General zoology; or, Systematic natural history

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GENERAL ZOOLOGY.

VOLUME XI. PART I.

BY

JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S.

BIRDS.

LONDON :

PRINTED 1-OR J. WALKER; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND
BROWN ; J. AND A. ARCH ; E. JEFFBRYj BALDWIN, CRADOCK,
AND JOY; H. SCHOLBYj SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES;
O. AND W. B. WH1TTAKBR J J. BLACK AND SON 5 W. LOWE J
J. BOOTH ; S. BAG3TER ; J. MAWMAN ; R. FBNNBR ; OGLE AND
CO.; RODWELL AND CO.; J. ROBINSON; AND J. HARPER.

1819.

LONDON:

rillNTKU BIT THOMAS DAVISOK, VHIITKrRIARS.

INDEX

TO

VOL. XL— PART I.

^iRGUS . p

.242
243
243

195

198
204
204
210
166
203
205
205
215

197
163
200
218

COCK neg

Pads

. Prr*-

COCK
— — Bankiva . i"
" Bantam. Lath. .
crested, mil.
" crisped ",~~" ~
Curassow. Alb.

roug
' rum]
, -iilc

Turk

voUd.

CdLUMBA

Dwarf, mil.
— fork- tailed
— gigantic .

p. 242

:i~ 197

•'. 214

rough -footed. Lath. 204

;''*• 213

v T 212

".- 204

Lath. "-'.- 201

"'"' / l
Linne . 252

Abyssinica.Lath.il 1
acnca . 21

Afra ~V 81
alba T" 70

alba. Gmel. 23
albicapilla.Gmcl. 47
armillaris . 15

IV

INDKX.

COLUMBA aromatica.

Gmel. . p. 106

' arquatrix . 19

" Asiatica . 53

• auricularis . 4
aurita . .51

• Australis.Linn. 115

• Bantamensis.
Sparr. . . 88

bitorquata 76

• brunnea . 84

Calva. Temm. 117

Cambaiensis 79

Canadensis.Linn.Q4

Capensis. . 102

Caribsea . 37

Carolinensis 96

• carunculata. '
Temm. . .123

— ^— — — — cauda annulo

cincta Jamaicensis.
Briss. . . 37

cauda fascia

notfita. Ray. . . 37
chalcoptera . 17

cincta

cinerea

caerulea

50
83

87

cceruleocephala.

Gmel. . .47

• Corensis . > 5

1 coronata. Gmel. 120

— — — cristata . 40

cristata. Lat/i. 253

cruenta. Gmel. 128

curoirostra.

Gmel. 106

COLUMBA cyanoccphala.
Gmel. .' . p. 47

• cyanocephala.
Lath. . .125

domestica . 27

• domestica Bar-

28

barica. Ray.

•ens-

tata. Gmel.

cullata. Linn.

sypus. Linn.

cu-

da-

Ray.

leata. Linn.

turosa. Ray.
panica. Linn,
pida. Linn.

data. Gmel.

cauda. Linn.

Gmel.

jor. Ray.
vegica. Briss.
cursor. Ray.
leUaria. Ray.

eques.
— ga-
—gut-

-his-
-Ju-
-lati-
•livia.

*

- ma-

•

-Nor-
•per-

- ta-

28

28
31
30
30
28

29
31

27

28
28
31
30

INDEX.

COLUMBA domcstica tur-
bita. Linn.

P- 29

cica. Sriss. . . 30

Dominicensis 100

Dxrfresnii . 77

Egyptiaca . 8

Eimensis . 39

elegans . 43

• erythroptera 57

erythrothorax.

Temm. . .127

Franciae . 2

Geoffroii . 69

• Guinea . 10

• gymnopthalmos 6

: holosericea 60

Hottentotta.

Temm. . . 131
• Jamaicensis.

Linn. . .126

Jambou . 49

Javanica . 47

Indica. Sriss. 52

Indica. Linn. 47

larvata . 6 1

leucocephala 36

leucoptera.Linn. 52

livia . 29

Barba-

rica. Temm. . 28

cristata.

Temm. . . 28

cucullata.

Temm. . . 29

dasyput.

Temm. . 28

COLUMBA livia domes-
tica. Temm. . p. 27

eques.

Temm. . .31

-frontulis.

Temm. •. . .31
galeata.

Temm. . . 30
gittturo-

sa. Temm. • . 30
gyratrix.

Temm. ... 29
Hispani-

ca. Temm. . . 28

hispida.

.29

Temm.

Jubata.

Temm. . .31

laticau-

da. Temm. . . 29

livia.

Temm. . . 27

Norve-

28

gica. Temm.

' percur-

sor. Temm. . ~~^ 31

ria. Temm.

Temm.

tabclla-

Turbita.

lurcica.

Temm.

30

29

3O
23
46

littoralis
inaculata
muculata. Gmel. 31
maculosa . 24
inacroura . 91

v

COLUMBA Madagaseari-
ensis . « p> 9

COLUMBA risorja . p.

71
28
11

132

54
27 '

109

128
27

36

80
68

93
41
90
88
64

78
75

136

106
78
29
72
62
114
84

71
59

— rti fa Cav(inen-

*/ j
sis. Briss. . ll_.,f-,J.-

Linn. ... 97

Briss. ... 52

Lath. . '.._+..

•— — llK'ljUHHVpllillil 55

Lath. . _,, * 16

— — — SdXdlillS Jci'*

maicensis. Briss. _ .^. ,

B

Linn. . , _..»__

... _ . . striatn Linn±

Briss. . .122

— .— —• i— — ^Vbt'fl Zclcmdi~

, Suratcjists

ca. Gmel. . .38

•- CEritis 25

Lath. ,. . .. .-^
t _..._ Surinanipncis

_,_ - . — Pddficd Ldth* 40

_._,.... — Paluinbus 12

Temm. . _^>.«
_ _, . . TcmncnsiSi

Linn.

_. Prritf Trvnm 1 T5

— . „ , turtur

. . - • tvrnpunistrifi

Gmel. . . .106

CotuMBA violacea Mar-
tinicana. Briss. . p.

IND]

132
65

1O5
114

27
38

1

168

161
192
172
163
166,
,175
165
I/O
156

193
173
166

166
163
173
175
173
168
168

169

sx. vii

CRTPTONYX . p. 252

_.__,, . rril O1r\

boynensis. Briss.

CURASSOW . "T" 161

• pcnsis. Briss.
— vulgaris sen

domestica. Ray.
————— Zealandica

-' carunculated 1 70

COLUMBINI .

Coxilitli. Ray. . •

CRAX . . •

Briss. . K> •-

- crested. Lath. 163,
166, 169,175

... .... . Cutftrtn Ff/rn 1 fT^l

Linn. . •
Alector
Alector. Lath.
169
.. Brasiliensis. Briss.
. carunculata .
— — curassous. Briss.
fuscus Americanus.
Briss.
galeata. Lath. .
globicera
globicera hybrida.
Temm. . •/*-
— — Guianensis. Briss.
— — Mexicanus. Briss.

Lath. -.*'" . .168

rrrl 1 fifl

Cushat . .13
Diplectron. Vieil. . 15O

Dove, brown Indian. Edw. 52
Carolina. Penn. 97

long-tailed. Edw. 97

Pnrtucrnl Alh "71

• pauxi. Linn. .
Peruvianus. Briss.
rubra. . .
n . rubra hybrida
Temm.

o

rock. Mont. ft ». 27
stock S.f.j 4*-- 25
turtle, from Ja-
maica. Alb. . . J25

vi

INDEX.

Gallina Frieslandica.

GALLUS morio . p

.211

Will. ? *••;•: . p. 2 10

• Patavinus. Briss.

J97

pentadactylus.

GALLINACE^;

139

Briss. . — in-

205

• Persicus. Briss.

214

Gallopavo. Briss.

177

plumipes. Briss.

204

205

Briss. j-ij,

178

200

.156

204

GALLUS

195

GOURA

119

Bankiva

198

. blue-beaded

125

1 93

tus. Temm.

204

coronata •

120

lOjO

ticus. Temm.

203

cruenta .

128

125

dactylus. Temm. ^

205

127

133

lio. Temm. j^,

205

Hottentot

131

Hottcntotta

131

lus. Temm.

204

• Jamaicensis

126

Banticus. Briss.

204

— — — Marti n ica \ » u >

132

crispus

210

Martinico > :- *• "\

132

• cristatus. Briss.

204

minuta .v.;

137

j^_ ^nt;^,.

_..„

1 '4O

• et Gallina Gui-

mountain

ISO

neensis. Ray.

259

Nicobar

122

• ecaudatus

213

Nicobarica .M;V

122

furcatus , • »

215

Passerina %')

133

• giganteus •"-'$

197

Passerine V.

137

Japonicus, Briss.

212

Picui .

135

— — — Indicus. Leach.

201

red-bellied

127

• Indicus aliis.

red- breasted

128

Briss.

166

136

• lanatus .

212

• wattled ' k» .

123

— — — Macartnyi

218

. white-bellied .

126

INDEX.

GUAK • • P' 177 ,

OPISTHOCOMUB p.

192

A_A.~.* „.*! 1 7Q

1Q3

Marail . .183

*y

.. supercilious . 186

ORTALIDA

188

XT— — 1 Qf\

189

Yacuhu . .185

-. **&

Hen, Curassow. Alb. . 166

Orthocorys. Vieil.

192

red Peruvian. Alb. 168

OURAX .

172

Hoatzin. Ray. . . 193

• galeata

173

Mitu . .

175

Liponyx. Vieil. . 252

LOPHOPHORUS . . 248

Palumbus Moluccensis.

Briss. . .

13

tcrGKQttis Rny

13

Lophurus. Vieil. . 119

• • »• TUa({a-

I */

MELEAGRIS . • 155

gascariensis. Briss. .

116

•intiatiorunt 257
"

PARRAKA

188

Linn 1 77

*

180

+ \jy

Partridge, Cambaian.

o *

Lath.

256

Briss. . . .156

253

Mituporanga. Ray. . 163

130

MONAUL . . 248

Iropeyan . 249

PAUXI . ! . — •-

172

Monaulus. Vieil. . 248

crested

1/5

NUMIDA . . 257

cristata . 263

galeata. Temm.
galeated . «•*: '
Mitu. Tcmm.

173
173
17A

Meleagris . 258

pectorealbo. Briss. 259

PAVO . -

141

mitrata • 261

Linn. ."' •

150

(Enas Americana. Briss. 94

— bicalcaratxs. Linn.

151

INDEX.

PAVO cristatus v P-

124
143
142

142
148
148
151
151

141
142
151
148
151

143

143

1/7

188
178

180

180
183
185

189
180
239
186

252

Perdix Cambaientis. Lath.
p. 256
coronatus. Lath. 253
viridis. Lath. . 253

PHASIANUS . . 221
• Gmel , lf)2

Driss. . •
— dofiicsti—

cus. Temm. -s —

Briss. . '.""V-

. .. - Lath > *Z4S

— — Linn . 242,

__ Sincnsisi Briss >

188, 195.
Sparr 251

PEACOCK :-».i ..•<*•.-

_, .-_._ albus Sinensis*

Briss. Vr'r— -. 234

_. ^rrrf/c T inn . 9,^44-

.,,.-. c7f^r/»f/c RfttPll-

r • • Thibet Lath

sis. Briss. »k, . 23.1

/""^.l/^ViJoiia OO<1

Lath. . ---V

. _ C'nfrftfrttt Vtflf

p. Lath. ;.., . _,„ 229

PENELOPE . • ;•-.•'
Tcmm }•'

cus. Briss. . .120

.... rrn/ftiv T inn 9O^

ZaM. -.'.

T fitTi 1 n*7 9O1

Merrem.

Linn. . .210

tus. Linn. . . '201
— • dotjics~

Temm.

ticus. Lath. . . 203

datus. Linn. . 214

Perdu:, Lath, '<•

tus. Temm ' ^>' . 212

INDEX.

XI

PHASiAKUSga//ttt mono.

Linn. . . p. 211
- penta-

dactylus. Gmel. . 205

mipcs. Gmel. . . 2O4
pumi-

lio. Gmel. . it , 205
• pusil-

lus. Linn. . . 204
Turci-

cus. Gmel. . . 204

garrulus. Hum-

boldt . . .189

•• Guianensis.
Briss. . .189

ignitus. Lath . 218

Impeyanus.Lath.249

Motmot. Lath. \ 89

Nycthemerus 234

parraqua.

Briss. . .189

pictus . 231

Satyrus. Briss. 239

superbus . 236

•• torquatus . 228
torquatus,

primus. Temm. . 229

— — — varius. Shaw. 237

PHEASANT . . 221

< Argus. Lath. 244

»• black and white.

Alb. .v. . .234
-- common . 222
cretted. Lath. 193

PH E AS \~8Tjire-backed.

Lath. . . p. 218

' Impeyan. Lath. 249

Indian. Leach. 201

Motmot. Lath. 189

painted ^ . 231

parraka. Lath. 189

peacock. Edw. 151

. — pencilled . 234

ring . 228

superb . 236

• variegated.

Lath. . . 223
white. Lath. 223

PIGEON ^,.,. . . 1

African ^ •_ 81

aromatic. Lath. 106

Barbary. Lath. 28

bald-paled. Brown. 36

biset. Lath. . 27

black- capped . 55

black-ringed . 50

black-winged 101

blue . . 87

blue-crowned. Lath. 47

broad-tailed shaker.

Lal/i.

brown , .

bronze -winged
Cauibaian .
Cape s . .,
Carolina «

carrier. Lath.
Cayenne k ,

29
85
17
79
J02

96
30
54

chesnut-shouldered 92

Xll 1ND
PIGEON cinereous . p. 83
• collared >.;V 15

EX.
PIGEON tnarg'inated.
Lath. . * , p. 97

ed . . .40
garnet-winged 57

shaker. Lath. . 29
.. I'Ccw Zealand 38

• Nicobar Edu: 122

Lath. . V 120

_ , ., rrrGCTt~1(}lHfrCd 4

parrot. Lath. 114
partridge. Lath. 130
. passenger .« 93
_ ._ Persian Lath. 30

Lath. V' , t 47
. grey . J T" 5

hackled . 2

TipJmpf T nfJi ^O

. Picazu . 45

hook-billed. Lath. 106

— PoTnnadour Lath 105

nowtcr Lath 31

Jacobine. Lath. 29
Jaraboo . 4p
Javan. Lath. 47
— Indian . . 53

._, .. i)uri)lc Lath 114

purple breasted 30

purple-crowned 66
red-crowned . 11
ring '. • 1 2
• rincr-tniled • 37

. laced. Lath. . 2Q
lesser crowned.
Lath. . . 253
Malabar . 86
Malacca . 88
Madagascar . 9

rock. Lath. . 27
Roman. Lath. 28
rose • " . 42
rough-footed. Lath. 28
St. Domingo • 100
St Thomas Lath 100

INC

PIGEON scaly . p. QO
scollop- necked 41
sea . . 23

, . — cinitpr T.nth Ml

i:\. xui
PINTADO, negro . p. 258
i white-breasted.
Albin. . • j ^ 259

POLYPLECTRON . . 150
— \rir\\t 1 SI

spot. Lath. . 31

crintttf*t1 O 1

stock . . 25
striated f j^ 68
superb . 64
Surat . 78
— —— Surinam . 75
tambour . 62
triangular spotted 10
tumbler. Lath. 3O

ft/rfjif T nth TO

Quan. Edw. . \ ... 178
Queest ,;r,v n^_ 13
Rumpkin. Will. . ?. ._. 214
SERPENT-EATER. ^ 192

Turkish. Lath. 30
turner. Lath. 3 1
turtle . 72
• vinaceous . 84
• violet . . 59
vlouvlou . . 60
— — Waallia. Lath. Ill

Tetrao. Gmel. . . 252
viridis. Gmel. 253

Treron. Vieil. . . 105
TURKEY . . 155

white . . 70
— — white-crowned 36
• white-faced. Lath. 16
white nutmeg. Lath. 23
white-rumped. Lath.'iJ
white-whiskered 56
white-winged. Lath. 52
yellow-faced. Lath. 107

PINTADO . . . 257
crested . 263
Guinea . . 256
— — — mitral . . 261

common . 156
horned. Lath. 239
Marail. Lath. 183

Turtle, African. Lath. 81
Eantamese. Lath. 88
barreled. Edw. 88
blue-crowned. Lath. 4J
blue-headed. Lath. 125
Cambaian. Lath. 80

Chinese-grey. Lath. 78
collared. Lath. 71

XIV

INDEX.

Turtle, collared Senegal.

Turtur parviis fuscus

Lath. . ' . p

71

Americanus. Briss. ,p.

138

common. Lath.

72

. Senegalensis. Briss

.81

green. Lath.

65

Sinen sis striatus.

47

Briss. . " * T~

68

Indian. Lath.

71

71

Luzonian. Lath.

73

tonjuatus Sene-

Malabar. Lath.

78

galensis. Briss. '.

71

l\.* n I n /* /* fi T sti it

flft

• Passerine. Lath.

oo
138

nensis. Briss. V'1' 7"

65

red-breasted. Lath.

128

sanguine. Lath.

128

VINAGO • •

105

Senegal. Lath.

80

. Abyssinica .

111

spotted-necked.

— — aromatic •

106

Lath. .-'•' .

72

. aromatica /•

106

. striated. Lath.

68

. Australia •

115

— Surat. Lath. .

78

Calva . 7

117

Surinam. Lath. '

75

militaris •

109

. naked-fronted

117

Turtur Americanus. Briss

97

. parrot . •

112

_ Canadensis. Briss.

94

Psittacea , .

1)2

. gutture maculato

purple ,,•

113

Senegalensis. Briss.

80

St. Thomas's

109

— Jamaicensis. Briss.

125

— . southern , t. •

115

. Indicus. Rail.

71

— — vernans •

113

. Indicus striatus.

- Waalia . • .

111

Briss.

88

_. Lusitanicus. Briss

. 73

Yacou. Lath. v. ...r<—

180

, parous Ameri-

canus. Briss. .

133

Directions for placing the Plates in Vol. XI.
Part I.

The Vignette represents the female crowned Cryptonyx, con-
siderably smaller than nature.

Plate

1 to face page

25

72

77
106
142
151
156
168

Plate 10 to face page

n,

180
J93
200
222
243
248
253
9<;*r

19 — — — - .

1 q ....

1 ^ -.,. -

16 . ••-

0 — — - —

17

BIRDS.

ORDER
COLUMBINI.

Rostrum mediocre^ compressum, basi mcmbrand molli et tumidd in-

structum, ad apicem plus minusve arcuatuni.
Pedet simpliccs, tetradactylijissi, digitis tribus anticis, uno pos-

tico: tarsi reticulati.
Beak, middle sized, compressed, the base covered with a soft

and tumid membrane, the tip more or less arcuated.
Feet simple, consisting of four divided toes, three in front, and

one behind : tarsi reticulated.

COLUMBA. PIGEON.

Generic Character.

Rostrum mediorre, fere rec-
tum, compressiusculum et
arcuatuni: mandibula su-
periore basi membrana
molli et tumida, in qua
nares sitae sunt.

Pedes fissi, digitis tribus an-
ticis, uno postico.

Alee aut breves aut mediocres.

Cauda aequalis aut cuneata.

Beak middle sized, nearly
straight, compressed and
bent ; the upper mandible
with a soft and tumid mem-
brane at its 'base, in which
the nostrils are situated.

Feet divided, with three toes
before, and one behind.

Wings short or middling.

Tail equal or wedged.

C^OLUMBA, auctorum. — The Pigeons form a
most elegant genus of birds, and are most ex-
quisitely figured and described by Temminck in
his admirable Histoire Naturelle generate des Pi-

v. xi. p. i.

2 HACKLED PIGEON.

geons et des Gallinac^s, and to which I am in-
debted for much of the information contained in
the subsequent account of these orders.

They generally associate in pairs, both sexes
assisting in incubation and feeding their young.
Their principal food consists of grain and seeds ;
they drink much, and not at intervals like other
birds, but by a continued draught : their note is
peculiarly soft and expressive, and is well distin-
guished from that of any other bird by its plain-
tive and mournful sound: they generally breed
more than once in the year ; the female lays two
eggs at a time, one of which generally produces a
male, the other a female.

They are greatly dispersed over the old con-
tinent, but only two or three species occur in
America.

A. Cauda aequali.

a. Oculis area hudd circumdatis, pennis colli elongatix, apicibus,
aitt emarginatis ant acuminatis.

A. With an equal tail.

a. Eyes surrounded by a naked space, and the feathers of the
neck elongated, and notched, or acuminated, at their tips.

HACKLED PIGEON.
(Columba Francis.)

Co. candca; rottro basi orbitisque nudis coccineis, uropygio cav-

ddque rubris, pennis colli angustis elongatis apice acuminatis.
Blue Pigeon, with the base of the beak and the naked space

HACKLED PIGEON. 3

round the eyes scarlet ; the rump and tail red ; the feathers
of the neck narrow, elongated at their tips and acuminated.

Columba Franciae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 779. — Lath. Ind. Om.
2. 604. 42.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 463.

Le Pigeon Hollandois. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 175. 1. 101.

Colombe herissee. Temm. Pig. (8uo.) p. 228.

Hackled Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.641. 36.

THIS magnificent Pigeon is distinguished from
all the other birds of the Columbine order by its
singular form of the feathers on the neck, head,
and breast, which are long and narrow, terminating
in a point ; their extremity is hard, of a cartila-
ginous appearance and shining, somewhat resem-
bling the appendices to the wings of the Ampelis
Garrulus, or the large polished feathers on the neck
of the Gallus Indicus. The total length of this
bird is between twelve and thirteen inches : the beak
is reddish at the base and yellowish towards the
tip : on the cheeks, surrounding the eyes, is a red-
dish flesh-coloured and almost naked space, which
reaches below the orifice of the ears, and is covered
with a soft down : the wings reach to the middle
of the tail, and the tarsi are covered with feathers
to the origin of the toes : the head, neck, and
breast are of a whitish-grey ; the rest of the body,
the wings, and the upper part of the tail, are of a
fine deep violet-blue : the greater quills are also
of this colour on their outer webs, but on their
inner they are dusky. The tail beneath is of a
rich lively rufous crimson ; the shafts of the fea-
thers in the centre are of a deep blue ; as are the
lateral feathers on their webs : the eyes are reddish :

WATTLED PIGEON.

the feet and claws are dusky blue. Inhabits
Southern Africa and Madagascar.

WATTLED PIGEON.
(Columba auricularis.)

Co. alba naribus globosis, orbitis cottoque nitdis cctruleis, tribns

carunculis gularibus sanguineisy remigibus primoribus caudaque

ad apicem nigris.
White Pigeon, with the nostrils globose ; the orbits and neck

naked blue, with three blood-red caruncles on the throat;

the primary quills and tip of the tail black.
Columba auricularis. Temm. Pig. Ind. 465.
Colombe Oricou. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 236.

IN length about eleven inches and a half: the
cheeks, as far as the aperture of the ears, are naked
and blue ; the skin hangs down in front of the
neck, forming three caruncles, which are of a
blood-red colour : the nostrils are surrounded with
a kind of globose wattle : the plumage is of an
uniform white : the tail alone is greyish at its base,
and black towards its tip : the outer webs of the
lateral feathers are white for about three quarters of
their length : the greater and lesser quills are white
at their origin, and black towards their tips, the
outer feather of each wing being entirely of the
latter colour : the spurious wing is of a grey-black :
the feet are red and the beak black. This appears

GREY PIGEON.

to vary, having been found entirely white; and
also with the plumage varied with grey and black ;
the last most probably are only young birds : it is
found in many of the islands of the Pacific ocean.

GREY PIGEON.

(Columba Corensis.)

Co. corpore supra et subtus griseo fu&co, capite, collo, gulu, ptc-
torequc purpureo-vinaceis, pennis colli infcrioribus variante luce,
quasi squamosit, remigibus rectricibusque griseofuscis.

Pigeon, with the body above and beneath grey-brown : the
head, neck, throat and breast purplish-red : the inferior
feathers of the neck varying with the light, and as if scaled ;
quills and tail-feathers of a grey-brown.

Columba Corensis. Jacq. Eeyt. p. 31. No. 35. — Gmel. Sytt.
Nat. 1. 783.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 46.—Temm. Pig. 2nd.
461.

Colombe a nuque ecaille'e. Temm. Pig. (8»o.) p. 21 J.

Grey Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 201. 60. A.

FOURTEEN inches and a half in length : the
under parts of the body, the back, and the greater
and middle wing-coverts are of a grey- brown : the
fore part of the neck and the breast are of a pur-
plish-red tinge ; which colour is expanded over
the head : the nape is adorned with rich scale-like
feathers, varying according to the position of the
light to violet, purple and green, with a hue of
chesnut ; there is also a stripe of this colour on

6 NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON.

the back of the neck, which has the appearance of
velvet : the scapulars are of a grey- brown ; the
greater wing quills, and those of the tail, are of a
slate-colour : the feet are red, with black claws :
the base of the beak reddish : irides orange, with
a papillated naked reddish skin round the eyes :
the tail is composed of twelve feathers. Inha-
bits South America. Nothing is known of its
manners.

NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON.
(Columba Gymnopthalmus.)

Co. capite collo pectore abdomineque dilute vinaceis pennis squa-
moiis ad latera colli, dorso alisque Juscis, uropygio et pennis
caudce cants.

Pigeon, with the head, neck, breast and abdomen pale wine-
coloured ; the feathers on the sides of the neck scale-like ; the
back and wings brown ; the rump and feathers of the tail
hoary.

Columba Gymnopthalmus. Temm. Pig. Ind. 463,

Colomba Jou-nud. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 225.

LENGTH thirteen inches : round the eyes a large
patch of naked skin, covered with small fleshy
papillae of a beautiful deep blue : the head, the
upper part of the neck, the throat, and the breast
of a fine vinaceous tint, which colour descends
over the belly and thighs in a diluted state : the
nape and the sides of the lower part of the neck

NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON. 7

are shaded with a bright blue and a feeble purple ;
the feathers of this part are each ornamented with
two semicircular marks, the upper one white, the
under, which is at the tip, is bluish, with violet
reflections : beneath the ears is a transverse dusky
spot, composed of very short feathers, which make
their appearance when the animal extends its
neck: the upper part of the back, the scapu-
lars, the lesser and greater coverts of the wings,
are of a grey-brown colour : the greater and lesser
quills are dusky, with the outer webs bordered
with grey : the back and the rump are of a greyish
blue : the tail is grey above, and whitish beneath :
the abdomen and the inferior tail-coverts are of a
pure white : the beak is reddish, and is much bent
at the tip : the eyes are reddish : the legs and
claws are reddish-brown.

The female is rather smaller than the male ;
the colour of her plumage is less lively, and the
naked space surrounding the eyes is neither so
large nor so brilliant in colour as in the male.
Nothing is known of the manners of this species.
It inhabits India.

, EGYPTIAN PIGEON.
(Columba ./Egyptiaca.)

Co. testaceo-incarnata, gull plantis apicc bilobis truncatis Jer-

rugineis nigro-maculatis.
Testaceous flesh-coloured Pigeon, with the feathers on the

throat spotted with black, at their tips bilobed and truncated,

of a ferruginous hue.
Columba ^gyptiaca. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 607. 4g. — Temm.

Pig. Ind. 461.

Colombe Egyptienne. Temm. Pig. (Qvo.) 3?O.
Egyptian Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. p. 267. 3.

BEAK black : head flesh- colour, with a tinge
of violet : orbits naked and bluish : the feathers
on the throat wedge-shaped, divided at their tips,
and truncated at the ends ; they are black at their
origin, and rusty flesh-colour at their tips : the
back is grey : th.e breast violet : belly and thighs
white : wings principally brown ; the two outer
tail-feathers at their base cinereous ; the middle
black, and terminated by white ; the two next on
each side grey at their base, black in the middle,
and white at the tip only ; the fifth brown on each
side, with the middle dusky ; the two middle ones
entirely brown : legs flesh-colour. Inhabits Egypt,
frequenting houses.

MADAGASCAR PIGEON.

(Columba Madagascariensis.)

Co. pedibus plumosis, caudd violacca, corpore c<eruleo-nigro.
Pigeon, with the feet feathered, the tail violet, and the body of

a blue-black.
Columba Madagascariensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 21. —

Gmcl. Syst. Nat. p. 779. — Briss. Orti. 1. 140. 36. t. 14. f. 1- —

Lath. Jnd. Orn.2. 604. 4O.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 463.
Colombe Fourningo. BnJF. Ois. 2. 53Q. — Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriquc.

6. pi. 266.— Temm. Pig. (8uo.) p. 'ill.
Pigeon ramier bleu du Madagascar. Buff. PI. Enl. 1 1 .
Madagascar Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 640. 35.

THIS beautiful species is ten inches and a half
in length : the principal part of its plumage is of
a blue-black, shaded with violet : the tail-feathers
and its inferior coverts are of a clear purple-violet:
the eyes are situated in a naked space of a dull
red colour : the feet, which are covered with fea-
thers from the origin of the toes, are red : the beak
is of the same colour, with the point dusky : the
claws are black.

This species is found in Madagascar and the
southern parts of Africa, where it frequents deep
forests.

10

TRIANGULAR-SPOTTED PIGEON.

(Columba Guinea.)

Co. corpore purpurasccnte-Jusco violacco-nitente, alis maculis albi*
triguelris, rectricibus apice nigris, pennis pectoralibus bifurds.

Pigeon, with the body of a purple brown, shining with violet j
the wings with triangular white spots ; the tail-feathers
black at their tips, and the feathers on the breast bifid.

Columba Guinea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 232. 16. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 774 — Briss. Orn. 1. 132. 3Q.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 462.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 603. 35.

Pigeon de Guinee. Buff". Ois. 2. 538.

La Tourterelle du Cap de Bonne Esp6rauce. Sonner. Voy. Ind.

2. 179-

Colombe roussard. Le Vaill. Ois. $ Afrique. v. 6. pi. 265. —

Temm. Pig. (8uo.) 214.
Triangular-spotted Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 63Q. 32.

TWELVE inches and a half in length : the beak
is dusky, and the membrane that covers the nos-
trils grey : the eyes are surrounded with a naked
red space : the irides bright yellow : the head,
neck, and under parts of the body pale ash-colour :
belly and vent white : the feathers of the neck are
pointed, of an ash-colour, with vinaceous margins ;
their tips are bifid : the upper part of the back, the
scapulars, and the whole of the wing-coverts pur-
plish brown, glossed with violet ; the lesser quills
the same ; each feather is tipped with a triangular
white spot, the point upwards : the greater and
middle quills black, with grey edges : the tail-fea-
thers grey at their origin, and black towards their

RED-CROWNED PIGEON. 11

tips : the lower part of the back and the rump
pale ash. The female differs from the male in
having the colours less lively, the triangular white
spots on the wings much smaller and more dingy :
and the naked space round the eyes is not so
large as in the male.

Very common in all the southern parts of Africa :
it builds upon the top of trees, or on rocks ; the
female lays two white eggs: its principal food
is grain.

RED-CROWNED PIGEON.
(Columba rubricapilla.)

Co. atro-violacea, pileo orbitisque nudis rubris, collo dorso su-

periore pectoreque grisescentibus, pedibus plumosis.
Dark violet Pigeon, with the pileus and naked orbits red ; the

neck, upper part of the back, and breast greyish j the feet

feathered.
Columba rubricapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 784. — Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 599. Ip.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 464.
La Pigeon violet £ tete rouge d'Antigue. Sonner. Voy. Ind.

112. t. 67.

Colombe rouge Cap. Temm. Pig. (8w.) 233.
Red-crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 628. 1/.

TEN inches in length : with the tail very short :
the wings, when folded, reaching to its tip : the
feathers of the belly, the back, the wings, and the
tail, are of a fine black-blue, with violet shades ;

12 RING I'H.KON.

those of the two latter inclining to greyish on their
\vebs : the top of the head is of a bright red : the
neck, the upper part of the back, and the breast
greyish, glossed with bluish : the legs, which, as
well as the tarsi, are covered with feathers, are of
a greyish ash, as are the toes and claws. The red-
crowned Pigeon is remarkable for the fleshy sub-
stance on the upper mandible of the beak, which
is varied with many small tubercles, and covered
with very fine short downy feathers : the feathers
of the neck are also very remarkable, being very
much elongated, and terminating in a sharp point ;
they are of a triangular shape at their tips.
Native of Antigua in the Isle of Panay.

b. Oculis are& nuda non circumdatis.
b. Eyes not surrounded by a naked space.

RING PIGEON.

(Columba Falumbus.)

Co. cincrea, rectricibus portice atris, remigibus primoribus margine
exteriore albidis, collo utrinque albo.

Grey Pigeon, with the tips of the tail-feathers dark j the ex-
terior margin of the primary quills whitish j the neck white
on each side.

Columba Palumbus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 282. 19. — ten. Faun.
Suec. No. IQB.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 776.— Brits. Orn. 1. 8p.
6. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 601. 32.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 444.—
Temm. Man. d'Orni.p. 276.—Nills. Orn. Suec. p. 29 1.

JUNG PIGEON. 13

Palumbus torquatus. Raii. Syn. p. 62. A. g.

Le Pigeon Ramier. Bttf. Ois. 2. 531. p. lA.—Evff. PI. Enl.

316.

Colombe Ramier. Tcmm. Pig. (edit. 8tw>.) p. 78.
Ring Pigeon. Pcnn. Brit. Zool. I. No. 102. — Perm. Arct. Zool.

2. 329. B. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, t. 15. — Albin. Brit. Birds. 2.

t. 46. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 635. 29. — Lath. Sup. \Q8. — Lnoin.

Brit. Birds. 4. p. 129.— DOM. Brit. Birds.— Mont. Orn. Diet.

1. — Bew. Brit. Birds, l. 270. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 222.

A LARGE species : length seventeen inches and
a half: the beak yellowish : the nostrils covered
with a reddish mealy membrane : hides pale yel-
low: the head, back, and wing-coverts, bluish-
ash ; the first darkest : the upper part of the back
inclines to brown ; its lower part, the rump, and
forepart of the neck, pale ash-colour ; the rest of
the neck and the breast vinaceous, varied with
ash : the belly, the thighs, and vent, dirty white :
the hind part and sides of the neck are of a green
gold colour, inclining to blue, with a copper gloss
according to the light : on each side of the neck
is a white crescent : the greater quills are dusky ;
all of them, the outermost excepted, have their
exterior edges whitish ; the secondaries are grey-
ish brown : the bastard wing is adorned with a
dash of white at its base: the tail is cinereous
above, with the extremity dusky ; below, the base
and ends are black, the middle hoary : the legs
are covered with feathers nearly to the toes ; they
are of a red colour, and the claws are black : the
female is rather smaller : the young birds have the
greyish tint less strong ; and the white on the nee k
is not visible the first year.

14 RING P10EON.

This bird is indigenous to this island : it js a
migratory species, but never quits us entirely, only
moving from one part to another in the autumn,
and in some parts never changing its situation. In
winter this species assembles in immense flocks,
and constantly resorts to roost in the highest trees,
especially the ash : early in the spring they begin
to pair, at which time the male is observed to fly
in a singular manner, alternately rising and falling
in the air : the nest is composed of small twigs, so
loosely put together, that the eggs, which are two
in number (white and oval) may be distinctly seen
from below : both sexes assist in its construction ;
and the male frequently occupies the place of the
female during the tedious process of incubation :
the nest is generally placed in the fork of a tree,
or, when the tree is surrounded with ivy, against
its body ; it is sometimes placed amongst brush-
wood, in hedges, or large hawthorn-bushes : they
have two broods in the year : their favourite
food consists of wild fruits, herbs, and grain of
all kinds ; in the autumn they devour acorns and
beech mast, swallowing them whole : they eat
also the tops of turnips, young clover, green corn
and berries.

The note of this species is louder and more
plaintive than that of the common Pigeon ; but
it is only uttered in pairing time, or during fine
weather: the flesh is excellent, especially when
young. Many attempts have been made to do-
mesticate it by hatching their eggs in dove-houses
under the common Pigeon ; but as soon as the

COLLARED PIGEON. 15

young ones were able to fly, they always escaped
to their proper haunts. Montagu took considera-
ble pains to endeavour to change their nature,
and though he so far tamed them within doors
as to become exceedingly troublesome, he could
never induce them to breed.. Two were bred up
together with a male Pigeon, and were so tame
as to eat out of the hand ; but as they shewed
no signs of breeding in the spring, they were
suffered, in the month of June, to take their li-
berty : it was supposed that the tame Pigeon might
induce them to return to their usual place of
abode, either for food or to roost ; but from that
time they assumed their natural habits, and no-
thing more was seen of them. This bird delights
in sitting on the dead branches of trees, and look-
ing around as if apprehensive of danger, which
renders it difficult to shoot.

This species is called the Queest, Cushat, or
Ring Dove.

COLLARED PIGEON.
(Columba armillaris.)

Co. nigro-ccerxlea, Jade armllaque alba, abdomine crissoyuc ulbo
maculis watts nigris, caudd apice albd.

Black-blue Pigeon, with the face and collar white; the ab-
domen and vent white, with ovate black spota; the tail
white at the tip.

16 COLLARED PIGEON.

Columba armillaris. Temm. Pig. Ind. 44"?.

Columba Picator. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lix. 2.

Colombe grive!16e. Temm. Pig. pi. enl. 6. — Id. edit. 8vo. p. 97.

Pied Pigeon. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 268. 5.

Var. (5. viridi-nigricam, subtus albA maculis nigris, vcrtice cinereo,
pone oculos macula triquetra rubra.

Dusky green, beneath white, with black spots 5 the vertex cine-
reous ; behind the eyes a triangular red spot.

Columba armillaris. /S. Temm. Pig. Ind. 447.

Columba melanoleuca. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lix. 1.

Colombe Goad-gaug. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. p. 36Q.

White-faced Pigeon. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 268. 4.

THE Collared Pigeon is a native of New Hol-
land ; its length is about fifteen inches and a half:
the membrane at the base of the beak is of a rose-
colour : the principal colour of the upper parts of
the plumage, and the back of the neck, is of a
dark blue, and the same colour extends on both
sides of the neck to the breast : the forehead and
the throat are of a whitish grey : a kind of gorget
ornaments the sides of the neck, from the ears to
the breast: it is of a pure white below, except
that the sides of the body and near the vent are
spotted with black : the greater quills are of a
dull blue ; the whole of the outer webs margined
with brownish red: the four lateral tail-feathers
are terminated with white.

The White-faced Pigeon of Latham appears to
be only a variety of this species ; it is of the same
size, with the face and sides of the head white,
with a triangular patch of black before each eye,
and a spot of crimson behind : the crown of the
head and occiput pale ash : the rest of the neck

BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. 17

dusky : upper part of the body and wings pale
green : some of the inner quills ferruginous : under
parts from the breast white : sides of the latter
black, and of the body spotted with that colour :
called Goad-gang by the natives of New Holland.

BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON.

(Columba chalcoptera.)

Co.fusco-cinerea ritfo-marginata,Jronte gulaque albis, fascia ala-
rum cuprfo-avred bifidd, rectricum ad apicem nigrd.

Grey-brown Pigeon, with rufous margins ; the forehead and
throat white ; a bifid golden-copper fascia on the wing ; and
the tips of the tail-feathers black.

Columba chalcoptera. Lith. Ind. Orn. 2. 604.39- — Temm. Pig.
Ind. 44S.

Colombe Lumachelle. Temm. Pig.fam. seconde. pi. enl. 8. — Id.
edit. Qvo. 103.

Bronze- winged Pigeon. Phill. Bot. Bay, p. 1 62. — White's Jour-
nal, p. 146.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 266. 1.

