii ihem the least
appearance of greaterlnsuriauce than on ihcsunound-
ing ground. I hoped to see some elfict in the year
following, but was disappninlid. Oil ihc ]3ili of
April, 1799, 1 strcweil in the moriiing, whilst it rained
heavily, two square perches of red clover, sown in
1791 with barley, and which fully pbuiUd Hie ground;
and in the aflernoon of the same day, a quarter of an
acre in the same field, at (he rate of si\ bui>hels to the
acre. Tile next duy was showery, and in the fullow-

land

'inm

ret a
it at

If re.
k ob*

Bite

tund^

wthC'
38 not

y> a*

being

unity

^tttllfd.

»£

feig weA a great deal of rain fell. I coold not at any
llfme in the summer perceive the least improyemenl
from the gypsum. The 29th and 30th March, 1792,
Z sowed patches of wheat, spring tares (at the same
rate of six bushels to the acre) : the SOth, and five fol-
lowing days, were showery, but none of these crops
'^cre benefited by my making use of it."

Besides the above manures, which are partially used,
"there are otliers, though tlie quantities are too small to
specify particularly. Sea^weed is collected, and mixied
auto compost, oil*cake, &c. &;c.

SECT, IV. WEEDING.

The best farmers on the South Downs eradicate the
Wlk and poppy by constant attention to ploughing and
needing ; whilst the fields of others may be seen in a
perfect blaze, as it were.

Charloc is a very pernicious weed ; it is moreover a
^reat enemy to lambs : when they are turned into it at
two or three months old with the ewes, they will fre-
quently die suddenly by eating it. Mr. EUman ob-
ierves, that the real cause of such a luxuriant herbage
of weeds as is too often beheld in tlie Downs, must be'
attributed to the practice in vogue amongst farmers,
which is, that as soon as the corn is ofl:* the ground^
Uiey plough in the charloc, wliich vegetates in. the
ground, and the land becomes stocked with it. Now the-
tumwrest-plough , from the nature of the share, does not
cut the earth, and throw it up so well or so evenly, as
the round plough ; consequently, the ground not being
t^roperly turned over, the kilk has a fair opportunity

^ATEBED MEABOirS.

of vegetating; so that if we examine only a
piece of land undui: tlicsc circumstances, it will
probability contain several seeds of tlus destrui
plant .

Wheat 13 generally liand-Iioed in the spring ; if foul,
tbe operation is repeatfd. Women and children are
employed, nf 6d. and Si/, ptr day. Mr. Woods hoes
his' pease by fixing together two five-ineh hoes at three
inches asunder (bt'tween which a drill passes), in j
a manner, that a inun draws it after him. Of
tvork one man will hoe an acre per day.

Upon dry soils subject lo poppy, Mr. Ellman,
Shoreham, ploughs hts tare and rape land for wheS
the hegimiing or middle of September, to sow the
wheat the middle of October : the harrowing kills this
noxious weed ; and in puttinir in the seed, he Hkes to
fread nuich with oxen or with sheep. A neighbonr
treads his with oxen in March, which he thinks bettej
Bgainst llie poppy limn doing it at (he time of sow!

;ucu
heS^^

.'.• — WATEHED MEADOWS.

On the western side of Susses, that admirable prac-
iice of watering Iheir nusidows in a regular manner, is
very welt niidersiood, and snccessfully practised. The
course of the Lavaut river, from ifs spring-head to
t'hichester, waters the finest and most productive

;adoWs in Uie coun(y. The water is let on the grass
in December, when it waters for three weeks: this
three weeks is Cfpial to all the rest of the year ; for at
this time the moss is entirely killed by it, and. the young
grass will then begin to shoot out in a very luxuriant

WATERED MEADOWS'^- 328

9iannef. In spring- watering, it is usuArft> let the;
water over the land twenty-four hours each time ; and
in xMay the watering ceases altogether. In July, from,
two tojthrec tons of hay are mown per acre, and the
rouen fed witti cattle till Christmas, but seldom with
sheep, as they are found to rot. If wethers or ewes,
before lambing, were turned in, they would certainly
die. Eighty ewes bought at Weyhill fair, were
turned into some land adjoining a watered meaddw :
it happened that a score of them accidentally brokfl
into the meadow for one night ; taken out the following
morning, and kept till lambing: the score that had
broke loose produced twenty-two lambs, all of which
lived, but every one of the ewes died rotten before
May-day ; the remaining sixty made themselves fat,
nor could a rotten sheep be discovered among them :
several of thei^e were put into the meadow with their
lambs, but received no injury. The soil of this niea-
dow ground is cither peaty or gravelly ; it is cut int6
lands of thirty or foi^y feet width, with a drain an3L
water-carriage to each land.

Stock and Product. — As soon as these meaidows aro
mown, oxen are turned into them, at the rate of 100
to 140 stone to two acres, till Christmas ; which at
3^. 6d. per head per week, the accustomed valuation, is
17. Ss. for September, October, November, December.
They are taken up to the stalls for winter-fattening,
and during the three succeeding mouths of January,
February, and March, the same ground is stocked
with two couple of ewes and lambs per acre, which at
6d. per week, each couple for twelve, weeks, is 12^. :
thiS| in April^ is i4icrtased to five couple for six

weeksj

SM TTATERED MEADOWS.

iredcs, which amoiinls to i5s, more. The hay ;
mown in July, and tlie ordinary crop two toiis.
Together, the account will stand thus ;

September, October, November, Decern- j

ber, half itn ox per acre, at Is. Od. pcr> £,1 SO
week, »,...- * ^^

January, February, March, two couple^ ^ .- ^^H

ewes and lambs, at Gtl. each couple, S ^^H

April, and part May, five couple, six > nit rt^^

Two tons of hay, at 40* - 4 0 0

Produce, ^.6 15

The expenses are :

Rent, £. I 10

Labour, — ,. 0 4

Watering, - - 0 g

Kates, 0 6 0

Tithe, 0 4 fi

Expenses, ^.S 6 G

Produce, 6 13 0

Remains a profit per acre, of — ^.4 8

The waters which have been collected from somft-™
hills about iVt worth -park, in order to form ;i sheet of
water in front of the mansion, after passing through
the lake, are let off upon a slope of the park, and
may irrigate five or six acres^ lu the great benefit
of the grass ; and though it is only in tLe winlci'
season of the year that any flow takes place, yet in the
dry time of the summer, the herhitgc upon this irri<<

WATER MEIADOWS. 225

•rated part of tlie park is more luxuriant than else-
where. Indeed the advantages of irrigation are too
clearly seen, to adnrit any doubt of its effects. But
we have a notable instance in Burton-park, where it
has worked little, if any sensible improvement, though
conducted in a very skilful manner.

The Rev. Nicholas Turner, who lives near the spot,
and is thoroughly acquainted .with the ground, is
clearly of opinion, thtit watering this land has not
done one atom of good to it. The soil is an extremely
poor blackish sand. Mr. Turner says, that the slimy
particles of the water which issue from the chalk hills
are beneficial in the winter months, but that in summee
the heat so acts upon the water, that it deposits ita
earthy base, which adiiering to the blade, prevents
the growth of the plant. Whatever be the cause, it
i« clear that no improvement by irrigation is visible la
jMLr. Biddulph^s park.

^^3»EX.J a GHAPi.

CHAP. xiir.

LIVE STOCK.

I. — 'CATTLE.

■WHOFVKR, hiis givn nii]r;i nttcnlion to litis-
indry, and pFacliscd it for any Ifiigth of time, welt
knows, tliatof nil otlicrs, llif pmlTtiible inanagcmnit
of cattle and shwpls the most ditficuTt branch of farm-
ing. It is here that improvement is slow and tardy m
its growth ; and sncccss is least to bi" expected, and
late bpforp it comes. The imiHoveiiicnls by raanurinj
snd draining, with a right application of thi;conree of
crops, have generated great alterations for I he brtlerin
Ihose branches more immediately connected with llip
plough. A new turn has every where been given ti>
the face of the counlry. The retnrn is speedy and
certain in tillage ; in livc-stock it is distant And uncer-
tain.

The breed of Sussex aittle and sheep, and the sys-
tem upon which tlieyare founded, forms the most dis-
finguishing feature in the hnsbaiKlry of this county.
The cattle must niiqnestioiiably be ranked amongst the
best in fhcliingjoin ; aiul hail Bakewell, or any of hi*
associiitrs, adopted the middfe horned breed, either of
Sussex, Devonshire, or Herefordshire^ in preference
1o the infericrr stock which the reputation of his name,
and the mysterious manner in which his breeding
system was conducted ; — hiid he, I say, gone to work
, with any of the above-mcutioncd Iweeds, it would have "
I ' contributed .

- ■ -mr

MA. •'

*' .' -.■"*-/■•?.

. ■£ ■ - ■ ■ •

5S8 «ATTtB.

it is a great national concern, Tvhicb must in its nature
be lasting. The circulation of inquiry, the exciting
emulatian, and instig^ating others lu a rlvalsliip; the
encoiuragement of merit by a great money price: these
are circumstances that have contributed to raise the
merit of our cattle and sheep : the progression is rapid,
tiiough still in ils infancy. Tlic whole island is elec-
tnfieil. Tlic age of fripiiery is fast sinking into con-
(empt and oblivion, and another, truly great, because
nationally advantageous and conducive to the happi-
tiess of thousands, has arrested the attention of man-
kind. Men of the highest rank and fortune no longer
keep aloof from rural concerns ; they professedly lake
a pleasure in zealously contributing to promote the
■tudy of these important designs, and rival each othir
in restoring the plough to the rank and estimation
which it so deservedly claims. As nihil agricultura
melius est, so nihil homine Ubero digniiis.
. In treating of the management of Sussex cattle,
with a view to greater clearness, the first object to be
considered is, the division of the subject; and this
laises an inquiry into the purposes for which cattle
axe bred in this county. This is the lending questioD)
PikI it will materially tend to elucidate the arrange-
ment, by considering cattle under the three pur*
poses of,

I. B,-cf.
Jl. Dairy.
; HI. Work.

(. n.ef.

Under this head may he classed the description of
Susses oxen, iii relation to,

CATTLBk

J . Colour.
S. Shape.

3. Fatting, age.

4. Food.

5. Thriving disposition, handling.

6. Flesh, ofial.

7. Sale, price.

S. Weight, pirofit.

9. Compared with Devons. '

10. Compared with Herefords.

1. Colour.

Sussex cattle are universally red ; for wherever any
other is found, it may be depended upon that the
breed is stained with foreign blood. Many farm-
yards in this county have a mixed colour of black and
red and white, and all black, but they are a cross
from Wales and other parts. This beautiful breed
has been very much tarnished in this manner ; but the
nice breeders adhere as steadily as they can to the dark
red. Sussex ideas run strongly in favour of this co-
lour : it is a point, they say, of considerable import-
ance, as the beasts are more kindly, and have a better
disposition to fatten. To retain old customs is very
natural to man ; but prejudice in favour of colour,
when opposed to shape and make, is carrying a man^s
peculiarities a little too far. It is repugnant to cpm-
inon sense ; where the points of an ox are good, colour
is a perfect non-essential. It is readily admitted, that
the thorough-bred beasts are a dark red ; but crossing
has much altered the stock : it should never be at-
tempted, without a certainty of mending the breed.

It has been asserted, that white is an infallible cri-
terion of degeneracy in all the animals of the creation,

q3 and

point forward a lillle, and then turn upward, thia
tapering, and \ong ; the e^-e large and full ; the throat
clean, no dew-lap j long and (hin in the neck; wide
and deep in the shoulders ; no prtyection in the point
of the shoulder, when looked at from behind ; the fore-
legs wide ; round and straight in the barrel, and free
from a rising back-bone; no hanging heaviness in the
bftlly ; wide ncross the loin ; liie space between the
hip-bmip aad the first rib very smnll ; the hip-bnnc not
to rise high, but to be hrge nnd wide ; the loin, and
space between the hips, to be ilat and wide, but the
fore-part of the carcass round ; long and straight in the
Tnmp, and wide in the tip ; the tail to lay low, for the
£niih to swell above it ; the legs not too long, neither
thick nor thin on Ihc Ihi^h ; f be leg thin ; rln/l tsell in
the twist; no fulness in tbf oiilside of the thigh, hut
all of it within; a squareness behind, common in all
49f^-horned bi;asts, greatly objectefl to ; the finer

-and ihinuer in the tail the better. Of (hese points, the
Sussex beasts are apl to be more deficient in the shoul-
der than in any other part.

A well made Sussex ox stands straight and nearlj
perpendicularly on small chan legs; a large bonjr
gummy leg, a very had point, but the legs moving-

.freely, rulher under the body, than as if attached to
the bide of it; the horns pushing forward a little,
spreading motlerately, and turning up oncf. The
horn of the Devonshire, which very much resembles

,lbe Sussex, but smaller and lighter, is longer, and
rises generally higher. The straighlness of the back
line brc^en in many very fine beasts, by a lump be>
twcen the hips.

Such are the observations of Sussex men wpon their
own breed of cattle ; in addition to which, spine far-

Ihcr

CATTLE. 281

were brawn*. The pure white breed was probably
the parent stock out of which all others have derived
their origin. At this day we see Ihem wild in Lord
Tankenrille^s park ; and as an instance tliat i^hite api»
pears the predominating colour, from a great number
of calves which Lord Egremont has reared from He^
refcH'd bulls and Sussex cows, aiid the contrary, and
Devonshire cows and Hereford bulk, and mice fcersa^
all these calves have uniformly had white faces' find
bellies. A few years since, Mr. Davis, of Glynde,
was in possession of a blaek qx with a white face, out
of a red cow by a i^ bull; which shews, that in crossr
ing various breeds, the properties of cattle will be
dormant for many ycai?^ and then shew themselves Ia
their posterity +^

> « » I
2. Shape^

Mr. Ellman^ of Glyd^ has given us his experience
of cattle, summed ijp in the following description * of
a thorough-bred Sussex ox. It should be observed,
that these points were approved by several i[>th<3r intcU

ligent breeders- A tliia head, and clean ja\t ; the horns

• That white was thouglit no proof of degeneracy, in stock, may
"be gathered from what Mr. Cafnpbell says upon that subject in the An-
oak 6f Agriculture, where speaking of this vulgar error, he says, in a
letter to the Earl of Egrenjont, ** A« to -matter of fact, I can assure ,
that among other breeds of cattk which I have tried (and wherever I
•did try, I did it thoroughly, and not slightly), I have had bulls, oxen,
and cows, of a white breed, as healthy and hardy as any others.*'— •
This is ^e opinion of an cininent breeder, founded upon extensive
practice, and who was allowed by all w^o kujew hiip, to have possessed
a great share of knowledge with respect to cattle.

f It must however be admitted, that colour is at present of im-
portance, as a mark to indicate what now must be considered as th^
^rue 3iu^se;i; breed; with this view it may safely be attended to,

q4 point

it at

C ATT IX.

their oxen from worli, is at six years old. Tlicy wiH
Himciimcs work thejn .inoilicr year ; bill if we take Ihe
coiinly upon a nictliu:n, nc sbtill liud that the tar
greater proportion stnd liiciii to the graining account at
six. The proper time whtn cattle fatten to the best ,
advantage, is a matter uinlecidetl in the opinion i
some of the bcsl jutigcs in the couiil^ ; yet it i§ a point,
(hat deserves ascertaining, for il is very n
know at what age they decline in the ^vorking statel ^
It is ailirmed, that youn^ beasts aire much more pro-
fitable for fatting than older ones, as the union both of T!"
growth and fat pays better than fat alone. Wc know — — ^
that cattle will continue their full work long afki ""
the time tliey are usuully sent to graze, and perhaps to^"
greater profit than when they were young. At six^^^
ihcy are turned off; at seven, slauglilered; allhouglt^^
at ten or eleven, lie is ^eatly to be preferred to th^^^
vork of a four or tive-years old steer, and the addi— —

tional labour would probably out-balance any injarj^ '

he might receive by more than three years' work ; not^^
that the cattle would be damaged by any alteration ot '^
this kind, for the greatest injury is eDected in their '"'
growing state; and this ceasing at six, an ox cannot —
receive any damage which is not over-paid by hjsJ
■nork. Lord Egrcmont has a pair of Sussex oxen i
the eleventh year of their age, which, for seven years,!
have done as much plonphing and carting as any two
horses in the county. His Lordship is now fattening
those beasts, and Ihcy thrive very kindly, and more
so than j'Oungcr beasts in general. With half a sum-
mer's grass after taken from the collar, and an autumn's
loiten, they were, without other food, sent lo Smilht
field, and sold for eighty guineas : a remarkable tiict,
t>earing directly on the question of age and long work, .
4. Footi.

CATTLE. £35

4. Food.

After spring-sowing is over, it is the common prac-
tice, about May, to turn the oxen into the brooks,
pastures, or marsh -lands, during the summer, in order
to prepare them for stall-foeding in the winter. Where
the meadow is rich and the herbnge luxuriant, one
acre will readily support one ox in a tli riving state for
six months, turning them in the middle of M^y.
Many farms on the South Downs have considerable
tracts of marsh, which very much contribute to carry
on a system of fatting, not perhaps applicable to dis-
tricts less favourably situated. But let it be observed,
that in the Weald, where there are no marshes, the
cattle are fatted to perhaps tqual advantage with those
who are better situated in respect to meadow ; so that
it Is obvious that the goodness of the cattle does
not depcn4 upon any extraordinary richness of the
county.

Stall'Feeding, — It was once a question, whether
cattle could ever be profitably fed, if tied up to a stall.
Experiment, full, ample, and satisfactory in the high-
est degree, has now convinced the world, that it is the
most profitable manner of feeding; and indeed the
practice has been found so beneficial, that summer-
feeding after the same manner, will by degrees gain
ground. There is every reason in .the world for be-
lieving that all sorts of cattle, as well as horses, should
seldom, if ever, be allowed to graze, either in summer
or winter.

It is an erroneous, and certainly an expensive me-
thod, to keep a fa^jgi under-stocked. Soiling is unex-
ceptipnable ; but in winter^ to allow cattle of any kind

936 C ATT LB.

to range over ficltls, treading ami ponchingtlip groiinil,
unci lusin<; siglit of nil Uie nilvitntagos whii^Ii conGne-
mcnt crtmti'Ji in rcsp«:t (o manure, in surdy not a very
Iwni'ficinl sysUtm (o piirsur. The more CHttlc nrc am-
fineM, Ibi? iHWncr will llicy ritlwi. It )> (lid same with
hoTtfn, nud holds good with evcty ap^cicH of live-
ttock upon wltirli i^xpfTiincnt 1ms rcnclictl.

The Kurl of Eyrcmonf's dairy, nf liftwucii twenty
•nd thihy cowN, and iill tlic oxi'n »[)on iliu fHrins, tire
coiiMnntly tii>d up fur tlici^mid'st purt of thoyoiir ; nni
Mtcli IN tho ndvHntn^o altrnilin^f it, flcit onMhirdiif
the. food i.i stivcd, tlir oxiri aii< on the npitt for Ihrir
jrorli, the cows nro rnilkt-d with n Imirlli p:irl of the
viuid trouble, mote, dmi^ in miido ; no poaching and
tttading the ground, &c. &G.

Slalh. — Ox-stnllsarc jifcncruUy il!-ri"\lrived in Siis-
texy tixptiwd to Ihe Viimln and niiii, vhith rhpcLs the
thrivinjf of cnllti- more than \re iit firsi imngiiie. It
may be safely said, thai in propnrliim fls thp cold is
excltide<1, will tlic o\ get fat: wnrii:lli it) nlmoat at
rssenlial as food itself. We see little all!'ii.lion paid to
consult tbc cMiistitulioa and hnbit of the ox, nor to
allow him the full indulgence of all conveniences nnd
coinforls, as well as bare necessaries. Mr. Kllman,
ofShorehftm, in the slalt-fecdinj; liis oallle, has keel-
ers in every sinll, for the purpose of watering, with
troughs of commnniciitiori, in order to convey the wa-
fer from a pump in the farm-yiird to a general trough
nt (he outside of tli<; ox-liouse, which is ngaiu sepa-
ratcly carried to each kf^ler ; ko that all the trouble
of untying and drivitijf to water, is wisely avoided.
These kcvlers or troughs arc placed oven with the
monger, and ar? uf the saiuc tizi- and diuitmsious. In

each

CATTLE. 9Sfl

each st%all he fattens two •oxen, and allows five fed;
room for each, and has enough for forty head of cattle.
When the oxen are nt tirst brought to the stalls^ it is
only during the niglits; but about the middle of No-
vember they are re-;nlarly tied. Mr. Ellman has
found that nine oxen, fed h)ose in a yard, by eating as
well as destroying, consume as much 4iay as twelve
tied up. Surely this is an important point. The waste
of food, when the cattle are fed loose, is prodigious;
when stalled, the food left by the fatting cattle, serves
to support the lean stock which arc tied in the same
yard.

Mr. John Ellman has an ox:*house upon a similar
construction, and a very complete one.

In constructing these stalls, it ought to be remem«
bered, that the bottom should be gently sloped, to
carry off the urine ; and a step is ' necessary at the
heels of the cattle, for cleanliness, and in order to
carry the urine to a reservoir.

Each manger should possess the conveniency of a
separate partition for meal, bran, cliafF, oil-cake, &c.
without r^ixing with turnips, potatoes, cabbages, or
hay; a pump conducting to each trough, to supply
the cattle with water; and a weighing-engine atliand— \
a most useful, necessary contrivance in the fatting of
cattle, that the owner may instantly know what is the
state and progress of the beasts, and that he may com-
pare the improvement and the expense together; the
flesh, and the food necessary to acquire that flesh.
Weighing-machines are amongst tlie greatest improve*
nients which have lately been thought of; for they lay
open an inquiry of the last importance, and which
has been strangely neglected — to find out that breed of

cattle

988 CATTLE. .

cattle wliicli gives the greafeft (jitanlHt/ nf Jtesh wHlt
the smaUest quantity of food; and tliis is only lo be
discovered by weighing-engines, wliich are essential
forthe purpose; and no complete o.\'s(all should evcf
be^vtthout such an apparatus.

Pofntoea. — Under the article potaloe.f, the npplica*
lion of this root to the feedinjr of bullocks, was re*
piarlied upon; Flitting with lliis food is liirgely prac-
tised in SasN'X, and a very infereiling feaiure in the
husbandry of the county, first iHtioduced fay Mr.
Mayo, of Ci!tcl, and it is very generally approved.
The mode ill which they are given is of course various:
washed, and unwashed; cut, and uncut; steamed,
boiled, and raw. The comraou practice is that of
giving them raw, at the rate of a bus!)el to a bushel
Wid a half per ox per diem, besides eight or ten pounds
of hay, more or less. The oxen lake very readily to
the potatoes ; but they should be cut, and washed, if
dirty- The full qiiantily is not given at first, but
dealt out in proportion as they agree with the cattle,
always observing to p^gnlatc the hay, or other dry
food, according to the effect which the potatoes have
npon the oxen. The smaller the quantity that is given
nt a time the belter ; at least three times a day, gn'wg
]iay between each feed of potatoes. It fakes from two
to three months to tiuish :in ox in this manner, who
consumes 100 (o 120 bushols, ami often more, beside^
seven or eight hundred weight of hay. This quantity
Tvill fatten any tolerable'th river.
. The mofet interesting inquiry in the feeding of bul*
locks, is that of ascertaining the profit of potatoes^ and
the valocjj compared with other foo;L So few are the
expe»

DAtTLE^« tS9

experiments 'wliich ba^ been registered upon this part
of the subject, that little additional light can be
thrown upon that division of it, which is undoubtedly
the most interesting : it is only to be done by weigh-
ing.

The merit of potatoes for cattle has lately been ques-
tioned, and there are grounds for believing, that,
compared with some other sorts of food, their value is
aot so great. Accurate and multiplied experiments are
necessary, before any decisive conclusion can possibly
be drawn. But it is never to be forgotten, that that
very accurate experimenter, Mr. Dann, wks for some
years largely in the practice of fatting oxen on pota-
toes, but gave it up, from the conviction that, with
every advantage of breed and attention, warmth and
cleanliness, they would not pay more than 4(/. per
Ibushel.

Turnips are chiefly cultivated upon the flock-farms
for sheep ; but it is a practice in various parts of the
county to draw the largest for the bullocks. When
they arc given upon an empty stomach, thp cattle will
blow; but never when hay is mixed. Mr. Milward
observes, that when they are given to the cattle fresh
drawn from the field, his oxen are liable to the flux;
but taken up before-haiul,^no food is better, as the
watery nature of it is removed ; ' but, in order to carry
this ijito execution, he adopts the method of stacking,
tr(king special care of guarding against the frost; and
fliis very spirited cultivator never found liis oxen
thrive so well as on dried turnips.

The custom of drawing tliem two or three days prcr
tioas to giving .them to cattle, is very prevalent about

Lewes,

Lewes, Brighton, Shoreham, Scr.. Mr. Ellman con-
stantly practises it.

Oil-Cake. — This food is much used in Sussex, to
finish the cattle, and tlipy thrive exlremdy well with
it: thougli it is expensive, it finishes a bi^astfor Smith-
field ill a shurttir space uf time than any uther food.

Com. — In srasons when beef fetches a very higb
price, and com is very low, Mr. Ellman lias fattf^
with it; and as cattle li or three parts fat, sell
badly : in such a crtse it has answered with him ; but
the mere weight of beef j i ;d, rarely pays the ex-
pense. When corn is ni I, it is allowed to be a
most nnuriihing (uoil ; and Mr. Davis, of Glynde, re-
marked, thu i)ne bushel of barley m^dted, went far-
ther in faltinp, than double 111 at quanlity of oafS nn—
malted. Mr. D inn has also fed horses upon boileff"!
barley and whtiat-straw, with great success.

Litiiseed and Barley. — Mr. Jlridg:er, of Tillinglon^
after soiiiiig bis catlli; in summer upon clover and — —
tares, till the rouen is ready, which is the end of July,
and holds till the beginning of November ; takes tbem
into the yards, and generally fattens upon liutsesd and
barley, mixed and ground together: two pecks of
lintse.'d to tkvo bushels and a half of barley, and whcat-
cliaff given with the meal, Iwsidcs hay. Of this miX'
ture each ox consumed two bushels per week.

This food is used in large quantities by Lord £gia>
monf. His Lordbhiphas lately fatteued several la^s
Hereford and Sussex oxen, .and Devonshire coni^'
upon it.

' Jt was a very interesting experimeot, and exi^4aal]»
under'

CATTI}E ,9|i

tuidiettaken irith the view of distovering the thriving
progress and ultimate profit which lai^ cattle ma^e^
^hen compared with smaller, fed upon the siime sort
and quantity of food, distributed to each in ^ual pro-
p^rtiims. We have yet very few experiments regis-
tered, of the proportion of food to the weight ofintat.
All other points, however excellent in their way, are
no otherwise satisfactory than ds contributing to tbi^
essential end. And it is proper to remark in this place,
that the standard of merit, as laid down in the greiitest
iveight of flesh upon a stated quantity of food^ will be
in proportion to the good qualities in other respects.
That breed which exprriineut snys gives the greatest
net profit in moneys from a ^iven quantity of food,
must at last be allowed to contain the sum4otal.of
• merit. An ox^ for instance, is comparatively good for
nothings which requires an expense in food to the
amount of 7/. to gain fifty stofne of fleshy whilst an^^
other only consumes to the value of 5/^ to lay on the
same quantity df meat. Again^ whetl^dr tti^o beasts,
each, for example, of 160 stone weighty consume more
food than two others of only half, of two-thirds tl^at
-weight f Whctlier 10/. expended in raising a small
beast up to 100 stdne, will/iot equally raise a large one
up to SOO stone ? The following experimeat^ as far as
it was carried, besides proving the merit of the Here-
ford cattle, goes to prove this reasoning to be founded
in fact.

Nov. 26, 1797.— Three Hereford oxen, two spayed
heifers, a Hereford cow, and two Sussex cows, were
tied up in the Stag-park farm-yard, to a mixture of
barley-meal and flax-seed. For tlie first seven weeks
each had three gallons every day, of which one quarter
was flax*8eed, making three-fourths of a gallon. For

SUSSEX.] a the

942 "CATTi-i:.

tte mt of (he time tliey vieTc fiiUetiing, they Iiad thrte
gnllons, of which onc-tliird Avas llax-sred, allowmgln
'each beast two g-.illons of barti<y arid one gail<m ol
<flax-5ced, ground togtllirr, and mixed up with wmc
ivhrat-chaff, to facilitate the digestion, mid prevent ii
sticking in (heir throats. Tlie flax-seed wns ^L't fitiil-
lings per busliel. Besidi's this, they had hay in cquiil
•Jproportion, weighed to them three times oacii dav,
' land a little more when they were shut up for thenighi,
*-whiclt amounted in twenty-four hours to JSIb. of liny
■-"for each ox. During the time that they were fatteaini:,
fit was very evident that the larjjcosen throve niucli
' "faster than llic rest ; and so fat were the llircc Herobrd
. t'oatllc, tliat it was thought a dangerous experiinent'to
^endthem to Smithfield.

-It ought to be observed in favour of (be Hcrpfoill

cattle, thAt they w<re sent from Iliat county into Sas-

' sex for woTliiug, niid not for fettming. Of the ciglit

LB'lieasIs, kept upon equal qoanlitii-B, one of the Hertford

I- oxen,' killed at Pet worth, ivei^lied 170 sltmc; thcothw

K^'two, sent toSmithfieW, weighed S(K) each; the two

spayed heifers, 90 to 100 stone each ; the Hereford cow

106, and theot+ter two 150 stone each. The twolargcil

Hereford oxen, each weighing 200 stone, tbrovebn'i

excepting one of 150, which was byfar the best tbriver

of any. The c(rv/ of 105 stone was from HCTeford,snJ

bought by the late Mr, Campbell, for ihc-exceliencyDf

the breed, and selected with m1jch cine, aswerfltlie

oxen, whidi were chosen by the same h»nd. TJieos

killed at Pclworlh corlninly throve beltt^r thaa the ooff

upon the s»mofuod. Ench came from tliesninestoelE*

and there was a df fliTeiice of (jj stone, butchers' we4gbf»

besides the proportion of the fifth quarter, in favour ftf

size; the ox weighing 170 stone, aud'the cow i9$-

■'■ Tbe

tTATTLE. ^ .:]J48

l)he px wais indeed particuUrljr fai^ ,9i9r^^il)^n was
necessary ; but this was the merit pf tl^c br^, aud^t
apy extraordinary time or methjddpf fattenirig. It has
been remiarked by the late* Mr. Campb^lf upop^this
subject, and may serve as a corpllary to ^he a)bfoye^
that, the, thorough -bred Hereford cattle^ that have at-
tained their full size, require a lesd proportion of food to
make tlieih fat^ than others of the. breed which ajre not
so highly bred, nor so jiandsdmely formed; and that
the quantity of food to produce this fatj^so far from
being gifeater, tli(*y will consume a niUch less propor-
lion thari other ^^inaIier ox9n of the same $ort liot so
highly bred, and iviuch less thaii cows not of the Here-
ford breed, which \vlien fat, dp not weigh above onfc-
lialfasrauch.

The follojving is the wei^t of ^he ei^ht bullocks
when ptit up to fatten, and the, weight of them fat.'

Kov. si, 1797. March 1 9, 1798. Gain in 16 WeelDi.

Cwt. qrs.

.lbs.

Cwt. qrs. lbs;

Cwt. qrs. lbs.

Biiket - 17 0

'. 7

20 2 0

3 1 2lS

pnu^er,15 .3
*Mcri7, 1^ 0

25
11

18 3 14
17 2 0

2 3 17 V Hereford.
2 1 173 ' '

Xock, 14 1

£1

17 0 0

2 2 7^

Spot, 14 d
lion, 14 0

17 0 0

2 3 3 y Sussex.

17 0 0

2-3 '33' ^'^

Short, 13 2
Foot, 18 0

7
14

16 2 0
15 0 0

2 8 217 T<^^

1 s 145 ^^"'-

117 2

139 1 14

21 2 19

117 2 23

8)21 2 19

16)2 2 23

19
4d,

per
per

week^ live weight.

m.sj.

week— lOjWL jt day.

,»2

Tit

944 CATTT.F,.

The barley and flax-seed wliicli was ground for the
oxen, from November 97, to March 10, was,

Barley, 34 qrs. at 27j. „ ^. ].i 18 0

riax-spcd, llqrs. nt4Ss 26 8 0

Hay, 4 tons, at 4/ - 10 0 0

^.8» 6 0

Mr. Mayo, of Battel, who fwl bullocks upon pota*
toes for sixteen years wlieu he made the observation,
asserted, that a Sussex cow of SO or 100 slotic, eats as
much as an ox of 140 stone, and lliat lite quantity
eaten is by no lueans to be estimated in proportion to
the weiglit of the animal ; and his bailitF, a very intcl-
iigcut man, was decidedly of the same way of think*
ing, and gave it as liis opinion, that if he were to fake
iu beasts to feed by the week, he would be paid as
much for small as for large oxen, since experience had
satisfied him that the one ate as much as the other.

How one experiment bcjjets another ! It is thus that
improvement is accelerated. Mr. Dale, the miller at
Petworth, got 120 stone of pork witb two>thirds of ,
the food, front two Iif^s, each 60 stone, that he did
in six bogs, each twenty stones.

January Q, 1799, three bollocks were killed for tfe
poor-house of Petworth.

Carcasi. ISde.

SI. lb. St. lb.

Leicester brook bom, four years? cy g in I

old, wciglif<l J

Sussex steer, three years old, ....... IIG 2 11 3

Bull stag, half Hereford and De-7 .,._ „ 13 ft

305 7 31 6

15st. 71b. rough loose iat? jg .j^

3 6^ cauls J

Thr

CATTLE. m

The fat tbercforc of these three beasts being 19 st. 41 lb.
and the carcass !]03st. is one-sixteenth of the carcass.

5. Thriving Disposition.

One of the good qualities in the Sussex cattle is^ the
propensity thoy have to fatten kindly. The hide of the .
best sorts yields a mellowness in handling ; and it pos-
sesses a fineness and sleekness, which is the characte-
ristic of good cattle, and an infallible criterion of a
healthy habit ; though we find some of them with
coarse, rough, thick hides, which are a mark of hard-
ness of flesh, as fineness and closeness of grain convey
to the feel a fine texture in the hide. The condition of
Sussex cattle is very much to be Vnoyfn by attending to
this appearance in the hide ; and it depends in a great
measure upon tlie pile and growth of the coat : the
shorter and sleeker the coat, the more thriving the
beast; as, on the contrary, in proportion to length
and hardness, is unthriftiness.

The Sussex breed would undergo a considerable alte-
ration for the worse, if breeders foflowed the directions
of those who teach, that one quarter of an animal is to
be neglected, because it has a tendency to gather fat-
ness on other parts, or tallow in the inside^ and that
this cannot be effected without a deduction from the
more valuable quarters.

6. Flesh Offal.

The Leicestershire school, which teaches that cattle
should be bred with a view to meat, not offal, is prima
^ade evident ; and that all those parts, as the 6ead^
nedL, legs, bone, tallow, considered as offal^ or of in-
ferior value, should of course be fine and light. In the
prosecution of these id^s, they lay down rules^ that

»3 fee

946' c+TTi,^,

tlitr siiflolD^niih^, and buttock, Bn<U m fine, fli^Iiiod'
quartSrs; are niain points of uttentioii.

Thus they talk of loading wtiat llipy deem the vnlua-
ble purls, at the expense of cvlt/ other, and would
breed t^ heast as heavy as possible [itliiiul, and as ligtit
before, because the one sells for rather more per pound
tCkii'thc other.

Stiisex nieri breed their bcrists with weight before as
weU as" behiiid, in equal proporlions, or proportion is
no longer preserved, and the beast is misrshapen. Nor
is it ofteii that an ox can be made to fatten upon the
valuable parts, that does not in some measure fatten
upon the coarser quarters. Instead of being light and
narrow, Sussei cattle are broad and weighty; instead
of hbllowness in these parts, wlicn they are low in coui
dition, good Sussex thrivers are vicll tilled up.

7. Sale arid Price.
Sraithfield is the greatest market for file sale of Siis-' "'
Bdx cattle, which is well supplied with fat oiCH frini
this county, Wbcre tlipy are deservedly held iil tlltJ
h'igliest estihiatioq. Tliey go at all titnes of the ycrar:
(Tilt' tile grazier cndeaVours to bring his beasts to (hd"
pitch, so as to be enabled to meef the demand wli<"n it
^ probable there ivitl be the greatest r,all lor prime bdcf,
which is from Christmas till May. After Ibis tliB'
fuarket declines.

8. WagJit and Prnfit.
Tli« Tttcatl weight of Sussex callle, when brtti^ht tit
Stilittlfi^ld', will be 140 atone. Many farrti^rti- breerf,
tot site)' arid others again pass by weight, and iMn^ itf
rnirtSj wiilcTi devour as nlucb a^ lat** 6Sen. Thi'l&'n?
W. Edsbrfj'of Fitllc*d?flii' -mi, f&m^imj i»'t&e
tueed

CATTLB-* 9*7:

bceed of Iarg)e oxen^ and 1ms Iifid tl|cm sisHfiiet K%h
bebiod, and five mid a half before, and six. iM. and ai
hulf. girth over the lieart. Thej^^ have soi)^tiliies< b^eiL
skmglitered up to 'J 16 stone, at \^bich<iveighlfc Mr> £d«->
SHW' killed two. Mr. Ellman fod) one at l^jK^e^jMuo^ l^
&]»• jK^Vsago, Mrhich measured as foilowR:

Ft. Hi.

Leng& from crown to rumpj ••—••••••• 9 6

Girl bef(>fe shoulders, •• ;•..•••••—*••• '95:'

r behind, •••.••.•....•.....•••.•••...•.•—•.•• 9^ 0^ '

round the middle, .m.^..^..^....... 10- d '••

••^ at flank, ...m... 9 0 . i

From nostrils to tip of tail^bone, ....i-. I4r*- ' 8 ' '

Length <)f solid sides, •••...•• ..m^iI..... 6 ' t

Weight, 214 stone. Sossex br^.«ev|BB ye^r« Arit^M ^
jesu» \Khen prices ai;e roaders^te, l^i^ oxen ^relipuipbSl
in at 95. to 2^. 3(h per stoiie, oS^ibp^yfejighi whic^ l^pff
will be when fat, or from 3d. Uh 3i(L piSD poupcln i^ilp-*
posing the beast fa,t to bo s^ld at ^icU <and ii il hmI?€^
this makes tlve profit by fatting o^^ le^i^ ^^ight U^ bQ
IJd. per pound; or I7\d. per stone of 14 lb. i efp^',i9|
9rf. per stone live weight. When prices were mode*
rate, they were sold fat at Smithflekl from &. to 3s. 6d.
pes stone: now it is 4^.

9. Compared with Dexon^hires.

The Devonshire stock are nothing move tllaii a 'Vih
viety of the same species as the l$ussex. The parent
stock was certainty the same.' Oth^ cirounisteuices
have in the *^coarse of time introduced an altevationw
Ikf Devonshire, is to be understood the red, so- mydi
lesembling the Sussex; ibr Devonshire conCnin^ oMiev,
HJld v^ ittferiKis softs of caitiff • .

B 4 ' The

3i3 CATTLE.

The (horoiigb Dcvonsi arc a briglit Tcd, neck and
bead small, eye pTominont, and round it a ring of
bright yellow ; the nose round (he noKlril has the same
foloun Ihe horn clear and tramparent, upright, ta-
pering, and gently curved, not tipped with black;
their bones arc well proportioned and light. On com-
parison uith Sussex, they do not rise lo so great a
weight, and consequently have not so great a strength
for work. They an; (hiimerj narrower, and sharper, on
the top of the shoulder or bliide-bone ; they drop be-^
hind the shoulder : the point of the shoulder generally
projects more, and they usually stand narrower in til e
chest) their ch^nc is thin and iiatter oq (he ban«l, and
they tang loo much in the flank; (hey are as good
feeders as Sussex, and as profiliible lo the grazier, their
hides thinner and softer, and they handle as mellow :
Aey are wider on the hips, and cleaner in Ihe neck,
htali, and horns, and smaller and lighter in the bone.
- Upon the whole, they are a very valuable lireed of
cattle ; and the distinction between tliern and Sussex is
Adt so striking, as to make a more minnte description
f.eckssary,

10. Compared with Ilerefordsliiff.

The true-rbrcd Hereford ciiltte, in respect (o tiie
Iiindly disposition for feeding and fittlening, are equal,
if not superior, to either Sussex or Devonshire-bred
beasts, and, in point of working, by no means inferior
to either. They are a large and weightier breed, yet
as complete in thi^ir make ; generally wider and fuller
over their shoulders or chine, and the breast pr brisket ;
also in the after part of the rump, which is tnui^
^ftener itarrower in th^ Sussex than in tlie Hereford,
By naming the Sussezj (be iPeYQas jony be isoluded;

CATTLB. SW

tbey are each of them a most excdlent brcied; but if
the Herefords, upon comparison, excel the true-bred
Sussex, it must include the other.

In the true Hereford we find no projecting bow
in 'the point of the sboulderi which in some breedt
ibrms almost a shelf, against which the collar rests ;
but, on the contrary, tapers oiF: they have a great
breadtii before, and equally weighty in their hind
quarters ; the tail not set on high ; a great distance -
irom the point of the rump to the hip*bone ; the twist
full^ broad, and soft ; the thigh of the fore*legs to the
pastern joint tapering and full, not thin, 'but thin be*
low tlie joint ; the horn pushes sideWays a little, and
tiien turns up thin and tapering ; remarkably well feel**
log; mellow on the^rump, ribs, and hip*bone. Th«
quality of the meat not hard, but fine ns well a& fats*
little coarse flesh about them ; and a high disposition to
marble with fat. With respect to the kindness of their
disposition upon comparison witli Sussex and Devon<?
^ire, we have perhaps the most decisive proof of
it that was ever brought forward, in Lord Egremont's
fcxperimcnt, and which tends to shew that these large
cattle will gain their fat sooner than either of the other
bree<ls. It has been said, that the Herefords arc better
tpjxdc iqx fatting than for working ; that they arc largcv
boned, thick legs, quile a contrast to tlie clean thin leg
of Sussex, and consequently that their motions are
flower ; .but the trials which have been made of these
cattle in the same teams, ploughing and carting, with a,
jfrc^t number as well of Sussex as Devons, at Lord
Egremont's, has ascertained the merit of the breed in
this respect. Mr. Campbell thus writes to Lord Egre?
mont upon the subject: " To the article of draught,
which your Lordship mentions, I ^ai^ a|]s>¥er froni

much

S50 CATT1,B.

much exppnVncr, lliat llic HcrcfurJs arc complftely fit.'
I R-racmber Mr. Yoime, in oiw of tlie Numbers of the
Ahh^Is, sppaking of Dpvoiis and Somerspls, on compa^
rtMin vfUli Shssi'm, mid that Ihvy did not come to so
/dUctr ivei^ht : tbrrefore, be sai<t, not so fit for drnuglit ;
iit that, ftie Hcreferds come nearer to them. Most cer-
btintjr iwiy of tliose brct-Ja are easy to be had of a
i^e^t sivHicient for the purpose. With respect to the
geifffal weight, as they are to be found on an average,
the HcVctbrds are known to outweigh the Sussex, and*
(being, I Ik-Ucvc^ of nearly tite same specific gravity,
whictv in Mime cattle mak«s mueh difference) to do so^
fi«*n*S the circumstaiKnr which is the cbicf reason of lay
giving thciTt the prciVrence, They are generally innrei
tforapletely formed, their several parts brought up"
more to a level, and the iBtcrmcdiatc spaces more com-
pletely filled. In my hombfe opiuion, a middle-sized.
o\ of such shape, free on every point from any harditcsK
of flesh, and the le/^s free from gummiiiess, from kneo
and troch inclusively downward, eltBSt bone and sUww^
^'M be the fittest for wofk, as well as most gmnaUy
saleable when- fat."

11. Other Sort f.

Tlie other sorts o( catjtic to be fonnd in Sossex, are a
smalt breed brought by Welsh drovers, wbich, by
grossing with the native breed, have very much injured'
the Pusses slock. The AWernoy, Norman, and Jeraey
breed of cows, are to be found all over this coaatj.
t^rd Egrcmont has gome «f the CQWS, apd a, very fine
bull, of tUnt breed.

H. Dairy.

CATTLE. 251

II. Dairy^

Under this head, our information pia^ thus be
classed ;

1 . Shape of the cows;,

8- Milk. '^

3; Butter.

4. Food.

51 Breeding) how practised i

6t Crossing.

7. Rearing*

1. Shape of the Cozos^

A% the shape of the cattle has been noticed, little it-
liidins to be said upon the form t>f cow$.

However, it may be necessary to observe, that breed-
ers aim at a clean' and thin head, neck, feg, and bbiie,
a fine shoulder and chap, and, generally speaking, for
the same ppints in the heifer as in the ox. The tHie
pow has a deep red colour, the hair fine, and the skin
mellow, thin, and soft ; a small head, a fiile hom, thih,
clean, and transparent, which should run out horizon*
tally, and afterwards turn up at tlie tips ; the neck very
thin, and cl^n made ; a small leg ; a straight top and
bottom, with round and springing ribs; thick chine;
loin, hip^, and rump, wide; shoulder flat; but theprojcfcr
tionof the point of the shoulder not liked, as the cattle
subject to this defect are usually coarse : the legs should
be rather short, carcass large ; the tail should lay level
with the rump: a ridged backrbone, thin and hollow,
chines, are great defects in this breed.

The Earl of Egremont has in his possession, amohg

many others, a heifer, which for beauty, proportion,

and symmetry, may challenge the whole country, with-

mm fti>di|% her equal,

Length

length of back, 3 11

CriHs bips, »..„....„ _.,__«»,....,.„ 1 .if

Fore- quarters, „ „ I 7

toin at six inches from lup, ! 4|

Wipto tirslril), : 0 7\

Giilh, centre, ...» _ „..„....ri G 11

Chine, _.. 3 10|

Horn, ...— „..„-_-_ , 0 0^

tollnr, - « 4 0

Nc<!k, _..._ ^....„__-.,„ 2 8

Withers, 1o horn, 2 3J

HeiiiH, centre, 3 II

■VVLdlh, nalche, _ 0 10}

A heifer of Mr. Kllman'E, rarasnrcil as follows !

Ft. In.

Wide, fnxn the centre of one hip 1o the } . „

ct^trc of the oitier, _.... -... ... >

Length of the rtimp from centre of hip, .„. 1 6

Oftitrp of hip to perpendicular of fore-l<^, 3 ' 2|

Girth at chine, .-... 6 4

Centre, .'- '. 7 8

Girth, neck, ,.. — S JO

Leg, - -. 0 9

rioin, ., - ■ 0 7}

Middle of tail, «. -. 0 4^

Height to bip, .~ ....»-......-......»»... 4 4

Thick chine, I 9 '

Thick centre, „ 8 6

^'.idtb six inches below rump, , , i 1

CATtl*E. <i8

2. Milk.

The material object in the cattle system of Sussex, is
the breeding and rearing of stock for working and fat-
tening. The concern of the dairy is but a secondary
object in this system.

Upon many farms, nearly as many fat oxen are
annually sold as there are cows kept. 31. or 4/. in the
product of the dairy, had much better be lost, than an
indifferent ox bred.

In quantity of milk, they are not to be compared
with some other bnvds, as I he Holdemcss, Suffolk, &c,
which two breeds urc the greatest milkers in the king-
<lom; and therefore with these tire comparison is un-
fair; but if a money value is the object, the difference
will not be merely so great, if any at all. This indtved
is a circumstance in the breed of cows, deserving the
'most attentive experiments. If the profit of a cow wiis
in proportion to the quaniUy of her milk, there wouJd
be a much greater disproportion between them than
really is the case. The Suffolk cow is usually a poor
and miserable-looking one : the Sussex cows keep them-
selves almost beef whilst they give milk. If this fat-
tening disposition was not an indication of rich milk,
those cows would be so unprofitable, that nobody could
afford to keep them. The best cows of the Duke of
Richmond's dairy (all Suffolk polled), in May and
June will give two gallons at a meal ; but if they are
averaged, about one gallon.

But what the Sussex cows losfj in quonfity, they
make up in quality. Upon this subject Mr. Campbell
observes to Lord Egremontr " The Holderness cows,
and their relationi^ the Fifes, give the greatest quan-
tity

^4 CAtxLE.

tity of milk of any in the kingdom; they arc also fbc
coarsest and most opeii-deshcil beasts in il. The fine
fleshed cattip give milk of a better quality, and a higher
and richer flavour. The Guernsey cows, and your Lord*
ship^s East India cow, mentioned in the Annalsj con*
firm what I say as to milk."

Ill point of butler and cheese, none beat Suffolk
cows. In May and June, in tlic gref^t xiniry distridsj
all the lar/^c dairies have cows which yitld eight gal-
lons a day; and in May, June, tmd July, whole dairies
of forty, fifty, and sixty cttws, that give four gallons a
day ; yet they arc an ill made uncouth animal.

3. Butler.

A good cott will give 51b. of butter in a week in the
height of the season ; and six will make from 30 to
401b. of cheese in a month, of skim-milk.

The following is the product of the Duke of Rich*
mond's dairy at Goodwood. The breed is of the Suf*
folk Bort — twenty in tiamber.

Sis Summer 'Months) I^93k

lb. s..d. fi.s. rf.

^prU 6. 574 ,?t I 0 is 2 it 6

13. m —1 0—2 7 $

.May 4.

63i

— 1 0 — 2 13 6

,18 ;

— 1 1 —0 19 6

48i

— 1 0—2 8 9

144

— 1 1 — 0 15 8;

— I 0 — 2 16" 0

.20J

— 1 1—1 .2 5j

— I 0 —1 11 6

— 1 1.-0(6 9J

Mar

•C^iWtt^lE* ^

lb.

$* rf.

■ ,£. '$^ ♦ift

May 18.

.881

at 1 0

U A 8 .6

25.

— 0 II

— 1 13 "0

—

— 1 0

— 270

J^ine '1.

87i

— 0 11

— 3 19 Ui

^8.

■0 10

— J 13-4

—

40i

0 It

— 1 17 1|

12.

0 K)

— « 6 8

15.

— OjIO

— 8 1 S

—

— O.ll

— 0 11 JI

$2.

125|

— 0 10

— 6 4 4i

29.

82i

— 0 10

— 3 8 6f

Julv 6.

— 0 :10

— 392

j:;.

— Oslo

— 1 17 6

JjO.

— 0 11

— 1 13 0

1 -2

— 1 10 4

!g7.

— o:ii

— 2 5 10

—

— 1 0

— 1 13 0

Ang. 2.

90.

— 10

— 4 10 0

10.

— 1 0

— 5 6 0

18.

59i

— 1 0

— 2 19 9

Aug. 24.

— 1 0

— 3 d 0

31.

671

— 0 11

—'3 1 10*

Sq>t. ' 7.

— on

—2 13 2

14.

54J

—0 11

—'2 9 81

•21.

— 0 11

— 222

'28.