THE male of this species measures fifteen inches
and a half in length : its forehead is of a pure
white, with slight tinges of rose ; this colour be-
comes violaceous as it approaches the occiput, and
forms a dark stripe through the eyes : the nostrils
are covered with small white feathers : the pre-
vailing colour of the plumage is of an ashy-brown,
each feather bordered with a yellow line : the
greater wing-coverts have a brilliant spot towards

v. xi. P. i. a

18 BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON.

their extremities, of a splendid bronzed copper,
varying according to the position of the light to
different tinges of red and green ; this passes in
the form of a double band across the wings : the
smaller and middle coverts have also several ir-
regular patches of the same colour, and they are
terminated with greyish yellow: the secondary
quills have some brilliant greenish purple spots :
the primaries are tipped with a beautiful pearl-
aceous white : the under parts of the body are
greyish, with a reddish tinge on the breast: the
inside of the wings is of a ferruginous red : the
tail is composed of eighteen grey feathers, having
a black band towards their tip ; the two inter-
mediate feathers are the colour of the body ; the
under part of the *ail is greyish ash, with a trans-
verse dusky bar across each feather: the beak is
dusky, except the base, which is reddish : the feet
are red. The female has a white spot on the fore-
head, the rest of the head is of an ashy-grey,
which is also the predominating colour of the bird,
and all the colours are less brilliant than in the
male ; all the feathers are edged with whitish
yellow : the spot on the wings is not of the bril-
liant ruby hue of the male, but more inclining to
a metallic green ; all the other spots are like-
wise of that tinge. The young are of a dusky
grejr, and the whole of the feathers are bordered
with an earthy brown : the forehead and throat
are whitish, and the wing spots are very dull, with
a slight tinge of green.

This is one of the most brilliant of the whole

PARABOLIC PIGEON. 19

genus, and is abundant in New Holland and many
of the surrounding islands, and those of the Pacific
Ocean. They are fond of sandy and desert tracts,
appearing from September to February, and are
chiefly found in pairs : their nest is found either
upon some low tree or on the ground : they lay
two white eggs, and the young are hatched about
November : their principal food consists of a fruit
somewhat resembling a cherry, the stones of which
have been found in abundance in their stomachs.
It is very easy to find their place of retreat, as they
are continually making a loud cooing, which is
said to resemble the lowing of a cow at a distance.
They are known by the English in New Holland
by the name of Ground Pigeon, being unable to
take long flights, and being observed principally on
low trees, or on the ground.

PARABOLIC PIGEON.

(Columba arquatrix.)

Co. jntrpureo-ceeruletccns, pectore subtus nigro purpureo-vario,

capite griseo-carulescente, abdomine alisque maculis albis, pedi-

btu plumosis.
Purple-blue Pigeon, with the breast beneath black, varied with

purple ; the head grey-bluish ; the abdomen and wings with

white spots 3 the feet plumose.
Columba arquatrix. Temm. Pig. Ind. 447-
Colombo nuneron. Lc VailL Ois. d'Afrique. t. 6. pi. 264. —

Temm. Pig, Jam. second, pi. enl. 5. — Id. Bvo. p. 93.

2O PARABOLIC PIGEON.

THIS species is one of the discoveries of the
celebrated naturalist and traveller Le Vaillant,
whose splendid work on the African birds is wor-
thy the industry of such an assiduous and enter-
prising individual. It measures about fifteen inches
in length from the tip of the beak to the extremity
of the tail : its prevailing colours are a rich pur-
plish blue, more or less dark, and a reddish
vinaceous ; the latter colour predominating on the
front, the top of the back, and the whole of the
under parts, that on the upper part of the back
and the breast being brightest: the feathers on
the latter being blackish in the centre, gives it
the appearance of being spotted : the top of the
head and the occiput are of a grey -blue : the lesser
and middle wing-coverts are adorned with a few
whitish spots of a round shape ; the other coverts
are the same, with triangular spots : the tarsi are
covered with feathers in part, the rest is naked
and of a clear yellow : the feet and claws are also
yellow : the beak is of a very deep yellow, and the
membrane at the base of the beak is orange : the
irides are brown orange.

This Pigeon is found in the forests of the Au-
teniquois : during the season of incubation, the
male and female are always found in pairs ; but
at other times, they associate in flocks : they
construct their nests like the Stock Dove, and
produce ten white eggs: this species has a very
remarkable flight, not going in a straight line,
but upon commencing its route, it describes a para-
bola, and continues forming a series of arcs during

NUTMEG PIGEON. 21

the time, uttering its cry : it is a great enemy to
the White Eagle of Le Vaillant.

NUTMEG PIGEON.

{Columba senea.)

Co. corpore teneo, rostro virescente, pectore abdojnineque subtus
griseo-c&ruleis, remigibus cauddque ex ccerulescente viridibus.
Femina. Capite pectore abdomineque subtus griseo-rufis, re-
migibus cauddque viridi-nigris.

Pigeon, with a brassy body, the beak greenish, the breast and
abdomen beneath of a greyish-blue ; the quills and tail of a
bluish -green. Female, with the head, breast, and abdomen
beneath of a rufous-grey ; the quills and tail green-black.

Columba aenea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 22. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 780. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 602. 33.—Temm. Pig. Ind. ;>.446.

Palumbus Moluccensis. Brist. Orn. \. 148. 41. t. 13. f. 2.

Pigeon ramier des Moluques. Buff. Ois. 2. 538.— -Buff. PI. Enl.
164.

Pigeon cuivre" mangeur de muscade. Sonncr. Voy. Ind. 168.
1O2. var.

Colombe muscadivore. Temm. Pig. edit. Qvo. p. 86.

Nutmeg Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 636. 30. — *. 637. 30. ».

THE adult male of this species has the whole of
the head, the neck, and the under parts of the
plumage of a beautiful grey-blue : the shoulders,
the back, the great and little wing-coverts of a
deep green, with metallic reflections ; the primary
quills and secondaries are of a blue-green : the

22 NUTMEG PIGEON.

tail is composed of twelve feathers, and is of a
fine blue, changing to green-gold ; the underside
is dusky ; its inferior coverts are of a red-fer-
ruginous: the feet are red: the beak and claws
black : the irides are of a reddish orange. The
female has her plumage more dull than the male,
her neck and belly have a vinaceous hue, and on
the nape is a deep reddish band : the young birds
are reddish where the male is grey, and the wings
and back are of a brownish tinge, with green re-
flections ; the greater quills and tail are of a grey-
black.

The Nutmeg Pigeon is a native of the Mo-
luccas and New Guinea, and other islands of the
Pacific Ocean : it receives its name from the cir-
cumstance of its feeding upon nutmegs at certain
seasons of the year : the mace of the larger fruit
serves it entirely for nourishment : the small nuts
are passed through the body of the bird without
alteration, and by that means it helps to propagate
this useful spice. This bird migrates in innu-
merable hosts at particular seasons, and appears in
, the forests of Java, where it feeds upon the fruit
of the ficus religiosus. It varies considerably in
its plumage.

SEA PIGEON.

(Columba littoralis.)

Co. corpora albo, remigibus primoribus caudaque ad apicem nigris.
Pigeon, with a white body, the primary quills and tail towards

the apex black.

Columba littoralis. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 448.
Columba alba. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 780. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2.

602. p. 34.
Le Pigeon blanc mangeur de muscade. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 169.

pi. 103.
Colom be marine. Temm. Pig.Jam.second.pl. J. — Id. tdit. Qvo.

P-99-

White Nutmeg Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 638. 31.
Var. ft. remigibus caudaque toto albis.
With the quills and tail entirely white.
Columba littoralis var. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 448.

LENGTH thirteen inches : the whole of the
plumage is of a pure white, with the exception
of the greater wing quills, which are wholly black ;
the smaller quills at their extremities are also
black for three-fourths of their length, and the
tips of the tail-feathers are likewise of that colour :
the feet and beak are of a livid hue ; as is a naked
space round the eyes, which are yellow. It some-
times occurs entirely white.

It occurs in abundance in New Guinea and
Java ; by the natives of the latter, it is distin-

24- SPOTTED PIGEON.

guished by the name of the Sea Pigeon, from its
principal habitation in that island being upon the
rocks on the coasts : it is migratory : like the
preceding, it feeds upon Nutmegs, and voids the
nuts uninjured, and is said, by that means, to
convey the plant from island to island.

SPOTTED PIGEON.
(Columba maculosa.)

Co. capile, parle corporis inferiori, dorso uropygioyue carujco-
cincraceis, tectricibuS' alarum fastis maculam albam versus ex-
tremitatem habentibus, partibus colli lateralibus unicoloribus.

Pigeon, with the head, the under parts of the body, the back,'
and rump, blue-grey j the wing-coverts brown, with a white
spot towards their extremity ; the sides of the neck of one
colour.

Columba maculosa. Temm. Pig. Ind. 450.

Colombe tigree. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. 113.

THIS species inhabits Paraguay ; it is described
by Temminck : its total length is twelve inches :
the whole of the head, the neck, the under part and
sides of the body, the inferior wing-coverts, the
back, and the rump, are entirely of a greyish lead-
colour : the upper wing-coverts have a small white
spot towards their extremity, the rest is brown :
the lesser coverts have a white margin on their

STOCK

STOCK PIGEON. 25

outer edge : the feathers of the neck have no re-
flection : the tarsi are of a deep reddish-violet :
the irides are white: and the tip of the beak

dusky.

STOCK PIGEON.
(Columba CEnas.)

Co. caerulescens, cercice viridi-nitente, jugulo pectorequc vina-

ceis, dorso postice cinerascente, macula alarum duplici caudaquc

apice nigricantibus.

Bluish Pigeon, with the cervix of a shining green, the jugulum
and breast vinaceous, the hinder part of the back cinerascent,

with a double spot on the wings, and the tip of the tail

black.
Columba OEnas. Linn. Syat. Nat. 1. 279- 1- 0. — Linn. Faun.

Suec. No. 207-— Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. 769.— Brits. Orn. I. 86.

5. — Haii. Syn. p. 62. A. 1O. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5&g. 1. —

Temm. Pig. Ind. 4.5;.— Tcmm. Man. tfOrn.lJJ.—Nillt. Om.

Suec. 1. p. 2p3.
Colombe Colombin. Temm. Pig. Jam. seconde. pi. 11 . — Id. edit.

8vo. p. 118.
Stock Pigeon, or Stock Dove. Penn. Brit. Zoo/. //. App. 605.

Penn. Arct. Zoo/. 2. 329. A.—Aloin. Birds.1}. 46— Lath. Gen.

Syn. 4. 604. 1. —Lath. Syn. Sup. p 197. 1 .—Levin. Brit. Birds.

4. 128 — Don. Brit. Birdt. 5. pi. 107. — White's Selburn.p. 98.

1OO.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.— Bewick, Brit. Birdt. \ 267. — Low.

Faun. Oread, p. 52. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 220.

THIS bird measures fourteen inches in length :
its beak is of a pale red : the head ash-coloured :

26 STOCK PIGEON.

the hind part of the neck and sides green-gold,
glossed with copper according to the light : the
upper part of the back and wings dull ash-colour :
the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts, lighter ash : forepart of the neck ash-co-
lour ; its lower part and the breast of a vinaceous
hue : the four or five outer quills are black, with
the exterior edges white ; the rest ash-colour,
with the ends black : on each wing are two black
spots : the belly, thighs, and under tail- coverts
pale ash : the tail is ash-coloured, with one-third
of the end black, and two of the outer feathers
white from the base to the middle on the exterior
edge : beneath, the tail has a bright grey band,
passing transversely across each feather : the legs
and claws are black.

The Stock has been generally confounded with
the Domestic Pigeon, but there cannot be much
doubt of its being a distinct species : its habits
are somewhat similar to those of that bird.

It is found very abundantly on the coasts of
England, and also amongst beech woods, which it
frequents for the sake of the mast, upon which it
feeds. Upon the approach of winter, great quan-
tities migrate into England from the more northern
parts, and return in the spring ; but many remain
all the summer, and build in old trees, laying two
white eggs : many attempts have been made to
domesticate this species, but they have always
failed, the bird escaping, as soon as it had an op-
portunity, and returning to its haunts. Its food
principally consists of seeds and berries.

27

DOMESTIC PIGEON.

(Columba livia.)

Co. dnercO'C&rulescenSf fascia alarum duplici nigrd, dorso in-

Jeriore albo, pectorc dilute vinaceo, apice cauda nigricante.
Grey-bluish Pigeon, with a double black band on the wings,

the lower part of the back white, the breast pale vinaceous,

the tip of the tail dusky.
Columba livia. Temm. Pig. Ind.p. 451. — Temm. Man. d'Orn.

p. 27<5.
Columba domestica livia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 769. Lath.

Ind. Orn. 2. p. 5QQ. 2. — Raii. Syn. p. 62. 8.— Briss. Orn. 1 .

p. 82. 3. — NiUi. Orn. Suec. p. 295.
Colombe biset. Buff. Ois. 2. 4g8.—Buf.PL Enl 5\Q.—Temm.

Pig. (8t>o.) p. 125.

Biset Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 605. 2. A.
Rock Dove. Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.
Var. a. Minor versicolor, dorso inferiore albo.
Less, varying in colour, with the lower part of the back white.
Columba livia domestica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 452.
Columba domestica. Linn. Faun. Suec. 207- — Gmel. Syst. Kal.

1. p. 769.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 58p.
Columba vulgaris seu domestica. Raii. Syn. p. 59. — Briss. Orn.

l.p.68.
Columba saxatilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 769. — Briss. Om. 1.

p. 84. 4.
Columba rupicola. Itaii. Syn. 1. p. 63. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p.

590.
Le Pigeon coinmun ou domestique. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 501.—

Buff. PI. Enl. 466.— Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 193.
White-rumped Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 60S. 2.
Rock Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. ;;. 60S.
Var. &. Versicolor, cerd albido^urfuraceA.
Of various colours, with the cere whitish.
Columba livia hispanica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 452.

28 DOMESTIC PIGEON.

Columba domestica hispanica. Linn. Syst. Nut. 1. p. 179. —

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 590.
Columba Romana. firm. Orn. 1. p. 71. — G met. Syst. Nat. 1.

p • ;;o.

Columba domestica major. Raii. Syn. p. GO. 1 .

Pigeon Romain. Buff. Oil. 2. p. 510.— Buff. PI. Enl. 110.—

Temm. Pig. (8vu.) p. IQ4.
Roman Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 608.
Var. y. Pedibus hirsuto~pennaceis.
With hairy feathers on the feet.
Columba livia dasypus. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 453.
Columba domestica dasypus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 279- —

Gmel. Syst. Nat. l.p. 77().— Biyu. Orn. 1. p. J3.—Lath. Ind.

Om.2.

Rough-footed Pigeon, lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 608.
Var. J. Pedibus hirsuto-pennaceis, capite cristato.
With hairy feathers on the feet, the head crested.
Columba livia cristata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 453.
Columba domestica cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. JJQ. —

Bras. Orn. l.p. 73. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 590.
Pigeon huppe. Bvff. Ois. l.p. 510.
Crested Pigeon. Lath. Gen.- Syn. 4. p. GOQ.
Var. e. Capite cristato, corpore riveo, pedibus plumosis.
With the head crested, the body snowy white, and the feet fea-
thered.

Columba livia Norvegica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 455.
Columba domestica Norvegica. Briss. Om. l. p. "Jt.—Gmcl.

Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 5QI.
Norway Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 609.
Var. £. Area oculorum nudd tuberculata furfur ace, macultl alarum

duplici nigricante.
With a naked tuberculated space round the eyes, and a double

dusky spot on the wings.

Columba livia Barbarica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 454.
Columba domestica Barbarica. Raii. Syn. p. GO. 8. — Briss.

Orn. 1. p. 74. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. [. p. 770.— Lath. Ind. Om.

2. 591.

Barbary Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p.
Var. ij. Pennif occipitis reflexo erectis.

DOMESTIC PIGEON. 29

With the feathers of the occiput erected.

Columba livia cucullata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 454.

Columba domestica cucullata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280. —

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770. — Linn. Faun. Xuec. 207. — Rait.

Syn. p. 6O. b. — Briss. Orn. 1. p. 79. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. gi.
Pigeon nonain. Bit/. Ois. '2. p* 19. — Temm. Pig. (8ro.) p.

197.
Jacobine Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 610. — Albin. Bird*. 3.

pi. 43.

Var. 0. Plumis minimis erectis, per dorsum alasquc dispcrsis.
With small erected feathers scattered over the back and wings.
Columba livia hispida. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 454.
Columba domestica hispida. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770. — Lath. Ind. Orn. l.p. 5Q\.
Pigeon frise. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 5 19.
Laced Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 610.
Var. i. Pennis in pectore recvrvis.
With the feathers on the breast recurved.
Columba livia turbita. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 455.
Columba domestica turbita. Linn. Syst. Nat. l.p. 260. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 1. p. 77.— Briss. Orn. 1. p. 75.—Raii. Syn. p. 60.

J.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592.
Pigeon a cravate. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 513. — Buff. PL Enl. 23.—

Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 197.
Turbit Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 6l 1 .
Var. x. CaudA erectd multipennae patuld.
With an erect open tail of many feathers.
Columba livia laticauda. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 455.
Columba domestica laticauda. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.—

Gmel. Sytt. Nat. 1. p. 7/0.— Ran. Syn. p. CO.— firm. Orn. 1.

p. 8O. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592.
Le Pigeon Paon. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 51. pi. 22.— Temm. Pig. (8ro.)

P- 199-

Columba ircmula. Briss. Orn. 1. p. 81. — Raii. Syn. p. 60. 4.
Broad and narrow-tailed shaker Pigeons. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.

611.2.

Var. X. sub volatu se gyrans.
During flight turning over.
Columba livia Gyratrix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 28O.— Crmr/.

30 DOMESTIC PIGEON.

Sytt. Nat. l. p. 771.— Raii. Syn. p. 6l. 10.— Brits. Orn. I.

p. 79. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592.
Le Pigeon culbutant. Bvff. Ois. 2. p. 517,—Temm. Pig. (8w.)

p. 201.

Tumbler Pigeon. La/7*. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 612.
Var. [L. Capite remigibus rectricibusque concoloribus, corporc diver-

sicolore.
With the head, quills, and tail-feathers of one colour, the body

varied.

Columba livia galeata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 456.
Columba domestica galeata. Linn. Syst. Nat. l.p. 280. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.— Raii. Syn. p. 61. 11.— Briss. Orn. 1.

p. SO.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592.
Pigeon cuirass£. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 515.
Helmet Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 612.
Var. v. Cera papillosa rubrd.
With a papillated red cere.

Columba livia Turcica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 456.
Columba domestica Turcica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 281. —

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.— Briss. Orn. l.p. 76.— Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. p. 593.

Pigeon Bagadais. Temm. Pig. (800.) p. 196.
Persian, or Turkish Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 612.
Var. £. Cera laid carunculata albidd, palpelris nudis.
With a carunculated bro;ul white cere, the palpebrae naked.
Columba livia Tabellaria. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 457.
Columba domestica Tabellaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 281. —

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.— Raii. Syn. p. 60. 5.— Briss. Orn.

1. p. 77. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 5Q3.
Carrier Pigeon. Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 16. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.

p. 6l3.—Albin. Birds. 2. pi. 45.
Var. o. Pectore inflato.
With the breast inflated.

Columba livia Gutturosa. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 457.
Columba domestica Gutturosa. Linn. Syst. Nat. J . p. 28O. —

Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 771. — Raii. Syn. p. 60. 2.-— Briss. Orn. l.p.

78.— Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. p . 593.
Le Pigeon grosse gorge. Buff". Ois. 2. p. 505.—Btif. PI. En4.

17. & 18.— Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 195.

DOMESTIC PIGEON. 31

Powter Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 613.

Var. w. Pectore inflate, cerd carunculatd.

With an inflated breast and carunculated cere.

Columba livia Eques. Ttmm. Pig. Ind. p. 458.

Columba domestica Eques. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 771. — Briss.

Orn. \.p. 78. — Raii. Syn. p. 6l. 2 — Lath. Ind. Or*. 2. 3<j3.
Horseman Pigeon. Albin. Birds, l.pl. 45. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.

p. 614.

Var. p. Sub volatu se gyrans, ac alasfortiter percussans.
During flight turning over, and making a loud noise with its

wings.

Columba livia percursor. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 458.
Columba domestica percursor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. fj\. —

Briss. Orn. 1 . p. 79. — Rail. Syn. p. 60. 9. — Lath. Ind. Orn.

2.^.593.

Smiter Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 614.
Var. <r. Cervice pennis jubte instar reversis.
With the feathers on the back of the neck reversed like the

mane of a horse.

Columba livia Jubata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 458.
Columba domestica Jubata. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 77 !•— Lath.

Ind. Orn. 2. p. 594.

Turner Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. Cl4.
Var. r. Corpore albo, macula frontis cauddqut concoloribus.
With a white body, a spot on the forehead, and the tail of an

uniform colour.

Columba livia frontalis. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 45Q.
Columba muculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 772.
Spot Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 615.

THIS is one of the most variable of the whole
class of birds, the varieties, by domestication, being
innumerable ; artd were each to be described, a
volume would not contain them : they are all sup-
posed to have originated from the species called
C. livia by authors ; and of which the following
is the description : length thirteen inches : the

32 DOMESTIC PIGEON.

head, the upper part of the back, the wing-coverts,
the breast and the belly, are grey striped with
bluish ; the wing-coverts being darkest : the lower
part of the back is white : the neck is of a fine
green, with rich reflections : the greater feathers
of the wing are dusky : the secondaries and the
greater coverts are grey, with blue markings ; they
are terminated with black, and form on each side
two transverse bands of that colour : the tail is
similar to the body ; the whole of its feathers are
dusky, and the outer one on each side has its ex-
terior web white : the beak is of a pale red : the
feet are red, and the claws black. Native of
Teneriff.

The principal variety is the C. domestica of
Linn£ ; this appears to be the first variation from
the wild state : it is of a less size, and its co-
lours vary considerably, some being wholly white,
others black or red, others have the plumage va-
riegated ; but the greatest number are of a grey-
blue ; and the neck has frequently a green-gold
reflection : but the generality of them are found to
have the lower part of the back white : the beak is
brown, its membrane at the base reddish, speckled
with white : the feet red.

The second variety, called the Roman Pigeon,
is rather larger, measuring fifteen inches in length :
it varies exceedingly in its colours and the shape
of its feathers : the beak is more or less red, in
some more dusky : some varieties are found with
the feet so completely covered with feathers, as
to prevent the bird from walking : others have the

DOMESTIC PIGEON. , 33

head crested, and can erect or depress the fea-
thers at pleasure : in all the base of the beak is of
a scurfy white. The Rough-footed Pigeon is a
variety of this, with feathers down to the toes:
the Crested Pigeon has the head crested and the
legs feathered : the Norway Pigeon has the head
and feet as in the last, but the body is of a snowy
white, and is as large as a fowl : the Barbary
Pigeon has a broad circle of mealy red flesh
surrounding the eyes : its irides are white ; the
plumage bluish, the wings with two blackish spots :
the Jacobine is the next ; it has the feathers of the
head and neck turning forwards, similarly to a
comb : the Laced Pigeon has red legs, the rest of
the body is white, and all the feathers are frizzled
or curled : another variety occurs, called the Trill
Back, with the tip of each feather bent upwards.
The Turbit Pigeon has the crown of the head
flat, and it differs from the rest in having the fea-
thers of the breast reflected both ways : the next,
called the Shaker, has a greater number of feathers
in the tail, which it always carries erect ; it is fre-
quently called the Fan-tail. The Tumbler is dis-
tinguished from the others by its continually tum-
bling round whilst Hying, by throwing itself back-
wards: this variety is greatly prized, so much as
eighty guineas having been given for an Almond
Tumbler, whicli is a slight variety. The Helmet
Pigeon has the head, quills, and tail of one colour,
which varies, and the rest of the body is always of
a distinct colour. The Persian Pigeon is dusky :
the beak yellow : the space round the eyes red :
v. xi. P. i. 3

34 DOMESTIC PIGEON.

the nostrils armed with small tubercles, and the
feet pale red. The Carrier is very like the last,
but has the space about the eyes and the beak
very mucli tuberculated ; this variety was formerly
made use of for conveying letters, which was
easily managed by letting fly one of these birds
that has been confined some time, as it never
failed to convey the letter to its destination,
always flying home in a direct line from the place
of starting ; it is said to move at a greater rate
than twenty-six miles in an hour.

We must not omit to mention another extra-
ordinary variety of this species, one which has the
power of inflating its crop with wind in a very
singular manner, till it is of an enormous size : it
is subject to great variation, and great sums of
money are frequently paid for scarce varieties ; it
is known by the name of the Powter Pigeon. The
Horseman Pigeon is a variety between the two last,
and is frequently employed in conveying letters,
as it never leaves the place of its birth voluntarily,
and has always a propensity to return. The Smiter
Pigeon is remarkable for making a great noise
with its wings during its flight. The Turner
Pigeon is distinguished by having a tuft of fea-
thers hanging down from the top of the head like
the mane of a horse. The Spot Pigeon, which is
the last variety of any note, has a spot of the same
colour as the tail on the forehead.

The above are not half the varieties that are de-
scribed in the works professedly treating on the
subject, which forms the amusement of many for

DOMESTIC PIGEON. 35

a long period of their lives ; those that wish to
be more acquainted with the subject, will do well
to consult Willoughby's Ornithology, Moore's Co-
lumbarium, and divers other pamphlets on the
Domestic Pigeons ; also Buffon's Birds, Tem-
minck Histoire Naturelle g£n£rale des Pigeons,
&c. in which two last works they will find an ample
account of the management of these birds at all
periods.

In the wild state, these Pigeons have two broods
in the year, and they lay their eggs in nests found
in holes of rocks or ruined towers : but in a do-
mestic one, they vary from three to twelve, ac-
cording to the state of confinement ; those that
are most domesticated, and are never suffered to
go abroad, having the latter number : they seldom
lay more than two eggs at a time, and generally
one proves a male, and the other a female bird :
the eggs take from fourteen to seventeen days in
being hatched. The Domestic Pigeons appear to
be kept in most parts of the civilized world : they
are not only esteemed a delicacy for the table, but
they are valued on other accounts, and their dung
serves as a good manure for some kinds of land ;
it is also useful for tanning the upper leathers of
shoes.

36

•
WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON.

( Columba leucocephala.)

Co. c&rulcscens, orbitis verticequt albis, remigibus rcctricibusque

fuscis, terries viridi nitente margine nigro.
Blue Pigeon, with the orbits and top of the head white, the

quills and tail brown, the cervix of a shining green, edged

with black.
Columba leucocephala. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 596. 5. — Lin. Sytt.

Nat. 1. 281. 14.— Gwe/. Syst. Nat. Iffl.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 45Q.

— Raii. Syn.p. 63. — IVils.Amer. Orn.
Columba saxatilis Jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 137. 33.
Le Pigeon de rocbe de la Jamaique. Buff". Ois. 2. p. 529.
Colombe a calotte blanche. Temm. Pig. p. 204.
Bald-pated Pigeon. Broun. Jam. p. 468.
White-crowned Pigeon. Catesl. Carol. 1. 65. — Penn. Arct.

Zool. 2. No. iBg.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 6l6.— Wils. Amer. Orn.

LENGTH thirteen inches : the beak red, with a
white tip : the eyes surrounded with a white
skin : the hides yellow.: the top of the head
white, forming a kind of cap ; beneath which it
is of a changeable purple : the neck is of a green
and blue colour, varied with a copper gloss ; the
hinder part of the neck is covered with feathers
of a scaly appearance, which reflect a metallic
tinge, and are terminated by a blackish border :
the upper and under parts of the body are of a
bluish-grey brown : the greater and lesser quills
brown : tail the same : the legs red, the claws
grey.

This bird inhabits Jamaica, St. Domingo, and

RING-TAILED PIGEON. 37

the Bahama islands ; it resides among the rocks,
and is found in great quantities : its principal
nourishment consists of the berries of the sweet
wood : it is very good food at certain times, when
it has been feeding on particular plants, but at
others it is very indifferent.

RING-TAILED PIGEON.
(Colutnba Caribaea. )

Co. carulescens, capite collo inferiore pectoreque purpurascentibus,

cauda fascia transvcrsd nigrd, ubdominc albo ; collum cvpreo

splendent.
Blue Pigeon, with the head, neck, and lower part of the breast

purplish ; the tail with a transverse black band ; the abdomen

white; the neck of a splendid copper.
Columba Caribaea. Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. 773.— Lath. Ind. Orn.

a. 603. 36. — Vieill. Ois. dc I'Atner. Sept. 4. — Temm. Pig. Ind.

45O. — Wils. Amer. Orn.
Columba cauda annulo cincta Jamaicensis. Brits. Orn, 1.

138. 34.

Columba cauda fascia notata. liaii. Syn. 63. If. p. 183. 22.
Pigeon a queue annulce de la Jamaique. Buff. Oil. 2. 539.
Colombe a queue annulce. Temm. Pig.Jam. second, pi. 10. — Id.

edit. 8ro. /;. 11-4.
King-tailed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 639. 33.— Lath. Syn.

p. 199-

LENGTH fifteen inches : the head, the under
part of the neck, and the breast, of a deep purple ;
the superior part of the neck of a changeable
green purple, varying in brilliancy according to

38 NEW ZEALAND PIGEON.

the light : the back , the rump, and the upper tail-
coverts of a bluish-ash : the wings, the scapulars,
and the whole of the greater quills of a dark
grey : the belly of a deep grey tinge, with purple
reflections : the tail-feathers, from their insertion
to the middle, of a deep grey, with a strong band
of black, towards their extremities dusky : the
beak is fleshy at the base, and of a reddish co-
lour ; its point yellow : the irides and the feet
deep red.

This species frequents the low grounds and the
cultivated parts of Jamaica: its principal nou-
rishment consists of various kinds of grain, and it
is particularly fond of the coffee berries : it appears
be spread over all the Antilles : greatly esteemed
for food. • > ,

NEW ZEALAND PIGEON.
(Columba Zealandica.)

Co. rubra, abdomine albo, uropygio ctervleo, caudA nigrd.

Red Pigeon, with a white abdomen, blue rump, and black tail.

Columba Zealandica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 603. 37. — Temm. Pig.

Ind. 464.

Columba Nova Zelandiae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 773.
Columba Haggarero. Temm. Pig. (8uo.) 371.
New Zealand Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 640. 34.

THIS species is a native of Dusky Bay, New
Zealand, and is called by the inhabitants the

PURPLE-BREASTED PIGEON. 39

Haggerero. It is of a very large size, measuring
seventeen inches and upwards : the beak is about
one inch in length, and is red, as are the eyes
and feet : the upper parts of this bird are of a
rufous-brown, changing on the front of the neck
to green tints : the wing-quills are dusky : the
rump is blue : the tail black, with its under sur-
face and all the lower parts of the body white :
the inferior coverts of the tail are bluish.

PURPLE- BREASTED PIGEON.
(Columba Eimensis.)

Co. fusco-virescens, fronte collogue subtus vinaceis, pcctore tectri-

cibusque alarvmftuco-rubris, fascia pectorali alb&.
Brown-green Pigeon, with the forehead and neck beneath vina-

ceous, the breast and wing-coverts of a red-brown, a white

fascia on the breast.
Columba Eimensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 699. 21. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 784. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 465.
Le Pigeon ramier a collier pourpre. Sonnini. edit. Buff", v. 7.

263.

Colombo a collier pourpre. Temm. Pig. (Qvo.) p. 372.
Purple-breasted Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 629 19.

THE length of this species is about fourteen
inches : the top of its head and its nape is brown ;
the forehead, the throat, and the front of the
neck are of a pale red, or vinaceous colour : the
sides of the neck are of a red brown : these co-

40 FERRUGINOUS-VENTED PIGEON.

lours change to a beautiful purple, according to
the light : the breast is marked with a kind of
girdle of purple, and one of white: the wing-
coverts afe of the same colour with the neck ; the
quills are dusky : the belly is of a dusky grey :
the legs are red and the feet black. Inhabits the
island of Eimeo in the South Seas.

FERRUGINOUS-VENTED PIGEON.

(Columba cristate.)

t

Co. cupitc-subcristato, colld pectoreque cinereo-albis, hvmeris spa-

diceis, crissoferrugineo, caudd nigricante.
Pigeon with the head slightly crested, the neck and breast of

an ashy white, the shoulders chesnut, the vent ferruginous,

and the tail dusky.

Columba cristata. Temm. Pig. Ind. 4-JQ.
Columba pacifica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 600. 2/. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1- 777-
Colombe largup. Temm. Pig. Jam. seconde pi. Enl. Q. — Id. edit.

Qvo. p. 108.
Ferruginous- vented Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 633. 24.

THIS species is rendered very remarkable by
being ornamented with a moveable tufted crest
on the occiput : its length is nearly fourteen
inches : the beak, which is one inch in length, is
greatly curved towards the point : the head, the
neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a grey
shade, with clear purple tinges : with metallic re-

SCOLLOP-NECKED PIGEON. 41

flections on the throat and the breast: beneath
the eyes, and on the throat, is a large patch of
earthy yellow colour : the shoulders, the scapu-
lars, and the lesser wing-coverts, are of a viola-
ceous purple, with rich reflections : the greater
coverts and the secondary feathers are dusky,
with a purplish reflection : the general colour of
the back, and the whole of the tail-feathers, is
dusky: the thighs, the abdomen, and also the
under tail-coverts, are of a beautiful ferruginous :
the greater quills are of a lively red : the feet are
red : and the beak and claws brown.

This fine species inhabits the Friendly Islands
in the South Seas.

SCOLLOP-NECKED PIGEON.
(Co hi nib; i speciosa.)

Co. fcrruginca, caudd nigricante, collo inferiore pecloreque rufo

albo purpureoque undulatis.
Ferruginous Pigeon, with a dusky tail, the neck beneath and

the breast undulated with rufous, white, and purple.
Columba speciosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 783. — Lot A. Ind. Orn.

2. 605. 45- — Temnt. Pig. Ind. 460.
Le Ramiret. Bit/. Ois. 2. 541.
Pigeon ramier de Cayenne. Bujf. PL Enl. p. 213.
Colombo nuniret. Temm. Pig. (Svo.J 20S.
Scollop- necked Pigeon. Lath. Ind. Orn. 4. 643. 3p.

NEAR fourteen inches in length : beak red, co-
vered with a white cere : the head ferruginous :

42 ROSE PIGEON.

neck and breast varied with rufous, white, and
purplish blue ; each feather being rufous at the
base, then white, with blue margins, giving that
part the appearance of a coat of mail : the shoul-
ders, the back, and the lesser wing-coverts are of a
ferruginous purple : the greater quills are of an
ashy brown ; the lesser are the same, but not so
dark : the tail is dusky : the belly, the abdomen, and
the inferior tail-coverts are whitish, with violaceous
tinges towards the sides : the feet are red, the
claws brown : the female is less brilliant in colour ;
the back and the wings are greyish ; the quills and
tail-feathers are of a grey brown ; and the under
parts of the body are of a dull white, with a slight
violet hue towards the sides. Inhabits Cayenne,
where it is abundant.

ROSE PIGEON.
• t\~ y

(Columba miniata.)

Co. cupite cano, partibus inferioribus vinacco-canis, cotto dorsogue
purpurco-violaceis, pcnrtis mediis caudce nigris, lateralibus albo
terminatis, humeris spadiceis, pennis colli bifiircu.

Pigeon with a hoary head j the under parts of the body of a
hoary red ; the neck and back of a purple- violet ; the middle
of the tail-feathers black, the lateral ones terminated by
white ; the shoulders chesnut-coloured ; the feathers of the
neck bifurcated.

Columba miniata. Temm. Pig. Ind. 46().

Grande Tourterelle de la Chine. S'.mncr. Voy. Ind. 2. 178-

Colomba Mordoree. Ttmm. Pig. (Q-co.) p. 36p.

LABRADOR PIGEON. 43

NATIVB of China : size of the common Pigeon :
the head is grey ; the upper part of the neck, the
belly, and the abdomen are of a clear greyish
red : the posterior part of the neck and the back
are of a deep violet purple : the feathers that cover
the sides of the neck are scalloped in the centre,
and terminated with a greyish red band : the
small feathers on the shoulders are of a deep rosy
or chesnut colour : the coverts are of an earthy
brown : the rump is of a grey lilac : the middle
tail-feathers are of a dusky black ; the lateral ones
are black for half the length, and tipped with
white : the under tail-coverts are white : the beak
is yellowish : the irides red : the feet brown.

LABRADOR PIGEON.
(Columba elegans )

Co. Jusca, occipite albicante-cano, pectore venire abdomineguc
canis, macula, rubcscenie-fusca in pectore, caudd cand fascia
tranrcersd nigrd.

Brown Pigeon, with the occiput of a hoary white ; the breast,
belly, and abdomen hoary ; a rufescent brown spot on the
breast ; the tail hoary, with a transverse black band.

Columba elegans. Temm. Pig. Ind. 466.

Colombo Labrador. Temm. Pig. (QvoJ p. 24O-

THE Labrador Pigeon was discovered, during
the voyage of Captain Baudin, to be a native of

44 LABRADOR 1'IGLON.

Dieman's Land : its total length is about eleven
inches : the forehead is of a bright red ; the occi-
put is marked with a grey-white spot ; and a stripe
of chocolate originating behind the eyes, forming
a kind of diadem ; there is another band of pure
white, and much narrower, reaching down the
side of the neck : the space between the beak and
the eye is brown : the nape, the scapulars, and a
large patch on the upper part of the breast, are of
a chocolate colour ; the sides of the neck, the
breast, the belly, and abdomen are of a fine deep
grey : the back, the rump, and the small coverts
of the wings, are of an olive-brown colour : the
middle coverts are ornamented with two broad
transverse bands of colour, having the richness of
precious stones, the superior one possessing the
tints of the ruby and opal, and the lower those of
the sapphire and emerald ; the brilliant feathers
are terminated with a beautiful silvery white : the
greater and lesser quills are red on their interior
webs for three-fourths of their length, their points
and exterior webs are brown ; the inner part of
the wing is of a dusky red : the tail-feathers on
their interior webs and part of the exterior are
grey, with a black band passing across, which
is terminated with brownish : the tail is somewhat
rounded j it is composed of fourteen feathers : the
feet are red ; and the beak black.

4.5

PICAZU PIGEON.

(Columba maculata.)

Co. capite et parte colli anteriori vinaceis, utroque later e colli ni-
grescente albo tertninato, dorso uropygioque cceruleo-plumbcis^
alia et cauddfuscis, pennis caudte atro terminatis.

Pigeon with the head and anterior part of the neck vinaceous ;
both sides of the neck dusky, terminated by white ; the back
and rump blue- lead colour; the wings and tail brown, the
feathers of the latter terminated with dusky.

Columba Picazuro. Temm. Pig. Ind. 44Q.

Colombe Picazuro. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. 111.

DESCRIBED by Temminck : in length thirteen
inches and a half: the tail is composed of twelve
round feathers : the eyes are situated in a naked
space, which reaches to the angles of the mouth :
the whole of the head, the throat, and the fore
part of the neck, of a vinaceous red : the feathers
of the upper part of the sides of the neck are
rounded and dusky, with white spots in shape of
a horse-shoe : the back and rump are of a lively
lead colour : the upper part of the back and the
wings are brown ; with the extremity of the tail
dusky : the under parts of the body are bluish :
the inferior wing-coverts and those of the tail are
of a bright blue-lead colour: the tarsi are of a
reddish violet : the irides are fine red, and the
rest of the eye of a blood red : the beak is blue,
and is covered with a whitish powder. The female
rather less than the male, and her colours are less
brilliant. It inhabits Paraguay.

46

SPOTTED GREEN PIGEON.
(Columba Picazuro.)

Co. saturate viridis, corpore rufra albido-maculato abdomint nigri-

cante, cauda nigrd apice ferrugined.
Dark-green Pigeon, with the body above spotted with whitish,

the abdomen dusky, and the tail black, with a ferruginous

tip.
Columba maculata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 60S. 43. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. l. 780.—Temm. Pig. 465. (Ind.)
Spotted Green Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 642. 3 7.