46|

— o;ii

— 2 2 10{

%' % ' ■ »■' r

1816, — 0,1J|;^,85 15 21

I r

Whickgiyes a product of butter per \

^* <5ow,i for ihe fstimmer hdlfiof tfae> £.i 6 11-f

year, of 90f lb. tit Ilfrf. or ..-V
Per month, 151b. 2oz. .«.....m«..,.«.....«^ 0 14 4
Per week, 3lb« 12oz« •^.••m..*m..«*.mm«« 0 '^ 7

Product

idnct of IjuUcr from the same dairy hy fiflecn
' eows^ during tbe six winter months. ^^^|

January 5. 3Si at 0 11

is 1

rebruary2.

S3.
Man-h S.

34
34}
29
351

23.

30,

Oclpber 6.

— 1 0 — 1 14 0

— i 0 — 1 14 0 ^^

2 O^^M

0 — 0 19 0 ^^H

0 6 ^H

0 — 0 19 9 ^^M

6 8 ^B

30.

421

— 1 0 — 2 2 6

r 6.

36i

— 0 11 — 1 13 5f

13.

30i

— 0 11 — 1 8 2}

20.

— 0 11 — 1 2 0

27.

21J

— 0 11 — 0 19 IIJ

I9J

-i 0 11 — 0 17 7J

10.

— 0 11 — 0 15 7

17.

16i

— 0 11 — 0 15 4}

24.

— 0 11 — 0 17 10§

s*i

— 0 1) — I 2 2J

29t

— 0 11 — 1 7 0{

15.

29J

— 0 11 — 1 e 9J

S2.

— 0 11 — 1 6 7

S9.

311

— 0 11 — J 8 IQJ

689

— 0 111^32 18 lOJ

iPer month p^r COW, 46 lb £.2 4' 1

Per month, 71b. lOoz 0 7 4

Per week, lib. Uoz ^ 0 I 10

Annual produce of each, 1361b. 6/. 11^. 0|rf. in but-
ter. From August 18 to April fO, no butter sold.

An extraordinary instance occurring, to shew that
ihe Sussex cattle, though they have a great disfpo-
sition to fatten, are yet valuable for the quantity of
butter they give, it is pro^r to note it.

The gardener of Jbord Hampden, atGlynd, had a red
cow of the Sussex breed, which in one year, two or
fliree weeks after weaning the calf, gave 101b. of but-
ter per week for some weeks ; the next year the same
cow gave 9| lb. per week for several weeks ; nine for se-
veral more ; and then for the rest of the summer 81b.
to 8| lb. per week ; and till the hard frost set in, 7 lb. ;
and during the fiost, 41b. per week. That summer
cheeses were also made of her milk, about 61b. eaioh-
When sh6 gave most milk, two per week were madq ;
so that at the height of milking, she gave 101b. of but-
ter, and 121b. of cheese, each week.

She never at any time gave more than five gallons of
milk in a day. Towards winter she had a bushel of
bran twenty weeks, which the profit by pigs more than
paid for.

Four or five years before, the same person had a fine
black cow from Lord Gage's, which gave also in the
height of the season, five gallons per day ; but no more
than five pounds of butter in a week was eyet made from
it ; and they remarked as a faict, that they had often
noticed, that the milk of a black cow never g:ives so
much butter as that of a red one.

The owner above-mentioned paid the farmer ^/. per

ilussE):.] s \ ann.

!inn. for the footl of the cow in question, and sail] i
value of the pnnliice wii» 8/., the calf selling at 8s.
J went to the yard, in ord^r lo handle this cow, and
found her to feel very well, though out of flesh : she
has the disposition of the breed trt be fat ; her carcass
very large. Obser vat ions of this sort should alwayi
be noted, because a great nuintier of results will fur-
nish something belter than conjecture. We shall how-
ever be very luucli in the dark, till cxiwriinents are made
on the quantity offovi! calcii bij all sorts of cattle*.
4. Food.

• 1 am indiued lo think lliit useRil aliment of butter iiuffcn greatly
in its qunliry iUid tlurabilily, in (he ordinary prucess of malcing up. The
error I would [luiul oi.t t», ihe admisslQU of wjtcr (warm or (old), holli
into the ckurn, and in the heating and making up. Wnnr i< well knowB
ro be a great dis.totTmt ; at Uasl if it lie not etsemialiy id, it lervta m
vnituli as a eonductor to air, which is univenalty fiueh. Fresh butter
then, in consequence of imbibing wairr, and water being saturated with
air, 1! alwayj in a progrcaive stale of decoy. Nol sn when watur ii ex-
cluded : its obginoui parts are admirably calculated to secure it from pu-
IrefaFlion ; and I :im almoH pcsittve, ihal butter might Iw made with u
little (rouble an the present method, lo keep the wliole year fresh and
iweet, without the least particle nf sail, solely by the eiclubio.i of walct.
I was witDS^s loine years ago to a pi^cc I'f huiter brmg t-jken <1M of the
churn in very w:irm weilher ; there might have been water put in pre-
vious to the thuniing, and 1 believe there was, but it had none aCCO'*
wards t a paii of this buller was used fnr making oiolment, the remain-
der wa£ set by and forgot ; a fortnight ailerwardj, tf was diBCOTered to
hv as freidi and meet as eFer, though il had never been salted. I have
heard it spiiken of a notable old housewife famoua fur good butter, that
ihe alwap k<:pt the floor of ber dairy dry. The custom is eiacllj '*'■
reverse at present in thote parts, many p.uTfuIi htiogthrtiwn dttwn i»
the h« weather, which will assuredly rise again in steam, and aiffect the
milk with its humidity. I propose the (oltowing observations in [he
Ireatment of the dairy concerns : A spaciou! room with a north aspect;
wide airy lattices, with trees planted before at a convenient di«tmiee, of
a kind thai yield no elBuvia. Trefi thus situated, will druw a curroiti
and ventilate the air-, (be floor, 'ione or brick, wuhed dean, oa the t»

ClTTtf!^* S59

4* Food.

A Variety of experiments^ highly interesfiiig to adeir^r*
farmer, have been lately made by the Earl of Egrev
mont, with a view to discover what food keeps cpw»
in the best condition, and gives the greatest pr^uct in
butter and milk : certainly an important inquiry, and
the scale upon which it was conducted^ was of that
magnitude, as to make it in some degree complete and
satisfaictory : the result was^ that potatoes, boiled or
raw, was a very improper food lor cows. In these
experiments, the green food was potato^ and carrots ;
the dry, hay, chaff, and oil-cake.
' Ten cows were tied up to potatoes and hay, and ten
to hay only, for a month : they kept themselves in
good order upon the hay ; but those on potatoes wasted
much.

The difference in the quantity of mitk, inccmside*
lufole^ boiled potatoes and wheat chaff*, equally unsatis*
fiictory ; steamed, not much better.

«»

moval of each sncoesaive xnesft of milk» and kept p^ifectiy cjcan aii4
sanded, which will absorb all humidity. The Vessels used for holdlf^
the milk, to be washed clean, and afterwards rinced a first and second
time with sweet milk ; the churn served in the like manner, and all the
dairy implements. A cruet washed ever so clean with water, will
catiie vinegar, if put into it, to become dreggy ; but when rinced witli
a little of the same, will always appear limpid and clear,i( No water mit
In with the cream when it is churned. Ai the butter is taken out, put
it into a tray full of holes, placed over any other Vessel; avoid squeezing
ft into lumps ; it will drain the better for being loose in its texture ; re*
mo^e it to a large tray without holes ; recover all the crumbs that hanm
xvaa through the strainer; knead it weU with your haa^, previounly
jaBced with the whey, and form it into a Hat aake, the thinner tly
better; sprinkle salt over it, and l^ave it in that state half an hour, by
which time the salt will extract aH the whey ; mal^e it up the usual wa|^
iMtt ttie BOt one drop of water ta the whole proeewd— 'Afr. Tr^yhiu

Ten cows upon raw poLitucs and bay, and fen upon
carrots and liay, for a month ; iIil' carrots raucli tbc best:
but llic potatoes reduced lliem so low, tlioiiirli plenty
of hay was given, thai (he (.oLiMrqiiences might have
been worse, had they continued on this food any longer.
December 10, 1795, the cows were tied to raw potatoes
and somn hay; in three wi-eks a change of food
absolutely iiecr^ary. .lanuary, 1797, thfec pecka
boiled potatoes to each, mixed wtlb ivheal-chiiff.

Novcmbcr28, 17S)(», ten co;vs to carrots, ten to p<i-
tatoi's ; the carrots kept them in hearty condition ; the
flavour of (he bnlfcr and cream nowise afrurfcd by tfafrvi
food.

5. Breeding.

The breeding system of this district is entitled lo-ci
sidcrabte attention, and is a most profitable branch,
the maitugemciit of livt;-s(ock. The cows are in pro-
portion to the farmer's occupation, and all, or nearly
all the calves arc reared, which are kept in succession
for work ; so that a farm of eigiit cows will have six
calves, six-year olds, as many two-year olds, four
three-year olds bcgiiming to work, four four-year oldi
as many five-year olds, and as many six-year oil
Upon Mime fiirms, the calves reared are, loss cxcepli
, equal to the numkr of coivh : tt^males are siifScient
keep up the stock of cows; and if other females re-
inain, Ihey perhaps change theiu with a neighbour for
piales. Others again spny the females, and work them
as oxen. It will of course be oijscrTetl, that the varia-
tions in the rearing must depend npon circumstances.
If the cows continue good to an advanced age, few!
are weaned to supply their places. A difference of oi
nion exists relntive to the best time for calves to

CATTLE. 861

born. Some prefer early ones that come in January!
others think those of March and April the best. They
universally suck the cow from ten to thirteen weeks,
are cut at seven weeks, and are weaned by being shut
up ; and having a little grass given them, till they have
forgotten the dam, arc t lien turned out to pasture. The
first winter they are well fed with the best hay ; after
that with straw, except after Christmas, while work«>
ing, -when they have hay, but straw alone till they be-
gin to work.

Variations of no great account are found : many do
not let the calves remain at night with the cows, till
they are five to eight weeks old, according to the quan-
tity of milk the cow gives. ' Sometimes one cow will
suckle two calves. They sometimes lose calves by a
"distemper they call the husk^ which is occasioned by
little worms in the small pipes on the lights. A good
<:ow will suckle two calves for the butcher to a conside-
rable profit, after her own has had her milk for ten or
twelve weeks.

Mr. John EUman's succession system is :

14 calves, of which nine male; eight for oxen, and
one for accidents : not taking to work.

14 year olds.

14 two-year olds ; of which eight worked a little at
two years and a half.

14 three-year olds ; part of which taken for cows,
and others, if not good, fattened.

14 four-year olds, eight worked.

14 five-year olds, eight worked.

14 six-year olds, fattened.

24 oxen worked in common, eight three year, eight
four year, eight five years old ; intending to have eight

s3 every

S09 CATTLE.

every yrar fi)r the team ; but rearing nine, prepi
him tur the change of a steer not taking well to work,
and consequi-ntly tots one every year at tltree years
old". His coivs, upon an average, pay 4?, each by
suckliug lor the biilchcrj besides reiirinf; tbtfalvra as
above, which suck twelve or thirteen weeks. The cow-
calveii that arc reared, bring a calf at two years oIJ,
vrhich runs with (he dam all the summer, fur sevpa or
eighl months. Such calves they call a liurter.

Lord Egremont always fallens sL'VtTal calves, aiid
has tried tor that purpose skim-milk mixed with Ibt-
SGCil, boiled to the consistency of a jelly ; in the pro-
porlion of a pint of jelly to a gallon of milk : it did
not seem to answert. Of s<-veral that were killed in
1797, the following appeared to bp the live snd dead
weight.

Born May 27 ; killed August 5.

Alive, 2111b.

Dead, 133 1401b. would be two-thirds.

Born May 27 ; killed August 8.
Alive, 2091b.

Dead, 136 1401b. would betwOrthirds.

Bom May 27; killed August 13.
>Uive, 23Jlb.

Dead, 154 1561b. would be two-thirds, i(

it had weighed 3341b.

Born Jijne IS; killed September 15,
Alive, 240 lb.
Deiid, 160, two thirds.

* Instead of tburleeii, all tbeee Dumbert are now become ragbteen,
luTiag increased h':e stock.

i Mr. Mitwaid fatleiu with ball) gf flour mixed with rum.

' Tlic

CATTLE. MS

The general adraiUta^ of this breeding Bysieniji vfe
thviovLS to those Mrho have been long in the habit of ex-
perieifcing the inconvewiences of other methods. It is
a grazier^s own fautt, if ever he attempts to fatten an
unkind beast; let him only take care of his stock, and
he will need no apprehensions of that sort. Those who
trust to fairs and markets, know, that liiey will some-
times unavoidably have either ill-conditioned beasts, or
be forced to give prices too high to answer, not to men-
tion the uncertainty of fairs, and the enormous pried
lean stock f req uently sell at .

The Earl of Egremonfs Cattle System f6r Work.

The calves are dropped from December to the end of
February ; they are weaned immediately, never letting
them suck at all, but the milk givefi for three days as it
comes from the cow. But for weaning on skim-milk,
they ought to fall in December, or a month before and
after, and then they should be kept warm by housing ;
and thus they will be equally forward with calves dropt
late in the spring, that ran with the cow. With the
skim-milk some oatmeal is given, but not till two
months old, and then only because the number pf
calves are too great for the quantity of milk; water
and oatmeal are therefore mixed with it, to make it go
farther. (Heifers with their first calves are exceptions ;
such do not become good milkers, if their calves do
not suck for the whole season ; but with the second calf
are treated like the rest). In May, they are turned to
grass; the first winter, beginning in November, they
&ed upon rouen, or aftermath, ns called in some
Iplaces ; the following summer, that is, A-om May, they
#¥€ at grass ; the second winter on straw, but eat very

$4 little^

■9M ' CATTLE.

little, as they run out on siiort roiij^li grass, Thi
have been Iriei! on hay alonr, but straw and grai
bcl(i?r. The foUowinjr, and evi-ry otiicr summei
grass, aitd are brolic at Ghnslrniis, being three y(
old : they are liglilly workwl ; the only object is to
break them in, in order (hat Ihrir work may be^in in
till" sprinjr. From Iliis (iine Iheir wlnler-rowl is strsir,
with the addition of a ton and a )ialf of rlovei-hay,
estimation, and reckoning at the- most; bat not be!
trussed, the iilmost is taken. I( is given Ijetween
finishing of straw and gojny In grass, that ig, dm
the season of spring-sowing and a month liefore it,
order to prepare them for that worlt about the lOtl^i
February.

His lordship works them three, four, or five yi
that is, from three years old to four, from four to five,
from five to six, from six lo seven, and from seven to
seven and a half, being in this last case put to fatten
after the wheat season. But his more common system
is, to work them four years and a half, and tbea fatten.

The breed is Hereford, Sussex, Devon, and a
breed between Hereford and Sussex. The Herefc
breed appears to be the best of the three, when pure,
the two objects combinetl, of working and fulling;
the mixture of half Hereford aiul half Susses, are equal.
But with all crosses, the Hereford white face is sure to

fen.
bnS^

Wlieji at straw in the winter, they work three dm
in a week ; for bislance, his Lordship has no'
four, being twelve three-year ohls, ten fonr-year oldl
and twelve of all ages above thai, as they happen toh
good for work. And here it is lo be observed relatf
to turning off from work, (hnl when an ox will «
bear ^nxd work and hard food, he may on aa ev^
' chai

CATTLE. S65

chance, if pot to feed, &tten as well as one that would*
gtand work and hardship much better, as the qualities
of fattening well, and bearing hard work, are distinct.
But the perfection of breeding- is to have such as will
do both ; and the free temper and willingness in work
of an ox, may make him be thought tender, and unfit
for labour, if due attention is not paid to this circum-
stance.

Those thirty-four oxen are at oat-straw, with no
other food, and sixteen of them are worked every day ;
and I could not but remark the very good order they
were in ; none of them complaining, by their appear^
ance, of any want of better food. This straw system
holds till about the 10th of February ; then hay is
given, to prepare them for the fatigue of spring-sow-
ing ; the hay system lasting till May, when they arc
turned to grass.

In forming an estimate of the value of their work^
Lord Egremont, in order to be within the truth, takes
to accMnt only a part of their time; from three to
four years old, two days a week, at 6rf. a day; from
four to five years, three days a week, at 7d. ; from
£ve to six years, three days a week, at 8cf. ^ These
rates during eighteen weeks at straw in winter. But
for thirty-four weeks in summer at grass, the beasts
from three to four years, four days a week, at 6tf.
from four to five years, five days, at 9d. ; and
from five to six, five days, at lOrf*

906 tATTLK.

Ytmald. D>yn d. Weela.

From 3 to 4 .... i at 6 ^ IS ....

4 to 5 .... 3 ~ li

5 to 6 ... a — 8>

111 6(1
1 IS 0 ) ■

■T to 4 .... 4 — 6 V :J1 ....
4 to 5 .... 3 ~ oi
i) ttifi .... 5 .— 105

3 8 0 J.,
7 1 8>-

£■

21 2 S

Let U3 now calculalc the cxjjense and return of then
oxen, as thpy are managed, taking it fw a single one.

E.'Spcnse of weaning ™ ,

Six moiilli!.' gooil grass, at lii<!. perwi

Six months' grass, being the lirst win

ter, at 1*

■ £ ^ 0 a

Kk, 1 0 0
■^ 1 6 »

.f 1 C 0

Six raonthfi' grass in the park, beinj
much fed wi(h sheep, deer, &c
at Is _

Six months winter, at 9d -..«.■... 0 19 C

Six months' grass, aiJs.Gd 1 10 0

£.S m 6

At litis time Lord Egremont could sell them, or b-
deed so early as in August, for 1 II. or IQL lean;

Say ..-".. -.. ;f.Il-10 6

He lias cost, ....-» 8 10 6

There would here be profit, £.3 0 0

Supposing his food charged to November. On the
contrary, if put into good grass in August, for fatten-
ing*

CATTLE.

ftg, be will by the end of the ejnas season, about iht
time Mum he would be broke, sell fat to the butcher
at i5(. or 16/^

Bringdown ., ..... •. .,^.8 10 6

Twelve weeks' grass, of additional^

yalue (that is, 3^. 6d. instead of > 14 0

2s.6d.),2l y

£.9 14 6

Selb for - . .. 15 10 0

Expense, .....».i.~..m»~~..~........>......>.» t) li 6 ■

Profit, ;<C 5 15 6

This is on an average; but I was present; at Pet-
worth, and partook of one : a Sussex, turned to fatten,
because a coarse ill-looking-beast ; came fatting, be-^
tween August and January, to 116 stone, which* at 4^.
would be 23/. 4s. and was excellent beef.

This is a considerable profit ; but as it would, if ge-
nerally practised, exclude the system of working, and^
force the use of horses for the entire work of the farm,
it does not seem to be so large as to form inducement
sufficient to cliangc tlic system; accordingly Lord
Egremont does not stop here.

Bringdown ;^.S 10 6

Six months' straw, at \s, tlie third ^ i r n

winter, • )

Six months' grass, at 2s ....«•.••..• S 13 0

Three months' straw, fourth winter, ^ n i o n

at \s i.... ••• )

One toa and a half of clover-hay, 3 0 0

V -

iCarry forward^ ••«..••• £.16 16

JSrought

8 12

0 13

3 0

2 19

0 13

3 0

Brought forward, £.16 I 8

Sii months' ^rass, at 2s. .„.,.._

Three months' straw, fifth winter, ....
One tern and a half of clover-hay, ....

Six months' grass, at 9*. „..._...

Three months' straw, sixth winter, ..
One ton and a half ot'ctovcr-bay, ....

H^.28 n 6

Jf the account is hrrcsfopt, hy (he siilcoitbe tfx lean
(not Iiord Egrcmont's practice), we may, for ibe better
comparison of keeping and fatting, thii^ stntc it :

The ox would now sell for £. 19 10 0

He has canted, 21 9 8

Expense, 28 11 6

f.(9 1 S

This is selling: in the spring; bnt if in the following
anfumn, thenthe lean account will stand tbns:

"Bringdown ™ — £.3S H 6

.^ixmonths'grass, at 2s. ...„....-...«. 2 12 (>

£.31 3 6

ilocarncd before, ...» _ -... £.^l 2 8

Six months' work, 5 daj's a week, at lOrf. 5 8 4

26 11 0
Sells for ™ «.• 19 10 . »

46 1~0
K^peiTse, » 31 5 6

Profit, „... ^.14 17 6

"Sui at this period liis liordship puts some of them
to fattening; the account therefore goes on thus: '^

1 ,

Bring down, ^ ......^.... £.31 3 6

Six months' roucii the seventh winter,

at 1^^. a week; if not rouen enough,^ . ^^ -^
then bad hay. two tons and a half,

Six jnonths and 3 weeks' grass, at 3^ . Gd,b I 6

/.38 17 9

He may now be sold for . —••••.••••-...« £.30 0 0

He has earned «••»..• m «•• ^6 11 0

£.56 II 0

' •

Profit, «.»...«.«»«.^««^.«. ^T. 17 14 0

r '■ I *ii ■

And here it should be observed, that I saw four
9xen, two of which are ten years old, wliich his Lord-
ship bought of my father; and two others coming
eight years old, feeding upon rouen in January,
through the severe frost of the end of December, and
without having a mouthful of any other food, and
thriving well: a very satisfactory proof how much
rouen is to be depended on, even in such a season, and
of the great profit attending it. The advantages of
kept grass can hardly be exemplified in a clearer man-
ner than in this practice ; for no slight portion of the
profit throughout the scale, arises from the cheapness of
this food* " The calves entirely depend on it for the
first winter: they have some the second also, though
at straw ; and the winter previous to fattening, the
oxen are put to it, io improve them. Its value is best

ascertained:

JW ' CATTLR.

Mcatained b; supposing its absence; fin- then hsj
masl be the siibstituk' : and tlic expense of thii foodf
if reckoned at what it wmild wil for, every one knows
to lie extremely grral. I had (he pleasure of seeing
Lord Egremont's whole crop of lambs thriving aii-
mirablj on (his food als;o, wtlhont the addition of
any other ; a very severe frost leaving his turnips rol-
len, and yet the farmer frre from all anx'ety. Rouen
defies the season, and places the Sock-master on velvet.
But lu return :

ft-lng down „. ™ „ £.38 17 0

Three months' oil-cake, fight cakes a~
dtiy, at S/. a thousand at London;
carriage to Godalming, 15s, Hrf. a
thousand; a team of six horses 3500
calces thence to Pelworth, two men, )
and 3s, turnpike); — say 21*. for
S500; carriage in all, 2is. per thou-
sand ; 90 J'lys, at eight cakes, 7-'0,

I 10 {^tl

Three monthh' hay, >vilb cake, at 8 lb. >
per day, 720 lb. say halt a ton, at 3/. >

£.46 if fl^
He then sells for 39 10 ff^^

Expense, .
Profit, ...„

£.59 I a*
.... 46 19 0*

^■.12 g 0

Difierence in profit, lean or ial, 2/. 15s. 6d. I'agiir^^
irbi«li tliere is the value ui his dui^.

CATTLE. 871

But Lord Egremont's more common practice is, to
keep them longer before fattening ; in ^hicli case^ tiie
account goes on thus :

i3nng oown ••••••««0««««m» «•••••«•••••••••••••• ;£^*^^ ^ u^

Three months' straw, seventh winter, •• 0 13 0

One ton and a half clover-hay, ..,. 3 0 0

Six months^ grass, 2s r..... 2 12 Q

;^.37 8 6

■k

If then sold lean, the account will be i

His former work, «•• •^... £.26 11 0

18 weeks, at three days per week, at 8rf. 1 16 0

And 34 weeks, at five days per week, at lOrf. 7 1 &

,^.35 8 8

£.S4: 18 8
Deduct expenses, ............................ 37 8 6

And here therefore it deserves remarking, that the
]profit on keeping him at work while he is in f«ll
i^rength, is an object; for his labour amounting to
8/. 175. 8rf. and his food only 61, 5.9. leaves a profit c£.
2/« 12^- 8rf. per annum. Nor has Lord Egremont
observed, that by thus keeping him. through the sum-
mer which follows his seventh winter, that he is worse
in any respect, either for fattening, or selling when

]f be i» now fatieped, the account goei^ on thus : .

Biing

272 C.1TTI.E.

Bringdown „ ^.37 8

Six months' rouen, as before, eighth ) a la

winter, at 2s S

Six m»nlbs' and three weeks' grass, 3s. Gd. 5 1

Oil-cake, iis before, „ 6 la

Hay, ditto, 1 10

£.53 4

His work has been 35 S

IlcnowsclUfor 39 10

£.(i7 18
Deduct the expenses, 54 18

Profit, £. 13 0

Upon this account, which, it should be observen
is an account, and not it {.alculalion, for it is a tran-
Bcript of practice. Lord Efrreinont observes, that it
seems remarkable, that the iarmers arc gpnerallj foud
of fattening thdr oxen, by wliich they lose, and that
nine-tenlhs of the kingdom are unwilling to work
them, by which they as clearly gnin; partly to be
accounted for, in tlie first case, by the vanity of hav-
ing fat oxen, which is an object amongst theln ol
sort of pride, as if a certain degree of resperl^bili
attached to the practice; not entirely ill-founded.
iaras manure is concerned.

From the whole of this account, the advant;
of working oxen on Lord I^gremont's farm, is clearly
manifest: but it should l)c observed, that this is to Ije
extended no further as practice, than what he actually
practises; that is, krepiiig both horse and ox -teams,
Much of the soil of his farm, especially the u'sble, is a

:>r a.

CATTLE. 273

a strong clay ; upon which it is of great consequence
not to trample in ploughing, and of equal importance
in spring and autumn sowing times, to be very quick
for catching the right moments : horses trample less,
and ate more expeditious. lie therefore finds it parti*
cularly serviceable to do all sorts of carting with oXen^
except the longer journies, and at such seasons to keep
the horse-teams uninterruptedly at plough. It must
not however be hastily concluded, that oxen do not
plough well, for they certainly do, and on- his Lord-
ship's farm; but in spring and autumn seed-times,
V liorses are more expeditious. Six oxen in stiff land,
for the first earth, plough but three-fourths of an acre
a day, on the average of the several ages at which they
are wrought. Those who, upon lighter soils, can use
smaller teams, will of course find them more beneficial
than here stated* v

6. Crossings

Crossing is universally practised. It is very strongly
believed, that without this custom, the breed would
infallibly degenerate ; and in conformity to this no-
tion, the Sussex breeders every year or two change
their bulls ; consequently this practice is in vogue, for
the mere sake of crossing ; and it has contributed to
the deterioration of the stock. Bulls are seldom to be
met with above three years old; so that, with this
system, a man scarcely knows what his young stock
will turn out. Mr. EUman, in support of this opi-
nion, gives it as the result of experience, that it is ne-
cessary in all kinds of animals : that it is, of course,
better to cross from a finer stock than their own ; but,
if tbey have been long in one blood, it will be better to
«ussEX.] T take

274 cattlj:.

take a cross from a worse breed, rather than not,
change, as the mere crossing will be advaiilageotu
enough to induce this conduct. And it is thought
that this observation goes more pointedly to the means
of improving the health of the animal, and the diepcf
sition to fatten, than either to shape or eoloiir.

Of the sanle opinion was Mr. Allfrcj-, of Frislon, one
of the most experienced and sciisibte breeders that the
county had to boast. From his own knowledge, hewai
decidedly for crossing. His father had many years ago
a most beautiful breed of beasts, and he bred intlic
same strain for upwards of twenty years, when, as he
states, they were very much degenerated, and thrfr
constitutions so bad, that it was no unusual thing to
Jose four or five in a year. His flock too sulTenid
from the same inattention; but on changing his raiM,
the alteration in a few years was renlly astonishing.
In the breed of his greyhounds, in which he was always
curious, observation confirmed him in the opinion.
Mr. AUfrey bred from dogs in the same strain, that
■were very capital, till they could not run a mile; but
by crossing with others, they again improved.

In opposition to these Sussex facts, it was the prac-
tice of the greatest breeder the world bas produced,
deduced from long and attentive experiennc, that lo
cross with a breed which was not decidedly better than
the breed to be crossed, ought never to be attempted.
But when this is the case, Mr. Bakewell thought it a
necessary measure, but in all others a most mischievous
one.

Thelafe Mr. Campbell, of Charlton, coincided in
these sentiments ; he too was known to have possessed
great experience, and was a consummate judge upon
the subject.

"As

CATTLE. 275

*^ As to the art and mystery of generation or concep*
tion, all that I pretend to know (and that I do by
many experiments to a certainty) is, that ill shapes,
and properties of particular breeds, when introduced
in others, even by a single cross, will continue to have
effect, sometimes more, sometimes liess, and sometimes
4arking for generations, scarce perceivable, or even
totally but of sight or feel, and then break out on some
individual as strongly, and with as bad effect, as if
there had never been any further mixture or addition'
of the blood on the other side. I therefore consider
crosses to be a matter requiring the greatest caution^
and what I should never choose to do, if there was
one bad property in the proposed cross ; and I am of
opinion, that the surest and best means of improving
a breed, is by constantly and completely weeding the
original stock and nursery, and securing the opportu<»
nity of advantage from particular extra individuals
which may happen to be produced in it; and in every
respect availing oneself of all the use it may afford, and
carefully preserving the continuance of it as long as
possible, or until a yet better comes," — Extracts of
Letters from Mr* Campbell to Lord Egremont.

III. Work.

The third division of the subject embraces the de-
scription of the draught cattle of this county, in re-
spect to,

1. Training.

«. Yokes.

3. Collars.

4. Yokes and collars compared.

t2 5- JPro-

5. Proportion of drauglit cattle.

6. Shoeing.

7. Dislempers.

1 ., Tittiiilng.

The common praclice is to yoke i\\e slcers intlie
double yoke, which is generally j>erfomicd with the
use of a rope, la confine them whiUt the yoke is fixing
on. Mr. Ellman observes, that this should be done
between two pair of old steai3y oxen ; one pair before,
to prevent the steers from flying back, and one or two
pair behind, to prevent tlicra from pu&hing forward.
In this way they are put to the plough, and the next
day they are generally yoked with less trouble,: sonic-
times, and which Mr. Ellman thinks a. better way, m
joke, he says, one steer with one of our old steady
• osen, one that is not very free to work. This last
mode of training the steers io work, is less liable to
hurt them in a warm day, as the ox will prevent the
steer from fetigning itself, which is often encouraged
by the other, when two are yoked together.

At two years and a half old the oxen are broken to
the yoke ; at the outset the work is gentle, so that tbe
young cattle are trained to the labour with other steady
ones in the team ; whatever is the work of an ox, it a
made consistent with the progression in his value ; for
the breeder knows that the system wonld otherwise be
deprived of the principal part of its merit; conse-
quently the work is at all times so proportioned as not
toaifect the growth of the animal, which continues till
the sixth or seventh year. This then is the reason
•why such numbers are coupled in a team, that, at
6rst sight, there appears an absurdity in working
their cattle in such numerous teams. Eight great osen

CATTLE. 277

in a single plough, is the common allowance u})on
almost any soil ; and if the nature of it is heavier than
ordinary, the number of them rise up to ten. or twelve.
It is not an unusual circumstance to see thirteen or
fourteen pair, and ten or a dozen horses, in a field of
less than twenty acres. When more than eight ate
used in one team, it should be observed that the rest
are in training.

The customary load for a team is from eight to ten
quarters of wheat. Now 'if this weight is divided
among the eight oxen, cacli draws ten bushels for
his respective share. So jack-asses would be more
useful', as the expense of maintaining them would
be far less, and the heavy weight of oxen upon wet
land in rainy seasons, would be avoided. Ten bu-
shels of wheat per ox ; yet common Sussex cattle
draw just so many sacks several miles to market^
harnessed in single ox-carts, at Bradfield-hall, and are
afterwards fattened to great profit. The necessity of
the case then is not admitted, and most certainly
one-half at least of the number, might readily be
spared, without injury to the growtli of the caKle.
This system of ploughing with eight or ten oxen in
yokes, is the more reprehensible, because the strength
of an ox for labour is well known. For many years
Sussex oxen have been used atBradfield, and, in point
of draught, fouild equal to the best Suffolk horses for
all sorts of work^, and especially for that laliour which
is not much understood in Sussex, the transport of
lieavy loads of corn to market. Upon a wet and ad-
liesive clay loam, the daily work of two in a team, is
equal to that of two Suffolk punches, an acre in a day ;
but then the oxen are in harness. Here they arc used
three years ; in Suffolk we use them twice that time.

7 3 Another

Another circumstance, is the nature of the soil in that
part of tlie comily where ox-teams are chiefly in use.
It may be characterized as a strong clay loam, wet
and tenacious to a degree, and therefore a soil very
dlfGcuK to plough to adviintiige ; and as the usual cus-
tom is double yokes (though sini^le ones arc certainly
to be- preferred), when eight, (en, or twelve are used,
four, five, or six, must necessarily follow each other
upon the unploughed land, as many walliing at the
same time in the furrow: the latter is bad enongh, but
the former, it would seem, in any season upon such a
soil, esjiccially in a wet spring, would be destruction
itself, when (rumpling should be avoided with the
utmost solicitude.

Certainly, by a different arrangement in the sysfera,
a considerable expense of food aud labour might bit
saved to the farmer.

.3. Yokes — Collars.

The mode of working their oxen in this county has,
from the earliest ages, been the established one of bows
and yokes, both single and double. Oxen in collars
are a late improvement. A wide difference of opinioa
amongst practical men exists, with regard to the best',
roethodof using oxen, in yokes, or in collars. Some
very sensible men, who have worked them in yokes,
and afterwards with collars, have gone so far as to say,
that three in harness are competent to as much work as
four the other way. This indeed is a point of the
greatest consequence. To talk of men not liking in-
novations, and revolting at a change, isamereapO"
logy for idleness. If this is the case, they should un^ .
questionably be adopted.

The Rev. Mr. Dayiesj of Glynde, some few yean,
■go,

}

•a

la ^

CATTLE, 279

ago, worked oxen singly in collars, and found it to
answer exceedingly well. He worked tlicrn gently
at first, and five in collars did the work of eight in
yokes, and with equal ease. This gentleman found
that he could make two teams out of one; but the ad-
vantage of the greatest consequence upon his farm w^s,
that upon the strong land inclining to be wet in winter,
he dared not plough with oxen, because they trod it so
much, that it was a very difficult matter to get it
again to pieces in tlie spring, when it became dry and
liard, so that he ploughed such land only with horses.
Oxen, singly working, were drove in the furrows, so
that the land was no more trod by ploughing in this
manner, than if horses had been used. Another ad-
vantage Mr. Davics experienced was in the ijiotioti,
which was quicker in the new method.

Mr. Glutton adopted the same practice at Cuckfield,
and he found that five used in this way, were equal to
eight in the other ; and besides tliis extraordinary dif-
ference, the work was performed much easier to the
animal ; and in wet seasons they ploughed in collars,
when they could not in yokes.

The Duke of Richmond is a warm advocate on the
same mode. His Grace affirms, that tlie pace is much *
faster in harness, though the number is less, and that
by the oxen bending their necks over the bow of the
yoke, the windpipe is affected. It is certain, that four
in harness equal six in yokes. Mr. Pinnix uses all
his working oxen, atUpiuardenj in collars;, and he ob-
serves, that they will plough more, by the third part
of an acre, than when yoked, and work much easier/
He found they would not, without difficulty, work
when coupled in yokes, after they had been for some
time used to the collar.

T 4 Mr*

Mr. Pennington, a very intelligent farmer, steward
to Lord AshburnhaiD, strongly impressed with the
idea of the superior advantages which would result
from the introduction of harness instead of yokes, then
universally used in his neighbourhood, purchased
harness for six oxen, and worked in ihiis manner some
six and seven-year old cattle, which he bad purchased
in the country at an age when, having allained their
growth, they are commonly either sold or fattened.
They were soon reconciled to harness, hut were much
more sluggish than younger oxen, and though many
were not necessary to draw a load, that load moved
but slowly ; and when (hey were required fully to ex-
ert 1 heir strength, they could not do il without exlra-
■ ordinary food, both in quantity and qualify, which
their work only could pay, there being no hopes that
an advance in their growth would contribute towards
it. After working some time in harness, he resolved to
fatten the old ones, aad, iu tlie mean time, having pur-
chased many three and four-year olds, he worked those
in yokes, as, upon close and attentive observation, be
saw that hard work would stop their growth, and that,
without any in convenience, they could use as much
power in yokes as it would be prudent and beneficial
to permit (hem to emphiy. He perceived that the
trouble and expense of harness, of course, would have
been thrown away, even though these oxen nnight have
been capable of drawing a greater weight in harness,
of which he has now some doubts. In summer he
found the harness an incumbrance, the ox requiring
all the relief and liberty that can be given in hot
weather, and that the yoke left as much as is possible
for any animal to ha ve whilst labouring ; and he thinks
it neither unnatural nor improper, to place tte point

CATTLE. 281

of draught upon the neck of the ox, just before his
shoulders, that point seeming adapted by Nature to
bear the pressure. He never had an ox galled by his
labour ; and he finds that an ox is much seldomer
galled by the yoke, tlian the horse by the collar, which
is however adapted to the form of the latter, as under
a yoke he could not work one hour.

Mr. Pennington conceives the system of working,
only to be profitable whilst the growth of the ox nearly
pays for the keeping, and that it cannot do when the
ox is hard worked . He thinks that, in the nature of
the ox, there are qualities opposite to quick or severe
labour ; for when the ox^is driven beyond his strength
or wind, he is rendered unfit for work for a great length
of time, and even frequently falls a sacrifice to the ex-
ertions of a single hour. When he is brought low in
flesh, no art or food will speedily put him into condi-
tion. He thinks also, that as the horse is otherwise
formed, he will bear the extreme of heat and cold,
most frequently without injury, and if brought low by
labour, will in a sliort time, with attention and proper
food, recover his flesh. Hence, in all severe or quick
labour, hordes are undoubtedly to be preferred, and
oxen are only profitably employed in easy regular bu-
siness, without any perceptible inconvenience. This
has induced him to lay aside harness entirely. If it is
desirable, on account of the wet state of tlie ground,
to plough with oxen single, some farmers frequently
use a particular kind of yoke for this purpose. When
Mr. Pennington first" came into Sussex, he thought it
preposterous and unnecessary to use such a number of
oxen in ploughs, harrows, carts, and waggons, and
imagined that it proceeded frona their want of power
in yokes; but he has discovered that the practice arises

out

282 CATTLE.

out of, or is a pari of a sjsfeni proper in iiiiiiig oxrn,
wliich is very fur from requiring Ihe appllcalioii of
tlirir fuU strength during the time they are at work.

In order to decide the resjieclive merit of yoked and
hiimessed oxen, Mr. Bishop, of Westburlon, and Mr.
Sailer, of Fittleworlh, for a wnger, agreed to plough
an acre of land ; Mr. Salter lo use six oxen in double
yokes, and Mr. Bishop four oxen in collars : again,
Mr. Salter to jjlouijh with four oxen in single jokes,
against Mr. Bishop's fuiir in collars; the Icam which
ploughed ill the bpst niiinne r, and in the shortest space
of time, to be the winner. It w.is about the latter end
of September, or begirming of October, that these
trials -Here made. In the first, the six in yoke beat
the four easy. Little exertion was used at the latter
end of the matcl!. The second was a near thing, und
only threeminutesdilii'renee in an acre.

The fonr oxen in coUiirs ploughed the acre in four
hours and seven minutes ; Mr. Siilter's four in yokes, in
four hours and ten minutes ; however, to ploui^h it in
that time, we may readily suppose it was not capitally
executed.

As far as this experiment went, it proved the equa-
lity of the teams. Lord Egrcmont has worked his
cattle each way, and in road and field work, upon a
large scale; and his experience fully confirms Ihe ge-
neral opinion, that (he old established mode is supe-
rior to the new mctliod, and that any number in yoke
arc equal to an equal number in collar*.

5. Pro-

• Brraii Collie. — Horned catlle are sometimes very troubleBome when
they get breach, particularly bulls, and frequently do coinlderahle da-
mage in tearing hedges, untying and breaking gates, bars, &c. It !■
•uitODiaiy in some parts of Kcm, to fii a sort of aile-cree acTou thei

CATTLE.

5. Proportion of Draught Oxen to Arable Land.

The number of oxen used in husbandry in Sussex is
considerable. This cattle system, as at present ar-
ranged, requires a large supply for the labour of the
farm. The grazing part of the business may turn to
profit and advantage, as it is argued that the winding
up is the most lucrative ; consequently, that an ox must
hot be impeded in the thriving stage of his growth by
severe labour, since the increase in his value, from his
birth to his deatb, is the strongest reason to be tender
of him in his working state.

There is doubtless much experimental reasoning in
this argument: still the number for work might be
very considerably lessened ; and it would be a singular
advantage, not to speak of the saving of a driver, to
reduce their teams to four oxen, of such an age as
should not receive any damage from hard labour. This
might be effectually performed by keeping their beasts
two years longer ; and even one year would be attended
^ith considerable effect. Although it may be said, that
keeping tlie ox two more years, would not increase his
value, still the expense of their tillage would be less-

horns, with small wheels at the extremities, so that when a bullock
would attempt to toss a gate, &c. the wheels fly upwards, and the crea-
ture receives a smart blow on the nose. A very few attempts of this
kind serve completely to sicken him, and cure his breachness: so when
they attempt to gore one another, it seldom amounts to more than inof-
fensively thrusting the snout in the other's flank. In this case it might
be of use in the dairy. Metal knobs on the tips of the horns, which are
become now in general use, are highly improper, as they may serve to
attract the electrical fluid : horn, as being a non-conductor, would be a
good substitute, well bound round the middle with pitched twine, t9
prevent their splitting. — Mr, Trayfon,

ened|

384 CATTLE.

enetl, niu! the lanil not liable to sucli injuries as it
receives at present.

T!w proportion of draught oxen to arable lanii, va-
ries with the size of the farm and the number of horses:
and here is one of the great benefits of large farm* over
small ones, in the ehcapcr style in which thry are
tilled ; for it is fo-iud to be very necessary to have one
borse and one ox-lenro for a farm of one hundred acres
ftf arable, that is, eight oxen and four horses; but if
wc extend the hundred acres to fire timfs the quantity,
llie number of draught cattle lessens in proportion.

The proportion which the cattle bear to the land,
may Ijc seen by attending to the under-mentioned par-
ticulars :

Mr. .lohn Ellman allows twelve oxen and nine
hoTWs, constant working, to be the proper projiortion
for 900 acres in tillage. The real proportion is higher
than this rate: but let it be noted, that Mr. KUman
cpeaks from a knowledge of facts, and a reliance upoa
experiment, and founds his calculations upon his own
long practice in an extensive concern.

Eight oxen, and three or four horses, are used for a
hundred acres of tillage land about Lewes ; tlie land
heavy and adhesive, deep and rich.

About Cuoltiield, 130 acres require two ox-teams and
one horse-team ; strong clay loam. Mr. Mayo, upon
the same quantity of arable land, or 133 acres, era-
ploys at Battel sixteen oxenaitl six horses; soil, a
lighter loam, friable, and moist bc'tom.

A South Down farm, rented at 500/, per ann. 24
oxen'and IS horses; soil, thin chalk rubble upon a
chalk rock ; in otlier parts of it, where the staple is
deeper, covered with a layer of flints.

When Mr. Davies farmed with oxen at Bedingham,
upon

'' CATTLE. 883

upon SOO acres in tillage, from fourteen to sixteen oxen
and nine horses ; cbalk, rubble,' and deep loam.

Mr. Gell, of Applesham, upon 500 acres, S9 oxen
and 13 horses ; light chalk, rubble flinty.

At Kindford, in the heart of the Weald,. 130 acres
arable, four oxen and six horses.

From these, selected from a great variety of esti-
mates, the conclusion is evident, that the common
allotment for an hundred acres is an ox and a horse-
team; from 150 to 200 acres, 12 to 16* oxen, besides
horses ; upon 500 acres tilt land, six oxen and two
horses and a half for each hundred.

DISOllDERS.

Iloving. — South Down receipt for hoved bullocks
is, a quart of lintsced-oil, which vomits them directly,
and never known to fail*.

SECT.

• I know of no particular disorders that our cattle are afHicted witli,
and am a farrier. If any of my cattle get into a low weak state, I gene-
rally recommend nursing, which in most cases is much better than a
doctor : have often seen the beast much weakened, and the stomach re-
laxed, by throwing in a quantity of medicine injudiciously, and tlie
animal lost, when with good nursing, in all probability, it might have
been otherwise: here I allude principally to cattle that are brought into
a low weak state by over- working, when put to grass in the spring, and
particularly so in such a year as the present, when the grass grows very
quick, which often brings on the flux, or what is here called scourvtg;
the best way to prevent which is, to continue giving a small quantity of
hay for some time after turning to grass, and not to keep them too
many hours at a time from water, which is often done here in summer,
to the prejudice of the beast, by working too copiously at a time,
which will tend to increase this complaint. When I see it coming on, I
keep the ox as much as possible on liay and bran, and let him have wa-
ter often in very small quantities. — y. E,

There is a disorder incidental, to ypung stock in this county, which is

called

S86

8BCT. II. — SHEEP,

Sussex is almost the only county that is at the somir
time in the possession 6f a breed of cattle^ as well as
sheep, both of which an^ of very great compamtiYe
excellence, that may be deemed peculiarly her own.
Only one other can challenge her pre-eminence, and
question the superiority of her stock. The Hereford
breed of beasts is, upon the whole, equal to the Sus?
sex; but the merit of the Ryland flocks, though m
point of fleece superior, are in other respectk perhaps
a less perfect breeds

called beings struck. It most frequently happens in the bert
is caused by a too great nutrition of the juicest triting
fucculent herbage, buds of trees, or rather of shrubs in ooppioet ^
liedge-rows, together with an over indulgence of nimisating, Vjv^
down, whereby they acquire a sluggish habit, that renders tlife blood
torpid, and they die suddenly, as in the apoplexy. This happois
chiefly among weaning calves, and yearlings : to prevent wiiich, they
are commonly bled and purged, before turned out to winter patture;
but the best way is to turn out the weanlings and yearlings in large en-
closures of coarse sharp-bladed grass, and mix among them ccdts of a
year or two^s growth; thereby their mischievous and ptayfiod gambols
will harass the calves thoroughly, and by keeping them in action, wift
keep them in health. The truth of this is well known among many gnk
zicrs, but is not so generally practised as it ought.

There is another disease calves are subject to, called the busty in which
the lungs are inflamed, and perforated with myriads of small worms or
maggots ; but as these animalcula are seldom seen but in emSryo, the
animals commonly dying before they receive their fiill existence^ the no-
tion of such being engendered has been doubted by many; but I knew
a very experienced farrier, who was the only person ever known to cure
the disease, affirm that he had observed it in all its stages, and was well
assured of the fact. This method of cure was by inflating the hings with
mitreus air*; bUt what the process was I never could leam.-*— Jlir. Trayton,

* Uns remedy y I suppose^ %u0uld be insUmt iealib* — A* T,

The

:?•'

( '.

0 s;
^ I

0 'i
1:

SHEEP. 287

The merit of the South Down breed of sheep is uni*
versally acknowledged, and the demand is so unli-
mited as not to be supplied ; they have of late been
extending themselves over the eastern, and more par-
ticularly over the western sides of the kingdom, with a
rapidity hitherto without a parallel in the annals of
our husbandry.

Indeed this has been acknowledged in those very
counties where other breeds have, time out of mind,
been established, and the consequence has been that of
adopting the South Down stock ; and we witness with
no slight sensations of satisfaction and pleasure, the
great improvement of the age. The emigration of the
superfluity of the South Down breed, is rather an ex-
traordinary circumstance in the detail of the live-stock
of this district ; and it must be acknowledged as a
strong argument in favour of the breed, that after se-
veral years, the demand. has increased.

Some late experiments which have been very accu-
rately made with this breed by the Earl of Egremont,
who was certainly no otherwise interested than as being
desirous of discovering the scale of their merit, have
turned out liighly satisfactory. Norfolk sheep are
supposed to be amongst the inferior breeds in this
island ; therefore comparison with them is unneces-
sary.

Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, &c. though better than
the preceding, are far inferior to the South Downs.

The Dishlcy breed are in some counties the favou-
rites : and here we may hazard a remark in this early
^tage of our inquiry, as being founded on facts which
will be hereafter explained, that this celebrated breed,
which has been the theme of so much admiration,
should have fallen into disgrace in the county now under

review.

review. They have been adrnittcd upon tlic most libe-
bcral fooling; and if rarrit had been in proportion lo
price, it might liuve been espectetl that they would
have set competition at defiance.

Ifwcset ourselves to examine the demand for tiie
Dish ley stock, which has in some districts been so vciy
prevalent, and the nddition.il surface of ground over
irhich they griize, in consequence of the improved
method of letting out tups ; whilst, on the other hani5,
the South Down breed has overspread a wide extent,
by the exportation of Ihem in droves, free from any
secret transactions bclwixt individuals; it will be
allowed, that the real and active demand is great ill'
di?ed in favour of Sussex.

It is not with any view t depreciating a breed of
sheep, which undoubtedly piisscsses merit, that these
observations are made; but it will afterwards appear I
that Ihey have been weighed iu the scales, and fountl
wanting. They have their respective merits and pecu-
liar advantages ; but no man of understanding will be
petsuadcd to believe (since no facts have yet been pro«
duced in support of the assertion), that they will tbrWe
upon a soil of five shillings just as well, in proportira
to land Sve limes that rent. On the oth^ hand, no
complete and satisfactory experiments have yet ap-
peared before the public, snflicieiidy convincing to be
relied upon as authentic, (hat a smalt and close-coated
sheep is so well calculated for a marsh, as ^e breeds
which prevail in those districts, or that they thrive in
them to equal profit, as upon their native pasture.
Wc have in Sussex a surface of both these kinds; and
facts speak a different language. The art of man ibas
new-modelled tiic creation ; but it has not been eflecled
by traversing the laws of Nature : trusting to her di-
rections

fictions {6t the basis of improyemetit, slie infallibly
{)oints out the line of demarcation, and the proper con*
duct for the experimentalist*

In considering the merit or demerit of any breed^^
the food tattn is the primary objt^ct) and the inquiry
to veigh the wool and mutton against the food whidi
produces it* Scales and weights must be appealed to
in every step of the business t these are the only arbi*
trators in a national and political light ^ the food elEiteit
is an object of immense import, and it has till yery
lately been most astonishingly overlooked'^ TheDishley
breed maji^takeup a greater proportion of land to sup^
port them^ than perhaps any other breed we are ac*
(juainted with in the kingdom ; of land too that is
Jrented at from 20^ ^ to 40^. per acre. Of what import-
ance is the fact, that individuals of this stock have
been slaughtered of seven inches and a half of solid fat
cut straight upon the ribs) if it requires an acre of
land, rented at three tiities as high^ to bring them ta
this pitch, as it serves to bring another stock to the
butcher, in the ordinary c6urse of fattening them I
Are these sheep spread thinly over oite of the richest
tracts of land in England, that the beauty of their
fbrifi may attract universal admiration ?