THE Spotted Green Pigeon of Latham is in
length twelve inches : its beak is black, tipped with
pale yellow : the prevailing colour of the plumage
is dark glossy green ; the head and neck are
darkest, and of a plain colour : the feathers of the
latter are long and narrow, like a cock's hackles :
each feather of the wings and scapulars is tipped
with a spot of pale cinereous white, with a point
running upwards in a triangular position : the
quills and tail are black ; the feathers of the first
tipped with greyish white, and those of the last
with ferruginous white ; the tail is even at the
end : the belly, thighs, and vent, are dusky black :
the legs are brown : the tarsi covered half way
with downy feathers : claws black.

47

GREY-HEADED PIGEON.
(Columba Javanica.)

Co. viridis capite ceeruho-albo, collo pectoreqve vinaceo-rubris,

abdomine obscuriore, remigibus rectricibusque cteruleo-nigri-

cantibus.
Green Pigeon, with the head of a blue white, the neck and

breast of a vinaceous red, the abdomen obscure, the quills

and tail-feathers of a dusky blue.
Columba Javanica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 610. 60. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 781. 55. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 46S.
Columba albicapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 755. 8. — Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 597. 11.
Columba I ndica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785. — Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.

284.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 598. 16.
Columba cseruleocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6lO. 6|.
Colombe aganocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 781. 56.
Columba Turvert. Buff. Ois. 2. 556.— Bvf. PI. Enl. 177.—

Temm. Pig. (Qvo.J p. 252.
Le Pigeon vert & tete gris d'Antigue. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 1 12.

pi. 66.

Le Pigeon ramier d'Amboine. Briss. Orn. 1. 150. pi. 15. f. 1.
Green-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 625. 14. — Lath. Syn.

Sup. 198. — Edwards, pi. 14.
Javan Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 654. 51.
Blue-crowned Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 655. 52.
Grey-headed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 623. 11.

THE Grey-headed Pigeon is about the size of
the Turtle Dove : its length is ten inches : the
fore part of the head is white, with a fillet of that
colour passing through the eyes ; the top of the
head bluish ; the sides, neck, and breast reddish :
that of the hind part of the neck darkest : the

48 GREY-HEADED PIGEON.

back and the whole of the wing-coverts green-
gold, glossed with copper, according to the po-
sition with respect to the light ; some of the lesser
coverts have their feathers tipped with white,
giving an agreeable change to the plumage : the
lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper
tail-coverts are ash-coloured : the belly, the thighs,
and the feathers beneath the tail are brown, with
a slight tinge of red : the under tail-coverts are
reddish-brown : the wing-quills are of a deep
brown ; on their inner webs inclining to red :
those of the tail are black, except the two outer
ones on each side, which are ash-coloured, and
tipped with black : the tail is rather short : the
beak is reddish, the membrane at the base bluish:
the feet are red, and the claws clear brown.

This species is subject to slight variations in its
plumage, being found with the whole of the head
of a dusky colour, and the plumage generally of a
dingy cast : the breast and the neck of a reddish-
brown.

Inhabits the whole of the islands in the Indian
ocean, and'many parts of the south of Asia, espe-
cially Ceylon ; it is also in great abundance in
Java and Sumatra, frequenting the vast forests of
those places. Sonnerat observed it in the islands
of Panay and Antigua. The Chinese give it the
name of Yaupaun : the Javanese that of Bouron
Glimonhane. •**

49

JAMBOO PIGEON.
(Columba Jamboo.)

Co. viridis, capite rubro, gvld nigra pectore abdomineque albot
ftucid pectorali rosactd. Femina, corpore collo pectoreque i j-
ridibitSjJronte guliiquej'uscis, abdominc albido.

Green Pigeon, with the head red, the throat black, the breast
and abdomen white, and a rosy band on the breast. Female,
with the body, neck, and breast, greenish, the forehead and
throat brown, and the abdomen white.

Columba Jamboo. Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. 784. — Lath. Ind. On.
2. 598. l8.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 469.

Colombe Jamboo. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) 257.

Pooni Jamboo. Maund. Sutnat. p. 84.

Jamboo Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 627. 16.

THE Jamboo Pigeon received its name from the
colour of the fore-part of the head and cheeks,
which resembles that of the blossom of the Jam-
boo : it is a very elegant bird, and measures about
nine inches and a half in length : the whole of
the head and cheeks are of a fine carnation hue :
the throat is marked with a longitudinal stripe of
black : on the breast is a kind of shield of an oval
form, and rosy in colour : the whole of the under
parts of the body are of a fine deep green tinge :
the inferior parts are white : the upper part of the
tail is black ; the whole of the feathers terminated
with white ; the under coverts are of a brown
colour : the feet are red, and the claws yellow.

The female differs a little from the male in the
v. xi. P. i. 4

5O BLACK-RINGED PIGEON.

arrangement of the colours : the whole of the
upper parts of the body and the breast are of an
uniform greenish tinge : the shield on the latter
is of a brown-green : the throat is brown ; the
belly and the rump are of a whitish-grey : the
flanks of the body are varied with spots more or
less green : the tail beneath is dusky, and the
whole of its feathers are tipped with greyish.

This seems to be a scarce species, not ap-
pearing to be much known to collectors of birds.
It is found in Sumatra : its favourite food is the
berries of the Rumpooni : but in a state of cap-
tivity it will feed upon boiled rice.

BLACK-RINGED PIGEON.
(Columba cincta.)

Co. capite collo pectoreque Jlavescenlc-albo, cingulo atro pectiu cin-
gente, dorso alisque nigricantibus, ventre, crurilms abdomineque
jlavis, caud& cano terminal d.

Pigeon with the head, neck, and breast of a yellowish-white ;
the breast encircled with a dark ring ; the back and wings
dusky j the belly, thighs, and abdomen yellow j the tail
tipped with hoary.

Columba cincta. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 466.

Colombe & cinturon noir. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 243.

LENGTH thirteen inches : a kind of white hood
covers the whole of the head and the top of the

MARTINICO PIGEON. 51

neck ; this colour reaches down towards the breast,
which is yellowish ; on the lower part of which is
a large black velvety belt passing upwards, close
to the base of the wing, forming a kind of mantle
of a greenish-black on the upper part of the back ;
and reaching some deep green shades upon the
greater feathers of the wing ; the six outer ones
being somewhat rounded at their tips : the rump
is greenish : the tail is composed of fourteen fea-
thers ; its upper parts are of a black-green ; the
whole of the feathers are terminated with grey,
and a stripe of greenish : below the tail is ash-
coloured, and the tips of the feathers are white :
the belly, the thighs, and the abdomen are of a
beautiful yellow : the tail-coverts are grey, fringed
with yellow on the borders of the feathers : the
tarsi are covered with feathers : the feet are yel-
low : the beak yellowish-brown.
Native of Southern Asia.

MARTINICO PIGEON.
(Columba aurita.)

Co. fusco-rufescens torque violacco-aured, alit nigro-muculatis,
gutture albo, partibus inferioribvs cinerasccntibus, rcctricilus in-
termtdiis fufds cecteris nigro tcrminatis, npice summo albo.
Mas. Pennis ceeruleis rr aureo nittnte sub orifids auris.

Brown-red Pigeon, with a violet golden collar, the wings spot-
ted with black, the throat white, the inferior parts of the

52 MART1N1CO PIGEON.

body ash-coloured j the intermediate tail-feathers brown, the
rest tipped with black, the tip itself white. Male, with blue
shining golden feathers under the aperture of the ears.

Columba aurita. Temm. Pig. Lid. 467.

Columba leucoptera. Linn. Syst. Nat. l. 617. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 7/3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5Q5. 6.

Columba Martinicana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5Q5. 7. a,.—~Britt. Orn.
1. 104. 14.

Columba Indica. Briss. Orn. 1. 105.

Turtur auritus. Ruii. Syn. p. 1 84.

Le Pigeon brun tachetee. D'Azara. Voy. Amcr. merid. 4. 132.
322.

Colombe a Oreillon bleu. Temm. Pig. (8w.) p. 247-

Brown Indian Dove. Edw. Birds, p. 76.

White- winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 617. 6.

Martinico Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 618. 7.

FOUND in Martinique, and other of the West
Indian islands, also on the South American con-
tinent. Length ten inches : the head, the throat,
the neck, and the breast are chesnut varied with
purple ; the feathers surrounding the lower part
of the neck have a gilded violet gloss, and form a
sort of collar: the male has eight or ten blue
golden glossed feathers on each side the head
above the ears, which form a conspicuous cha-
racter : the back, the rump, the wing-coverts, and
the upper parts of the tail are of a brown, varied
with red, with several black spots on the greater
wing-coverts nearest the body : the belly, the
thighs, and the under tail-coverts light fulvous,
with a vinaceous tinge : the greater quills of the
wings are dusky, with their outer margins whitish :
the secondaries are of a brown-black, with grey-
ish-white tips : the two intermediate tail-feathers

INDIAN PIGEON. 53

are of the same colour as the middle of the back ;
the others brown for two-thirds of their length,
with the outer margins rufous, the inner deep ash,
the rest of their length black, with grey tips : the
exterior feather is grey on the outside the whole
length : the beak and the claws are black : the
feet red.

It varies in having caerulean spots on the wings
of a golden hue, and in the secondary quills being
terminated with white.

INDIAN PIGEON.
(Columba Asiatica.)

Co. cinereo-tiridis, capite cinereo, maculd alarum corporeque tubtus
albis, remigibus nigris albo extus marginatis.

Brown-green Pigeon, \\yth the head ash-coloured, a spot on the
wings and the body beneath white, the quills black, exter-
nally bordered with white.

Columba Asiatica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 597. 14. — Temm. Pig.
Ind. 467.

Indian Pigeon. Lath. Syn. Sup. 2O2. 60. y.

" LENGTH eleven inches : beak bluish at the base ;
towards the tip white : head ash colour : neck
pale yellowish-green ; lower part of the neck all
round, the middle of the wing near the shoulders,
and all the under parts, white : the whole of the

54 CAYENNE PIGEON.

outer edge of the wings and the quills black, with
whitish edges : body above and tail greenish-ash
colour ; end of the tail dusky : legs bluish : claws
black. Inhabits India." Latham has described
the above as a species ; but Temminck seems to
think that it is not distinct :* further observation
may furnish us with the true state of the subject.

CAYENNE PIGEON.

(Columba Ruffina.)

»•"•-,
Co. subviolacea, guld, remigibus, rectridbusque grisctscentibus ,

dorso postice griseo-cxrulescente. Mas. plumis occipitalibus

viridi- n itentibus.
Subviolet Pigeon, with the throat, quills, and tail-feathers

greyish ; the back behind of a grey-blue. Male, with the

feathers of the occiput of a shining green.
Columba ruffina. Teinm. Pig. Ind. 4QJ.
Colombe roussette. Tcmm. Pig. (8uo.)*245.
Pigeon ramier de Cayenne. Jtunn. tab. Ency. Orn. p. 234. 8.

A NEW species described by Temminck : it is
eleven inches and a half in length: its wings are
very short in proportion to its tail : the under
part of its neck, the upper part of its back, and
the lesser wing-coverts are of a deep red, shaded
with a tint of violet ; which latter colour pre-
dominates over the belly, which is shaded with
greyish-vinaceous towards the thighs : the ab-

BLACK-CAPPED PIGEON. 55

domen and the inferior tail-coverts are grey ; the
greater and lesser wing-quills, and those of the
tail, are of a greyish-ash ; the former having a
bright grey margin on their outer webs. The
back, the rump, and the inferior wing-coverts are
of a bluish-grey : the throat is white. The males
are distinguished by a patch of golden green on
the occiput ; the females have the plumage in
general less vivid, and the patch on the occiput is
of a reddish-violet colour : the beak, in both, is of
a livid colour, the feet are red, and the claws
brown.

This species is found in Guiana, and in the
islands of Cuba, St. Domingo, and Jamaica.

BLACK-CAPPED PIGEON.
(Columba melanocephala.)

Co. viridis, capite cinerascentt, occipite nigro, guld, abdomineque

flam*, critso purpureo-coccineo, caudd cequaH.
Green Pigeon, with the head dusky, the occiput black, the

throat and abdomen yellow, the vent of a scarlet-purple, the

tail equal.
Columba melanocephala. Gmel. Sytt. Nat. 1. 781. 54.— Lath.

Ind. Orn. 2. 610. Sg.—Tcmm. Pig. lad. 470.
Turvert. Buff. Ois. 2. 555.
Tourterelle de Batavia. Buff. PI. Enl. 214.
Colombe Turgris. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 263.
Black-capped Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 654. 50.

56 WHITE-WHISKERED PIGEON.

NEARLY nine inches in length : the head of a
pale bluish-ash colour ; the back part of it black ;
the chin and throat of a fine deep yellow : neck,
and the prevailing colour of the body, fine deep
green : vent orange-yellow : some of the feathers
on the outside of the thighs tipped with the same:
inside of them white : the tail equal ; its six mid-
dle feathers green ; the rest whitish at their tips :
the coverts, with the exterior feathers, deep crim-
son : the tarsi covered with green feathers : the
beak is of a horn colour : the feet are of a red-
dish-brown ; and the irides of a brownish-red. It
is found in Java : inhabits the great woods.

WHITE-WHISKERED PIGEON.
( Columba Mystacea.)

Co. gula maculaque transversa infra oculos albis, collo antlce
cerviceque viridi et violaceo nitentibus,pectore ventreque tinaccis,
dor so tectricibusque alarum fuscis , remigibus rufis.

Pigeon with the throat and transverse spot beneath the eyes
white ; the anterior part of the neck and the cervix green,
shining with violet j the breast and belly vinaceous j the back
and wing-coverts brown ; the quills rufous.

Columba mystacea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 473.

Colombe a moustaches blanches. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 275.

ELEVEN inches and a half in length: this is
well distinguished by a broad band of white, which

GARNET-WINGED PIGEON. 57

arises at the base of the beak, and is continued
beneath the eyes to the nape : the upper parts of
the head, the greater and lesser wing-coverts, the
back, the rump, and the two intermediate tail-
feathers are of a deep brown, changing, according
to the light, to a metallic tinge : the sides of the
neck, the upper parts of the back and the breast
are of a green gold, changing to an elegant rich
violet-purple : the breast is vinaceotis, with lively
reflections : the belly is also vinaceous ; which
colour is gradually absorbed in the white of the
abdomen and the under coverts of the tail : the
primary and secondary .quills, the rest of the wing,
and the lateral tail-feathers are of a bright red :
a naked space near the eyes, and the beak and feet
are rufescent ; the point of the former yellowish.
Inhabits America.

GARNET-WINGED PIGEON.
(Columba erythroptera.)

Co. nigra, cervice hnmeris tectricibusque alarum ruberrimis, dorso
rcmigibutquc nigris, fronte superciliit gutture pcctorcque albis,
cauda a medio ad apicem cinerta.

Black Pigeon, with the cervix, shoulders, and wing-coverts
reddish; the back and quills black; the forehead, eyebrows,
throat, and breast white j the tail from the middle to the tip
cinereous.

58 GARNET-WINGED PIGEON.

Columba erythroptera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 775. 1O.— Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 597. 15. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 473.
Le Pigeon a ailes rouges. Sonnini. Buff. 7. 223.
Colombe erythroptere. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 273.
Garnet-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 624. 13.

NINE inches and a half in length : beak dusky
yellow, or black : the forehead white ; from thence
a streak of the same passes over each eye to the
hind -head, which is black, as is also the nape : the
lower part of the neck behind, the shoulders, and
the wing-coverts are of a fine deep garnet colour :
the back between the wings, the quills, tail, lower
part of the -breast, belly, and vent are all black :
the tail is greyish-ash colour at the base, and the
end black : the under part plain dusky : the legs
brown.

This varies slightly, having the forehead, throat,
fore part of the neck, and breast, white ; hind part
of the neck dusky : over the eye a ferruginous
streak, passing a little downward on each side of
the neck : back dusky black : belly dusky : quills
and tail blackish : in other respects similar to the
above : this variety most probably indicates only
a different sex, or a younger bird.

Native of the Society and other Islands of the
vast Southern Pacific Ocean.

VIOLET PIGEOV.
(Columba violacea.)

Co.Jronte collo venire abdomineque albis, pectore ex candicante
violaceo, partibus supcrioribus ex viulaceo rufo, cervice et parte
dorsi superiore violaceo ex aureo nitente.

Pigeon with the forehead, neck, belly, and abdomen, white ;
the breast of a hoary violet; the upper parts of the body
violet-red ; the cervix and superior part of the back violet,
with a trold gloss.

Columba violacea. Tcmm. Pig. Ind. 470.

Colombe a nuque violette. Tcmm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 26O.

NATIVE of South America : nine inches in
length : the upper parts of its body, comprising
the wings and the whole of the tail-feathers, are
of a beautiful deep red-purple : the greater wing-
quills are reddish : on the nape are some brilliant
feathers, forming a kind of collar of a fine violet,
with golden reflections : the forehead, the throat,
the belly, the sides, the abdomen, and the under
tail-coverts are of a pure white : the breast is tinged
of a violet-purple, with bronzed reflections : the
eyes are placed in a reddish space : the beak and
the feet are reddish.

60

VLOUVLOU PIGEON.
(Columba holosericea.)

Co. viridit, gula alba, fascia alba in peclore, alter &quc nigrd, ali$
Jasciis duobus cants, ventre tectricibusque caudce inferioribus
Jlavis, remigibus ad apicem bifurcis.

Green Pigeon, with a white throat, the breast with a white
fascia, and another of black; the wings with two hoary
fasciae ; the belly and under tail-coverts yellow j the quills
bifurcated at their tips.

Columba holosericea. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 4J\.
Colombe vlouvlou. Temm. Pig. (Qvo.) p. 269.

THIS magnificent Pigeon has the whole of the
upper parts of the' plumage, the wings, the neck,
the breast, and the sides of a delicate green,
changing according to the light : on one part of
the neck is a pure white longitudinal fascia, a
girdle of black is next, and towards the lower part
of the breast it is lost among the yellowish-green
tinge of the belly : on the wings are two large
bands of greyish-silver : the greater coverts are
greyish, with green towards their tips: the se-
condary quills are green on the outer edges : the
primaries are varied with grey-silver, shaded with
green : the interior webs at the extremity of the
feathers are black : the tail is of the same green as
the body, with a zone of a darker colour towards
their extremity ; the under part of the tail is grey,
and its coverts are yellow : the feathers on the
tarsi are white : the feet are grey : the beak is

MASKED PIGEON. 6l

black : the quill-feathers are of a very singular
construction, being curved, for about three-fourths
of their length, in the shape of a sabre, towards
their extremities describing an inverted parabola ;
they are likewise divided into two parts towards
their extremities ; the interior webs being pro-
longed in the form of a rounded point, and the
exterior ones being terminated in a sharp point.
Found in the Sandwich islands.

The whole of the plumage of these birds has a
rich velvety appearance.

MASKED PIGEON.

(Columba larva ta.)

Co. Jade alba, collo, cervice pectoreque violaccis, viridi aureo
variantibuSf alls dorsoquejuscis, abdomine rufo,

Pigeon with a white face ; the neck, cervix, and breast viola-
ceous, varied with green-gold 5 the wings and back brown :
the abdomen rufous.

Columba larvata. Tcmm. Pig. Ind. p. 471.

Colombe a masque blanc. Le Vaill. Ou. D'Afriq. v. 6. pi. 269.
— Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 266.

DISCOVERED by Le Vaillant, and by him de-
scribed in his splendid work on the African birds :
it is well discriminated by a white mark that covers
the forehead : the cheeks and the throat, as well
as the whole of the neck, the breast, the shoulders,

62 TAMBOUR PIGEON.

and the rump, are of a brownish-red, changing to
purple or green, with a polished steel gloss, ac-
cording to the position with respect to the light :
the under parts of the body, as also the under
tail-coverts, are of an uniform red : the wing-quills
are dusky, externally bordered with grey-blue, as
are those of the tail : the beak is bluish : the legs
are of a vinaceous red, and the eyes are orange.
The female differs from the male in being plainer
in colour.

This bird was observed to be very abundant in
the woods of the Antiniquoi : it is very difficult to
kill, as it seeks shelter in the most inaccessible
places among the trees.

TAMBOUR PIGEON.
(Columba Tympanistria.)

Co. fronte superciliis et pariibus inferioribus albis, collo dorso

alisqve oUvaceo-Jvscis, remigibus rujis, cuuda fused, fascia nigrd

in extremitate trium pennarum.
Pigeon \\ith the forehead, eyebrows, and under parts of the

body white; the neck, hack, and wings of an oli ve- brown ;

the quills rufous, the tail brown,- and a black fascia at the tip

of three of its feathers.

Columba Tympanistria. Temm. Pig. Ind. 475.
Tourterelle Tambourette. Le VailL Ois. d'Afriq. 6. p. 2/2.
Colombe Tambourette. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 287 .

TAMBOUR PIGEON. 63

LE VAILLANT was induced to give this the name
it bears, from the circumstance of its cooing re-
sembling the sound of a tambourine at a distance :
it is an active species, and wild : its nest is built
in the great African woods on the summit of
trees : it is nine inches and a quarter in length :
the forehead, superciliae, and the whole of the
under parts of the body are pure white : the upper
part of the head, the hinder part of the neck, and
the shoulders are of an earthy-brown : the wing-
coverts nearest the body are spotted with blue-
black, with a green reflection : the quills are
rufous on their interior webs, and brown on the
outer ; the outer feather is the shortest of all,
and its extremity is injured on the outer web :
the rump is of a grey-brown, with two darker
bands : the tail is composed of twelve feathers ;
the six middle ones are of a red-brown ; the fol-
lowing one on each side is of that colour on the
outer web, its inner web is grey at the base, and
tipped with black ; the two lateral feathers on
each side are grey at their bases, and black to-
wards their extremities ; the tip is grey : the feet
are yellow : the beak and iris are brown. The
female is of a dirty white in those parts where the
male is pure white ; in other respects the sexes
are similar. Inhabits Caffraria.

64

SUPERB PIGEON.
(Columba superba.)

Co. viridu, capitc purpureo, cervice subrubicundd, collo cano, alee
spuriac cingulo cccruleis, maculis ovatis ex ccerulcscente nigris in
tectricibus alarum, abdomine tectricibusque subcauda albis.

Green Pigeon, with the head purple, the top reddish, the neck
hoary, the spurious wing with a blue stripe, the wing-co-
verts with ovate blue-black spots, the abdomen and under
tail-coverts white.

Columba superba. Temnt. Pig. Ind. 474.

Colombe Poukiobou. Temm. Pig. (8t?o.) p. 277.

NINE inches and a half in length : the head is
adorned with a violet cap : the occiput and the
cheeks are of a delicate green : the nape is of
a reddish-brown : the shoulders, the back, the
greater and middle wing-coverts are of a brilliant
green, shaded with olivaceous tints : the wing-
coverts are adorned with ovate blue-black spots
towards their extremities : the bastard wing is of
a violet-blue : the secondary quills are black on
their interior webs, and of a deep green without ;
the whole of the feathers, as well as the coverts,
are slightly edged with yellowish : the quills are
blackish, bordered with yellowish-white : the tail
is composed of sixteen feathers, and is of an olive-
green at its origin, a beautiful green in the centre,
and tipped with white, shaded with greenish ; the
three lateral feathers on each side are black ; the
others are the same on their inner webs : the

GREEN PIGEON. 65

vinder part of 'the tail is grey, tipped with white:
all the feathers of the neck are violet at their bases,
and towards their extremity grey ; which causes
that part to assume various shades according to
the light : the breast is adorned with a bluish
crescent : the belly and abdomen are white : the
sides are green, with white spots : the under tail-
coverts are white at their origin, with oblong green
spots on their inner webs : the eyes, which are si-
tuated in a naked spot, ar ered : the beak is horn-
coloured: the feet are reddish. Native of Ota-
heite and other of the Society Islands.

GREEN PIGEON.
(Columba viridis.)

Co. cenea, collo snbtus pttrpureo-violaceo, rectricibus lateralibus

apice sulphur eis.
Brassy Pigeon, with the neck beneath of a purple violet, the

lateral tail-feathers at the tip sulphureous.
Columba viridis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. p. 23. Gmel. Syst.

Nat. }. 780. 23.— Lath. Ind. Om.l.GQQ. 58.—Temm.Pig.

Ind. 472.

Turtur viridis amboinensis. Briss. Orn. ]. 152. 43. t. \5.f. 2.
Le Turvert. Buff. Ois. 2. 55.
La Tourterelle a gorge pourpree d'Amboine. Buff". PI. Enl.

142.

(Oln ml ic a gorge pourpree. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 374.
Green Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 653. 49.

V. XI. P. I. 5

66 PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON.

NEARLY eight inches in length : the beak is red :
the fore-part of the head and the throat are ash-
coloured : the hind-part of the head and neck, the
back, rump, upper tail and wing-coverts, breast,
belly, sides and thighs, green-gold, with a coppery
gloss : the fore-part of the neck a brilliant violet
purple : the greater wing-coverts above have the
outer edges at the tip brimstone ; the under wing-
coverts ash-colour: the quills are blackish, with
their outer edges and tips of the same colour as
the body: the tail is blue-green, glossed with
copper; the two middle feathers are plain, and
incline to dusky on the inner webs ; the others
are all tipped with brimstone-colour : beneath they
all appear blackish, with the tips of a dirty white ;
and the under tail-coverts of a greenish white : the
legs are red, and half covered with feathers ; the
claws grey-brown. Inhabits the island of Amboina.

PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON.
(Columba purpurata.)

Co. viridis, fronte purpurascentt, capite collogue cinereo-albis,

crissojlavoi apice caudce virescente, remigibus nigris.
Green Pigeon, with the forehead purple, the head and neck

greyish white, the vent yellow, the tip of the tail greenish,

and the quills black.
Columba purpurata. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. 784. 64.— Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 598. 17. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 474.

PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON. 6?

Colombc Kurukuru. Temm. Pig. (8t>o.) p. 280.
Purple-crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 626. IS.

LENGTH nine inches: beak yellowish: irides
pale yellow : forehead, to the middle of the crown,
purple*: the head, neck, and under parts of the
body, are of a pale green, inclining to ash-colour :
vent and under tail- coverts yellow : all the upper
parts of the body of a beautiful deep green, and
very glossy : quills black ; the two outer ones
wholly so, the others edged with green ; the se-
condaries edged with yellow on their outer mar-
gins : the tail is three inches and a half long, the
feathers even, all of them somewhat pointed at the
end ; the colour greenish black, the outer edges
green : when the tail is expanded a greyish bar
appears near the end, composed of spots of that
colour on the inner webs of each feather : the legs
are very rough, and dusky black : claws black.

This species is subject to considerable variety ;
one is mentioned which came from the isle of
Timor, which had the forehead and occiput of a
dark violet purple, surrounded with a yellow band :
the green on the upper parts was of a dark blue
cast : the coverts fringed with yellow : the belly
and abdomen green : the feet of a reddish brown :
and the beak entirely black. The young of this
bird has the forehead of a greyish blue, surrounded
by a yellow olive band : the occiput, the neck, and
the breast, with tints of grey and dirty yellow : the
wings, the back, and the tail, of a deep dull green ;
the whole of the feathers are fringed with ochra-

68 STRIATED PIGEON.

ceous : the tip of the tail has a slender deep grey
band : the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail-
coverts shaded with olive and grey-green : the
beak grey : the legs brown.

The natives of the islands where this splendid
bird is found have given it a distinguishing name :
those of Tongataboo calling it Kurukuru, by the
Otaheiteans it is called Oopa or Oopow. It is said
by Latham to be easily tamed, and that it lives on
the banana.

STRIATED PIGEON.
(Columba Sinica.)

Co.Jiaca nigro-fasciata, abdominesubsanguineo, remigibus nigris,
tectricibus alarum majoribus intermediis albis.

Brown Pigeon, fasciated with black, the abdomen of a blood-
red tinge, the quills black, and the intermediate greater wing-
coverts white.

Columba Sinica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 28. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 783. 28.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 608. 52. Temm. Pig.
Ind. 472.

Turtur sinensis striatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 107. 16-

Tourterelle ray6e de la Chine. Buff. Ois. 2. 556.

Colombe a ventre rouge. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 373.

Striated Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 650. 43.

FOUND in China: ten inches and a half in length :
the beak bluish ash-colour : irides white : the top
of the head ash-colour : cheeks and sides of the

GEOFFROY'S PIGEON. 69

neck yellow ; the tips of the feathers of the latter
red, which colour is separated from the upper part
of the neck by a longitudinal band of blue : the
hind part of the head, the upper part of the neck,
the back, the rump, and upper tail-coverts, are
brown, transversely striped with slender black
arched bands : the breast, belly, sides, and thighs,
are rose-coloured : the lesser wing-coverts are pale
brown, varied with a black and white transverse
mark near the tip of each feather : the other co-
verts are black, with white tips : quills black, with
white edges : the tail of a palish brown : the legs
red, and the claws white.

GEOFFROY'S PIGEON.

(Columba Geoffroii.)

Co. cano-alba, in carpo ulce quinque out sex maculis violaceis

viridi-nitentibus, aliisque septem out octo maculis fuscis in

alarum eitremo remigibus nigrescente-Juscis.
Hoary white ; in the bend of the wing five or six violaceous spots

glossed with green, and seven or eight brown ones at the tip

of the wing ; the quills of a dusky brown.
Columba Geoffroii. Temm. Pig. Ind. 476.
Colombo Geoffroy. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 1QJ.

EIGHT inches in length : the whole of the head
and under part of the neck is of a greyish white
hue : the rest of the body is of a greyish hue : the

70 WHITE PIGEON.

tail is of a whitish blue, and more clear than the
head : the upper parts of the shoulders are orna-
mented with five or six violet-black spots, which
change to green in various positions : the greater
wing-coverts are marked with seven or eight simi-
lar spots, of which three are of the colour of the
rest of the wing, and the other five of a tobacco
colour ; each spot is bordered with a transverse
black line : the quills are of a dusky brown, as is
the beak : the feet are red. Inhabits Bengal.
Named by Temminck after Geoffroy St. Hillaire.

WHITE PIGEON.
(Columba alba.)

Co. corpore albo, caudA brew.
Pigeon with a white body and short tail.
Columba alba. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 484.
Colombe blanche. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 333.

THIS greatly resembles the white variety of C.
risoria, but it is much less than that bird, and its
tail is considerably shorter; the wings are also
longer in proportion : the whole of the plumage is
of a pure milk-white colour: the feet are red:
irides the same ; and the beak is of a dusky red :
originally a native of China, but now domesticated
in many parts of Europe.

71

COLLARED SENEGAL PIGEON.

(Columba risoria.)

Co. supra lutescens subtus alba, lunula cervicali rtigra*

Pigeon above yellowish, beneath white, with a black lunule on

the back of the neck.
Columba risoria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 .

787-33.— Lath.Ind. Orn.l.GOJ.Sl.— Temm.Pig. Ind.p.48l.
Columba vinacea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. fill. 63. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. i. 782.57-

Turtur torquatus. Driss. Orn. 1. Q5.

Turtur torquatus Senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 124. t. l.f. 1.
Turtur indicus. Rail. Syn. p. fil. 3.
La Tourterelle a collier. Buff. Ois. 2. 55O. pi. 26. — Buff. PI.

Enl. 244.
La Tourterelle a collier du S6negal. Buff. Ois. 2. 553. — Buff.

PI. Enl. 161.

Tourterelle blonde. Le Vaill. Ois. a" Afriq. 6. pi. 268.
Colombe blonde. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 323.
Indian Turtle. Hayes. Brit. Birds.pl. 13.
Collared Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 643. 42.
Collared Senegal Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 656. 54.

LENGTH six inches and a half: the whole of the
plumage is of an agreeable pearly grey, with a
slight purplish tint : the fore-part of the head, and
the under parts of the body, are whitish : the back
and wings are of a yellowish bay tint : the quills
are dusky, bordered with yellow : the tail-feathers
are ash- coloured above, and all, except the two
middle ones, are tipped with white ; the most out-
ward one on each side being entirely white on its
exterior web : the upper part of the neck is sur-

72 TURTLE PIGEON.

rounded with a black collar : the beak is dusky :
the irides and feet are red. The female differs
from the male in having the collar much narrower,
and the colour on the breast brighter. This spe-
cies is sometimes entirely of a pure white, and is
then very liable to be confounded with the C. alba,
but may be readily distinguished from that species
by its superior size, as also the difference in length
of the tail and wings.

The male of this species is remarkable for his
tenderness towards- the female.

TURTLE PIGEON.

(Columba Turtur.)

. jflF • • ;'•
Co. rectricibus apice albis, dorso griseo, pcctore vinaceo, macula

laterali colli nigrd lineolis albis, abdomine albo.
Pigeon with the tail-feathers white at their tips, the back gri-

seous. the breast vinaceous, a black spot on the sides of the

neck, with white stripes, the abdomen white.
Columba Turtur. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 32. Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. p. 786. 32.— Briss. Orn. l.p.g% ?.—Raii. Syn. 6l. 2.

— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 47. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 472. — Temm.

Man. D'ornith. p. 280.

La Tourterelle. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 545. pi. 25.— Buff. PL Enl. 3p4.
Colombe Tourterelle. Temm. Pig. (8ro.) p- 305.
Common Turtle. Penn. Brit. Zool. 103. pi. 45. — Albin. 2. pi.

47. and 48. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 14.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.

644. 40. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 199. — Wale. Syn. 2. p. 188. —

Lffwin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 130. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 272.

— Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.
Spotted-necked Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 645. 40.

TURTLE

TURTLE PIGEON. 73

Var. Q.Jusca macula laterali colli albo nigrogue varia, rectridbut
cinereis; lateralibus latere exteriore omnibus apice albis.

Brown, with the spot on the sides of the neck varied with black
and white, the tail-feathers cinereous, and the outer ones
entirely white on the external web at the tip.

Columba Turtur. y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 606. — Temm. Pig.
Ind. 479.

Turtur lusitanicus. Briss. Orn. 1 . 98. 9.

Tourterelle de Portugal. Buff. Ois. 2. 556.

Portugal Dove. Albin. 2. pi. 48. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 646.
var. B.

Var. y. griseo cinerea subtus vinaceo grisea, maculi colli nigra,
pennis apice albis, rectricibus intermediis duabus uigris, latera-
libus albis.

Grey ash-colour ; beneath of a vinaceous grey; neck with a black
spot, the feathers tipped with white ; the two middle tail-fea-
thers black, the lateral ones white.

Columba Turtur $. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 606. — Temm. Pig. Ind.

479-

Colombe Tourterelle, var. Temm. Pig. (8i>o.) p. 312.
La Tourterelle de Tiles du Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 52. pi.

22.
Luzonian Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 646. c.

THIS elegant species is twelve inches in length :
the beak is brown : the irides yellow ; a naked
space beneath and behind the eyes of a purplish
red : the top of the head and upper part of the
neck behind cinereous : on each side of the neck
is a patch of black feathers, tipped with white :
the back is brown, dashed with cinereous, the
margin of each feather lightest : the scapulars
and wing-coverts black, deeply margined with fer-
ruginous brown : quills dusky brown, with light
edges : the forehead and chin dull white : breast
pale vinaceous: belly and under tail-coverts white:
the sides above and thighs are ash-coloured : upper

74 TURTLE PIGEON.

tail-coverts dusky, edged with brown, and dashed
with cinereous: the tail is black, tipped with white,
except the two middle feathers, which are wholly
of a dusky brown ; the outer feather is shorter than
the rest, and white on the exterior web : the legs are
purplish red. The female not so bright in colour,
and rather less than the male.

This bird is subject to very great variation : one
variety has been described to occur in this country :
this differs from the common one in having almost
the whole side of the head black, and instead of
each feather being tipped with white, there is a
round spot of white on each near the end, giving
a beautiful appearance to the sides of the neck.
Several other varieties are mentioned by Latham,
but as they may eventually prove to be separate
species, it will be most prudent to pass them over
in silence, merely giving the synonyms as they
occur in Temminck. A variety worth recording
is mentioned by Bewick ; it agreed in every respect
with the common species, except that the mark on
the neck (which forms so conspicuous a character)
was entirely wanting : this is probably the young
bird.

The Turtle visits the southern parts of England
in the spring, and disappears in the beginning of
September : it is principally found in thick woods,
and builds on the highest trees ; the nest is com-
posed of sticks : the female lays two white eggs,
and breeds but once in the year ; but in warmer
climates it is said to breed several times. Kent
seems to be the county where these birds are most
numerous, Dr. Latham mentioning that they may

SURINAM PIGEON. 75

be seen in the number of twenty or more at a time
in the pea-fields as soon as the peas begin to ripen,
and that they do much mischief in consequence :
their stay with us seldom exceeds four or five
months : they occur as far west as Devonshire ; they
are not common in that part, but are rather more
frequent in Somerset. They are often found far
to the north. Their note is singularly tender and
plaintive ; and the male in addressing his mate
makes use of a variety of pleasing attitudes, cooing
at the same time in gentle and soothing tones : he
assists the female in the process of incubation.
Montague takes notice of some singular glands,
situated beneath the craws of this bird, which se-
crete a milky fluid. .

This bird appears to be generally disseminated
over the old continent, occurring in Europe, Asia,
and parts of Africa.

SURINAM PIGEON.

(Columba Surinamensis.)

Co. cinerea subtus alba, guld viridi nigroque varia, retnigibus

exterioribusjuscis, mediis cinereit.
Grey Pigeon, beneath white, with the throat varied with green

and black; the exterior quills brown, cinereous in the middle.
Columba surinamensis. Gotcl. Syst. Nat. ]. 767. 67. — Lath.

2nd. Orn. 2. 607. 50.— Temrn. Pig. Ind. 472.
La Tourterelle de Surinam. Fermin. Surin. 2. p. 165.
Colombe Fermin. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 375.
Surinam Turtur. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 647. 41.

76 DOUBLE-COLLARED PIGEON.

THIS species, which is stated by Fermin to be
a native of Surinam, is ten inches in length : the
beak is of a blue cast : the head and back are ash-
colour ; throat mixed green and black : the outer
wing-feathers brown, and those of the middle ash-
colour : the breast and belly whitish : legs red. It
is said to build twice a year, in woods, at a distance
from any habitation, on the highest trees : its flesh
is accounted very fine.

DOUBLE-COLLARED PIGEON.
(Columba bitorquata.)

Co. capite cano collo pectore ventreque vinaceis, dorso alisque
fusco-canis, remigibus canis, abdomine albo, collum torquis
duobus ; superiori albo ; inferiore nigro, cauda longn.

Pigeon with the head hoary; the neck, the breast, and the
belly vinaceous j the back and wings of a hoary brown ; the
quills hoary ; the abdomen white ; the neck with two collars,
the upper one white, the lower black; the tail long.

Columba bitorquatus. Temm. Pig. Ind, 477 •

Colombe a double collier. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 301.

HEAD grey-brown : the neck, the belly, and the
breast of a vinaceous colour: the nape is orna-
mented with two collars ; the upper one is of a
pure white, and the lower black : the back, the
scapulars, and the middle wing-coverts are of an
earthy grey : the lesser coverts are of a blue lead-

FIG-EON.

DUFRESNE'S PIGEON. 77

colour : the great and middle quills are grey : the
three lateral ones on each side of the tail are en-
tirely black at their base, and for three-fourths of
their length ; their outer webs are greyish white,
as are their tips ; the intermediate feathers are of
an earthy brown : the abdomen is white. Native
of India. Length eleven inches : beak black : legs
red.

DUFRESNE'S PIGEON.

(Columba Dufresnii.)

Co. brunneo-purpurascens mutabilis, capite cterulescenti-griseo,
collo utrinque superne nigro-maculato, remigibus brunneis ex-
terne~tenue pallido-marginatisi uropygio a/bido, rectricibus sub-
tus nitrris apice albidis ; quatuor exterioribus utrinque supra
nigris arrixeo-terminatis ; reliquis brunneis.

Brown Pigeon, inclining to changeable purple ; head bluish-
grey ; neck on each side mottled with black ; wing-quills
brown externally, with a narrow border of pale colour; vent
whitish; tail-quills underneath black, with white tips; the
four exterior ones on each side above black, terminated with
grey ; the rest brown.

Columba Dufresnii. Leach MSS.

THIS species visits the Isle of France in February
in troops, and frequents running water : it is sup-
posed by Colonel Mathieu, (who presented it to
Monsieur Dufresne, in whose valuable museum
Dr. Leach observed it, and drew up the above de-
scription) to migrate from the Isles Sachelle.

SURAT PIGEON.

(Columba tigrina.)

Co. capite collo superiori pectoreque vinaceo-canis, lunuld nigrd
in cervice maculis albis intermixta^dorso alisque canisjusco-cano-
maculatis, pennis cervicis sinuatis.

Pigeon with the head, upper part of the neck and breast vina-
ceous; a black lunule on the nape, varied with white spots ;
the back and wings hoary, with brownish-grey spots ; the fea-
thers on the back of the neck sinuated.

Columba tigrina. Temm. Pig. Ind.p. 481.

Columba suratensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 609. 55. — GmeL Syst.
Nat. 1. 778.

Columba risoriae. ft. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 608. 51.

Colombe a nuque perlee. Temm. Pig. (8uo.) p. 317«

La Tourterelle grise de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 176.
pi. 102.

Chinese Grey Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 649—42.

Surat Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 652. 46.

TEN inches and a half long : the upper part of
the head and the neck are of a vinaceous grey :
the throat is whitish, with a tinge of vinaceous
towards the lower part of the neck : the breast is
of a bright vinaceous : on the neck is a collar
about one inch wide ; the feathers of which it is
composed are of a triangular shape, and are black,
with a few white spots : those of the upper part of
the neck are marked with a quadrangular spot, and
those towards the base have a similar spot, which
is of an earthy colour : the feathers on the top of

CAMBAIAN PIGEON. 79

the back are of a grey-brown, terminated by a
band of a yellow ochre-colour: the great and
middle coverts, and the lesser ones towards the
body, are grey-brown ; the latter have their extre-
mities of a greyish-ash : the quills are dusky, varied
with greyish ; the lesser quills, the rump, and the
superior tail-coverts, and the four middle tail-fea-
thers, are of a grey-brown ; the others are grey at
their base, with a dusky band in their middle ; the
three outer feathers of each side are terminated
with white : the under part of the tail is black,
with white towards the tip : the belly, the thighs,
the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are white:
the sides of the body are of a vinaceous grey tinge :
the small feathers on the eyelid are white : the
beak is black ; the eyes are red ; and the legs
yellow.

Not uncommon in China, India, Batavia, and
other islands of the Indian Ocean : it is partial to
the skirts of deep forests : it is easily tamed.

CAMBAIAN PIGEON.
(Columba Cambayensis.)

* ^ *"

Co. grisea sttbtus alba, capite subvinacco, collo subtus nigro rufo-
vario, rectricibut lateralibus nigro griseoque dimidiatis, tectri-
cibus alarum cinereo-griseis, abdomine albo,

Grey Pigeon, beneath white j with the head subvinaceous ; the
neck beneath black, varied with rufous ; the lateral tail-fea-

80 CAMBAIAN PIGEON.

thers half black, half grey ; the wing-coverts of an ashy-grey,

and the abdomen white.
Columba Cambayensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6OQ. 56. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. I. 779.49. — Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 482.
Columba Senegalensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 782. 26.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6 10. 62.
Turtur gutture maculato Senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. p. 125.

25. pi 8.f.3.

Tourterelle a gorge tachete'e du Senegal. Buff. Ois. 2. 552.
La Tourterelle grie du Surate. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 180.
Colombe Maillee. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. 6. p. 270. Temm.

Pig. (8vo.) p. 329-

Cambayan Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 652. 47.
Senegal Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 655. 53.

ABOUT ten inches in length : the head and the
upper part of the neck are of a beautiful vinaceous
colour: the whole of the feathers of the breast are
very much spotted ; it is of a rosy tint, beautifully
varied with black ; producing a kind of loose
scales : the upper part of the back is of a brownish
red ; each feather being brown, terminated with
bright rosy : the wing-coverts nearest the body are
the same ; the others are grey-blue : the middle
feathers of the wing are ash-coloured ; the quills
are dusky : the belly has a vinaceous tinge, which
colour inclines to white on the abdomen and the
inferior tail-coverts, which latter are pure white :
the tail-feathers are black below, and for half their
length ; the re^st is whitish ; above the six middle
feathers are of a brownish ash ; and the three
lateral ones on each side are deep ash at their
base, and white towards their tips : the beak is
blackish yellow towards the point : the eyes are

AFRICAN PIGEON.

orange : and the feet are bright red. Tfie female
is rather less than the male, and the colours are
not so vivid.

Inhabits the south-west coast of Africa, from
the Camis mountains to the Grand Namaquois,
on the borders of Hausi, and is amazingly abundant
on the Grand River, the Orange, and other rivers :
its nest is constructed in trees : the female lays
two white eggs.

AFRICAN PIGEON.

(Columba Afra.)

Co. grisco-fusca, subtus albida, maculis tectricum alarum violaceo-
azureis, rectricibus extimis basi exteriore macnlaque apicis
albis.

Grey-brown Pigeon, beneath whitish, with the wing-coverts
with violaceous blue spots, the lateral tail-feathers at the base
on the outside, and a spot at their tips, white.

Columba Afra. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 214,—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.
706. p. 31. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 6ll. 64. — Temm. Pig. Ind.
476.

Turtur senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 122. 1. 10. f. 1.

Tourterelle du Senegal. Buff. Ois. 2. 553.— Buff. PI. Enl. 100.

Tourterelle Emeraudine. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. 6. pi. 271.

Colombe Emeraudine. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 291.

African Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 656. 55.

LESS than the Turtle Dove : length eight inches :
the beak reddish: the top of the head ash-coloured:
v. xi. P. i. 6

82 AFRICAN PIGEON.

the hind-part of the neck, the back, wing-coverts,
and rump, grey-brown : the throat whitish : the
fore-part of the neck and breast pale vinaceous :
belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, dirty-
white : the upper tail-coverts grey-brown, with
blackish tips : the quills brown, with their inner
webs rufous : on each wing are some green-gold
spots, glossed with violet : the tail is nearly three
inches long; the two middle feathers blackish
brown, the rest grey-brown, with dusky ends ;
the outer one with a white spot at the tip ; be-
neath all are black except the outer one, which
has the exterior web for two-thirds of its length
white, and a spot at its tip : the legs are red ; claws
brown. The female is less than the male, and
resembles him entirely, except in the green spots
on the wings, which are smaller, and not so
brilliant in colour. A variety of this species has
the whole of the plumage clearer, and the spots
on the wings reflecting a strong purple tinge ; in
other respects it is like the first.

Very abundant towards the rivers Gamtoo,
Louvi, and Van Staaden, in Southern Africa: it
builds in the borders of the above rivers, and pro-
duces two white eggs : its cry cou — cou — cou —
cou — is uttered in a very moving and languid
tone, and is repeated with loss of breath, and
an insensible falling of the voice.

CINEREOUS PIGEON.
(Columba cinerea.)

Co. cana, alls dorso et binis pennis caudce mediis exfusco cnnis,
pennis lateralibus nigris ; maculis quadrangular ibus et rotundis
in tegminibus alarum ; cauda quadratd.

Hoary Pigeon, with the wings, back, and the two middle tail-
feathers, of a brown-grey ; the lateral feathers black j the
wing-coverts spotted with quadrangular and round shaped
marks ; the tail quadrate.

Columba cinerea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 4JJ.

Colombe Souris. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 299.

SEVEN inches in length: the forehead, the throat,
and the whole of the under parts of this bird, are
white, with a slight tinge of grey-blue : the head,
the sides of the neck, and the upper part of the
back, are of a dark grey-blue : the shoulders, the
wing-coverts, the rump, the two intermediate tail-
feathers, and the lateral ones at the base, of a
greyish mouse-colour : the wing-coverts are marked
with several small round and- quadrangular spots,
of a blue-black colour : the quills are of a grey-
brown : the third part of the length of the lateral
feathers, and the same of the under part of the tail,
are black: the beak is yellow, and the feet are
red. Native of Brasil.

84

VINACEOUS PIGEON.

•

(Columba vinacea.)

Co. capife collo et partibus inferioribus vinaceo purpureut alts

dorso cauddque nigricantefuscis.
Pigeon with the head, and under parts of the body, of a vinaceous

purple ; the wings, back, and tail, of a dusky brown.
Columba vinacea. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 477-
Colombe vineuse. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 303.

THE total length of this species is ten inches :
its head, neck, and the whole of the under parts
of the body, are of a beautiful vinaceous colour
or purple : the wings, the back, and the tail, are
of an uniform sooty-brown : the beak is black, the
feet are reddish brown, and the claws are brown.
Inhabits Guiana.

BROWN PIGEON.

(Columba brunnea.)

Co. pileo collo supra dorso tectricibusf/tue alarum brunneis, pec-
tore collo subtus uropygiogue viridi-splendidis.

Pigeon with the top of the head, the neck above, the back, and
the wing-coverts, brown; the breast, neck beneath, and rump,
of a splendid green.

PAINTED PIGEON. 95

Columba brunnea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 603. 38. Temm. Pig.

Ind. 475.

Colombo bruvert. Temm. Pig. (8w.) ])• 375.
Brown Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 1QJ. 2.

INHABITS New Zealand. The beak and legs in
this species are of a blood-red : the crown, upper
part of the neck, back, and wing- coverts, red-
brown : breast, fore-part of the neck, and rump,
glossy green.

PAINTED PIGEON.
(Columba picturata.)

Co. capite cano, pennis emarginatis in origine nigris, Jusco albet-
cente terminatis in lateribus collo ; dorso tectricibusque alarum
purpuratis; pennis caudte lateralibtts nigrescente canist media
nigris alboque terminatis.

Pigeon with the head hoary, the feathers marginated, and black
at their bases, on the sides of the neck ending in brownish-
white; the back and wing-coverts purple ; the lateral tail-fea-
thers of a dusky grey, the middle black, tipped with white.

Columba picturata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 480.

Colombo peinte. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 315.

ELEVEN inches and a quarter in length : the
tail is elongated, and somewhat rounded: the
head, the throat, and the upper parts of the neck,
are of a greyish-ash : the under part of the neck,

86 MALABAR PIGEON.

the breast, and the belly, are of a vinaceous hue :
the sides of the neck are spotted in the middle,
they are black at their origin, and terminate in
clear vinaceous ; they have the appearance of a
coat of mail : the upper part of the back, and the
smaller wing-coverts, are of a much deeper vina-
ceous than the breast : the scapulars, the seconda-
ries, and the quills, are of a grey-brown, which
colour predominates on the two middle tail-fea-
thers ; the other feathers are of a black-grey at
their origin, and then black for three-fourths of
their length, and terminated with a spot of grey-
ish-ash : the under part of the tail is black, termi-
nated with whitish-grey : the back, the rump, and
the sides of the body, are grey : the abdomen,
and the under tail-coverts, are of a vinaceous
white : the beak red : the feet are bluish-grey.
Found in the island of Madagascar.

MALABAR PIGEON.
(Columba Malabarica.)

Co. cinerea subtus alba alts medio maculis ovatis, rectricibus late*

ralibus d, basi ultra medium nigris, reliqua parte albis.
Cinereous Pigeon, beneath white, with ovate spots in the middle

of the wings ; the lateral tail-feathers from the base to the

middle black, the rest white.
Columba Malabarica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 779- 50. Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 60p. 57. Temm. I'ig. Ind. p. 483.

BLUE PIGEON. 87

Tourterelle de la c6te de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. p. ISO.
Colombo brame. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 376-
Malabar Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 652. 48.

SIZE of the Surat Turtle : beak and irides red :
the head, back, and wings, of a pale cinereous
grey : the neck and breast light vinaceous grey :
the middle wing-coverts marked with oval spots :
the two middle tail-feathers grey ; the others black
for two-thirds of their length, and from thence, to
the end white : the belly white : the legs red. In-
habits the Malabar coast.

BLUE PIGEON.
(Columba caerulea.)

Co. cemdea, gula, genis ventreque albis^ pectore vinaceo-JuscOy

apice rostri albescente.
Blue Pigeon, with the throat, cheeks, and belly, white, the

breast of a brownish vinaceous, and the tip of the beak

whitish.

Columba caerulea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 475.
Colombe azuree. Temm. Pig. (8w>.) p. 2pO.

THE whole of the upper parts of this beautiful
little Pigeon are of a brilliant lively azure : the
cheeks and the throat are pure white : the lower
part of the neck and the breast are of a brownish

88 MALACCA PIGEON.

yellow tinge, shaded with ' vinaceous : the belly
and abdomen are whitish : the feet and the circle
surrounding the eyes are red: the base of the
beak is reddish ; its tip whitish. The length of
this bird is nine inches : its tail is slightly rounded :
it is a native of Bengal.

MALACCA PIGEON.
(Columba Malaccensis.)

Co. corporc cincreo, dor so alisque maculis lunulatis Juscis, collo

pectoreque lateribus undulatim lineata, venire abdomineque

albo vinaceo.
Pigeon with a cinereous body, the back and wings with fuscous

lunulated spots, the neck and sides of the breast with waved

lines, the belly and abdomen of a vinaceous white.
Columba Malaccensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.788. 68. Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 612. 69. — Teyim. Pig. Ind. p. 484.
Columba Bantamensis. Sparr. Mus. Carls, fas. 111. pi. 67. —

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6 15. 77.
Columba striata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 282. 18. Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 775. 18.

Turtur Indicus striatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 109. 17.
Tourterelle rayee des Indes. Buff. Ois. 2. 557.
La petite Tourterelle de Quedra. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 177.
Colombe a large queue. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 33Q.
Barreled Turtle. Edw.pl. 16.— Lath. Gen. SynA. 650.44. Lath.

Syn. Sup. 200.

Bantamese Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 271. 10.
Malacca Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 661. 6O.

MALACCA PIGEON. 89

FOREHEAD and throat of a bright grey-blue :
the occiput is brown : the feathers on the nape
and the sides of the neck, the lateral parts of the
breast and of the body, are alternately streaked
with white and dusky brown ; those of the nape
are reddish : the whole of the back, the wing-
coverts, and the rump, are of an earthy grey;
they are tipped with a slight black band : the
greater and middle quills are of a dusky brown :
the wing beneath is rosy : the centre of the breast
is of a vinaceous hue, which colour passes down
over the belly and abdomen, and the tail-coverts,
gradually getting whiter, till at the last it becomes
of a pure white : the tail-feathers are of a dusky
brown ; the two intermediate ones are of an earthy
brown ; the three lateral ones for three-quarters
of their length are blackish, the ends white ; the
fourth feather on each side has the tip only white:
the beak is black, with a yellow point : the irides
and the legs are of an orpiment yellow. The
female differs from the male in the colours, being
less vivid : the grey -blue on the forehead and the
throat is more dull, and the transverse streaks on
the neck and sides are less determined than in the
male. This is a beautiful species : it inhabits the
Isle of Java, Malacca, the Isles of Sunda, and
others of the vast Indian Archipelago : in the
former it is frequent at the borders of the great
woods ; it constructs its nest on the trees, and is
held in great estimation by the natives : it is very
fine eating, and is easily tamed ; its cry is very
harmonious and affecting; the male and female
are very loving, and their movements graceful.

SCALY PIGEON.

(Qolumba squamosa.)

Co. ex cano^fusca nigro-squamosa, alls maculis albis.

Pigeon of a hoary-brown colour, with black scales, the wings

with white spots.

Columba squamosa. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 484.
Colombe ecail!6. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 336.
Picuipinima. Marcq. Hist. Nat. Brasil.p. 204.

SCARCELY eight inches in length : the whole
plumage has the appearance of being covered
with black scales, each feather being terminated
by a band more or" less strong of that colour : the
shades of colour on the head and the hinder part
of the neck are of a greyish- vinaceous ; which
colour becomes very bright in front of the neck
and on the breast, and reaches the rest of the
under parts, gradually passing to whitish : the
feathers of the back and the rump, those of the
middle of the tail, and the greater wing-coverts,
are of an earthy grey-brown : one of the small,
and the whole of the middle coverts, have the
edges of the webs whitish: the quills are black;
as are also the lateral tail-feathers at their base ;
but the four outer ones on each side are termi-
nated with white : the beak is black : and the feet
red. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Bahia in
BrasiL

91

GREAT-TAILED PIGEON.
(Columba macroura.)

Co.caudd aqualt longitttdinc corporis, corpore cinnamomeo sitbtus
albido, rectricibus apice albis.

Pigeon with an equal tail the length of the body, which is cin-
namon-coloured above, and whitish beneath ; the tail-feathers
tipped with white.

Columba macroura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 790. — Lath. Ind. Om.
2. 615. 76. — Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 485.

La Tourterelle a large queue, ou Tourocco. Buff. Ois. 2. 553.
—Buff. PL Enl. 320.

Colombe Tourocco. Temm. Pig* (8vo.)

Great-tailed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 667. 66.

THIS bird is remarkable for the great size of its
tail, which occupies above half the length of the
body : the head, the neck, and the whole of the
upper parts of the body, the wings and the tail,
are of a reddish cinnamon-colour : the breast is of
a vinaceous red ; and the whole of the under parts
of the body are reddish white : the throat is white,
as are the lateral feathers of the tail : the beak
and legs are red. Inhabits Senegal and other
parts of Africa.

CHESNUT-SHOULDERED PIGEON.
icea.)

Co. capite colloque viridi-aureis rubentibus, 'humeris spadiceis,

dorso alisque ccerulescentibus, abdomine albo.
Pigeon with the head and neck of a reddish green golden colour,

the shoulders chesnut, the back and wings bluish, and the

abdomen white.
Columba spadicea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. IX. 7. — Temm. Pig.

Ind. p. 444.

Colombe geant. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 74.
Chesnut-shouldered Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. Add.

p. 375.

THIS fine species inhabits Norfolk Island, and
other parts of the southern Archipelago : it is very
remarkable for the size of its tail, which is slightly
forked, the outer feathers being two lines longer
than the intermediate. According to Temminck's
account of this splendid species, it measures from
the tip of the beak to the end of the tail about
nineteen inches, the latter being about seven and
a half, and is composed of twelve feathers ; its
upper part is of a deep bro\vn, reflecting rich
green and purple tints ; its extremity is of an
ochre colour ; the under part of the tail is of a
greyish-white, changing to a metallic green, and
towards its extremity it is of a deep brown : the
wings, which reach about half-way towards the
extremity of the. tail, have their greater quills of
a deep reddish-white colour, reflecting a brilliant

PASSENGER PIGEON. 93

green on their outer webs; the secondaries and
the greater coverts are of a clear reddish-white,
changing according to the reflection of the light
to a greenish hue : the middle coverts are of a
golden-green : the smaller coverts, the scapulars,
and the upper part of the back, are of a chesnut-
colour, with metallic reflections : the occiput, and
the hinder part of the neck, are of a deep green :
the head, the fore-parts of the neck, and the
breast, are of a beautiful dark green, with brilliant
reflections : the belly, and the whole of the under
parts of the body, are of a pure white : the beak
and the feet are red.

B. Tail wedge-shaped.

•

PASSENGER PIGEON.
(Columba migratoria. )

Co. corpora cinereo, cervice viridi-aureo purpurascentibus, alts a
media maculis ovatis, pectore rufo, abdomine albo. Femiua,
corpore griseo-Jusco, subtus albido, pectore albo-Jfavicante.

Pigeon with a cinereous tail, the top of the neck of a green
golden purple, the wings with ovate spots in the middle,
the breast rufous, and the abdomen white. Female with the
body of a grey- brown, beneath whitish, the breast whitish-
yellow.

Columba migratoria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. 16. male.— GmeL
Syst. Nat. i. 789. 36. male. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 612. 70. male.
— Temm. Pig. Jnd. WQ.— Wih. Amtr. Orn.

94 PASSENGER PIGEON.

Columba canudensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 3O- female.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785. female.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 613. 72.

female.

CEnas Americana. Briss. Orn. 1. 10O. 12. male.
Turtur Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 118. 21. female.
Pigeon de Passage. Buff. Ois. 2. 527- male.
Tourterelle du Canada. Buff. PI. Enl. 176. female. Buff. Ois.

2. 552. female.
Canada Turtle. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 190. female. Lath. Gen.

Syn. 4. 658. 58. female.
Passenger or Migratory Pigeon. Phil. Trans, v. 62. p- 3Q8. —

Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 187- — Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 23. — Lath.

Gen. Syn. 4. 661. 61. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 225. — Wilt.

Amer. Orn. V. p. 102. pi. XLIV.f. 1.

THE Passenger Pigeon, and the Canada Turtle-
Dove, appear to be the two sexes of this bird, the
latter being the female : the male is about fourteen
inches in length : its beak is black : bare space round
the eyes crimson : irides orange : the head, throat,
hind-part of the neck, back,' rump, and upper
tail-coverts, cinereous : wing-coverts the same,
varied with black spots : sides of the neck of a
glossy variabje purple : fore-part of the neck and
breast vinaceous : belly, sides, thighs, and under
tail-coverts, the same, but paler : quills black-
brown, with whitish edges : the two middle tail-
feathers blackish ; the rest of a grey-brown, greenish
at the base of the interior webs ; with a reddish
spot ; beneath which is a spot of black : the feet
are red, and the claws black. The female, which
is scarcely so large as the male, differs somewhat
in her plumage : she has the top of her head, the
back of the neck, the shoulders, and the greater

PASSENGER PIGEON'. 9-5

wing-coverts, of a grey-brown ; the latter sprinkled
with spots of black : the feathers on the sides of
the neck are violet, with a golden reflection : the
rump is of a grey-brown : the upper tail-coverts,
and the two middle feathers, are of an earthy-
brown ; the rest of the tail-feathers are whitish-
• *

grey ; the inner webs, like those of the male, being
marked with two spots, one of rufous, and another
of dusky-brown : the lower part of the neck, the
breast, and the belly, are dirty-white, with brown
and brownish-white shades : under tail-coverts pure
white : thighs dirty-white : quills dirty-brown, the
greater ones with yellowish edges : the legs red ;
the claws black. A variety mentioned by Brisson
has the whole of the feathers on the head, the
neck, the breast, and the upper part of the back,
terminated with a band of whitish-grey.

This Pigeon inhabits America, between the six-
tieth and seventieth degrees of latitude, passing the
summer season in the northern parts, and upon the
approach of winter retiring to the south : it builds in
the highest trees, laying two white eggs : its chief
food consists of the mast of beech and acorns, but
it will eat other seeds. The numbers of these
birds are without calculation during their passage
from one part to another, as at that time they are
stated to darken the air with their prodigious mul-
titudes, being often seen in strings of two miles in
length, and a quarter of a mile in breadth : they fre-
quently perch upon trees, and often in such quan-
tities as to break down tolerably large branches.
The people of Philadelphia shoot them from their

96 CAROLINA PIGEON.

houses, and in New England they capture them in
numbers of an evening, knocking them down with
sticks from their roosts, which is .easily accom-
plished, as they are generally fatigued. In Loui-
siana they catch them by taking a flat vessel, and
placing some sulphur in it, set it alight under the
trees upon which the birds roost ; the smoke from
this so stupifies them that they fall down from
their resting-place, and then the hunters have
nothing to do but pack them up in bags brought
for the purpose, as quickly as possible : they form
a great portion of the food of the common people
of the countries they inhabit. In some parts they
are called Wood Pigeons.

CAROLINA PIGEON.
(Columba Carolinensis.)

Co. corpore rufo-cinereo subtus cinereo-albo, rectricibus cinercis,
apice albis, media maculA nigrd, in utr&que ala maculis qui-
busdam nigris. Mas. pectore violaceo-aureo splendente, macula
aurea ad aures.

Pigeon with a rufo-ash body, beneath whitish-ash ; the tail-
feathers cinereous, with the tip white, and spot in the middle
black j in both wings several black spots. Male, with the
breast of a splendid golden-violet, and a golden-tinted spot
near the ears.

Columba Carolinensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2&Q. 37. — Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 1. 78Q. 37.— Briss. Om. 1. 110. 18. /. 8./. 1.

CAROLINA PIGEON. 97

Vicill. Ois. d*Amer. Sept. 4. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 487. Lath.

Ind. Orn. 2. 613. 71.
Columba marginata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.286. 10. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 791. 40.— -Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6l4. 73.
Turtur Americanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 101. 24.
La Tourte ou Tourterelle de la Caroline. Buff. Ois. 2. 557- —

Buff. PI. Enl. 175. female.
Tourterelle d'Am6rique. Buff. Ois. 2. 552.
Colombe Tourte. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 355.
Long-tailed Dove. Ediuards. pi. 1 5. male.
Marginated Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 664. 63.
Carolina Pigeon. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 188. 14. — Catesb. Carol.

1. pi. 14.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 663. fo.—Wils. Ar*er. Orn. V.

p. gi.pl. XLIII.f. i.

THE male of this species measures eleven inches
in length, the tail being about six : he is princi-
pally distinguished by having a black spot with
violet reflections on each side beneath the ears :
the fore-part of the head and throat are rufous
brown: the occiput is of a bluish ash-colour: the
upper parts of the bird are of a deep grey-brown ;
the scapulars, and the greater wing-coverts nearest
the body, are marked towards their extremities
with black spots of different sizes : the lower
part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-
coverts, are of a grey tinge : the lower part of the
neck has a reflection of violet and green-gold : the
breast and fore-part of the neck are of a rose-
colour, growing paler as it approaches the sides :
from the base of the beak to the eyes on each side
is a white stripe : the quills are of a deep brown,
rosaceous on the outer margin : the belly, thighs,
and under tail -co verts, are brown, mixed with

v. xi. P. i. 7

98 MAUGEIAN PIGEON.

ash-colour : the tail-feathers are of very unequal
lengths ; the two middle ones are longest, and the
others gradually shorter, till the most outward
ones do not exceed above half the length of the
central ones, which are of a grey-brown, marked
with black about their middle, and bright grey
towards their tip : the three lateral ones are grey
from their origin to their middle ; the rest are black:
the eyes are situated in a naked space : the irides
are brown : the beak is horn-coloured ; and the
legs reddish.

The female is smaller than the male, and does
not possess the black violaceous spot beneath the
ears : the feathers on the sides and the base of the
neck do not reflect the golden hues : the fore-part
of the neck and 'the breast are of a grey-brown,
which colour also predominates over nearly the
whole of the under parts of the bird.

Found in Carolina, Brasil, Porto Rico, and St.
Domingo ; in the former place they occur at all
seasons.

MAUGEIAN PIGEON.
(Columba Maugei. )

Co.Jronte guldgue nigricantibus , collo pectore hypochondriisquc
albo nigroque undulatis, rectricibus duabus intermediis Jiuds
reliquis nigris, versus apicem albis.

MAUGEIAN PIGEON. 99

Pigeon with the forehead and throat dusky ; the neck, breast,
and sides, undulated with black and white ; the two middle
tail-feathers brown, the rest black, with white towards their
tips.

Columba Maugei. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 490.

Colombe Maug6. Temm. Pig. (Suo.) p. 363.

THE total length of this bird is ten inches : the
body is not much larger than that of the Starling :
the tail is very long, and is composed of twelve
feathers, and is greatly cuneiform ; the outer fea-
thers are not much above half the length of the
middle ones : the forehead, and the throat, are of
a greyish lead-colour : the fore -part of the neck,
the breast, the sides, and the belly, are striped
with regular alternate bands of white and black :
the back is of a grey-brown, with many irregular
deeper spots : the two middle tail-feathers are of
a grey-brown throughout their whole length ; the
lateral ones are black, terminated with white : the
beak and legs are black.

Native of the islands of Southern Asia, dis-
covered there by Mons. Mange", and named after
that zealous but unfortunate naturalist, by Tem-
minck : its manners are unknown.

100

SAINT DOMINGO PIGEON.
(Columba Dominicensis.)

Co» corpore griseo, capite subtus albo, macula verticis Jascid sub

oculis et torque colli nigris, pectore vinaceo* crisso albo, caudd

griseA: rectricibus extimis albis.
Pigeon with a grey body, the head beneath white j a spot on the

crown, fascia beneath the eyes, and collar on the neck, black;

the breast of a vinaceous colour, the vent white, the taiV grey,

the outer feathers tipped with white.
Columba Dominicensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 615. 79. — Temm.

Pig. Ind. 48Q.

Tourterelle de St. Domingue. Buff. PI. Enl. 487«
Colombe a moustaches noires. Temm. Pig. (Q-oo.) p. 361.
Saint Domingo Pigeon: Lttth. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 271.

THIS elegant species, which is well figured in
the Planches Enluminees of Buffon, is a native of
St. Domingo, and most probably of other parts of
the West Indies : its total length is eleven inches :
its tail is longer in proportion to any of the rest of
the genus : the forehead, and the region of the
eyes, are white ; the throat is the same : this colour
passes down each side of the neck, and joins on
the nape, forming a kind of collar : on the top of
the head is a broad transverse band of black,
which divides into two parts ; from the base of the
beak arises a streak of black, which passes beneath
the eyes, as far as the ear : the neck has a narrow
collar of the same colour, which is placed about
its middle : the breast is of a vinaceous colour j

BLACK-WINGED PIGEON. 1O1

towards the sides it is purplish, and possesses a
metallic reflection : the whole of the upper parts
are of an earthy-brown : the scapulars and the
greater coverts are spotted with black : the quills
are dusky, the exterior margin edged with grey-
ish-white : the belly is of a brownish-ash : the
tail-feathers are grey, the whole, except the two
middle ones, tipped with white : the beak is black,
and the legs reddish.

BLACK-WINGED PIGEON.
(Columba melanoptera.)

Co. capite collogue rubro-violaceis, occipite rufo-violaceo aureo-
nitente, dorso et partibus inferioribus ceeruleo-rufcscentibtu,
alis caudaque nigrescentibus, pennis caudtE albo-terminatis.

Pigeon with the head and neck of a red violet j the occiput the
same, with golden reflections ; the back and under parts of
the body of a reddish-blue ; the wings and tail dusky, the
feathers of the latter terminated with white.

Columba melanoptera. Molin. Chili, p. 3Q8.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 790. 70.--.LaM. Ind. Orn. 2. 6 15. 78.— Temm. Pig. Ind.
488.

Colombo ni61anoptere. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 35Q.

Black-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. fiup. II. 271.

TWELVE inches in length : the anterior half of
the head is of a reddish violet-colour ; the whole
of the neck, the breast, and the upper wing-

102 CAPE PIGEON.

coverts, are the same : the hinder part of the head
is of a fine red, reflecting the most brilliant tints
of pure gold, crimson and green ; this colour ex-
tends to the angles of the mouth : the wings and
the tail are dusky, the feathers of the latter ter-
minated with white : the rest of the plumage is of
a reddish blue ; the shades are more distinct on
the belly : the beak is black : the eyes have a
double iris, the inner one being greyish, and very
large, the other of a pomegranate red. Found
in Paraguay and Chili : it lives on the elevated
trees on the margins of woods.

CAPE PIGliON. .
(Columba Capensis.)

Co. corpore griseo-fu&co subtus albo, remigibus primoribtts laterc
interiore rrifis, rectricihus longissimis subtus nigris : cxtremA
utrinque excepia, qua extus apiccgue alba est. Mas. Jrontc
gul Ague nigris t alis macula- chalybco-splendente.

Pigeon with the body of a grey-brown, beneath white ; the
quills on the inner webs edged with rufous ; the tail-feathers
very long, black beneath, the outer ones on each side excepted,
which are white at the tip, and on their inner web. Male,
with the forehead and throat black, the wings with a splendid
steel- coloured spot.

Columba Capensis. Lath. Syst. Nat. 1. 286. 30. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. i. 790.— Brm. Orn. l. 120. 22. pi. g.f. 2. male. Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. 6 14. 75.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 4QO.

CAPE PIGEON. . 103

La Tourtelette. Buff. Ois. 2. 554.— Buff. PI. Enl 140. male.—
Le Vaill. Ois. <?AJrique. 6. pi. 273. 274. — male and female.
pi. 275. young.

Colombe Tourtelette. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 366.

Cape Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 666. 65.

THIS is the smallest of the Pigeon Family, scarcely
exceeding the size of the common Sparrow : its
total length is nine inches and a half, of which
the tail takes up five. The male has the forehead
and throat black ; on the latter the colour is pro-
duced down the fore-part of the neck to the
breast : the hind-head, the back of the neck, the
shoulders, the back, and the whole of the upper
coverts, the wings, and the tail, are of an earthy-
grey ; the greater wing-coverts have a violaceous
spot, with golden reflections ; the rump possesses
three narrow transverse black stripes : the quills
are reddish on their interior webs, and on the out-
side and towards the tip dusky : the tail-feathers
are of a grey-brown at their origin, the six middle
ones are tipped with black ; the lateral ones have
a black band towards their extremities, which are
of a grey-colour ; the most exterior feather on
each side has its outer web white : the under part
of the tail is entirely black : the belly and the ab-
domen are of a pure white : the beak is yellow ;
and the legs are red. The female has the whole
of the head, the neck, the breast, the greater wing-
coverts, the back, and the base of the two middle
tail-feathers, of a grey-brown : the whole of the
lesser wing-coverts, and part of the middle ones,

1O4 CAPE PIGEON.

of a greyish-ash : like the male, she has three small
transverse stripes on the rump : the belly and the
abdomen are white.

This is found over the greater portion of the
interior parts of Africa ; it occurs also at Senegal,
and on other parts of the coast.

105

VINAGO. VINAGO.

Generic Character.

Rostrum crassum, solidum, |
lateratim compressum, ver-
sus apicem aduncum et
inflation.

Tarn breves, digiti antici
basi membrana parva con-
nexi.

Beak thick, solid, compressed
at the sides, towards the
tip bent down and inflate^

Tarsi short, the anterior toes
connected with a slight
membrane at the base.

Vinago. Cuvier. Reg. Anim. 1. 457.
Treron. Vieill. Anal. Ornith. elem. p. 4-0.
Columbar. Temm. Pig. Sfc. p. 3Q.
Coluniba. Linne, Gmelin, Latham, Sfc.

JL HE birds of this genus are distinguished from
the Pigeons by their solid, thick, and compressed
beak, which is somewhat quadrangular; their tarsi
are very short, and the toes have a slight mem-
brane connecting their bases. They reside in the
deep tropical forests of the old continent, and live
on fruits.

106

AROMATIC VINAGO.
(Vinago aromatica.)

Vi. Viridi-olivacea, kumeris tectricibusque alarum minoribus pur-
purasccntibus, remigibus nigris, secundariis ad apicem marginc
flavis, rectricibus intermediis viridibus, lateralibus cinereis.

Olive-green Vinago, with the shoulders and lesser wing-coverts
purple, the quills black, the secondaries margined with yel-
low towards their tips ; the middle tail-feathers green, the
lateral ones cinereous.

Columba Aromatica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7« 47- — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 599. 23.—Temtn. Pig. Ind. 441.

Columba viridis Amboinensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 145. 39. pi. 10.
/2.

Pigeon vent d'Amboine. Buff. Ois. 2. 520. — Buff. PI. Enl. Id3.

Colombar aromatique. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 50 and 55.

Aromatic Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 631. 21.

Var. /3. Rectricibus lateralibus Jascia nigra, rostrum flavum.

With the lateral feathers with a black band, the beak yellow.

Columba curvirostra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 777- 45. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 60O. 25.

Pigeon i bee recourbe. Sonnin. Buff. 7- 227-

Hook-billed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 632. pi. 5Q.

Var. y. Genis gul&quc flavis,.

With the cheeks and throat yellow.

Columba Pompadoura. • Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 775. 9. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2.597. 12.

Pompadour Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 624. 12. — Lath. Syn.
Sup. 1. 190. — Brown. 111. Zool.pl. Q.

Var. J. Genis gulaque flaws, dorso teciricibusque alarum viri-
dibustjemina.

With the cheeks and throat yellow, the back and wing-coverts
green.

Columba Tannensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 60. 26.

^*^

A K( i:\i.\Tir VbTAOO ,

AROMATIC VI N AGO. 107

Yellow-faced Pigeon. Brown. III. Zool. pi. 20. — Lath. Gen.

Syn. 4. 632. 23.
Var. c. Capite, cotto pectoreque iuteis, venire cano, caud& vires-

cente.
With the head, neck and breast yellow, the belly hoary, and the

tail greenish.
Columba aromatica. var. d. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 442.

THE Aromatic Vinago is about nine inches and
a half in length : the top of the head, as far as
the occiput, is of a greyish ash ; which colour
joins a greenish tint on the nape : the neck, the
breast, the belly, the thighs and the abdomen are
of a dull green; the feathers of the latter are
slightly tipped with white : the small wing-coverts,
the scapulars, and the top of the back, are of a
brown-purple : the middle and greater wing- coverts
are of a deep green, with a yellow border on the
extremities of the feathers : the middle wing-
feathers are edged with yellow, and the greater
ones are entirely black : the rump, the two middle
tail-feathers, and the inner webs of the two ad-
joining ones on each side, are of an olive-green ;
the rest of the feathers are grey their whole
length : the under part of the tail is black from
its base to three-fourths of its length ; the whole
of the feathers clear grey at their extremities :
irides red : the horny part of the beak is greenish ;
the base red ; as are the tarsi and toes.

The Hook-billed Pigeon of Latham appears to
be only a variety of this bird, as supposed by
Temminck : it only differs in the following parti-
culars : in the first place, the lateral tail-feathers

108 AROMATIC VINAGO.

have a black band across them ; and in the second,
this bird is said to measure only seven inches and
a half in length : but in a notice of a supposed
variety, mention is made of one being eleven
inches long, so that it is probable Dr. Latham has
committed some mistake in respect to one or
other of the numbers ; or else the bird varies
exceedingly in size.

Latham's Pompadour Pigeon is also a variety of
this species, differing only in having the cheeks
and throat yellow : the yellow-faced is the female
of the above ; it has the back and wing-coverts
greenish.

Still further varieties are described by Tem-
minck : one has the whole of the back of a pur-
plish brown, and 'the whole of the under parts
grey : another has the head, the neck, and the
breast of a reddish cinnamon-colour : the top of
the back and the wing-coverts similar to the first :
the belly and the rump are of a grey-blue : the
thighs are yellow, as are the edges of the whole of
the greater coverts of the wings : the middle tail-
coverts, and the inner webs of the lateral ones, are
green : the tail is black beneath, all the feathers
tipped with white.

This species is common in the isle of Java, in
Tanna, Ceylon, and the adjacent islands ; also on
the Indian continent : it delights in the fruit of
the ficus religiosus, and generally frequents the
borders of great woods.

109

ST. THOMAS VINAGO.
(Vinago Militaris.)

Vi. viridis, capite cano, collo pectorequejlavis,jascia C(eruleo*cana

in cervice, carpo alte violaceo, ventre virescente-cano.
Green Vinago, with the head hoary, the neck and breast yellow,

the top of the neck with a hoary-blue hand, the bend of the

wings violet, the belly of a hoary-green.
Columba milituris. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 43p.
Columba Sancta Thomae. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 600. 24. —

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7/8. 46.— -Briss. Orn. 1. 174. 40.
Colombar Commandeur. Temm. Pig. et Gall. edit. Qvo. p. 3Q.
St. Thomas Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 631. 22.

LENGTH twelve -inches and a half: the whole of
the head, as far as the orifice of the ears, is of a
clear blue-grey : on the breast is a large yellow
shield, the extremities of which reach upwards to
the top of the back, surrounded with a grey-blue
zone : the rest of the upper parts are of a dull
apple-green, changing to grey towards the rump :
the feathers at the bend of the wing are of a
beautiful purple-brown, forming a kind of epau-
lette : the middle and the greater feathers of the
wing are black, the former edged with yellowish
white, and the latter with yellow-olive ; with a
smaller border of yellowish white : the belly and
the whole of the under parts of the wings are of
a greyish-white : the thighs are pale yellow : the
inferior tail-coverts are red, each feather terminated
witli white : the upper part of the tail is half

1 10 ST. THOMAS VINAGO.

green and half grey ; which last colour extends to
the extremity of the lateral feathers, whilst the
two middle feathers are entirely green : the under
part of the tail is black at its base, and of a greyish
white towards its tip : the tarsi are naked, and,
with the toes, are red : the toes are horny, and
the beak is grey.