We know in Sussex, that the South Downs are
stocked at the rate of one sheep and a half io every
feicre : moreover, taking into this account all. sorts of
land over which sheep at any time of the year may
be supposed \o go, besides finding support for vast
quantities of cattle^ for oxen do the labour of the
farm ; yet this land docs not average above 121* pet
licre.

Crrantiiig it to be an admitted fact^ that ev^n a thotl*
«y8»fix/ t jatid,

SflO 6IICEP,

sand guineas had been given as Ihc tiiring price of a
tup, without any secret understanding between the
parties, and that the individual so purchasing had
been equally benefitted; is llie nation llicrctbre n gainer ?
It is the greatest possible quantity of mutton and
wool from the least quantity of fowl, that constitutes
excellence in live-stock. And is this to bo met with iu
LeiccstcTshirej connccti'd with mutton and wool, har-
diness, activity, folding, flavour, quality of wool,
&c."?

• In ihe month of May, 1731, mpelf and a farming fi!end, ia
iirho<e judgment I had more canfiii«nce ihan in mj own (and wbich
confidcnct ii founded upon his early and eiKotivt ciperience, more
especially in live-stock), went on lo tlie South Downi, purposely to
view the liVe-stock of that diilrict. and carried with us an or^erfrom
Lord ShcSield tu hia ntcvrard, to give every assistance in his power la
milt our inquiriet; which order ^ai cheerfully cmnplicd with i and is
conKquence, hit l.ordship'i flocic wu particularly examined, ii alio
teveral other flocks upun the Down, though less accurately; and I
must observe, thai my tipectatloni were much dl^niipoinlcd: the sheep
Bpon the Down, struck me as ranking with the smallest breeds in Eng-
Itnd; those io hii Ixirdship'i pauurc were l>etler grown; iHit tbe beat
wether iheep tre could find, struck mine and my friend's idea* a* not
exceeding SOIb. per quarter. The wool is doulitless good clodun^
wool t we carried home several specimens, which I sliewcd to a woof*
napler in large business, who agreed with ut, that it was not niperior
to the average quality of the wool of the comnuina of ShropAire and
Ktaffiirdshire, and much inferior lo the Hereford, Roi>, oi the Shrop-
shire Morf. 1'he sheep may be fairly pronounced, a small, compact,
and well made breed, doubtless healthy, as being preserved from iiiter-
ii*l complaints by the sonnduest of its native walk, and protected frool
riternal ones by being completely covered in a close, compact, aoA
Warm fleece. The breed cannut, I think, be adtnitted as dlttincly ori-
ginal, ur peculiar tu tlua county ; fur the SlaSurdihire Canoock: Heaths,
bred upon a waste of '.'5,000 acres, appears to me of the same origin;
ire very generally^ grey-faced; witiioul faorns; with fine wimI; tod if

tt will conduce to clearness, ^unange the iofoniift*
lion upon this head under these diTisions i

t. Bleed.

II. Management*

IIL Profit* V

1. Mreed^

JS^Jii

Well leiected from a sound part gf the waste, then taken into jUasture^
and put to proper rams, the produce is a heavier carcass than any t
eVer saw from the South Down stock, with a good disposition to fatten,
though I admit inferior in make} beattcy, and compactne^ of carcass^
and heavier in bone. Theiie last defects I attribute to want of former
aftij early attention in the breeders; some of whom are, however, now
making progress in this species of imptoven^ent.

I can never find the South Down sheep ciii mikh igUt^ ih ^mithfieiJ^
where I often searched for them, but not found them in any proportion
•f number to the Lincoln, Leicester, Wiltshire, Norfolk, and atveral
mixed breeds, notwithstanding their 4ocal advantage of proximity of
situation.

Again, I think the South Down sheep too li^t in eareiss, to be
deemed proper stock for good enclosed pasturagt. With this drcum-
Mfuet h united another, to which my experience points out no except
tion : ligfaf-earcassed sheep are always disposed to break out of theit
pastures, or to commit depredations on the wrong side of the hurdled ia
your turnips. '• In this respedt, tid othet stdck 1 kn6W| is eo pleaiing av
the Leicestershire; WhAtftver they are left they are fotfnj, i^hether
upon a pleutifui or a scanty allowance.

I would by no means wish to be imdecstoodj to haVt any intention of
depreciating the character of a breed of sheep that have undoubtedly'
great merit ; all I mean is, to call in question their superlative superior
vity over some other breeds that produce clothirig-wool ; (the Leicester
and Cotswold breeds bearing combing-wool, Ave out Of the question).
The heaviest carcasses pt-odiicing £ne wool, are doubtless the Wiltshire.
I have known wether-sheep of this breed fattened to 40lb. per Quarter,
<and sold at 3/. IOj. each ; yet I c'an say from experience, that they have'
not clothing enough for the severest winters^ of even the midland coun-
ties, in cold, wet and inclement seasons; and upoU cold soils, their
naked bellies^ and thin open eo^s, exposing them to ltlr?»tiOD, tvca
to death ; which I believe was actually the case with ismt tttj souni
#aai.in my possession a few years since.

vs id#

-* Breed.
Under this bead, the &>ik>wing subdiViaitHis arc Bf

1, Form.
B. Colmir.
S. TfanlmeM,

4. Proportion of stock to grtnimf.

5. Prices,

6. Principles of breeding.

7. Castrating.

I. Form,

[ do not preiend to «y that the Cannock-hcath breed, itiough mm^
W5iat ifmilar, an4 tuperior in weight- ""hen pastured, to any! saw ill
or from the South Downs, are yet br hi (o so correct a formjliut
*Ten in llui rtipetl , 1 knosr many jt emen and farmers who have
bred from the Hereford, Roes, and the Shropshire Morf, tint would by
no means yield, but cliin ihi." pre-eminence. They have heavier car-
«aMes, and I believe wool of a superior quality; haTC small Tight crookeif
horns, small clean itg", the facE and legs white, or a lirtlc freckled;
liglht in bout; and ire brought, in some hands, not only to a superior
weight, but to a degree of compactness and perfcctioai in carcas*,
which perhaps no other breed has c;tcelled. TBesr, in our neighbour-
hood, are called the Rycland breed, and of nhfch you wilT doubtlew.
. receive farther information from dilTerent q,uanen, especlaUji thecoun'
ties of Salop, Worcester, ai>d Hereford.

The South Down ihecp ate,, however,, fairly introduced intoStaSord-
shirc, by the most noble the Marquis of DonnegaT, who hai ■ great
many of that breed amongst other breeds, in his park at Fishertrick, airf
to which breed I know his steward to be very partial.

1 ihall not fail, when I visit that quarter^ to make inquiriei, and «
ftithful report coneerning them— H';j;jjh Plit, PndirfirJ, SU'Jhniilirr.

The main objeelion brought for*ard, in these observations of Mr.
William Pitt, to the South Down slieep, is founded in a notioti whick
has been waved by men of eiperiment, and given up upon grtiimdi
which are deemed no longer tenable—" want of wdght" TTie Sowb
Down is among the smallBjt breeds, not eiceedingSOlb. perquaiter[
EghioircaM. Wilblure.CanBod^ Itcavier, tip to Wfti^ A&thuBaf

... - •

}. Form.

The true South Down sheep are polled, and when
rcry well bred^ have 9t small head, and clear neck^

which

1^ very true, yet not afFecting the mfirit of South DoWA iha^ one iota*
The West Country sheep are abandoned ia WUtthi/e-by flodMnasten^
who say they can keep half as many again of the oae aft.they used to
do of the other breed* They are given up by: a Wibabife|M?nie^, pot
of the greatest in England, in favour of the South Dowoiy ,1iy^ ^ floclo
ianner, who clips five thousand every year, and who '^nds that thri^
pi the latter are kept upon the same ground in better condition, than
eerved to feed only two of the former (Mr. Dyke) ; so that if the Wilti-
shire sheep average four or five poutidir per quarter more than the SouUi
Downs, and not more wool, it is unequal to the circumstance of thve^
thriving where two only did before: weight thereiiDre sigiiifies nothingi|
and is entitled to little attention. The greatest argument that was ever
|>rooght forward in favour of size (and it is very far from being admt^
ted), it when it requires a less quantity of food to gain any given weight
•f flesh (say 500 or 1000 lb.) from one animal, than it requires to prov
duce an equal weight in two of the same breed. Experiments already
detailed, go to prove that this appears to be the case in large and small
breeds of cattle \ but with respect to sheep, facts seem to prove the
jreverse.

The South Downs support a much greater weight of flesh than we
'see in any other part of England upon land of the same value. Althongh
it is a small breed, not averaging more than eighteen or twenty pounds
per quarter, yet we have various instances of their weighing much
heavier, up to thirty-nine pounds per quarter.

The question about the origin of them is of little consequence; but
the fact, that there are some sheep upon a Staflbrdshire waste, that
tomewhat resemble the South Down in the colour of the leg, in being
polled, and having carding-wopl on their backs, proves nothing against
the originality of them.

In regard to the quality of the wool, the samples which Mr. Pitt car-
ried home with him, might perhaps be selected indiscriminately, and
possibly from an inferior sort. This remark is the more applicable, be*
cause we are given to understand that no other flock was viewed with
the tame s^cntion that Lord Sheffield's was. No doubt this is a fin«

U 3 stocky

vlich arc very essential points; the length, indetu,
.pf the neck, is a matter in dispute among (he breeders.

■toefci bul a penon who comes into Susiei lo eollew informati
make hi> cl»ervation» upon iheep, will not content himBelf with
•laminauon of iluep in [he Wcaldj but he will travene thai part of
the county from whencp thajr oripnally come, and not leave the eoonty
with the eximiaKion of one Hock. As to the iuperiorii<r of Rdb or
Motf wool over South Down, the practice of irimAn^ the fleeee in ihEM
lountie), goes a^nst him. If the itapler buyi with any leparatioD of
the coarser sorts, these two Idodsof cirding-wool will be nearly upon «
paf. As to the specimens of wool which Mr. Pitt selected, the circum.
»tance of superiority depends upon the manner in which it was doiHi.
A lock of wool taken from this or that part of a fleece, lo >et agwat
another lock drawn from a fleece of another hreed, is no comparison
whatever. Fleece must be compared with fleece, or rather, lod ag^nu
tod; for aa there ace erght or pine difTerent suns of wool in the same
fleece, it re(]uires some accuracy and judgment indeed, lo pronounce
uponihc quality of either from such inililiereut gioiinds. TheStafibrd-
•bire stapler gave hit opinion from the tpetimen shewn biip. Was it
drawn from the shoulder, the barrel, or the breech f

There is one remaining objection which Mr, Pitt makcj lo the bieed,
which is so diametrically the reverse, in point offset, tliat it is not a
little surprising bow such a charge could have been urged — lit luiiiniii
aftbt iritd, iriixiitig failure, lammitiing i/rfraiilinij. Some sheep have a
great propensity to roving; the South Down are uoiiccplionabiy among
the quietest and most orderly, and hardly to l« eicelled, even by the
Bakewell breed. So fir fcom a rambling disposition, the reverae bai
been repeatedly remarked, 'i'hey have been atBradficld for some year^
and almost every iield bat its respective lot; and ground more heavily
flocked is JiQI to bj found; yet no cwmplainis arc ever heard from any
intermiiture, diough no qther than very low and dose-splashed iicdgas
separate the Ibib. — A. T.

" How far this sort (the South Down) will answer, time and eipery
rnee mum determine, h has already so iar gained grgund, that although
they were only introduced inio Wiltshire (by Mr. Migbell, of Kennel)
in :789, the number kept in ihe county ii alrsady increased to fifteen
tbouaaiid, and is daily increasing. Those who keep them say, Hal
tbeylive so much hardier, and feed ss much closer, thai they

]

Mr. Ellman, who certainly has brought his flock to a,
high degree of perfection, thinks the length of the
neck no demerit; and other breeders, who look for
fine wool more than form of carcass, think it a merit,
as the surface produces more wool, and that of a fine
quality. Others, on the contrary, prefer a short neck^
because it is thought that lambs that are spear-necked ,
are free of wool, and not so well able to bear severe
weather; and long necks are inclined to long carcasses.
Thus the form is sacrificed to a very inferior conside*
ration. That the neck should be bred as light as pos*
sible, is at once seen in the large proportion of oflal
(bone) in that part of the sheep, perhaps more than in
any other part, in proportion to flesh : the chap is
fine and small, and the bone light; ][)oints which are
very pleasing to the eye, and, as they imply a light
oflfal, certainly of importance. The points in which
this breed commonly fail is, that it is low and narrow

three hundred tveil on the same land that would only keep two hundred
Wiltshire sheep : that they are more docile, will feed more contentedly,
.and stay more quietly in the fold." — Mr. Pitt, what say you to this ?—
jhat though they are able, by keeping this kind of stock, to breed more
Iambs, the ewes are such good nurses, that the lambs will be of equal
individual value with the Wiltshire lambs : that the wool, by the im-
proved quality, as well as by the increased quantify, will almost double
the profit they have hitherto had from Wiltshire sheep ; and that, by the
increased number they keep, they will be better able to dung their
arable land ; and they see no disadvantage In them, but that the old
ewes, when sold off for fattening, will not yield so much individually
as the Wiltshire ewes. But then, ** that they shall have three to sell in-
stead of two, and that the wethers, when fattened, always sell for a
halfpenny^ and near a penny a pound dearer in Smithfield, than horned
ahcep." — ^They are full of wool, and that wool commonly very fine :
the weJght of their fleeces is nearly as much as those of the Wiltshire
•heep, and the value is at least 6d, per pound more.— JZr/cr/ of f^dtsbire^

JD its fbre-quartcrs, anil proporlitmally lig
•tand full two incbee lower in their fore-^nd litan in
Iheir hind.quartcrs; a point nliicli lias been particu-
larly objected to. Mr. EUmati c:innot be brought (o
satisfy himself that it is any deft'ct : but one of the
excellencies of the Dishley stock is, the perfect beauty
of their form ; a back in every part struiglit and eraU
BO rising back-bone, but the whole equally level, .fl
The South Downs are thicker in their hind thanH
their fore-quarters; and when fat, the hind-quarters
are frequently two or three pounds heavier than the
fore. Mr. EUman considers this a great merit in the
breed, as the butchers have a readysaie for (he former,
8t an advance of Id. per pound over the otiier; in
which case he entirely agrees with Mr. Bakewell, that
the criterion of breeding is flesh, not bone; and tlic
true point, to throw the greatest weijrht upon the luosl
Taluable quarters of the carcass. The jaw clenn ainl
thin, and covered with wool, as it has been remarked,
' that sheep free of wool about tlie jaw, are apt to lose
It under the belly j a great defccl, and what the breed
is sometimes subject to s the bully cannot be loo muc!i
{»)vered. In a cold lambing-time, it will happen that
the lambj perish for want of wool to pretervc ihein
warm ; however, this defect Uie Ust flocks are free
^om. Mr. Ellinan weans one-lliird more lambs thnn
the number of his ewes ; no that the South Down lambs
coming bare of wooli is chiefly xcn m flocks uiam-
proyed .

"Wool on the poll is not approved (they call it
beaded), nor any Inft on Ihc cheeks, The shoub
pre wide; open breast, and deep; fore and hiud-Iegs
ptand wide; they are ronud and straight in the
Jiarreli biosul upon tfec loin and hii}s; sh^t well

SHEEFW 897

the twist, "which is a projection of flesh in the inncar
part of the thigh, that givas a fuUness when viewed
jbehind, and makes a South Down leg of mutton re^
markab]y round and ;diort, more so than in mos^
other breeds.

In the form of the sheep, great rookn is open for im«
provement. It is only in a few of the best flocks, that
much attention has been paid to the carcass. The qua»
lity of the wool has been the first object,' and points
of greater consequence neglected .
* The improvement of the South Down sheep in the
last twelve years, though considerable, is not to be
attributed to the general spirit which prevailed in the
county, so much as to the skill and intelligence of a
^w active individuals, who first set improvement afloat*

Such are the ideas which have been pretty much
afloat since this breed has been improved. It remains
for further experience to ascertain, whether they are not
in the way to be carried too far ; a point suspected by
some persons ;— ^whether the hardiness of the old breed
will not gradually be lost in the modern improvements,
l have no experience myself to determine this ; but it
13 a.consideratioh deserving th^ attention of those who
are deeply interested in South Down sheep.

2. Colour. *

The South Down farmers breed their sheep with
faces and legs of a colour, just as suits their fancy.
One likes black, another sandy, a third speckled, and
one and all exclaim against white. This man con-
cludes, that legs and faces with an inclination to
white, are infallible signs of tenderness, and do not
stand against the severity of the weather with the same
liardinesjs as ii^ ^wckex breed; vmi the^ allege, that

these

908 RHBrr.

these sorts wUl fai! off in (heir flesli. A second will set
-the first tight, and pronounce lliat, in a lot ol' we-
thers, tbos» thiit arc bomickl. and most fat, urc white-
faced ; that they prove remarkable good milkers ; but
that white is an indication of a tender breed. Anothei
is of opinion (hat, hy breeding the lambs too black,
the wool is injured, and likewise apt to be tainted with
black, and spotted, especially about (he neckj and not
ealeablc. A fourth breeds with legs and faces as black
as it is possible ; and he too is convinced that tbc
beallhiness is in proportion to blackness; whilst an-
other says, that if the South Down sheep were suffered
to run in a wild state, (hey would in a yery few yean
become absolutely black. All (hesc are the opinions
of eminent breeders : in order to reconcile them, otlieo
breed for speckled faces; and it is tlie prevailing co-
laar.

It is merely mentioned, with a view of pointing out
the various opinions which prevail. The stupidity
of shepherds we do not wonder at ; but that they
ehouid be able to impose these prejudices on tbcirmas*
ters^ is more surprising.

Let it Ix: obsecved, (hat in the Rocks in Sussex,
grey, speckled, or mottled faces and legs, generally
prevail; but any sheep with white faces or legs,
though in other respects an unexceptionable animal,
would not be esteemed.

3. Hardiness.
The merit of every species of stock depends in no
inconsiderable degree upon hardiness; and it is inti-<
mntely connected with the shape and make of the am-
nial, and strongly interwoven with those points of tliQ
form which occasion if.

Therefore

8HEEP« ii(0

Therefors the observation is founded in fact, that a
mould with the truest proportion, will stand the yi^
cissitude of bad weather and hard food mudi better^
than a thin carcass and a ridged and curved back<»
bdne : South Down breeders admit this ; but how far
the quality and state of the wool contributes or not to
hardiness, Is yet undetermined amongst the breeders of
lofig and short wool. The Dishley gentlemen contend,
that their own breed will stand storms and hard sea-
^ns better than all others, and starve them out. And
as to closeness and compactness in the fleece being any
indication of hardiness, they deny it ; and suppose that
people have been much deceived in this respect : that
^hort wooUed sheep should stand the winter better than
other breeds ; and the reason alleged is, that close
'wool necessarily stands out in every direction, and con*
sequently receives the wet to the skin, and lodges
there J whereas the open-wooUed ones may be com*
pared to the thatch upon a house, or stack which con*
veys the wet off as it comes on ; and the Scotch sheep
are brought as »n evidence, who are all flag-woolled,
and.yet inhabit the wettest and coldest part of the
island.

On the other hand, it deserves the attention of breed*
^s, since it is a fact no less remarkable than true, con«
firmed by repeated observation from various quartern
of the county, that the finest fleeced sheep^ with the
closest pile and thickest wool, have by far a much
kinder disposition to fatten, and are from one to tw<y
months sooner ready for market, than coarse woollcd
sheep ; and in proportion to the fineness of the wool, is
the disposition to thrive, and the quality of the mutton.
Indeed it is confirmed by some, who have tried the lon^-
vrCK>})ed sbeqp^ for they i<^re found to be more unkind in

their

300 MftLP.

their disposition (p gtt I'irf. Rain and dtw, drops from
8 close coat which is well protettcd by its dcnsily,
whilst the long ficeccs absorjj the wet ; and as the wool
of this breed is apt to separate on the middle of ik
back, it is contended that it imbibes moisture, and
makes an opening far the rain to penetrate.

If we eompare toj^lher in a flock of South Down
sheep, those of shape and g«otl wool, with those that
have not these gtmd point" it is admitted by Sontli
Down flock-masters, that in the siimc (luck; the fine
woolled sheep will be the hardier breed. If we exa-
mine them when ftx-ding in the siime field, those that
are well formed and covered in a fine and cIobc iicece
will have mtich the advantiige, in a pinching season,
of others that arc worse mode ; and sheep having a dis-
position to do kindly, nnd be in good order and fat, ii
a circumstance next to none. In all these respects tb*
South Dmvn breed is nnexceptionablc: their healthU
^icss and freedom from losses will appear by the num-
ber set against accidents, and which is far inferior to
^rhat is commonly found in many other breeds. Mr,
EUman's annnal losses have been for some years about
one in a hundred (exclusive of lambing time) and
other flocks are nearly upon a par with him. The na-
tural soundness of the Down, unquestionably renders the
breed that feeds upon these chalk hills peculiarly free,
from internal distempers ; and their hard and close
coats are an excellent preservative from external ones;
in these respects Ihry nre well defended against acci«
deats; boisterous winds blow over these high hills in
wirlfer and spring, with a violence that more level
countries are free from : <'xposed to the fury of (he ele-
ments at the extremity of the island, which do incre-
dible damage to the houses, corn, &c. withoat a fence

or tree of any kind, for vegetation is cut by the fury of
the winds. It must be a bardy breed to weather. siick
d:orms«

4. Proportion of Stock to Ground •

In describing the South Down breed of sheep, it is this,
49f all other circumstances, which ranks foremost in
brder, and merits the most attention : the truest shaped
iheep, and the finest fleece united on the same sheep,
would be very imperfect, if it required as much food to
feed a score of them as it took for half as many again of
others without these marks of merit- — Wool, fold, tal-
low, flavour, hardiness, separately considered, are en-
titled to no attention ; if not connected with the food
^aten, merit is no longer merit. Of what avail is a
lieavx South Down fleece, or that bears the fold well,
or that thrives well ; that the flavour is exquisite, oflfal
light, or hardiness unequalled, if, in order to acquire
this perfection in the breed, it is endued with a vora-
cious appetite, and the consumption of food not taken
into the account. The fact is 5 lliat Sussex experiments
have been but very few, so much as hardly touched
upon balancing the comparative merit of sheep; yet
it is the most important and interesting of any.

Between East Bourne and Steyning, which is thirty-
three miles, the Downs are about six miles wide, and
in this tract there are about 200,000 ewes kept.: the
whole tract of the Downs in their full extent^ is stocked!
with sheep, and the amazing number they keep, is one
of the most singular circumstances in the husbandry of

England. The six miles of breadth include i^uch part
of the vales adjoining as are occupied by the Down
farmers, which adds a belt of flat land to th^ whole
inLctf, but of very inconsidirable breadth 5 and theres

are

many farms on tlie Downs wbicli have no vale
This Down tract therefore, including to each
Cirni a. tract o( good vale, is reckoned ujMn an ave*
rage of the whole sixty miles, to keep one sheep and a
half per acre. This is, soil consiilcred, the highest
stocking which is known in this kingdom, and ought
prima facie to give us a good opinion of the breed,
wherever it might be, that can be kept in such num-
bers, on a given space of country. Some parishes ara
rather lower sti l i Jihers higher: in that qf

Glynde 000 . t. hn I sheep. Mr. Morris bl»j

One ewe per acre in and two and one third iB'<

summer to an acre ; her farm of 2000 acres Lsfl

3000 in snmmer s in winter. In the abort

tract of thirty-thret: ly six, on \vliich 200,000

«wes are kept, there nr- 20 acres ; this therefore il

about one ewe and a 1 acre.

As an explanation ui great stock, it should 111

observed, that il is a very jteneral custom to put somCt
at times all their tegs, or lambs of Insl yeaning, Iol«
Hiiilercd in the Weald, dislribulixl thirty, Ibrty, ot
fitly to each of llie small farmer* tbeie^ for 'which fbej
pay so much per head.

It'is a part of the subject wh|pb depends entirely n
the quantity of food eaten, and it is very necessary and
requisite to know (he usual allowance of food, artiiiciil
as well as Down, in several distinct flocks, from whicb
it will appear, that the food eaten is compuratirdy
small in this part of the kingdom ; and it must impreti
other couuttcs with a very high id^a of South Dswa
sheep.

A tenantry flock belonging to Dentns paririi, coosilt'

ing of six bundled breeding ewes, has n.9 other piO'

vision but tbit native Down (seven »r eight kads of ha;

excepted)

6HEC?. 90$

cxcfpted) for flic whole year : no green food. This flock
lives upon the hill the greatest part of the year, very
nearly indeed the Aiehole of it : at lambing time it is
taken away ; and it is observed, that no where is finer
wool found ; and is an instance in favour of the qua«
lity of the wool depending upon the sort of food, and
as strong a one to shew, how small a quantity of food
serves to winter this flock.

In Adfriston parish, six acres of coleseed and eight
•r nine ton of hay, are used for 450 sheep, with the Down.
A large farm at East Bourne, of cole, turnip, tares,
and ray, only forty acres with fifteen ton of hay for
the winter and spring provision of 1400 sheep, the
tegs being sent into the Weald : the Down 450 acres.
Another considerable farm in the same neighbonrhoad,
for 1000 sheep has fifteen acres of turnips, 10 of cole,
SO of ray, and 500 of Down, for its annual provision,
and from one ton to one ton and a half per week in win-
ieT' At Bedingham, 300 ewes are kept for a month
upon two acres and a half of turnips, and 30 cwt. of
tay and the Down. Winter- food here to keep 363
breeding ewes for four months, turnip 15 ; hay 10 ton ;
four acres of cabbage and four of cole will last till the
middle of April : in May twelve acres of rye and
tares are added : the Down 204 acres. A large farm
liear Lewes, 1627 acres, of which Down 800, arable
600, meadow and pasture 327, has 2200 sheep, besides
157 head of draught oxen, horses, cows, and young
slock: winter and summer food— turnip SO- acres,
sainfoin 30, clover 50, rape 16, tares 50 ; one acre and
twenty-nine perches of a mixture of tares and ray have
been sufficient for 400 ewes for one week. General
Murray's farm, total 1667 acres, stocked with 4425
riieep, and 200 head of horned cattle, at the same time

that

304 SHEEfr.

tfiflt 68ft acres of it are arable ; Ihat is, there arc aboti
two sheep and a half over (he whole, liesidcs cattle and
borses. Taking ihc upland farm alone, and iiidcpen* |l
dent of the marshes, 1150 acres arc stocked by aboTC *
2900, or two sheep to an acre, besides l40 horses a
horned caKle, yet 680 arable. Such proportions ought |
to give lis a hi^h idea of the breed tllat will admit sudi
stocking upon land, none of which ig more than IQf*
per acre.

The nalivfe Down Ja stocked in proportion to ths
(jualify. Glynde and Ringmer Down, measuring 1100
acres, now mainluins 5000 sheep and lambs for six
months in the summer, and 2500 in Ihc winter, cxcIb*
sive of artificial provision.

Upon the whole of those accounts, a superiority il
immediately discovered over other breeds, in Ihc small
proportion of food allotted for the maintenance of sucll
numerous flocks. Jt is to ihe excellency of the breed, io
union nilh the happy Bfatc of the Dowiik, to which Ibis
circumstance is to be attributed ; and partly to thebe*
neficial arrangement of arable and pasture. In all sea*
sons, recourse is had to the Downs for food ; and it ii
admirably well calculated for the purpose. If tbc
proportion of stock to ground is extended ora atlUie
South Dovyns and the contiguous land, so as to com*
prebend a thict of 150,000 acres, the stock of sheep upM
this surface, from authentic accounts, is estimated at
£70,000 in summer, and 31^0,000 in winter ; a rate of
stocking which is not to be exceeded ia any othtf
port of England, marsh land alone exceptedi

SUEEP.

5. Priced. :^ ' -'j^^

This is anotlicr point which ought to impress upon
the world an high idea of the itierit of this breed of
she&p : the at]vancc ia the pric«5,of the flock proves it
iq^jthc- most satisfactory manner, an4 mark& the im*
provement.^t has received. ..; , , .,^^ .

*..TJie. superiority of one floqk over another,, mj^^yb^
g^ftth^ed frum the difference of value in the sale (xf tljie
produce : jthus eistimated, the success of some iew^
Inj^eders have been felt and acknowledged : the. diffe*
rencce in th^e price is the quantum of improvepieuf : and
tbje; constant unbroken -.rise of late years in the prices
of ^hGep:^d Iambs, denotes certainly the merit^^.apd
probably the demand for the breed* And no.wfaere
shall we see such accounts of the profits of flocks,, tj^at
iviU bear to be compared with the prices on the Dpwjis.
Sjach 4a incessant demand has existed for the breeds
tjtiat^the advance in the value has excited much emvLf
lati^n : price; has done the whole*
;i In Lqicestergjiire, ,no live-stock is highly valued
which is not Jbiigh priced. Except that county, therp
ape uo ;exertioj^s which are not exceqded in Sussex^
l^n guineas li^s. been a high price for horned. ram^s^t
the common p^ce two and three guineas. .

This i5 the price in the East of England, a/s.wella9
in the West. It is not that the breeds of these coup«
ties is incapabl^e, of improvement ; the most unthrifty
sheep are open^ to amelioration ; but the truth is, that
in the face of others, they have not so much merit. ^

Until lately, ten guineas was the highest price that
was heard of iix Sussex for the sale of any ram. Now
Mr. Elhnanletts many of his three-year old rams for

, SUSSEX.] X fifty;

' i»

fifty ; inferior ones for thirty, twenty, ten guineas ;
he has lett at one hundred.

6. Principles of Breeding.

The mnnAgcment of sheep here, as in most other
flock counties, is to sell the wether lambs, and the
refhse of the ewe Iambs, [ifter keeping a sufficient
nnmber to support the fluck, and which do not take
'the ram till aAer the second shearing, that is, till
Ihey arc a year and a half old, and a proportionate
niimber of old ewes : but in this respect, (he South
Down farmers differ very much from some other
counties, where the ewes arc kept till they are broken
mouthed, and some till they have not a tooth in theii
heads : this in Susm'X is considered as tke worst
management.

They universally get rid of them at fire yean
bnt the best flock-mnster at four. Mr. Ellman atfn<
bates the contrary conduct, and apparently with
much reason, to the sheep-masters listening to the sug-
jestums of idle shepherds, who have so mush less
trouble with an okl ewe, than with a young one, that
tiiey are partial to keeping them as long as posfiible.
I lAr. £)llmaa b so much convinced of this, that
I thinks it would answer better to sell the ewes at (1
r jjleaTS old, that is to say, when tiiey are at their highl
talue. To this it might be objected, that what seemed
it r&tional motive fur keeping ewes niuch longer, wu
ftbe fact generally adraitlod, that old ewes generally
t l>ring finer lambs than young ones ; it not being no-
Common in Norfolk and Suffolk, to see a lot of very
fine lambs, from crones that have hardly a tooth left
in their heads. But Mf. Dliman thinks, that although

tneir

iblcj

SHEEI*. S07

Ul old cwc would bring a large lamb, yet sucli lamb
wilt not make a lars^ or fine sheep ; nor will it fatten
so well as the produce of young sheep. He has made
the same ubserratlon on cows, marcsj bows, . and
bitches.

Mr, Ellman's flock consists of about fiye hnndred
breeding ewes, each ewe (barrens and refuse excepted)
prodnces three lambs, lambing at two, three, and
ibur years old, and wlien four years and a half old,
he sells them off, to go into other flocks. The general
practice has beetk, to sell them to the graziers, in the
Weald of Su!>sex and Kent, who fatten both the
lamlis and tlte ewes the following summer -, but Mr.
EUmnn has tor some years, found a better market
in the great demand in otlier parts for his sheep,
and he expects that this will continue to be the
case, till the South Down sheep are generally known.
He usually saves for store about two hundred and
twenty ewe lambs, which gives him an opportu-
nity to refuse about fifty-one each year. His ewe
lambs at Michaelmas are sent out to keep in the
Weald, amongst the small farmers, till the following
lady-day, when he takes them home, and flocks
them, or folds them at night, fill they are a year and a
balf old, when they are put with his breeding ewes.
He always takts sixty of his best ewes, and puts them
'io his rami! of the best shape, and finest wool, and
saves the rams from them*. But the usual way is to
give about fifty ewes to one ram, and to put all the

rams

■ What 1 mean by tlie best woo!, is a thick curdly wool, with
depth or staple, and even toped; such woal aa will beat defend the
tbttp in bid weather, and will not admit the water to penetrate,

tit doeg a thin, light, looie wool. I hava found frOm many years ei-
X 2 ^erimce.

■Mxas into a Huck al a time, ivhicfa he very properly
condemns, for i«vcral rcusonti. After luirin^ takea out
sixty ewTK, ho fltt-u pitU lbrt<c of his m-xl best rams
iiifo (be Hock, aivil ulxtiit five or sLx days after, lie
adds two luon-, aud conlinuuj to add two every four
or fiT« daye, fill the whole are put in, by which
means hU bc&l ranuhuve the most uwi^. He b^ua.
to put than to hi» lliick nliout the QMh of October,
and kill thifni uontiiiue niUi the rwca almut fire weekx,
from tir^to l:i:^t. '

Tbey iiru liiided :ii iiighl, throughout the year, ex>-
ccpt (at a uiuntb or live n'i«hs afu-i la.inl)ing, which U
the lalfcf «.'iid of IVLu4^, or b^giimin"; of April, and
the hiinbii an: wvl\ covcK-d wU!> wool tvhcti bom. If
the ewes aie well (t^pi, oue Lhiid uf liis flock wiU
Iwing twuci*. 1^ huiibs are wrtined at twelve or four-

teai

jMrieare, tk^ ^heep iu i)if kibic fwl^ <if the foimcr tlacnptico), wiB

WbcB I cb^xe nj breed, which I think ii almimalj in imiij ta
da, t git lamc aagiiboaT to let me take oat £{tj of hli bm ewci (of
rite fbmer' dcttriplion) and pbl mj beit nm iviik ttcBt, aivl Ton
tBB bidN 6dbi dwak fij fbllnWInf the Hbove pncticEi atrf Snfin^
(Aictr « ttoitf »Aue ewe» ctctj yew, I hivE gm my AocktolcnJiff
food, hodf forabapc aad wooL Tbt fanneii at ihe SouthIto*at,a
Sew jean once, weie tm^ bj die wool bujcn to hdieve, that it w>
Xtat {HMnblc to iacreaw the qoantif)' of wool, -n'trhmit decreann; the
'^ulil;^ as 'OpurioB *h>c4i «3> nM grounded in truth. Rir tiT-ad-
heni^M liherqle abo«<Miieiitioaed, I believe .l£H>irtbeJie«nes«niid
bawwm Hrig^OD and EaiC-txiucDe, and wU fur the bigheit pace on die

Eouih l>OW[K.

I da unl pnc more ihao eleini rams lo live hundred and liity ewe*,
to, t>7 «>T>ng twe«y ram lambt erery veur, have an nppmtmiity of
rrfnrfg ogbl ur niae. — Ji^ EUman.

■ Myewes inaaUf produce but one Lunl^cach; but if well IceptTM^
lilU of Jeab, when tlie rana are put to thenv n»irf wiU.btMf tW«V
■ome three, veiy lew four. 1 havekiunvi) isataaca (tf aa cw« pr^

SHCBP. 309

Iceniveeks old. Mr. Ellman nererpats mm Iaml»
to bis flock. His cousin, at Shorcbam, some years
put* no other : the former carefully avoids his ewe
lambs taking the ram ; but this is no general rale.,
Neither, ram nor ewe lambs should be allowed to
copulate.

In (he principles of breeding upon those hills;^ ex-
changing the rams every third, fourth, or fifth year,
is the practice almost unanimously agreed upoo. It
is found to be most essentially necessary in preserving;
the health, size, and Iwne of the flocks; although it
is contrary to the maxims of some great men, who arc
advocates for breeding in and in continually, when
there is a good sort. Under the article crossing in
cattle, it will be seen that Mr. Alfrey was long in the
possession of some of the finest beasts in the county of
Sussex : by breeding in and in for more than twenty
years, they were, totally mined in constitation and
habit, and died four or five of them in a year. By the
* same treatment, liis flock was reduced to the same
situation, but by changing his rams, the improve*
ment was wonderful. It was the samr with his dogs.
The breeders on the Downs are one and all of them of
the same sentiments.

Crossing the South Down breed with other sorts,
has been very sparingly practised. Spanish rams
have been introduced into some few flocks. Lord
Sheffield, first introduced the Spanish breed into the
county : the wool of his Lordship's flock was consi-
derably improved by it. The few breeders on the
South Downs who have tried it, found two capital

ducing five. It is seldom that more than two are saved. The lambs
jure wonderfully covered with wool when dropped, and the coarsest
woolled ewes, bring their lambs with tl^e greatest quantit}r of wool at
tlie.falL— G^r^ff AU/ny,

x3 4d*ects^

SIO BHEEP.

defects, not to be compensated by any improTei
in the wool, tender constitution, and bad sliapc.

Mr. Morris, ot'Glynde, hns gone in(o tiic Spani
cross (tbe only one wliicb bas been trii'd by bi
Tvho have valued tliemsolves on their flocks) more tl
any other breeder on the Downs, that I have met
The ram from which it proceeded was half S]
nish, half Uyland; but this nominid Spanish
from France, and by no means of the true Segovi
breed. Mr. Morris is out of the breed now, from being
convinced that they are not so hardy as (be South
Downs, by their not bearing etjually well the sharp
winds which blow on the hills, with a violence that
flatter countries are free from. Qiiere, if this tender*
ness be Uyland or Spanish ? Mr. Morris however
proved his wool very considerably by hie cross.

Mr. Ellman observes, that he knows of no crossii
generally speaking, though two of liis neighbouH*
tried a cross with the Spanish, but found them deli-
cate, and not well shaped : and the South Downs have
done them away as fast as possible, and returned
their original breed.

7. Coslralliig.
The best time for tliis operation is, eight, ten,
twelve days old. Mr. Ellman cuts off the tailaofld
lambs at the Umi- of cnbtration i thus a consider
quantity of blood If^ lost, which he considers as p
venting the part from the gangrene.

II. Management,

1. Food.

2. Watering.

3. Fattening.
(. pistcmpcrs.

a
"t^^

^thfs. <Day be divided into S|ini]p^|r^ W^fPh. f^^
•spring. Tlie summer proybion^ for a flock Qf i^ijop^
besides the native Down, is tares, coleseiedy and ar*
tifcial grasses ; though many of the flock*mast^ iOi
the central parts of the hills, are not so well situat^
respecting the food, as those whose &rms are adjoioin|p
the rich land at the roots of the Downs ; so that ihf
chief summer food which the farmer relies np^n^ i^
what the native Down is able to produce. This is a
very short, sweet, and aromatic herbage, peculiar tp
ftese hills, and by far the best which they can have^
provided they are able to fill their bellies befor^ ipL^*
ing time. It is the herbage of the Downs which lei^*
ders the flavour of the mutton so exquisitely fine^ the
Sesh. so firm, and the wool so excellent. Artificid
grass, clover, ray«grass, besides rape, tares, tui:|iipu
^d aAl other succulent food, are copsidered as eneipiea
to the production of fine wool. The richness and lux*
uriancy of the food, is thought to contribute to render
the wool more coarse, but abundant, in the same pi^
portion that the fine quality is injured. . ^ - ~

This circumstance may be remarked by an exami*
nation of the flocks between Lewes, East^bourne. ana
Newhaven. where the finest wool is produced ih t^e
county, yet the food they feed upon is no other than
th^Down in summer and winter^ except a little My
distributed in hard weather on the hill. Tliis ^ct
coincides with (observations ma^e upon other flocks ijpi
other ipart9 of the countj^, wtiich feed upon liiw
/other food than the D9wn and hay, ap4 thev jLaye ibe
finest fleeces. Si tibi lanicium curoi fugt pabula
ioctUy was laid down as a maxim two thousand years
«igo^ and it is no less founded in reason^ vtbaii'xon*

Armed by practice. ^

x4 B^l

Bill it will be said, why Ihcn dors Mr. Enman sdl
at the iiighcst [jricc, Hln*n he feids his sheep very nmcll
upon artificial fnod, us his Pown uf only IM acres,
is itO! in any prnpoilinn In llie size of his flock ; but
art and ultcnlion will [x-rform much.

It is hi» cxcrliniiB in rhi- Imprtm-mcnf of his flock,
thai liHve cnahWI him to sell nl Iho highest vnlite on
the hilU; and his Down, Ihiiugh mil large, goif. n
very gn'iit way, when wc account for the quality of
his wool*.

As some of the floclc-mobfefs hiive tilllc other food
than the Down to summer Ihcir shci'p, olht;rs havfc ,
little of it; and coiisequerilly llieir ^hicp in the Hum-
mer are at a very coTisiilinibli? ex'jwnse, on rajw,
tares, and grassts, none of \ihicli are so U'Rclicial lo '
wool as Ihc natiiral iierUigp.

I ciinnot fail i)f impressing any [Kn-sini with a higli
idea of the breed of slierp, and tiiu valiir of the food, !
to view them grazijig in the summer upon the South 1
Downs. The mtmlKT of the tlocU sc.n at the same
time in a small Iriicl of Und, iiistiinlly sirikes any
man of reflection, who examines into the state of the'
Bheep-walk, that they must be a very profitable sheep,
comparing together the weight of flesh and the food
eaten .

After harvest the flocks are turned into the stubbles,
and at Michaelmas many are half fat, which thef
lose as quickly in the spring, as they gained it iii
autumn, as winter food is not sown in that quantity
^hich it ogght to be. Tail seeds are not unfrequentlf -

■* 'My Down, or sheep walk, is but. small, aad iny eDcloied land d-
irtmely w<;i, so that I cannot ttock with itoit ahee]); ai^ iherefofC
pl)|jged to depend oa artificial Cofid.—JUH Eilman.

sown

SHEEP. 313

i6Hrii with thie com in the spring, for the floc!cs after
iiarve^t : but it has been known, that they have some-
times been very violently purged, by turning them
into wheat stubbles, and the flax has been fktdl' to
many. ' *

1. Foodp

Winter Food. — Turnips. — The introduction of this"
root into the Eiiglisli husbandry hks been a vast im-
provement. Norfolk is quoted by every man on this
occasion. The great exertions which liave been made
upon the Downs within the last twenty or twenty-five
years, have been equally great, and they have chiefly
related to sheep. Turnips are sown by almost every
ilock-farnier, in' some quantity, as food for sheep;
though indeed the cultivation is far inferior in breadth
of land (and management) to what is thought neces-
sary in Norfolk or Suflfolk: a few years back, no
4such thing as turnips was seen in Sussex; at least in
any quantity.

The flocks are penned over the field, usually some
time before Christmas : turnips will last well for four
months, and even longer, if alternate frosts and thaws
do not rot the crop at the breaking up of the winter,
or when a warm or open spring drives them to seed.
With proper management, they are the best depend-
ence ; if in some degree restricted as to the quantity
eaten, Soutli Down sheep are never subject to any ill
eflfects from tbem. Several farmers, who had lost
many of their sheep upon turnips, by giving them
hay, or even pea, bean, or wheat straw, have obviated
ihe eflfects of the watery nature of them : a very small
quantity of dry food, is found to correct the properties

of the fluid.

Sainfoin

314 sHser'.

Sainfoin Iiay witli the turnips, is the best prorUi
in winter. The redaatfr often attacks the sh«ep fetid-
iag upon turnips ; the cOcct of wet seasons- H^y
prercntB it from breaking out.

Mr. Ellman never loses any of his sheep by tbw
disorder, from bis attcndii^ to the alwrc.

Mr. Eliman of Slioreham, generally gives hi« sheep
hay, in Iioar frosty mornings. He finds that it pre*
serves them from the i^all.

The turnips are more generally dr»wn two days
before folding them, by which means they do not
barst, which is sometimes the case when not drawn.
It has been objected to turnips, that Ihey occasion
the ewes to slink their lambs, but by previously
drawing them, no inconvenience of that kind is expe-
rienced*.

Turnips are sometimes stacked, but not so often u
they ought. Mr. Milward always feeds with dry tw
nips, on which occasion he always stacks, and ii
a manner, as to prevent the frosts from injuring thei

Potatoes — Have been tried as food for sheep,
found upon experiment to answer ; and perhaps sua
rior to turnips, as being a more regular antl c
dependence. The farmer who relies upon bis

* t remarbnl in a field of Mr, Car, at Bcdingbam, a prucicc
docrvei noting. He nas ealing- off turnipi for towing wheal: Id
wrved, all writhin the Ibid were drawn a day or iwu before the «ltcep
were allowed to enlcr, in order thsi (he tumipt might wither and era-
poraEe their water. 1 demaaded [be motive ; they jaid, that when thr
ahecp ate them in the common manner, they not only diaagreed n
f bera, bnt e»en «»□« were ImI by it. I tliiok the pcactice »ery n
and cumhinei with a great number of other obacrvatioM on dj
feodi, and diflerem iai>\eeuj—fAiii>ali tf Asnndtvtt, vol, x*. p. 4:

nipcrop, will, in some seasons, ran great haEafd- and
danger from the frost. A crop which dep^ds for its
preservation, on the mildness and regularity of the
season, is not to be considered as a certain one, if we
recollect how any sudden change from frost to thaw^
frequently occasions the destruction of the whole crop
in a few days. The consequence of such accidents
at the most critical season of the year, is easily fore*
jseen. But this is a pihrt only of the loss su^t^ed.
The great difficulty in raising any crop at all, ahd
not seldom the utter impossibility of insuring a full
and fair one, is another heavy deduction from the
value of the crop. In a dry seed-time, it never
ponies to perfection : in showery weather, the young
|>lant is devoured by the fly, and the ground three
4inies sown with little chance of success. Mildews, and
Tarious other accidents, render turnips bynomeansa
jcertain dependence ; they are liable to destruction at
that season of the year when they are most wanted : for
after all other hazards, a hard frost and sudden thaw
4lestroy them at once.

Not one of those objections holds good against pota*
toes: no accident, but what may be easily guarded
against. The frost is no longer any formidable enemy^
when the store is deposited in well-formed pits. Gene-
ral Murray fed 5000 sheep with potatoes and liay :
1651 of his breeding ewes ate 51 bushels every day^
giving a quart to each; and that, for 120 days, is
6IS0 bushels. A Norfolk flock-£eirmer provides for
720 sheep, 80 acres of turnips, 16 ton of hay, 20 acres
of rye : let us compare the provision*

If 720 sheep require 80 acres of turnips, 2340, the
upland flock at General Murray's^ require 248 acres
of ^^mips ; but they Jiave only 50#

' shwp requirp 16 ton? of hay, at 10 aeta^ 1
mid rcqiiirp't^; inslcad of wliich tht-j- hart^ i
t\ ich Ls 71 smplns, or, at one load and vxn h-M.M
48 acres.

sh<vp rwjuire 20 acirs of ry^, 2240 should i
; instead of wbich, lliey liave none at all.

JPVnffT Food<if2240 S/liep,
as proBidcil Jiir ia A

Turnips, ,

Hay,

Ryp ...~

Potatoes, ........^..

Wiftta- Fwlef 2240 Sheep,
at provided for in Siisstx.

..... » 1

Hbt,

n.ve,

P[rt!ttoes,

]5i>- :

Now let us value tliese crops, so as lo apply fairlj
to Snssex and Norfolk, equally rejecting each table
of expenses : the following rates niU not be iar from
the truth.

Turnips,

Hay,

Rye,

Potatoes,

£. ,. d.

3 0 0
5 0 0
0 10 0

4 0 0

SHEEP. 3f7

« • <

^Egpefises, Norfolk. Expenses. Sussex*

Turnips, «...»...^ •«« 496 Turnips, .m— ««*«««*««^« lOQ

flay, ««. 20 Hay, •.•••^•««.*«.««...«,.«« 1^0

Potatoes, ••••.•••.,.••• ^.- 0 Potatoes, ••••—•—••••••. 80

£.5i7 £.340

Which is a diflference of ^ per cent.

Now, is this vast diiiepence to be attributed to pota«
toes beiiig a cheaper food than turnips ; or to the dis«
tinction between the one flock being Norfolks and the
other South Downs ? That a very considerable portion
of this superiority is to be attributed to the breed, Uici^.
is not the least d»ubt; for the general turn and colour
of all the intelligence has given us, on every occasion,
reason to think this : but as to feeding sheep with po-
tatoes^ it is^ though ascertained on General Murray's
farm, on the largest scale, a more doubtful circum-
stance; and for tliis reason they arc allowanced, or
limited in their consumption, which is not the cas«
with turnips : tliese^ on the Norfolk farm, are fed or
the land, and consequently, in the greatest plenty*
Another contrast, however, is not to be forgotten.
Turnips -are subject to frosts, to fiy, to mildew, to va-
rious accidents : potatoes are a regular certain crop,
and subject to few accidents. The General was using
his potatoes while we were with him, and found them
safe and secure, notwithstanding the severity of the
frost ; and another gentleman we were with afterwards,
liad one of his pits uncovered, and hardly a rotten po-

tatoe

3X8 SBEKP.

tatoe was to be seeo in a hundred basbcls. WhentI
circiunstance is well coni>idered in the pinch of a ei
season, every one will a^ree, that the vast e
made by the late General Murray, in the intioduct
of this root as a winter and sjiring provisioa for slu
is truly important.

The Rev. Tlios. Fuller, ofHcathficld, used pd
in the same way*. Mr. Fuller's experiment b i
fat sheep, and General Murrny's upon a. lean 1

ad-

• My general method has been, to let the ihcep of the true
Dowu breed liave ihe iltui-grMf, and about the middle of thr mo
November, lo take them into the J3td, with a shed or lodge adjoining,
and confine them ti!I they are ready for the market, at the end of Febru-
ary, or the lira week in March.

The potatoes are cut into two or more slices, a may be deemed necev
*ary, and pM into troug-hs, which are liieiJ under the shelter. On an
Average, I have observed thai a sheep will eat one gallon a day.
gcocrally purchased my Iambi at 1^. 1:li. and Hi. and have ilwayi
ihem at gix>d prices, as I have leldom got leu than ii. per itone.
have ever proved well upon eiamination ; and at the aje of (w
have amounted lo nine, ten, and eleven stone : the internal fat of
which t had the curiosiry to weigh, was equal to 15lb. It Hill
mil of a doubt, but that if fair trial b made, the potatoe tyst
prove the most expeditious in fattening ibeep. I have nude the
meat with sheep of the same agv, and of the same (locki i
ferent kinds, and even with oil-cakc; ind have found the potatoci
do the business in the tbonett time. As a farther proof of what I
Slid in favour of potatoes, I have remarked, that on plai
from the common stock, in a yard with those that had enjoyed the
after-grass, 1 had found, at the usual time of lelhn^ thetn, little
difference at all in point of fatness, and have sold them at the sam
1 preiume, therefore, you will allow me to aay, that I think this
of preparing mutton for the table is the most expeditious, and the
prolitahle plan lo be pursued in aceinnpliihingihe end deiigned.

You will please lo observe, that 1 give the sheep a litde hay, mc
jnd evening; and, if the yard is properly attended to, you may
conjecture what « mass of manure, both in point »I quality as i
([Uanlity, m.iy thus be procured,^ — Tin. fnUir,

■I OB^^^

WEEP. 819

ifAkh tn^oiAits for some diffinence in the quantity eaten
per diem, but at by no means accounts for the diffe*
renoe of fotir to one. The obvious conclusion is^ eithar
thai the General did not allow potatoes sufficient, or
tluitliis flock had other food unnoticed.

Cabbages — Have been applied to the feeding of sheep
in Sussex, and, where the practice has been adopted^
with great and uniform success. |t is, perhaps, of all
other sorts of food, that which demands the greatest
attention, since it is by means of this food that great
improvements might be expected in the Weald, as the
•oil is perfectly well adapted to the production of cab-
Imges, in any quantity, as food for sheq)« Objections
luised from its requiring a richer soil, are too trifling
to refute. There cannot be any doubt but that by cab*
bages, tares, and potatoes, with turnips, where the
«oil is suited, with the great command of dry food and
pasture in the Weald, far greater than what the Down
fiurmers enjoy, they might be enabled to maintain, acm
for acre, thrice over the number they do at present
with -a well-regulated management. If those abso«
lutely useless exertions (the only efforts worth notix^e)
ill liming a fallow 4eld at the expense of 5/. per acre^
to gain five sacks, were exerted in raising crop of sheep
by means of cabbage, potatoe, tares, upon their
arable land, and laying down to permanent pasture
nBoilcnlj/ adapted to grass, some such an arrange-
ment would be rather more satisfactory than the pre-^
lient system of husbandry.

Spring Food. — Artificial Grasses. — Ray-grass is one
of the^ earliest that is cultivated, and in much request
fiiTsA flock ^tnth^ turnips, &c. are gone, and it comet

atatime'wluiiittsmochinitted. It ii lotekaehfe^
that tbis g^nss, as well aa Kutic othen,' ate BOf? eabmtod
in a greater degree for ■hecp'Jeed) as a waaxAmetamiac
clover, especially upon those soiUirhere.i^^er'fitfiJ
The cull lire of some of the beat of the gnuioiy itoiiU lifT
open an almost inexhaustible mean of iinprovc-mcnt ;
such a Taiiety arc at. hand, some of llictn known lobe
more productive uiaii'aiij that beve been yet culti-
vated, and that possess the ITiree' requisites of quatfv
tity', quafily and earliness. The Alopccarus pralai*
iiif and Vactj/lU glommerata, are udmirabte plants,
and much.b it ,tb be regretted Ihat tliry arc nof
more frequently introduced into uur arliticiul hys..
There cannot be better grasses thnii tin; Roa trfvi-
tdit and pratrnsU ; and upon ciilciircous soils, sain-
foin and burnet (S^ij/tarum ORohnyrhis, Polerium
tanguisorbd) are indigenous. The Dacti/Us ghm-
mertUa is rough and coarse, if let to grow old, and
very early, but hardy and productive. Here arc (heii
about six or eight grasses, from which might be se*
Iccfed specimens for clay, mixed, and light soils.

Tares, Rye. — ,AIl tlicsc arc sown as spring provisim
for the flock. Arabic lands, tolerably cicsn and in
heart, or rendered sufEcienlly so with manure, we
ploughed in September and October, 'and so^vll with
winter til res, rye, or cole, according to the nature' of
the soil, OS tares upon tlie stronger, rye upon (he
lighter, and cole chiefly on the calcareous hitls^ These
crops come suflicL'ntly early to be fed off in April or
May, when the turnips arc finished, and are hurdled
off in the same manner. After they arc taken off, the
land is again ploughed, and spring tares aie then
SOVB,

itovnij iilrhich are to be fed at the end of autumn^

vrhtn the land h in admirable order for the enstiin^

crop of tfheat) if the autumn is favourable, ot for bar-*

ley arid seeds in the spring. This double crdp of tares

is worthy a journey of many miles to see it, and the

Bdore such husbandry is analyzed, the better it will

appear. The mixture of tares and rye answers better

for soiling; than for feheep-feed ; for the horses arc

soiled at a time when the tares are young, and have

no great strength in theiti } and the rye is a very dry

food, which counteracts the moisture of the tares : but

for sheep-feed it is not equally good ; for the rye and

the tares being sown in September, the former, upon'

good land, will be fit for folding by the middle of

April, and the tares by the middle of May upon the

same soil : if the rye is preserved till the tares ar«

ready, the rye will hardly be touched, or trod down

-Mme of the two must suffer*

Let us, however, consider this husbandry.

Instead of an unproductive and expensive fallow^

di^ sUlfut and active former raises two crops of tares^

fe> answer the great end of fallowing (clearing and me^

ifo rating) equally well. The ploughing is at a season

^f the year when the ground can easily be worked ;

in the western part of Sussex, with alight plough^

two horsed, and a man who holds and guides it

(^- ^reat saving of labour), he secures food for his stock

^^ the most critical period of the year, and enriches the

g*"^3nind with the manure arising from tlie fold, or stock

fe^i upon it. Mr. Thos. EUman sows ray«»grass fot

t-^^o years ; it is twice folded, then broke up, and two

bti^hels of tare^ and a gallon of cole are sown in May

^^ June^ fed in August and September. By such

*t^eans, one acre and a few perches are sufficient for

•USSEX*] Y 400

S8S snEBP.

400 ewes a week. The value of the food, at 2rf. each
for a week, is 31. 6s. Sd. ; the fold, 11. 5s. \ together^
.ul/. lls.Sd. the value of the crop for feed and fold.
Where shall we go to find manngcment better than
this ? To break up a layer in order to sow with wheat,
the common system, would be a useless and barren fal-
low, made at 4 or 51. expense* But setting aside this
practice, here is a crop of tares, expenses more than
paid, and the land in hearty order for the succeeding
crop; whilst his neighbour gains his crop, which is
not a better one, at the expense of 5/.*

Stuhhh Turnips. — After harvest, the stubble is
ploughed, and turnips 60wn, which come round for
late spring feed ; but some harvests are too tate for this
excellent practice : other green crops, however, ren-
der it equally good ; nor can it be sufficiently com-
mended, for it is in the true spirit of good husbandry.

About Pel worth it is a common practice, either to
sow stubble turnips, or rye and tares, upon the
wheat, barley, or oatersli. The whole practice of
throwing in one crop upon the back of another, U%
feature too good to l)c passed over.

lioven. — One of the most capital arrangements for
the support of a flock that was ever thought of. Valu-
able as all the prcc(3ding crops certainly are, they arc
inferior to this ; yiii wc sec but little attentioa paid to
a spi'cics of food so well adapted for ewes and lambs.
Jt is nothing niore, than niakuig a reserve in a time of
plenty for the hour of want.

* A minis of Agriculture. — Editor,

Mr.

^HEfiP. SIS

Mr. EUman reserves his best pasture for them. The
£arl of Egremont is strongly in this practice^ \irhiGh
wHl be described in another place.

Sheep feeding Wheat — Is practised in different
parts of the county. It is alleged in favour of the
custom, that the wheats rise the stiffcr and more abun*
dant. The fact appears to be^ that it is not done ^o
mHjch to benefit the wheat) as through mere necessity ;
since it is allowed, tliat as other food is scarce, this
becomes necessary. Even the best farmers are fre^
quently compelled, by having no other provision, to
feed their wheats The practice is pretty general. On
light lands, it may be right to fold sheep, in order to
cloiie the ground about the roots of the plants ; and
when it is thin set, feeding dry land will give a better
stock ; but it is more frequently done through necest
sity.

Winter Bar let/ — Has been sown for sheep-foed, but
the practice confined to a few individuals.

2. Watering.

This is very necessary in the management of a fk>ck
on the South Downs ; and as there is no other watef
than what is to be collected in reservoirs, artificial
ponds are constructed to retain the rain-water ; tfaesH
nxe generally circular, and .very gently sloping to the
centre : the bed very stronglf rammed down, to pre-
v^it any loss by soaking .t&a[^«l||fi to the chalk, , A»
the surface of the South DoiOfi^h found to be yWtlngj
every &rm presents an opportunity of collecting any
quantity of waster ; though in very dry weather, many

7^ y2 of

»'.

i f

ofthellodtthaFiiig'iiowiteroftMroiniy iM drifts
to thdr jidghboun* ponds, nswrtiaw fit • «mAde»
mile oiBUuice.

lfr« Snejd says, ^^ PreFunu to the mode now prettjr
generally adopted, of forminf ponds of bakou m tip
rioos parts of erevy hill fiirm, in long draaghts At
slieep bave been driven some distance to irates. It b
much to be lamented, that Hkt exeitions lalkdy nsedlil
fuinish a supply of water, have not been attended wWl
BUMe groeral success ; as many fiuonaas in 4lw rndgh*
bonrhood of East^boume have been at gmat tnosbfe and
expense in fbnning fliese ponds, wlicb is dmle \s$
Imiiig them with chalk, pnddled and trod dMvb tift
it makes a kind of pidstet flodr^ wd they gahetiHy
bold water wen enough for some time ; b«t atfs afir ti>
become laahy , and a hard fiost spoils tbttt^ ThM^
H a poad on the top of Friston-hill, wluoh I omr
knew dry : it was formed many yean ago, and, I'M
well informed, has the bottom paved with very small
flints. Pbnds which have no run of water into them
answer best. I made one which, ftom receiving a
large run of water, is perpetually choked up ; while
another 1 made at the same time, and which receives
no water but what rains perpendicularly into it, has
answered better, and never wanted clearing/'

In Italy, the flocks arc regularly watered' inormog
and evening. Inde ubi, &c.

Ad puteos aut alta greges ad stagna jiibeto' ciu>
rentem ilignis }K)tare canalibus undam, &c»

Turn tenuis dare rursus aqw^^ '&c»

Adduxere sitim tempor;^.*-rSo Columella, 4 v. vii^

3. /W-

«HEBP. IC5

3. Fattening.

This important point of Sussex management re$olves
iteelf into the following subdivisions :

1. Age,
S. Food,

3. Thriving disposition,

4. Live and dead weight,

5. Flesh,

6. Tallow^

7. Offal,

8. Pelt,

9. Distempers,

10. Interesting experiments.

1. Age.

The South Down wethers are generally turned off to
fatten from one to two years old. It is considered as
bad policy to keep for profit more than twp years and
a half; and indeed it is usually allowed, that they
pay tetter at one year and a half old, than at any
other age. Few, or rather no experiments have been
set on foot to ascertain the precise time when they fat-
ten to most advantage ; but it appears, that the profit
lessens as the age increases ; and it is pretty gener^ly
acknowledged, that the quickest return is the most
profitable, and accordingly, the sheep are turned off
at an early age. Moderately fat at a year and a half
old, a wether pays much better than if he is much
fatter at double the age*.

2. Food.

• South Down wethers arrive at perfection at fivse or »x years old;
ewes at five and wethers at six. They will continutt iiDitf«viii|( jwitt^S

9f6 tiiB»,

2. Food.

Turnip is the usual food : and it is well wortk no»
ticing) as late experiments* tend to Gon6nn the vb*
mark, that to fat sheep upon this food, after summer
pasturing them, thej will fall off very considerably in
flesh : so far from haying gained any flesh, they de-
crease, so that there is little profit by keeping sheep
through the winter.

The Duke of Bedford's experiments, inserted in the
twenty-third volume of Annals of Agriculture, provei
this to be the case. From whence it appears that
four breeds, South Down, Dishley, Coteswold, and
Wiltshire^ all lost tipon turnips.

The loss of money from keeping fat sheep through
the winter is considerable^ and afibrds a lesson weU
worth remembering : to get fatting sheep so forward,
as to sell tbem between the first of August and the
first of October. The Michaelmas markets are some-
times not higli, but the difference of price will by no
means pay for winter food. Apparently the winter
food is thrown a .vMy.

That this ciic lijr.stiuice is not at all peculiar to the

as their teeth remain sound, which generally decline after the sixth
year. — Geo. AUfrey.

Mr. Ellin in says, " To discover the age of mutton, is to observe the
colour of tlie breast-bone when a sheep is dressed ; that is, where the
l>reast<rbone is separated, which, in a lamb, or before it is one year old,
will be quite red j from one to two years old, the upper and lower bone
will be changing to white, and a small circle of white will appear round
the edge of the other bones, and the middle part of the breast-bone will
yet continue red ; at three years old, a very small streak of red will be
«een in the middle of the four middle bones, and the others will be
frhite; and at four years, all the breast-bone will be of atfhiteor
jgHB^y colour.'*

South

8HSBP. SS7

South Downs, appears clearly by the late Mr. Macro'i
most accurate experiments on Norfolk sheep, in the
Annals, where he detarH the winter food (cabbage^
tnrnip, ' and hay) of sqme, and none gained any
weight of consequence, but most of them lost* One
must take for granted, that farmers and graziers, on a
great scale, know this fact : when they keep a great
number of sheep upon turnips, do they wait for a mar^
ket only ? if so, they wait at an enormous expense. It
should seem that the profitable consumption of tur^
nips and cabbages by sheep, is by the breeding stock
and hoggits, which demand keeping only, and not
fattening.

Such is the language of the experiments hitherto
published ; but when wo compare it with a very ge-
neral practice, there is a great disagreement ; for too
many farmers are in the constant practice of winter*
fatting sheep, to permit us to conclude that they all
lose money by it. It should therefore be considered as
a question by no means sufficiently ascertained. Pro*
bably much will be found to depend on breed ; for
the Norfolk and the Wiltshire, bad as they may be
in other respects, have been found to pay well in win-
ter feeding.

3. Thriving Disposition.

The meilt of the South Down breed is beyond a
doubt, if we consider the food eaten, which is at once
ascertained from the number kept.

A sheep and a half per acre, including all sorts of
land, is very high stocking, and rarely to be met
with. In fattening, the remark is equally applicable
to the breed. A thriving sheep is seen in what it pays
for the food it eats : and this point is in union with

Y 4f - anothcsr^

01ftBF.

V, Hhidi lia!> not Ibnt atU'otiou pait) it wliicli it
nJEviti. Good South Down:),! fine shapcJ, and line
ViQfAiid, will iciDiier be rciiily fur the butcher, tlian
f^jtcrii flf tbe bri?0(l ill ^hnped luiil coarsLT ^oullnl,
XiOB iijihe )ar<riiagn 'of cxpfriment, which Lord
Slgfentaot) tbe l>'.() J'ilmans, Mr. Allfrey, nud oilier

4. Livr ximinead Weight,

-lathe 99(h vol. uf the AiiiinU, Mr. Ellman has
■weigfaod ^nquailly the Uvr and dead -ncight of his
three year aid f^oulh Oowri tvclhcrs, brnl by him and
slaughtered at G'lj ndc-. As many objcctipus have been
nieed Bgaiiuttbe brrctl, from want of weight, it will
t ^^orougli-bred wethers will fat at three
f to 501b. per quarter: but, what is of greater
i than weight, the proportion of the dead
||i tiie live ^vdght is very great.

live weight, 19*3 lb.

ib. o^

Blood, ,„ - — 6 0

Entrails, „.. 11 D '

Caul, .— ., le ^

Gut fat, . ....-..-„-..-....—...... 5 0

Heiid and pluck, 8 12

Pelt* . „..„ 15 12

■ Washed tfie pell and clipped 5Ui. Of yiool, iri>en drj :

Tlui great lou majr be aceounf sd for by the pdt being thioani vndtr
t^ tlte^ to receive the |il9P4i ^K- vtujo A^^VH- ^V 1^ V** V^

raEEP.
jCarcass next morning, .••—•.•••—.••.••••.-».. lS51b*

Carcass, 4..^^ IS5

Offal, ..M..« : 67

192

If 192 gives 125, what will 20 give ?— Answer, 13.
Slaugbtered the 21st, and cut up the 24ih pf De-
cember :

lb. oz.

First fore quarter, •.... ^ 29 0

Second, 28 12

First hind, 53 8

Second, , 32 0

Lost, .....^ .,.. ...MM.^..M-«o. 1 12

_ *

125 0

Had one side cut into joints and weighed.

lb. cnk

Haunch, ...23 0

Loin, 10 4

Neck, , ..., 12 0

Shoulder, 11 12

Breast, ....••.. m 4 8

Lost, ^ 0 12

6S 4

■^•■v'

The above weighing does cfedit \^ the South Down
jsheep : the quarters were divided in the usual way,
leaving one short rib to the hind, and twelve to the
fore. The hind quarters of this weth^ were heavier
than the fore, which Mr. Ellman very justly considers
as a ip^tt in the breed, as the former sell at \d. a

ysos^ more thaxt the )iatter* ia tb» j|i64b T^l* vli Jbn-

nals^

890 . 8UBEP.

nab, 18 an accQUiit of the live and dead weight of
three South down wethers, slaughtered at Lord Shef*
field's* They arc an average specimen of the breed.

Weight aiiirc, .............^•••...•...•...m..«..-.*.^ 133 lb.

Blood, ••••••••••.•••••••.^••••^••••••••••••••••••••.•••M* 4

Entrails, •^••...•..••m..^^^......«-m..— ..•—•••. 14

o&in anci reoi, %•••*— •••—^••—•••••••••••••••••^•tm^m lu

iieaci anci piucK, •—••^•^^•—•••••••99»—9»——— ^i

Proportion, half and one-tenth*
One of General Murray's :

Dead, ^--••^m*— •••-—•••-•»•%••••••— ••••—• 6S

X aiiow, »—>—'—•»>«•— —»»—■•—>»#•••— <—t» D ^
Not half.
At four o'clock in the afternoon, two fat wethers
were weighed alive, directly from their food :

First, 126 lb.

Second, 1 10

SS6

After twenty-two hours fasting again weighed :

First, 1171b.

Second, M........O.—. 102

They lost 171b. they were tlien killed :

First, ....A 581 11),

Second, v m ••••.•••••.•.•••••.•• 53\

112

Tallow of the two, 13i lb.

From

V SHEEP. SSll

From some experiments w'liich have lately been
made at Pet worth, by liord Egremont, and whicli
will be presently detailed^ much valuable information
^ill be added, tending to elucidate the subject^ and
give us a clearer knowledge of the proportion between
the live and dead weight of different breeds of sheep*

5. Flesh.

South Down wether jnutton, in point of ddicacy and
flavour, is thought equal to almost any that in Jellied ;
and in summer, as pretcrable to some oihvx fine fla-
vonred breeds, especially to Norfolk mutton. This
circumstance is attributed to (he closeness of the grain^
•or the specific vgravity being greater, rendering it more
impermeable to tlie air than coarser and looser fleshed
mutton, which i.^ of course more subject to putridity*^

The older the mutton, the finer the flavour ; though
^his is a circumstance, not thought of .by the grazier.
Those who are connoisseurs in the flavour of mutton,
will find, that a spayed ewe kept five years before she
is fattened, is superior to any wether mutton^ The
Duke of Grafton sent a haunch of it (a cross between

* I was informed at Lewes, that Mr. Gate*, a butcher and grazio:
At Steyning, of considerable experience, had given it as a fact, that
Hampshire sheep when killed, stiffen sooner, and keep twenty-four
iiours longer than South Downs ; yet that the South Downs are of all
other sorts, the finest grain, and indeed the best of mutton. I called on
him at Steyning with Mr. Gell, and he confirmed it, as a fact with
which he was well acquainted. It seems rather to militate against the
undoubted fact given in this work, of tli^ South Down and NorfSlk
jnutton, made by Mr. Vyse, butcher at Eton college^ but the latter
is the result of such large experience, that it will admit of no doubt ;
it however miliutes merely against the mode of accounting for the fact,
by attributing the quality of keeping to fineness of grain. A loose open
texture of flesh, seemed to be more adapted for adnxittUDigair, and if so,
jBfijjfii to puuify the MBser.—'^.T.

Norfolk

.392 SHEBr.

N(Hf<dk and South Down) to Lord Egnmmtyuud
the admiFerft of mutton confessed it was truly, es-
cellsnt.

'6. Tallow.

It B by' no mtam a settled point upon theSoalb
DownS) how far a sheep which gathers its &t upon
the intestines, is or is not preferable to another which
collects it upon the back and the neck. The hAoa*
tershire graziers contending as much for the latter as
the jformer, is considered as a test of merit in Norfolk
and various othar counties. But when it ia consideied
that it requires a certain portion of fiiod to createa
given quantity erf* fiit, the question is, which is the
best part to collect it upon-^-<^ithiuy at without ? As
loi^ as the fat of the latter will sell at more than one*
third of the other, it would seem that there cannot be
a doubt, which of the two is . preferalde ; and upon
the principle of food eaten to produce the tallow or
fat, that which tallows least is the best breed. The
tallow, with tbe major part of the fiflh quarter, is
all the butcher's profit, who would no doubt encou-
rage that breed which tallows best and yields most
ofial.

The South Down sheep are not great tallowers, com?
pared with some other sods ; but what they loose in
tallow, they make up in a disposition to fatten. Tlie
tallow of a wether in comm^ management, will gene-
rally average from an eignth to a tenth part of its
dead weight. In Mr. Eliraan's fat wether, one-seventh
part of the dead weight was inside fat (caul and loose
fat). In another which he killed last winter, one sixth
was inside fat. In others that have been slaughteiod,
the variation has been from a ^iiBventh ip a tenth. The

quantity

SHEEP. iSi

qaantlty of inside fat depends much upon the age,
and time of fattening . It gathers itself much more
in old sheep than in young ones.

A circumstance with respect to fat meat, is worthy
of being mentioned, because it shews how much fur-
ther very fat mutton will go, than that which is not
equally so. At Petersfield (a great thoroughfare), the
iaa«keepers of that place agree with the butchers to
give them Id. per pound above the common price of
mutton, provided it be very fat* It is the same with
beef.

7. OffaL

The lightness of the oflGsil (head, horn, feet, entrails,
pluck, blood, pelt), characterizes a good sheep. Dish-
ley wethers well fattened, it is said, are in the propor-
tion of an ounce of bone to a pound of iSesh.

The offal of Mr. EUman's fat \Vether, was but a fifth
part and a fraction of the live weight.

lb; oz.

Ali^e, ^. 192 0

Offal, ^ 42 0

Carcass, 125 0

Fat, « 21 4

Lost by killing, 3 12

192 0

8. Pelt.

Sheep pelts are usually sold to the fellmongers in
the neighbourhood, by contract for the year, at diffe-
rent prices : viz. from shearing time to Michaelmas,
at 12d. ; to Shrove-tide, at 2s. ; and from Shrove to
Clearing, at 3s. These are lower than usual.

9. Distem^

SM 8REEF*

9. Distempers^

Tbe distempers \vhich the Soi^th Down sbeep am
mbject iOy are these :

1. Redwater.

2. Gall.

3. Dropsy of the brain.
4« Rot.

5. Flux.

6. Slipping the lamb.

7. Hoving.

8. Drunk.

9^ 'Feeding on charloc, poppy, &c*

* I. Redwater.

Upon being first turned into turnips they aie some*
times subject to this complaint, nvhich is cauied by
their eating too large a portion of turnips in wet sea-
sons. It also originates in the sheep being let out of
the fold when the ground is covered with hoar frosty
and often from feeding in the oatershes about Mi*
chaelmas, if the young oats are strong. It is soon
obviated by allowing a small quantity of hay to coun^
teract the wateriness of the turnip. Haifa pound, or
even a less quantity per day for each, is enough, li
is thought that clover stubble and folded land, pro-^
duce it in wet weather.

2. Gall.

. Occasioned by feeding on turnips, and other green'
food of the like nature. Sometimes they have been
bled for a cure, in the vein immediately under the
eye. It is a purging which generally continues till

thejr

SUEEP. SS5

ihej die. Feeding upon land lately folded, seeds^
rape, turnips, in wet weather, occasions it.

3, Dropsy of the Brain^ or Pnterish Dunt^

The principal malady to which tlie South Down
s^heep are liable ; it is in other districts called the
sturdy J or dunlheaded; in Sussex being paierisk^
Trepanning has been recommended, but without effect.
The most advisable mode is, to slaughter them imme-
diatdy as the disease seizes them. A paterish sheep
appears to be deprived entirely of its senses, and is
continually turning round instead of going forward.
The disorder is caused by a bladder or bag of water
that surrounds the brain, in which is a hydatid, but
there is no cure for it. Every farmer is more or less
subject to annual losses in his flock by this incurable
distemper : for it is, without doubt, one of <the most
destructive maladies that attacks the flock.

4. Rot.

Of this there are three sorts, the plain, the gravel,
and the flesh: the two last are deemed incurable.
Some few attacked with the former have beea saved.
A physician in Sussex once tried half a score by way
of experiment : three doses of preparatory inoculation-
powders for this rot : five of the worst died soon after
the third dose ; the remainder lived two years after,
but never grew much better. The rot was never known
to be caught upon the South Downs. When the
fainiers suffer in that way, it is sheep that have beeti
put out to keep in the Weald, or turned into the marsh
to &,U A marsh which is occasionally overflowed
with salt-water, was never known to rot sheep, but is
9 mo9t admirable method to keep them sound and

healthy ;

iMltlly; andifanytbilii^cift dfaitdMBttk, ithumtt
land. Mr. Ellimul dbsettes npM it, iltttif^ rnAsm
frost, even so early as October, sheep are tamed itito
these meadows and brooks, which are at other timci so
liable to rot them, they will not at this time biiA# at
all ; as the animalculs^ which the insects deposit iii^ka
atimmer amon^ the herbage, are destroyed by the tmL
The flounder found in tlie liver of the aoinial, it t^ni
up with its food, August, September, Octotar^ ittl
November (provided there is no frost), ai^ the lAmk
favourable momths to bring the rot ; but tiSxit a rii^
night of any sharpish frost, it is over for ttdiyetii. '■

6. Flux.

The fldbove are the principal ditorders of South Doihr
4hcep. Others of less note are, the flu±, lipailg|ii^
occasicmed by feeding in wheat stubble.

. I

6. Slipping the Lamb.

Mr. Gilbert, of East-bourne, some few years ago,
lost 80 or 90 by this complaint. It was attributed to
the feeding them upon rape about Christmas ; yet he
had fed them upon it before, without any bad eSecU
The sheep had been hard kept. The same thing has
happened among other farmers ; but it is remarkable,
that a neighbour fed his rape over the hedge at the
same time, without any inconvenience of the kind<

7. Iloting,

Or bursting with eating luxuriant plants, clover,
rape, &c^ Mr. Eliman remarks, that they are never'
subject to it when the food is wet from rain or deW ;
an erroneous idea, very common, lie always choosiis
to turn into such crops at such a time ; but tVhen (|iiitef

dry,

81t££P.

drjT) and the«leaf at all withered from a hot sun, the
danger is considerable* The remedy : half a pint of
lintseed-^oil to each sheep, given with a. horn, wMch
Tomits them directly, and never known to fail.

d. Drunk*

Mr, Davies, of Bedingham, had, one year,, eight
acres of buck-wheat, which his shepherd fed with the
flock for two hours when in full bloom : all were
drutdk ; the glands of three were swelled quite to the
eyes. On hogs it had the same effect. Bleeding made
the sheep worise. However, none were lost*

9. deeding on CharlocJc,

Great injuries have been felt by lambs feeding npoa
charlock, amongst the turnips, cole, and sometimes
on the fallows. Old sheep are not subject to it, only
Iambs.

It is the fault of the present age, that we have no'
public institution, conducted by men of real science,'
for improVemehts in this branch' of the farnier's art.
Nothing essentially beneficial in curing the diseases o^
live stock, has appeared from any estaUishnieiits yeU
funded', except in respect of horses.

III. Profit.

^T^nder this head may be classed the following ar-
ticlfs:

I. Expenses.
.S\ Produce.
S. Fold;
4. Wool.

.» *'•

«V«sEx.] z 1, Expenses.

wUIi citfvrr !Lnd trc-^

ort )H>r acre, At bd. f £.6 19^ 4

fir, _.„.3 .1

■9M «|i,ap*

nil viU be bat ex^ine^, i]|r thf^^t^li^i^f^
flf a flsdk. of 380 Sowth Down ahtep, '«poii vtmnun
ftwnokymn, dnwnap by Mr. ^lauai

Tn M metm nwa wUIi cUvrr a.nA trc--)
. fi^-SBi. each inrt |
' perpoondtagfetlrtr,-

Toaawinj^AeaboTV, I) ^. pcracnr, ._..... 0 £[-#

Ti»«aejrtw*sinit^ Urtl [lurUb riitxs, — -„. U V^t

l^UaoaMWBWiA ny-^rnsH amongst} - * - <

wheat, one baAA aad -a half prr acre, > S ili .3

a». &{. — -y^ --.^.._^__^3

To sowing dHaOf atid-fei acie, '.■»■.««■ 6 fi •
To oae hanoinii;^ ai'^d, per'aiar^ '«»-,-.i.j-'0''"A '0

No RMt aad ntei to Ihe ray-gran ; the wMb yair'a

^t^&o. I chai2;e to the sacooeding ctop otUatafa.
1 1^ &e mjr-giass rematn in the ground only one ytUf
fiomf^ time it is sown ; 1 plough it np 6fe-taiaift
the last week In Ma^, or the beginning .of June, at
which time the roots, not having much hol^ in tb«
ground, shake out very easily with the haftom. . |
gire Cmr ph>nghiQgs for turnips. - '

To 15 acres sown with rye in th? wheat- \
ftobbles, assoonas the wheati8teap->j^..5 5J9
«d; seed t«o bushels per acre, at3ff. 6d.J rti.'

To one ploaghing, at 6s. per acre, .». ... 6 0ft
To sowing of ditto, at 4(f. .—.....«_.>..... 0 S-t
Tothreeharrowingi, at4if. .„.....» 0 15 0

The. rent and rates charged to (he laceeeding cnqiof
tUBi|if.

9AeeP:

0 0

0
6
0

12
0
2

0
8
0

itifhip^; 1 never sow any rye for seed ; Sow It for the
tourposc of sheep-feed in the spring, as it comes eatly,
iind produces a gi'eat deal of f^ed for my coupled.

IPo 20 acres sown with winter-tares on a
the oat and barley *stubt)les ; seed iyfO>£,ii

bushels per acre^ at 5s. 6d 5

To one ploughing^ at 8^. 4,.,i ••.•••• 8

To sowing of ditto3 at 4i/. • <.•••...• 0

To three harrowingSj at 4(/. ..•^...i. •••• 1

To three-fourths of a year's rent and rates
for ten acres of the above, being fal-
lowed up (at Midsummer) for wheats
when the tares are fed off; as the land
lies one-fourth of the yeiir under fallow,
1 think it right to charge the whole
year's rent and rates to the sheep.
To threes-fourths of a year's rent and

rates^ atSS^^ o*^*.....*^...,*.*.^*.....^

The other part of the tare ground, I"^
. charge the whole yearns rent and rates [^
to the sheep, being sown with rape for
their tise, after the tares are fed off, ..m^

To rape«>seed, 10 gallons, at Is* 3d. ••« 0

To one ploughing, at 8^. «••«•..••••••*••«••«.*•••. 4

To sowing, at 3d. •«.4 0

To four harrowings, at 4(/. •• •••• • 0 13

To twice rolling, at 6d. 0 10

, To 20 acres sown with spring-tares on \

barley or oat-stubbles, two bushels and > 12 10
a half per acre, at 5s. per bushel, ..•..• )

To one ploughing ditto, at 8^. • • ••< 8

To sowing ditto, at4(f •••«•.*••••• 0

To three harrowings, at4(/ • o..... 1

To one yearis rent and rates, at Hs .,»• 14

z2 After

8 5 d

V 11 0 a

6
0
6

4
0

AQtor IIm ii]pofv« fares arc fed <yr i00iraAt(tf I dU Wft
irmHAefeed) linovputof it fK 1199:^ ti» t«t mpi fp^
jRiys1wi^)i |>sowfiipe; soadiT^et I tat it flfeM^litk
the spring, and snrw the groaacl with bailejj l]||pjt i||i,

comawiiy, feed it oflfal; Michaetmas, aii4 sow whea^.

* ' .'...■■#

ToiafXHseed, oip^ galtoyi per a^ie, at If » 34* ^«i & 0

7^ «9ie pbug^Pf, aiSj^ «^ ■> *^^k * ft f

Ifo ^^iag, at 3rf- ..,. .■■■.,»■■ 0. 6 •

To tliror hanowjiigs^. at 4€f^ .qp, -■- it ; -Q . 0

To one loUiag^ at fiiT. ».^...^n^..^^..,.^,,^ Q V9 O

■•■•li**

r ■

Reat^ &c* chaigodito the iKQBSi: ^

To 30 acies sown with tarhtpn ; seed, tOlie \

pint and a half ^ acre, at 4tf: p^p /tO* IH* •

uIIIm •■*—•>■•»«>•■<»>■•»••■<— ••■■•<•*•— <••#»»••— y ^^

To three ploughings for 15^ acres, at 7's. «• 13 13 Q

To fijHipdiitO:; the other 15 aor^ at Ts. •— "21 0 6

To 10 harrowiag^, one with the other, .•-^. .500

To three rollings, at 6£f. •«««•— •—««....«^«,«.*,« 3 5 0

To sowing of ditto, at Srf. 0 7 6

To 20 acres of turnips, hoed twice, at? 0 0 0

95. per acre, ««...«..»«..««....«..«.«.^ 5

To 10 acres, oncelioecl, at6j, «•«—«.••••«••«•• 3 0 0

To rent andratcs, at-Hi. per acre, ••«-..«•• 21 0 Q

^■"•*^«

' I observe im (he Diike of Grafton's account of his
flock, arc c)iarged only two extra ploughings and thres
harrawiiigs; and in Mr. Macro's account, two extra
plongbings, and two harrowing* only, are charged ta
the turnip crop. — Quere, Is the above, the whole of
the ploughing and harrowing giiren for the tornipsi

It is not the wliole, but that which is gitea exttaor*
4inary for turnips, beyond what would be given if it
wero a &Uow%

Tht

If r« Macro hUd done soy that the comjiarfsMi 6( «Kf*
ferent flocks might be j\i%t^ Tbe metliod bofwt^er is
oertaifily obje<^tionat|Ie, becair^ if aot sofirn witb Imr*
nips^ there is certainly no necessity that it irftoaM bd .
ihllo^iined ; it might be sown ^ith tares^' rape, ptkatots^
&c. -

In sncti calcolfttions, the food given to stock stmnld
be charged either at what it would sell for <ki the a^pdt^
or at the actual expense of it to the faniA^.

To 30 acres of grass in the ]awn, rent"^
and rates at 205*. per acre : I charge i
only three-fourths of the above to the )>£.?2 10 0
sbeep^ as my cows run there in the

To eight weeks' keep in my meadow and j

pasture-land, in and after lambing- > 56 0 0

time, for 560 couples^ at 3d» •.•^••^••. '

Toberbage of 120 acres of stubbles, af-7 3 0 0
. ter harvest, set at Brf." per acre, •—^.••3

To mowing, haying, and carriJ^ge, of90> ^ |^ q

loads of clover, or tare-hay, at 7s» 6d, V _

To thatching, afnd strftw for ditto, -w*.^». 110 0^

To^ rent asnd rates of 150 a^res of sheep- > fjg id , (f

^wn, at 3^: ••.-««*....4**— ••*••-«•.»— ••^•w* J

To 40 new wattles each year, at 2y. 6rf. .•• 5 0 0^

H^o repairing the old ones, •••^••••^•.••»».***— .^a* 1 \0 Of.

T<^ carriage of the wdttles about the farm, •^» 9 0 ff

To sivephefd's wages, •-• •^^•••••••.^^^•^••••••* ••• 30 0 O

To boy's ditto, •••.••^k*.v— ••»**M»»bw..M.*«**-.»..«*M 3 18 &

To" an assistant in lambing-time, £aui^ h ^ 0 &

weeks, at 10^* •••—•— ••••••.••^•••»— •-*•-»• ^

z3 To

/ .

$tl!t^ SIttBVV'

r
* ■

ToynAiBgf sbjsurbg^ and windiqg of^ ,. r .
. wooly 1440 ewei) t^ and bmbs^ at> £»1 4 ft

To carriage of the wool to miurket, ^.— -f^. . Q . IQ^- 0*
To expenie of keep for SSO lambs put out ^.

. in winteTy from Idi^haelmas to .Lady-> . 4.6 10 . Q

day ; 10 lost lambs, not paid for, at Sf. ^
To expends driving out to keep, and J ^ ^ ^

^ liRiigmg home, '^•f*Ma*M*«f««»M**MMMMf»«f*^*)
To expenses at fiurst for vattks, &c. •\>*.**» Q Ifri 0^
To the use of 11 rams, at 11. Is^ each, ^^^ li 11 Q

I am rathar at a loss to know how (o make out a fistis
account with respect to my rams, as they do nai feed
.pn the lands which I chargOito my flock, only five wedu(
in tjie year ; that is, the times my ewes go to, .'I breed
my rams for sale, which has turned to advantage foi
some years past. My practice in breeding my rams is,
to take 50 of my best ewes out of my flock (those of the
l)cst shape and best wool), and put my best ram with
them. What I mean by the best wool is, a thick curly
ifool, with depth of staple, and even topped; such
wool as will be^it defend the sheep in bad weather : from
being very thick, and evpn topped, it will not admit the
yatfer to penetrate to it, as it does a thin, light, loose
wool. I have found from many years' experience, that
sheep (in the same flock) of the former description, will
keep themselves in better flesh than those of the latter.
When I change my breed, which I think it absolutely
necessary to do, I get some neighbour to let me take
out 60 of his best ewes (of the former description), and
put my best ram with them, and J save rap lambs
^om them.

By folIowiRg tbc above practice, and drafting oat 90
or 40 rd'use ewes each year, I have got my flock tde-
rably good, botK for shape and wool. The farmers on
the South Downs, a few years since, were taught by the
wool-^bnyers to bc^eve, that it was not possible to in*
crease the quantity of wool, without decreasing fixt
quality ; an opinion which was not grounded in truth;
for by adhering to the rule before-mentioned, 1 believi^
I grow the heaviest wool between ilrighthelmstone and
East-bourne, and sell for the highest price of any wool
on the South Downs.

I do not put more than eleven rams to 560 ewes; so,
by saving 20 ram Iambs each year, have an opportn*
nity of refusing eight or nine : the refuse lanibs I sdl
from one to two guineas a sheep* As 1 do not k^ep my
rams in the flock, as I mentioned before, I -have not
brought the profit of them to this acconut*

To tithe of 1440 ewes, tegs and lambs, £.S0 0 0

. To interest of Stock :

560 ewes, at 20^. £. 560
326 lambs, at 13s. 208
w aitics, •••^•••••••♦••« 3\j

Interest of ..^o* 798, at five per cent. 39 18 0

Total expenses, •...•...•.•—••.••—•• jT.SQl 14 9

2. Produce.

Total flock ewes, •.•«•••—»••••••••—*.•••—•.—• 560

Losses, •••••••«•••••••••#•••••.•.•••.•••••••••••••••.•••••• 6

Profitable stock, •••.•••••••.••.••.•.•••.—•••••••«.•• 554

Twins made up for losses and barren ewes, as the
number of ewe and ram lambs are nearly equal.

z 4 Say

S^ RUCEP.

Stiy cwc lambs, SSO

Wclber d'itfo, 1 2(i0

Riim iliUo, 20

560
f take out for stock,

Ewr Ininbs „„ wO

Wcflier ilifio, „..„ 100

Avcraffc. price of sale ciyes aiid Iambs (i^rstvcn years:

HOwtthcr l;imbK,so!(lfir i3s.2rf.pcriani!J,;^.9S 3 4

go rt'f.ise aitio, :.( 8*. Gd 8 10 0

50 cwc Iambs, solcl at I In. 8rf. per loinb, .. QO 3 i

10 rcfiisp dillo, nl Rs. .- 4 0 0

20 ram lambs kept for my own use ; I vii- i[ .jj. fx i\

lue tbfni at 2f)« S

5
30 IS

1 kecj only Ibrce ages of tbe ewes in iny flock, vh.
two tooths, four toollis, niid iiix loolhs. At four yrars
old, I sell them off, adding 210 ewe-tcgE to 554 flock t
total iwes, 7G4. . •

For sale, 170 old ewes, sold at 18s. 6d. ^.157
34 refuse ewes of two tooths, four tooths,

. agd si^ tooUu, sold at I8j ...»»...

100 best wetber-lambs, kept for stock, r
^ut them out to keep in the winter
(from Michaelmas to Lady-day), at
3s. per lamb: they are kept in the
flock from Lady-day to Michaelmas
following, arid, then turned off for fat-
tening ; allowing three for Imses, 97
only arp turned ofi^; value them at I9s.
per sheep .............»..k..««.».,.....J,

VUi

«••••«••

Itko vsighi and price of aiy wool £nr the \tmt

, years.

Fleeces per tod of 33 lb. Price per toL.

1782 :.. Ui ...^.£.m 0 Q

17i3 .. 14|

1784 13i

1785 15

1786 1S|

1787 «;..... 14
'' 1788 124

Average, at 14 fleeces to the tod, 38*. per tod.

To quantity of sheep shorn :

Flock ewes, 554

Tegs, ........ m .

864 fleeces-

.«i8

Arcrage, at 14 to the tod, gives 61 tod ? /» 1 1/7 c i.

■ 231b. at 38, .....V-^^ ^ ^*

560 iambs shorn, weight of the wool, \

80Z. per lamb, gives 2801b. at6rf.> 7 0 0

per pound, ...«« ^ '

Folding 60 ewes ofarable land, at ^5. 50 0 0
Ditto 10 acres of down in the winter, > 7 m O

when the arable land is wet, 15^ S

One month in lambing, folded on litr*^

ter in the sheep-yard, exclusive of \

cold nights in the winter; set this j

standing fold. at • .^...v*****--*^

7 0 0

Total produce, .,..,...£. 622 1 1 9J

Total expense, •••»o... 501 14 9

% ■

^rofity •••f««tM««»«MM!M«M^«ij8Q.17 OJ

Ifiad,

SW tntir.

I find, in looking over the accounts of (lie DuIi«of
Grafton and Mr. Macro, that no rent anJ rates for the
Inrnip land is cliargid in either account. The Duke of '
Grafton has set the lithe of his flock at 17/. I3s. 6rf. I
have set the tithe of mine, as vou desired, at 30/. the'
same as Mr. Macro ; though J thiuk no tithe ought
to iiaTe been brought to the account, as I hire my lands
tithe-free, and pajf a higher rent accordingly ; artd if
no rent or lithe for the tuniip lands was cliarget], it
would make the balance in favour of the sljeep-masterj
174/. n.u Ojrf.

This account, I flatter myself, wilt be Ihonght a feir
on«, as I have endeavoured all ibrouirli the account, to
divest myself of every partiality in favour »rf" my own
breed of sheep.

It may be thought my losses in my flock are set too
low ; but to the best of my knowledge, and from the
private account of my flock wlierc the losses are nttered,
believe it to be a fair statciucnf, as mj sheep in gcnenj
•le very healthy.

3. Ford,

1, Space,

2. Talue.
. S. Stock.

'4. Advantages.
5. Standing fold.

Undoubtedly, one of the most valuable practices ever
established on the South Powns, and the universal at* ■
tentioi) paid to if, shews how well adapted the breed is
to support bare keep and distant folding ; for the pou*
tion of great numbers of farn^, in this respect^ is sacbj
as to put the Qoclu to tt|c severest trials.

The practice upon tlie Downs, it appears, is, to fold
Hipon the arable lands : in the winter, upon such as ai«
intended for pease, oats, or turnips. At this season-, twi^
folds are thought necessary ; one on the Downs, where
tjie sheep are penned in rainy nights, when the arable
lands ape ILop wet for them to set on^ The eafly part of
fixe summer, they fold on such lands as are inteH^ied
for turnips ; after which, upon lands which are in rota^
tipn for wheat. Jt is not a cbmnion practice to fold upon
pasture land, although Mr/Ellman ftequently does it
soon after lambing time. Folding begins spon after
lambing, yfhen the lambs are about a fortnight old,
and continue folding, except in very wet weather, till
the ewes begin to lar .b again ; and it may be .said that^
during^the lambing season, they are penned either in
the standing fold or in the pastures. But this is Mf.
EUman's mode of management, and not the usual prac»
tice of the county, since some of the &x:k*masteri
allow their sheep to lay out of the fold on the D6wb«
for three or four months during winter,

1. Space*

Mr. Ellman states, that a flock of 500 sheep will pea
S8 square perch each night, which is 50 acres in a
year; allowing them to be left out of the fold two
months in the year, which is a fair estimate for the
Jt)est farmers.

2. Value.

This is in proportion as the farmer considers the
profit of the fold. It varies from 35s: to 42^. per acre,
which foi: 500, is firotii 87/. lO^r. to 100 guineas for
the 50 acres, which, if we take the average at 94/. for the
flock, the annual value of the fold will be, per head,
^s. 9d. and a small fraction : at ifi6 guinea^,, it is

4Lf,

lift NW7?

4#* S|i^* per head. Of yhat paA ittnmqmmJkt^

is to the fiunaery ivheo the Tfthie o£ ii! 'fr fhwinj tt Ikm

Ugh! - , • • v.

■ * ■ ■ ,

All the sbeep^ excepting the fet' fltock, m jiqiiliMf^
fcldcd t these afe never folded ; and this is oiM;-bf tito
BsasoRs vfhy the Dishkj sheep aie never foMiNf, at A^'
are incfined to fatten^ which Aeftld has agrtilici^

dency ta reduce. "' '='

4. Advanimgrr^ . ' '

*■

. The benefils which aocrnfr la the femrr fiMi Ai
Jblil) are snficienllj strikhig, and will hr iwnm^iiMgfi
perceived^ if we consider the floc\ as n asw^ckif dnq|^
hUIy manuring the hmd iriihont any eaqiejie^ ^ If. ih#
iheep aie well kept, it is eqnal to a coated mvchftv this
fini crop, bttt is not so durable^ partteotosj^ oi^ rliwil
wheie ii is often repeated. It has been affinnedy thai
Iblding on chalky lands,' makes the wool, hanh^ aad
not mill well, not being so soft ami silky as other woal^
but the. colour very fine. Such remarks as these should
be treated a^ they deserve, when it is considered that
Mic finest wool in England is groNvn on chalk hills.

Although it is a lea In re in the busiaesa ef foldiag
altogether unknown in Sussex^ yet if soroetrtab coaM
he made by dividing the flock,^ it would seem that thcfa
arc great advantages which would flow from it.

Mr. Boys, in Kent, with a flock of 1200 South
Downs, is so convinced of the benefit of it,, as to be
surprised that it should be called into qiiestion for a
moment. He does it entirely for the fold-; and there
can be no doubt but many more sheep might be hepi
upon the same space which it requires to feed amy gifreoi
number, accorcfing to the present practice* The waste

i$/t feod is not Inconsiderable, ^en tc numeTDUS flock it
Mnied off at onceover a large piece of ground ; but int
mn Often country like the Sussex Downs, this practice
Ivoold, gencraUy speaking, be hardly possible to carrjt
isto-ei^eiition^

5. SiencSttg Fold.

1»;Mr. Ellman^s management of his ffock^ th(«to »-%
cifCHunstance 'which should be ifiore universally «t*
t»ded to ; not indeed that he is singular in it. Htf
hB& two or three yards well Weltered, for the sheep^ i^
So down- in at night, ia very rainy and stormy weather*
One contains, in<duding the sheds, 355 sqtiadre yards^i
Tha sheds around it are aboiii ^Hir yards wide,, and tbt
^vMie thoroughly wdll Uttered^ These yards are ex»
ijIWldy warm, and preserve many lambs in bad*
veatibor; around the whole circumference is a rack for
graup^ hay. The late General Murray^'s standing foldi^
were equally well contrived, enclosing an area of fifty-
seven yards in lengthy and twenty broad, containing
1140'fiquafe yanls ; above 700 ewes w«re folded in it-at-
nigfat^ and for that number'it is more than a yard and
a half for each sheep* All around it was a shed, nine
pr ten feet wide, and also across the middle, which lat«
ter was open on both sides. A rack for hay placed
against the wall, which was boarded, surrounded the
whole; and another, which was double, to be eaten
out of on both sides^ stood along the central shed;
onder the r^ck was a small manger, in which the* food*
was:given«

4* Woql.

G wit exertions have been made of late years, amongst
tii&South Down farmers^ to. improve the lleeoe, both inf
^[lumtity and quality : the extraordinary demand which

has

850 SHELP.

Iras brcn rrraled for the woolk-n goods of England l4
toteigu caunWu-s, since (Iwterminatioiiof the Amrricul
Kiir^ h us had Us cllVct upoii the gnmer ; aiidlbeinv^
provL-iiieiit (»f I he wool hiis bptn the conscqiwitce of ait
increased (Inniind fur Ihc comiiiodify, notwithstanding;
the moTi0poIj of the raw material. -IJnt in that caga*^
ncss, so prevalent for ini{)rov!ng the fltVcc, it has lia^'
pened that the flock-master has sacrificed points n^t
greater value, in order to t tin prodiidioii of finewodf^
The shape of (he Carcass I I had (hat attention p^tf*

it in Sussex as in Ibices.. ire ; nor has that desiW
been m[inifi?sted which is necessarj^ if it is osi«cted t#
combine a line fleece with a fine form.

Mr. EUman's is gcnerallv admitted to be the fini
flock, whi>se exertions ha bcfn unremitted : Mr.
Thomas Kllman's flock is t far behind his relatiMf
of Glyndc. They have eacli of them uniled Ibose vw-
luablc properties whieh so essentially eOnlribnfe to th# 1
perfection of the breed ; v>i>o/ and shape. It was hfr*
fore conKidcrcd as impossible, to bring the sliape of the
animal to any d^ree of perfection, without sftcrifitfing^
the qaality of the wool ; which idea origiMJUd iii'tlie
feet, that the finest wool is found only on s riHj^iWIS :
, itnd where the carcass is not considered oF tttf'-iatKb
•onsequcnce, and therefore not imjuroredL* If'Ae^Mtity
js examined between Lewes, East-bourne, and mfgliftti),
but especially about Bourne, in this district th^ finest
wool is grown ; but in proportion to the finenCs^ bf it
is its lightness, requiring 30 or SI to a tod : thA dir
■hapeof the carcass is out of proportion. ' W^t'is
the cause of a better fleece here than elsewhere ? It i»
certainly not the' effect of any peculiar good mani^e-
meiit, for it may be said to arise from tlie porCrty 6f tilt
jhiad, the citQation of whose &nQ is such w to admit

■ ■ *»

«listF. nil

tern opportunities dT feeding with aaj other food than a
acanty sheep-w&lk. There are some flocks aboftt Sast*
bourne^ and iii central situations, that having no land
mt the foot of the hills, have no opportunity of fi^eding
upon artificial food.; no winter and spring provisioi^
but the native Down, Here the wool is, without doubt^
excellent ; the shortness and faareiiess of the feed gives
it a fine quality, but no weight : and it appears Aat thn
succulent food, as turnips, cole, rye, tares, and artificial
grasses, throw out a coarse and luxuriant staple^ but
diminish the value of it for carding.

Bmt these ciroamstances, as in the case of Mr« EH-
nan, are to be counteracted.