The female differs considerably from the male :
the size is the same : the colours of the head, the
back, and the rump, as in the male : the shield on
the breast is of a greenish yellow : on the nape
the colour is of a deep olive, and the surrounding
zone is of a bright grey : the marks at the bend
of the wings are more delicate : the scapulars are
of a greenish grey : the belly is greenish : the
lateral tail-feathers are entirely grey; the two
middle ones are green : the under parts of the
tail are similar to that part in the male, and the
feathers of the abdomen are tipped with yellow.

The young have more of the greyish colour on
the upper parts of the body : the under parts, and
hinder part of the neck, are olive-coloured : the
feet are red.

Inhabits India : its principal nourishment con-
sists of fruit ; and it will sometimes break the
stones with its beak to obtain the kernel : further
than the above, nothing is known of its manners.

Ill

WAALIA VINAGO.
(Vinago Abyssinica.)

Vi. viridis, capite colloque cinereis, vcntrejlavo, tectricibus alarum
minoribus violaceiSj remigibus pennisque secundariis nigris mar-
gine Jiavis, rectricibus cinereis. Femina, venire non Jlavo ;
pennis omnibus virescentibus.

Green Vinago, with the head and neck grey, the belly yellow,
the lesser wing-coverts violet, the quills and secondary fea-
thers black, bordered with yellow, the tail-feathers cinereous.
Female without the yellow belly, but all the feathers greenish.

Columba Abyssinica. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. p. 40. 3. mas. —
Temm. Pig. Ind. 443.

Le Pigeon Colombar. Le Vaill. Ois. tfAfrique. 6. p. 276 and

277-

Colombar Waalia. Temm. Pig. (8vo.} p. 65..
Waalia Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. p. 269.

THIS bird measures eleven inches and a half in
length : the beak is large and very strong : the
male has the whole of his head, the neck, as far as
the breast, of a grey colour, shaded with olive-
green : the scapulars, the back, the rump, and the
upper tail-coverts are of a fine violet : the greater
coverts, the secondary feathers, and the quills are
black, bordered with yellow : the belly is of a
beautiful yellow : the abdomen is white : the under
tail-coverts are of a chesnut-red, tipped with
bright red : the tail-feathers, which are fourteen
in number, are of a grey-blue above, and black
tipped with bright grey beneath: the tarsi are
covered with feathers for half their length, the

112 PARROT VINAGO.

rest is of a red colour, as are the claws : the eyes
are orange. The female is rather less than the
male : she is known by not having the belly of a
bright yellow, but from that part being of an
uniform olive-green colour : the rest of the plumage
is also less vivid : the young male g'reatly resembles
the female.

This bird inhabits the low parts of Abyssinia,
and other parts of Africa : perching on the highest
trees, remaining quiet during the heat of the day :
it flies high and in immense flocks : at the com-
mencement of the rains it migrates in vast numbers
towards the middle parts of Africa. Mr. Bruce
observes that it is amazingly fat, and that the
flesh is excellent, but that the Abyssinians will
not touch it : Le, Vaillant asserts that it builds
upon the highest trees in woods, and that the
female lays Jour eggs of a whitish yellow and dun,
and that it lives with its mate : it feeds upon fruits,
and is partial to a kind of beech tree, upon the
mast of which it principally subsists.

PARROT VINAGO.
(Vinago Psittacea.)

Vi. viridis, crissojusco, rectricibus duabus intermediis viridibus,
reliquis cinereis apice a/bis, inter quos colores teniaque transversd
nigrd, remigibus pennisque secundariis nigris ad apicem mar-
ginejlavis.

PURPLE VINAGO. 113

Green Vinago, with the vent brown j the two middle tail-
feathers green, the rest cinereous tipped with white ; between
these colours is a transverse black stripe j the quills and
secondary feathers black, towards their tips margined with
yellow.

Columba Psittacea. Temm. Pig. et Gall. Ind. p. 440.

Columbar unicolor. Temm. Pig. Sf-c. 8vo. p. 4J.

NATIVE of Timor and Java : length ten inches :
the head, the neck, and the whole of the under
parts of the body, as well as the back and the
wing-coverts, are of a clear green ; the great and
middle feathers of the wings are black, and the
latter are fringed with deep yellow : the tail
is of a deep grey at its base, black towards the
middle, and the rest of its length white ; the
two middle feathers are entirely green, as are
the inner webs of the one on each side the latter :
the under-coverts are green, with the extremities
of the feathers white : the beak is of a horn-colour ;
the naked skin at its base reddish : the feet are of
a dusky blue, and the claws brown.

PURPLE VINAGO.
(Vinago vernans.)

Vi. vindis, pectore lunulis duabus, supcriore violacea, inferiore
luteoj tfctricibus alarum jlavo-terminatis, caudAcano-al&cscente,
cano-terminatc. Femina, mridi-griscscent, sultus viridi Jta-
vicant.

v. xi. p. i. 8

114- PURPLE VltfAGOV

(Jreen Vinago, with two lunules on the breast, the upper one

violet, the lower yellow ; the wing-coverts tipped with yellow ;

the tail of a hoary white, tipped with hoary. Female greenish

grey, beneath greenish yellow.
Columba vernans. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 789. 69. — Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 599. 22,,—Temm. Pig. Ind. 443.
Columba purpurea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2* 599. 20. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. i. 784. 6l.
Columba viridis Philippensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 143. 38. pi. 11.

/2.
Pigeon vert des Philippines. Ruff. Ois. 2. 528.— Buffi PI. Enl.

138. (male.)
Le Pigeon vert de 1'isle de Lu<jon. Sonner. Voy.Ind. 110. p.

64 and 65. (male and female.)
Colombar Jojoo. Temm. Pig. (Svo.J p. 70.
Purple Pigeon. Broum Illust. Zool. p. 18. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.

628. 18.
Parrot Pigeon, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. c. 629. 2O.

THIS greatly resemble? the Pigeon in its beak,
which is slenderer and more swoln at the tip than
in the generality of the birds in this genus : the
total length of the bird is ten inches : the beak
is short, and the horny substance at its base is
whitish ; the soft part is reddish : the head of the
male, the throat, and the whole of the under part
of the neck are of a grey -blue : on the breast are
two broad belts ; the upper is of a beautiful lilac,
and the lower of a yellow-orange : some indi-
viduals have a lilac stripe on the sides of the neck
and the nape : the back, the scapulars, and the
whole of the wing-coverts are of a deep olive-
green, the whole of the latter being terminated
with a large yellow spot, forming a band of that
colour across the wing : the quills and secondaries

SOUTHERN VINAGO. 115

arc black, the latter edged with yellowish : the
belly is grey-brown : the abdomen and towards
the thighs yellowish : the under tail-coverts red :
the tail-feathers, fourteen in number, grey-brown
at their base, then black, and tipped with bright
grey ; the two middle ones being entirely of the
latter colour : the legs are fine red : the iris is
composed of two circles, the outer red, the inner
blue : the female is destitute of the lilac and
yellow-orange on the breast, this part as well as
the whole of the lower parts of the body being of
a bright greenish-yellow : the head and the hinder
part of the neck are of a grey-blue : in other
respects similar to the male.

Inhabits the islands of Lucon and Antigua, and
is said to be found at certain seasons in Java.

SOUTHERN VINAGO.
(Vinago australis.)

Vi. viridia, crissojemoribusque maciilatis, humeris violaceis, remi-
gibus nigris, secundariis ad apicemjlavo-marginatis, cauddgriseA
ad apicem pallidiore.

Green Vinago, with the vent and thighs spotted ; the shoulders
violet; the quills black, the secondaries towards their tips
edged with yellow ; the tail grey, with the tip pale.

Columba Australis. Linn. Maret. \J7\. p. 526. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 779.— Lath. Ind. Om. 2 604. 41.— -TYmm. Hist. Nat.
det Pig. Ind. p. 440.

116 SOUTHERN VJNAGO.

Paluinbus viridis Madagascar iensis. Briss. Orn. I. 142. 37.

*. 14. /. 2.
Pigeon rainier verd de Madagascar. Bujf. Ois. 2. 540.— Buf.

Pl.Enl. in.

Colombar Makson. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 43.
Madagascar Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 611. 35. A.

LIKE the rest of this genus, this species feeds
upon fruits : it is in length twelve inches and a
half: the head> the neck, the breast, and the
belly are of a bright olive-green : the back and
the under coverts of the tail are of a deep green :
at the bend of the wing is an epaulette of pur-
ple-brown : the greater coverts are tipped with
yellow, forming a band of that colour on the
wing : the greater quills are black, with a slight
border of yellow ; the upper part of the tail is of
a deep grey, which colour reaches from its base
to about three-fourths of its length ; the extre-
mities of the feathers are of a bright grey : the tail
below is black at its base, and white at the tip :
the feathers on the thighs and tarsi are green :
the abdomen is of this latter colour, with oblong
pure white spots : the under tail-coverts are red,
tipped with white : the base of the beak is covered
with a reddish membrane ; its point is of a horny
grey : the feet are red, and the claws grey. Native
of Madagascar.

117

NAKED-FRONTED VINAGO.

(Vinago Calva.)

Vi. viridis, fronte orbitisque nudis luteis, alls carpo violaceo,
remigibus nigris, secundariisjlavo-marginatis, rectricibus inter-
mediis viridibus, later alibus cinereis.

Green Vinago, with the forehead and orbits naked and yellow j
the bend of the wing violet ; the quills black, the secondaries
edged with yellow ; the middle tail-feathers green, the lateral
ones cinereous.

Columba Calva. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 442.

Colombar a front nud. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 63.

INHABITS Africa, on the coasts of Loango and
Angola. It is described by Temminck ; and is
distinguished from all others of the genus by
having a large bare space on the forehead ; this
greatly resembles the same part on the head of the
common Coot, and whilst the bird is alive it is of
a lively orange-colour ; but on its death it loses
all its colour : the length of the bird is eleven
inches : its beak is horn-coloured or greyish silver :
the head, the neck, the breast, and the whole of
the under parts of the plumage are of a fine clear
green : the top of the back is of a grey-ash : the
rest of the upper parts are deep green : the bend
of the wing is of a deep violet : the bastard wing
and the secondary quills are black ; the seconda-
ries and middle wing-coverts have a border of
whitish yellow : the middle tail-feathers are green ;
the lateral ones have their base and three-fourths

118 NAKED-FRONTED VINAGO.

of their length of a bright grey ; the rest are deep
grey, terminated with brighter; beneath all the
leathers are black, with bright grey tips: the
under tail-coverts are of a fine cinnamon-colour,
tipped with white : the upper half of the tarsi is
covered with yellow feathers ; the lower, and the
claws, are orange.

GOURA. GOURA.

Generic Character.

Rostrum mediocre, gracilius-
ruluiTi, ad apicem paulo
inflatum ; mandibulft su-
periore lateratim sulcata;
versus apicem descendens.

Nares superne plumis tectis,
in riniii sitae.

Alee breves, rotundatae.
Tarsi longiores, digiti basi

Beak middle sized, very
slender, towards the tip
slightly inflated ; the supe-
rior mandible sulcated on
the sides, its tip bent down.

Nostrils covered above with
feathers, and placed in a
fissure.

Wings short and rounded.

Tarsi long, toes cleft at then-
base.

Columbi-Gallines. Le Vaillant.

Lophyrus. Vieillot.

Goiira. Temminck.

Columba. Linne, Gmelin, Cuvier, 8fc.

JL HE birds of this genus are known from those
of the other genera of the order, by the great
length of their tarsi, which approach to those
of the Gallinacese ; their beak is also of a dif-
ferent form from that of the other Columbine
birds, being very slender, and having a groove

120 CROWNED GOURA.

in which the nostrils are situated ; their toes are
divided to their origin.

They are gregarious j are principally natives of
the tropical parts of America, and like the birds of
the next order, they build their nests and lay their
eggs upon the ground, rarely perching upon trees :
many of the species have received the name of
Partridge, from their manners being so similar to
the birds of that genus.

A. Head furnished with a crest.

CROWNED GOURA.
(Goiira coronata.)

Go. orbitis nigris, crista erectd, corpore caerulescenle , humerit

Jerrugineis , fasci& alarum alba.
Goura with black orbits, an erect crest, the body bluish, the

shoulders ferruginous, and a white band on the wings.
Columba coronata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 774. \J. Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 596. p. — Temm. Pig. Ind 4Q\.

Phasianus cristatus indicus. Eriss. Orn. 1. 279. 6. pl.lQ.f. 1.
Le Pigeon couronn6 des Indes. Buff. Ois. 2. 354. Buff. PI.

Enl. 118.
Le Goura de la Nouvelle Guin6e. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 169.

///. 104.

Colombi Kocco. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. 6. pi. 280.
Colombi-Galline Goura. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 377-
Great crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 620. 2. — Edwards,

pi. 338. — Bing. /Inim. Biog. 1. p. 224.

CROWNED GOURA.

THIS is the largest bird of this order 'known,
exceeding a Turkey in size : its beak is black, and
from its base arises a streak of that colour, which
passes through the eyes as far as the hind head :
the head is ornamented witli an erect superb cir-
cular crest, the feathers of which it is composed
being upwards of four inches and a half in length,
of a loose texture, and of a fine pale bluish-ash
colour : the rest of the head, the neck, breast,
belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, grey-
blue : the rump and upper tail-coverts deep ash :
the back and scapulars the same, with a mixture
of purplish chesnut ; as are also the tips of the
lesser wing-coverts ; the greater ones, nearest the
body, ash-coloured within, and white on the out-
side, and tipped with purplish chesnut : the quills
deep dusky ash : tail the same, but paler at the
tip : the legs are dusky : the irides red.

These birds have many of the manners of the
common Pigeons ; billing, inflating their breast,
and cooing; its note is, however, so loud at
times, as to resemble a kind of lowing ; and its
mournful notes alarmed the crew of Bougainville
greatly, on hearing them, for the first time, in the
wild and unfrequented spots of some of the islands
on which they landed ; they supposing the noise
to be uttered by some of the savages of those
parts. They are easily tamed, and in the East
Indies are kept in court-yards as poultry. In
a wild state they build and breed in the highest
trees. They inhabit the Moluccas and New
Guinea.

122

B. Head not crested.
* With a caruncle at the base oftlie beak.

NICOBAR GOURA.
(Goiira Nicobarica.)

Go. corpore eeneo, pennis colli angustis elongatis, remigibus ex

caerulescente viridibus, caudd alba, bast rostri caruncula com-

pressd. (Femina, caret caruncula in fronted)
Goura with a brassy body, the feathers on the neck narrow and

elongated, the quills of a green-blue, the tail white, the base

of the beak with a compressed caruncle. (Female without

the frontal caruncle.)
Columba Nicobarica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 44. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 1. 783. Ij.—Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 445—Briss. Orn.

1. 153.44.

Pigeon de Nicobar. Buff. Ois. 2. 541. — Buff. PI. Enl. 491.
Colombi-Galline a cainail. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 385. — Le

Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. 6. pi. Ijg.
Nicobar Pigeon. Edwards, pi. 33Q. — Albin. 3. pi. 47 and 48.

— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.642. 38.

BEAK dusky : irides hazel : the head, neck,
breast, belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts of
a dark bluish purple : the feathers on the neck
are very long and pointed, reflecting rich hues of
blue, red, gold, and copper : at the base of the
beak is a depressed caruncle : the back, and
upper parts of the wings, rich green, changing to
copper anil gold ; some of the outer quills, and
the coverts above them, bright blue : the tail and
upper coverts white : legs reddish : the female

WATTLED GOURA» 123

differs in the colours being less brilliant, and in
the pointed feathers of the neck being shorter ;
she is also destitute of the caruncle at the base of
the beak. Inhabits the Moluccas, and other of
the Indian islands.

This bird has a great affinity to those of the
genus Columba, but may be readily distinguished
from them by the form of the beak and other parts,
as detailed in the generic character: its manners
too are totally different ; it lives on the ground,
and subsists upon fruits.

WATTLED GOURA.
(Goiira carunculata.)

Go. cana,Jronte et carunculd gutturali rubris, ventre abdomine
uropygioque albis, caudafuscdpennis exterioribus albo margin-
atis. (Femina Jrontem non habet nudum nee carunculum gut-
tttralem.)

Hoary Goura, with the forehead and wattle on the throat redj
the belly, abdomen, and rump white; the tail brown, its
exterior feathers edged with white. (Female without the
naked space on the forehead, or wattles on the throat)

Columba carunculata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 496.

Colombi-Galline a barbillon. Temm. Pig. (8t>o.)/>. 415.

Le Colombi-Galline. Le Vaitt. Ois. d'AJriq. 6. p. 278.

ACCORDING to Le Vaillant, this species, in com-
mon with the others of the genus, builds its nest

124 WATTLED GOURA.

on the ground in holes ; it is composed of bits of
twigs and dry herbs : the female deposits from six
to eight reddish white eggs, and is assisted by the
male during incubation : the young are covered
with a reddish grey down, and run as soon as out
of the egg, but do not quit their parents, who
cover them with their wings to protect them from
the too violent rays of the sun ; the old birds feed
them with the pupae of ants, dead insects, and
worms : when they get stronger they feed upon
various sorts of grain, berries, and insects ; and
their general habits are precisely similar to those
of the gallinaceous birds.

This bird is readily distinguished, by having a
naked skin on the forehead and round the base of
the beak, passing down the sides of the throat to
the ears, similar to a wattle : the length of the bird
is ten inches : its head, the cheeks, the neck, and
the breast are of a deep grey : the scapulars and
the upper wing-coverts are of a silvery grey,
lightly tipped with white : the belly, the upper
and under tail- coverts, the rump, the under part
of the wings, the sides, and the outer edge of the
exterior tail-feathers, are pure white : the tail is of
a reddish brown above, and dusky beneath : the
beak is red at its base and black at its point : the
legs are of a rufous tinge : the irides are composed
of two circles, one yellow, the other red.

The female does not possess the naked red
wattle ; she is rather smaller, and not so brilliant
in colour : the wing-coverts are slightly edged
with white. Found in the interior of Africa.

IS5

* * No caruncle at the base of the beak.

BLUE-HEADED GOURA.
(Goiira cyanocephala.)

Go. vinaceo-Jusca^ capite gul&que c&ruleis, fascid suboculnrit

alba.
Vinaceous- brown Goura, with the head and throat blue, and a

white stripe beneath the eye.
Columba cyanocephala. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 282. 2O. — Gntel.

Syst. Nat. l. 778. 20.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 608. 54.— Teinm.

Pig. Ind. 491.

Turtur Jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 135. 32. pi. I3.f. 1.
Tourterelle de la Jamafque. Buff. Ois. 2. 55B.—Buf. PL Enl.

174.
Colombi-Galline a cravate noire. Le Vaill. Ois. <f Afrique. v.

6. pi. 28l.—Temm. Pig. (8ro.) p. 39O.
Turtle-Dove from Jamaica. Albin. 2. pi. 49.
Blue-headed Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 651. 45.— Lath. Syn.

Sup. 200. 45.

FOUND throughout the warmer parts of America :
length eleven inches : beak red at its base, and
grey at its tip : the crown of the head and the
throat blue ; the colour passing down the middle
of the fore-part of the neck ; beneath this the fea-
thers are black, with some of them having a trans-
verse stripe of white towards their tips : from the
lower jaw to the liind-part of the head, passing
beneath the eye, is a white stripe : the hind-part
of the neck, back, rump, wing and tail-coverts,
vinaceous brown : the fore-part of the neck and

126 WHITE-BELLIED GOURA.

the breast of a bright vinaceous : the belly, sides,
thighs, and under tail-coverts, of a reddish vina-
ceous : the quills brown, with their outer edges
rufous : the tail dusky ash-colour above, and
blackish beneath : the legs and claws red.

WHITE-BELLIED GOURA.
(Goiira Jamaicensis.)

Go.Jusco-purpurascens, cervice ceeruleo purpureoque varia,fronte
guldque albidis, corpore subtus vinaceo, rectricibus ccerulescen-
tibus lateralibus albo-terminatis.

Brown-purple Goura, with the top of the neck varied with pur-
ple and blue ; the forehead and throat whitish ; the body be-
neath vinaceous ; the tail-feathers bluish, the lateral ones ter-
minated with white.

Columba Jamaicensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 25. — Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 1. 782.— Briss. Orn. 1. 134.31.— Temm. Pig. Ind.
495. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5p5. 8.

Colombi-Galline a front gris. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 411.

White-bellied Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 619. 8.

THE top of the head and all the under parts of
the neck and body, of this species, are white : the
hind-part of the neck varied with blue and purple :
the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, purplish-
brown, with a tinge of red : the tail blue, with the
lateral feathers terminated with white : the body
beneath is vinaceous : the irides are white : the

RED-BELLIED GOURA. 127

nostrils are greatly elevated, and form two tuber-
cles at the base of the beak : the total length is
nine inches.

Inhabits Jamaica and the adjacent islands: it
feeds on berries : it has a very disagreeable and
mournful voice, which is repeatedly uttered.

RED-BELLIED GOURA.

(Goiira erythrothorax.)

.

Go. fusca, facie alba, collo pectoreqve purpureist cervice vinculo

violaceo viridi-aureo nitente, abdomine rufo, pennis caudte

fateralibus nigris cano-terminatis.
Brown Goura, with the face white; the neck and breast purple;

the nape with a violet collar, with golden-green reflections ;

the abdomen rufous; the lateral tail-feathers black, tipped

with hoary.

Columba erythrothorax. Temm. Pig. Ind. 494.
Colombi-Galline a fache blanche. Temm. Pig. (Qvo.) p. 4O5.

TEN inches and a half in length : the face is of
a grey-white : the top of the head, the neck, and
the breast, are of a fine vinaceous colour, the
breast being deepest : the nape of the neck is fur-
nished with a kind of collar, of violet, with golden
reflections : the belly, the thighs, the abdomen,
and the under tail-coverts, are deep rust-colour :
the back, the wings, the upper tail-coverts, and
the two middle tail-feathers, are of a sooty hue ;

128 RED-BREASTED GOURA.

the upper surface of the lateral tail-feathers is
black at the base, and grey towards the tip ; the
under surface is black, with a white tip ; the
greater quills are dusky, bordered with grey : the
feet are red, as are the fleshy papillae at the base
of the beak : the beak is black ; and the cla\\>
brown. Inhabits Surinam.

RED-BREASTED GOURA.
(Goiira cruenta.)

Go. grisea, collo subtns albo, ceroice violaceo,Jasciis alarum tribut

griscescentibus, macula pectoris sanguined.
Grey Genre, with the neck beneath white, the top of the neck

violaceous, the wings with three greyish bands, the breast

with a blood-red spot.
Columba cruenta. Gmel. Syst. Nat. J. 785. 66. — Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 611. 65.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 4p4.
La Tourterelle grise ensanglant6e. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 52.

pi. 21.

Colombi-Galline Poignarde. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 407.
Red-breasted Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 657. 56.
Var. &. corpore toto albo, macul'i pectoris sanguineA.
With the body white, and a blood-red spot on the breast.
Columba sanguinea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785. 65. — Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 6 1 1. 66.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 4Q4.
La Tourterelle blanche ensanglantee. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 51.

pi. 20.

Colombi-Galline Poignard^ vari&6. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 407.
Sanguine Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 657. 57.

RED-BREASTED GOURA. 129

NATIVE of the Philippine Islands : length ten
inches and a half: the forehead and the crown
are of a grey-ash : the occiput and the hinder-part
of the neck are of a deep violet, with green re-
flections : the back, the scapulars, the lesser wing,
coverts, and the lateral parts of the breast, are of
a deep grey ; the whole of the feathers of these
parts being tipped with a brilliant metallic green
band : the throat, the sides of the neck, and the
middle of the breast, are of a pure white ; the
latter with a spot of a flesh-colour in the centre :
the belly, the sides, the abdomen, and the under
tail-coverts, are of a reddish hue : the feathers of
the middle wing-coverts are of a reddish-purple at
their base, and bright ash at their tips, forming
three bands of the latter colour across each wing :
the quills are of a brownish-ash, with their edges
fringed with reddish : the two middle tail-feathers
are grey-brown j the lateral ones are grey at their
base, black towards their middle, and whitish-
grey at their tips : the eyes and feet are red : the
female is rather duller in colours.

A variety is commemorated by Temminck,
which has the whole of the body white, with a
blood-red spot .pn the breast : it is described as a
species by Sonnerat, but it has all the tracings of
the markings of the first described, and is found
at the same place as that.

v. xr. P. i.

130

MOUNTAIN GOURA,
(Goiira montana.)

Go. corpore nifot pcctore vinaceo, remigibus rujis, maculA sub
oculis, ad gulam et ad humeros tensd albd, orbitis nudis san-
guineis.

Goura with a rufous body; the breast vinaceous ; the quills ru-
fous j beneath the eyes a spot of white, spreading towards the
throat and shoulders ; the orbits naked, and blood-coloured.

Columba montana. Linn. Syst. Nat. I. 281. 13. — Grnel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 7/2. 17. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5p4. 3. — Temm. Pig.
Ind. 4p2.

Colombi-Gallinse Montagnard. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 395.

Mountain Partridge. Ediioards.pl. 119.

Partridge Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 615. 3. — Lath. Syn. Sup.
197- 3-

EIGHT inches and a half in length : beak red,
with the tip black : irides red ; the eyes surrounded
by a papillated skin of a reddish cast : the upper
parts of the body rufous, with a purple gloss : face,
part of the neck and breast vinaceous ; the rest of
the under parts, sides, thighs, and vent, rufous :
the back, wings and tail rufous, with a tinge of
copper : beneath the eye is a spot of white, another
on the side of the throat, and a third at the base
of the wing : legs red ; claws brown. Inhabits the
warmer parts of America: builds in low bushes:
the nests are lined with hair and cotton.

131

HOTTENTOT GOURA.
(Goiira Hottentota.)

Go. rufa, fronte guttureque albis, collo pectoreque cano-vinaceis,
albo nigroque lunalis, venire abdomineque vinaceis, pennis
caudalibus supra rujts infra cants.

Rufous Goura, with the forehead and throat white j the neck
and breast of a hoary vinaceous hue, with black and white
lunules ; the belly and abdomen vinaceous ; the feathers of the
tail above rufous, beneath hoary.

Columba Hottentota. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 4QJ.

Le Colombi-Caille. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. v. 6. pi. 283.

Colombi-Galline Hottentot. Temm. Pig. (&v o.) p. 42Q.

THE male of this species has the occiput, the
back of the neck, the shoulders, the wing-coveits,
the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, of a fine red
cinnamon-colour; each feather slightly tipped with
brown : the forehead and the throat are white : the
fore-part, and sides of the neck, are of a clear vi-
naceous grey : the feathers are slightly edged with
white and black : the middle of the breast, the
belly, the thighs, and the under tail-coverts, are
bright red : the outer webs of the wing-feathers
are red, the interior dusky : the tail, which is short
and rounded, is of a cinnamon-colour above, and
greyish-black beneath : the beak is brownish-yel-
low : the feet and eyes red. The female is smaller
than the male, and the colours are less brilliant.
Found by Le Vaillant in the neighbourhood of the
mountains in the country of the Grand Nama-

132 MARTINICO GOL'RA.

quois : it has a very short flight, with frequent
starts : it obtains its nourishment on the ground
during the daytime, and towards night seeks shelter
in deep thickets, close to the ground.

MARTINICO GOURA.
(Goiira Martinica.)

Go. subviolacea,pectore vinaceo, venire abdomineque rufescentibus,
remigibusjuscis interne rufescentibus > maculA sub oculis Jusco-
violacea. (Femina, 'violacco-fu&ca, pectore abdomineque albo'
fuscescentibus.)

Cubviolet Goura, with the breast vinaceous ; the belly and ab-
domen rufescent j the quills brown, within reddish j beneath
the eyes a brown violet spot. Female violet-brown, with the
breast and abdomen of a whitish-brown.

Columba Martinica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 14. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 781. 24.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 493.— Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 575. 7.

Columba violacea Martinicana. Eriss. Orn. 1. 129. 27. t. 12.

/I-

Columba rufa Cayanensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 131. 29 pi. \1>f. 2.
Pigeon violet de la Martinique. Buff. Ois. 2. 525.— Buff. PI.

Enl. 162.
Pigeon roux de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 2. 526.— Buff. PI. Enl

141.
Colombi-Galline roux-violet. Le Vaitt. Ois. d'Afrique. 6. pi.

282. — Temm. Pig. (8uo.) p. 400.

Le Pigeon rouge et jaune. D'Azara. Voy. 4. 131. 321.
Martinico Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 6l8. 7. A.

GROUND GOURA. 133

NEAR ten inches in length : the irides are red :
the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, are
deep violaceous-chesnut : the breast is vinaceous :
the rest of the under parts of the body are rufous,
varying in tint : quills fuscous on their outer webs,
rufous on their inner: tail-feathers dusky, with
rufous margins : beneath the eyes a spot of a
brownish violet-colour: the legs red, beak the
same: claws dusky: female with the breast and
abdomen of a brownish-white : the rest of the
body a violet-brown. Inhabits Martinique and the
warmer parts of America.

GROUND GOURA.
(Goura Passerina.)

Go. corpore cinereo-fusco, subtus violaceo, pectorc nigricantc-
squamatOj remigibtis rufis margine exteriore apiceque nigrican*
tibus, alls punctis chalybeisy rectricibus intermediis dnereis, re»
liquis nigricantibus.

Goura with the body above of a cinereous brown, beneath violet;
the breast with dusky scales ; the quills rufous, their outer
edges and tips dusky; the wings with steel-coloured spots; the
middle tail-feathers ash-coloured, the rest dusky.

Columba Passerina. Temm. Pig. Ind. 496. — Linn. Syst. Nat.
1. 285. 34. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 787.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
611. fy.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 6. p. 15.

Turtur parvus Araericanus. Brus. Om. 1. 113. 19. pL §.f. 1.

Le Cocotzin. Buf. Ois. 2. 559.

134 GROUND GOURA.

La petite Tourterelle de la Martinique. Bu/. PI. Enl. 243,f, 1.
Colombi-Galline Cocotzin. Temm. Pig. (8ro.) p. 425.
Ground-Dove. Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 26. — Arct. Zoo/. 2. 191. —

Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 659. 59. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 100. — Wilt.

Amer. Orn. VI. p. 15. pi. 46. f. 2. male.yi 3. female.

LENGTH six inches and a quarter: beak pale
red, tipped with dusky.: irides orange : the upper
parts of the head and neck are ash-coloured : the
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts the same, but
darker : the forehead, throat, fore-part of the neck,
breast, sides, belly, and under tailrcoverts, vina-
ceous ; the feathers of the neck and breast spotted
with brown in their centres, giving those parts a
mottled appearance : part of the wing-coverts deep
ash ; the rest vinaceous, with several glossy green
spots : beneath tne wing rufous : the quills are
rufous, with their outer margins and tips dusky :
the two middle tail-feathers deep ash-colour, the
others dusky : the legs red j the claws dusky. The
female differs in being of a less vivid hue.

This bird inhabits the warmer parts of America,
but mostly within the tropics, though occasionally
found in Carolina and the southern parts of Pen-
sylvania. With the rest of the genus it feeds upon
the ground like Partridges, makes a short flight,
and then alights on the ground again : it is gre-
garious, and feeds upon grain and seeds.

PICUI GOURA.

J*~

(Goura Picui.)

Go. corpore subtus albesceute-fusco, supra Jusco, tectricibus fl/a-
rum maculis caeruleis nigris albisque notatis, pcnnd caudte ex-
teriore alba, tribus sequentibusjuscis albo-terminatis ; alts intus
nigris.

Goura with the upper parts of the body of a whitish brown, the
under brown ; the wing-coverts with blue spots, sprinkled
with black and white ; the outer tail-feather white, the three
following ones brown, tipped with white ; the wings beneath
black.

Columba Picui. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 498.

Le Picui. D'Azara Voy. Amer. merid. 4. 136. no. 324.

Colombi-Galline Picui. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 435.

SEVEN inches and one third in length : it has a
naked space round the eyes, extending to the
base of the beak : the under parts of the body are
white, with a tint of brown on the front of the
neck, and on the sides of the body, and one of
vinaceous on the breast : the under part of the
wings are of a fine velvety black : the forehead
and the sides of the head are whitish : the upper
part of the head, the neck, and the body, as well
as the upper wing-coverts, are of a pure brown,
sprinkled with small bluish enamelled spots, in-
terspersed with black and white ones : the quills
are dusky brown : the outer feather of the tail is
white on its outer web ; the second, third, and
fourth, are of that colour to the end j the others

.136 TALPACOTI GOURA.

grey-brown : the tarsi are of an obscure violet :
the beak is deep bluish, and the space round the
eye blue. .

Very abundant in Paraguay, and the marshy
countries on the borders of the river La Plata.

TALPACOTI GOURA.
(Goiira Talpacoti.)

Go. cinnamomea, capite cceruleo, lineis nigris in scapulis, remigibia
Juscis, caudd nigrd rufo-terminatd, partc tarsi extcriori plu-

mat&, alls intus nigr,is.
Cinnamon-coloured Goura, with the head blue ; the scapulars

with black lines ; the quills brown ; the tail black, terminated

with rufous ; the outer part of the tarsi feathered j the wing

beneath black.

Columba Talpacoti. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 496.
Colombi-Galline Talpacoti. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 421.

ONE of the smallest of the genus, being only
six inches and a half in length : the top of the
head is of a grey-blue, shaded on the forehead
with whitish : the throat and the sides of the neck
are grey, shaded with vinaceous : the whole of the
back, the greater and lesser wing-coverts, those
of the tail, the front of the neck, the breast, and
the whole of the under parts of the body, are of a
deep red, shaded with delicate vinaceous tints:
the middle, and the greater wing-coverts, are

PASSERINE GOURA. 137

spotted with black on their exterior webs ; the in-
terior ones are of an uniform red : the quills, and
the secondary feathers of the wing, are of a dusky
brown : the two middle tail-feathers are reddish-
brown ; the lateral ones are black, and shorter
than the inner ; the two exterior ones on each side
are marked with a red spot : the under tail-coverts
are black, as are the sides of the body : the beak
is of a reddish-brown, and the feet orange : the
tarsi are furnished on their outer sides, through
their whole length, with a narrow band of short
and downy feathers. Inhabits the middle parts
of America, and has the same manners as the rest
of the genus.

PASSERINE GOURA.
(Goiira minuta.)

Go. corpore supra djlutc-fusco, gula pectoreque dilute violaceis, in
carpo alarum tribus out quatuor maculis violaceis, sex aliis ma-
cults in alarum apice remigibus Juscis , margirte rnjis, rectricibus
ceerulescentibus nigro-terminalis, duabus extinris albo-termi-
natis.

Goura with the body above pale fuscous ; the throat and breast
pale violet } the bend of the wing with three or four violet
spot-, and six others towards the tip of the wings ; the quills
brown, edged with rufous; the tail-feathers bluish, tipped
with black ; the two outer ones tipped with white.

138 PASSERINE GOURA.

Columba ininuta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. 35. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. l. 788.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 612. 6B.—Temm. Pig. Ind.

498.
Turtur parvus fuscus Aruericanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 116. 20. ;;/. 8.

./.2..

Petite Tourterelle de St. Domingue. Buf. PI. Enl. 243. f. I .
Colombi-Galliue Pignie. Tenim. Pig. (8vo.) p. 432.
Passerine Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 660. 59.

A VERY small species, measuring only five inches
and a half in length : its beak is brown, as are the
whole of the upper parts of the body : the wing-
coverts reddish-brown, with several spots of the
colour of polished steel, of which three or four
are upon the lesser, and five or six on the greater
coverts : the quills are dusky, with their outer edges
and tips rufous : ,the two middle tail-feathers are
brown ; the others are grey at their base, then
black, and terminated with brown ; the two lateral
ones, on each side, have their outer webs white
towards their tips : the lower parts of the body of
a reddish-white : the throat and breast pale vina-
ceous : the legs are brown.

Inhabits the warmer parts of America.

ORDER

GALLINACE.E.

Rostrum breoiusculum,convexum,fornicatum, mandibuld superior e
arena fa margines iiiferiores tegens.

Nares lateralcs, vel ceromatibus, vel squama fornicali, vel mem-
brana, vel plumis tectce, ant semitecta.

Pedes tetradactyli, rarius tridactyli, digitis tribus anticis basi mem-
branula conjunctis, et subtus scabris: tibiis totis plumis tectis.

Beak short, convex, arched, with the upper mandible covering
the margins of the lower.

Nostrils lateral, nearly or entirely covered with wattles, with an
arched scale, with a membrane, or with feathers.

Feet four-toed, rarely three-toed ; the three anterior toes con-
nected at the base by a slight membrane ; their inferior sur-
face rough ; the tibiae entirely covered with feathers.

THE birds of this order are most extensively
useful to mankind, their flesh furnishing a sub-
stantial and wholesome food, and their plumage
serving for various domestic and ornamental pur-
poses : their bodies, for the most part, are large,
and very muscular; and their wings are very short :
their toes are rough beneath, to enable them to
scratch the ground in search of insects : they are
fond of wallowing in the dust : many feed on grain
and seeds, whilst others feed on berries and buds,
but the greater portion subsist likewise on insects ;
the food remains some time in the gizzard to be
macerated.

They are mostly polygamous, building their

14O ORDER GALLINACEJE.

nests (which are very rude) in retired situations
on the bare ground : the females of many species
are extremely prolific, and continue to lay eggs
nearly all the year ; the young follow their mother
as soon as hatched, and immediately learn to pick
up their food, and the parent continues to lead
and protect them till they are fully grown : they
are readily tamed, and many species, especially
Peacocks, Turkeys, and Fowls, are kept in a
domestic state.

Pheasants, Partridges, and some few others,
have not submitted to the dominion of man,
but frequent cultivated situations within a short
distance of human habitations.

141

PAVO. PEACOCK.

Generic Character.

Rostrum basi nudum, supra
convexum, crassiusculum ;
versus apicem deflexum.

Nares patulae.

Genes partim denudatae.

Pennce uropygii elongates,
latae, expansiles, ocellatae.

Cauda cuneata, rectricibus

octodecim.
Pedes tetradactyli, torso cal-

carato conico.
Caput cristatum.

Beak naked at the base, above
convex, thickened, towards
the tip bent down.

Nostrils open.

Cheeks partially denuded.

Featliers of the rump elon-
gated, broad, capable of
being expanded, and ocel-
lated.

Tail wedge-shaped, consist-
ing of eighteen feathers.

Feet four-toed ; tarsi with a
conical spur.

Head crested.

A AVO, auctorum. — There are but two species
of Peacocks, which are amongst the most splendid
of birds, being of a beautiful form, and large size,
and possessing the most magnificent and re-
splendent hues on their plumage : they are proud
and quarrelsome, and feed on insects, fruit, and
grain : they are natives of Asia, and one of them
is domesticated in Europe.

142

CRESTED PEACOCK.
(Pavo eristatus )

PA. capilc crisld compressd, corpore supra viridi-aureo,' eenco-
nitente ; tectricibus alarum viridi-aureo cesruleo aeneoquc cfful-
gentilttts ; subtus nigricante viridi-aureo-vario : capite Jasciis
duabus nlbis utrinque ; tectricibus caudce superioribus longissi-
mis, arcubus versicoloribus et auratis conspicuis. Mas.

Peacock with a compressed crest on the head ; the body above
of a golden-green, glossed with brassy; the wing-coverts
green-gold, with blue and brassy reflections ; the under parts
of the body dusky, varied with green-gold j the head with
two white stripes on each side; the upper tail-coverts very
long, adorned with various coloured auriferous arches.

Pavo cristutus, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 650.