Fine wool, therefore, may be called natural to k South
Sown sheep; and in proportion to the improvement of
the hills will the quality of the wool be diminished, if
due attention be not paid to it, and without more active
exertions than any that have yet appeared . If one man
«t Glynde, or elsewhere^ sells the wool of his flock at the
liighest money value, and yet trusts in winter to tur-
nips^; in spring,^ to rye-grass, clover, and rye ; in sum-
mer, to tares and cole-seed ; and John EUman^s pasture
so wet that be Is unable to keep store-sheep in it ; yet
bis down or sheep-walk but 150 acres ; what else but
iniu:tivlty prevents others from pursuing the same
course?

The Downs west of Arundel river are very much
coT^ed with rubbish, such as beech-wood, chiefly
scrubs; and with furze, &c. so that the natural
lierbage is not equal to those districts further east-
ward« The farmers on the western side of the
. county [have got iuto the notion, that no rams, or
evsn ewesi but. those that con&e from the other

sids

■CRT' 9f TilCf' UUIIIIIJI y afC gO0l^~ im cBpBCvBQE^^BripBw

^MMSfltfMtf of f M mindli.of ii: Hfr^ 'clatfof iMfin* nftnH^
b- ^o(f «H»- Way to fni^MM^ flil^'i^^ f t^'^HtMM

1. Whshing. . /, .:i' *;;!

2. Saeaniig.

mf f

3. Weight of fleeced
4# Valiie, * '..''•

ff. Quality. . .y ,

o. Froportibn of ire%ntiuMl ralnc*^^^ i- ■ '. >>
7. Number.

• a.

*;■ . : ■ I

1. Washing.

The mode of washings as* practiiscsd by lifr. EUmdtiy
& detailed in the foUoiYin^ information* A 'stream 'i»
always to be preferred. Mr. Ellman has graerally four
men in the water to wash^ and pens made in the water,
pointing against the stream, so that Hie thick or jfouf
water keeps draining from the sheep, and ^arficnlarly
where they are. His pens in the water are,, the first
where the sheep remain about three or four minutes, to
soak the wool. In this pen he generally puts, about
twenty at a timo ; from which they are put' forward to-
another pen, where the men stand to wash, which is
performed by pressing the wool between their hands^
after which the sheep swim out against the stream for
about 15 or 20 feet, which cleanses the outside of the

wool.

Urooh JPdurp^nc^ per^cmre for flock i^lieep add lambs^
and 6d^ for fat sheep^ are the pticed givea by Mir; fiU^
for washing;

Mldsiimnier id the shearing time for the flocks i ear-r
lier for the fat shee;^. Clippinj^ the Idnibs, has heeA
considered in some places injurious ; ds an operation
tirhich hurts the giowth of the lamb. In Silssex lio such
effect is perceived. The profit is veryvtrifliiig ; it about
pays the elpenses^ or ratheir mdre, biit it tends to im^
prove the w6ol> and cause it to throw Out a mdre luxu*
riant staple;

Mr. Ellmaii has ct practice/ T^faich he thinks answcirt
to him : it is, to clip otf the coarsest df the vTDOl on the
thigh^ and dock a month before washing aiid shearingj^
-which he sells as locks; the quantity b about 4dz; per
sheep ; it keeps then! clean aiid cool iii hot weather.

Fifty shi^p are sheared by each mail daily^ at
Sf . 6d. ; or h. pet score, and board.

Mr. Bllman stores his wool in upper chambers, as
the moisture it would produce on a grdund fioorj^
if it remains there any length of time^ is injurious to it^.

Twice shearing in the same year^ was oi^ce tried al^
iLn experiment by Mr* Kemp) at Coneyborough ; the
first clip was six weeks before the Usual timcj the se<^
fcond in September. Clothing th^ sheep has been at*
tempted^ but it failedf i

- n ff

^ It <t9A b^ no injury to th^ woo), to shear (he sbe^p U M0& ai it it
diy» M the washing talced nothing but thd din sLnd filth frdm die wotA ^
it loitrfery little Of the greasy dubstancei or yettc.— ^Jfcfr. AU/ny,

f Cld^ing tKe the^ nnust, I imagine^ be prejudicial both to tlie ih^e^
and the wooU Witlievit son and air, ratiu or devn^ the irvol would not
* Mrsszx;] A 9. Srow

■Vt

"The veight of the fleece u'vnnnu^, and dcpen^,
nnch on the food : aboot Eaxt-boume i( is light ; upopi
'rich food it isj of coulWibeary — two pounds and an
iialf ii the nyerage. ' Bfr. EDman hus indeed clipped
inote than fire poanda fi»m it^eriil of his own breed. .
The improTemeni of UieGljvdeflock may bese^a in tl||j
wetghtofit. ";' \_ .. ^ .. .-!,.. ir

1770 to I774» aTsraged at ^»:»^ . S 1^ - t;

1775 to 177fl, . ditto.: ,,,,y,,.y^..^^,.. .%..'%■■

- *I780to]785, ditto -«.-..--;—. ,8. la. ,i

1786 to 1790, d^o ■■ , n„ ■■ k.;...-^ (!>.'

1791 to 1795, ditto 4~— .^.^«-. >. -l^.? -

1795 to 1799, ditto -A.-;,-»«i««J»..^ «. ■.'

': 1800 to 1806, ditto >.-...K....|.....-*..a ; 8t.--,

When if M coiisideit»}, thaitbepriceof theinHAIiia
b^eil constantly rising, and that it has catried-the high-
est price upon the Do^vns, it will be fouod an experi-
mental refulation of d notion not uncommon, tluit joa
cannot increase the weigbt of the fleece, without add^
ing to the coarsenpss of the staple. The contiar; has
been the fact hfre, most evidently ; and it proves
clearly, that there is fio necessity for deteriomting wool

grow to more than iwo-thirda of iti uiuat Imglh (ir m mneh}, and tbc
hair would be weak and rotten, and not poiieH fuffidmt itrength tte
tlie diferent operatioat of carding, spinning, &e. Ai to th« ibeep it-
■elf, it i> more than probable that i(a conitilutlon would Winnchwaab-
cncd, b} having the eiteroal ur kept fraai ii> body, and ttaM the flab.
would acquire a rancid unplcaunt flavonr, U ne £iid tliat a «uU dc(rM
of heat before aiheepii thorn, ha* a lurptiiiag effect on tfaaniiMoftfaa
fletb, and that it doei not recover iti looal J&iTour in Jen ibui tktee
WKka or a mencli afitf tl>« fleece i« taken o£—JVr. Wifr^.

%uttlfi 8U

bjr ' im|MroYemerits of the soil ; an d that tlie etidence.
If hich has lately been given by certain woollen rnani]^-
faeturers, at the bar of the House of Commons, assign-
ing to enclosures, and consequently turnips^ and arti«
£cial grasses, the eSeet of damaging wool, is a^erely
speculative idea^ unsupported by facts. And if| fo^
want of due attention, the tillage of Downs has had
this effect, it has been a consequence hot necessarily
flowing from the measure, but arising solely from the
inattention, and other cifcumstanpe^, personal and
local.

In twelve years, l769f to 1780^ 31^,238 fleeces were
registered at East-bourne Custom-house, weighing
SS,135 tod; the general average, Sib. 4oz. ; and of
lambs 88,855, weighing 41,6421b. or 7oz. each.

In ten years, 1783 to 1792, 385,532 Aeecesy weighing
27,43d tod, were entered at Brighton ; average, 2ilb. ;
and 217 j446 lambs, weighing 83,1125 average, 5f dz»
Farther westward, Ihe iJeeces are heavier,, tint cbaisen

Lord Egremont's two Spanish fleeces, sheai^ iroiii
rams sent to Petworth by his Majesty, weighed, tU^
first, 5 ib. ; the second, 6 lb. ; and the wool beaatifiillj
fine.

4. ValHei

The monopoly of wool by the manufacturers^ hjUs iiad
such an effect in depressing it below its real value, that
it makes it difficult to form any fair Calculation ab,oat
it. We know, that our woiollen fabric has flourished
Ipery highly^ yet the price of wool has sunk. Before
the war (1792), the finest South Down wool brought
tl. a tdd, and even so high as 3/. 4^; Mr. £31man sold
at that price ; Mr. EUman, of Sboreham, at 91. I7f . ;
the Duke of Richmond, at the other end of the county^

4.a 2 at

,;} Lord SUeflield's Spanish cross higher tbaft

jtremont's flock for 1795, was — Hereford, 50lf.;

South Downs, 49s. ; LeicCEter, §4s.

y-crs give less for wool that is grown upon land

he Downs ; they have no reason for it, but it

: price.

lowing is the account of John Ellman's flock :

If-'eigkt..

lad. lb.

29 0

31 0

1771

.... 56

1772

.... SO

1773

.... 61

177*

.... 70

1776

.... 69

1776

.... 66

1777

.... 61

1778

.... 62

1779

.... 67

1780

... 87

1781

.... 87

1'4

1782

.... 67

J78J

.„ 72

1784

!... 76

1785

... 74

J786

.... 91

1787

.... 55

1768

... 80

1789

... 91

1790

„. 76

1791

.... «3

•

... S7 3 .„ 2

2{
Si

47 a ... 2

6f
12

irM

SHEE?. 357

ffiight. Pric^ per Tgd. Weight 9f ,

the Fleeee.

tod, lb.

lb.

ox.

1792

••••

81 0

••••

1793

••••

—

••••

•*•%

1794

••••

— .

••••

•*••.

1795

••••

—

••••

••M

1796

«•••

••••

1797

••••

—

••••

1798

•••f

• _ • •

-••••

••••

1799

••••

—

• f4

«•••

1800

••••

—

• •••

••••

1801

••••

—

• •»•

••«•

1802

••••

—

• •••

••••

1«

1803

••••

•—

••••

1804<

••••

—

• •••

••*•

1805

••••

— ■

••M

••••

1806

••••

.»

• •••

••••

The progress of improvement may be $een in the foI«
towing table :

1793. At this period no polled breed existed^ frest
of Shoreham-bridge to the borders of Hampshire ; all
the flocks consisted either of Dorsets or Hampshire*
Wool was now 195. per tod ; lambs^ 6rf. per pound*

1774, 20^. 6rf. — lambs', Id. per pound*

1775, 23s. — ^lambs', Id. per pound.

J 776, 24^. ; wool on the coast^ 23^. — lambs', 7rf.
per pound.

1777, 2l5. 6rf, ; coarse, 2ls. — ^lambs', 6d. per pound.

1778, \Ss. ; coarse, 17s. — lambs', 5rf. per pound.

1779, About Shoreham, the quality was improv-
ing ; rams from the South Downs were turned into
9ome of the horned flocks, which gradually increased

A a^3 every

ppimd/ • i- f

' 1781, tSi. ; oqane, 20f.7-laiiib8% 5ii. jffitpSd^*^

I7B8, fiSt. rocMfpe, SOf.-r-IamlMS 5rf. par^^odUI. '

The wtool fiNnn* LMd BeIIiam% floek «oUiMlr>Mi

fer SSf.; at Arundel, Sl#«; abef(( ShoiehaiiiAirklg^

SSf.— Iambs'^ 4tf; per pound. - ::****:

17SS. The qudity and demand increaaed.'' BdhrM|
Aruildel tod Jihorehain, South'Down wool sold 4Ur1BS)r.
per tod;- li(»iied flocks, 2U.; cot^^' Sbtir^r^tuBbf^
M. per pound. ' ^T

ITBIl* The same wod as last ysarnow ff>UUte4ffir. j
homUl^ S5r. and 81xJ-4ambs% 5il.perponi)K|tL*4dM«Bt
Somptin|( and FiadoB, 32f • ; about Brightoi^'fT^*

NTBed^ 96$. ; £ae wool, 3Sf • ;. coaki^JBtt.

. Mi>'

-—lambs*,' fid. per pound*.
;1786. Honied, S4i. ; fine, S8r. ; coame^ SSr;-^

laint)6^ *6rf. per ])ound.

1787. Homed flocks, 275. ; fine, 325. ; coarse, 26*.

1788i Homed, 30*. ; fine, 345.

1789. Homed, 8O5. ; fine wool, 34*.

1770. Fine, 325. : the wool that was honied, now
converted to South Down j from 885. to 3O5.

1791. Fine wool, 875. ; some few horned flocks left,
305. to 345. ; about Mitchel-grove, Stake, Westburton,
•Westmarsh, to Arundel, 375. to 395.

1792. Fine wool, 485 . to 545* ; coarse, 4O5.: — ^lambs*,
lOd. per pound, in general.

6. Quality. •

The South Down fleece is composed of a very fijae
pert of <:ardiug*wopl, next in quality to the Ryeland.

■'■'•. The

SHEEP .^ 3^9

Tbe superiority of which, howeyer, is tiot so clear^
as it appears that they divide the fleece, and separate
tliat -which grows upon the thigh, fore-legs and belly,
to the amount of a third of the whole, which they sell
at an inferior price. This, if true, explains the re-
jnarkable high prices at which they have been said to
sell*. ^

Sussex wool is soft and fine, and from three to five
inches in length of staple, when stretched out. The
finest of it is largely mixed up with the Spanish in the
manufacture of broad cloth ; the rest is wrought into a
coarser kind.

Sussex wool will make a good cloth in light and full
blues, and whites, and sotne other very sound colours ;
but in olives, snufis, &c. will not mill to affirm, sub*
stance of cloth. " We never were in the county of Sus*
sex, but are told the wool of that coianty varies very
much, according to the kind of soil the sheep grazebn.
Sussex wool beings the freest from black hairs of any
English wool we are. acquainted with, must, on that

♦ Our wool Is little inferior to the Herefor4^ if thpy were to sell the
whole of the fleece without sorting ; a practice not known pn the South
X)0Wn8. — yobn Ellman.

Mr. Campbell, in a letter to Lord Egremont, observes upon this^prac**
licet " As Herefordshire is the only county that I know, which continues
the practice of trinding (or winding the wool in tops^ ready sorted, ia
some degree, for fine drapers), 1 thought it likely your Lordship ihight
have seen, or have knowledge, of what the practice is ; and as many false
suggestions and surmises have been published in Regard to thd Hereford
fleece, I thought it might be agreeable to you to have a true state and
sample of the business in your possession; have therefore tal^n the liberty
to send you by Drew, a trinded top of wool, being one of the fleeces
shorn from one of the ewes you have from Mr. Pantall, with the locks
left out of it ftt trinding, and a card .annexed of certiflcat'on. But I ra*
ther think, on recollection, that I omitted to say what -freight the di^
ferent prices were for ; if so, please to insert p^i: ato<i^ of t^^lve poijuidi
apdahalf."

A 2^ 4 account.

account, be prOpercst for light-co loured kerspymetes }
ftod for dark-coloured kerscymrjes, tic same woo! ii
Eiiitable for tLera, as for other plain wove cloths of tbc
- same dark colours." — Extract of a LelUr from 4
Woollen ManufaclurcT in Yorkshire.

Our EngUsh wool may (liu« b>c arranged, bc^uutiQf
■ffith the best:

1. Hereford, Shropshire, Upland, WcUIi.

2. Sonth Down.

3. Norfolk. V

4. WiUshirc.

5. Cambridgeshire.

6. Dorset.

7. Roraney.

8. Liucoln.

9. North country.

Qnantity of wool has been the chief object of altcrvt
tion with the farmer; and the cirea^s (jenernlly thought
tbfl Bsoond point to be considered. Id the Tttt«f &m>
aex, Mr. Pinnix at Upmarden has greatly imprpvMl
bis flock. At the outset of bis improvement, bC' wa^
Tery particular in his ewes and ewe lambs vliidi }ik
bought: of the latter be bouj^bt* third jnoreduate
want^for tbe succeeding year; aad wh«it- Ihey iMe
two-toothed, he kept only such as he liked best to bwfed
bis flpck frqm : at the same time be v^a v^ eaiefiil
pud attentive iii the choice cd* good rams, la 17ft9, it
^m» only five years since be b^ao to im^orc bis^Mk^
yet he had then by-great attention, reared in ^e centre
pf the Dorsetshire breed, as fine a flock of Sdutb
Downs, both in regard to weight of the wool, and £«er
iwis and ^ape of carcasS] as almost any in tbe^eomttf .
|li» leading o^^ect wasi to give the greatett atttottai
'■■■/'. "■ ' ' " ■ *•

8^EEP• 801

tobk nm^ and to dnw off all tliat trere dd^YB^
miihet ia wool or shape, or in any other pmt. Mr*
jKiinix very properly considered the uneight ^f the
fleece as a great point to be gained, obser Ting that »
fleece of Sib. at 90d. is greatly exceeded in profit by
the coarser but weightier breed. His flock average? at

Si lb.

It is a fact of the first consequence, that so far from
fine wool being incompatible with a fine form, it is
clearly ascertained and established, that late improve-
ments have united them together. How far the quality
depends upon the food, has already b^n considered.,
Upon a sheep-walk the wool will be fine ai|d light ;
Upon pastures coarse and /heavy : this is the natural tc;a«
dency, but breed will counteract it.

There is nothiog in which Mr r EUman is more praise^
worthy, than in the attention he has given to improve
the breed : there is hardly a greater object than this,
let the breed be what it may : if very bad, it admUjfs
aa infinite improvement ; and if very good, it jnay be
made better ; this is sufficiently obvious, by comparing
his flock with the common ones of the Downs : he has
by a long and continued attention to ike rams be saves,
and to refusing his ewes, brought them to be mote
^ual, and remarkably fine woolled. This breed, like
pthers, are apt to be coarse in the breech, which he has
very much corrected ; and has them less and less so
every year. This attention has brought his breed into
aach request, that be sells his rams at 50 giiineas each ;
yhile the common price is from five to six' or seven.

' In his ideas of breeding, deduced from long observa«
lion, he is of opinion, that what he caUs the stain of the
Jireed, is for some years difficult to remove. A ram and
ewe both with l$ne wool on the breqcha will in an ordi-

nary

ifaeepibvl irDie7.hai!e bceft wd^' Madifeipgwiiia g^Hp^
lytibM,: «hm tiww ii yKxtKaaoai JCMwUot.'ilMj |ipiii|||

«Miib«lci4ke. change in thn taJai inniitliiii wmtm$bi,itlll^
was allrayft unial to consider tibie value of the ii^|i|(
MMljr ibi' piOfiDrtioii «r 4he niinbar that :teadB a M|^
Hie lighter the ileeee^ thelbet^tdei ^i^ndb; JfawIHI
"^um^s. fleeotft aie th^ heeiirtfeoft the ])iirtn^.a]|0y^
^gets the- bigheit price e.;lhia[ iMBn^Aj/Ktmilffa^i
gioQt oonaeqatiice. - ■ /■ -':"');;.;: il^if^-iM

' That incmuHi^ theqiianlHyyidoai oot'dftnaoaaf^
knrtifaeqiuUty, appears tern, the woolHtepl«t»giMf§
as much for ihat ef fat iMtfcens as- of leitt>aheqpu;>i| '
vnsti hotrevier) be a8oiied,ithat;they: assfeifcifcto|rt ja i
trimicrily "vrorth so jnadivb0oa«W|.i4ieaferifcdytJit:yi)
'Caimot be made so equal ;.<thsy ugim fh^lii^^m^ilm
better in the milU

Some expcrimeDts by Lord Sheffield upoa theintiv*
^duction of the New Leicester and Spanish breeds into
the county, deserve insertion.

'^ Abont 8e%'enteen years ago, I crossed the best South
Down ewes with one of Mr. Bakeweli's rartis, which
improved the breed, by giving weight in tbefore«partf,
and morfe than doubled tlic quantity of wool. At first
I got extraordinary prices for Ihe Iambs ; 3*. or 4*^;
each, more than common ; but the South Down breed
being excellent, and much improved, I found it gained
upon the mixed breed^ and they are become very much
like the South Downs in appearance ; and the weight
of the fleece is reduced from fiveponnds to three poimdsl
If the mixed breed had continued to' suit the fairs of
this county, and I had continued to does .with the

Bakewell

Bakiftwdl' breed, I still think it would have answered
Tery well for the Kentish men who attend our fairs, and
ftr Romney-marsh ; h\jtt I believe tlie whole breed of
Bal^well would answer better for the common consump-^
tieii of London, or of a manufacturing country. Five
pounds of the wool of the tnixed breed, although vcrv
indifierent, pays better than two pounds of the find
wool, which is about the average of the finest South
Down fleeces; and so would seven or eight pounds of
ite whole breed of Bakewell, although it is very coarse,

^ But on the subject of fine wool, I have much mona
to say than I can attempt at present. As an excellent
experiment is in its progress, prompted by the first per-«
•on i» the'empire, and encouraged in the manner that
it may be expected from that quarter, I have little doubt
of its proving, that as fine wool may be raised in Great
Britain, and Ireland, as is brought hither from Spain.
You have heard that we do not import the best: I havt
a considerable number of the three-quarter, the half^
and the quarter breed of Spain. The ewes were the
best woolled of the South Down and Hereford breed.
In respect to carcass, the three-quarter breed does not
. answer, but the wool is of a good staple, of a very fine
quality, and the fieece is at least a third heavier than
the finest fleeces of England.

*^ Many of tlje half breed, and all the quarter breed,
are well shaped, and nearly as handsome as the best
South Down, and their fleeces are considerably heavier,
and very much superior in quality to the finest fleeces
.0f this kingdom ; but such is the extravagance of the
monopoly of wool in this kingdom, and its bad efllects,
that there is no prospect of an adequate price being ob-
tained for fine wool raised in Great Britain.

^^-The consequence at- last must be, that the wooh*

growers

>H IREEP.

gieemn nill nfg;Idet (be (me, as (hey have iiaae in g|*
acTAl) and will ciil(iv.it« the coarse and heavy, wlii<^
pa^s muoli better. But this is a large subjecl, and}
•ball only add, tli.it in respect to the above subject, aU
tlial cm be learned, may be acquired from the Pro^
dent of llie Koyal Society, viho bas forwarded tbc e^
}>n'iment in question nitb his usual UberaUty and goof
tmse, and with an aecuracy peculiar to Iiimself.

" I have specimens of wool of a Spanish breed broiigtt
from Spain twenty years ago, which seems to have prcf
MTVcd in France and England ils original quality of.
fineness. It bas been the lushton to suppose a fine qiu*
lily is derived from the soil. I am salisHcd it is only
to be ex|>ected from peculiar kinds of sheep. A licll
soil will increase the weight of a Spanish fleece, but U
will make it hairy or ba ike the coarBc woob of

England. Tiie difi'crcnce ol climate alone is to be ap<
prt^hended ; a certain degree of warmth and of perspi*
ration, may be of service to produce tljat softness, and
stUiHMat, which i» to be fofHi4 in ibf bept S^wiiaiti nvf)d>
. *^Tbe inatance of 6heAtaq4 wool #4tep>> ^ nnuKt
that difficulty. But I h&^c nwuie to. Ieaf» r«l»tiiv t»
the slu^ of thjote ulands t fOvne very culiqw: ip^i^titf^
taoB U likely to be bi0«ghA for««Td «oo« ftpitqetl^
their kindly breed."

So fev axe the experijneirtB jof any coiwfoence,
wbich liave bwn reg^tetred upon'tliie cfuoiw^vrc mc^
pf various breeds of dieep, tbajt we ate, firm tO fi»
pi;egent,day, very much in (he dafl^ in itB t^M^iiem
rektMn to tbe propoctioa c^ food to nijiUoe^aSitl) a|4
tallow, live and de?d weight, &w. jSCc- fif ^ l^ fifiV
of ascertaining titese esMittial poiuta, po .«bt«dately re-
quisite to a perf(<ct knowle^^ of (be sttl^Jrot, in ilv
inontii of August 1796, Hie £«rl«f %UQ9Dt.tttdered

his-

Bis Tittter lambs trbi6li had b^h kmbed the ptfedediti^
lipHng, to be pidi by themselves^ into a paddoek ad^^
joliiing the Home-park. Hts Lordship had

S9 Soath Down ram lambs, of Tvhich the tiYfelt^
best were saved for rams, and sev^nte^n cut for w^ther^ji

25 New Leicesters, of which the §ix best wete savM
test rams, and nineteen for wethers.

12 Half-bred New Leicester and South DoWn we-
fhers, from the same get as the preceding.

7 Romneys, out of e^^fcs of Mr. Wall's, whi^h came
in Tamb by a ram of his own, and, acpordiilg to the
cofiftdhi of the Marsh, where they depend entirely upon
grass, without any turnips or other artificial food, were
not bcMrn till May, so that they were nearly two months
younger than all the others.

The 55 wether lambs were turned into the paddock
Ml August 1795, and were brought up and examined
June 25, 1796, when it appeared that twelve of the
South Downs, and all of the half-bred South Down and
New JLeicester, were marketable ; but none of the New
Leicester and Romney were in any condition for sale.
Ten of the twelve South Downs were sent off to Smith-
field a few days after, and fetched 34^. each ; and ten
out of the twelve half-bred Leicesters and South Downs
were sent to the same market a week before, and brought
33^. each. It is necessary io observe, that the half-
bred were apparently the better sheep, but they went to
a bad market and prices low.

The remaining two of the half-bred, which wete in
equal condition for Smithfield, were kept back, in order
to form a part of the following experiment.

But here it is necessary to p^use, because the expe^
timent is already decisive of one factr-that at this agq
ef sixteen months (from Ma^ch J795 to July 1796)

those

Oofetim bnadft mwuwnickBMKidfiBcaA dHB4h»
otiun, thit fluj ntight be pnfifaibljr cjeand from tl«
hnd, and a fteih ifock >entw It will noina <br tie A.^
fue progiCM of thfr trial, io tHertfMB «1fatlHf:«ilf'
0Mb itock vonld not' pay better than c9Btvwag'jtti» '
,^1) and ibv this purpose we ma; calciilatft.|li»t>ttt •
ilieep now sold at Sntithfiddlkt- 3is. with the additioa .
oC Sa.bt wool, . pays fiv 64 tneks Id. per pound from
tbeir birth. This is a Toy coasiderable profit, and if .
it should tnm oa.t, that kcerun; them mucli longer is
BOl-atieitdedwith an advantage scmcwbat proportioned,
it iriU dearly prorethe sapoior benefit of that breed
which may begot lid of at so eurly an age. And I
oumot help farther obsaring, tlial not one of tlie Lei-
cester being in any condition to lie drawn off in this lot
£» Smilhfield, ixnoststrangely contradictory to aGser- '
tibiis witboqt end, that fiitting at an early age is almost
pfcnliairly a cfaoracteriatic of. tiiat breed. Now kt us
proceed with the trial.

lb. TenWtek* Gaia
* Oain.' per lOOlb.'

' Sept. 7. Sooth Downs, „.-. 273 .-. 33 .» 13 '

Leicesters, .... S58 .... 46 «,. 21

Half-bred, ...„ S94 ..„ 34 .... 18

Romneys, ..;.» S70 ..« 34 ».. 14

Theresult is not very different from what migftt have
been expected ; fof as the Romneys and Lelcesters were
very much behind the South Downs and half-bredi,
ten weeks before, it was natural to suppose, that when
they did begin to thrive, they would do it .Oiorf "n*
pidly.

liecemba

« ^^

December 1, weighed again :

Loss in Lost

lb.} IS Weeks. per 100 lb.

lb. 02.

South Downs^ §64 •••- 9 ••••»•••••.• < 3 0

lieicesters, .....••• S51 ...« / 7 2 0

Half-bred, r282 12 ...m,-.... 4 0

Romneys, 269 .».. 1 •...•...•••. 0 6

It is very material, in all experiments of this sort,
to aote the losses, for it makes a trial double, as it not
only sbdws when the sheep thrive, which do best, but it
marks equally when they go backward, which breed is
most able to withstand those circumstances which ope-
rate against all. The difference is not very material in
the above scale. In that lot which did the worst, the
loss amounts to about Id. per week ; but it is unfa-
vourable to every lot, that in a period including the
htst part of the autumn (as sheep ought to thrive deep
iiito November, unless the weather is very bad) none of
them should have gained, which they ought to have
done considerably. It should however be observed,
that their pasture, though good in quality, was bare.

Upon' finding this result, Lord Egrembnt ordered
them to be starved for 24 hours, aiid after such starving,
to be turned out for 24 hours, proposing, by thus
weighing them, to ascertain the quantity of food eaten,
and the quantity voided ; his Lordship rightly con-
ceiving, that if, upon a repetition of such experiments,
there existed any remarkable superiority, or any mate-
irial difference between the respective breeds, it might
tiuow some light upon the general inquiry.

South

Ijxt bj I,oBj per

fiurviag. lOOlb,

Ii Downs, .... 8 ....»» 3 0 ot.

M(«rs, ..._™. H „ 4 0

•bretl, 17 i 6

incys, 5 -... 0 14

verc tlirn lurneil ou(, ami were twice migheA
il^-four liours eating each time.
< ■" ' " " Sd Total, Gainpcf

South Downs 7 2 10

Leiccsters, u ........ 13 ........ 4 13

Half-bred, 10 „ 19 6 12

Romacj-s, — ...- ...™.. 3 . 1 13

Hence it aj s. balf-brcd lost most and

gained most ; luii r lost least and ate least j

lliat the Jjeiccstcrs losl i^v in the South Downs, and'
afe more. Such Ivials must oe repeated many timet,
before conchisions are ventured to be drawn. HotT
theRomncys, in the first twenty-four hours, could gaia
nothing, is not to he accounted far, as the weighing
was carefully executed.

March 30, 1797. Weighed again, and as (his weigh*
ijig will mark the loss sustained by the severest part of
the winter, it Jcscrvcs particular attention. They wen!
at grass during the whole scasoa.

Foot Monthl. ~ftt lOOA

lb. lb. ' ^

South Downs, S3d . .. 11 .^^.u..^. 4 '

Leicesters, .... 214 37 ..«.-..™™. U

Half-bted, 253 „ 29 ............... 10

Romneysj .^t 25i •......»..«... 13 ».»...i«..rt. 5

" It i^ lemaffkible, t^at the Leicesters have suffered
tlie most, firom iivhich we may very fairly conclude, tt
far as one trial goes, that the grea/t peculiarit|r of that
breed is by no means what has been contended for^ a
capacity of topporting itself on little food ; but' that,
on the contrary, they demand a very plentiful nou- .
^tishment, and will bear the want of it worse than any
of the other breeds* The next in demerit are the hal&
bred ; the SouthDowns ace the best of all.

June 19* Weigtied agaiii.

Gain in 12 Weeks. Gam per

lOOib.

lb. lb.

South Efowjis, 299 ..-w...... 46 s. .........„.*. 18

Leicesters. •••• 275 •••••^••••••««^*«'' 61 otf««4to«tfv«*«M« S8

Hal&bred, ••.. 310 ...^ ...• 57 .••••wi...^^. iS!

Bomney$, ..v^ 317 ••o.^tf#..i««.>«...^ 63* M^..^.4^m. 84i

r As the period from, the 30th of March to the 19th of
June^ takes in the wbole flush of the spri|ig g^ro'wth of
gi^s,* it utecessarily forms another interesting period of .
^ experiments And here the result is r^atkaUey
mud a strong confirmation of the preceding obsa^tiong
on. the iieieiest^rs; for wheia in favourable circum*
^nces rclaiite to food, as in the presetit case,.iToni(
^eason^ they exee^ all the rest. The Romneys^ how*
ev^, approach nearer to them ; and as these had Ibst
iti pinching circumstances^ much less, theii^ Superior
tity upon these two weighingi^^ seems to be clearly
ascertained ; and this will appear the plainer^ by 0001*^
jMiring. the weight of December 1^ with June 19,

$U8S<£X*1

S0Qi%

icpffi.
Soirfh Downs, S64 .^ 290 aS ..^w^. IS

Half-bred, ...... 382 ...m... 310 ........ S8 ,^... 9

Romneys, S69 ........ 317 .....••• 48 •.^... 17

. Tke merit of the Romneys, in this stage of the. trial,
is conspicuous. The South Downs are the next^ and
the Lcicesters and the half-bred are equal.

Septcjubcr 7. Weighed again.

^ Gain per 100 Hx

South Downs, .••• 316 .••.......•••..mmm* 5

x.ieicesxcTS, .»••••••.. %jl^ .•.^••••••••.•.•m... ii

xxaii*oreci, ^».«*».. i!)Hr\/ ...m. *••... .......... 9

Romncys, 337 6

Here we observe the Leicesters continue to take tlie
lead throughout the summer. So lang as the food is
plentiful, they beat all the others : and this part of the
experiment goes to prove a most important point,
which has indeed been long suspected, that in good
situations, no breed is so profitable. Next to these,
are the half-bred.

July 4. The remaining five of the Romn^s were
sent to Smithfield, and brou<^ht 48.?.; and August 7,
ten of the remaining licicesters went at 48^. and seven
at 405. So that the profit for two years and two months*
food, tliat is, from May 17^J, added to the value of the
wool, is 5d. and a fraction per week for the Romneys,
and from 4r/. to i-^d- for the Leicesters, from the time
of their birth. Ry referring back to the former part of
the experiment, it Avill be seen that the South Downs

and

ma MS4Mdi in ^ vwks ag9» l^w^gkfTd. pet yft^
profit ; and that tiie RonAneji and jLeicesters, kept U}},
ibey wem near twice the age of tlie otben ( 108 the fint,
and 117 weeks the letter), only gave a profit oitM* to^.
5dl per week. This is a most interesting circnmstancei
and it manifestly tends to ascertain how much better it
woold be to the grazier to get rid of these sheep at 9,
younger age, and re-stock his land with those which
are most saleable at the earliest.

November SI to December S9. Weighed again.

Oaift. G^ per lOOlfcu
lb. lb.

South Downs, 320 ................ 4 • 1

xjvicesierSj .«•• <7zq .••••••«..•.•.•• x9! ......••«.««•.•• 4e

Romneys, .... S31 lost 6 lost 1

This perhaps is the most striking period <^the e^^pcK
timent. If we turn to the last weighing, it wUl be seen
that the Leicesters had outstripped all the rest, and.tjhis
superiority is still maintained.

Under the article g( fine wool, it will not be.defmeji
fereignto the subject jus^ to observe, that Spanish sheqp^
in Ifteir greasy state, average 6 lb. of wool ; and it losoi
half in the washing. The greatest part of the produoi
of the fine wool is exported to work up the fisiteies of
more industrious nations.

Mr. Newland, of Chichester, the great impoiter of
Spanish wool, estimates the produce of Spain eixport^
a* 40,000 bags (SiOlb. each) ; 24,000 of it comes t«
£nj|land. Formerly, France took off a much greats
qonatity than the above; in 1781, 11,000 bags to
Rouen only. From the intelligence of Mr. Newland,
it appears that the,finest fleeces are tiie growth of old

»b9 Castili^

9T2 sftBSP.

Castile, and the province of Leoo, irhick'trard to tin
southward : he attributes the fine staple of wool to that
equality of temperature occasioned by the annual emi-
gration of the flocks. The best flock, and that which
is remarkable for containing the'fincst pile, in any part
of that kingdom, is in the possession of the fiunily of
Negr6tta. The Marquis d'Infantado's flock produees
an annual receipt of MfiOOl. a year, but4he othc^a
larger.

•

7. Number of Sheep in Sussex*

Great improvements have been lately brought for«
ivard by ploughing up the Downs, and thereby increas-
ing not only the com and cattle^ but likewise the num-
ber of our sheep. It is an erroneous idea io isuppose,
that the sheep have decreased by ploughing up the na-
tive Down, since we have the most decisive proof to
the contrary, the testimony of the farmers themselves
upon oa^h. The Down has been ploughed, about
Brighton, and in various other places, and the sheep
multiplied in consequence. In ten years, from 1T84 to
1793, the flocks about Brighton increased 13,395.
About East-bourne, the same; and in no part of
the county have they decreased. . To what cause is
this assignable? palpably to that which kas ..b^n
brought forward as proof of the contrary — |:)k(ughiog
the Downs.

We liave a most correct account of the number of
4heep in the cotiuty, including the horned flocks on the
western, and the Romney on the eastern side, by refty-
Wngto the Custom-bouse entries. . .

Chicliestcr

SBEEF.

975

iio.«t

Weight.

Lambs.

Tod.

Sheep.

To<J.

ChicbcstQjc

60,983

4537

133,81

444

Arundel

30,942

2805

9852

219

Sborebam

28,245

2280

10,782

189

Brighton

43,258

3182

24,866

336

Newhavcn

45,605

3247

18,566

278

•

East-bourne

30,638

2207

8274

124

Hastings

13,118

1098

4555

BexiiiU

11,785

1351

2271

Winchclsea

9627

1393

3816

Rye

67,544

8801

21,242

952

341,745
113,605

30,900

113,605 ,2714
30,900

Sheep & lambs 455,350 Tod of wool 33,6 1 4

this includes all the sheep that are registered, and
neftrly all that are kept in the county: in this ac*
4iount, however, some should be deducted from the Rye
icgister, as belonging to Romnej-imtrsb, and Sonne :l^w
as entered from Hampshire ; but as 4he entript hfLfdJty
ohlnace any part of the Weald, where sonie sheep are
kept, the extra number not registered will make the Inu?
ianoe nearly even : the whole ^ county then oootnins
455^350 sheep ; twice this 4s 91,070: aqd Mr. William
Gardner^sestimateof the number of acrefydeliTored to the
"^riter, was 933^360^ or very nearly half a sheep pec
acre, including all sorts of land — ^hut not more than dne?
fbarth part of Sussex is stocked with sheep^ if the odd
55,350 sheep be taken as belonging to the We^ld, ihi^
tem'aining 400,000 are fed upon. S50,000 acres, which
is considerably :mpre than a sheep and a half to each
acfe. Some ctf this land Js.fitoc]i;ed at » oinch. h^ei^riec

> L »b3 rate

vttt titm OH^Bt pKrtt. Thp marshes carry two and
4^ne per ion< The Downs one and a half; so Ihat
IlkflD i4lagetkBr( it ii (soil coiisii)cre<IJ as high stocking
«■ cu be fiMud in any part of the kingdom .
. nefv are atket bMfcds of sheep in Sussrx besides llie
fonUijWMj bqt M these are the well known breed of
^MCOMt^^t iBdKKa native origiaal breed peculiar to
It^ UllM itdie lep occasion to be paiticular as to the
•4K(if^.M dw Koot sheep have had such justice done
thoiib; Mr. fia^,^ the others will nodoubt be pro-
f«tj««liDdedto.

~ OtiMntraibMida Romneys, Hampshires, Dorsets,
^VQUUnt} Hld:8MKrse(s 1 the Earl of Egremanl hat
InttodtlMifl'tlie Hertfotil, of which breed there is a very
AoUo llotil in Petirorth.pArk. Hie Lordship has likf-
viae iBtudiioed the Notts, from the neighbourhood of
nvcrtoii in Derptuliire, a slock very much resembling
iMf' Nnr hltottter. The ewres rise to SO lb per quar-
ter; wetten n hfgtl as 30 lb. : they are generally white
fkced, bat terger boned, longer in th& Iq^iod body)
and not to broad in the back : 181b. of vooi bu beet
■bom from a mm of this breed t the cor
than Dorset, and the wool 8rf. per pornul i
Lord E^gremont has in his park three large fiodtfe qf' (Sk
Hereford, South Down and DiihVj ; and it ian afk^
^rioui circaniBtance,that theac three flodf kecfLtboiM
mivet perfectly diatinct and wparate from tacb.otba-,
^though each has at much opportttBity of iBtermiti&|
iritb the other aa they have with tbenuehet,

Besides these, his Ziordahip baa imported, tbroog^lhe
medinm of hia Exceltency Count Orlofl^ theiKatniKt
•bd Astrackan. breed : their ^ief |(ecBlt&ritj>' ia, that
bi the place of a tail they have 8 very iu^ pr iijectidii
tf b,\, « ntlitt a kind of bwr^v << ifwt ckqaitBte

delica(^j : their fleece is a short but not coarse wool,
but «?Uh hair growing through it. Lord Egrcmont has
i^Iso the shaul goat of Thibet : from the fleece of which
the finest and most valuable manufactures of the East
Indies are made. In 1796 it was in its perfection : Afey
are not shorn, but the wool is combed oflf: about a
pound to a fleece : the hatters give a guinea a poutid
fpr it*.

BBCTp

lAiBMaMi-

* If it is possible to give you aoy information about wool,' that Would
nd to put the breeders of sheep in this county on thinldhg of the ad*
vantage which might be derived by attention, wtthoUt its Seitig con-
strued into sounding my own praise, I should be highly 'gratiiled. fwift
just aate to you whtt improvenieat might be made by a little attention^
|b tiie article of wool CMoly, without mentioning .tht carcaMi ^bi^ f^
what you collected from the Cuslora^houMt at East-boui^*, Ntfwhar^y
Brixton and Shoreham, the number of fleeces and the weight entered
at those places, and which includas what is here called the ^utli Bdwns
and part of the Weald, a space of aboac twetity-4ix milct In ieqBtb a&^
Joining the sea coast, and fen mites from the sesk The Sottth Downs do
a€C extend so far from the sea : but by the Wool Bill, aU the WDt)l Ihntrti
within ten miles of the sea coast must be enrered at the se^avaK CoBtoMX*
iiauses. The South Downs, or what is here generally understood to
^come ibdar tfkot name, extends from East-boumc on the eait» tp Shore*
ham tmtr oa the west. And by the late Surrey, by Yeakeli md Gord-
Jiers» is^ about twenty-six mile» in length, and a little more thug .five miles
in widkh. I have taken it at «ix mUes from the sea, as most of the far-
flBcrt dH tke North side of the Dowtis dip> nearly a mile intet|lt Weald.
On thii distrid the South Down flocks are kept, although some smaU
flocks are kept off the Downs and within ten miles o^ the sea, and which
are entered at the several Custom-houses before mentioned ; but taking
ifae Downs at twenty^six miles long and six wide, contaois^^^O^tiaJkute
acres ; on whieh there are kept in summer, about lB^ff0l^ ittUp Mid
Bniite, AtsA rso,60Oin wimter; \ddeh i» (deducting UHaJk fiM Mt lb
keep in winter) something lest thatn two sheep per acre in suAmMv and
-«ae and ane-flfth per acr6 in winter. You will be pleased toobierve,
diat, full one-half of this district is arable land, amf ihef nfSHtft gMilt
taind. But here I am going ttoii Wliat t was a^otit to'tttiBcift; A a4Ia «f •
-'Ttttlige to be gained by attention in improving the breeds Taking the

Bb4 whole

SECT* III. — HORSES.

' p 1

The horses employed in the husbandry of the countji
haye nothing in them whiph ^eseryes particular notice.

Con^i?

■ ■ ■■.'■■>. i",,

vviiole quantity of wool shorn between £ast«boiirne and Shoreham riTcr,
and within toi mile« of the sea, accprdinr to the entries in the yevs
1788, 1789, 1790, 1791, and 1792, average at 134,041 fleeces per year,
weight 9490 tods 13 lb. ; from which I will deduct my own flodt, 1007
fleeces per year, which average at 88 tods 8 lb. or a »maU fFaietioii ihon
of 2 lb. ip 00. pfr fleece, the accpunt ivill stand thus :

JFUt€gtm Tmit. Uk

Total entry per year, 164^1, weight . 9490. 90, of 8Slh,

Trom which I deduct my flock, 1007 82 9 •» .

Which Imvct iSSfiSi 9408 19

Average at 91b. 10 OB. per fleecfs.

9 4 per fleece, a fiiflTerence of S oz. per fleece for
133,084 fleeces, is 1559 tods of wool per annum, which I will setat S.>
per tod less than I 9old for, for five years.

1788 £.2 1 «

1789 206.

1790 - ------230

1791 - - -- -- - 27.0.

1792 - - - - - - - 340.

Average - - - - • jC-2 7 4

1559 tods at 47i. 4(L is S325A I7j. 4d. per annum, or 16,629/. 16/. 8«/. fqr
the five years of which this account is taken. I will observe, that I set
the price Of my wool at 3^. per ^od above thp s^verage of this district ;
which I am inclined to think is under doqe.

By this statement, you will see what a prodigious loss of property to
^he sheep-masters in this small district, for want of attention to the ar-
^clf of Tfool only, the which, if I was to add the diflerence of price,

wou^d

CcmtidcSrable numbers are annually btaght r up- at ihb
fitin and markets, ivhicb come from other places. As
the business of the (arm k more profitably conducted
with oxen, the only material inquiry is the compa**
fiscm.

Those who hay^ woyked o^cn, and are well ai>
quainted with their powers of draught, know that they
fire equal to horses in the tillage of a farm : therefore
the fair way to put the case between tbem, would be to
pompare them singly, horse against ox ; but in order
to make an allowance every way equal, it shall be adi»
mitted, that eight oxen pan onl^ plough as muc)i land
as four horses.

aroiild be nearly equal to tke above statement, which it confined to
weight only ; to which let us add the carcass, and here I flatter myself
it the greater loss by far, ^ I will be bold to lay, that the pAf I told
my ewes and lambs fpr, thp 1:^ ten years, is more than. 10#. per lamb
above the average of the whole Down ; which, if added to quality and
weight of wool, would even surprise you. '

My reason for the above statement, is to show at one view, thi great
advantage to be gained by attention ; and with hopes of seeing my
neighbours take a share in so important a matter to this coimtry.
. ^ With respect to this sheep account, you will see, my dear Sir, that X
had two .objects in view ; one for the purpose of shewing the quantity
of sheep kept on the South Downs, and the number per acre, and
which you will see I have done by deducting about one-tenth for what'
is kept off the Downs in the Weald, and within ten miles of the sea ;
and this I believe is stating the matter fairly. The other is, to shew at
erne view, the advantage which my neighbours might partake of by a
Kn|^ attention in the article of wool only.— ^ai(/i Mmatt,

., .^i*t

ITS HOBIB8.

£||Ti|t 4MKI8A) ft* 12v»* •••••••••••••••••••«•••••••••••••• £ • vJO ~ U ' V

Yokes and chains for six, — •^•••••.•••••••m— m** 4:4 0

Six summer mmiths* work, at 2s. per week, 80 16 0
Ditto wiater, at 2s. 6if. ^^.......•«..^..'.«. 86 0 0

■^

£.147 0 0
If they rest two or three months, they > 8 0 0

may afford a profit of 8/. ............... 7

jf. 139 0 0

■••

Four horses, at 25s. — ^^«.«..—..^.»^— ••• £. 100 0 0

ficimessy ai 'kos. ••••••••••••••••«••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• if %m u

%jaM,ay <o iij* ucr \%eciky •«•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••«•••••• 0!s \t u

Hay and herbage, at6j. per week, — •^..•«»... 15 18 0

Farrier, wear and tear, •—••..•...•••••— •,m—*»m«m 4 0 0

;C- 180 12 0
All ox-team will plousrh one acre per

n ax-ic«ni win pious^n one acre per "j

day Che whole year through, at 42s. f j^.lOS

per vcck ; six acres, at 7^, •••.....•— 5

0 0

Horse-team the same, ....^ 105 0 0*

In favour of oxen, ........•.•.•» £>il 12 0

This

• The common allowance to a farm-horse in winter, or'
while they arc kept in the stable (which is seldom less
than 30 weeks), from the beginning of October to the f £.0 5 0

beginning of May, per \\<%ck, two bushels of oats, at
2s. 6J. J

We give little hay, mostly pease-haulm, or straw, which 1 o « 0

I value, with the hay, - - - - - -3

Per week, whilst kept In the stable, • - • £'0 7 0

The 22 week« in summer, or whilst he is out of the stable,? /" n 2 4
we give about one bushel of oats per week, - " j

If turned out to grass, and which is usually done in Sus-7 n o c

sex with the working oxen, I value the pasture per week, J

We generally give some hay when first taken up in theT
morning, and before turning out in the evening, and> 0 16

which I set at per week, - - . - - j ■.

Per week in summer, when turned out tQ pasture, £'0 6 6

* l;h1s too, calculating the ivork according to^hs <!Om<t
mon custom, that of yoking; three and four times over
the number it requires to plougli tbe same grcnmd with
Borsies : but if a pair of Sussex ooten in horoess, are able
to turn up an acre of stiflf loam in Suflblk to a proper
depth with an iron plough, with as much ease as anj
pair of horses, and this too for nine or ten months iit
twelve, tbe same work may certainly be performed in
ether counties, where the soil is not peculiarly tena^
cious ; and the average of England is not of this de«
scription.

Expenses of eight horses, .••,.••••«•• £.361 ^ 0
Ditto eight oxen, .*«•••••••••.•«•••••• 147 0 0

In favour of oxen^, .^ • £. SI4 4 0

If this bahince be thought high, some deduction maj
be made, by allowing the oxen two or three months*
test in the year ; and perhaps something further should
be allowed for additional provender ; but whatever the
deduction, the balance is greatly in favour of the ox-
team ; and when it is considered that the older tbe ox,
the greater his value, and xice ^ersa with the horse, it
then becomes apparent enough : the one, at his death,

M eoiled with tares or clover, a horse will consume about"
ooe square perch of tares, or two square, perches
of clover, of a middling crop, per day; the tares I
^ue at 6<L per perch, and the clover at. 3^ or per

^£•0 3 6

CUift bushel of oats pier week, • • •- • OSS

When soiled, coif per we^ ^ . • - • £,o s o

SSO KonsEB.

^Tes beef for mankind, the other u horse-flesh -for
dogs.

Is not this a circumstance, if every other Tf as want-
ing, sufficiently engaging, ivhen ive reflect too, thai the
immense quantity of beef which would be brouglit to
market, would then sink the price, and allow the poor
cottager to partake of a diet more hearty and nou^i^h•
ing than his present humble fare ? Such a change in
the circumstances of that class of people, is too strik*
ing to ne^ any comment*

Sussex possesses a breed of beasts e(|ual to any in
England : they arc in general use ; but the system is
not carried to that extent which it might, for every
little farmer has his horse team.. The substitution of
oxen instead of horses, is extremely to be desired ; but
in the county under review, where the tillage of the
farm has for ages been done by means of them in a
great measure, the extension of the benefit, to the utter
exclusion of horses, would not create that difficulty in
the execution of the system, which it Mould necessarily
have in those counties where the practice is unknown*.

SFXT.

• 1 am no advocate in favour either of horses or oxen ; but for that
mode of business tliat can be dpne with the most ease and expedition,
and with the least expense.

I have on ray farm some as strongs and heavy land as any in the king^-
dom, and some hnd sl^ f'ght ; and three herses, with the allowance of
two bushels of oats per week each horse, arc able to plough an acre in the
heaviest and strongest hnd, if it has ever been broke up into tillage;
and will ploi^gh it up to any depth from four to eight inches deep ;
breadth according to fancy, if it is ploughed at a proper season of the
year, as such land requires; and when it has been ploughed a second
tim^ over to the full depth of the first ploughing, tlie two horses, in tl^t
»prmg and summer months, will plough one acre and a half per day in
ih;:t land that has been before twice ploughed ; lo there it a spare horse

'•\'-
4U4

381

l£Ct. IV^.— HOGS.

The hogs of Sussex are either descended from thci
large Berkshire spotted breed, or from a cross between

that

^■■■B^MBMaKitBMaMt^MMW^

for harrowing teed in, if town brOad-cast, or for any other uie the far-»
Bier may require. I plough with the horses both double and single,
whichever answer the buuness best ; and kverage the heavy- and light .
soils together ort my farm. A three horse team will avetage to plough
the year through scren statute acres per week; which at 7/. per acre,
n 49/. per week; and have a spare horse for eight weeks out of the
team. My plough with cast iron mould-board (I have them of diffe-
rent strength, according to the work and the land to plough in; and
I can put a sin^^e wheel to any of them, if the land requires it, and can
occasionally put a pur of douUt wheels to any of them), are drawn
by a chain fixed to the axis of the wheels, ti^ch chain is fastened to
the end of the plmigh, to that a good ploughman will plough his
ground all truly up, and to one depth, let the land lie ever so uneven^
>rhich it not the case with most of the wheel-ploughs*

And three horses, at the following expense of keep, &c« will average
to plough teven aerct per week the year through ; and will allow to take
mm bone out of the team for eight weeks, either for rest, or any other
^■IT^***— the farm may require.

Tbreelioiics, at S5A each, ••••*• ^.75 0 0

Harnett, at 4/. 4/. each, - •- - * -13 18 0

Oatt,at six bushels per week, for six months, - * 19 10 O

bats, at three do. per do. for do. ...•• 9150

" Hay for six months, at 1/. I/. • * • • « S7 '6 O

Grass and green crop for six montht, at 15/. per week, ^ 19 10 O

Wear and tear of two ploughs, a year, - - - 3 S 0

Ditto horse, year, - - -- - -- 150

Horse shoeing, --•----• 1116

Farrier, -- ---• -.. 0 15 0

Cost and outgoings of hone team, - • • • 170 7 0
Ditto of ox team, •--**.- 14t 0 O

Balance in favour of ox team ob fint con, « - * £,2fi 7 6

Tfr

SSl6 neUiMk

that 9AA a smaller black, or white htfecA. ^he Bdrk«
fbire bog rises from 50 to 80 stone^ and some of thb

sort

* I ■ II I ■ y

To the income of the hor le-team fo^ one yeaf ^ 49/. per week, £. 1 S7 8 0
To profit on rm> joiui|; hortct, U ptt jtax each, • - . 9 0 O

To the incoxAe of the ox-team for nine months, 9Qr. per week, 54 O 0
To profit on the oxen, - * • • • * •SOD

■■

Take ...*..•.. £.62 O 0
From *...-•••. 189 80

•«■

Remains • • * • • • jC«6?80
To balance in favour of the ox-team*t out-g^'n^ * » 83 7 4

Balance in favour of the hone-team for one year^ • jf . 44 O 6

»»m

The above ttatement is what a hortr*«eam will do<m any Ikrm in £ng«
land, where they have proper imptemeacs, and properly applied^—- Jfiv
Harper^ Bani-BaU^ Liverp^tl.

Thb statement is not founded on the general syttem of the eoimty, bdt
upon calculations brought forward as the ittult of Mr« Harper'is private

practice, and is what a horse-team will do upon any farm in Eoglandi
where they hav« proper implements, and properly applied c the annual
lialance in favour of the horse-team is 44/. 6/. estimating a team of oxen
at eight, and the other at three ; but as these eight will make four teams
as well as one^ and that too upon strong loam, his ideal balance sinks at
«nre. Yet this is practice, and what a pair of oxen' will do upop most
Cirms in England, where they have proper implements, ^c

Two Sussex oxen in harness will plough daily an acre of strong land
With as much ease as two horses. I say they will do it, because several
have done it for years in Suffolk, and the fact confirmed.

The food created for the consumption of a numerous and increasing
population, is surely of tome consequence, especially when we contem-
|jlate tbe origin of scarcities, and consider the land set apart for the
maintenance of an unproductive live stock. The food eaten by the ox
is not wasted to raise up an animal for the dog-kennel. The multiplication
■Qi these lias nevcr^ like horses, been, the cause of scarcity, but every
i}hde of grass consumed is so much beef produced. The country does
not import near a million of quarters of corn, to feed our exen with
j»ats. No man has encouraged the rearing of exen in firefereace to horset
with such spirit as Lord Egremont.

Three

€mt bare been killed 'wbich exceeded 100 stone : tbe
iCantam breed weighs fat from Id to 2S stone ; tbe cross
jBBJich approved. The whole breed are thought tender ;
na erroneous idea.

'' A very large stag hog of the Berkshire breed was
lately fattened by Mr. Dale, miller at Petworth, and
WoQght in a waggon to be weighed in the iharket-place*

, cwt. qru

The hog and the waggon at 1121b. per cwt. ? gg q

weighed •••••-m....m....m.«.............* '

Waggon, I — 21 2

Weight of the hog, 6 cwt. 2qrs. which, at 112 lb.
per cwt. is 7281b. or 91 stone.

His oidl was :

Blood, .^...... ..-..MM M... .-.• 1 6

Gats, ...•.•.....•.....•••.••M..MM....M.......*.........,........... 4 0

^Flay, •......••....M .......••..•..••...•.•...•• ..••...%•• 0 7f

Caul, sweetbread, &c. ...; 0 6

Heart and lights, ••..•• ...•..••..-• 0 T

JuflVer, •*.'...*M.....*«.*.......*.M.B......M..M..«...M..........«..*. X 2?

Grow, *....MM... w..... 0 7^

JL^oose tai, .mmv^mm.... a. ....MM*. ...•..•».••.•••••..... ......M... I. 4?

^nair, f.. .... ..«.m.*..m.«.....«.. «..•«.•.............••...•••....«. m.^. x- o

jrisser, .•.M.....«««MM.«M... .«•.«•».•—.......»..•»..«•«. .«...•.••... u 2?

SO 0

Three per cent, upon the annual rent, ,is returned at the spring audic
to any of Lord Egremont's tenants who shall, during the year, lunrr
done the whole wcrk of their farms with o:^en, and who shaH not liftTV
ttted any horses for drai^t upon any land which they shall have occ^
fned, of their own, or bdon^ng to his Lordship, or to any otfier persofu

They will not be entitled to the drawback, if they hkvt not pai^
tl^ir half-yearly resti regularly iifo» the d«y»of the sudSiL-*^*^. T*

firoii^

!fes4*

V0G8«

. M. lb.

Brought forward, ••.....••^m..*..-.... 20 0

•t. lt>.

Caul, ......... 0 4 > ^

12 4f

^Veigbt of the CMrcass, ....M.«..MM..»<......<m.. 66 7

74 9

86 7{

Wasted, ................................ 4 Of

' 91 0
Another hog, fatted by Mr. Dale at the sallie place<

tt. Dv

"Weight of the hog alive, 113 0

Weight sold, viz.

•t. Ibw

Carcass, --.* - 82 7

Flay, 9 Ai

Caul, ; 0 6

95 5^

Total weight sold, 93 1|

Weight of the crow, 0 6|

Fat takeu from the entrails, 1 4 J

Sweetbread, #. 0 1 1

Weight lost in killing, 17 gj

Entrails, maw, caul, crow, fat, and \
sweetbread weighed, when taken > 71 lb.
out of the hog, ^

Caul> «....« 6 "^

Crow, 4 * 6| I

Fat from the entrails, ]2| > ^H

Sweetbread^ «.4.....i..*...« 1| j

Entrails and maw, IS^^-J

Lost in cleanini^^, *............MiMft..t 261

H068>

885

Liver, •••^•••i....4.«»..M...tWi..<u^.M..M«...«.<.....«M 6|

Haslet, ......;....^. ..M........-..i -.... 9f

Blood, ••—.•«. - —.••-—.••—.•••««•.•••• 90

Bladder, &c. ••.••••-—• — ••.i...«....«a; 3f

Hair, ....•........* ......-;-..........; 14

^he Kog was shut up to fat 98th August, 1797, and
killed 8th March, 1798, being 192 days fatting.

'the fatting was meal of pease, barley and oats, in
the whole 78 bushels, which at the market prices

amounted to •...•. •••• A^l^ 1^ 3

The hog when kilied amounted to m.««m../ 15 3 0

Balance against William Iliale, who fatted \

the hog, Reckoning nothing for the ori- > 0 10 3
gfinfal talne of the hog, •;tfV...........M....w««.;.;'

N. B. The value of the fatting^ pex rttdLj iniy ori
the average, lis, Sd.

lidgs are either fattened tfpoh barley,' |)eaie, oat$, or
potatoes : the two fifsf fresquently mixed together t five
fockis of barley artd one of pease^ Will fatten a; bog of
60 or 70 ^tone : One bushel of pedse to four of oati^, and
four of barley, or three or four bushels of potatoes, witU
two bushels of ground oats and barley boiled, is it good
mixturre. An average sized hog of 50 stone, Will eat '
two bushels in ai week^ and if a fair thrirer,^ g^fM two
stonein tbctt time.'

Lord Egf eittont has tried a great tarief y 6f hogs, and
made many Experiments,- to determinte the most profit*^
able food, which is barley ; the white hog for store and
grazing, is the best he has yet tried. They are killed
after summer grazing in the park ; and it is a most ad«
Tantageous method: no corn is given: nothing but
grass. They are turned out in May, and ii^ October

ti^ssEx.] c e and

386 HOG9.

and November brought to the ^laughter-honsey and did
good porkers. This is a curious experiment, and de«
serves further trial.

In this experiment the hogs ranged over an extensive
park. In another trial made, they were confined in a
cage, exactly fitted to the size of the animal, \irhich
was augmented as the hog grew larger ; and no more
space allowed him, than what was sufficient for him to
lie down upon his belly.

As there were some hogs that we wanted to keep over
the summer, seven of the largest were put up to fat on
thc25th of February ; they were fatted upon barley meal,
of which they had as much as they could eat. Sw9
days after, the observation of a particular circumstance
suggested tl^.e following exijcriment: a hog nearly of
the same size as the seven, but who had not been put
yip with them, because tliey appeared to be rather
larger, but witfiout weighing them, was confined oi|
the 4tb of March, in a cage made of planks, of which
one side was made to move witli pogsy so as to fit ex*
actly the size of the hog, witli small holes a,t the bottom
for the water to drain from him, and a door behind to
remove the soil. The cage stood upon four feet, about
one foot from the ground, and was made to confine the
hog so closely, that he could, only stand up to feed,
and lie down upon his belly, lie had only two bushels
of barley-meal, and the rest of his food was boiled pota-
toes : tbey weR^ all killed on the 13th of April, and the
weights were as follow : (81b, to the stone.)

lb*

Boot.

JIT

The hog in tile cage

Tbe other hogs, all of the same breed <

Stv

19
11

n
u
11

Ik.

8
3
2

.4
4
2
2

The hog in the cage -^^as weighbd before he was pot
ini aliTC 1 1 stone 1 lb. ; he vras kept five weeks and fitre
days, and then weighed alive 18 stone 3 lb. ; he had
two^ bushels of barley-mea), and about eight bushels of
pptatoest lie was quite sidk j for the two first d»jSy
and would cat nothing.

This is a most singular Ksult, and as the hog thus
confined was so much superior to all the others, thoi^h
not equally fed, it can scar<^ly arise from any other -eir-
coinstance but the method adopted : U is extremely cu*
rioDs, and deserves to be faither examined is qL Tariety
b( trials.

cc3

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HOGS'

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Nitnei. Nov. 29. Dee. SO. Ga'aed Weight I.ou.

alive. whea deiid,

kiU«d. on each

bog.

Si. St. !b. St. lb.

Blackhead, -... U2 .... 166 .... 24. .... 127 .... 39

Longhead, 162 .... 200 .... 38 .... 154: .... 46

Spot, ,..«..- 160 .... 176 .... 16 .... 1+3 _.. 33

White, 140 .... 16* .... 18 .... 136 .... 38

Chubb, 148 .... 17B .... 30 .... 138 .... 40

Spotbox, 142 „.. 16B .... 26 .... 126 .... 42

Whitebox, ., 136 .... 178 .... 42 .... 136 .... 43

Dumpling U8 .... 131 .... 13 .... 97 .... 34

Slimslack 128 .... 145 .... 17 .... 117 .... 23

Blackside, ..„ HI .... 162 .... 21 .... 128 .... 34

1423 1668 21S 1302 366

Total weight of the-,
hogs, Nov, 3, (,-,,

fat on rice, was
Gained from No- j

Tember3, toDe-> 623 . n

cember 30, J

Rice consumed by -y

the above bogs,>3033,atl/.4(^pcrpound, 15 15 11|
was -*

Balance, ............. ™. — ^.22 S 6j

Supposing the bogs bought in at 4i£ per pound, 17 8 4

Gain, „.„,.........M....,.-.....„. £.i IS H

fBCTj

HOGS.

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392 BEK*.

The Sussex breed are too Jong in tUejr body, to cut
them with much success, which is done at three quar-
ters old. The Derkiiig fowls, as they are called, arf

, all raised in the Weald of Sussex ; but the finest market
for them is Horsham. The five-clawed breed have been
cousidered as the best sort : this however is a great
iBtstake, and it look its origin in some fowls with this
peculiarity, that happened to be very i;irge and fine,
■which laid the foundation of what have been since
called the Darhhtg, or JitC'claised fozcl, and consi-
dered in other parts of England as t|ic prime stock ;

■ but such a thing is hardly known in Sussex ; it is ^
bastard breed. The fowls at Lord Egremont's table,
of the Sussex breed, have very frequently astoaisheil
the company by their sjze.

SECT. VII. — PIGEONS.

Xbe dove-bouse is sometimes attached to the farm*
house, especially on the Downs ; but the^ are not (lOr
pagated to any extent.

SECT, vtil.— 8EVS,

Bees are th<; cottager's stock as well as tlie finnm's^
and some profit is made by them, but too trifling to
merit attention. It is only in desert countries, like th»
^ortb of Europe, where wax is made an object of
commerce, and an article for exportation. Diuigeness
lighf^bouse, on the coast of Kent, is surrounded on the
land side with beech and gravel for sereiaH miles, kai,

.twh; 398

it i$ so deepp thai hardly any thing grows on it. By
much uidustry, Uie man who lives in the lightrbousft
has enclosed a small patch of ground for a garden, an^
be keeps ^ome Ibee-hives : the quality of bis honey u
excellent, and from each hive heroins IS lb. in iWomn
arable yearis.

SECT. IX. PISH,

Thjs is an object of some consequence in Sussex*
• The ponds in the Weald are innumerable; and Hum-
bers of them date their origin from that part of the
jcounty lijiying once been the seat of stp. extensive irpn
manufactory, whiplf has now deserted the country;
&nd the mill-ponds now raise large quantities of fish«
A Mr. Fenn, of London, has long rented, and is the
fiole monopolizer of all the fish that are sold in Sussex.
(Carp is the chief stock ; but tenclKarid, perch, eejs and
pike, are raised. A stream should always flo^ througti
the pond ; and a n^arley sqil i^ tjie best, Mr^ Milward
}ias drawn carp froQi I|i^ marl-pits 25 lb. a l)face, and
two inclies of fat upon them, but then he |eeds with
pease. When the waters are drawn off and TC-stockpd,
it is done with stores of a year old, which remain four
years : the carp will then be 13 or 13 inches long, and
if the water is goo^d, 14 or J5. The u^ual sca^oii for
drawing the water, is either autumn or spring j the sale
is regulated by mcagvire;, frpm tl^e eye to the fork of the
tail. At 12 inches, carp arp worth 50^. and 31. pet
I^undred ; at 15 inches, 6/. ; at 18 inches, 8/. and 9/. :
a hundred stores will stock an acre ; or 35 bracf, 10
or 12 inches long, are fully sufficient for a bjf^eding

pond.

391 visH.

pond. The first year (hey «ill be three inches long;

second yeiT, 7 ; (bird yfHT, 1 1 or 12; tourUt year, 14

or 15. Thisyearlliey farcrd. '

Mr. Biddulph hns, in Biirton-pnik, a fine rntrh of

wafer, which yields carp, teijch, perch, pike, &c. in

f rent abundance ; and as il. is rtii extensive pond, I &hall

insert some account of the produce.

March 10, 178^1. Number of fish taken out of lh«
Mill-pond, of 50 acres.

Carp ~ 1517

Tench 473

Pike, 806

Percb, 50

3846

March 12. Number of fish taken out of Chilford-pond.

C&rp to Crouch-sfens, « „ —.. 200

CRrp to Mill-pond, i _ „ 1800

tench to Mill-pond, „„ ™, 274

Tench returned from Crouch-sfews to Mill-pond, 180
Carp returned from Crouch-stews lo Mill-poncI, 70
Pike returned from Crouch-stews lo Mill-pmid, 500 ,

Tota! number of fish put into the Mill-pond, ^ ggg.
March 12, 1789, « S

f'arp from Trout-pond to Croucli -slews, SOO
Small tnich, ., , „«. 80

Fish 8dM, March 10, 1789.

12-iRt-he

To Richard Feun, 1062

To ditto, 247 touch .... 4(j teiichi

l^odUto, MS pike— 400 cwt,

SoU

3P}sa, 391

Sold to sundry people.

William W indie, 50 pike, 150 perph^

Shen&, , ..f. 50 carp, 16 pike, SO ttnck.

Hodik, .., , J 2 — ^

JEarlofNeald, .... 12-^—

Mrs. Budd, , 20 r

Lady, 6

Aling, ..•••••—• f 1*

Milford, ...o • 100 — -»• *

Ditto, 24 -.—

Kent, 4 — r--

April 16, 1789. Small store carp bouglit 6( William
Milford, Esq. 6300, or five galloris.

One gallon put into La'wn-pond, for stock.
Two gallons put into Chilford-pond, for ditto«
' Half a gallon to the Briant-stew, for ditto.
• Half a gallon into each of the other stews, for ditto*-

January 28, 1790. Bought of John Serjeant, Esq.
4600 store carp, from four to six inches*

March I, 179L Account of fish taken by Fenn*

60 14-inch carp, at 5/. 10^. per 100,;^. 3 6 0

740 12.inch ditto, at 4/. per 100, .... 29 12 0

400 12-inch tench, at 4/. per 100, .... 16 0 0

100 under-size ditto, at 3/. per 100, 3 0 0

500 ditto carp, 1111 0

March 3. 335 pike, 7841b. at 6rf 19 12 Q

14. 52 12.inch carp ^^44; ^r 100, 3 0 0
25 12-inch tench,? ^ '

l.U 1 0
Marcli

SM pisn .

Watch 5, 1791. Accoant o( fisb put into Mill'pou*].

500 pike-

4?2 ttncb, reliirncJ from Crouch-s(ews,
1355 carp.

S27T

"March 5, 1791. Accannt of store carp put into Cliil.

ford-pond and Trout-pond.

5367, from five to : incheii long.

Ottobei IS, 1792. St"" ora ??ew-stew (o Troot-

OclobcT IS, 1731. J from Trout-pond In

130.

Small pikr, .. ...„...., _. 14

lIppiT Stew, . ..»»..-......».. 200

Lower, ... , .-, .,._. 3^

rebtnary and irarch, ITfl3. Account of fish sold, and
tu whoDi.
Mr. rVnn.

7.'JJCurpandten€lilSinchcs,at4f.pcrl00,/'.29 8 0

i:iO ditto H (lino, at ->/. lOs. per 100, 7 3 0

5 dido, J6 ditto, at 8/. 8s. per 100, 0 8 5

125 tail tench at 3A per 100, „ 3 15 0

S40 lb. of pike, at 6d. per pound 21 O 0

61 14 5

S:>ld to syodrj person;,

r 1 17 6

line

I 19 0

< 6 15 0

1 14

0 9

Lo 6

£.76 3 5

PISH* 897

Stock fish canried to different pdnds iii 1793^ to ike

Mill-pond*

Carp from Cbiiford^pond, •••«MM.«««.«.o..*««««««t.i««M«t« 1854

Ditto returned from Crouch, » • .^.^m..* 71

Ditto ditto from Trout-pond, 193

Ditto ditto ditto Upper-stew^ •• .«.«•...«•••««*.•.«•«•• 144

2262

' ■

Tench from Cbilfbrd^pond,. ^ •/.....•.. «• S3

iPikefrom different ponds and stews^ ........•./• 553

To Chiiford-pond.

Carp, 372 from seven to eight inches long, from Trout^

pond and Lower-stew.
S9 from nine to ten ditto, from Croiich^^Stews*
4 from 14 to 16 ditto, ditto.
350 from six to seven ditto, from Lawn-pond*
Tench, 123 from four to five inches, ditto.

21 from seven to eight ditto, from Crouch^

stews.
100 from three to four ditto, from ditto*
i[?arp, 300 from eight to nine ditto^ from ditto*

1299

1793. Stock fish carried to different ponded

To the Trout-pond from Lawn-pond^
Carp, 193 from six to seven inches.
Tench, 37 from four to five ditto*
Carp, 20

250

Stock

Slocb fish from Mr. Baker.
Carp, 157 lliree inches inJ upwards.
Tench, 1773 from tvto to Ihree ditto.

1929

Feb. and March, 1793'. Fish sold to sundry people, ]9i,
March 14, 1795, Bought of John Biddulph by Fenn*
1180carpl2-incii,de(luct2't-^1136at 4^.^.46 4 3j
107 14*. (fourtceiis) deduct S— 105 at 5/. S 15
SSpikc3401b. at ()(f. per pound, 6 0 0]

5S 0 3

26 2 0

To cash received of sundry per-
Rons,

March, 1795. Fish carried to Mill-pwid.

11 e

03
2

9
0

£.K

Fountain-stew, ...,....».»..>

Chil ford- pond, ».»..■•

Lawn-pond, »

Old Stable-pond,

Stew Lodge-coppice,

• Crouch-stew, -»

From Mr. Baker, ,.,„.;.,.

1292
10

0
310

Teneh.-

Kb.

91 .,.<.

104 ......

115

0 „».

239

Marchj

Marcfa, 1795. Fi$li for the h,ouse«

20 carp.
SO pike.
14 tench.
9 perch.

Fish to Trout*-pond from Crouch-stewiS*

184 carp.
Si pike.

/ Stock fish to Chilford-pond.

(Jarpfrora stews, 103 .... Tench, •...• 843

From Mr. Serjeant, .... 1600

1703 , 843

Fish to Fountain-stew, 820 " 373

Mill-pond fished March 2, 1797.

Fish taken. Carp, m... 1631

Tench, 22S

Pike, 1095 ,

g95d

Mill-pond stocked, March 4, 1797t

Pike, 300 returned.
Carp, 1700 ditto.
Tench, 270 ditto.

The

too VISH.

The following Is tlie account of a pond of Sir .folia
Shtlley's, at Milclid-grovc.

Kirticulars of Coppice-pond, Uf^hed Feln-uary 15^
J79S, omi ucn," 30 polrs.

I'25 carp,npigliing3(iftl[i. at 6(f,per pound,/',D 10
Sa ditto, woigbing ao lb. at id 0 10

iHi

Store fisii sold, .

of fish prcsn-vcj in a HtHc pond, in? g tc n
• of conip:i[iy, ..._ ^....„....^.„....J

0 Id

111

8 10

S)7

Siipposcilpxpniscsof (isliiiig, &c. 0 8 10

besides a suflicifiirj to sfofk two pomls.

Lord E^rcmont lias scrcraT noble ponds for breedings
and oUiers for fattening, one immedialelj* nndet ano*
ffier, with streams running throitgh tliem. 'they are
fisilied every third year ; and ttw bdst reserved for the
stews; but none soldi - ■

1793. Nov. Ci rishwl the Frith-pond. Brought
homo its Carp (the Killing prictt of these fish 'iroiridbe
from ll./oSl. per hundred) 300 tench (S/, to 9?. per
^tuiidm]) and 100 perch;

1799. March 'iCJi Hronght home 225 carp, 200
tench, 50 pike, 140 perch.

• toadt ate fltbed every thite yean.

viw. 401

The tench remain for two fishings in Lord Egremont's
ponds, as they are a slow growing Bsb • At the last fishing
of this pond, 300 store tench, and as many store qarp
Tfere put into it : the stores are worth lO^, 6d^ a hun*
dined, Male tench are good for nothing, and are.
thrown away: hen tench only are preserved. It is
father difficult to mark the distinction between the male
and female. Male perch are known by the appearance
of milk upon squee2dng 2 tench by the thrck fin of the
males. If the water is good^ eibout 7Q two-year old
store carp^ and as many tench^ are a fair allowant^e foe
one acre**

SECT.

* The monopolies in this useful branch of commerce it a Tery grAc
nuisance feo the public, by sending almost all the fish to the capital ; so
that thoi%h our coasts abound with an inexhaustible supply^ the country
receives but very little benefit, as the natives that reside dx or seven
miles jfrom the coasts are as destitutie of fish as if they lived in the int*»
rior of the kingdom. I should imagine that, by making a law to divide
upon the strand whatever fish is caught, one half for the London mar-
kets, and the other for the consumption at home, it would give great ed*
couragement to the fisheries, and exceedingly increase that useftil bod)>
of men, so necessary to our defence in manning the fleets. I dink k
would be good policy to oblige every market-town in the county tft
keep open a fish-market ; there would be no fear of buyers, if ludi an
useful regulation were adopted, nor would there be any fear of a lupply*
. Judge then what an increase of hands would be employMl, to wkai there
is now, under it!) present restrictions.— -ilfr. J^ufUr*

This Note recurs to the idea, that London devours the produce of the
country, which it starves, and so raises the price of provisions. But
Quere^ Whether it is true, that in proportion at this it the case^ is ^le
flourishing state of our country ? What imf^et the high price of illjr
commodity, but an increased demand ? Popuhdon multiplied, COtt»
sumption doubled, trade, manufoctures, agriculture, circulatioQ, ail in-
creased; communication between the capital and the provinees laid
open; new people, ideas, and exertions created: it is thcte whisk raiie
the earth's products, and are consequently the pillars of agricttlture, and

4<^5S£X.] s d > tkt

f '

':«n»

•

* . -^s- ,. :. . . :.••■<..■-■•. .:.• ■:,'•?

- » ■ • ■ ^ • . .. -t .1

8BCT. Xl^-'-ABBlU :'- ,a

spdtting deer s tt6e?&Uo#ing:amtheiitetiei|lf|i^0(ii^
<li«t'ipdte ]uUed»8iBing)iiuui]r«tlijm at Fetim^ jITSC*

T^Tfi'A ■ • ^ — ■ k . . J . . . * an •

l^lUOj ••*«•••••••••••••«••■• <»•<— — 1>»— aw— — w«M*i 06P

J!iailuCO« •>•«••»—>—<—•———#•<>—•>—■—*•«•»■■>—•* %Xr

.'-.■ :. -.'MB •

Ciiine and other oflal, —..•. 16

Blood, 7

Xioose fat, 3^

Horns, i 5j;

Head, .; 8i

Legs, ...•. 3

Liver and lights, ....^ 7

Guts and paunch not weighed, ^ aqi ccjii

but remaining at V

the supports of our industry. If the iilhabitants of London were scat-
tered over England, the country would be a comparative desert.- It may
be assumed as k fact, that no cbeaf country ^was ever « rich oae,

I do not by this mean, that regulations for the supply of the country
are improper, but only that they ought to be so framed, as not to impede
the supply of London : such, I should cpnceire, might eatily be devised.

Another j

DBm^ 403

Another :

live weight, ........* 194|lb.

Biltcher's weight, like a sboep, .••—.«•• 139
Fifth quarter, ^ ^... 65f

•

This biick was fat froiri being a vcfry fat one, and in
{he fifth quarter the horns weighed seven poufnds, an^
ikrere at that timfe fuf( of tfood vessels. If the buck
had not been killed till the end of August th^ would
have been dried up, and would not &'ave nt^eighed more
"^ than four or five pounds, and the buck would have
been much fatter. He was not weighed s^ive, but was
shot, and weighed imtnediateljr, and the blood was re-
ceived into a pail, and the weight added to thi carcass.

It deserves inquiry, in what degree this is an unpro-^
fitable stock : it would not be difficult, by certain ex-
periments, to ascertain the exact degree of theit beneit
dr demerit.

BdS CHAP^

CHAP. XIV.

RURAL ECONOMY-

SECT. I. — LABOUa.

THER E arc in most coui re three descrit^ioiis of 1
labourers — doim servants, t k-workcrs, and tjcefelyi^ j
IttiioiiriTs. Tl " ■'*. c\ arc ic lca,--t numerous, biit '
best prtjvldM, y ird; the last dpscrip- ■

tion ate the niqst juh ;tnd iirct-ssUons. The wages

of sM-vants vary tn 7^ and to llf. a year. Task-
workers will cnrn upon a m' n from Is. 6d. 1o 9s. a
daj; perhaps the avt-rai^c is L's, or near il. The weekly
labourers from 16rf. to ISrf,

The price of labour is above the medium of many
other counties ; in the neighbourhood of the sea are seen
many old labourers^ as the young and actire find smug" .
gling a more lucrative employ, uhtch is very success*
fully pursued in.Susscx. At Rye and Hastings, Bourne,
Sic. it is highly flourishing, whilst the health of the
inhabitants is injured, the revenue defrauded, and la-
bour extremely high. It has been computed, that fbe
revenue in this line of country is clieated to the amount
of 80,000^ per annum : between 3 and 400,000 gallons
of gin, rum, and other i^jiiiifs, are annually smuggled
into this district. The principals engaged in the busi-
ness have about lOs. Gd. each night : the common men
a guinea a ^eek; and in the conveyance from the
rtisd

LABOUR.

405

vessel to the shore, fromSx. to 7^. per night: 12,000
gallons of spirits have been landed in a week at Dun«
geness, in Kent. Light goods from Flanders, into
Sussex and Kent, J 05,000/. a year, upon which the
profits have bpcn so high as 30,000/.

This great consumption of spirits is very pernicious
to the labourers, and equally injurious to the fanners :
but the cheapness of gin recommends thesiileof it, and
unlicensed gin-shops are without number.

The price of labour in Sussex, is in some measure
according to the local situation. The standing price is
lower on the western side of the county than it i% in the
eastern : it has advanced in half a century about thirty
per cent.

The following is a table of the prices of labour in
^iffijrent parts of the county.

nA3

A Table

I-ABOrK.

•^O O.OOOOOOOOOpOOOOB

<-aaoo'^oo=:3*ooopoocco*'. 3

=?■ t

aoS "o

S , & 5 M -3 5 3

LABOUR.

40T

Sate of Labour^ Wages y Clothings S^c. S^c. in Siix-
seXi and in Si^olk, Communicated by Lord Egrc" .
mont.' " J

The supposed sum of money earned by a labourer ia one *,

year, in Sussex, ^

52 weeks' common labour, at 9s. per week j ^.23- 8 0'

For his harvest month, 2/. 10^. ; from
which deduct 9s. per week, his com-
mon wages, which is 1/. 16^, ; deducted
from 2/. 10;. he clears i

QUO

Suppose saved in his board 3s. per wcek,^ 7

e, •••• ^

0 12 0

0 9 0

which he must live on, if at home
For three weeks at hay-making, for mow-
ing he gets Ss. per day, instead of
Is. 6d. I it is more than in general is

earned on that score, ; ^

Suppose by barking, which does not fall-
to the lot of one in a hundred, in three
weeks he earns three guineas, out of
which deduct per week for lodging,
and extra livitig to support his hard
labour, 5;. per week ; 15;. from three
guineas, leaves •• •.•••..••

£.^ 11

Suppose by bad weather, slight illness

)of short duration, and his loss of time,

-is six days in the course of the y^r,

he loses, •, •• ^....

Total, £.27

> 2 8 0

0 9 0

2 0

This calculation amounts to 10;. 5d. per week.

A husbandman may earn in wintW 9;. per week,
from St. Michael to Xiady-day;, and in barking season

B d 4 from

from 135. to 90^* per week^ fqr thre^weekf^ and mo^*
ipg grass from 13^. to 18^. per week, for fi^ar pr fiye
weeks, and from 40^. io 55s. for harvest mantb, a|id
the rest of the time about 9s. per week for the year.
The wife may earn* in winter about 155. orfiO^.^ weeding
and hay-making about SQs*f and gleaning corn in hair-
^est, and raking oats ^nd barley, about 90i. Ifafyoy
about eight or nii^e years old, 3d. per day ; 11 or 19
years old, 6d. per day. Girls earn but Uttle ixf, ){}i|tier ;
weeding pr hayrn^kiog, Sd. or ^d. per day^

SUFFOLK.

Communicated hy Mr. Capel Loffl ta Lord Bgr^^

tnont^ Mftrcky 1797.

Estimate of what it would cost to clpthje a &mily, viz^
a man^ woman^ ai^d five childr^i the elde^ i^ndqr
twelve years old,

Man, kersey waistcoat and breeclies, .^^o* ;^. 0 15 0

\Voman, red gown and two cpatjs, •.«..••••••. 0 13 If

First boy, waistcoat and breeches, .............. 0 11 0

Second ditto, ditto, ^.. 0 8 0

First girl, re^ gown and two coats, ••,,. 0 8 0

Second ditto, ditto, ...,.•••••,.•••.••.. 0 7 0

Third ditto, ditto, 0 5 0

S2 yards of cloth for the family, ....• I 17 4

14: pairs of stockings, ditto, ..••• ^„ 10 0

Seven pairs of shoes, ditto, 16 0

Seveii hs^ts, ditto, « •.• 0 13 Q

m^^mm

Communicated from the parish of Hepworth,in Blacjct
bourne hundred, Suffolk, March 6; 1797,

Mr.

fcABOU«« 40^

Mr. Capel Loffl to Lord Egrfmonif 1795,

Ia my letter ki the Aanals, I had stated wagc$ in this
Tear, 1795, sis generally in thi$ neighbourbpod 16if. per
day. They were 30 early io the season, l)ut they soon
ji^ecame IS^* and have so continued* .

The statement of the earnings of the samfs number of
|)ersons as I have stated for 1773, at the saiiie age of tli(&
jcbildrien in the present year 1795, iviU be :

Man, 36 weeks, at 16d. per day, .m«...m« ;C* 10 8 0

21 ditto, at ISd. ditto, ..,^....^..^.....,, 9 9 0

5 ditto harvest, incldding malt, ...... 6 0 0

Advantage by jobrwqrk, ^.f......,..,..........*....,^ 1 12 0

;f.2T 9 0

Boy at 13 yearsof age, •.f«...i..M^.......^.t.....M..« 9 12 0

Girl at 10 ; spinning,- pease and wheat- > 4, n a.

. dropping} gleaning, &c. ......•{. S

Wife, ., ,. :.,..... 1 10 0

^.48 11 0

Mr. CapelLi>fft to Lord Egr^mont^ Septembfr^ 1795,

Twenty-two years ago (1773), I learn that wages anil
price of corn were thus in this part of Suffolk :

Price of wheat, from 2is, to 28^. the copmb pf fouir
|>ushels, ^Vinchester measure^

Wages in 1773.

Winter, Is. per day.
• Summer, 1^ . 2d. ditto.

Harvest, 31, iOs. or 12s, Scarcely usxy malt, ox
fdlpwance for ei^tertainments during har?e$t«

Total

410 LABOUR^

Total earnings, taking barvest at 31, 12s. with the
above wages, will be found, I believe, as under :

26 weeks, at 6s. per week, «M«iM.»«.M«.* £. 7 16 0

go di<to, at 7*. ditto, ,-7 0 ft

jisrveSb f •••«#•••••••» •••••••••«»••*«•••••••••••••«•«••*•• \j jw Kr ■

Job-woykt, M...-..,.- ^..^^....^^ 1 12 0 -

mi'^mm

^20 0 0

I ■ ■ ■ I ■■ ^ ■■ I ■■ I fi ■■ 11 ■■■■■ M ■ ■ I ^ I III !■■>',

* Harrest it mostly taken by job, at about 20 acres ptt man, to tee ft'

into the barn.

f Sapposln; labourers to work most part of their time by the piece,
•r at ]ob*work« which is the case Here, at which they tmxaUy «arn ton-'
siderably more than by day-wages, tUi& advaatagt may be iairly MS at'
1/. 12/. per year, as above stated.

«If the ezi'endhure of ffour be taken at three^bortht of « Kuiiiel, and!
the price at that time at 24s. per coomb, the annual cut-goiagt for ilour
only, is 1 1/. Hj. There mxift then be calculated the expenst of clothin^^
and other necessaries for tht family.

Tq balofice this eipen'diture against the faming, as they then were,'
the average earnings of the rest pf a family^ sj^pposed tp. consist of ut
persons, nB!)st be taken into the account.

On consulting on this suhicct, I state ihem thuf -

Boy of 12 years, - - - - - -j^. 880

Girl of 10, spinning, gleaning, &c. - - -4^0
Wife, --- - - - llOO

£. 14 6 O

Two infant children gain noshing.

Man, £.20 O (%

Wj;e and chtldrcn, - - - - -1460

Total earnings cf the whole family, • £'34 6 O

If the annual cxpcntlfturp of this family, two of them only being in-
fants, be taken in flour at its then lowest price, and at a bushel per week,
it will be 15/ 12s, Taken at 7j. per bushel, 18/. 4x.

This would have been the statement in this coumy (Suffolk) in the year

1773. — Cafiel Ltr^t to Lord E^remont,

SECT.

t •

SECT. Hi— PROVISIONS,

The high price of many of the necessaries of life is
^ object of great consequence: political arithmeticians
and calculators have qijarrellpd for more than a cen-
tury, whether or not the price jof labour is in propor-
tion to the price of provisions. That it should have
f)ecn ever doubted is surprising.

Most clearly the wages of labouring families are in-
adequate to support them in that comfortable condition
which they are entitled to expect: it is - evident froiu
the general increase o{ rates ; but far more so to any
man who thinks it no disgrace to visit the dwellings of
the poor : their clothes, thetr bedding, diet, fuel, and
cot ; and wlicn the intejripr 9f the cottager's house is in-
spected, will it be made a question whether labour and
provisions are upon a par ? ' 'Tis absurdity to question
it. A labouring family, honest as they may -be, and
industrious as their strength and activity renders them
(if numerous), it is hardly possible they can be main-
tained upon t}w; present wages of labour withea§e and
^omfort. '■.',.

ui Tabic

«It

■tp»eeop<«o-e
s « « (a • we
Qe e o « o •«

4exeo»ow« I I
i^je o o oi» e e -• '

I
J

I :

I-

M ■■••"•

-J itxv
.< I A

40-eo«e««>M i .

9etf o»»;h*!

<^o o e o OS e jj

1, ?2.||-|£,6,

4lS

SCOT. 111.— PtTBL.

Coal or wood, in a few places turf is ilsed. The
woods are very extensive ; yet the price has greatly in-
creased i great quantities are made into charcoal5 and
ttiU larger (of the smaller sort) burnt for lime. ^

It is sincerely to be lamented, that some steps dure not
taken by thcfse who have it in their power, to convert
the present method o£ warming the cottagers^ houses at ti
Urge expense of fuel^ by recommending or substituting;
%. cheaper and more effectual plan, according to the ex*
(ttilent idea laid down by Count Rumford, in his Expe-
rimental Essays ; by adopting which, a great expense
#f fuel might be saved^ and the hous^ more effectually
lusated i and in cooking the food, by a small alteration
in the construction of the stove or grate^ and the fire-
place, the Count's ingenuity has so contrived it in a
yerj simple manner, that a copper that holds 50 or 60
gfiUons, maybe k^ptboflin^ for several hoars at h com-
fiaratively trifling expense of fael, by ccmfining the
l^at to its proper place^ and allowing none to be
fnisted ; and by throwing a flue, i^ a different manner,
that when it once bect>mcs heated, which il5 very
ceoB dene, a very small quantity of wood or coal is
mccessary to keep it in that state. Coppers have been
bnng upon the Count's plan by Mr, Poyntz. Every
gMe in Lord Egremoat's house is completely Rum-
£[>rdized.

But in the CQuntry, where fuel enters so largely into
the expenses of living in a cottage, it is to them an
object of immense consequence*, to make the smallest

quantity

41'! Fcct.

quantify confriliute in Ihe best manner, and last as lon^ *
as it can ; but the expensive mode of burning it lu the
present unsystematic and nnphilosopliical method
adopted by almost all ranks of the people, cannot be
too tmirersally reprobated.

It is gTcatljto be wished, that an improvement so
excellent might be encouraged, and its beneiit extended.
To those who arc unacquainted with the Count's plani
it may be necessary to observe, that the great size of the
lUroals olchimnics in gcnenil, is the principal objec-
tion in the construcliun of them, -which serves as a
passage for the warm air to escape Bp the chimney,
and the loss of beat is conseqnently great — but the
warm air i& not only lost, but the room filfcd ■ftith cold
iiir from without, which is well guarded against by
diminishing the size of the throats of the chimney. A
lew shillings expended in the purchase of the Count's
ir'xperimcutal Essays, will add a very vaiuablo store
of knowledge eminently useful to the purchaser; but
it is particularly incumbent on all those who are dcsi-
,x(ius of .contribuUog to aBEieI)<«ate 'tike C4w4itiw of: ;tiw
Ji^wer class of life to retu) tliis ivot)c, aqdfe^at,wti«tB
^tri^ng expense great- iHiiabera oCpe^le^'Oaitibe Sad
vponaJiQurishingaod vfluiLesoiQe diet^ smd how cJM&j^y
.thw" csniic warmed*, i , ; ■ . i, i ' .

. * Stitiag 'J f»tt. — I biTc koowD a l«go£ mutton aiU tonip* boiUd in
a voodea p4il. I'fie trick was thut performed •- a dz feel barrel of ■
tbnting-pirfe n-as inserted M the muzxte In the pail, thi other cod
'plM«d against the fire \ the water flowiDg^ id t^ breed) of the barret,
the wbalc was made to boiL Qwrr, might not Tumacesuid Tcwdt
Iw heated io diSereot rocnni bj thi 'kitdi«&-dre oA'f,- by mtini of
lubes of cast iron, with a large bun at thi end coBveniattly fitted to be
ieated?— Afr. Tra^tm.

. Vodoabtedi; all the roo&it Of a^ hAuii nuj^ be t^uallj bettd,

by-

>UBi.. 415

by conducting the heat through flues, in the way it is done in. the
North of Europe and Germany. The equal . temperature of a room,
m an object of vast consequence to the health and comfort of the
cumer. At present, we ar^ roasted near the fire, whilst we are ahnost
ftoMa every where the. — A, T.

CHAP.

41$

CHAP. XV.

POUTICAL ECONOMY,

AS CONNECTED WITH AORICUtTUREi

SECT, I.-^ROADS.

TIf E turnpike roads in Sussex are generally well
iniough -executed : tJic materials are excellent s whin*
^oiie ; the Kentish^ rag, broken into mcklerate sized
pieces. Where this is not found, or not used, the
toads are not so good ; though turnpikes are numerous
and tolls high : in some places in the east they are nar«
ro\T and sandy. From Chichesterj Arundet^ Steyning,
Brighton, Bourne, tlie roads to the metropolis, and
the great cross road near the coast, which connects
them together, are very good.

Before Shorcham-bridgc was founded, the communis
cation to the AVest of England was very troublesome
and inconvenient, and at high water very dangerous ;
but building this bridge (by a tontine) has essentially
contributed to the general benefit of the county ; though
tlie tolls arc scandalously high : for every four-wheel
carringc 2s* is exacted ; and for every horse 3d. besides
u lialfi)(^nny for every foot passenger, and all this every
tinm of their passing.

This is a grievous imposition on the public.

The cross roads upon the coast are usually kept in
good order : the gravel or sea beech keeps them firm

and

4iy

dry, ImC not binding t but in the Woild, (he citM
iDnds are in all probability the Yery worst thnt nfe to
he met with in any part of the island : yet it it alBrmed
fluit they haye been consulerably improved.

The transport of vast loads of timber, com. Sec.
through a heavy clay soil (for there is no bottom) ren«
ders them nearly impassable in winter for wheels of any
description ; and in dry weather the hardness of the
day is very prejudicial to the fe^ of the cattle. As
there is no bottom for the felloes to move over, the
wheels are frequently buried up to the nave, to the
great damage of waggon and horses.

Good roads are an infallible sign of prosperity ; but
•0 indifferent is the state of the Weald respecting its
hnsbandry, arising partly from the predilection which
gentlemen have for their shaws and woods in a very
stiff soil, that to have good roads is hardly possible.
It j^ the free circulation of the wind upon the road^
which takes off the moisture the very hour it fnlls^
that BO essentially contributes to this desinble end ; and
it is the want of tliis requisite that renders them so bad.

The forest-like appearance of this part of Sussex is
Mch, that it cherishes every drop of rain that fnlls^
by sheltering the roads from the wind and snn, and
preventing the absorption of the waters.

The 44 miles of turnpike from Bury St. Edmunds
to Huntingdon, is perhaps the very best road in Kng«
land ; yet hardly a hedge to be met with. All around
Newmarket, but particularly to Cambridge and Bury^
no rood in the world surpasses it ; and the expense of
mending them is so trifling, that much of the materiali
have laid there since the road was first formed. The
goodness of it is owing to two circumstances : 1st, the
dry nature of the soil ; Sdly, the openims of the coun*

•vsfBX.] £ e try.

•

«gr«c -malt bt>\ketaMUwMtitmiam U B IJ ml#li

it Aft nieib itenwiity fci;llle itpiiiiry'-«yid»t

JUw:^«iut ilhe/maiBiitit vtejMikMdyitiii

be ivished.. '.>•:/(/'.•.!•.' -.r'^v^ri!":-. .-. 'I f;Tt'ti -yMlrlMft

.r %8utr- flMw^deliililbb : ggifeew of ihtiyjiiiiiiilfflu

b A-Tboldft iitidMui ittiittMte of the UM|ifefrf>(^iluni|ppfei
foad aft Honfaam, at ja:irfjr7 tenofy liKte<tietaritli inttl
|itvaoat,iBad to!iionAoi|i,i^^ lHfii#4i«

time it was so exoprahly bad^ > fliatirfcoaiaBr iHJiiM; 1
jvkedt/?irafa%dfeA.'toigoroiii^^
jii one' of the ihM ddMorKna^

lUMJAmmi, iitt I r^li ■! iMiii lHlii«yiBlAif 11 'illtUfflfffir ' Mi M Vail J

lamoayiTOC ^iwii^a^iauiuiiioanoif *Mf 'jgBWwaigjfniu^^mtt

trieuBfcr oF.ooahnioif srarfe^^iiUiv^viSt^ tfe'ttaifitf IM
Aoold iioCbeoppcnedM Hft ml iio sookiertbMpHi
than rents rose from Ti: to llf . per 'acre: -nor ia tbeie
a gentleman in t&e cduntrj who does not acknowladge
atnd date the prospierity of the country to this 'road;
and the people who were the greatest opposen df it, are
now so. convinced 9 that there is a general spirit of
mending- their cross-roads by rates. » - •.

A justly celebrated "Frendh writer, the Count dc Mi-
rabean^ hast lately questioned very much in detail, the
adrantages'of Igrc^at eitioi' to a country. Such' an in-
stance as 'this is surely sufficient to do away many of
his objections. Before the communication with Lon-
don, low rents, lo^ priees, a confined consumption,
and no improvements : open the communication,^ and
high rents, high prices, a rapid consumption, and name*
rous improvements: yet from the frontier of the county
by sea, there was always an opca communication : the

, iustanca

CAlfAL8« 419

mstmice therefore is the more striking : it is to be attri-
buted not to the power of carrying heavy loads by land
to London, but to the general impetus given to circu-
lation and fresh activity to every branch of industry :
people residing among good roads, who were never
teen with bad ones, and all the animation, vigour, life,
and energy of luxury, consumption, and industry,
which flow with a full tide through this kingdom,
wherever there is a free communication between the
capital and the provinces <

SECT. II. CANALS.

. The advantages which England has derived from
extending its inland navigation, have been prodigious ;
and to agriculture it has been no less beneficial than
to manufactures and commerce* When we consider
tbat the power of a nation is in proportion to her in-
dustry, and that her industry is multiplied as markets
for the products of her soil are encouraged ; whatever
]ias a tendency to enlarge them deserves universal encou-
ragement. Though it be true that Sussex has hardly
the shadow of any thing that deserves the name of a
manufacture, yet the advantages which the county has
received, and is likely stUl farther to gain from in-
creasing her navigation, will be very considerable.
The principal productions of Sussex are :

1. Com,
'g» Timber, bark, charcoal,

3. Chalk, lime, marl,

4. Iron, marble, limestone,

5. Cattle and sheep, hides and wool.

EC 2 ft

4S0 ckSAU.

It is evident that all these articles, most of thett fif
a wery heavy and bulky nature, can either beeacportei
from the county, or transported from place to piMt
within it, at a much less expense by water thaa If
land ; and consequently that both fanner and landloid
are equally interested in the management of auch vscfidi
designs.

Not only the above-mentioned articles, but eveijr
other the produce of the farm, have their consumptiiM
and value increased by a more speedy conveyance to tlie
place of their destination. In like manner, the produc-
tions of other districts are imported with equal advan-
tage. Very large quantities of timber, as well in its rough
state as in scintling, were formerly sent from Sussex,
by a tedious land carriage, to the coast. Consider-
able quantities travel the same course at present, bat
the length of the land carriage is not equal to what it
used to be ; though the consequence to the roads is
sucb, that they arc in many places almost impassable.

Cordwooct for cliarcoal, and oak-bark, are exported
in considerable quantities; and the value and consump-
tion of alltliesc articles enhanced by Lord Egremont's
canal.

Lime is an article for which tl«?re has always existed
a gretit demand : it is now carried^ by land-carriage
from the Downs to various parts of the county ; so that
the farmer miscs his erop of wheat in many places at
an expense of five or six nni'^ieas per acre in the article
of manure only. The navigation of the Rother has
opent'd a market for this as well as other valuable ar-
ticles, at a mnch less expense to the farmer, and in-
creased (he C()naum])tion many tliousand ton.

Sussex is a corn county, aod produces over and

above

CANALS* 431

rinnre what is sufficient for the supply of her inhabi-
tsnts. Much goes to Portsmouth, and the west; aHd
tome to the east ; and a still greater quantity will be
shipped off, whenever the communication shall be
more completely opened between the Weald and the

The Arun is navigable from the sea io its junction^
TOth the New Cut, 17 miles 3 furlongs; and from thence
a company of merchants extended it as far as New-
bridge. The first cut nearest the sea, called in the
plan the new canal^ is a mile and three quarters long,
and has a tunnel of about a quarter of a mile \3\ feet
wide, and as much in height, which cost 6000/. The
flew canal is 36 feet wide at top, and four deep, having
three locks. The circuitous navigation by Greatham
and Pulborough, was too shallow to be navigable at all
times of the year ; but the tolls on the New Cut, drive
the trade to its old channel, though they have of late
partially fallen. The conveyance upon the new canal is
practicable at times when the other is too shallow for any
barge to travel ; and as the canal is but a mile and three
quarters, whilst by the river the line is five and a half,
. the difference is considerably in favour of the first : the
trade, however, usually passes along the old naviga-
tion, except in summer, or in floods. From the ».*nd
of the canal to Palingham quay, three miles, the river
b navigable ; but from thence to Newbridge another
cut has been made by the same company, at the ex-
piense of 15,000/.