Paon Sauvage. Temm. Hist. Nat. Gall. v. 2. p. 26.

Var. $. domesticus, tectricibus alarum transvcrsim striatus.

Wing-coverts trthsversely striated.

Pavo eristatus, domesticus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 650.

Pavo eristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. \.p. 267. — Linn. Faun. Suec.
\Q7--Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 729. 1 — Witt. Orn. p. 112. pi. 27.
Lath. Ind. Orn. '2. p. 6l6. 1.

Le Paon. Buff. Ois. '1. 288. pi \Q.— Bnff. PL Enl. 433 and 434.
— Briss. Orn. 1. 281. ?. pi. 27.

Le Paon domestique. Temm. Gall. (8vo.) 2. p. 35 and 434.

Crested or common Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 668. 1. —
Beiv. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 2SQ. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 234.

Var. y.genis, gutture, supremo ventre, tectricibusque alarum albis,

With the cheeks, throat, upper parts of the belly, and the wing-
coverts, white.

Pavo eristatus varius. Briss. Orn. l.p. 288. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. p. 6 1 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 729. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 652.

Lc Paon Pannach6. Buff. Ois. 2. WJ.—Temm. Gall. (8vo.) p+
GW.

CRESTED PEACOCK. 143

Variegated Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 671. 1.

Yar. £. corpore toto albo.

With the body entirely white.

Pavo cristatus albus. Eriss. Orn. 1. 288.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. I.

73O.— Lath. Ind. Orn. ». Q\J.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 652.
Le Paon Wane. fiw/". Ois. 2. 323.— Temm. Go//. (8t>o.) 2.

p. 46.
White Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 672. 1.

THIS most splendid and magnificent bird is a
native of India, and in its wild state has the fol-
lowing character : its length from the tip of the
beak to the end of its tail is about four feet : its
head is adorned with a crest, consisting of twenty-
four feathers, which are only webbed at their tips,
where they are of a fine rich golden-green colour j
their shafts are whitish : above and beneath the
eye is a streak of white : irides yellowish : the
head, throat, neck, and breast, are green-gold,
glossed with copper-coloured reflections : the back
and rump the same, but more cupreous : the wring-
coverts deep blue, glossed with green and gold t
the belly and vent are dusky, tinged with greenish :
the tail is of a grey-brown, edged with reddish-
grey, and hidden beneath a train of the most ele-
gant and enchanting colours, which arises upon
the "back ; the two middle feathers of which it is
composed are frequently upwards of four feet and
a half in length, the others gradually diminishing
on each side, and forming, when expanded, a su-
perb fan of the most resplendent hues : the shafts
are white, and are furnished from their origin,
nearly to the end, with divided iridescent barbs ;

144 CRESTED PEACOCK*

at the extremity of these feathers the barbs unite*
and form a flat extended vane, decorated with
what is called the eye, which has in its centre a
heart-shaped velvety hlack spot, surrounded with
a circle of green, with a blue and violet reflection j
this is again encompassed with two other circles,
glossed with different tints of gold and copper-
colour, varying into other shades, according to
their position with respect to the light : the ex-
ternal row of feathers are not adorned with the
eye-like spot, but are of an uniform dusky colour:
the thighs are yellowish; the legs are grey-brown,
those of the male furnished with a strong spur,
nearly an inch in length.

The female is rather less than the male, and
her train is very short, and destitute of those re-
splendent beauties that ornament that of the male,
and the feathers of which it is composed are even
shorter than the tail itself: her crest is shorter,
and her whole plumage partakes of a cinereous
hue : her throat and neck are green ; and the spots
on the sides of the head are larger than those of
the male.

In a domestic state the Peacock varies greatly
in its plumage, but all its varieties are readily distin-
guished by having the wing-coverts transversely
striated with black : the wings are also striated, and
variegated with rufous, blackish and green ; having
a ground colour, reddish-brown : the variegated
Peacock is only a mixed breed, between the com-
mon and the white variety, and is found in every
variety and proportion of colour between the

- •

PEACOCK .

6TEf> PEACOCK. 1 4 J

two : but the most usual appearance is for the
cheeks, throat, upper parts of the belly, and the
wing-coverts, to be white.

Occasionally the Peacock has the whole of the
plumage of a pure white colour, the eyes of the
train not excepted, but they may be traced by a
different undulation of shade upon that part : like
many other gallinaceous birds, the female some-
times assumes the plumage of the male, after
having ceased to breed ; it also obtains strong
rudiments of spurs.

Without doubt the Peacock is the most elegant
and beautiful of the feathered creation, the splen-
dour of its plumage, and the elegance of its form,
not being exceeded by any. Its matchless plumes
seem to combine all that delights the eye in the
soft and delicate tints of the finest flowers, all that
dazzles it in the sparkling lustre of gems, and
all that astonishes it in the grand display of the
rainbow : all contend to give it a place high in our
esteem. However, these superb plumes are shed
every year : then, as if sensible of his loss, he seeks
the most obscure retreats to conceal himself, till
the returning spring restores him to his accus-
tomed beauty.

This bird has been long naturalized in Europe,
but it is of eastern origin, having been introduced
about the time of Alexander into Greece : in the
neighbourhood of the Ganges, and the extensive
plains of India, it occurs in the greatest profusion,
and grows to a great size : it is a^very shy bird in
its native state, and is difficult to catch, except by
v. \i. p. i. 10

146 CRESTED PEACOCK.

the following contrivance adopted by the fowler*
in the East. A kind of banner is prepared, having
some lighted candles fitted upon it, and paintings
of Peacocks ; this (during the darkness of the night)
is held up in the trees upon which the birds
roost ; they, being dazzled by the light, or de-
ceived by the figure, stretch out their necks re-
peatedly, till they become entangled in a noose,
fixed for the purpose, and the fowler draws- the
cord and secures his victims. Tavernier asserts
that in some parts they are caught by means of a
kind of birdlime.

In these climates the females lay but four or five
eggs at a time, but in their native state they are
much more fertile : she always chooses some se-
questered or secret spot to deposit them, as the
male is apt to break them ; they are like those
of the Turkey, being white and speckled. The
incubation occupies from twenty-seven to thirty
days, according to the temperature of the climate,
or the warmth of the season. The young acquire
the perfect brilliancy of plumage in their third
year, but in colder climates they require great
care in rearing : they feed upon meal and insects,
and when they are six or seven months old they
will eat wheat and various sorts of grain, like other
gallinaceous birds : they are said to be killed by
eating the flowers of the elder. Aristotle affirms
that they live about twenty-five years, but by
Willoughby and others they are supposed to live
nearly a hundred : the former opinion appears to
be most agreeable to nature.

CRESTED PEACOCK. 14-7

When pleased or delighted the male expands
his gaudy train, and displays all the majesty of his
beauty, stretching and turning slowly about, as if
to catch every gleam of light to produce new and
inconceivable hues of splendid colours. By a
strong muscular vibration, he can make the shafts
of his long feathers clatter in an extraordinary
manner.

In this country Peacocks are unable to fly much,
but they are fond of climbing, and commonly pass
the night upon the roofs of houses, where they do
considerable mischief, or upon the highest trees,
and from these situations it is that they utter their
harsh and discordant cry, which is a perfect con-
trast to their brilliant plumage.

During the period of the Romans they were
highly esteemed for the table, but at present only
the young are considered of any importance, as
the flesh is very hard and dry. Hortensius was
the first person who ordered them to be served up
at his table.

JAPAN PEACOCK.
(Pavo rnuticus.)

PA. corpore supra virescente-ceeruleo, ceneo ejfulgente; subtus ci-
nereo, maculis nigris albo-striatis vario ; pectore caeruleo tiiridi-
aureo nitente ; tectricibus caudce sttperioribus ocellatis ; capite
cristd erecta, spicatd.

Peacock with the body above of a green-blue, with a brassy
gloss; beneath ash-coloured, varied with black spots and white
stripes ; breast rich blue, glossed with green-gold ; upper tail-
coverts ocellated j head with an erect spicated crest.

Pavo muticus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 2(58. — Grnel. Syst. Nat.
1. 731. 3. — Lath. Tnd. Orn. 2. 617. 2 — Temm. Gall. Ind. p.
652.

Pavo Japonensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 289 . &.

Le Spicifere. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 366.— Temm. Pig. ct Gall. 2. p.
56.pl. i./. I. '(head.)

Japan Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 672. 2.

THIS is the size of the common Peacock, and
is of the same form : its beak is longer and straighter
than in that bird, its colour dusky grey : the irides
are reddish-chesnut : beneath the eyes is a naked
yellowish space ; and another larger space of a
deeper yellow occurs on each side of the head,
under the coverts of the ear : the head is adorned
with a perpendicular crest, composed of about ten
straight sloped feathers, of a fine green colour,
with blue reflections : the head, the neck, and the
breast, are also green, highly glossed with blue :
the belly, the abdomen, and the greater feathers
of the wings, are brown, with elegant hues of
green : the feathers of the lower part of the back,

JAPAN PEACOCK. 149

forming the train, are shorter and less brilliant
than in the preceding species ; they are of a ches-
nut-brown, with white shafts, and have at the end
of each a large spot, gilded in the middle, then
blue, and surrounded with green : the legs are of
a brownish-colour, and in the male furnished with
a spur. The female appears to be unknown, that
described as one by Buffon being (according to
Temminck) a male at moult. The voice of this
bird differs greatly from that of the common
species.

This species was originally described by Al-
drovandus, from a painting sent by the Emperor
of Japan to the Pope : and for a long period its
existence was doubted : but Le Vaillant had the
good fortune to observe one, in a menagerie at
the Cape of Good Hope, that was brought from
Macao.

Japan is stated to be its native place.

150

POLYPLECTRON. POLYPLECTRON.

Generic Character.

Rostrum mediocre, gracile,
rectum, compressum; max-
illa superiore versus api-
cem deflexa.

Nares in medio maxillae sitae,
laterales, semitectae, an-
trorsum patulae.

Orbitce, genccque nudae.
Pedes tetradactyli, graciles;

tarso longo, calcaribus plu-

ribus.
Cauda lata, rotundata, elon-

gata, rectricibus sedecim.

Beak middle sized, slender,
straight, compressed; the
upper mandible bent down
towards the tip.

Nostrils situated in the mid-
dle of the maxilla, lateral,
nearly closed, and open in
front.

Orbits and cJteeks naked.

Feet four- toed, slender; tarsi
long, with many spurs.

Tail broad, rounded, elon-
gated, consisting of sixteen
feathers.

POLYPLECTRON. Temminck.

DIPLECTRON. Vieillot.

PAVO. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Cuv. 8fC.

I HERE is but one species of this genus known,
but of its manners we are still in the dark : it is a
native of China and Thibet, and is easily discrimi-
nated from the preceding genus, by the characters
above given. I have adopted the name used by
Temminck, as that is not only more applicable to
the bird than the one proposed by Vieillot, but
has also the right of priority.

ARGUS

151

ARGUS POLYPLECTRON.
{Polyplectron chinquis.)

Po. corpore supra cinereo, nigricanti-striato et albo-punctato ma~
culato; tectricibus alarum maculis orbiculatis splendide ceeruleis
adspersis ; subtus griseo, lineis nigricantibus undulato ; remigi-
bus secundariis guttis ex nitente c&ruleis; tectricibus cauda
guttis dunbus nitenti-viridibus.

Polyplectron with the body above cinereous, striated with dusky
and spotted with white ; the wing-coverts sprinkled with
splendid orbicular cserulean spots ; under parts of the body
grey, undulated with dusky lines ; the secondary quills with
shining blue spots ; the tail-coverts with two shining green
spots.

Polyplectron chinquis. Tenini. Gall. Ind. 2. p. 675.

Pavo bicalcaratus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 617. 3. — Linn. Syst. Nat.
1. 268. 2.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 730.

Pavo tibetanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 268. 2. &. — Grnel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 731.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 617. 4.— Briss. Orn. 1. 2Q4.
1O. pi. 28. A.f. 2.

Pavo siiiensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 291. 9«

Le Chinquis. Buff. Ois. 2. 365.

L'Eperonnier. Buff. Ois. 2. 368.— Buff. PI. Enl. 4Q2. male.
493. female.

Le petit Paon de Malacca. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 173. pi. 99.

Eperonnier chinquis. Temm. Gall. (Svo.) 2. p. 363.

Peacock Pheasant. Ediu. Glean, pi. 67. and 68. *

Iris Peacock. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 6/3. 3.

Thibet Pcaccck. La/A. Gen. St/n. 4. 675. 4.

THE most remarkable circumstance relating to
this bird is that of the tarsi being armed with

several spurs, which vary in number from two to
* .

ARGUS POLYPLECTIION.

six: and frequently the same bird has a different
number on each leg, individuals mentioned by
Temminck possessing three on one, and two on
the other t these spurs are frequently joined to-
gether at their base, but it is generally either the
two upper or the two lower that undergo that
change. Another curious fact relating to this
species is, that the tail is composed of two distinct
ranges or tiers of long feathers ; the lowest being
the true tail : these feathers are capable of being
erected when the bird is agitated, but at other
times they remain in a horizontal position.

It is about the size of the Painted Pheasant :
length twenty-three inches, of which the tail is
upwards of ten : the head and the top of the neck
are of a brown-grey, getting brighter on the
throat: the feathers on the lower part of the
neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a dull
brown, with transverse undulated bands of dusky
brown : the greater wing-feathers are brown, ya-
ried with an earthy grey ; the rest of them, as also
those of the shoulders, are of a yellowish grey, va-
ried with small dusky brown bands ; each feather
possessing towards its extremity a brilliant round
spot, of a green-blue colour, changing to splendid
gold and purple, according to the disposition of
the light, in some aspects vying with the opal j
these spots are surrounded by a circle of black,
and another of yellowish white, with which latter
colour the tip of each feather is adorned : the
back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are
clear brown> spotted and transversely undulated

ARGUS POLYPLECTRON. 153

with yellowish-white: the tail-feathers are dull
brown, varied with small spots of yellow .ochre :
at one inch and a quarter from the tips of the
upper range, and one and three quarters from
those of the lower* are two shining spots of an
oval form, united one to the other, and separated
by the shafts : the centres of these spots are green,
reflecting brilliant hues of blue and purple, but
not so splendid as on the wings and back ; they
.are surrounded by a circle of black, which is again
inclosed in another of dull grey of twice the
breadth of the black : the upper mandible of the
beak is red at its base, and black at its tip ; the
under is yellow, tipped with brown : the eyes are
encircled with bright grey feathers ; the irides are
brilliant yellow : the feet are black, as are the
spurs j the claws grey.

The female has the plumage less brilliant, and
the tail shorter: the feet are dull grey, and in
place of the lower spur is situated a prominent
callosity. The young have the plumage entirely
of an earthy-grey, with large spots, and small lines
of a brown colour: after the first moult the plumage
becomes less irregular, and the position of the
spots on the wings and tail becomes visible ; at the
second they become more determined, and possess
the fine golden-blue tint, with green reflections;
but it is not till ; fter the third moult, which takes
place at two years of age, that all the colours are
produced in perfection.

In a natural state this species is not very wild ;
it becomes readily accustomed to confinement, and

154 ARGUS POLYPLECTRON.

propagates its species in a domestic state with as
great facility as most other gallinaceous birds.
It is a native of China, and the mountains that
separate Indoostan and Thibet : according to Son-
nerat, it occurs likewise in Malacca.

155

MELEAGRIS. TURKEY.

Generic Character.

Rostrum breve, crassiuscu-
lum ; maxillii deflexu, con-
vexa, fornicaUi, basi ceri-
gera, ceromate in carun-
culam laxam pendu am,
teretem elongate.

Nares laterales, in ceromate
sitae.

Gula paleii carunculosa lon-
gitudinali pendula.

Cuit <ln lata, expansiles, rec-

tricibus octodecim.
Pedes tetradactyli, mediocres,

valid! ; tarso calcarato ob-

tuso.

Beak short, and thick ; the
maxilla bent down, con-
vex, arched, its base with
a cere, which forms a loose
pendulous caruncule, cy_
Hndrically elongated.

Nostrils lateral, placed in the
cere.

Throat with a longitudinal
pendulous carunculated
wattle.

Tall broad, expansile, con-
sisting of eighteen feathers.

Feet four-toed, middle length,
stout ; tarsi with an obtuse
spur.
Wings short.

MELEAGRIS, auctorum.— There being but
one species known belonging to this genus, any
general account of its manners in this place will
be superfluous, as they will be ftilly described in
their proper place.

156

COMMON TURKEY.
(Meleagris Gallopavo.)

ME. corpore supra et subtus nigro, purpureo violaceo et aureo
nitente ; capite collogue superiore cuta subnudd, c&rulescente,
papillosd, pilosd ; carunculd Jrontali et gulari, (Femina, u
mare discrepat in eo quod calcare careat, et caruncula pradita
sit minori multo et breviori, et caudam non gerat erectum.)

Turkey with tttfe body above and beneath black, shining with
violet and gold j the head and upper part of the neck with a
blue, papillated, and hairy skin ; the forehead and throat with
a caruncle. Female, differs in wanting a spur, and the wat-
tles are much less and shorter ; the tail cannot be erected.

Meleagris Gallopavo, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. QJQ.

Gallopavo sylvestris. Briss. Om. 1. ]62t B.

American Turkey. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 676. 1. — Penn. Arct.
Zool. 2. 178.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 2O3. l.—Wils. Amer. Om.
Index 5. p. xvii.

Var. 0. domestica. Colore mire varians, non raro toto corpore
candido out rufo.

The colours varying greatly, oftentimes the whole body entirely
white or red.

Meleagris Gallopavo domestica. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 677.

Meleagris Gallopavo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 268. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. IQB.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 732. 1.— Briss. Orn. 1. 158.
16. — Raii. Syn. 51. A. 3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 618. 1.

Meleagris Gallopavo cristatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 162. 2. — Albin.
Birds. 2. pi. 33.

Dindon domestique. Buff. Ois. 2. 132. 5. — Temm. Gall. v. 2. p.
381 . pi. 3. f. 5, 6, 7, 8, and g. (organs of voice.)

Domestic or Commpn Turkey. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 97. —
Albin. Birds. 3. pi. 35. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 679. 1. — Beta.
Brit. Birds. 1. 286. — Ding. Anim. Biog. 2.229.

COMMON TURKEY.

I

COMMON TURKEY. 157

THE American, or original Turkey, is about
three feet and a half in length ; being somewhat
larger than the domestic variety : it has a bare,
red,, carunculated head and neck : a dilatable
fleshy appendage hangs over the beak : the pre-
vailing colour of its plumage is a splendid black,
inclining to brilliant gilded copper-colour, in some
lights ; in others, it inclines to purple : the greater
wing-coverts are glossy brown : quills green-gold,
black towards the ends, and white at the tips : the
breast has a tuft of black hairs, about eight inches
in length : the tail consists of eighteen feathers,
which are brown varied with black, of which latter
colour the tips are ; its coverts are waved with
black and white : the legs have a short blunt spur :
the female is destitute of the tuft on the breast, at
least none but old ones possess it, and then it is
not above half the length of that of the male : the
legs have not a spur. The young males do not
put out the tuft on the breast till they are about
three years old.

In a domestic state Turkies vary exceedingly ;
but the most common appearance is dark grey,
inclining to black, a barred dusky white, and black:
it also occurs entirely of a fine deep copper- colour,
with the greater quills pure white, and the tail of
a dirty white, and is an elegant variety.

White Turkies are not uncommon, often having
their entire plumage of that colour : they also
occur with their head crested.

There can be no doubt the Turkey originally
came from North America, where they still asso-

158 COMMON TURKEY.

ciate in flocks, consisting of upwards of five hun-
dred : they frequent the great swamps to roost ;
but at sunrise they leave, and retire to the woods
in search of acorns and berries : they perch on
trees, and attain the height they wish by rising
from bough to bough ; and generally contrive to
reach the summits of the loftiest trees by that
means. They run with rapidity, but fly very awk-
wardly, and towards the spring they become so fat
that they cannot fly above three or four hundred
yards, and are then easily run down by a horse-
man : the hunting of them forms a principal
amusement in Canada : when a herd is discovered,
a well-trained dog is sent into the midst of them :
the birds no sooner perceive him than they run off
at full speed, an4 with such swiftness, that they
leave the dog far behind : he still follows, and as
they cannot go at this rate for any length of time,
at last forces them to take shelter in a tree ; where
they sit, completely fatigued, till the hunters come
up, and with long poles knock them down one
after another. In the inhabited parts of America
the wild Turkies begin to disappear, and in fact
are comparatively rare, being only found in the
wildest and most unfrequented spots.

The females lay their eggs in the spring, gene-
rally in a retired and obscure place, as the male
will often break them. They are usually from
fourteen to eighteen in number, white mixed with
reddish or yellow freckles : the female sits with so
much perseverance, that if fresh eggs be introduced
into the nest immediately upon the young being

COMMON TURKEY. 159

hatched, she will continue on the nest till they be
perfected, and will remain upwards of two months
on the nest if permitted. She is very careful of
her young, but gives them very little protection
against the attacks of any rapacious animals that
come in her way, but rather gives them warning
of their danger than attempts to prevent it ; and
as soon as they are sufficiently strong she abandons
them entirely, and they are then able to endure
the utmost rigour of the winter. " I have heard a
Turkey hen, (says the Abbe de la Pluche), when
at the head of her brood, send forth the most
hideous scream, without my being able to perceive
the cause ; her young ones, however, immediately
when the warning was given, skulked under the
bushes, the grass, or whatever else seemed to offer
shelter or protection. They even stretched them-
selves at full length on the ground, and continued
lying motionless, as if dead. In the mean time
the mother, with her eyes directed upwards, con-
tinued her cries and screaming as before. On
looking up in the direction in which she seemed
to gaze, I discovered a black spot just under the
clouds, but was unable at first to determine what
it was ; however, it soon appeared to be a bird of
prey, though at first at too great a distance to be
distinguished. I have seen one of these animals
continue in this agitated state, and her whole
brood pinned down as it were to the ground, for
four hours together, whilst their formidable foe
has taken his circuits, has mounted, and hovered
directly over their heads : at last, upon his dis-

160 COMMON TURKEY.

appearing, the parent changed her note, and sent
forth another cry, which in an instant gave life to
the whole trembling tribe, and they all flocked
round her with expressions of pleasure, as if con-
scious of their happy escape from danger."

The motions of the Turkey, when agitated
with desire or inflamed with rage, are very similar
to those of the Peacock : it erects its tail, and
spreads it like a fan, whilst its wings droop and
trail on the ground, uttering at the same time a
dull hollow sound ; it struts round and round with
solemn pace, assumes ah1 the dignity of the most
majestic of birds, and thus expresses its attach-
ment to its females, or its resentment to those
objects which have excited its indignation.

Turkies are bre4 in great numbers in Norfolk,
Suffolk, and some other counties, from whence
they are driven to the London markets in flocks of
several hundreds. The drivers manage them with
great facility, by means of a bit of red rag tied to
the end of a long stick, which, from the antipathy
these birds bear to that colour, effectually answers
the purpose of a scourge.

These birds are kept in a domestic state in
many parts of the old continent, and were intro-
duced into this country during the reign of Henry
the eighth, and about the year 1585 began to form
one of the articles of our rural Christmas feasts.

161

CRAX. CURASSOW.

Generic Character.

Rostrum longiusculum, eras-
sum la teratim compressum,
culmine carinato, versus
apicem incurvum, basi cera
simplice aut gibbu obtec-
tum.

Nares laterales, in cera po-
sitae, semitectae, antrorsum
patulae. •

Caput ; vertex pennis revo-
lutis.

Pedes tetradactyli, digiti tres
anteriores basi membrana
connexi.

Cauda lata, declivis, rectri-
cibus quatuordecim.

Alas breves.

Beak long, thick, compressed
at the sides, the ridge
carinated, towards the tip
incurved, the base covered
with a simple cere or gib-
bous.

Nostrils lateral, placed in the
cere, half covered, but open
in front.

Head; with its top orna-
mented with revoluted fea-
thers.

Feet four-toed, the three an-
terior ones connected by a
membrane at the base.

Tail broad, bent down, con-
sisting of fourteen feathers.

Wing's short.

, auctorum. — Very little is known of the
manners of these birds, further than they are
capable of being tamed, and will live with domestic
poultry : they feed on frujts and seeds, and build
on trees, upon which they perch.

v. xi. P. i.

11

162

Many gallinaceous birds, and especially those
of the family containing the genera Crax, Ourax,
Penelope, Ortaliday and Opisthocomus, are furnished
with a singularly contorted trachea; but as the
description of that part relates more to compa-
rative anatomy than to zoology, I shall omit it
altogether, as the limits of this work will not
allow of its being described in all the known
species, and as the greater portion of exotic birds
arrive in Europe without their carcases, it is ut-
terly impossible to ascertain the position in such
specimens. Dr. Latham has written a paper on
the subject, which is published in the fourth
volume of the Linnean Transactions, but the fact
was known above sixty years ago, an account of
the trachea of the Ourax galeata having been given
in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for
the year 1760, page 376: but though the doctor
was not the original discoverer, great merit is due
to his observations, as they are often most exten-
sively useful in ascertaining doubtful species.

163

CRESTED CURASSOW.
(Crax Alector.)

CR. corpore supra ct subtus nigro : abdomine albo, pennis in ver-

tice crispis atris, cera Jfavd, temporibus nudis Jlavis nigro-

variegatis.
Curassow with the body above and beneath black, the abdomen

white, the feathers on the crown curled and dark, the cere

yellow, the temples naked, and variegated with black and

yellow.
Crax Alector. Linn. Sysl. Nat. 1. 269. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.

735.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 622. l.—Tcmm. Gall. Ind. p. 68p.
Crax Guianensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 298. 12.pt. 29.
Mituporanga. Raii. Syn. 56. 6.
Hocco de la Guiane. Buff. Ois. 2. 375. pi. 13.
Hocco Mituporonga. Temm. Gall. v. 3. p. 2/. pi. 5.f. 1, 2,

and 3. (beak, trachea, &c.)
Indian Cock. Phil. Trans. Ivi. p. 215. f. 3.
Crested Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 690. 1.

LENGTH near three feet : the irides dull black-
brown : the eye is placed in a naked space, of a
yellow colour, varied with black, and reaching to
the base of the beak, which it covers to the
middle, as a kind of cere or skin : the crest, which
the bird can elevate or depress at pleasure, varies
in height according to the age of the bird ; in the
adult it is composed of twisted black feathers,
narrow at their base and broad at the tip : the
whole of the upper part of the plumage, the neck,
the breast, and the tail, are black, with green
reflections; the last, however, is tipped with
white ; though in some few individuals it is en-

164 CRESTED CURASSOW.

tirely black : the abdomen and the inferior tail-
coverts are invariably white : the females resemble
the male, but when young have a smaller crest,
and their colours are more dull : their beak is
grey, and the feathers on the breast are slightly
tipped with a grey line ; in which latter circum-
stance they somewhat resemble young males.

Before the first moult the young measure about
two feet in length : the feathers of the crest are
straight : the under mandible of the beak, and the
tip of the upper, are of a whitish horn-colour :
the sides of the head and base of the beak naked :
the crest streaked alternately with black and
white : the neck and the breast are dull black :
the whole of the upper parts of the plumage, the
secondary wing-feathers, the quills, and the feathers
of the tail, varied with broad bands of reddish
white ; those on the top of the back being nar-
rowest : the breast, the belly, and the thighs, are
of a deep red, with distant black stripes : the
abdomen and the under tail-coverts are bright red',
and the feet are reddish grey : as the bird advances
in age, the transverse white bands disappear, and
by the completion of the second moult they are
entirely obliterated, and the belly, the abdomen,
and the under tail-coverts become of a pure white,
and the crest loses the whole of the white with
which it was varied.

Like many other gallinaceous birds, this will
mix with other species, and produce singular
hybrids, particularly with C. rubra, as there men-
tioned. A curious variety, a hybrid, is described

CRESTED CURASSOW. 165

by Temminck : it has the beak horn-coloured :
the temples naked : the feathers of the crest of a
pure white at their base, and black at their tips :
the head, the neck, the breast, and the upper part
of the back, are of a dull black : the shoulders, the
wings, the quills, and the upper tail-coverts are
alternately barred with black and reddish white :
the tail-feathers are black, with distant yellowish
white bands, the whole being tipped with this
colour : the whole of the under parts, from the
breast to the under tail-coverts, are of a reddish
yellow, without spots.

These beautiful birds inhabit Guiana, Mexico,
Brasil, and Paraguay : they are easily tamed, and
will readily associate with other fowls : they are
tolerably plentiful, and make a considerable part
of the food of the planters, their flesh being
excellent, and the Indian hunters take them in
great quantities, as they are so tame that they
will scarcely fly away when several of the flock are
shot, the noise of the gun not in the least alarming
them : they associate in flocks of about a dozen,
and roost on high trees during the night : their
food consists entirely of maize, rice, bananas,
and other sorts of fruits : the egg is about the size
of that of the Turkey; it is of a pure white, like
that of the common poultry.

166

GLOBE-BEARING CURASSOW.
(Crax globicera.)

CB. corpore nigro, abdomine subtus albo ; pennis in vertice crispi$
atris ; tuberculo ad basin rostri rotundato lato, magnitudine
cerasi, cerd luted; caudd apice alba.

Curassow with a black body ; the abdomen beneath white ; the

feathers of the crown contracted and dark coloured ; a broad

rounded tubercle at the base of the beak, about the size of a

cherry 5 the cere yellow, and the tip of the tail white.

Crax globicera. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 695. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.

736. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 624. 3. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 686.
Gallus indicus alius. Rait. Syn. 52. p. 7.
Crax Curassons. Briss. Orn. 1. 300.- 13.
Hocco, Faisan de la Guiane. Buff. PI. Enl. 86. young.
Hocco Teucholi. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 12.
Curassow Cock. Albin. 2. pi. 31. — Edw. Glean.pl. 2Q5.f. 1.
Globose Curassow. Jjath. Gen. Syn. 4. 6Q5. 2.
Var. /S. obscure Jusca ; venire supremo albo ; caudd nigr& ; fasciis

quatuor albis ; cristee pcnnce revolutte, apice albte.
Dull brown j the upper part of the belly white ; the tail black,
with four white fascia; the feathers of the crest revoluted and
tipped with white.

Crax globicera hybrida. (l.) Temm. Gallt Ind. p. 687-
Globose Curassow, female. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 6Q5. 2.
Var. y. cerd jlava ; corpore nigro rtifo fosciato ; cristd alba-,

apice nigrd ; collo albo nigroquejasciato.

With a yellow cere ; the body black, fasciated with rufous ; the
crest white, with a black tip j and the neck fasciated with
white and black.

Crax globicera hybrida. (2.) Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 687.
Crax Alector. var. 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 623. 1.
Crested Curassow. var. c. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 692. 1.
Curassow Hen. Albin. Birds. 2. pi. 32.

GLOBE-BEARING CURASSOW. 167

THIS bird is rendered conspicuous by possessing
a globular tubercle, about the size of a hazle-nut
or cherry, on the base of the beak, which is covered
on that part with a lively yellow skin : the eyes are
surrounded with a small black naked space, which
is however separated from the cere by feathers :
the nostrils are placed before and below the tubercle
on the beak, in the yellow cere at its base : the
head has a crest, the feathers of which are turned
and frizzled, and are larger at their top than
towards their base : the whole of the plumage is
of a fine black, with a tinge of green; but the
abdomen, the under tail-coverts, and the tips of
the tail-feathers, are white : the irides are chesnut-
brown : the beak and feet are dusky horn-colour.
The female scarcely differs from the male- The
young have a small protuberance in place of the
globose tubercle : their plumage is of a dull black,
transversely rayed with white, which rays dis-
appear as the bird increases in age, and by the
time it is two years old they are completely
obliterated.

Hybrids between this and C. rubra have been
produced, which differ HI the young state in
having the plumage of a dull black-brown hup ;
with the crest varied with black and white: the
abdomen reddish: the tail black, tipped with
white j the rest of the plumage striped with slender
transverse bars of white : the base of the beak
without tubercles : when grown up they have the
head and hind-part of the neck black : the crest
black, with a white band : the upper part of the

168 RED CURASSOW.

belly white ; lower part, vent, and thighs, pale
yellowish brown.

One figured by Albin has the globose tubercle :
the cere is yellow ; the body is black, barred with
rufous, as in the last, during its young state : its
tail is black, barred alternately with white : the
neck is barred with the same ; and the crest is
white, with a black tip : .vent white.

Native of Guiana, particularly about Curassow.

RED CURASSOW.

(Crax rubra.)

CR. spadicea, cervice collogue superne lineis alternis albis et

nigris, cerd nigrd, caudd Jasciis novem albo-luteis, nigro-

marginatis , t emporibus plumis, tectis.
Chesnut-coloured Curassow ; the nape and upper parts of the

neck with alternate lines of white and black ; the cere black ;

the tail with nine whitish yellow fasciae, edged with black ;

the temples covered with feathers. •

Crftx rubra. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 687. — Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 2/0.

2—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 736.
Crax peruvianus. Briss. Orn. 1. 305. 16.
Hocco Coxilitli. Temm. Pig. et Gall. <o. 3. p. 21 .
Coxilitli. Raii. Syn.p. 57-
Red Peruvian Hen. Albin. Birds, v. 3. pi. 4O.
Hen crested Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 698. c. pi. 63.
Var. /3. differt aprecedente, corpore spadiceo atro ; collo inferiore,

pectore, rectricibusque intermediis atris.

KKU (TRA-SHOW,

RED CURASSOW. 169

This differs from the preceding in having the body dark dies-
nut ; the under part of the neck, the breast, and the two middle
tail-feathers, dusky.

Crax rubra hybrida. (1.) Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 688.

Crax Alector, femina. Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 623. 1.

Hocco de P6rou. Buff. Ois. 2. 375. pi. l4.—Buf. PI. Enl.
125.

Hybride du Hocco Coxilitli et Mituporanga. Temm. Pig. et
Gall. v. 3. p. 25.

Crested Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 6p3. 1.

Var. y. capitecollo cristaque nigris; corpore supra rectricibusque
luteo nigroquejasciatis.

With the head, neck, and crest, black ; the body above and tail-
feathers yellow, barred with black.

Crax rubra hybrida. (2.) Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 689.

THE Red Curassow is the size of a Turkey,
and measures about tWo feet six or eight inches in
length : its beak is large and strong : the crest is
composed of twisted and curled feathers, which
are black at their base, then white, then tipped
with black, with the upper part of the feathers
broadest : the forehead, the sides of the head, and
the top of the neck, are pure white, each feather
being marked at their tips with a black fringe :
the breast, and the upper parts of the tail, are of a
rust-colour or reddish : the under parts are brighter
red than the upper : the cere at the base of the
beak is deep red : the base of the beak itself is
horn-coloured, its tip whitish yellow : the feet are
horn-colour : the irides deep brown : both sexes
are similar. The young are beautifully varied:
till the first year the crest is composed of straight
feathers, which are reddish, varied with white and

170 CARUNCULATED CURASSOW.

black : the sides of the head and top of the neck
are barred with black and white : the whole of
the upper part of the plumage, as well as the
tail-feathers, are striated with broad transverse
red and white bands ; which are slightly margined
on each side with a line . of black : the tail is
tipped with white: as the bird increases in age
these bands disappear ; and at the first moult the
feathers of the crest begin to twist and curl, and
the transverse bands are greatly reduced in num-
ber ; and at the time of the second moult, they
are entirely obliterated.

This bird will breed with C. alector, and pro-
duces an infinity of mules. It is a native of South
America.

CARUNCULATED CURASSOW.

(Crax carunculata.)

if.& ••

CH. corpore supra et subtus atro, abdomine castaneo, cerd mem-
brand laid ad rictum gemind et regione oculorum nudis, penni*
in vertice crispis atris.

Curassow with the body above and beneath dark coloured ; the
abdomen chesnut ; the cere with a broad membrane geminated
towards the gape, and with the space round the eyes naked ;
the feathers on the crown twisted and dark coloured.

Crax carunculata. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 690.

Hocco a barbUlons. Temm. Pig. et Gall. v. 3. p. 44. pl.4.f.3.
beak only.

CARUNCULATED CURASSOW. 1?1

A NEW species, described by Temminck: its
beak is shorter and stronger than in C. alector :
the upper mandible is more elevated : the cere at
its base is red, and is prolonged on each side of
the under mandibles, and forms a small rounded
wattle: the space round the eyes is naked, and
is separated from the cere by feathers : the head,
the twisted feathers of the crest, the whole of the
upper parts of the body, the neck, and the breast,
are black, with green reflections : the abdomen is
chesnut, and the legs are brown. Length about
three feet. ,.,*,,

Native of Brasil.

OURAX. PAUXI.

Generic Character.

Rostrum breviusculum, cras-
siusculum, valde compres-
sum ; basi caruncula ovali
instructum, plumis tectae.

Nares laterales, fronti proxi-
mae, orbiculares, supra se-
mitectae, infra patulae.

Pedes tetradactyli, digit! an-
teriores basi membrana
connexi.

Cauda lata, rectricibus qua-
tuordecim.

Alee breves.

Beak short, thickened, very
much compressed ; the base
furnished with an oval
caruncle, which is covered
with feathers.

Nostrils lateral, approaching
the forehead, orbicular,
above nearly covered, be-
neath open.

Feet four-toed, the anterior
ones connected at the base
by a membrane.

Tail broad, consisting of
fourteen feathers.

Wings short.

PAUXI. Temminck.

CRAX. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Briss.

OUHAX. Cuvier.

A HE manners of these birds are very similar to
those of the preceding genus, except that they
build on the ground, and not in trees. They are
distinguished from the Curassows by the beak

(3ALEATED PAUXI. 1?3

being shorter and thicker, and by having the
membrane at its base, as well as the greater por-
tion of the head, covered by short and serrated,
velvet-like feathers.

GALEATED PAUXI.
(Ourax Galeata.)

Ou. corpore atro, viridi nitente, abdomine apiceque caudte albis,

tuberculo cornea ad basin rostri cceruleo pyriformi.
Pauxi with the body dark coloured, glossed with green ; the

abdomen and tip of the tail white 5 the base of the beak with

a horny, blue, pear-shaped tubercle.
Pauxi galeata. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 683.
Crax galeata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6i>4. 4.
Crax pauxi. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 270. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.737-

—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 624. 3.— Rail. Syn. 52. 5.
Crax Mexicanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 302. 14.
Le Hocco du Mexique. Buff. Ois. 2. 348.
Le Pierre de Cayenne. Ruff. PI. Enl. 78.
Pauxi & casque ou le pierre. Temm. Pig. et Gall. S.p.l.pl. \.f. 1 .

(trachea.)
Cushew Curassow. Edv>. Glean.pl. IQS.f.l. — Lath. Gen. Syn.

4.696.
Galeated Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 206.

LENGTH two feet and a half: beak with a horny
tubercle at its base, with grooves on the outside,
and the inside composed of cells : in the young
this is round, but in the old birds it becomes pyri-
form, and measures two inches and a half in

GALEATED PAUXI.

height : its colour is livid blue : the beak is blood-
red : the whole of the feathers of the head and
neck are short and velvety : the rest of the
plumage, with the exception of the abdomen, is
black, with green reflections, each feather being
terminated by a circle of dull black : the tail-
feathers are black, tipped with white : the abdomen
and the under tail-coverts are of a pure white :
the feet are red ; the claws yellow : the irides
brown. The female resembles the male ; but the
young are brown and red, and they do not possess
the corneous tubercle on the beak till after their
first moult.

This inhabits Mexico, Curassaw, and other parts
of the middle region of America : it is said by
Fernandez to build on the ground, like the Phea-
sant. The young feed on insects, and as they grow
up they devour fruits, grains, and other substances,
like the rest of this group : the female lays several
eggs, the size of those of the Turkey.

CRESTED PAUXI.
(Ourax Mitu.)

Ou. corpore atro, purpureo violaceoque nitente, abdomine cos-
tanco, apicc caudae albo, maxilla culmine cornea, cullrato,
rubro, cm/4 atrd in fronte.