Tiniiber, plank, and all sorts of convertible under-
M^ood, are sent from the Weald, and the barges return
"with chalk, coal, or lime, at a less expense than wliat
the same articles were purchased for before the naviga-
tion was effected ; and the roads about Newbridge, and

. E c 3 ill

<■*

423 CANALS.

in the line of tbe canal are much improved, and
expensive to mend. Tbe barges are three sorts s tts'
largest carry 30 ton ; the second size 35 ; the smabl
15 ton : the second are the best. The passage fioa
Little Hampton to Newbridge is two days and a hslf|' '
using a horse : the tide flows 17 miles of the way, sad:
by going through Hardham tunnel, the barges savesiz
hours of time. r

In order to extend the benefit of water-carriage fa
other parts of Sussex, the Earl of Egremont lately pnH^
cured an Act of Parliament, enabling his Lordship, st
his own sole expense, to make the Rother navigabk
from i(s junction with the Arun, as far as Midhnnt} '
and by a collateral branch to Haslingboumo, within
half a mile of Petworth. The Rother joins theAnm*
at Stopbam, and is now navigable to the sea, astke
subjoined plan will more fully explain. His Lordship
means to extend it to HauipcrVcommon, close to the
town : it lias ei«^ht locks in the line from Midhurst to
lis full into the A run, and five from Ilaslingboomei
making 35 feet of lockage from Stopham-bridge to Has?
lingbournc, which when it comes to be continued to
the common, will add 51 more, altogether 86 feet fall)
and 52 from l\Iidliurst to the Arun.

liy this most useful and public spirited undertake
ing, many thousand acres of land are necessarily ren^
dered more vahiabk; to the proprietors. Timber is
now sent by water. Large falls have been exported
wliicli would scarcely have been felled ; and the Go»
vernmcnt Agents and Contractors haye made large par*
chases, in consequence of a more easy communica^
tion to ibe s»ea. An additional tract of country is also
supplied with iiniO; from the Houghton and Bury pits;
and when the collateral branch joins Hamper's-com-

■ 'l.l

I-

H: .

<■•»«■>

■•M%<> /■

< "■

«.»! f ••«

mon, tlie whole country, which is at present supplied
with chalk from Duncton-hill, will take it from Petr
worth at a cheaper rate. At least 40,000 ton is aanjudlj
sent from the Houghton pits, in consequence of LcHrd
Egremont^s improving the navigation of this part.o£;tiii9
county.

At present the farmers in the Weald take their, chalk
Yrom Duncton ; but it has happened that they, haVe
been^ thrown out of this manure by the state of thei?
roads. Having no other, the greater demand is.fot
this. It is to be observed, that the farmers geaierally.
manure their land for the crop of wheat almost as often
as they sow that grain, and lay upon an acre at the rate
of from 80 to 120 bushels. The vast benefit therefore
of facilitating the transport of so necessary a commo*
dity, is too obvious to dwell upon ; and when the wag«
gons can go to Hamper's-common for chalk, each team
will return with three or four ladings, according to the
distance which now takes only one in a day*

Another considerable benefit to the country, arises
from the facility with ' which coal is freighted and car«
ried through the heart of the Weald, which has beea
the means of extending the consumption of this article
in lime-burning, and proportionably lessened the de*-
mand for furze ; for the generality of the farmers set
apart a few acres for the growth and cultivation of this
plant to feed their kilns, which are giving way to coal-
kilns, as a cheaper and more expeditious method of
burning ; and that land which is at present used in cul*
tiyating furze, can in future be sow n with grain, accord-
ing to the distinction which nature has drawn ^ that the
bowels, of the earth should warm us, and Um^ surface
feed us. ■ ..» • •

Let us for a moment. reflect upon. the advantages.

ie 4 which

Ifrbich resaU from the employment of betweeo one aod
two hundred workmen, all natives of Sussex. In the
luual method of cutting canals, these men are a ceo-
ttant nuisance to the neighbourhood, and the terror of
all other descriptions of people. But in Lord Egre-r
mont's canal, the men are all drawn from amongst Us
own workmen, and hare n^me of that turbulence and
riol with which foreign workmen are inspired ; and ai
these labourers use implements equal to the best nayiga-
tion diggers, the employment of domestic workmen ii
an evident advantage: and still farther, the expenstt
of the job are much less to the employer, whilst the
weekly wages of the men in this business, instead of
Si* or 9^ • rise up to 14^. or 15^. They are now a set
of men who have been so long accustomed to the eoH
ployment,. as to be ready to engage themselves iu any
work of the sort.

In the navigation of the Rother, the course of the
river was adopted in prefere?ice to a canal. In this in«
stance, it aftbrds a safer and easirT passage to the sea
than if a canal had been made, since the fall of water
]s gradual, and the current gentle at all times of the
year. In numberless instances, and especially in the
one before us, it vvould have been a great loss of
labour and expense to have cut a canal along the side
of the Rother at an immense expense of digging, bank-
ing, bridges, sluices, tunnels, &c. when at a much less
expense, and to better etiect, the river lias been made
navigable, and without any apprehension of overflowing
its banks, which has been etfectually provided against.

The great superiority of a canal over a river, for
navigation, consists in its not being so subject to tlic
violence of inundatioiis and torrents ; but (iiis enemy
has in the Rother been converted into a friend, for tlie

drains

diainli cftn be opened at will, and all the adjoiaiiijf
flMadow land irrigated to the great benefit of the pro«
prietors, whijch is done by stopping the drains. Ill
eanal natigatibns, a disadTantage arises from their
totting asander^ as they always do, one part of hn
estate or a farm from the other, to the great injury of
ike owner. /

The limits of parishes are not seldom % bounded by
TtTeri, and in this respect the advantage in favour of a
liver is obvious ; and by banks and dams that are well
•OBstrncted, and drains to 1^ off the superabundant
vraters, it is easier and more expeditious fo render a
nver navigable where the fall of water is gentle, and
no- paHicular cataracts or steep descoits are in the way
<lf the undertaking.

One great advantage that the county derives from the
navigation of the Rother, is, that it is vested in tho
bands of a single proprietor living upon the spot^ and
who having a large property In the county, is tiie more
interested- in the prosperity of the undertaking, and
feels a greater spur in the success of it, than any com*
pany of merchants who live at a distance and subscribe
their money.

By vesting the undertaking in the hands of an indi*
vidual, no opposition is likely to be met with ; nor ii
tine business liable to be thvirarted or counteracted.

A considerable part of the original plan still remaina
to be carried into execution : it is, to connect London
with Sussed, and ix} lay open that market to the pro«
duceof this county, and receiving its goods and mer-
chandize in return. By a direct communication from
Petworth to Guildford, by a collateral branch to Hor-
sham, a. very considerable proportion of the county
would be benefited: the ground has been surveyed, and

the

<36 cAJtAtn.

tli« IfTcU (akfn ; and if crcr it should be cfl'ect«], Ibi'
value of estates would in many places be morethav'
doubled.

From nampcr's-cominon (o Stonebridge-wharf is 23
miles, makin": 133 feet of locka^: the collateral
branch, to the town of Horsham, 12 miles, is iipoaa
level. In the intervening country between Duncfon-
bill and Godalminf^, which is 20 miles, there is no
ebnlk hut ivhat is brought from either of these places,
BO that the water comraiinication would supply Sumy
ss well as Sussex, as all the timber, and all the prodnc-
ti(ms of the soil, as well from that part of Surrey ai
from Sussex, would then go to the London market by
a very short inland navigation, which is now sent by
a rircuiloiis passage along the coast; and what is of
still greater consequence, this cut would take off corn
which now goes to Guildford by land at a great ex*
pense.

It is impossible not to feel great respect, in contem- '
]platuig the energy of an individual of the highest nutk'
•nd fortune, animated with such ideas, and expending'
kit income in«o meiitorioiw a maBoer, fonsin^ nari-
^tions, rewarding industry in the lower ctones, im*
proTing the breeds of live-stock' by bbuntjes, encm-
iBfin^ all useful and tnecbanical artisiuiB ; wUing mt
foot multiplied experiments to ascertain the oobipara-'
live merit .o£ different agricultural implementa ; intn><
ducing improvements, byextcnding the knowledge of
sew plants, animals, or implements, all of them in so
many and various shapes contributing their assistance
to national prosperity. The thought of one man having
been instrumental in the improvement of his country,
and still exerting himself in the same career, must bea
constant fuod.of gratification to every beoevoleat mindj

and

VAIBi.

991

and that long may he. live to enjoj the firuSts of his 1a»
hour in the service at his conntry^ is the wish of every
man in the county.

SECT. HI.-

MARCH

IS. S. 3purne«
14. Seaford*

Apnj^L
S. Midhurjitt

Ditchlingt

Lamli)rust.

Hailsham.

W. Tarring.
14. Cat*6tre^t,
18. GardnerfStreett
32. Rushlake.

Tolesfield.
S5* Crowborough;

Loxwood,

29. Wadhurst,

30. Newick,

MAT

1. Egdean.
Hoo.
Hursterpoint,

3. Cowden,

4. Chichester St, Geo*
Henfield^
Nuiley,

Ticehurst«

-FAIRS.

6. Lewes. CUff»

8. Crawley.

9. Hoathley*
Hprsbridge
OldTye,

12* Alfriston.
Burwash,
Lindfield,

U. Storrington,
Arundel.
Uckfield.
Winchelsea,

Worley-commcmV

17. Boln^.

Groombridge,

18. Westfield,

19. Southwick.
SO. Rackham*
31 f liambmst.

Whitesmith*

23, Guestling.

24, Wood8(»r,

25, IIayward'8-heath#
S7. Horsted Keynes.
89, Cuckfield.

30, Aidingly,

SO* May«

JHHInVy..

99. SeiioR).

r4m todkmlj »

Sboieliani.

a.IUUam.

DaitehilL

'H<ntGi^

Blackbuys.

«.BdoMk

86. MiultiLss.

8.itarth«.

Xl. Cli.ilfj.

6.BodBiam. •''<

31. Angiiiermg,

Sle/iiing.

Busied.

Bines Green.

Hcnfleld.

18.

Rolherlield.

AUGUST

«.

Bioadtrater.

2. Ripc-

Crot. io Hand.

5.Cliic!iestcr(SUoliiisJ

(irtvu.

£» burst.

W.Praton.

Liiidfielil.

Frmtadd.

iO. Hawklmrst.

CJicIwood.

ts.

Forresl-row.

12. Green.

tr.

Cat-street. -

ai. Arundel.

89. Ashingtoo.

S9. Uckfield.

WivctfieU.

SEi'TF.MBEE

JOLY

I. Nolliiam.

3. Whitesmin.

4. Brighton.

». Bogiw,

£gdean.

Chjtaa.

MaresfieM.

PcTensey.'

Piayden.

Somptiiig.

9. Crawley.

8. Soutbwater.

12. Adversean,

JS. E. Grinstead.

Ilorsled Kejncs.

It. Hollin^ton.

14. Fioden.

18. Horshiui.

15. Weslham.

RlL

16. CuckfieU.

20. Longbridge.

17. Wilmingion.

28. Beoling,

19. Selmiaton.

19. Steyning.

FAIBTa

10. Stejnmii^*

21. Boreliam-stBceti

25. Groombridge.

Arundel.

Robertsbridge.
S6. Clayton,
27. Rogate.
99. Horsebridge* ,

OCTOBER

1. Hastii]gfi(Bl.RoGk.)

2. Lewes. CliflF.
Warborne.
West Tarring.

6. Blackboys.
8. Alfriston.
10. Chichester.
E. Bourne.
^ WUhyhaii.
Ncwhavea.
Rushlake.
Steyning.
12. Ditchliiig.
IS. Rackbam*

15. Ashiu»t.

16. TurnerVhill.
20. Sotberfidd.^

20. Chichester (Stofr^

21. Shipley. . : .

28. E. Deap.:
South 1^art]4g«

29. Scaynes.
Broadwat6^4
Midhurst. '■ ' ^

1. Wadhurst. , . .

2. Bletchingljr. :,
8. Forrfst-row.

BiUinghurst.
11. Storrington. ,
13. Mayfi'eid. '

17. St. Leonard.

18. HaywardVheath#
Cuckfleld.

19. Cross in JIaiiidw

20. Petwortb.

22. Sattel.
2S. Hastingi;
27. HorMiftm.

11. Bolney; ," ^
£• GrinsteaiL
17. Arund«L

i*»»i*.

Moveable Fairs.
Easter Tutiisy. § TurnerVUit;

Brede.
Pulborough.
Slinfold.
Slaugham*

Easter Thutsiay.
Beckley. _

Brighton,
Dicker.

Finden.

190

MIR(»

Ffaideii»
Petwortb*

WhiUTueidaj/^
Hastiligs*

Monday, before Whit-
Sunday.

Fletehing.
Honhani*

WhU-Moniatf.
Battel.

- 1

Lewes.
Midhurst.
Thakefaam.
Warnfaam. .

Whii-Thursdai/.
Cuckfield.
Jevington.'

Billingli^st.
Chichester.

Trinity Monday^
Rudgwick«

Rye. '

West Httalhley.
Willingdon.

Thursday after Trinity*

Hartfield.

Peasmarsh.

•

Lewes Wool Fair^ July 26.

This fair was first established in 1786, and the
county is indebted to the happy thought which sug-
gested io Lord Sheffield the establishment of such an
excellent plan. Before this era, the mode of buying
and selling wool was entirely left to chance and uncer-
tainty ; and by nobody knowing the fair price, every
one sold for .what he could get, which necessarily left
the seller at the mercy of the stapler ; but his Lordship,
by instituting this fair, collected the flock-masters to-
gether, and a proper price has ever since been ob-
tained.

Other counties soon imitated the example : Norfolk
and Suffolk, Essex, &c.

Lewes

ICAlVUrACTlTRES. 431

Lewes Sheep Fair-

This fair is annually held upon the second day of
October; and it is firom hence that the 'South Dowa
flocks are dispersed over various quarters of England^
as the buyers come from a great distance to attend
Lewes upon this day, where large droves are bought
up by commission. From SO to 30,000 sheep are ge*
nerally collected upon this occasion.

Previous to this fair, there is one at Selmiston (Sep«
tember 19} upon a much smaller scate. But the prin-
cipal flocks are drafted and sold previous to either of
these fairs, so that a buyer who comes from another
countyj and examines the sheep upon the day of the
iair, is deprived of seeing the finest part of this cele*'
brated stock.

SECT. XV. — MANUFACTURES.

' Thesb are, iron, charcoal, gunpowder, paper,'
&c. &c.

1. Iron.

Sussex, in the common acceptation of the term, is
not a manufacturing district. Formerly there were
very extensive iron- works which flourished in the
Weald, but only the remnant of them are at present
in existence. The vast woods supplied an inexhausti-
ble fund of fuel in the working of the material ; the
iron-stone pervades the greatest part of the county ;
but the Scotch, by some late discoveries, work the ma*
uufacture so much cheaper than can be afibided in

Sussex,

482 MAirorAcrvKti.

Sussex, that the funiacps have nearly Tanished before
the cheapnrsB i>f the Norfhrni oslnblishiiienls. Thtf
Eari of .Ashbuniham's extensive forpsts, before the iij>-
pltcatiou to (he inakiriE^ !in"', wtTe nnei) for fhe'prb-
diictinn of iron. At lircshll, to inite 13 ton of pig-
iron, takes 5() load of churcnsil (two cord of wood makes
oneloiid of roal, ond two of Ihfse a weinjhing !oad),
and SO loEid of ironsiooe ft* bosliHs in a Ioad>.

9. Ciittrroal.
T!ic mantffactnre of rhsreoni is an object of *mtii
eonsiTiTrrnct' in such a cmitilyaS Sussex." Lan^qoaii-
. tUin are aimiijflly sr-nt tttTlAwIrti] by !n\»rf-«trrt(ig(*.'
' The oldprrtcrag 'in hnntin'x Ivns bfen I«fdy Piid asid*,'
and a irtw nif'thiKl subslitfltea: n't, afler varicrtm expe-
riments, the powder made upon this new priirciple,
has, upon proof of i(s »(r,ns(li, Iwii found much su-
perior tothat whicii was'WSdc HI (he old way. And
accordingly this intrpniniis iiiitde liis Ijj'i'o suu^gested to
Govemmfntj by the Blsfa'op of T,Tatii;la(r, rff making ^e
charcoal in iron cylinders, of such a constrnetion^ as '
(^<na!illy to exclude the aTr, and ib jfreserve all fhe
tar acid which is extracted from the wood in tbe'cddrsc!'
of burning.

Adjoifiing the turnpike at North Chappcl, mid
witliin five miles of ]^'v.<»;'Ii) .(^overnnient haslatel/
purchased a small piece of land of Lord Egreraont,
and upon it have erected this charcoal manufactory.
The cylinder room is 60 feet in length, and proportion-
ably Jh^ and wide: three sets of iron cylinders aie
placed ii) a very thick wall, or bed of brick-work,
built iwafly along the centre of the house; eachof theqi
oontajfj; tl)reecyl)nders,each being six feet long and two
feet dianeter. To prevent every possibility of air bebg
admitted,

admitteil^ iroh stops are contrive^, 18 inches in lengili^
ii^ji (he siee of the inner circumference of the cylinder^
irhich are placed in the mouth, and pae filled and
rammed down with sand; besides which ^ sand*doo?t
fas thej call than) are made to project obliquelj over
tiie*front or Opening 0{ tlie cylinder^ and are entireljr
iilled with sand, and the stops covered with iU At the
back part of the building ate copper*pipes projecting
eeven feet in lengthy communicating at one extremity
i/rith the far end of the cylindei^, and at the othdr extr^
inity inirtierscd in half*bog$head barrels. These pipes
serre to draw off the steam or liquid, which flows in large
<]tuantities into the tar barrels during* the process of char^'
ripgi Sea-coal fires are made under them^ one to each
«et ; and in order to convey the heat as equally as po»*
;sible to all parts of the c^yliader alike^ four flues or ca^
vities equidistant from each other in the brick«w(n-k|
spirally encircle the cylinderft> and conduct the heat
over every part. The position of the grate was at first
under the centre eylindertf Various alterations have
$ince been made, as it was found that this method
did not answer so as to heat all the cylinders equallj*
The gyrate is now placed under the outside cylinder til
each, of the sets J and by the flues being 90conveyed|
it follows, that the further cyUnder is first heated, anA
.•that which is nearest the fire, last. Eadb set holde
^c\fti of wood ; so that when all three ai^ in fiill work^
the daily consumption is Idcwt. of wood, which makes
4cwt. of coal; it loses nearly three parts out of font
in charriniir ;-^and if all the three sets were at constant
work, the annual consumption would be nearly 550^000
cwt.— 27,500 ton. •

The process of this novel and valuable operation
;aiay be thus eisplainedt very early in the morning

.SUSSEX.] pf the

■

cMf%tkgft i paH»f MMpeadod «l4li«)«dlii4^iMM84lll

9Mla!h>afe>tbe*4«kN4;lit «|^t# ttojuoolh ^:<lir i!>ll*
>^;^«iid the eliai€oil3:of'l|ito»]^m»d|iff iiijl(:4i'U|iii .
dMilte ^ifMf^'tdceiBto 4l»»toMlt»^^

l^Aionr'^s the iffVhiAem Me tcMpitoi^'-tii^-iiriiH^

iMiK ilfaned MllienAiniM^

4BA3dl lheU«ek«hootiMite^«t:to»y^^)^ Ihg twin li^it

/farWiArniMied: int^llilfe teat ^1be JdeMMiHiK^

iiaig>o*«rtlfe:iiio«tb» M^ttiUBi u{> wtMc laMiyitadtf^

fife a kindled and ftcl tiH tUe wood is completely char*

rtdy vrhicli is known b; thetar ceasing to (low through

the coppcr-pipcs. If the fire is lighted about half after

mx o^cU)ck in the mornings it will take from two to tw4^

iKnm and. a. half before the wood is at all heated, and

fine liquid begins to flow* At this tinie the fame be*

JBomes extremely o^ensive, and soon after almost into*

derableto any but. the workmen. The time required it

eight hours, but this depends upon the size of /the wood*

J)uringthe operation, attention is paid io the pipcsj

which are.iuspecled, lest any air might be accidentally

^admitted, which would infullibly stop tli^ pipes fnxa

-working. The tireH are kept up as strong and as brigbj^

OS ills i>osslbie; though tlie Maste of sea-coal is not

constderublc; about eight bushels to each set daily.

' When Ui^ wood ceases to work, and the tar io flow.

the

^ *

lfAirUPACTUR£8. ttS.

the dre is gradually extinguished, which conchidei
the day's work, the furncices remaining in the MAta^.
state till the next mornifag^ in order to give them tiai»
to cool; and when dra^n^ they are leplenished in the
manner bdbte^mentioiied, biit ate always eleaned each
day^ and the pipes cuce a month.

The wood for this mann&ctory comes ouf of tbt
nei^botirhood, and is bought in at 845. per stack (£Alf
flaw, and stack), besides the cari'iage. Large quantities
of wood are kept in the yard^ and irtand about a year
before using i the stack is here twelve feetlong^ three
feet ten inches high, and three feet six iodhes over, and
front ciidi is extracted about 55 gallons of tar^UqUOV
"Tfab tar Hcid th<^ daily draw from the barrels^ plit
into a lUrge tftb^ and preserve it in hogsheads $ but
Itt (iresent it cannot be used^ because a patent is oiatfys
the monopoly of the sale, it is worth Qdi per gaUtMi«
The charcoal goes to Waltbandt and FaveiAaoi^

3. Gunpowder. -. . .

There is an extensive ptivale manilfactpify 'dl^ gldi*
powder at Battel, and for some time it is reputed to hniBe
been a famous place for the excellency of the powder
manufactured tbei'e. The chief proprietors are Sir
Opdfrey Webster and Mr. Haryey. Every sportsman
knows it ; but the Dstttford is stronger, and the qua*
lity superior^

At Chichester is a small woollen fabrig^ sacks,
blankets, and some other articles, are made in many of
the workhouses, and a^ortments of linen and worsted
'yarti^ cotton and stuff gokxls; though it deserves in*
quiry, whether to promote manufactures in workhouses^
is ibunded in justice to the poor. Husbandly is a mora

FfS ratjonajl

4d$ pooti.

Atkltial employment, and more congenial to the tempef
df (he people in Uiis county J

' Bdpcr is manufactured at Ipins^and other plaotti
liOrd. figi<cmont has established a manufactory of it at
i^iiH^^ton, and a fulling-mill at the same place, besides
a mill for grinding oatmeal, nrhich supplies all the
Aeighbourhood with a very useful article, which used
to be had (tot0. a distance at a greater expense^

Brick-kilns are established in yarious places.. At
Little Hampton, white bricks are made. Near Pet*
trorth, a kiln has been lately constructed for supplying
the Wiest fndieii ; an open kiln, and a dome«kiln, each
folding Sg,0(K) : th^y take SO hours burnidg with 2500
Kevins, at t)sf. per 100 i three men fill in three days,
an^ draw in three more« If the demand was brisk, the
kfbi Would: bum all the year. In 1796, only 200,000
atiA KW^OOO tiles were made ; sold at S9j« per thousand
m thei^. At Arundel, Bis. To burn 400,000 re-
quires nine men; wages is. 6(1. per thottsand; size^
9 inches, 4, 2^.

Fot'ash is made at Bricksill-hill, adjoining Petwortb,
for tlie soup-masters of (be town.

SECT. V. POOJR.

lir this term is understood,. ia-a genoral sense, ilie la-'
bouring poor, and those who at any time of the year
seek assistance from the parish-

I shall set out with observing, that the present state
of this class of people is in many parts of England in-
ftrior to what every humane person would wish, and

much

much below that condltiou whicli ^j.n^yres^Sfx^lsijf
expect in so. wealthy a community. Too mfipj( v£
their houses are the residence of filth and vermin ; their
dreas insufficient ; their minds uncducdted^iinin^^tf ilct^ ;
and their children, from insufficidncy of eaTidngs,
trained to vice ; their daughters to follbW the ^asjf road
to prostitution, and too many of them aflasCtb ifecome
injurious, instead of a blessing. Giye e&ch ii|ian to in-
terest, a stake in the >\elfare of his dbutitf j, diid we
should no longer hear of so many crimes. 'Thfe pos-
session of property is so deeply intcrwovefa Willi feSrthly
considerations, that every country laiiwi^r mh^iksi&
strength to labouF, oiight in a well ordei;^ $Ocit^.($t
enjoy as much land as he can cuUivate. It ifi ik'\» glK^
{>rinciple which forms the cement of sociiiyi jmdi«mi}4
establish the perfect aecurity of the comity fi4^ -.V^-^-
mnple, if each labourer rented a* much gr^^mg hftd M
isoabled him to'siipport acow in winter aud suouDlSr^ wjt|^
a few pigs and poultry, and a garden extentsivia Qici^gii
to supply his own family, it would completely d^.a'isiiy
the frivolous and unfounded complaints of tfeteigiivis
rant, tha.! the price of provision i$ owing to tBe ebss
of farms. Each laboucer lirauld then be as fiiUy ioike*.
vested in support of the Constitution as the mo^t par.
tent peer of the realm4 ^«fiy tucji an ayraageJigPt^
sedition, which pnce menlu^ the cotmtsy, w^V^ t/mp
nish, as the great mass of the community would natu*
rally feel an affection for their country exactly in the
ratio of their own domestic felicity. Such an order of
things would signally promote the comlbrt of lifc^
would improve the understanding of tl^ poor^^ and
give them ideas of moral obligation, the rights of so^
ciety, and the duties pf Christianity. It- will be worth

Ff3 inquir-

4S8 Toon.

inquiring into the state and price pf the foUpwing ar*
ticlest

L Expenses, ^
2. Earnings,
3* Cottage,

4. Food,*

5. Dress,

6. Friendly Societies,

7. Charity,

8. Houses of Industry*

' These circumstances involve their maintenance and
^support : let us then compare the income with the ex*
penses of industrious labouring fitmilies in Sussex, and
^camine whether the wages -are not absolutely inade-
;quate to support them honestly in their calling. For
this purpose, the annual expenses and earnings of scve*
jal labouring families must be stated, and a medium
year is the fairest for calculating the account, because
during the last three years, the price of provisions has
fluctuated too much to strike an even balance in any
one of these years ; for if the account had been ave-
Taged according to the valuation of the necessaries of
life during this period, such a table would have exhi-
bited too severe a picture of distress. The following
account was made with great accuracy and correcUiaw.

Expenses

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Annual Expenses,

Aent of a cottage aqd gardisn^ ••-«,,m.9«*« ^. 9 10 0

Fuel, if boaght, costs 1/. U, to II, 4f . The \

labourers are allowed the old wood ; their > 1 1 0
wives pick up sticks, *»«f^.«.**ftt*«««<«-f-«.* )

Clothing: the man wears a frodc, per annum 0 5 0

Wear of a working waistcoat and breeches, 0 6 0

i. wo sniriS| «»«rt«««*«»**t««««*f*««#«M»«««H«f •#•#••••^••#•••^1 \j lo q

One pair of stout shoes, nailed, •••— .^..m— .... 0 9 0

A pair of stockings, •••fMo*.— »••—•— .^m— •••••• 0 4 0

JIat, handkerchief, &c. ••»MMM«*Mf.M«..f...M«*«ff 0 0 Q

S 11 0

The woman wears a gown and petticoat, .••• 0 9 0

Two shifts, ..... ,.• .....M....,.^.,. . . 0 7 0

A pair of strong shoes, ...••••••• .•.«•••,..•• 0 5 0

Two pair of stockings, ........M' m....m*..« 0, 3 0

Two aprons, •.•;..,«,m......«........ ^ ..•• 0 3 0

Handkerchiefs, caps, &c. •••.#.m.....mm«.m.. 0 4 0

•*■«

1 11 e

Lying-in, sickness, and loss of time, «. 1 12 0

xoiai, .M««M.fM**««.««t.«t.«.M««« A • o i4^^0

Price of tlie half peck loaf of wheateu bread, 0 10

Gallon of flour, .^.m...,.,..-. 0 0 ll|

A week's labour in winter, .,.- ;..... 0 9 0

Throughout the year, ^ m 0 10 D

In harvest, w.,.««....t«M.........f....M..«...o..M.......«... 0 15 0

The tea used in a family, is from two to four ounces
per week, at 3d. per ounce.

Moist sugar, half a pound, at 9d. or lOJ. per lb.

Salt butter, (quarter of a lb. at 8|(f. to 9d. per lb.

Cheese,

n»Tsr, from 5d. to (></, per lb.

Beer, noiic.

Soa|i, id. per lb.

Many of tlic -women nub for the ttnimnried b<

TliiiM' liOKiUHTft -aho ran ren* a ca{tng<> and garden,
cin^rwrallj' keep poullrjr, and fallen a bog : and all
have frtquctit mnl great iitlp from llie ch-Ttitabk-and
OMUKlcniliU- fiirmas, such asinitk, brulh and inferior
inoit, which niUAt make the deitcunciei of earnings*.
Indeed

' Thii tibici'ilruly cjr^;irr[ mdred : anil ilt utility wouM havebetn
faKr«attd bj aiimilar tibit' 40 cir 50 yrari ago, tlcrduced ftom exttacb
(nxn fatTtien' bonkv— Jfrv. y<^ Htvilitl, Dmmnr, Et,ez.

^Ime jidTticulin tend M mn^rm mt in my <rpJa>oi» (which I tavr
Mate4 in olber Rcporli), of ilie ncccuatr of incrcaiiog the tale of wagn
jBDeralW, lo labniiren In hiisbuidry. Thfir i lualion ought (o lie madt
■ture com fori sill c ; "thcrwitc we mint nol be iiirprised at (heit being
JhuriilicJ, and within^ for a chan^. — Mr. ffiHiam Dann, CSHfrhaii,
Kat.

Th« IbUowiog Watonent will ihcw the eamiogt of the labouren tbit
I asploy on my farm, and the family to coniiit of eigihl penoni :
TTienlai 96 week), at Ilj.perwcek, .... £,14 g o
Diica IC diiio, by ilw grcM, at ISi. - • - . - v J9 10 D
WUelliree wccIciin>prinf;,planliD£,ho«llKi'(C.M fi.aweek, 0 15 0
Bitto bay-harv«t three weelu, ztSi. per wtek, - - 0 15 0

CofaharTfM, - - .116 0

Getting poiatoei, three week), at fi». - - - - O Id 0
Tbe oldcit child half price of the mother, - • • O 7 fi
Hiy-harvc«, - - - - - - - -.075

Corn ditto, - -0 1,8 0

Oerting potatoc!, - - • - - . - 01»
Some little manure they malu and gather thcnuelvet, and—
, ttft cait-ltad ibat I give theni, and giTe then land to Kt I
their potatoe*, and wort it for them with the plough, ^ 4 0 0
add cart their dung fir ib«n free of eipenie, by which J
(heywilUverage 60 bushels Of potatoes, at lj.4rf.petbuili»

The labotjtw aad family'i earniop toi one yearj - - £, 43' IT 6

POOR. 44S

Indeed there was no necessity to demonstrate^ that
the wages of labour are inadequate to the price of pro-
Yisions : it is too striking to be controverted by any,
but those who think it beneath their dignity to exa-
mine the residence of the cottager, especially exem-
piified in the instance of numerous families : their bed
and bedding, blankets, sheets, &c. &c* their little
houshold furniture, clothes, fuel, food, garden; the
clotliing of their children, the rags and nastiness in
which too many of them are wrapt up ; and last of all^
the state of their cottages in general. The architecture
for a palace is well enough understood : for*a cottage
it is unknown : the comment is sufficiently clear. One
grand requisite in the amelioration of the poor, is the
construction of cottages upon a new principle. In a

Now, where the wife is industriouK, which is mostly the case with
labourers, after working for me 13 weeks, she spins and knits for thie
family, and often makes a piece of coarse cloth for the family use^and
Jobs about in the neighbourhood ; by which means she will earn a s^t
ling per week, which will be 39 shillings; but that may be allofWed for
loss of time, &c. and after the oldest child has worked with the mother
13 weekS) it is sent to the school^ and all the rest that are qiulified to go^
except on« that the mother may sometimes keep at home to none tiie
Infant child, a^ it it mottly the case there is one. And by this amtft
they psy their way well; and both they and their children appear rlwii
and decent, and have change of clothes to go to their devodon, Ac

Labourers in husbandry and their wives are mostly indutrious; lor
both them and their wives have generally been servants to fanners, and
have been brought up to industry and economy. , ^

Where thtce is one labourer in husbandry that becomes needfol to Ue
parish, there are ten to one'that have been brought up to mechanical
trades; for thrf ninttly ramble about, and marry to servants, in gentle-
men's families, and, alwiys living in pUotj and Ittsnirioosness, when
pxi^rM, age or any thing happens to the husband, they do not know
how to turn their hands to any kind of industry, but tmnediately pot
ihennelTCf upon At pmhr^Mr. Hmftr% BmkMl^ JLivpfoti.

northern

411 room.

nonhnm climalc Iik« oqr own, fuel eaten TCiy deepl|
ittlft tlif aEitolulc nn-L-Matics of UA.-.

To »iisuun bcollh anit itr>A|flb. and eirr llu; batou
frame the lat^m aod poKcr of uadetgving the bOTliie*
of oirrrailted Ubtnir, htairiv and alroigibniin;; dirt u

. kb>oluifIy oecemary (n preaerve life tu a Tigoiuas old
age. .Animal fncnl once in cscli ds^, should fprrn *
jttut of fhe hbottttr's di).-t ; nnt indi-rd enlirtij' salM
proTisimit, bat fR-tfa mratnilh a mixrure ot' vtgetaUrsi
jluLinocs, arru(!t, and juirnipi, arc vciy aounsh'\f>«^
particnldrl^ ibe latter- A garden might labc a si^flit
ciracy for Iii&own fniiulv; an mcliaid niigb^ perhaps

. be added fur cvdrr : and tbv whole lot, including Ibe
fidd for a cow jim) ho<^, frow otic to thrrc actf!^, ac^
conlivgia circumstancT'si tbp^, with a neat brick ot
rione built collagr, wmibl sti|)ersede every necessity of
tWortIng In Ibc parish for reliff, and would render the
JnWuriiig pom hapiiyand flourishing, population mut-
tiplird, con&uni|tlion inrrrascd, gross protliice augr
ntented, vrovisioni cheap, rates abdishcd» iiidiistry
Incnsant, niorals, edutaiion, tic- improved. To, the
]pt>fisession of property would be atlacbed a native ^gt
aily of mind, wbicl) would excite in tbeai a i|ev(Jj;^
•fidm, and a more extcnsire (c«cb of ^ml&ttati^ufg^
In the boose of fndustry at Bast-boimie, tb^csper^
nent of potatoc puddings was frequently (ried : it di^
not answer ; no saving in the flour : 70 lb. of Ao^x
made into puddings, has dined the whole fiuoily ;. tiic
same c^juantify mixed with hMf a bushel -of {MititoeB,
•crvcd a less qiianfily of paupers thaA the po^diii|^ of
Hour only, as some part of the latter ^iwr^/ ^j
maiRed after the dinBcr was cndedy Lmt of tjb|i.4tli«r.
there was sctdom a sufficiency, f^ata^s aie « great
digester.

liigi^tet, and left the paupers much more hungry for
Ike next meal than \fhen wheatcn Hour was ujsed by
itself.

Mr* Williams^ of Woolbeding, and Mr. IsUp, of
Stedham^ haVe tried potatoe breads and the effect has
been much the same as the foregoing. This is^ in alt
lyrobability, to be attributed io the bread being used
«oon after having been made ; but if these gentlemen
had kept it for a few days before trial of its merit, I
have no doubt but the result would have beeii the same
with that which was tried at Petworth. /

• But the right application of potatoes for human food$
is^ beyond all question ofdoubt^ roasted or bahed;
boiled, and eaten with salt, is good, but not to bo com-*
pared with the other. Iir the former method they are
superior to bread; but in either (simply boiled or
roasted) preferable to any preparation with other com*
posts.

Friendly Societies ought to be encouraged by all
jMl^ible means : the utility of them is so obvidu^, that
it is much to be lamented tliey are not more generaL
lf\gentlemcn and farmers were to encourage them with
their protection and assistance, it would tend to the
$upportof old age, sickness and infirmity.

But of all the duties which we owe to society, cha-
rity is the first. There are various ways in which th^
exercise of this virtue may dontributc its assistance to
tte poor ; but certainly tlic best method is when it ope-
ifates io the promotion of industry. In this manner
the relief of the poor in Sussex has been taken up by
Lord Egrcmont. The great utility which results to
th^ community at large, from holding out rewards io
the poor and industrious among the lower rj^nks, and
from discouraging, as much as it is possible^ every

propenr

propcmitj' to idU'iirs^, loti^ since iniluCMl bU Sjord*
khip to distribute lu tku hiIxt and induitrioiia, bouAf
lii/x in cbllicx, wliithiiTc tntetided to serve for the eit*
couragincnt of R(!tl\-e iiiduiitry, at tlio same time that
it niijclit operate os n check and di»couragemuil uf ilitf
idit") Ity €utlii]<^ i>(I' nil Iiopcx of sucli brinsr rocom*
Incnded as object » iii'cliarity. I'orNiic!) aptitii tu havt
its fulU-st ufll-c(, liy rendering it known to tlic great
mass oi tlic p(-ii|)li-, it vtnk iiecess;iry to circulate lb< i
fiitlowing rrrlificiitr, dencriliinj^ the agi', wx, &f. nf
the person who inn; be entitled to llic bounlv, iipoB
Bppiicalion to two res[>ectiible pcTsouK (not pari&h uffi-
crr*), torir it rented ivilli Diese, it mi^'Iit teiidto tleleiit
Ific very end for whieli the bounty was intfnded, m
(he cifiicern miirbt reciHiiiiieiuVany persons ns objects of
the charitv, in unler thai lliey inij^Ut. nol any longer
apply to the jiiirisb (oi relief. Here futlon's the form
of Ihc ceriilicalc.

We the Undersigned inhabitatlts of ttic (huMi bf P^>
wortb, do recommend Mary, the m/c.of iffUliam
Ailing, a poor person lesuleot -wkhia Ukr^taid pa-
risbi bcinj;of the age of 47 jrau«« and;. )t*Tif){; ux
children living at home, under the dge of twdre
years, as sober and industrious, attd A ptoper object
to rtceive the Enrl of Egremont's bounty of clo^tB.
Dated this ^th day of February, 1190*. .

(Sigirf) 5W,t,.iA.-W6ri,
C Isaac IrblAkd.

Isaac IrblAkd.

The above recommendation is to be signed by hro
rcspcelahlc housekeepers liring in tbc same [ta^ikft'i^
tlic party recommended. And to prevent any aHWs« of
the charity, it is earnestly requested (hat no person irifl

POOR",

447

•ign this paper, unless he perfectly knows suohiparty,
and is fully convinced that in all respects be or she is a
proper object of the bounty.

The number of families that partook of this bounty
for the last year, was as under :

Pariihes.

Numbert.

Children under
Twelve^

Stopham, • 5

Fittlevorth, 18

I*ctworth, 74

TUlington, '...

••••••••••••••••

•••••••••••••••A

•••••••

»•••

190

North Chappel, .... 14 . 36

Green, 6

Kindford, 19

Lurgershall, ••••.«»... 8

Ambersham, 3

Sutton, 1

Lodsworth, « 2

Wollavington, 1

Bury, 2

Egdean, 3

Wisborough-green, 1

ColdWaltham, .... 1 0

................

....•*.........«

................

.«..•*...«...•..

186

Besides this bounty (which is very much increasing),
of the strongest Yorkshire chHh, Lord J£gremont con-
stantly distributes three and four times a week, good
soup to the poor of the neighbourhood, made of bar>
relied beef, Scotch barley, and potatoes, besides regal-
ing between three and four hundred fumifies at Christ-
mas wiUi beef and pork ]>ies. .

A sur-

418 ^odtu

A sUrgeon*apothecary (Mr. Andrew) tires in Pci*
worth-house) for the express purpose of attending upon
the poor of that and the neighbouring parishes gratis.
«All who dome under his care, are treated iii the best
possible manner: if a limb is frai:tuced, it ,is set; if
physic is wanted^ it is administered, as there is a com^
plete apothecary's shop and surgical appiiratus at
hand.

In 1795 his Lordship sent, an expert woman to the
British Lying-in Hospital, to pa^s through the quali-^
fications requisite in the business of midwifery, prepa^
ratory to her seltletarnt at Petworth.

Another womtin has been settled in the neighbour^
hood, for the sole purJ>ose of inoculating the thildrcrt
of the poor.

Houses of industry, well rittcnded to^ are a fitir mode
of relieving the poor in bodies.

The22d Geo. fit. cap. 83, on this subject) is cer-
tainly an excoUcnt Act, as well for the benefit of the
poor as for the g-ood of the public. Objections indeed
have been raised. Whoever examines the interior eco*
nomy of any one of them, and then turns into a poor
tnan's cottage in the heii^libourhood, cannot fail of
bcin^ struck ^vitli the diftorencr. Examine the rc<]rii-
larify, the cl«*anliness, tlio industry^ whalesdme diet,
and clot hi H!^ of the paupers, and then compare them
>vi(h similar circumstances in a cottajife. Which is
thcbdtcr? There is gnat attention paid by profes*
sloTuiI men, to sickness in tliese houses ; there is little
in a oottaii;e: but the mental improvement, the instruc-
tioa ot the youni^ in the principles of reliii^ion, and in
t!ic practice of morality, is, I hope, one of the primary
contf'Ttis In houses of industry. We all know how

they

' ■■■ »

' 1 PM

» t

ore tended to diminish the poor-rates, Mrhich i

artly be attributed to economy ; and ttey are i

iii a more nutritive diet. It is really astonish^* *

iw '^ery cheap great numbers of pieople may be

in a tery Hearty fodd when iliey mess together,

t one morsel of anindal food. Count Rumford

:]ilained this fact in the clearest and most deci«

taiier, by shewing that in the hou^e of industry ^Jj

lich^ tlie poor (12O0) are fed with a soup of pearl-

; pease^ potatoes, ^heaten breads salt and vine* ^

reparecf iii the following proportions.. !

se of ttils (dod in tie scarcity df 1795 (No- I

tcmbcr).

; 9 ox. pearl-barley, at 2d. ....;.....;. ;{*.0 11 d i (i

• 10 — p^se, at lid. 0 8 2 I

• 4— potatoes, atO|(^ .................. 0 13 9 ]

. 10 — bread, at ll|4rf. ...v...;....:..... 6 16 6

. 13 — salt, at lid. ...,.-.............;....... 6 Si 5f

IT, 1 gallon, ...„ .................^. 0 18

s^ for fuel, servants, Sic^ ...•'•.•.•;.•..•.' 0 10 4|

*otal, ........ ;C. 3 4 7^

i =1™'

4^. 7|rf. clivided by ISOO; gives for each 2id. ^ \

learly; so that notwithstanding the iliWcom-
high prices of provisions at thftt time, the
less of su'bsistenc^ is most extraordinary. Not,'
3r,' that any thing like this management has beea
t in En^kaid; bnt the capability of dofng it
s the same;

Ifouse of indu^tiy at Eastobburne was formed!
, 1792; house, offices, aAd convenSertces," have
rected under the powers of the SSd^lGeo. IH.
EX.] Gg C.8S,

c. 83»an(l opciic(^fi^rtIic trccj)lion of paiiprrs, Octo*
bcT 10, 179'i, T!ic pnrish(» uiiilcil are, Beplon, Cock-
iiiR, Cliitlinrsf, I>.iKl>boiirite, FarnliursI, Iping, Linch-
mere, Lixlworlh, Lurgrsliall, Sdham, Slcdham, Til-
lington, Tra^ford, TroUoti, Wnolbcding, Woullavf
inglun.

I. Expenses. — Fur (lie first ycnr : tlip buildings
(computed (o contain ISO jiorsoiis), according to the
first proposed plan, were contnictcd fur at 9S00^. aJid,
tfip expenses of llic purcliaic of the ground, and of
thos[^ buildings (inr.lnstvf! of some allemlions in the
origiitul plans), udJ of fitting up the premises to re^

ceive tlie furniture, amount to .«.. /.4005 8 Sf

Maiiufactnre AiTiounts to 048 17 9

Raw materials of manufiicturc (wliicli J

will he returned to the uodertaltiiigV 75 8 I

on sale of the produce), amountB to J
Itliscellancous, coinprisiiig all other^

articles under thi' 15lli Scliednle (ex-/ -« ,*

elusive of the pay of ofEccrs, ort

a&sistanl, nolvriducj, amounts to '

£.b\03 9 Oi
Provisions, and other articles, includ-^
ing the stock of fu-ovisions. in liiuid,> 1058 8 {)|
. aii(9uut to . ...M ...»~>.. )'

Total of both', .... jf.6l6l 17 \0\

_2. Efnplo^fnent. — So rflafij' of tb^ paupers within
the house are engaged in the domesti»; employmeut of
the iiistitution,. as .are capable and necessary for that
service : the males in gardening an4 out-door work,
and the females iii the bousbold work ; and the males

are let out io labour to the neighTxmring farmers 11^6
choose to hire them. There are likewise established
manufactures of linen and woollen for clothes ; but atf
no persons are admitted ihto the house between the
ages of 14 and 60yearsr) except those wanted for thd
management of domestic' afiairs^ women with infii^ii^
children, anifl per^ns who, from infirmity of mind ot
bpdy, are incapable of procuring a livelihood ;' and as
the principal objects of the institution are to obtain a
comfortable asylum to persons of a very advanced s^/^
&ad to bring up the children at an early age tafiabitt
of industry, aivd to make theni handy and Useful stt«
rants, it cannot be Expected that muc|i jpi'ofit should'
arise from the mauufactures, especially in t&eir (itieseiit
tnfaht state; and in fact, that profit has notforthit
first year been sufficient to reimburse to the house the
expenses of the Board, and wages of tite p^i'sons em<*
ployed to instruct the children ; the charge of ' weav of
implements; the interest of the eost of t]6»etoi> Imd of
the raw materials of the fabric*

3. Earnings. --^he earnings of the paiiplers from
October 10, 1794^ to September 86^ 179% aie a^fol-i
lows :

By spinning linen, woollen, mops, .«.. ^.14 4t . 7^

Knitting, ........ ...... — ^..^..^........m. S 1 Of

xNeeQie^worK, .••...'•..M..M....M#k.«M.«M.. ....... %$ J17 4r

Husbandry, deducting id. in l^. m..^** 12 17 2^

The value of the labour of the poor witfaiir ttie Jiouie
or garden , not estimated.

• if 2^ 4* Aiim«

4. Humbert. — ^Thr niiinbi,T of jTOupers in the hou5#,
October 179j, wu> 150.

fi. J)iFi.:^V(X Inttahfiist, brr;n! and ctieese, orwatcr-
grurl and milk-pottagc, §flmi-times lirotli and otiion-
poHaiP" ;— for dinnor, pudding, mutton and pork,
(liinniin^.i, nx-licacLt :utd bacmi, and coarso betf j — ,
for suppiT, bread and diccK.

Provisiuiu cxpcnilixl for one monfli :

lU-rf, 721b ».-.««.-.. ■' £-i il 6

/rhrpc ox-heads, - . -...-... 0 10 4

. MuUoii, 22MI). «-«..«,-™«™.™..« 0 10 5

Pork, 4531b . ...«-... 15 2 0

Lard, 611b. ...- — 1 15 7 .

; Flour, fill{ Millions, ..-_ le 1* 101-

.Brcad, 29721b. ...«..„ „.-.._... 34 1 1 ,

^pheese, 4911b -«....«.._.. 9 4 1|

jOatmeal, 3 quarts, ...„ „„ 0 16

Butter, 19 lb - 0 14 6

Rice and Scotch barley, 34 lb 0 9 11

5u^r,12Ib. .-.. -.-™-« — ™... 0.9 0.

Mi^j 42 j^lons^ ^ ..^.„^.„.....,.,...._„. Oil 4

Beer, 802 gallons, .'. 8~ 7 1 '

Soap, 401b. .-„ „__ — „, ™.„ I I 8

"idandlesi;6ib. ■ ;......t>;.^.'::...;....;; -.._. 0 '4 5

*Wood and faggot, 500; ;.._. „......„. S 0 0

Sondries", .:: ...v.. O'll 9J

SinaU-iftcidentalcKiieiifiesi" ..'.... 3 0 1-

■ '^' ■■ • . ^.100 I gi

_ — - - * ■ ■ ** \

I57;t paupers, for 31 dajs, qost 100/. Ii. ^d, =
; - t ,; .- SuttoR

POOH.

453

Sutton house of industry' was effcded hi 1791, arfd
a manufactory established, for spinning, and making
worsted. The original uniting, comprehended eight
parishes ; three more have been since added, and the
undertaking now iucludqs the parishes of Berstcd, Big-
nor, Burton, Bury, Claphara, Coates, Duncton, Eg-
dean, Patching, SHndon, and Sutton. Mr. Samuel
Bryan, tlie governor, contracts to pay the parishes for
the labour of the poor within the hoiVse, at the rate of
\s. 3d, per bead per week, for each pauper of the age
of six years and upwards. Previous to October 10^
1794, the food of the poor had been contracted for,
and the weekly average expense of each pauper's main*
tenance during the above year, was 2s. 10|rf#

These poor-houses are too recently established, to
draw much instruction from the experiments in this
county. It carries in its favour every prbspect of low-
ering the rates, of mending the morals, of instructing
the children, and educating them in habits of sobriety
and industry : their health is not by any means im-
paired by the natqre of their employment ; their diet is
wholesome ; and the only solid objection is farming
them. This is perhaps the consequence of the manu-
facture. In £ast-bonrne it is unknown ; though some
employment is absolutely necessary, and husbandry-
work for the very old and very young, is utterly im- -
practicable; and after all, a manufacture of some sort
is perhaps the best possible way of promoting such
industry. ;

On the subject of the poor laws and management of
the poor, Lord Sheffield, who has had upwards of
thirty years' experience of their effect, is fully aware
of all the diiliculties which have arisen from the abuse
of them; and the misconception of their great object ;

G g 3 and

464 fooK.

and he considers all the deflations from the principles
of the law of Elizaljeth, as promoting the mischiefs
which now embarrass us. The original law of Eliza?
beth was excellent in principle, bat a false interprcta«
tioiK and bad execution gf it, and above all, the non.-
jense of sentimental economists^ who never comprcr
'bended its spirit, have rendered it a great nuisance,
bigbly oppressive of the landed interest, and crippling
>of the resources of the country. He observes, that a
bind of system has been established, of relieving the
jpoor, by no means s^pported by law. The statute of
j^lizabeth was well imagined, and answered all the
.purposes intended; it merely gave a power to the
]Nirish officers to provide for the lame, blind, and im-

•

.potent, and to set the idle to work; which was pecu-
liarly- necessary at that time, as there was a number of
idle, needy, an(] disorderly people, who used to receive
alms from the monasteries, previously to their dissolu-
tion, and of soldiers and mariners, who were turned
loose after the defeat of the Spanisli Armada. But it
has been so much misconstrued and abused, that it has,
in a great degree, destroyed a provident spirit on the
part of the Ipwer ranks, and prcmoted tlie neglect of
their families and children, by suggesting notions that
the parisli is obliged to maintain, not only their chil-
dren, but themselves also; thereby leading them to
look to other means of subsistence than their own in-
dustry, than which a greater mischief cannot he ima-
gined. Unfortunately an ill-judged conduct on the part
of those who were not aware of the views of this excel-
lent law, and who never had a practical knowledge of
the country, has encouraged these evil consequences,
which are becoming highly calamitous.

Lord iSheffi<4d conceives that all the changes in this

law

POOR. 455

law have been for the worsen and amotig other in*
stances*, he mentions a late alteration, which allows tfie
poor to wander out of thq reach and observance of
those who are obliged to maintain them: that 'those
who promoted this measure, did not perceive that the
principal object in not permitting the poor to mmtte,
without a certificate, where they pleased, was With^
moral view; it was in part intended to prevent, their
intrusion into places where they were imknown, and
might introduce much mischief. ' This licence greatly
lessens the necessity of supporting a goodchafiicter'*;
and it became less necessary to rc<iommend themselvi^
' by their good conduct, to the principal persons of the
^parish ; it told them they had nothing to do but to run
away to another parish, when they had transgressed ;
^and they became a severe scourge to those amoiig^
^hom they intruded, from whence they catmot now be
removed, it gives an opportunity to smugglers and to
the greatest villains, to assemble where they please^
from all parts, to the ruin of the morals of a parish^
before orderly and well regulated. In answer to the
common^place observation, that it is very hard, not ta
sufibr the poor to seek work wherever they suppose they
can best find it, it should be observed, that the law
provided a power to give certificates to those who did
not readily meet with employment in their own parish^^
which parish officers will of course grant, rather than
irelieve them ; and it is but reasonable that there should
be something reciprocal in the connexion, and that
tho^e who are liable to maintain them, should have the
advantage pf their work, if they can find employment
for them.

' The rental of the Weald of Sussex is much affected
by the extravagance of the pooT«rates ; and, compara-

G g 4 tively

ti«ly irith tbe intrinsic value of-llK: land, tlierp ip vf^
part of the island where it is Ictt at so low a pnqe : ii;
coionion years the rate ihrougU a considerable district,
is at ten KbilUngs in thi^ poiin>lf rack-rents ; and during
late years ot scarcify, they amminlcd to S5«., and
evfTi in some parifbe^ to 35s- in tbe pound, at rnck-
fftnls.

The miserable partsif workbousc^ sctm principally
iutemlcd in terrorcm, and without lliem, the parishes
would be overM bt Imed by the demands of the paupo's :
they an-, in general, the vilest cstub!iiiliincnt$(if (hey
ire worthy of sucli a description), devoid of any thing
like lojerablesupcnntcndancc; soraeof thnu, however,
make feeble nttempts (o cojploy the poor that are lodged
in them, bul in grpat part, there is no attempt at any
work, in a few instance's, the coijnty atlbrils cxampltg
ftf a. certain number of parishes having united to form
houses of indui>lrv, in imitation of tlio»e establi-shcd i^
several parts of England ; but the^e is little prospect of
ils ever becoming, by any nieaiis, gencial, notwith-
standing the evident good cfTects pf fl)^ systeni,

Lord Sliefficld has, at differeot- times, represented
the great bcnefifs arising, not only in respect to the ma->
uagement of fbe poor, but also in the reduction of at\
enormous expense, from sucb institutions: ttie most
obstinate prejudice^ aud w^nt of intelligence, faoneveif
renders ever^ attempt to persuade 9py n^Iier of pa-
rishcs to agree to a. ipcasure p^thf l^indj so troublesome
and disagreeable, that noticing but a)^ obligatory law
is likely to bring about so desirable a purpose, tbn
sum paid for rent of houses for the pow, ^ould mote,
than pay the interest of Uie money tbat would be oe*
f»^ry for building a la^ l^ousc (^ i^dustiy, aad
filhcr habitations, Ibi the pocvt

ropuLAiriov. 457

|n all ttianagement, tfais district seems to be Itebiod
other parte of JSngland : attempts have be^i made ioi
pncourq^e the poor tQ keep a pQW| but without sttcdest-;
and it is found nio$t expedient to lett small grass hxms
for the purpose of a dairy only, stipulating that the
milk shaU be sold by retail : the necessity of such sti-
pulation arises from the circumstance, that it is not
worth the %Thile of a considerable farm^ to sell milk ia
small quantities to the poor, who ^oo often evade pajr
mcnt Tehpre they possibly can.

On the whole, X«ord Sheffield is cdF opinion, that ihp
evils in respect to the poor are so deeply rooted, and
the abusei^ so inveterate, thai the most intelligent man
"will find it very difficult to please or satisfy himself, in
regard to the correction of thojse abuse? i and be ascribes
part of the difficulty to the incompetency qf the mass of
those who f^re. necessarily to be consulted in yestry or
otherwise ; yet he says, if some great measure i$ Hot
soon adopted, the extent of the mischief mustfoecoihQ
'spinous in various shapes*

SECT. VI. — FGPyi'ATXON.

By reference to the parish registers, and abstracting
the state of births and burials at different periods b\
different parts of the county, and comparing the'foriuer
with the preisent state, a ^lerable judgment may Ifo
drawn of the state of pop\ilation in Sussex. A gx^
and altifiost uniform increase of the births over the bur
]fials, i^ apparent in every register that has been exa^
inined. The improvement pf the Weald, by growing
^pre ^m and ^atfle^ has U^ some degree contributed

.4S8 roFTlATioir. 1

t» the bwUIi <rf the inliabtlants : and (hf dninage of '

tbcmarsbn h»s LimJ i<s cfiecl, as (he slaerrqlpit wnters

have bcrn k( off, and these fenny ditcliM made more

Military.

nnntHWf.

B. <■: B. C.

1579 .... 3? .... fi5

1592 .... 58 ..„ 73
I5P3 _.. SQ „.. 47

I5«0 -„ 47 .... 60

1581 _.. 34 .... 74

1594 .... 3S .... 54

1582 .... 3.> .... 51

1595 .... 58 .-. 60

J583 .... 35 ..,. 63

1596 .... 64 .„. 40

1584 .... 37 .... 61

1597 .... 66 .._ 40

1585 ... »7 .». 6J

1598 .... 61 .... 44

ISfiS „. 37 „.. 55

1599 .... 45 .... 42

J587 „.. «1 .... 68

16O0 .... 42 .... 5$

1588 ... 44 .... S&
iSSa »- 34 .... 67

957 1300

ifiSl ... SS ».. 68

Excess of christeiiiiigs 3

!3 in (I.c-35 Ia!.t years q(

(be tfitfa century.

Decennially in a cenfdry ami a

1640
J 550

iBeo .... 51

1670 .... 91

1680 .... 56

1690 .... 65

170O ....

1710 -..

1720 ....

1730 .„

1740 .«.

1750 .-.

Kxccss of fiirta]^ fiO.

POPtTLATlOK*

■ftOB

TC.

J783

«•••

•••f

1789

*•••

••••

1784

• •••

«2

••••

72 1

1790

• •••

«•••

1785

?—

••f0

1791

•«••

••••

1786

••••

•
••••

1792

••••

• 85

1787
17^8

• •••

••••

88 '

530

841

Excess of christenings 311 in ten last years.

£AST*BOUIlNE.

B. C.

21 years, 1^48 to 1671 .... 808 .... 676

Ditto 1769 to 1792 588 .:.. 1062

Excess of burials in the first period ...••.««..«• 139
Christenings in the latter .......m..*'*.............. 474

M'ESTHAM.

Decennially 1570 to 1670, and 1690 to 1780 x
1571 to 1671, iex<;ess of burials .... 70

1690 to 1780, ditto 7

In the last ten years, excess of christenings 120

• r

\Vhe;n the present vicar came to the parish of Pa-
vcnsey, he was at first troubled with the ague, btit
since 1783 or 1784 this complaint has disappeared^
which is attributed to the better drainage of the levek :
tlie dykqs are now opened, and the waters no longer re-
main in a state of stagnation, which was found to be
so extremely unfavourable to the bealthiness of the
place.

HXlhBUAU.

> *w

TOPtTtlTIOS.
UAILSUAM.

Buriall. ^

1599 M HS08 -

202 5? ■

16S0 ISiO »

381 '.

272 ".,. 109

In cv rv TCp's'er that I examined, the winter moftlbt

were invarinbly found to bt; by liir the most unftvour-

sble to human life.

Buriali. C

I7S2 (Q 1762 ,

98 ..— .

IBS 65

1762 1771

ISO ......

155 i'5

IV73 J 78 I .

(Ta$ 179.,'

li'i

iiSO jusi double.

■TK.

B^P^

, rh.,«.i„j.

iluriak ChriMBli '

1610 to 1620 ....783
1630 1640 ..^82*
1660 .... 618
1680 .... +02
1700 .... 419
1722 .... +78
1740 .... 497
1760 .... 380
J780.... 602
J792.... 562

1650
1670
1690
1713
1730
J 750
1770
1781

484
496
842
336
493
498
646
742

134 ™ —

— .... 118

BGUINGIIAM.

la this parifih arc S3 families, Mr. Carr's ftrnt

mainlaios '^3 luboqijcre. fipm the p»ci$b] aU t>tlt Uiieo

manriedj

Married, baving 41 children. Mr. Maftin^s farm
maintains two labourers^ both married ^ eight children*
Mrk Taylor and Mr. Davis. upcMi both their farms
maintain 16 labourers ; 15 of them married) 38 chit«
dren. The poor-house mainti^ins three men^ four wo^
men, and 18 children. Mr. Davis has ia his family
1 1 souls ; Mr. Taylor five ; Afr* Carr 24c $ Mr. Miar^*
tin 20 : total in the parish 352.

Males 22S; females 198; total 421.— Families 77;
houses 66 ; farmers 9; poor 100.

EINGMSR.

Males 467 ; females 4S6 ; total 903.— Families 170 }
houses 105 ; farmers 20.

TARRING NERILL.

Males 43; females 37; total 80. ---Families 14;
houses?; farmers 3; pO(»'9.

OLYNDE.

IVIales 96;

females 126;

total 222.— Families ^ $

houses S5 ; farmers 8^ labourers 3l ; poor 19.

•

Buiialt. Ckritteninjit.

1729 to 1738 ....M.

.. 27 ....... 33

1789

1748 .4.....

f. 34 ' ...«..•• 33

1749

lido .«..«.i

.. 40 40

1759

1768 .......

i. 36 S3

1769

l77o •«. •«!

)• «) 4 ....^.v. 1 *i

1779

1788

,. 47 .*....... 65*

ARVNDEt,

* The number of houM) in the parish are 24, but as six of them
>ure (louBle, we reckon UO familieii in the pariilL The present number

ARUNOBL.

BiULtl*. Chntlcik* 1
inp.

ChriM

ISSOto 1578.... 43S .... 9+9 ... 8* —

1580 1598.... S3« ..„ SOO .... 33 —

J581 1792.... 408 .... 638 .... -^ 235

!n 1780 the popuklion was 1200: in 1786, it was
1753: in 179^ il was 1926.

PETWOBTH.

Buriali. Chrislcn- Excni of

1774 10 1783 1 417

1783 1794 447

616

7*5

From these few extracts, afltl many others, it appear)
btjtmd alt (juration, that the people in thit! county are
tery rapidly multiplying, and increiisetiister than they'
are able to fL-«d themselves...

■f^hibtunn', mett,, i*oni«f), snd' chiI9Mf, icm.'WhitS gift lena
la a fsnulj and two over, one witli tbi odieti' Vfi bm- no m^ttratu
or arclRcfrs, but. whu ire conoeiied with and dependent on asri-,
culture^ Z3 carpenter), wbeelwrigliM, ,black»milh«, bricklajtrs, &e.
Ourland-t:ix b highi very near 4f. ia rh» pobntt, inVlb^, if iiuid, to
tbe too warm xe^ of Kane fiieodiM tha Re«(diitioa, lAo rKed their
moner with die landi and now the jterao^l atale ii gcat, the hurdem
of the tax remain) on tbe land. The poor-tu we chink -ntber mode-
rate ; it w3^ last year about Zi. in the pound, racic rale. Most pari»ht«
abaut w ^fe mnch htghtr.—yiiti EBMiu.

CHA?. XVL

OaStACLES TO IMPROVEMENt

WOODS^ AND COMMON UlOHTS,

THIS obstruction to tillage reigns over two-thirds
of this county. The timber, woods, coppices and
shaws, are sufficiently mischievous to grazing landt
to the growth of corn they are ruinous and destructive .
to the hist degree. The enclosures are so small, and .
the soil so wet ai^d binding, that to lay such land dry
is no easy task, though the action of wind and sun is
more necessary here than elsewhere : yet each hedge*
row is a nursery for timber, and so enormously thick,
as to be perfectly impervious to the rays of the sun,
and so tall as to convert the country into the appear^*
ance of a forest : the consequence to the corn is indeed
deplorable*.

Common

* It is a great pity, that the injury done to the com and grass in most*
parts of this county, hythtf growing trees and large belts of underwoods
surrounding almost every enclosure in the country, ts not remedied.
For in the autunm and vi^ter seasona the grounds, by the exclusion of
«un and air, are renderfd torpid, greatly perishing the seeds and roota
of the vegetating corn : whereas in the other seasons, the shade, and
even attractive qualities of these woods, prevent any grain or vegetablea
which happen to spring, from coming to maturity. It will be jfound
in chemical trials, that grain raised in small enclosures does not produce
the same virtues as the com in large or open fields do, where air and sun-
have free communication. A second evil : these woods are nurseries for

insects

46 ( OBltACLBS TO

Common Hightf.

These tire uiie±ceptionabIy the most perfect iiuisaiice
that ever blasted th6 improvement of a country ; and
till tbey are done away, no tolerable husbandry -will
flourish in tfiose districts where they ate in toice.

Tithes.

These are certainly in some measure an impediment
to improvement* though not to that degree which ha^

* ■ T • ■ ; ■

imeets and verxnia, if the ejpmeion be allowed. 1 haire leen and felt
this matter leverely, where fields Of turnips and peate hare been de*
•trcn'ed by such insects, and particularly by the slug*: even the Windsor
bean could our, after laying one night in the ground^ resist their de-
vouring every part but the husk. But when too late to riemedy the evil»
I found that saw-dust, and the shavings cut by the hatther, in preparing
the bark fur the tanner, were preventatives. Hence I coodode, that a
li<}uid| or a preparation made from bark, or the branches, &c. of trees
of a bitter and acid cjuality, and sprinkled over the ground, might pre-
vent the mischief dent bv such insects, when saw-dust and bark couldi
not be hail. A third evi!: the profits made by these underwood^,
vciww v.i.iturciv cnnsidcred, arc of conseoucnct to the frtnncr. Suppose
tlmt oucli acre of the growth cf tea years wtre worth ItV. IOj. and it
<; iJom cxcctds that money ; wiicn the loss in interest of money is caU
.: jl.^tocl, Lj'f the sum is thereby lost at least. Now the other h.ilf would
b^ jT-aincJ in two yc:irs in the crops of potatoes and turnips thit might
bo r.ased : for 1 look ujKn the roots to be. of g-reater value than the ex-
r i n<j I.ti'J oi;t in g^rubbinvj'. Nay, I have found the .ishes of roots equal
ti> tiiv' expenses of j^rubbing, were they only applied to dressing mea-
.'.*)v,- l..nd> : and the losses by insect-, and the seclusion of -un and air
:>(.>: 1 th^ encio>urts, .is already pointed out, far exceeded the expense
th..t w.'uK! » i;s;ie to a f.^nr.- r, huwevcr small his tenure, in th'2 article
v'l t^tliv r fuel to his family being brougiit fr jm a distance. Last spriiv^;
{ laid t.v.me wood-ashts i:i a wet part of a n:e.ido\v, where oniv beniv-
yrr.iv? and bushes grew. It has nearly extirpated tliem, and brought a
tiric foliage cf natural ;:.a-«L>, so that the hordes can n'jw be scarcely
tt'i)t fron\ forcing their way to that part w!;ich I'ornurly lliCy would
n^t vidit, owliig to iLv .i.'.a-.tity of ^.di- tl.i (•r<.,f^'.t ^i^.t ^c.ntaius. — /".

OBflTAGLBS TO JIlFROTEMEirT. 45d

b^n dleged. If any alteratkm takes place La the mode
of paying the Ctergy/ the gaieral opinion seems in fa*
your of a comment ; bnt perhaps hnd would be better.
Land in mortmain is undoubtedly cultivated to much
disadyantage ; bat if a iair oompen^itioa W8S allowed
for the iroprbvement whiqh the Clergy made in theit
respective parlshi^, it would obviate the disadvantage
attending this mode of settling the business* Where
the land hs» been in a state of cultivation for many
years^ it would of itself be an improvement to put it
into, the hands of able and intelligent men^ and witihout
the least reimbursement^ four'^fifths would feel their
own interest too much implicated, not tai exert them*
selves to keep it in a state of progressive inlprovement.
Surely there is much good sense in the idea of each jnu
rish having a resident clergyman! who is a good fkrmer,
and much more rational, than to witness that idle lift
which too many of tbsm laad«

sussfix.3 Jih CHAF«

mi^ CHAP. XVII. >m

. L MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATION^,

I.—AGRICULTITBAL SOCIETIES.

,\ '_ .IN" 1779 a Socirty was proposed and eBtabtUlxicf
■.at Irfivrd, for Itie Eucounigcmfnl of Agriculture, Ma-
niifaclurrs, and Indui>lry, by John Baker Holroyd,
t^q now Lord ShcffieUl, and Promimns were offered t
faiit on ibc breaking out of llie war in 1778, it wa»
S^rojiped.

Pcta:oTth Fair.

A fair has been yearly liL-kl upon the 20th of Novrm-
htt at this place,' bat wm not remarkable till fEe Esrl
of Egremont, with a view of promoting the improve-
ment of cattle^ by animating the neighbouring breeders
to exertions before unheard of, excited a rivnkbip
among them by offering premiums.

Jn 1795, Lord Egremont offered a prenunm of a
silver cup to the finest bull that was shown at the fair.

In consequence of this encouragement inne bulls
appeared, and the prize was adjudged to Mr. Tbomas
Cojipard, of Woodmancote.

This first experiment was so very satisfactory to the
^rmers, that they agreed amongst themselves to show
their stock of bulls and heifers gt the next Storringloa
fair (December 5).

The cow stock produced on this day was very good,
especially Mr. Coppard's, and Mr. Upfoid's.

TIw

AGHieULTURAL SOCIEtl^S. 45t

*riie Sussex breed of cattle that are reared tipon the
borders of Kent, have been very generally praised^ as
exceeding in beauty all thfe rest of the county. But
Petwdrth-fair has unequivocally proved, that the true-
bred stock is riot confined to any local habitation, but
that it pervades thfe whole county.

The first year of the ^hciw tif cattle tufned out sd
much to the Satisfaction of Lord Egreraont^ that in iht
folioTfing year his Lordilhip ofieted the foUdwing pwl«
miunid.

Peiworth Fairy ffo'Oember SO, 1796.

A^how of three and four-year old bulls^ and a show
of three* jrear old heiferi which have had a calf.

A Sliver cup will be given to the proprietor of tli«
best bull ; and ten pounds to tlie proprietor of the se^
.cond best bull.

Fifteen guineas will be given to the proprietor of
the best heifer ; and Jive giiineds to the proprietor ot
the ne^tt best heifer;

For these prizes the bulls of the ufider^mentioned
owners appeared 3 . '

John White ParSons^s bull^ three years old, West
Camel, Somerset ; breed, Devon.

n EHman'sy ditto dittojGlynde^ Sussex; breed j
. Sussex.

John Ireland's, ditto ditto, Rudgwiclc ; ditto.

Thomas Coppardj ditto ditto^Henfieid; ditto.

Henry Colgate, ditto\ditto, Frantfield ; ditto;

John Upperton, ditto dittd^ Rackham ; ditto.

Thomas Holman, diCto ditto, Henfield ; ditto.

The silver cup waS adjudged to Mr. Colgate, for tis
Sussex bull ; the second prize to Mr. Parsons, for bis
Devon ^

fl b 2 Mr..

ACBICCLTUEjIL Rocisruiis.

Mr. Parscme'sJicifer, liiree j-eareold; breed, Oewin.
Lord StawoU's ililto, ^litto.

John Jillinan's ditto, Gljndc; breed, Sussex.

Atr. H^nsc's dilto, Kindfofd, diUo.

. The fir&t prize for the biist heifcr was adjiul^cd te

Mr, Elimnn ; Lord Slawell's Devon gained the second-
After the atiovc d<-ci3toii, was a swefpstiikes (fifteen

fiub^crilwrs) for the best two-jcar old heUar; won hy

Mf- Joiin SuUcr, al'I'itlkwottli.

1797.
Tills year there was a g;»cat meeting at Petworlli;
And in order the more to stimiiiafe the farmers to exer-
tions of such importance to their own welfare, as well
as to tile public good, and to give a larger rting^to
(bt sphere of their ideas by that, collision of opinion
which (akcS place in large companies composed of men
of nil ranks, he has on these occasions 'tilled his c»p^ i
cious mansion with the most cdfrbratcd breeders, j^ra- ^'i
zitTS, and farmers, from varioiis.parls of the kingdom.
Lord Kgremorit's silver Clip, which was flik year of
"the value of fifty' guineas, w'as*W^gea WMrV'Har-
^riOfllon j and th<; sweejwtakes for the bfoi'lreifi&p^WilB v
giVfen to Mr. "Slaribant. !',<■ .■■.

in the year 1797, the Eari of Egremont 8et''olHb<l4V^
Society "'at Lewes, for tKe itajw^vemeniof eallte'and
sheep ; rewarding industry among the labouring poof,
and distributing prizes io thb best ploughmen : and-tbc
dfect has lieen such, Ihat'aUhodgh the Society has
been established only six years, it bas in that-ahOTt
space very materially tended 16 improve tie fll^cts-for
which it wtis instituted, and it promises stiH greater
success, by the support it iii continually reteiving from
•very qiiafterofthe coniity. /''■■'''■' ^ '

459

SECT. II.— -WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

The confusion which reigns in the weights and mea-
sures of this kingdom, bja^. been niorc than once pro-
posed to be remedied by substituting an universal
standard; buf (he gii^at difficiiliy s<^tii&' fo consist in
the apfiareht impossibility of fixJng upon any substance
in nature subject to no impressions, and liable to no
decay from climate, or length of time. It cannot be
doubted but that the thing is feasible, and that an
eiqualizatioA might be effected, to be extended to other
countries, and all Europe enjoy the benefits of such
useful regulations, which tend so strongly to cement a
g^ood understanding between diiferei^t nations, an4
Vnite them in friciulship.

. The ^eights and nieaspres which are more commonly
used in Susse^i^, are the acre, pound, stone, load^
bushel, &c. There are several sorts of acres, a grefit
source of perplexity and confusion — ^the short acre, the
statute acre, the forest acre, and various others i the
^rest aero is nine score rods; the statute acre eight
score ; the short acre six score in some places, in otherv^
live score.

A stranger, unaware of the variations that pievail^
i|s liable to fall into mistakes in every step he takes.
The eight-gallon measure only is used; the load of
wheat is .40 bushels ; of oats, 80. The stone of meat
is eight pounds^ The tod of woo), 33 pounds ; and
fioth troy and avoirdupoise are in use.

Until a radical reforni is brought to bear^ the present
confusion in buying and selling must prevail^ and the
honest and unsuspecting will be tak<^n in by the crafty

Md designing.

BhS poKCLtr-

4C0

CONCLUSION.

MEANS OF IMPROVEMEKT,

AND MEASURES CALCULATED FOH THAT PURFO!E,

TIIE Iwo grand iinprnvenicnts required arc, ]*/,
fbe enclosure of the waste lauds, commons, and com*
mon rights; and, 2rf^y, a better distribution of arable'
and woiKJbml in the Wculd. Siibor<linuIe (o these
are olhtrsi a more extended culture of sainfoin upon
the Downs ; the nnnihilalion of the husbandry of thu
old scliool upon clay land (a tallow and two crops
of com), by substituting tarns, rape, rye, cabbages,
beans, , potatoes, and wlirr.^ the soil is li^liler, pease,"
carrots, turnips. I'hese meliorating crops aDBwer far
better the purpose for which fidiowing was intended^
a dead loss, and no profit. But the fallow crops^ either
fed upon the ground or soiled in the yards, w31 contri-
bute their assistance for a crop of wheat 9fHnclhiRg'
better than the present mode, not only of a whole year's
expenses of rent, taxes, and labour, but at leasi four
or five guineas more in lime, and this, moreoTCr, to
raisfe 20 bushels of wlicat. How then is it possible,
under such a system, to look for the sunshine which
animates ihccxertions of other districts!

Hollow-draining is far the most capital impiorement

ever worked upon wet land. But to improve the

Weald, corD is not an object. Grass upon wet land,

«orn upon dry, and both where it is temperate. The

■■ WeaW

MEANS OF IMPBOVEMENT. 461

Weald of Sussex should be a grazing district. Large
dairies, with butter, cheese, and hogs ; with beef an^
mutton ifor Smithfield.

It is clear, that such ^n arrangement must be pur*
jsued, if the right application of the soil ever comes to
be an object of attention.

The quantity of waste land is very great, and affords
a mostUriking proof how much the putilic encourage*
ment is required, in order to bring those neglected lands
under some system of improvement. They are most
decidedly capable of being converted to profit. Skill
and capital are the main springs for such an undertake
ing. Judgment to plan, and perseverance in the exe»
cution, will eventually triumph over the most untracta-
\>\e desert. It is a cause that is not to be starved^

If this soil was properly treated, something like the
following arrangement might be adopted.

If the forest be broken up for the first time, the furze,
Jing, broom, heath, with all other rubbish covering the
surface, should be burnt as it stands, and then pared
and burnt, and rye sown the same year; or, if done
sufficiently early, a crop of turnips may be first' ob»
tained. On this poor sandy soil, care should be taken
that the turnips be sown in good time, or they will not
arrive to any size : if, therefore, the turnips be not in
•4he ground before or by Midsummer, rye should then
take place, to be spring^fed with sheep, and succeeded
by turnips, and then with oats, laid with artificial
grasses, to remain so long as the layer continues good,
lind the longer that is, the better will the land be for it^
as such a soil is more profitable under pasture than it
eyer caniie in a state of tillage. A method somewhat
similar to the aboye ought to be adopted-*a hint is
tsufficient

H h 4 APPEN-

;

• 1

APPENDIX,

irEALti OF SUSSEX,

NOTHING cau be more various than the so3 of
IJie Weald. In the range of blsick mountainous laiid
1¥hich stretches from the neighbourhood of Tunbridge
Wellsy under the names of Waterdown, Arfidown,
Tilgate and St. Leonard's forests, the soil is general! j'
bad; a considerable part incorrigible at anj expense
that will repay the cultivator, and would be most pro*
fitable for the growth of bircM. But the country be*
tween that range aiid the* South Downsj contains *much
good land, rich sandy loam, and fertile clay, generally
mixed with soiUe ^and : capable of prodtitin^ every ^
^dnd of prop.*

Lord Sheffield's estate j which is the largest, is nearly
in the <ient|re of the country just described, and aiisweni
to the abpvc description. As he is the largest farmer^
thepartipilard of the management of the land he has had
a|bove30 yearsin haitd (sibout 1400 acres, which I have
(](ftai visited), will best describe what may be done in that
soil^ The ^rafble bears no proportion to the pasture^
ineadow, and woodland ; the paYk being between five
and six: hundrocl acrqs^ and the woodland between four
^d five hundred acres. He has tried every mode and
every instrument of agriculttire ; but observes, that as
a gentlx^au cannot attend mai^ets and fairs, and as he
^ys dearer and sells cheaper than a mer« farmer/ it is

pot wkt te ladeitahe ihe

A0 noit piofitabky ika^Satt he

fiavle^ pkB. ^bqyi^^^iiK^^mil citHk ii ikt

^f^

|» diqpqied of at tw9 «r tlnw pmdpd 4Uii» ' itk
eouMiof OOP* it, twp^yiypwin mmik» —4 wipw^'- «i
0Mploqghuig. Hb lias (Am iBiqi^»pcirii«i tt^lMt
«a» npt in tiw^ cr }«, ». «( JM%%|$|p«V%'#ir^^«^
ibe latfar haw frOpd. ffe o^ U^n^m^ mfiod liir
jii^i wMniiiiiii^ HI H^ imiMMh HI rfaili^i ^w HM
iw «ia «M% •»l>&ttiii9>abp|ft 4lM|Uiii(4||>#iiir

kkWt^f aadfiHuid »iJw»e»i^wU^ ri||i»iy ^^^|^ini^^

IB fro^ uvUhout endangering the spring sproiii, the.
i^ost valuable for ewes artd-Iandbs. lie plants a few
^cres with cabbages, for cows and other cattle;' and
a:lso two or three acres with potatoes^ for hogs and
^ultrj. lie has sown what is called in Sirssex, winter
imrleyy and also rj/e^ on a stubble, as soon as^the crop*
, has been carried, as early food for sheep in the spring,
when the turnips are gone. At fln^, he was disposecl
to consider the winter barley as the best for thepur-^*
pose, because it matted well on the ground ; but the •
rye is not only earlier, but bears re|)eated feeding better
than the barley, therefore, is most useful and prW
fluctive. • - —

The best white wheat succeeds well on his land, and *
produces from three io five quarl^r^ per acre; but in
the neighboufiiood, red whe^t k generally mo^t bardj-^

»»4

APPEN0IX.

MSj

tuiel productive; -he has, frequently drilled tlie^heat,
but never dibbled any, as there are no persons in the.
county experienced in that practice, and he found th«*
business could not be dispatched ; he did not find any
great advantage from drilling, except as to thesayiBg.
of seed, which he rather imputes to imperfect hoeing* "
His land Avould bear good barley >;l>ut he sows little, «>
Qats are most wanted i he has..£rown good beans/ bi|(\
as it is not customary to £iye them, to horses inth^
neighbourhood, tliere is very little demand.- ,*Hour^ '
all gentlemen living in the country not to yield to 4hie
common notion, that farming will not answet to them.; «
he strongly recommends farmi^ig, so far as may be ne^i
cessary to supply the family, observing, .that.,tl>eieaj4r
i^ the heaviest part^of the e^cpense, and as nagentletiwi
can reside with convenience in the country withotit^t
a team, he of course incurs the principal expanse of^*
farming; and he argues, that by a. proper raqinage^*
ipent of the team, it may easily be made^to majintaia
itself, at the same time that it tviU do all the busine$i|
ijecessary to the convenience anc^ ot|ier wpply of tl^t
f^imily.

Cattle.

He has tried every breed of cattle : he thinks he nevec
had a finer bull than pne of the longrhomed kind from.
Craven; he has alsq had a buU from Mr, Bakewell|
which he conceiv^ to have been originally of the same,
kind. He has had a very good Clcvehind and a very
good Herefordshire h^^^ but he prefers the Devonshim
breed, which is found very kindly, to any other j yet^.
after such experience, considering to how much greater-
advantage the breed of the country, when it happens,
tp l^ ^od^^oestoiairormaiket^ hen9wendeavQ.ur8.

465 Mffmnttn.

twroir-e e^titr of (lif be;^ Sussex bre«rl, df irTiidi Iff
coiKrivrt Ihcrc an? Iwo kinds : Ihe coarser rcsembl***
the HerpfonleliiTT, except there bring no nuxfure of
wbiH" ; (hi* liglttcr breed rficmblcs very mucli thtf
N'ofjh Dovon, «n i secrti li> have been originiiHy thtf
eamr brfwl, and noCto be infcriin' to (lie cattle of any
CTtunir^'. J( liBs been suggested, that some of t!ie
iij^tef hrrn\ mny llave btm prcklured by a cross some
time pa.'-t with Hi* he^t N'otman or Aldeniey breed.

In rc«p<»ct to oolonr, (he doep chesnut red Mreifis (o
b« pn'fene<I by mnny ; tlie yellow red is very kindly,
but least biii^ty, at)d inoif apt tf» scour. But Lord
Jlieffi'-ld prelVr? Ihf blood buy, siich as he has sBpn tif
tke Dev«n»Iiire Weed,

^ prineipal reasftn for preTerrmg ihe cattle wliich h(t
n'oWrrars ijt, that lUey mitkc llie best working oxen.
The poorMSt kind of Sussex grow too heavy foY work
tnrfn »ft*r sf sr jredYs oldi and arc very slow ; but (Sliit
land Kiiiich Lord Sheffield raises, sicii ont better and'
flwlw ttinn h(tttK», a/aS^ IHkf stnM MWtfc^ fbi' he^ik^,
lWeKpHf)W:rtfoi«"tIrtrf ftuf (toany pur]i*i6*. lUfftriJ'
only two cart-horses and e^hteen wotking oxctlj'-Trtio"
are harnessed like horses, .h^m bridles, and are accus-
tomeil to be led ; they have never any food b^it grass or
BHttw, ijnyVlhey bcj^n- ttt" wotli tiaYfl in tfie's^r'm^, when
ihey havw hny ctifff^lf th'eir sttaw : be ofite^*ores tfieni:,

' wlieit they are hnrdVdTtd'dft nib bufiirte^tfellj ttlttlicy;
are i»pwards of titiSvf yeiYs oH'. He hte jfi-oyeS tlie,
flaUcy of-the notion, tliSFiP wbtkcd hard' (o (liat a^,
tiftfyivilllnot fat' rclli; He UBed'lWO of M6 l4yg«^oseif
beyond' llffit agej vittitMt' eVtt Bpsrin^ t^cih, an^
vfHKlH one vyftrlbeywcre fiittfed" w^K oiN^V to flfie'
gpeal^vrdglit'of ncoYiyalO stbnt eSClI". Siici drii'fe

f«K»' orstiecr* «■ imirt'cruttteydr ^tt-^^i l^e'selfe

^(fats;l>ut lie seldom his Any stock except with gra3%
And fdr Bis own lise, consequently he has^uo dealings
nvtth salcfsmen.

iiOrd Sheffield supposes that he keeps 18 oken^ui
cl^ap (18 tigikt horses are usuaHy kept ; the oxen eat mi
oats, and comparafively very little hay^ and there is no '
Jbl^cksinith^s bill, on their account ; it not being* usual
io shoe them in the Weald. He admits that thi«
breed is not the best for milking i but pis the bnsines!9f
of the dairy is ill understood in that part of Sussex, he
4oe8 not impute the deficiency entirely to the breed •
He has seen very fine black catilo, bulls, cows, and
oxcn^ the breed having been long ia Sussex, which b^
thinks may have been a cross soiite time past with the
Welsh ; but they have the shape and size of the best
Sussex:. If there is any white, or other colour than red^
it is not allowed to be the true Sussex : the least appera^
Mf^e of white is considered as a stain in: the breed.

4bove 30 years ago Lord SheQield gave 50 guineas^
n large price at that time, to Mr. Bakewell, for the user
of, one of bi^ rams ; the ewes were of the South Down
4>rced, and the cross appei^red at fbrst to have answered '
well ; but he soon found that he had* sheep pf no cha^
racter ; the lambs appeared larger, but weighed little
more than South Down, and the wool was very indif-
ferent, being neiilier long nor short. He has had the
Hereford breed of sheep, tl»e Ryehutd, and Urching-
field : he liked tliem very much in respect to shape and
wool; but'they did not drive to fold so well as South
Down ; and because they had not grey laces instead of
white when they went to fair, nobody would loot at
them. The same principle, therefore, whio^^ induced
him to adhere to the Siis9cxf breed of oxen, induced him
to return to the South Down, especially as 1^4 fbund

that

468 ArrEvsnt-

tint tbcjr wrigtini m ywW on (he ssmc food as tbft
ollim. At (Im* KRtnc timir it Kbmild be observed, tLat
aboat lliiit [sri-wl (lit Soutli Down brtv-d of ^liFcp began
lo impnite very itiirHi. Thr pritra which arc given,
onil the pnM (pirit of ini|)rnvrritnit witicit has arisen
from llierxrnioDs and nUcatloixoi gint\cmen,vbohave
sjnml no eTpfnjw in olrfninin^ the brat brrcil of cattle,
liavc and will prnve liit^tily a(t\-i>iitii<;n)MB to tbe coun-
try. Kvery fanner bct;iii!i t(i f«?l llie ndrnntage of
'taisin^ »ood stock ; and instcnd of rewiKinp Gs. or 7s.
ftr hnid Inmis, vhicit wits tlie cnoc »heit Lord Sbef'
field fiffct l>«nme n fiirnl<T, lie now receives frfini 20^^
'to 30*. The lurpo prifcK which are given for some
'innw and ewe*, have litllr lo do with Hrc price of mut-
ton i the price of the rant iii wiftii recovered by obtain-
int: a brcL-d ihnt fattens more Kpcettil;, or attains mo^e
iK igtit mi the same qunntHj of food .

Lord SfceffiwW's Hock consists of about 1000 sheep,
•nsl during llie i^ri'iifer p:irl of flu- jcav he ivorli:^ twtt
■folds ; but be is clearly of opinion, where a sufficiency
of mannrc can be obtained, Ihtit sheep which are not
•fiiKlcd, thrive much better) and especially when they
lire kept In smalt parcels in different enclosures. He
ibund that those ewes which weW tiot folded) but kept
In small parcels, brought twlnsf and tlie lambs, though
Ywins, were niuchla^r arid better than those of the
ewes which were folded and k^pt in the flock.

Ijord Sheffield has improved the breed of hogs in his
Jwighbonrhood, by introducing (he ' most approved
sorts, and he is now endeavourit^ to ascertain which
is the best, Mr. Western's Essex, Or Mr. Ashley's Lei-
■eesfershire. The former seems to be-much more pro-
lllie. He ha^ crossefl with ttteb«tt China, and also
■»itk (he-wild Jtiod. -.- ..

Ail

■

I
P

N ,
'r.

. 4

" J

■i

A»ENDIS. 469

, An engraved plan of Lord Sheffield's fann-yard is
-annexed : it is very commodious, and contains erety
thing- necessary for a considerable farm : although
,iBomc att. ntion has been paid to symmetry and appear^*
ance, he in general rejects every improvement thpct
scannot come within the reach of the common fiurmer ;
•And his endeavour is to simplify jevdry construction and
implement, knowing how much greater the expense,
and how much more liable to be out of repair, if com-*
.plicated.

Perhaps there is no object in the W6ald of Sussex ^
.worthy of observation a^ the growth of timber ; there
is no region of the earth where trees of all kinds thrive
better, particularly oak and ash. The district called
the Weald has formerly been covered with trees, and
was called the forest of Anderida ; and even now, if
a field is neglected, it will become a wood, princi*
pally of oak and birch, intermixed with hazel, some
kinds of willow, and dogwood. Lord Sheffield has
paid particular attention to this subject, and. there,
is no estate in the county on which there is so great a
jtock of fine young oak. The increased value will
promote general attention, and more than ordinary
care for the preservation of that most useful and ne-
cessary article. Within little more than SO years the
Talue is more than doubled. The Navy Board has
relinquished the bad policy of endeavouring to avail
itself of a kind of monopoly of large timber : the
price was kept down so much, that it became a maxim,
on account of the debased price, tl|iat it answered
better, for the sake of the quickness of the return, to
eut down a tree before it reached the value of 405.
than to suffer it to remain till it acquired a large size*
, The highest price for the largest timber SO years

C70 ArveiTBTli

«gO, did not cxceell five giiiiieas pet load ; ilie sam^j
80(1 cw.ti infrrior (imber, Mouid now sdl for 15/. per
laid. Tltr incrcBWcl pticv of uakJi&rk may alici lend
to encouni^ the pron-tli. A gootl price being now
obteioed, tliiTc is n initch biller prospect tliat limbec
will be allowed to rc;idi a liurgc stin- ; and it would be
pramofnl iiioTC 4:«r1iiinl7, if ft more considerable differ.^
mcc of pric« wore idlom-d between ti)iil>er of tfie
tiir^:c^ dtmeiinioiin ami tbe m-xl sixoi which is not
the cusc at pn'sciit. The improvidence nnd necessitieV
*f famKics of huidcd prspL'tty, Hild of tk(M>e who have
unly a life>iiiten's( m an eSLtU: wifhout impcacbmcnt
of Wi>!«tCf initftt hnHev<?r ^twayii pwvcitl die prjictice
of preserving limber to a good *i«, fbnoi beciMniii^
f^ernl I otberntKrt Lord ShcfSeJd ituf opiukni, that
l^r<.iit Urilain routd willl cace futliiftli llie utiaost qtiarta
litj- of on4i>tindvr nluch can over be required for her
Mililary and commercial Khippjji^, without nay ma>
toiial infcrfcrenct; with othrr branches of ngricuUurc.
At the wtni«tiineit «Dbst-be adflHUed, Utaitaote-ent
is (ak«n to preflerve andoQcnamge the gcowUi of
limber t&an (brmerij ; it is mueb to be luneutcd that.
Ilie mMta^efnent of weod« faaa not l>aen aore tcienti*
fically attended to-) thst little has been written, and ^
that little iiKtTnctioti caix be derivod from boaks.

liord Sheffield observes, that a good lyitem of set*
iing out the tellows or saplinj^, and of preserving
tlicnt when young, and daring their growth, would ,
have rendered the growing timber in this island infi-
nitely more TaluaUe to the public, andt consequently^
to the tndiTtdnal; bnd he concaves that the timber
On his estate woald be worth many thousands tnorey
if he had earlier attended to the pruning eukI manage-
meal of the woed«. It is not «^ei^ awrdy to leave

APPENDIX. 471

a great number of young trees, they requite regulac
care and training : if they are left too thin on the first
setting out, t^ey will not thrive, nor become clean
lengthy plank timber ; but it is absolutely necessary,
as tb^y grow up to thin them properly, leaving at last
after tlie rate of from 40 to 50 trees on an acre.

Ash timber is become highly valuable, the best
growing in Sussex and Kent, for the use of ixmcb*
makers ; it now sells for upwards of 8s. per f<^t ; apd
it shbuld be observed, that it attains that value onnpa*
r^tively in a short time ; and as it is an article princi-
pally used by the makers of all carriages and husban^
dYy implements, there must always be a great demand.

The ui^erwoods in this part of Sussex, .are con*
verted ifftobep-polcs, hoops and cordwoodj the prin-
c^al part'of the latter goes to London in the shapd of
charcoal; the spray <Mr small branches are made into
fkggots ^or houshold use, and burning lime and bricks*
If the woodland be good, it will produce firom I2f. ta
SO/, per aere, at 10 to 14 years growth.

THB KND.

FriUM fcy B. M'MilUn, >
BrvScrttt, OofciU Caritn. S

^yssxx.] li

LIST OP PUBLICATIONS

THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,
■ Wbkll pUf be hnii iif 'tbc Publishers of this Voiiinie.

Report of l>e Cnmwitcoc ol" ilie Board of Agn- £, i, d.

Vitc on Ilw CuldiM- ;ir.d Use of Potaiws, 4.10. o 7 6
Accoiirt of Rsif'i-tinii-iits tried by the Board nf
' • Agr.trtlwre' pii ihe CompOiition of various Sorts
. ef )Jr<:uii, +10. . - - - o » o

I*U«r from ti.f Karl of WrsCH ti.sEA, on the Ad.

»nnng*» tivCtitfjgcrs icnTrng Land,' 410, - o i a
ELKitinioH^ Mwie of Oraininj, by Jounitohg, 1.^

6vo. - - - - - o JO fi

A Cviivral Vii;w ot ilie Agriculture of the County ^ '

" of A^ayltf, l-r John Smith, D. D. one of the-

MinKTer»ef C^iRpbelion, Svo. Srcoml EdUion, 09 O-
■7 T;^ r— ^, uf Cheshire, byiiEsnY Hollakd,

Ei^,,8vo. ' -oio'o

iuiu — . lu f^of ClyidMdde, by JohkNai SMITH,

..>*(>.■ SBctwd Edifion, _-_i|,,. 070
- of Dfvonshirc,. by Cbasles Van-

ofEtuLqthiM/fKinitliC'fapcELfrfr r

the late R. SoMERviLE, Esq. 8»o. . - 0

■ of £sse~^, by the Sbcxetaky of the

SoAKD, a vols. Si'o. - . _ . . I
-of Fife, byJpHiiTijoMSOK, \>S>,

Minisrer at Markinch, "ffifff

of Gloucestsrshiir, by Mr. Rudce,

?vo

- of Herifoidshire, by the Seckg.

' of the BoAi: .

- pf Hu-rffordthire, by John ,Dvn.

, A. M. 8vo.

-of Invctness-shife, by James Ro.

K, D. D. rvHiiHier at Callander, 8vo. c
- of Kent, by John Boys, of Bel.

shingft, F.iti>?r, Hvo. Second FJition, o 7

aihJrc, hy Mr. Joh_nHolt>_.,

of Wallan, near Liverpool, 8vo. , ' ' - v- ., o 6.^0

: of I.hHohishire, bylheSniBB'rAS.E -.r <

of the Board, Svo. - - - O 10 6

( o

A General Vic\y of the Agriculture of the'County £, s, i*
of Middlesex, by John Middleton, Esq. of
West Barns Farm, Merton, and of Lambeth,
Surrey, Land Surveyor, 8vo. Second Edition, ^14 o

=>—■ of Mid. Lothian, by Georgk Ro.

BERTsoN, Farmer at Granton, near Edinburgh,
8vo. - - - -.07Q

T— of the County of Norfolk, by Na-

thaniel Kent, Esq, of Fulham, Middlesex,
8vo. • - "- -06

of the County of Norfolk, ,by the

Secretary of the Board, 8vo. •- -06
- of Northumberland, Cumberland^

and Westmorland, by Messrs. Bailey, Cul-
LEY, and Pringle, 8vo. • . 09

of Nottingham, by Robert Lowe,

Esq, of Oxton, 8vo, ^ • -05

of Perth, by James Robertson,

D.D, Minister at Callander, 8vo. J ^ <> 7

of Roxburgh and Selkirk, by the

Rev. RoBERTDoucLASi D. D. Minister at Gala,
shiels, 8vo. . - - * o

of Salop, by the Rev. Joshph Pltm-

LEY, M. A. Archdeacon of Salop, in the Dio.
cese of Hereford, and ^Honorary Member of the
Board, 8v.o. « . - <* o 9 a

of Somerset, by^ John Billings^

LEY> Esq. of Ashwick Grove, near Shepton
Mallet, Svo. - * ..07

of Stafford, by W. Pitt, of Pcnde-

ford, near Wolverhampton, Svo. Second Edition, o 9
of Suffolk, by the Secretary of

the BoARi>, Svo. Second Edition, - -08

of Sussex, bythe Rev. Arthur. Yqunc,

Svo. •* • - - -oiSo^

of Yorkshire (th.c West Riding)

by Robert Brown, Farmer at Markle, near
l^laddington, Scotland, 8vo* - - . -». o 7
of Yorkshire (the North Riding)

by John Tuke, Land Surveyor, Svo. . p 9 «
jCommunications to the Board of Agriculture, on
Subjed^s relative to the Husbandry and internal

Improvement of the Country. Vol. L 4t6* r i o

Ditto, Vol. II. - . - • 1 t o

Ditto, Vol. III. - • - '- o i3 Q
pitto. Vol. IV, - - - • - 01 So

^ittoj Vol. V.^art I, . • . c 22 •

A CATALOGUE

AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, ic.

SOLD BT
THOMAS GIBBS AND CO.
Seedtmm and Nurserymen lu ihe Board if jlgriaiUurr,
Corner of Hali-Moon-Slreei, Piccadilly, London :
L i^Aa alto Seil fvtr'j Article in .the Nursmj and Seed Line ;
ttrtd tiitU u-hom Bailiffi. vanling t'iacei, Ivata thsU M-
drrss. and pnrlkulari i>J Uttnuli'^nt in u-hUk ihi-^ hauv
prn'husfy lecn.

h-Mxctrf tile af ThuKt-

■ Nortoilc

Naked.
WiMcr.
' JtcaTU. Small EiKi.

. CoromMyeHnw. " ."^

Bnclc. or rreachwl.c*!. ^TV^k

■"""'■ PnrpletfiltO.

Ciblwpt. Gihbi' frijc (Irmn- Float ditto.

'--■ '■■ " arddr,|.rt«l.

Shcoclufjot

. White turnip aliori

BTOund.
— Purple dillodilto.or

kohl cabi.
, While tiirniii uud«

X. Tall green borecole.

'. TiiU purple ditlu.

_^_^ Iberian hardy

iprcutiiiK.
Carrot. Lwec thick onnge, for

catllc
_■ I. LargH tbick red, diHu,

Chicory.
. Clover Common ri?d.

KTeadow ditta

. — — Gieat me^difn.

Marsh ditto.

ConipresM'd ditttf.

Amiiial [liilo.

_— CommuTi ny-graa.

Pcaccy dillu.

a — Improved ptrcDniJ A

Yorkihl^re.

With mioy other loiM.
Hemp. Rus'Im;.

Kii^iili.

Honeysuckle, t'reneb.

Lettuce. Lnrgt Coss.
Lei.llls. Knrall

l^t. ■

JLucerne.

Mangel wurzel.
Maw-seed.

Medicago, various sorts.
Millet. Red.
■ ' Wiiite.

Mustard. Brown.

Oats. Early Essex.

■ Dutch brew.
* Tartarian.
— ^ Poland.

■ Potatoe.

■ I Flanders.

■ Caspian.
Black.

Parsley. Plain.
Parsnip^ Larg-e thick.
Pea. Marlborough grey.

— Large grey rouncival.

— Early white.
— - White boiling,

— Pearl.

— Blue Prussian.
•— Maple.
Potatoes. Ox-noble.

' Late champion.

■ Large red.

' Nicholson seedling.

' Bomb-shell.

Rib-grass. Lambs-tongue, or

" Upright plantiiin.

Rape, or coleseed.
Rve.

Sainfoin.
Saridella.

Tares. Spring.
■■ \^'inter.

White.

— Perennia!,
Trefoil. Birdsfoot.

" CommoHj-^^arJous «5orts.

Turnip. Early stone.

White Norfolk.

— Norfolk bell.
• Stubble.

" Creen top.

Tumfp. Red-top.
• Large yellow.

Globe.

• White tankard/

— Green ditto.

— Red-top ditto.

— — • Large Dutch.
IVue yellow Swedish.

or ruta baga.

— White Swedish.

Vetch. Kidnev.

— phickling.

— Pale-flower6d, '

— Everlasting.

— Great wood.^
— - SLx-floweredL

Tufted.

'" Bush.

- Hoary,
" Sainfoin.

, - Red-flowered,
"""— Biennial. ""

— Bastard.

7 Broad-podded.

" Rough.

"■ — • Single-flowered,

• Narbonne.

• Elat-podded.

— r~ Hairy ditto,
"-j — Narrow-leaved*
— ^ — ■ Streaked.
■ White-flowert'd.

White-seeded,

Horse-shoe.

2S4ilk > ^

Li(j[uorice.

Weld.

Wheat. Red Lammas.

■ Common white.
— ■■ White hedge.

•' White Siberian.

■ Egyptian.
' ■■ Sicilian.

— ' — — Round AfricJin.

' Zealand.

- — Cape.

— - — — Dantaick.
Woad.

Yarrow.

I'rmied hy H. M»MiiIaii.
Bew-Screei^ Covem-Ciardcn.

'i\

iff

iv.

V. ■

]

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