Pauxi with a black body, glossed with purple and violet ; the
abdomen chesnut ; the tip of the tail white ; the ridge of the
beak horny, sharp, and red ; the forehead with a dark crest.

Pauxi Mitu. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 685.

Crax Mitu. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 270. 3. — Rail. Syn. 52. 4.

Crax brasiliensis. Eriss. Orn. 1. 296. 11.

Crax Alector. )3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 623.

Pauxi Mitu. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 8. pi. 4. /. 2. beak.

Crested Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 69!. A.

THIS is much more rare than the preceding
species, and considerably smaller : the ridge of the
upper mandible of the beak is elevated above the
top of the head, and is sharp on its fore-part, and
enlarged at its base : on the forehead, at the com-
mencement of the elevation on the beak, is a tuft
of short feathers, which the bird has the power of
elevating and depressing at pleasure, like a crest :
the head, the region of the eyes, and the whole of
the upper parts of the neck, are covered with short
velvety feathers, of a dull black colour : the rest
of the upper parts, the breast, the belly, the
thighs, and the feathers of the crest are black,
shining with violet and purple, each feather being
edged with a circle of dull black : the tail is similar

176 CRESTED PAUXli

in colour to the upper parts of the body, and is
tipped with white : the abdomen and the under
tail-coverts are of a chesnut-red : the whole of the
beak is of a brilliant red : the irides are dusky,
and the feet are red-brown. The young have the
beak of a paler red, and the elevation upon it is
much smaller. One in the Museum at Paris has
the tip of the tail chesnut-red : it is evidently a
young bird, as the beak wants the characteristic
mark of the old one.
Native of Brasil.

177

PENELOPE. GUAN.

Generic Character.

Rostrum basi glabrum, me-
diocre, latins < pian i altum;
apice compressura, forni-
catum,

Nares laterales, ovata?, semi-
tectae, antrorsum patulae.

Gence nudae ; gula palea lon-
gitudinali media caruncu-
lata.

Pedes tetradactyli, mutici,

tarsi reticulati.
Alee breves.

Beak smooth at the base, of
middle size, broader than
high; the tip compressed
and arched.

Nostrils lateral, ovate, half-
covered, but open in front.

Clieeks naked; the throat
with a longitudinal wattle,
carunculated in the mid-
dle.

Feet four-toed, smooth, the
tarsi reticulated.

Wings short.

PENELOPE. Merrem. Gmel. Lath. Cuv. Vieittot. Temm.
GALLOPAVO. Briss.
MELEAGRIS. Linn.

A HESE have the beak more slender than the
Curassow, and the space round the eyes, as well
as the throat, is naked, and can be expanded at
the will of the bird. On account of the great
variations of plumage these birds undergo at dif-
ferent periods of their lives, it becomes very dif-

v. xi. P. i.

12

178 CRESTED GUAN.

ficult to separate the species with accuracy : they
build on trees, and feed on fruits and seeds. All
the species have a very similar cry, like the words
jacUy yawn, yacuhu, orjacuhu: which names the
Indians have applied to several of the species
from that circumstance.

A. Capite cristato.
a. With the head crested.

CRESTED GUAN.
(Penelope cristate.)

PE. corpore nigro-virescente, dorsojusco, uropygio abdomineque
castanets } cotto pectoreque albo-maculatis ; temporibus nudis
•violaceis; gutture membranaque longitudinali rubris pilosis.
(Femina vix cristata.)

Guan with a black-green body; the back brown; the rump and
abdomen chesnut-coloured ; the neck and breast spotted with
white; the temples naked and violet; the throat and lon-
gitudinal membrane red and hairy. (Female scarcely crested.)

Penelope cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 733.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
gig. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 6Q\.

Meleagris cristata. Linn. Syst. Nat. l. 269.

Gallopavo Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 162.

L'Yacou. Buff. Ois. 2. 387.

Penelope Guan. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 46. pi. d.f.l, 2, 3.

Guan, or Quan. Ediv. Glean, pi. 13.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 680

ABOUT two feet seven inches in length : the
whole of the upper part of the plumage of the male

'- i .'I .1 7, .T

CRESTED OUAN. 1.79

is of a green-black, changing, according to the
position of the light, to shades of olive : the throat
and the breast are the same with the feathers,
surrounded with white, producing a spotted ap-
pearance : the belly and the thighs are of a reddish
hue, with the edges of the feathers white : the
lower part of the back, the rump, and the under
tail-coverts, are of a chesnut-red : at the base of
the beak are some black hairs : from the middle
of the under mandible of the beak to the coverts
of the ears is a stripe of black : the feathers of
the head and the occiput are elongated into a
tufted crest, capable of being erected at the will of
the bird : the naked space on the cheeks surrounds
the eyes, and is joined to the base of the beak ; it
is of a purple-black : the throat is naked, and
from it depends a* broad, loose, membranaceous
skin, of a fine red colour, slightly covered with a
few hairs j when the bird is agitated this part is
greatly contracted : the irides are of a red-brown :
the feet are red. The female differs in having a
rufous reflection on the plumage, instead of the
brilliant hues of the male : the crest is much
shorter, and its feathers, as well as those of the
neck and the shoulders, are edged with white.
The young have not the naked space on the
temple or the throat : the head and the sides of
the neck being covered with a reddish down : the
occiput and the whole of the hinder part of the
neck are of a chesnut-colour, and covered with
down : the sides of the neck also possess a narrow
stripe of down : the breast is deep red : the down

18.0 YACOU GUAN.

on the back and the rising feathers of the wings
and tail are deep chesnut, the whole tipped with
red : the under parts of the body are reddish
white.

Often tamed in Brasil, (where it is found in a
wild state,) for the sake of its flesh, which is excel-
lent, and greatly esteemed.

YACOU GUAN.
(Penelope pipile.)

PE. capite cristd albidA, corpora nigricante-violaceo, collo pec-
toregue albo-punctatis ; tectricibus alarum maculis albis con-
spersis; temporibus nudis albidis ; membranula cacrulea, pilvsd ;
remigibus apice truncatis.

Guan with a white crest on the head j the body dusky violet ;

the neck and breast spotted with white; the wing-coverta

sprinkled with white spots j the temples naked and whitish} the

membrane blue and downy ; the quills truncated at their tips.

Penelope pipile. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 604. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. 734. 4. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 620. 2.
Penelope cumanensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 62O. 3. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1.734.3.

Penelope leucolophos. Merrem. Ic. p. 45. pi. 12.
Penelope siffleur. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 76. pi. J.f. 2.
Piping Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 205.
Cumana Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 205.
Yacou. Buff. Ois. 2. 387. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 68l.pl. Ql.

THE Yacou Turkey, with the Cumana, and Piping
Curassows of Latham, without doubt constitute

YACOU

YACOU GUAN. 181

the present species ; which in its perfect state is
thus distinguished from the others of this division
of the genus : it is eight and twenty or thirty
inches in length : the forehead of the male has a
small black space : the long acuminated feathers
on the head and the occiput are white, with their
shafts black or brown : on each side of the head is
a broad white stripe, which is prolonged to the
top of the neck : the greater and middle wing-
coverts are black, with white spots : the feathers
of the breast have a narrow white band on the
exterior part of each web : the rest of the plumage
is of a fine black, with purple and violet reflections :
the tail possesses a green hue : on each cheek is a
small naked space, communicating with the cere at
the base of the beak ; it is of a bluish white : the
naked skin on the throat is red, and it has a kind
of wattle of a fine blue : the irides are rufous :
the legs and tarsi are red, changing to a dull
black by age : the claws are brown : the beak
dusky at the tip, and blue at the base. The female
is known by being smaller : the feathers of the
crest are dull white, and more varied with brown
or dusky: the reflections on the plumage are less
brilliant. The young before their first moult
have their plumage black, with a tinge of brown
and chesnut, which colour is most conspicuous on
the rump, the thighs, and the abdomen : the irides
are brown : the naked space on the cheeks is of
a livid colour, and the feathers of the crest are
varied with brown.

This is subject to considerable variety: one

'82 YACOU GUAN.

mentioned by Temminck has the general colour
of the plumage black, shaded with reddish and
slight hues of purple : round the eyes is a very
small naked space, which does not communicate
with the cere on the beak ; it is also surrounded
with a circle of small black feathers : the forehead
has a deep black space : the feathers of the crest
are white on their edges, and black towards the
middle : the quills are singularly truncated, and
their points subulated.

Two of these birds were for a long time in a
menagerie in Holland : they were very familiar and
quiet, and lived with great harmony with poultry :
their cry was a kind of whistle.

The Yacou is found in Guiana and Brasil, on the
borders of the rivers Amazon and Plata ; but is
not common : it makes its nest on the ground,
and hatches its young there ; though at other
times it is generally seen on trees : when pleased
or taken notice of, it erects its crest and expands
its tail.

MARAIL GUAN.
(Penelope Marail.)

PB. corpore nigro-virescente (eneo-nitente, collo infra pectoreque
albo-maculatis, temporibus nudis pallide rubris ; gvtture mem-
bran&que longitudinal i rubris, pilosis. (Femina vix cristata.)

Guan with the body green-black, glossed with brassy; the neck
beneath, and the breast, spotted with white ; the temples
naked, and pale red 5 the throat with a longitudinal red
membrane, and hairy. (Female scarcely crested.)

Penelope Marail. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 734. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
620. 4.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 692.

Le Marail. Buff. Ois. 2. 3QO.

Faisan verdatre de Cayenne. 'Buff. PI. Enl. 338.

P6nflope Marail. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 56. pi. ?.f. 1.

Marail Turkey. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 682.

LENGTH twenty-three or twenty-four inches:
the male with a tufted crest, the feathers of which
it is composed being broadest at their .tips ; they
are of a green-black, with a narrow border of
white : from the base of the lower mandible of the
beak arises a broad streak of small feathers, which
are of a green colour, bordered with white, and
passes to the coverts of the ear : the whole of the
upper parts, the neck, and the breast, are of a
brilliant deep green, with brassy reflections : the
back and the rump are the same ; but the nape,
the top of the back, and the breast, have the
whole of the feathers bordered with white : the
lower part of the belly, the abdomen, and the
under tail-coverts, are brown : the naked space
on the cheeks communicates with the cere of the

184 MARAIL GUAN.

beak, whicli is of a fine red : the naked part jof the
neck, and the elongated membrane, are of a bril-
liant red, sprinkled with a few hairs : the feet are
red ; the claws and beak are black : the female
differs in having a smaller crest, and the plumage
tinged with reddish.

This bird generally has two broods in the year,
one at the commencement of the rainy season,
about December or January, the other about May
or June j the female depositing from about three
to six eggs : it constructs its nest in the middle of
thick bushy trees, as near the trunk as possible.
When the eggs are hatched, the mother feeds the
young ones in the nest, till the feathers begin to
make their appearance, which is in about ten or
twelve days, when they descend with their mother,
who, like other poultry, scratches the ground, and
broods over the young, which quit her as soon as
they can shift for themselves : they feed upon the
lesser grains, fruits, and insects. The best time
for taking these birds is morning or evening,
being then found on such trees whose fruit they
feed on ; they are discovered by some of it falling
on the ground. The young are easily tamed, and
seldom forsake the place where they have been
reared : they prefer roosting on tall trees. Their
cry is far from disagreeable, except when irritated,
when it is harsh and loud ; and at that crisis it
erects all the feathers of the head, and changes
the colour of the membrane on the throat. It is
common in many parts of America, particularly
the woods of Guiana. Its flesh is very fine.

185

b. Capite non cristato.
b. Head without a crest.

YACUHU GUAN.
(Penelope />bscura.)

PE. vertice coUoque supra nigris; collo subtus, dorso alisque nigri-
cantibus albo-maculatis, uropygio venire abdomineque casta-
nets, cauda remigibusque nigris.

Guan with the crown and upper part of the neck black ; the
under part of the neck, the back, and wings, dusky, spotted
with white ; the rump, belly, and abdomen, chesnut ; the tail
and wing-quills black.

Penelope obscura. Temm. Gall. Ind.p. GQ3.

Penelope Yacuhu. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 68.

THIS bird, which may be only a variety of the
young of some of the preceding species, is de-
scribed by Temminck : its total length is twenty-
nine inches and a half: the forehead, the upper
part of the head, and the top of the neck, are
black j the rest of the neck, the upper part of the
back, and the upper wing-coverts, are dusky,
slightly edged with white on the margin of the
feathers : from the middle of the beak to the co-
verts of the ear is a slight band of black : the
breast is dusky, the feathers tipped with white :
the back, the belly, and the legs, are of a chesnut-
colour ; and the feathers of the wings and tail are
dusky : the beak is black, and the irides red: the
eye is surrounded with a naked black space, com-

186 SUPERCILIOUS GUAN.

municating with the beak, which has a membrane
about two inches long, descending from the base
of its lower mandible, and disappearing when the
bird is frightened : the base of the beak is furnished
with very short, straight, black feathers.

It is a native of Paraguay, occurring in the
vicinity of rivers and lakes, but is more abundant
among trees : it lays eight eggs about October :
its cry consists in a repetition of the word yac, or
occasionally yacu, from whence its name is derived.

SUPERCILIOUS GUAN.
(Penelope superciliaris.)

PE. vertice cerviceque jusco-nigris, dorso cinereo-virescenti, pen-
nis griseo marginatis, tectricibus pennisque alarum secundariis
•oirescentibusjulvo-marginatis, abdomine uropygioque riifis.

(juan with the crown and top of the neck brown-black; the
back greyish-green, the feathers edged with grey ; the wing-
coverts, and secondary quills, greenish, edged with fulvous ;
the abdomen and rump rufous.

Penelope superciliaris. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 693.

P£n61ope P6an. Temm. Pig. tt GaU. 3. p. 72.

THE feathers of the forehead and of the top of
the head, in this species, are not at all elongated :
the occiput and the nape are of a brown-black :
the forehead possesses a few scattered hairs : from

SUPERCILIOUS GUAN. 187

the under mandible of the beak to the coverts of
the ears extends a black stripe ; and a stripe of
white exists, reaching from the base of the beak
to the ears, passing over the naked space on the
temples : the feathers on the top of the back are
ashy-green, with their margins grey; the wing-
coverts, secondary feathers, and tail-coverts, are
shaded with deep green ; and the whole of the
feathers are edged with a broad band of fine red:
the tail is greenish, tinged with rosaceous: the
lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly,
are grey-brown, each feather being bordered with
whitish : the thighs, the abdomen, and the rump,
are of a chesnut-colour : the throat and the upper
part of the neck are naked and red, and are fur-
nished with a loose hairy membrane : the naked
skin on the sides of the head, which joins the base
of the beak, is of a deep purple : the irides are
reddish-brown : the feet are horn-coloured ; and
the claws and beak are brown. Female similar.
The young after attaining the length of fifteen
inches do not differ from the above. The adult
bird is two feet and upwards in length : it inhabits
Brasil, and by the Indians of the district of Para
is called Jacu-peea.

188

ORTALIDA. PARRAKA.

Generic Character.

Hostrum breve, basi glabrum,
maxilla superiore arcuata,
versus apicera reflexa et
fornicata.

Nares ovatae, laterales.

Gena nudae, verrucosae, guld
linea nuda utrinque.

Cauda descendens.
Pedes tetradactyli, mutici.

Beak short, smooth at its
base, the upper mandible
curved, and towards its tip
reflected and arched.

Nostrils lateral and ovate.

Cheeks naked, warty; the
throat with a naked stripe
on each side.

Tail bent down.

Feet four-toed, smooth.

ORTALIDA. Merrem.

PHASIANUS. Briss. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Humb.

PENELOPE. Temm.

JL HIS genus may be distinguished from the pre<
ceding by the beak being much more elevated
and curved, and towards its tip being considerably
more reflected and arched: the throat does not
possess the loose pendulous membrane, nor is it
naked, but has on each side, descending from the
base of the under mandible, a naked stripe, slightly
sprinkled with hair : the tail is depending. One
species only is known.

189

NOISY PARRAKA.

(Ortalida Parrakoua.)

OH. crista ritfa, corpore supra fusco-olivaceo, subtus cinerascente-

olivaceo, temporibus nudis purpureis, caudu peimis lateralibus

rufo terminatis.
Parraka with a red crest ; the body above brown-olive, beneath

greyish olive ; the temples naked and purple ; the lateral

tail-feathers terminated by rufous.
Penelope Parrakoua. Temin. Gall. Ind. p. 6g5.
Phasiaiius Motmot. Linn. Syst. Nat. I. 271.2. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 74O. 2.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.632. p.
Phasiaiius Guianensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 27O. pi. 26. J. 2.
Phasiaiius Parraqua. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 74O. 8. — Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 632V12.
Phasianus garrulus. Humh. observ. de Zool. et d? Anal. 1. p. 4.

young.

Faisan de la Guiane. Buff. PI. Enl. 1 46.
Le Katraca. Duff. Ois. 2. 3y4.
Le Parraqua. Buff. Ois. 2. 304.

Penelope Parrakoua. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 85. pi. 8.
Motmot Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 721. 8.
Parraka Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 722. 9.

THE total length of the Parraka, or Parrakoua,
is twenty-one or twenty-two inches : the forehead,
the top of the head, and the upper part of the
neck, are of a deep red : the under part of the
neck, the back, and the wings, are brown, or olive-
grey : the under wing-coverts are red : the fore-
part of the neck and the breast are of a grey
colour, witli shades of olive ; without spots : the

190 NOISY PARIUKA.

thighs and abdomen are yellow : the six middle
tail-feathers are deep green ; the three lateral
ones on each side are of a rusty red : the naked
skin round the eyes, which communicates with
the cere, is of a livid purple j and when the bird is
agitated with rage or desire, it assumes a deep
red hue ; as do also the two naked stripes on the
sides of the throat : the beak is grey-blue at its
base, and white towards its tip : the irides are
reddish brown : the feet are livid red : both sexes
agree in plumage ; but the young differ consi-
derably: the red on the feathers of the head and
nape is less brilliant ; and they are fringed with
an ochrey yellow margin : the hinder part of the
neck, the back, and the wings, are of an olive-
brown ; but in the very young the feathers are
margined with reddish : the fore-part 'of the neck
and the breast are brown ; each feather being
bordered and tipped with grey-white : the under
coverts of the wings and the rump are red : the
tail js tipped with white ; the extremity of the
three lateral feathers on each side being rusty red ;
the rest of them, as well as the three in the middle,
are black, with green reflections : the belly and
the abdomen are white : the thighs, the under
tail-coverts, and the sides, are reddish yellow : the
feet are bluish.

Found in Brasil, Paraguay, Guiana, and many
other parts of South America : it associates in
flocks of from sixteen to twenty, perching upon
the dead branches of trees ; utters its cry, which is
said to be the loudest of all American birds, and

NOISY PARRAKA.

resembles the word parrakoua, from whence its
name is derived: it delights in the borders of
open woods, or the neighbourhood of cultivated
places ; but rarely in the interior of the country :
the females deposit from four to six eggs, making
the nest in low branches or stumps of trees, about
six or eight feet from the top ; when the young are
hatched, they descend, after a short time, on the
ground, and the mother behaves to her chickens
in the same manner as hens. The principal food
of this bird consists of grains and seeds, but it will
also eat fruits and tender herbs : the young are
fed with worms and small insects : during the day
they keep among the thick woods, but come out
into the open savannahs to feed, morning and
evening, at which times they are killed by the
inhabitants : their flesh is very fine, and greatly
esteemed : they are easily tamed, and bear con-
finement.

192

OPISTHOCOMUS. SERPENTsEATER.

Generic Character.

Rostrum mediocre, crassuin,
validum, lateratim com-
pressum,basi vibrissis di ver-
gentibus obductum, mar-
ginibus postice serratis, an-
tice utrinque incisis ; man-
dibula superiore culmine
rotundato, versus apicem
inflexa ; inferiore apice re-
curvata.

Tarsi reticulati, digito medio
breviores.

Ungues longiusculi, com-
pressi, curvati, acuti ; por-
tions longior, valde adun-
cus.

Cauda rectricibus decem.

OPISTHOCOMUS. Hoffmansegg.
ORTHOCORYS. Vieillot.
PHASIANUS. Gmcl. Lath.
CBAX. Briss.

JL HIS genus was separated from the Pheasants
by that active and indefatigable zoologist Hoff-
mansegg : it is distinguished by having a shorter

Beak middle sized, thick,
strong, laterally compress-
ed, the base furnished with
divergent bristles, the
edges serrated behind, and
cleft on each side ; the
ridge of the upper mandi-
ble rounded, towards the
tip bent down, the under
one at the tip recurved.

Tarsi reticulated, shorter
than the middle toe.

Claws long, compressed,
curved, acute ; the hinder
one long, and very much
bent.

Tail with ten feathers.

CKK8TED SERFKNTKATKR.

HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER. 1 03

and stouter beak than those birds, and the head
possesses a crest composed of slender feathers : this
is discriminated from all other gallinaceous birds by
not having a membrane connecting the toes at their
base ; and in having longer wings than any other
of the order: the manners of the only species
known are also somewhat different.

HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER*
(Opisthocomus Hoatzin.)

OP. fulvo-fitscuSj capite cristato, fascia alarum duplici pallidd,

caudd apice luted. •

Fulvous brown Serpent-eater, with the head crested j the wings

with a double pale fascia ; the tip of the tail yellow.
Phasianus cristatus. Gtnel. 8yst. Nat. 1. 741. — Lath. 2nd. Orn.

2. 631. 7.

Crax fuscis Americanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 304. 15.
Hoatzin. Raii Syn. 163. — Buff. Ois. 2.385.
Faisan huppede Cayenne.. Buff". PI. Enl. 337.
Sasa de Guiane. Sonnini. edit. Buff. v. 5.jp. 2£O and 2Q4.
Crested Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 720. 7. pi. 64.

THIS singular bird is in length one foot eleven
inches : its beak is black : the head furnished with
a crest, the feathers of which it is composed vary-
ing in length ; in colour dirty brownish white ;
beneath black : space round the eyes naked and
rufous : the upper parts of the body are brown ;

v. xi. P. i. 13

194 HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER.

the under, as far as the belly, reddish white : the
belly and vent rufous : tips of the middle and
larger wing-coverts white, forming two bars on the
wings ; the edge of which is white half way from
the bend : quills rufous : from the occiput to the
top of the back, each feather has a white streak
down the middle, or rather the shaft is of that
colour: the tail is cuneiform, and of the same
colour with the back ; the tip yellow : legs black,
without spurs.

It inhabits Guiana, and is found on trees near
rivers : its food consists of grains and seeds ; it
will also eat insects and serpents : it has a howling
disagreeable note : its flesh has a very disagreeable
smell (probably caused by the quality of its food,)
and is consequently not eaten, but is used by the
fishermen to catch certain fishes.

195

CALLUS. COCK.

Generic Character.

Rostrum crassiusculum, basi
glabrum, supra convcxum,
subincurvum, ad apicem
deflexum.

Nares basales, laterales,squa-
m& fornicali semitectae, pa-
tulae.

Aures nudae.

Cauda compressa, rectricibus
quatuordecim.

Pedes tetradactyli, arabula-
torii, digiti anteriores basi
membranti connexi; torso
calcarato magno incurvato.

Alee breves.

Beak thickened, its base
smooth, above convex,
slightly curved, and bent
down at the tip.

Nostrils situated at the base,
lateral, half covered with
an arched scale, and open.

Ears naked.

Tail compressed, consisting
of fourteen feathers.

Feet four-toed, formed for
walking, the anterior ones
connected at the base by a
membrane ; the tarsi with
a strong incurved spur.

Wings short.

GALLUS Antiquorwn. Ray, Brisson, VieiU., Temm., Leach.
PHASIANUS. Linn. Gmel. Lath.

AGREEABLY to the excellent arrangement of
the older ornithologists, I have adopted the present
genus, the birds of which it is composed being
considered by Linn£ and his followers as con-

196 COCK.

stituting part of his artificial genus Phasianus.
The earlier ornithologists, amongst whom were
Gesner, Aldrovandus, and Ray, sufficiently dis-
criminated between the Cocks and the Pheasants,
and placed the former by themselves, calling them
by the ancient name Gallus ; in which they have
been followed by Brisson, Vieillot, Temminck, and
other modern systematists, who prefer following
the plain system of nature to the shackled and
artificial one of Linne.

As all the birds x>f the genus have the same
manners of life as the Domestic Cock, and a full
account of them being given in the description of
that species, the reader is referred to that place, as
our limits will not allow of the unnecessary re-
petition that must otherwise occur : suffice it to
state that the native place of the whole of them
appears to be within the Asiatic tropics, those
found without being in a domestic state.

197

A. CAPUT (ui marit) carunculd comprestd, sapitu dentat&, ar-

matum.
A. Head, in the male, armed with a compressed, generally dent-

ated comb.

a. MANDIBULA INFERIORE rostri, ceromatit geminis compressist

cauda ascendent, out subharizontali; ant nuttd.
a. The under mandible of the beak with compressed geminated

wattles : tail ascending, or subhorizontal, or entirely wanting.

GIGANTIC COCK.

(Gallus giganteus.)

GA. Gallo vulgari duplo major; carunculd etpalearibus rubrit.
Cock, twice as large as the common one, with a red caruncle

and wattles. .

Gallus giganteus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 633.
Coq Jago. Temm. Pig. et Gail. 2. 84. pi. 2. / 1. foot.
Var. |3.- carunculd denticulatd, corpore pulchris coloribui va-

riegato.
The caruncle denticulated j the body variegated with beautiful

colours.

Gallus giganteus, var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. 653.
Gallus Patavinus. Briss. Om. 1. 170. — Will. 110.
Phasianus Gallus. X. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. 1.
Le Coq de Caux, ou de Padoue et les Poules de Sauserarre.

Buff. Ois. 2. 125.— Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 86.
Paduan Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 707. 1.

THIS species occurs in a wild state in the forests
of Sumatra, and the western parts of Java ; but as
yet specimens have not made their way to Europe ;
the only account of them resting upon the autho-

198 BANKIVA COCK.

rities of Dampier and Marsden : all that is known
of the species in a wild state is, that it is twice the
size of the Domestic, and greatly resembles the
Bankiva, cock. In a domestic state it is frequent
in many parts, particularly in Padua, where it
grows to an immense size, often exceeding ten
pounds in weight : it is distinguished by having a
very large denticulated comb, which is frequently
double, and the body is variegated with brilliant
colours, as in the common species : its voice is
remarkably rough and hoarse : it does not attain
its brilliancy of plumage till a later period than
poultry in general, at least not till above half
grown : when tired it rests on the first joint of the
leg, and is then much taller than the common
fowls.

BANKIVA COCK.

(Callus Bankiva.)

.i ^ .C.ivrf} ,\v.\ ,;Mvi V ...A - : M

GA. caruncula denticulate., ore subtus barbato, caudd sub fasti-
giatd subhorizontali pennis, colli elongatis ; apicibus rotundatis,
capite dorsoque julvis, tectricibus alarum juscis nigrisque,
abdomine cauddque nigris. (Fem\i\&,Jiisco-cinerea etflawicans,
cristd et barbd minores quant, marts.)

Cock with a denticulated comb ; the throat wattled ; the tail
somewhat pointed and horizontal ; the feathers on the neck
elongated, and rounded at the tip j the head and back fulvous ;
the wing-coverts brown and black; the abdomen and tail

BANKIVA COCK. 199

black. (Female grey-brown and yellowish, with the comb

and wattles smaller than in the male.)
Gallus Bankiva. Temm. Gall. Ind. 654*
Coq et Poule Bankiva. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 8. 8/.

TEMMINCK considers this species to be the
origin of our domestic poultry; but I cannot
assent to his arguments, as they do not appear to
be sufficient to warrant his assertion, and it is much
better (in all cases where proofs cannot be ob-
tained) to consider differing individuals as distinct
species, than run the hazard of connecting what
nature has not joined together : however, this is
thus described by that celebrated ornithologist.
" In form and colour it greatly resembles that race
of poultry called Bantams and Turkish Cocks ; the
only character that separates it from these is, that
it carries its tail somewhat horizontal and arched,
whereas in those it is considerably elevated, and
forms two vertical planes : the feathers which
adorn the neck are long, with their webs disunited,
and towards their tips somewhat extended and
rounded: the head, the neck, and the whole of
the elongated feathers of the back, which reach to
the rump, are of a bright orange, or fiery colour :
the top of the back, the lesser and middle wing-
coverts, are of a beautiful purple-chesnut ; the
greater coverts are black, with green reflections :
the quills and secondary feathers are of a rusty red
on their outer edges, and black on their inner:
the breast, the belly, the thighs, the abdomen, and
the tail are black, with green-gold reflections :

200 JUNGLE COCK.

the comb, the cheeks, the throat, and the wattles,
are of a red hue, varying in colour : the feet are
grey, armed with strong spurs : the irides are
yellow. The female is much smaller than the
male ; the comb and the wattles are much shorter;
the space round the eyes and the throat are
naked ; the latter slightly covered with distant
feathers : the breast, the belly, and the abdomen
are of a yellowish colour, each feather varied with
a clear ray down the shaft : the feathers of the
lower part of the neck are elongated, and have
disunited webs ; they are black in the middle, and
yellow-ochre on their edges : the shoulders, the
wings, the feathers of the rump and tail are of an
earthy grey, varied with zigzag black marks ; the
greater quills are grey."

Laischenan discovered this bird in the interior
parts of Java, where the inhabitants call it Ayam'
Bankiva : it inhabits the great forests and borders
of woods : it is very wild.

I » JUNGLE COCK.
(Gallus Sonneratii.)

GA. carunculd denticulatd; ore subt*s barbato ; pennis colli
linearibus, elongatis, albo atro Jitlvoquc maculatis, apice mem-
branaceis ; gul&y jugulo, pcclore, abdomine, dorsoque griseis
albo lineatis; tectricibus alarum rufo~castaneis, apicibus dila-

COCK

JUNGLE COCK. 901

lutis, cartilagineisjulvis ; remigibus, rectricibusque atro-nigris.
(Fem'msiminor,absque carunculd et palearibus ; capiteplitmato ;
corpore obscuriore^fusco rufoque vario.)

Cock with a toothed comb j the mouth wattled beneath ; the
feathers of the neck elongated, spotted with white, black,
and fulvous ; their tips membranaceous ; the throat, jugulum,
breast, abdomen, and back, grey striped with white ; the
wing-coverts reddish chesnut, the tips of the feathers di-
lated, cartilaginous, and fulvous ; the quills and tail-feathers
deep black. Female less, without the comb or wattles j the
head feathered ; the body more obscure, varied with brown
and red.

Gallus Sonneratii. Temm. Gall. Ind. 65Q.

Gallus Indicus. Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. 6.

Phasianus Gallus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 737. — Lath. Ind. Orti.
2. 615.

Le Coq sauvage. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 153. pi. Q4. male j p.
l6O.pl. Q5. female.

Coq et Poule Sonnerat. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 246. pi. 3.
/. 1.2.

Wild Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 6Q8. 1.

Indian Pheasant. Leach, Zool. Misc. 2. 6. pi. 6l.

•

THIS magnificent bird is a native of India, and
has been thought to be the origin of our domestic
poultry ; but as there are no facts that support the
conjecture, it must be considered a distinct species,
differing materially from the cultivated one. It
was first described as distinct by Temrninck in his
valuable work on the Gallinacea, and since by Dr.
Leach in the second volume of the Zoological
Miscellany.

It has a dentated comb on the head, and the
sides of the lower mandible of the beak are adorned
with wattles resembling those of G. domesticus :
the naked space round the eyes and on the throat

2O2 JUNGLE COCK.

is larger than in that bird : the feathers on the top
of the head and those of the neck are elongated,
and are very remarkable, differing from those of
any other of the genus : the quill is thick and
flattened, forming a \vhite ray the whole length of
the feather, and ending in a dilated cartilaginous
substance, similar to that on the wings of the
Columba Franciae or the Bombycilla Garrulae and
Carolinensis., which is rounded in shape, and thin
and highly polished : the feathers of the back and
those of the tail-coverts are long and narrow ;
they are of a dusky brown, varied with brighter
spots; the whole of them have a white stripe
down their shafts : the breast, the belly,, the sides,
the thighs, and the abdomen are dusky, tinged
with green : the greater quills are dull black j the
middle and secondaries are black, varied with
green reflections : the lesser and middle wing-
coverts have the shafts of their feathers flattened,
and their tips ornamented with a thick cartilaginous
lamen, possessing the same appearance as that on
the feathers of the neck, but are of a deep red
colour : the tail-coverts are of a deep violet ; they
are elongated and -arched over the two vertical
planes of the tail, which is composed of fourteen
feathers, of a black hue, with green reflections :
the feet are grey : the hides yellow : the beak
horn-coloured : the fleshy appendices of the head
are of a red colour, more or less deep. The female
is less than the male, and has scarcely any comb
or wattles : the throat is covered with feathers,
which is not the case with the common hen,

DOMESTIC COCK. 203

which has that part nearly naked : the whole of
the plumage of the under parts pf the body re-
sembles that of the male, except that the colours
are less brilliant : the feathers of the neck are but
slightly elongated, and do not possess the singular
cartilaginous substance with which those of the
male are ornamented, neither have the wing-
coverts that appendage : the whole of the upper
part of the body is grey, more or less dusky, with
the shaft of each feather white : the space round
the eyes is naked and reddish.

Inhabits Jarge forests in India, where it occurs
in great profusion.

DOMESTIC COCK.

(Callus domesticus.)

GA. caruncnla deaticulata ; ore subtus barbnto ; pennis coll*
linearibus elongatis ; corpore pulchris coloribus variegato;
cauda compressd adscendente. (Femina,crafd barb&queminores
quam maris.)

Cock with a toothed comb ; the throat wattled ; the feathers
on the neck linear and elongated ; the body variegated with
beautiful colours ; the tail compressed and ascending. (Fe-
male with the comb and wattle less than in the male.)

Callus domesticus et Gallina. Briss. Orn. 1. 166. — Rail. Sy/i.
p. 51. A.

Gallus Bnnkiva domesticus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 654.

Phasionus Gallus domesticus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626. 1. #.—
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 737. 1. ft.

204 DOMESTIC COCK.

Phasianus Gallus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 270. 1. — Linn. Faun.

Suee. 199.
Coq commun a crete, ou Coq villageois. Ruff. Ois. 2. 1 16. 2. —

Buff. PI. Enl. \.— Temm. Gall, et Pig. 2. 92. pi. 2./2, 3, 4,

5.pl.3.f. 3,4.
Domestic Cock. Albin. Birds, 3. 32.— Phil. Tran*. 12. 923.—

La/A. Gen. Syn. 4. 70O.—Bew. Brit. Birds, l. 2j6.—Bing.

Anim. Biog. 2. 24O.

Var. |3. Cristatd in vertice plumosd densissima.
With a strong crest on the crown.

Gallus cristatus. Briss.Om. 1. 169. — Raii.Syn. 51. A. 1.
Gallus Bankiva cristatus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 656.
Phasianus Gallus cristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271. — Faun.

Suec. 199. ft.— Gmel. Syst. Nat.l. 738.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626.
Le Coq huppe et de Nambourg. Buff. Ois. 2. 11 6.— Buff. Pi.

Enl. 49.— Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 239.

Crested Cock. Will. Orn. p. 158. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 703.
Var. y. pulchris coloribus variegatis ; tibiis pennatis out ad" digitos

plumosis, out digitis phimosis, out pennis posticis valde elon-

gatis.
Variegated with beautiful colours ; the tibiae feathered to the

toes j the toes feathered, or the feathers on the legs greatly

elongated behind.

Gallus plumipes. Briss. Orn. 1. 172. A. — Will. Orn; p. no.
Gallus Banticus. Briss. Orn. 1. 172. If.
Gallus Turcicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 170. d.
Gallus Bankiva pusillus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 657.
Phasianus Gallus pusillus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 1. ?38.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 627. 9.
Phasianus Gallus plumipes. Gmel. Syst. Nat. ]. 738. — Lath.

Ind. Orn. 2. 627. /.
Phasianus Gallus turcicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 739. — Lath.

Ind. Orn. 2.627.x.
Le Coq de Bantam. Buff. Ois. 2. 11 9.— Temm. Pig. et Gall.

2.242. .

Rough-footed Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 706.
Turkish Cock. Lath. GeJi. Syn. 4. 707.
Bantam Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7O6.— Albin. 3. pi. 33, 34, —

Hayes. Brit. Birds , pi. 23.

DOMESTIC COCK. 205

Var. S. Pfdibus brevissimis, magnitude columbee.

The feet very short, the size of a pigeon.

Callus Pumilio. firm. Orn. 2. 171. 2. — Raii. Syn. 51. a. 2.

Gall us Bankiva pumilio. Temm. Gall. Ind. 63 8.

Phasianus Callus pumilio. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738. — Lath. Ind.

On. 2. 627. 13.

Le Coq nain. Euff. Ois. 2. 1 18.— Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 244.
Dwarf Cock, or Creeper. Will. Orn. 110. pi. 26.^-Lath. Gen.

Syn. 4.7O5.

Var. e. quinque digitis in utroque pede ; ires antici, postici bini.
With five toes on each foot, three anterior, and two behind.
Callus pentadactylus. Briss. Orn. 1. 169.
Callus Bankiva pentadactylus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 658.
Phasianus Callus pentadactylus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738. —

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626.
Le Coq i cinq doigts. Buff. Ois. 2. 124.
Dorking Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 703.

THIS well known and useful bird, like all other
domestic animals, is subject to innumerable va-
rieties, scarcely, any two individuals being found
exactly similar ; however several distinct races
are easily discriminated, and shall be described
below. The one first in order is the common or
dunghill cock, which being the most abundant,
may be considered the nearest approach to the
original stock, which appears to be unknown : of
the common cock so many changes of plumage
occur, that a description of that part would be
endless, some being found pure white, others
black, with green reflections, others again varied
with the most beautiful colours ; in fact, with the
exception of the pure white ones, scarcely any two
are found alike : the principal difference of this
v ariety from the rest seems to be, that the comb

206 DOMESTIC COCK.

is very large, with eight or nine serratures ; the
naked space round the eyes larger than in the other
varieties, and the wattles hang much lower ; the
nead,neck, back, and wing-coverts, mostly orange ;
the greater wing-coverts, quills, and under parts,
white j the long falcated tail-feathers blue-black.

The next variety, or the Crested Cock of au-
thors, has the head ornamented with a crest, in
addition to the comb ; although some few indi-
viduals are found with the latter appendage nearly
obliterated, and have in lieu thereof a very large
crest, that nearly hinders them from seeing, as it
falls down over the eyes ; it also covers the ears
and the hind head, and frequently the throat has
feathers of a similar kind : in plumage this differs
as greatly as ^he' first described, and the crest
often forms a perfect contrast to the remainder of
the plumage ; some birds being white, with a black
crest, others blagk, with a white crest ; again, the
crest (is black and orange, and the body white, or
varied with several colours : this variety is suf-
ficiently common' in England, and in Egypt it is
greatly prized on account of its flesh, which is said
to be remarkably fine.

The Bantam and Turkish Cocks appear to belong
to the same race of varieties ; they are very small,
and have a much more showy plumage than the
other varieties of this species, and appear to differ
from each other but in very few particulars, the
principal one consisting in the legs of the Bantam
being greatly feathered; so much so in some
individuals, as to hinder them greatly in walking.

DOMESTIC COCK. 207

This variety is mucli valued by some on account
of the great number of eggs the female lays with-
out sitting : the male is very bold and pugna-
cious.

The Dwarf Cock, which is the next, greatly
resembles the last described, but is much smaller
in size, and the legs are very short ; so much so,
that the wings drag on the ground : in plumage it
differs exceedingly, as in the rest : its body is
scarcely larger than that of a Pigeon.

The last variety, or more properly a kind of
monstrosity, is the Barking Cock of Latham,
which has two toes behind, and is of a larger size
than usual, with nearly the same plumage as the
rest : it is very common in England, particularly
about Dorking in Surrey.

Another slight variety may be enumerated, and
that is the Game Cock, which is more distinguished
for its courage than for any great peculiarity in
its plumage : this is still extensively used in this
country for the barbarous and disgraceful pastime
of cock-fighting, which has even received royal
sanction, as Henry VIII. actually caused a theatre
to be built for the express purpose, he being so
passionately fond of the sport, as was also James I.
— Edward III. and Oliver Cromwell, however, were
not such advocates for it, for they absolutely pro-
hibited it. Great pains are taken by many in
rearing the animals of this breed, as frequently
considerable sums are betted on favourite birds.
From the time of the Grecians this diversion
appears to have been practised, but nowhere

208 DOMESTIC COCK.

with such vigour as in some parts of the East
Indies, especially in Sumatra, where a man will not
only stake his entire property on the issue of a
battle, but likewise his wife and children, or a son
his mother and sisters ! In this latter place they
arm the leg of the bird with a sharp-edged weapon
resembling in form a scimitar. In this country
they are generally armed with an artificial spur
called a gaffle. Another inhuman practice was
long followed in England, that of throwing stones
at these poor unfortunate birds on Shrove-Tuesday ;
a custom that took its rise from an intention of
the Britons to massacre the Danes, which was
frustrated by the crowing of the cocks ; and as the
event took place early in the morning of the above
day, it was annually celebrated by the idle and
dissolute in after times : it is scarcely abolished in
some towns at this moment : but enough of this
inhuman barbarity.

It is needless to state much respecting the care
and management of the young chicks, as it is
a thing so well known ; but if any one should
wish to inform himself fully of all circumstances
necessary to be attended to in order to attain a per-
fect knowledge of their nurture, he may consult
Temminck's Histoire Naturelle geneVale des Pi-
geons et des Gallinac£s, tome ii. where he will
find an ample notice of all particulars connected
therewith. One thing, however, may be here
stated ; that is, the artificial means used in Egypt,
and introduced by the celebrated M. de Reaumur
into France, of hatching chickens by thousands :

DOMESTIC COCK. 209

this is accomplished by means of ovens purposely
constructed, consisting of a low arched apartment
of clay : two rows of shelves are formed, and the
eggs are placed on these in such a manner as not
to touch each other : they are slightly moved five
or six times every twenty-four hours. All pos-
sible care is • taken to diffuse the heat equally
throughout; and there is but one aperture, just
large enough to admit a man stooping. During
the first eight days the heat is rendered great ; but
during the last eight it is gradually diminished,
till at length, when the young brood are ready to
come forth, it is reduced almost to the state of
the natural atmosphere. It is supposed that nearly
one hundred millions of these animals are annually
reared by this process, the heat of which is gene-
rated by layers of dung.

In a domestic state the fecundity of the female
is very great ; she generally lays two eggs in
three days, and continues to do so upwards of ten
months : after having laid from twenty-five to
thirty eggs, she prepares for the tedious process of
incubation ; during which time she is so assiduous
in her employment, that she appears to forget the
necessary supplies of food and drink. In about
three weeks the young brood burst from their
confinement, and the mother attends them with
the greatest assiduity, and becomes very bold, and
will attack any animal that attempts to annoy her
young.

The Cock is very attentive to his females, hardly
ever losing sight of them : he leads, defends, and

v. xi. p. i. 14

flO CRISPED COCK.

cherishes them ; collects them together when they
straggle, and seems to eat unwillingly till he sees
them feeding around him : he allows of no com-
petitor, but on the approach of a rival he imme-
diately attacks the intruder, and if possible drives
him from the field, or perishes in the attempt.

At present this bird is found in nearly all parts
of the world, but in the more northern climates,
as Siberia and Greenland, it is kept more as a
curiosity than on account of its use, as they will
not breed there. Asia is undoubtedly the place
from whence it originally sprang.

CRISPED COCK.

(Gallus crispus.)

GA. pennis sursum reflexis, out revolutis; pulchris coloribus

variegatis.
Cock with the feathers reflected upwards, or turned overj

variegated with beautiful colours.
Gallus crispus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 661. — Briss. Orn. 1. 173. pi.

\f.f. \.-~Raii. Syn. 51- a. 1.
Phasianus Gallus crispus. — Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 27 J. y> — Gmcl.

Syst. Nat. 1. 738. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626.,!.
Gallina Frieslandica. Will. Orn. 110.
Le Coq * plumes fris6es. Buff. Ois. 2. 121. pi. 13.— Temm. Pig.

at Gall. 2. 25Q.
Crisped or Frizzled Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 704.— Will.

(Ang.) 156.

NEGRO COCK. 211

THIS strange species has the whole of the
feathers curled up, appearing at a distance like
wool : it is rather smaller than the common
poultry, and is much more difficult to rear than
them, as the chickens are very tenacious of cold
and moisture. In a domestic state it is frequently
kept out of curiosity. The usual plumage of this
bird is white, and its legs are smooth ; but it varies
in having the legs covered with feathers, and very
greatly in the colours of its plumage and in size,
some being considerably smaller, and others larger
than the ordinary poultry.

Asia appears to be the native place of this
species, which is domesticated in Java, Japan,
Sumatra, and the whole of the Philippine islands.

NEGRO COCK.
(Gallus Morio.)

GA. caniNculd et palearibus nigris ; pule/iris cdoribus variegatis.

Cock with the caruncle and wattles black; the feathers va-
riegated with beautiful colours.

Gallus Morio. Temm. Gall. Ind. 660.— Briss. Orn. 1. 174.

Phasianus Gallus Morio. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 271.— Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 739.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. 1.

Le Coq negre, ou de Mosambique. Buff". Ols. 2- 122. — Temm.
Pig. et Gall. 2. 253.

Negro Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 709-

212 SILK COCK.

THIS bird is remarkable for having the comb
and wattles of a violet-black : the skin and perios-
teum are also of that colour : its flesh is white,
and is most excellent food : the comb on the male
is dentated, and, with the wattles, resembles that
part in the domestic species : the plumage in a
wild state is black, with bronzed reflections ; when
domesticated it varies considerably in colour, as in
other poultry : the beak is deep blue, and the feet
are dusky blue.

Domesticated in various parts of India in great
abundance : it is of a restless disposition.

SILK COCK.

(Gallus lanatus.)

GA. cristd et palearibus r*bro-c<eruleis, corpore albo> pennis

sericeis.
Cock with the crest and wattles of a red-blue j the body white j

the feathers like hair.
Gallus lanatus. Tcmm. Gall. Ind. 66O.
Gallus Japonicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 175. 6. pi. \T.f* 2. female.
Phasianus Gallus Lanatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 271. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 1. 739. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. I.
Le Coq et la Poule a duvet. Buff. Ois. 2. 121.— Buff. PI. Enl.

18.—Temm. Pig. et Gall: 2. 25(5.
Silk Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7O8. 1.

ANOTHER singular species of this genus comes
next : this is distinguished from all others in having

RUMPLESS COCK. 213

the body covered with feathers, with their webs
entirely disunited, and resembling hair or silk : it
is entirely white, with the exception of the comb
and wattles, which are of a red-blue : the legs are
reddish violet, and very strong : the beak is of a
clear blue : the irides are red, surrounded by a
slight circle of black : as in the last species, this
has the whole of the skin and periosteum black,
but its flesh is remarkably white, and most exqui-
site in flavour, exceeding the common poultry in
both respects. These birds inhabit different parts
of Asia, particularly Japan and China ; the inha-
bitants of which latter place carry about cages full
jof them, and sell them to the Europeans.

RUMPLESS COCK.

(Gallus ecautlatus. )

GA. carunculd integr&, mandibulA inferiore barbis duobus, caudd
nulld, uropygio tectricibus majoribus tecto ; corpore ulrinque
Jusco-aurantio.

Cock with an entire comb ; the lower mandible with two wat-
tles ; no tail ; the rump clothed by the greater coverts ; the
body fuscous-orange.

Gallus ecaudatus, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 662.

Coq Wallikikili. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2- p. 267.

Var. &. caudd seu urojygio carens ; pulchris coloribus varie-
gatit.

With the rump or tail wanting ; the colours greatly varying,
und beautiful.

214 RUMPLESS COCK.

Gallus ecaudatus, var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. 663.

Gallus Persicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 174,5.

Phasianus Gallus ecaudatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2? I. y. —

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738. — Raii. Syn. 51. a. l. 3. — LaM. 7m/.

Orn. 2.627. 1.
Le Coq sans croupion. Buff. Ois. 2. 122. — Temm. Pig. et Gall.

2. 171.

Persian Fowl, or Rumpkin. Will. Orn. 156. 6. pi. 26.
Rumpless, or Persian Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 705. 1.

THIS most singular species is distinguished by
not having even the rudiments of a tail or rump :
its head is adorned with an entire comb : the
cheeks, from behind the ears to the throat, are
naked : from the base of the lower mandible
depend two red fleshy wattles, as in the common
Cock : the feathers on the nape are long and nar-
row ; their webs are disunited and silky ; they are
marked with a longitudinal black spot, and are
bordered with yellow orange : immediately below
the naked part of the neck the feathers are violet,
with purple reflections : the rest of the under part
of the neck, the breast, ancl the belly, are of a fine
orange, the centre of each feather having a deep
brown longitudinal spot : the back, the middle
and lesser wing-coverts are reddish orange : the
great feathers placed above the rump are curved,
and serve as a covering to that part ; they are of
a fine violet, with bronzed reflections, as are also
the secondary quills : the primaries are dull brown :
the tarsi are armed with strong and acute spurs,
which, as well as the feet and the beak, are grey-
brown : the female is unknown in a wild state,

FORK-TAILED COCK. 215

Inhabits the island of Ceylon, among the im-
mense forests of that country : its nest is placed
upon the ground, and is coarsely made of slender
plants, and similar to that of the Partridge : the
bird is very wild : 'the cry of the cock is less
sonorous than in the domestic species.

The domesticated kind of this is very common
in some parts, and varies exceedingly in its plum-
age, but all are destitute of the tail and rump :
in some the comb is dentated, and in a few double,
but it does not appear that any have that part
smooth.

b. GULA pale&longiludinaliplicata; CAWifurcatd, pland.
b. Throat with a longitudinal folded wattle j the tail forked anil
horizontal.

FORK-TAILED COCK,

(Gallus furcatus.)

GA. carunculd integrd, gul.l media barbatd, pennis colli bre-
vibus rotundatis, corpore supra viridi-aureo, subttis nigro,
tectricibus alarum aurantiis Juscisque. (Femina cristd bar-
bdque nullis ; oculi ambitu nudi.)

Cock with an entire comb; the throat with a wattle in the
middle ; the feathers on the neck short and rounded ; the body
above green-gold, beneath black ; the wing-coverts orange

216 FORK-TAILEt) COCK.

and brown. (Female without comb or wattle j the region of

the eyes naked.)

Callus furcatus. Temm, Gall. /»</. 662.
Coq et Poule ayumalas. Tcmm. Pig. ct Gull. 2. 26l.

THIS is distinguished from the rest of the Cocks
by several peculiarities : its tail is horizontal and
forked : its crest is entire : it does not possess the
wattles on each side of the base of the under man-
dible, but instead, it has arising from that part and
descending to the lower part of the neck a single
membranaceous appendage, which is folded, and
somewhat similar to that of the Turkey : neither
are the feathers of the neck and top of the back
elongated, but rounded, and have the appearance
of velvety scales : the total length of the male is
about two feet : tjie sides of the head, the throat,
the lower part of the neck, the loose membrane of
that part, and the comb, are of a fine red- violet :
the occiput, the sides and hinder part of the neck,
and top of the back, have the feathers of an oval
form ; they are bright brown at their base, at
their centre blue, with violet reflections ; between
that and their tips green, with golden hues, and
the very extremities are tipped with a velvety
black crescent : the feathers on the lower part of
the back and the rump are long and narrow, with
their middle portions black, glossed with gold ;
and their edges, which are disunited, are of a
yellow-ochre tinge : the feathers of the lesser and
middle wing-coverts are similar in shape to those
on the top of the back ; they are black with red
margins: the quills are dusky brown, and the

FORK-TAILED COCK. 21?

secondaries are black, glossed with gold : the
breast, the belly, and the abdomen, arc black :
the tail, which is composed of twelve feathers, is
slightly forked and horizontal : the long feathers
on the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, rest upon
the tail, and form a series of parabolas, more or
less curved ; they, as well as the tail-feathers, are
green, glossed with gold : the tarsi are armed with
very short spurs, and with the beak are yellow :
the irides are bright yellow. The female has the
space round the eyes and a spot beneath the ears
naked, and of a livid colour : the feathers on the
top of the head and hinder part of the neck are
grey-brown : above the eyes is a kind of reddish
yellow eyebrow : the throat is white : the breast,
the belly, and the abdomen, are of a greyish
yellow, without spots ; the feathers of the former
edged with dusky: the back and lesser wing-
coverts are deep green, with golden hues, and
yellowish in their centres : the greater coverts and
the secondary quills are black, glossed with green-
gold ; the whole of them undulated with yellowish,
and their extremities entirely of that colour : the
tail-feathers are brown, slightly tinged with green,
and edged with reddish : the feet and beak are
brown.

This beautiful species is very abundant in the
great forests in the interior of Java, frequenting
the borders of the woods during the day : it is
very wild, and is rendered difficult to kill, as it is
always on the look-out for danger : it will not bear
confinement.

218

B. CAPITE cristate, genes nudce, tarsi longiores.
B. With the head crested ; the cheeks naked ; tarsi lengthened.

MACARTNIAN COCK.
(Gallus Macartnyi.)

CJA. niger, chalybeo-nitens, dorso igneo-firrvgineo ; plumis late-
ribus corporis rufis cum ignito reflexu ; rectricibus intermediis
subfulvis. (Femina saturate rufa, supra lineis transversis
atriSj plumis albo-marginatis ; guld alb A. )

Black Cock, glossed with steel-colour ; the upper part of the
back of a fiery rust-colour j the feathers on the sides of the
body rufous, with igneous reflections ; the middle tail-feathers
slightly fulvous. (Female deep rufous, with transverse dark-
coloured lines ; the feathers margined with white ; throat
white.) »./-

Gallus Macartnyi. Temm. Gall. Ind. 663.

Phasianus ignitus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. bu. — Shaw. Nat.
Misc. 9.

Houppifere Macartney. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 273. pi. S.f.lO.

Fire-backed Pheasant. Staunt. Emb. Chin. 1. 246. pi. 13. —
Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 274.— Shava. Nat. Misc. 9. pi. 321.

Var. @. cauda pennis albis.

The tail with white feathers.

Gallus Macartnyi 0. Temm. Gall. Ind. 664.

THIS highly splendid and magnificent bird is
distinguished from the other Cocks by not pos-
sessing the comb, but having a delicate plume of
feathers on the crown of the head, somewhat
similar to that of the Peacock : the cheeks are
naked, and the fleshy wattles are of a different
construction to those of the Cock. The male is
about two feet in length : his head is adorned

MACARTNIAN COCK. 219

with an elegant crest, composed of singularly con-
structed feathers, which at their bases are destitute
of webs, and towards their extremities clothed
with a number of disunited barbs ; the whole
feather is similar to a fan with a long handle : the
face and sides of the head, much beyond the eyes,
covered with a rufous-violet skin, hanging down
beneath the sides of the head and the throat, like
a small wattle : the crest and top of the head, the
neck, the top of the back, the breast, and the belly,
are black, with green reflections : the feathers on
the sides of the body are of a brilliant red towards
their tips : the wing-coverts are black, tipped with
a band of green-gold : the long feathers of the
rump are of a fiery golden hue, reflecting rich
tints of molten copper, purple and violet ; the
upper tail-coverts are similar : the four middle
tail-feathers are red, the rest black : the beak
yellow-ochre : the feet grey : the claws and spurs
brown : it sometimes varies in having the whole of
the plumage more violet, the feathers on the sides
of the body tipped with white, and the four middle
tail-feathers of the latter colour.

The female is less than the male : the naked
skin round the eyes is not so much wrinkled as in
him : the crest is also different, the feathers being
webbed their whole length, but larger at their
tips than at the base ; this, and also the upper
part of the head, the hinder part of the neck, and
the top of the back, are of a chesnut-brown ; the
rest of the back, the wings, the rump, and the tail,
are of a deeper colour, varied with delicate black

22O MACARTNIAN COCK.

hues : the throat is white : the feathers of the
whole of the under parts are chesnut-brown in the
centre, and edged with pure white.

The head, the neck, the breast, and the belly
of the young males are dull black, without any
violaceous hue : the back, the wing-coverts, and
secondary quills, are violet-black, varied with fine
zigzag white rays : the feathers on the rump and
those of the tail are red : the sides of the body are
not tipped with red-gold as in the adult.

Inhabits Sumatra : it is extremely wild, and will
not submit to a state of domestication.

221

PHASIANUS. PHEASANT.

Generic Character.

Rostrum breve, crassiuscu-
lum, basi nudum, versus
apicem deflexum.

Nares basales, laterales.

Aures tectae.

Pedes tetradactyli, ambula-
torii, digitis tribus anticis,
uno postico: tarsi calca-
rati.

Caudaelongata,cuneata; rec-
tricibus octodecim.

Al& breves.

Beak short, thickened, its
base naked, towards the
tip bent down.

Nostrils basal and lateral.

Ears covered.

Feet four-toed, formed for
walking, three toes before,
and one behind : tarsi with
spurs.

Tail elongated, wedge-
shaped, consisting of eigh-
teen feathers.
Wings short.

X H ASIANUS, auctorum. — This genus embraces
some of the most beautiful birds in existence,
which, as far as known, possess the same manners
of life : they are all natives of Asia, frequenting
woody places : the females produce many young-
ones at a brood, which they foster for some time
like the domestic hen : their nests, which are
rude, are formed on the ground : their food con-
sists of seeds and insects : the young when first
hatched are clothed with a soft down.

A. GvL\pluniK tectd; genat orbitaque in ruasculis nudae et ver-

rucosae.
A. Throat clothed with feathers ; the cheeks and orbits in the

males naked and crested.

a. Caput non cristatum.
a. Head not crested.

COMMON PHEASANT.
(Phasianus Colchicus.)

PH. rufus, capite cottoque c&ruleis cum viridi et aureo-nitentibus,

corpore supra rufo-splendidis , nigro alboque variegato, candu

pland, cuneatd. (Feminafusco-grisea, rufescente et nigricante

i^ariegata.)
Red Pheasant, with the head and neck blue, shining with green

and gold ; the body above splendid rufous, variegated with

black and white ; the tail plain and wedge-shaped. (Female

brown-grey, varied with reddish and dusky.)
Phasianus Colchicus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 270. — Linn. Faun.

Suec. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. 741. 3.— Brits. Orn. j. 262.—

Raii. Syn. 56. a. 1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 629. 4. — Temm.

Gall. Ind. 666.
Le Faisan. Buff. Ois. 2. 328. pi. 1 1 .—Buff. PI. Enl. 1 21. male.

122. female. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 28p. — Temm. Man.

d'Orni. 282.
Common Pheasant. Albin. Birds. 1. pi. 25. — Hayes. Brit.

Birds, pi. 20.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 712.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 207-

1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Mont. Orn.

Diet. Sup. App. — Bewick. Brit. Birds, 1. 282. — Bing. Anim.

Biog. 2. 237. — Don. Brit. Birds, 5. p. 101. — Leuin. Brit.

Birds, 3. pi. 31.— Wall. Syn. 2. pi. IJQ.—Penn. Brit. Zool. 1.

p. 28O.

DOlOftOll

PHEASANT. 223

Var. 0. A priore differt colors albo, maculis, phasianis vulgarim

coloribus imbutis, vario.
This differs in being white, variegated with the colours of the

common sort.

Phasianus Colchicus, Tar. A. varius. Temm. Gall. Ind. 667.
Phasianus varius. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 630. y. — Brits. Orn. 1.

267. a. pi. 25. f. 3. — Qmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 742.
Le Faisan pannache. Buff. Ois. 2. 252. — Temm. Pig. et Gall.

2.309.
Variegated Pheasant. Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 21. — Lath. Gen.

Syn. 4. 267.

Var. y. corpus totum album immaculatum.
With the whole body of an immaculate white.
Phasianus Colchicus, var. B. albus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 667.
Phasianus albus. Briss. Orn. 1. 268. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 742.

3. d. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 630. var.
Le Faisan blanc. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 3J2.
White Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7J6.

IT is almost needless to descant upon the
plumage of this elegant and well known bird : but
it is necessary that it should be described, as it
serves to exemplify the species: its usual length,
including its tail, is about three feet : its weight
nearly three pounds : its beak is pale yellowish
horn-colour : irides yellow : the cheeks are covered
with a scarlet velvety down, minutely spotted
with black : the head and neck are of a change-
able golden hue, with blue and violet reflections :
the sides of the head near the occiput are adorned
(at least in the courting season) with a tuft of
ear-like golden-green feathers : the lower part of
the neck, the breast, the belly, and the sides, are
of a most brilliant chesnut-purple, the whole of
the feathers being bordered with black, with violet

22 1 PHEASANT.

hues : the abdomen and the under tail-coverts are
of a reddish brown colour : the wings are brown-
purple, spotted with yellowish white : the quills
are brown, with transverse stripes of reddish
white : the two middle tail-feathers are very long
and arched ; their centre is olive-grey, varied with
transverse black bands, and their margins are of a
chesnut-purple : the rest of the tail-feathers are
similar in colour, but much shorter : the legs are
dusky, furnished with a strong membrane between
the toes, and a blunt spur on the tarsi.

The female is less in size : the general colour
brown, variegated with grey, rufous, and dusky :
the region of the eyes is covered with feathers :
tail much shorter than in the male, but barred as
in him : old females often attain the plumage of
the male, and possess a hard tubercle on the tarsi
in the place of the spur of the male. Young birds
have the plumage of an uniform grey, approaching
greatly to that of the female.

This bird is another instance of the changes
animals undergo when they lose their native
freedom, and are under the dominion of mankind.
It is greatly subject to variation, and in addition
to that, it will propagate with other species, and
produce hybrids : the first variety worth noticing
is the Variegated Pheasant, which has its plumage
white, varied in an infinity of ways with that of
the first described ; in other respects similar to
that bird. The next is entirely white, with a
slight tracing of the characters proper to the
species. A hybrid is described by Dr. Latham

PHEASANT. 225

from Brisson, by the following terms : " TJiis is
a mixed breed between the Pheasant and Cock ;
a circumstance which frequently happens where
farm-yards are adjoining to woods where Pheasants
abound : the eyes are surrounded with a red skin,
and a few spots of white on the crown of the
head : upper part of the back rufous, varied with
brown and white ; from thence to the tail ash-
colour, crossed with black : belly, thighs, and
under tail-coverts, pale brown, ash-colour, and
dusky, mixed : Wing-coverts much like the back :
greater quills pale brown ; the lesser white, varied
without with black, and within black edged with
rufous : tail black in the middle : bill and legs
grey.'* Another hybrid is described by Tem-
minck, between the male Painted Pheasant and
the female of the common one : this possesses the
brilliant plumage of the former bird, and is thus
noticed : its length is about three feet : its head is
crested, and this part is composed of feathers with
disunited webs, of a rufous-red colour, slightly
tipped with violet : the feathers which rise beneath
the occiput, and those that reach in a fascia from
that to the neck, are of a reddish yellow at their
base, and purple-violet towards their tips : the
whole of the feathers of the neck are purple-violet,
with fine green-gold reflections : those of the top
of the back are deep green at their origin, then of
a fiery red, and tipped with a circle of beautiful
purple-violet : the whole of the under parts are of
a bright fiery red ; the back and the scapulars are
the same, with the bases of all tlve feathers black,
v. xi. p. i. 15

JJii PHEASANT.

with transverse ochraceous yellow stripes : the
rump and the upper tail-coverts are of a red-purple;
the quills are grey, spotted on their outer webs
with whitish yellow : the secondary quills and the
coverts of the wings are of a chesnut-red on their
outer webs, and black with brownish yellow spots
on their inner : the middle tail-feathers are clear
spotless red ; the lateral ones are more deep in
colour, spotted irregularly with black and brown.
The Rev. Gilbert White also mentions a hybrid
which was killed in Hampshire : this had the head,
neck, breast and belly, glossy black : the back,
wing-feathers, and tail, pale russet, streaked some-
what like the upper parts of a Partridge : the tail
even at the end, and short : legs destitute of a
spur : space round the eye naked and scarlet.

Pheasants breed on the ground like Partridges,
the female laying from eight to a dozen eggs, in a
sort of rough hole formed by scratching a few
dried vegetables together : the young follow the
mother like chickens, as soon as hatched : wood
and corn lands seem necessary to their existence*
They bear confinement very well, and the female
produces a great many eggs in that state, and will
sometimes sit upon them if not disturbed by the
male, which is often the case ; on which account
the eggs are generally put under a common hen to
be hatched, and by this means a supply is kept
up. If it were not for this and the exertions of
gentlemen of property, it is probable the breed
would become extinct in a few years : the demand
for them at the tables of the luxurious, and the

PHEASANT. 227

easy mark they offer to the sportsman, would soon
complete their destruction.

The Pheasant is in many respects a foolish
bird. On being roused, it will often perch on a
neighbouring tree, where its attention will be so
fixed on the dogs as to suffer the sportsman to
approach Very near. At the time they perch they
most frequently crow, or make a chuckling noise
called cocketing. The hens on flying up utter
one shrill whistle, and then are silent. Poachers
avail themselves of these notes to discover the
roosting places, where they shoot them with the
greatest certainty ; or, where the woods are well
watched, they light a number of brimstone matches
at the end of a pole, and the moment the sul-
phurous fumes reach the birds, they drop off the
perch. Other means are also adopted for catching
them with nooses made of wire, horse-hair twisted,
or even with briars set in the form of a noose, at
the verge of a wood. The birds entangle them-
selves in these as they run, morning and evening,
into the adjacent fields to feed. Foxes also destroy
great numbers, particularly females when sitting
on their nest.

It has been asserted that Pheasants are so shy
as not to be tamed without great difficulty ; but
where they are in the constant habit of being
attended in their coverts by a keeper, they wiU
come to feed the instant they hear his whistle ; and
will follow him in flocks, and scarcely allow the
peas to run from his bag into the troughs placed
for the purpose, before they begin to eat : those

228 RING PHEASANT.

that cannot find sufficient room at one trough
follow him with the same familiarity to others.
They are fond of corn, but will often feed on the
wiid berries of the woods, and on acorns : the young
are fed with the pupae of ants ; they are also fond
of other insects and worms.

It is generally supposed that Pheasants had their
origin in Asia, having been introduced into Europe
from the banks of the Phasis, a river of Colchis,
about the time of the Argonauts : however, they
are now found in all the southern parts of that
continent, and over the greatest part of Asia,
but not in Africa or the New World. They are
abundant in the southern parts of England, but
rare in the north and in Scotland.

RING PHEASANT.
(Phasianus torquatus.)

Pu. capite, gula, abdomine collogue atro-purpureis : h6c torque
albo, vertice lined utrinque albd,jugulo pectore antice plurisque
rubro-cupreis ; pennis atro terminatis, tectricibus plumbeis,
dorso atro antice luteo maculato, postice albo rubroque vario.

Pheasant with the head, throat, belly, and neck black, the latter
with a white ring; crown of the head with a white line on
each side; collar, anterior part of the breast and sides,
copper red, the feathers tipped with deep black ; wing and

RING PHEASANT. £29

tail-coverts lead-coloured j back deep black, spotted ante-
riorly with yellowish, variegated posteriorly with white and
red.

Phasianus torquatus. I*ach. Zool. Misc. 2. 14. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. I. 742.

Phasianus torquatus, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. QjQ.

Phasianus colchicus /3. Lath. Jnd. Orn. 2. 629. 4.

Le Faisan i collier blanc de la Chine. Temm. Pig. et Gall.
2. 326.

Ring Pheasant. Leach. Zool. Misc. 2. 14. pi. 66. — Lath. Syn.
4. 715.— Lath. Syn. Sup. 208.— Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

THE Ring Pheasant occurs in great abundance
in the northern forests of the vast empire of
China : it is much less than the common Pheasant,
rarely exceeding two feet six inches in length :
the male has the upper part of the head fawn-
coloured, shaded with bright green : over each
eye is a white dash : the upper part of the neck,
the throat, and the feathers, which form a ruff on
each side of the occiput, are of a fine deep green,
with violet reflections : a collar of a pure white
encircles about one third of the length of the neck ;
this is broadest on the sides : the feathers of the
top of the back are black in the middle, and
varied with a zigzag whitish band ; they are
edged with a deep border of ochrey yellow, and
are marked with a sagittal black line at their tip :
the scapulars are black at their base, with a whitish
yellow spot in their centres, encircled with a ring
of black ; the rest chesnut glossed with purple :
the lower part of the back and the rump are varied
with different hues of green, shaded towards their
sides with greyish : the upper tail-coverts are clear

230 RING PHEASANT.

green, with disunited silky webs : the breast is of
a red-purple, the whole of the feathers being
edged with a slight band of brilliant violet : the
feathers on the sides of the body are yellowish
white, with a triangular violaceous spot at their
tips : the belly, thighs, and abdomen, are black,
with violet reflections : the lesser wing-coverts,
and the tips of the greater ones, are grey, -shaded
with green : the tail-feathers are olive in their
centres, with the edges shaded with red-violet :
they are transversely barred with black, and their
webs are disunited : the feet are grey : the tarsi
are armed with a spur also grey : the beak is yel-
lowish, and the irides are yellow. The female
differs considerably from that of ,the preceding
species, although, at first sight there is a great
resemblance : this has a stripe of very short dusky
feathers beneath each eye : the plumage in general
is more dull than in the common Pheasant, and
the breast is distinguished by being considerably
spotted : the tail-feathers are also distinctly barred
with transverse black rays : in other respects si-
milar to the preceding.

A variety, or rather mongrel, is common in
many aviaries ; this is the produce of the common
Pheasant and the present species : it is distin-
guished by possessing the characters of each, com-
bined in various manners ; and the white ring on
the neck is always narrower than in the original
species.

The manners of these birds are somewhat dif-
ferent from those of the common Pheasant, and

PAINTED PHEASANT. 231

the young are much more difficult to rear : there
is also a great disparity in the eggs of the two
species, those of the present one being blue or
bluish green, marked with small spots of a deeper
tint ; whereas those of the common Pheasant are
whitish olive, without spots. They are said to be
common at St. Helena, having been introduced
there by the governor, and a heavy penalty is
attached to any person that shoots one.

b. Caput cristA instruction.
Head furnished with a crest.

PAINTED PHEASANT.

(Phasianus pictus.)

PH. cristA flavti, occipilis pennisjuscis lineis nigris variis ; cor-

pore supra Jlavo-aureo, subtus coccineo ; remigibus secundariis

caruleis, cauda cuneaia.
Pheasant with a yellow crest ; the feathers of the occiput brown,

varied with black lines; the body above golden-yellow,

beneath scarlet ; the secondary quills blue j the tail Wedged.
Phasianus pictus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 272. 5. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. 743.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 630. 5.— Temm. Gall. Ind. 671.
Phasianus aureus Sinensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 271. 4.
Faisan dorc, ou tricolor de la Chine. Buff. Ois. 2. 355. — Temm.

Pig. et Gall. 2. 341.— -Buff. PI. Enl. 217-
Painted Pheasant. Edv>. Birds, pi. 68. GQ.—Albin. Birds. 3. pi.

36* — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 22. — Lat/u Gen. Syn. 4. 7J/. 5.

232 PAINTED PHEASANT.

THE Painted Pheasant is perhaps the most beau-
tiful of the genus : its total length is about two
feet nine inches : beak and irides yellow : the
upper part of the head is adorned with a beautiful
glossy yellow crest, composed of loose disunited
feathers, resembling rich silk : cheeks nearly bare,
and flesh-coloured : the sides of the head livid :
the feathers of the occiput are bright orange-
colour, square at the ends, and barred with black
lines ; they are long, and can be erected at plea-
sure, like those on the neck of a Cock : the
feathers of the nape of the neck are of a beautiful
golden green, with a black stripe at their tips :
the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, are bright
lively yellow, the latter tipped with crimson-red :
the throat is reddish yellow : the under part of
the neck, the breast, and the rest of the under
parts of the body, are of a rich scarlet : the
scapulars are deep blue, changing to brilliant
violet : the secondary feathers and wing-coverts
are varied with different tints of chesnut and
brown : the quills are brown, marked with reddish ;
their outer edge is also of the latter colour : the
tail is very long and cuneiform ; the two middle
feathers being nearly two feet in length, and the
lateral ones very short ; the former are varied and
marbled with chesnut and black, and the latter
are adorned with oblique stripes of those colours ;
the rest of the upper parts rich scarlet : the feet
are bright yellow : the tarsi are armed with a
spur.

The female is less than the male, and wants the

PAINTED PHEASANT. 233

gay colours of that sex : the feathers on the head
are elongated, and can be elevated at will : the
upper parts of the head and the neck, the back,
the rump, the wing-coverts, and the upper coverts
of the tail, are brownish red : the throat is whitish :
the rest of the under part is clear brown, or yel-
lowish varied with brown spots : the feathers of
the wings and tail are of the same colour as the
back, varied with transverse black stripes : the
tail is much shorter than in the male j its two
middle feathers are barred with black, and the
rest irregularly spotted with that colour : the beak
and feet are yellow : the irides dusky yellow.

The native place of this species is China, where
it is called Kin-ki : it has been common in Europe
for a long time, and appears to be very hardy : it
bears confinement well, and will breed readily in
that state : its eggs resemble those of the Guinea
Pintado ; they are redder than those of the Phea-
sant. The food consists of rice, hemp, wheat, or
barley ; it will also eat red cabbages, herbs, leaves,
fruits, especially plums, and insects ; the latter
form its favourite meal, and the difficulty of pro-
curing a sufficiency of these is one cause of the
many diseases it is subject to. Its flesh is re-
markably good, and is said to exceed that of any
other Pheasant. The female deposits her eggs
about March, and the young are hatched in twenty-
three days : the young differ in their plumage from
the old birds : during the first year they are of a
yellowish grey, varied with transverse brown lines ;
the next year the sexes may be discriminated, the

234 PENCILLED PHEASANT.

males being more brilliant in colour ; and in the
third year the plumage attains its utmost brilliancy.
Old females sometimes put on the plumage of
the males, like many other gallinaceous birds, but
this is rare : they will also breed with the com-
mon Pheasant, as has been already noticed in the
account of that bird.

PENCILLED PHEASANT.
(Phasianus Nycthemerus.)

PH. albus ; cristd, guld, pectore, abdomineque nigro-violaceo ;

caudd cuneata, compressd. (Femina.fuscescens^fiisco undulala,

rectricibus lateralibus albo nigroque macula t is. )
White Pheasant, with the crest, throat, breast, and abdomen,

dark violet ; the tail wedge-shaped and compressed. (Female

brownish, waved with brown 5 the lateral tail-feathers spot-
ted with black and white.)
Phasianus Nycthemerus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 272.— Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 743. 6.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 631. G.—Temm. Gall.

Ind.p. 665.

Phasianus albus Sinensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 276. 5.
Faisan noir et blanc, ou le bicolor. Buff. Ois. 2. 35Q. — Buff.

Pl.JEnl. 123. male, 124. female. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. p.

281.pl. 2. /. 6. 7.
Black and white Pheasant. Albin. Birds. 3. 37. — Edw. Birds.

pi. 66.
Pencilled Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 719-

THE male of this species is nearly three feet in
length : the beak and irides yellow : sides of the

PENCILLED PHEASANT. 235

head covered with a carunculated, crimson, bare
skin, which is capable of distension ; it is prolonged
above the eyes in form of a comb, and falls on
each side the under mandible of the jaw, like two
wattles : the head is ornamented with a long crest
of loose webs ; it falls behind, and is of a deep
purple : the upper parts of the body are white,
each feather marked with black stripes parallel to
the margin ; this forms an agreeable contrast to
the plumage of the under parts of the neck and
body, which is of a purple-black : the tail is wedge-
shaped ; the feathers white, obliquely striated
with black, except the two middle ones, which are
plain white : the legs are red, furnished with a
white spur. The female is smaller than the male :
the beak and the irides are yellowish brown : the
eyes surrounded by a red skin, which is narrower
and less bright than in the male : the top of the
head is somewhat crested and brown : the throat
and cheeks are whitish : the neck, the breast, the
back, the rump, the wing and upper tail-coverts,
rufous brown : the lower part of the breast, the
belly, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are
dull white, irregularly varied with brown, and
crossed with transverse black bands : the quills
are dusky ; the secondaries like the back ; those
nearest the body dotted with white : the two
middle tail-feathers, shorter than in the male,
brown ; the others brown and white mixed, and
striped obliquely with black : the feet are red.

The female deposits her eggs, which vary in
number, from eight to fourteen, about the month

236 SUPERB PHEASANT.

of April ; they are reddish yellow, varied with
white, and sprinkled with a few small brown
spots, and are hatched in twenty -six days: the
young are reared with less difficulty, and they are
more easily tamed than the common Pheasant.
During the courting season, and also when in-
flamed by rage, the naked skin on the head of the
male is of a deep crimson.

The native place of these birds is the northern
parts of China, from whence they have been
introduced into all parts of Europe : they are
common in aviaries in this country, and bear con-
finement well.

B. Gula paled geminatd subulatd : irons carunculd subrotundatd.
B. Throat with a double subulated wattle : forehead with a
rounded caruncle.

SUPERB PHEASANT.
(Phasianus superbus.)

PH. corpore rttfo, viridi caeruleoque vario, crist&plicatd in ver-
tice ccerule&j collo superiore viridi pennis longis vestito, caudd
elongatd, cuneatd ; rectricibus duabus intermediis albescentibus
nigro^fasciatis.

Pheasant with a rufous body, varied with green and blue j the
crown with a plicated, blue crest ; the upper part of the neck
clothed with long green feathers ; the tail elongated and

SUPERB PHEASANT. 237

wedge-shaped, its two middle feathers whitish, barred with

black.
Phasianus superbus. Linn. Mant. \77^- P- 526. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. l. 744. 7. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. 'L.— Temm. Gall. Ind.

671.

Phasianus varius. Shaw. Nat. Misc. v. 10.
Faisan superbe. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 336.
Superb Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 709. '2.— Lath. Syn. Sup.

II. 273. 1.— Shaw. Nat. Misc. I0.pl. 353.

THIS splendidly magnificent bird, if the accounts
that are given of its plumage be faithful, is con-
fessedly the most remarkable of the genus. It is
described by Linneus from the various repre-
sentations of it painted on paper hangings and
China ware, and confirmed by a figure and descrip-
tion in a Chinese book which came under his
inspection. It is said to have a red beak : on the
forehead is a red caruncle, somewhat rounded in
shape, and two wattles of a blood-red colour under
the chin, as in the Cock : the crown of the head
is green ; at the hind part a folded crest, of a
blue colour : the hind part of the neck is green ;
on each side furnished with long variegated
feathers, which stand out from the neck, and turn
backwards : the shoulders are green, spotted with
white : the wings red : primary quills blue : the
body is red : the tail long, and wedge-shaped :
the feathers are blue and red mixed ; and the
coverts are of several colours, arid fall over the
sides of it : the legs are yellow, and without
spurs.

Temminck considers the long feathers that
arrive from China as belonging to this species, and

238 SUPERB PHEASANT.

thus describes them. " This Pheasant is one of
the number that have a tail resembling a bundle,
with the two middle feathers considerably widen-
ed, and hiding those beneath, as in the Painted
Pheasant : the total length of the bird is about six
feet, of which the two middle tail-feathers make
upwards of four ; they are about two inches wide,
and terminate in a point ; the shaft is deep cinna-
mon-colour below : the webs are of a grey white,
shaded with different tints of red gold on the
outer edge : there are about forty-seven bars or
crescents on each web ; these spots are parallel
from the origin to the extremity of the feathers,
except from about one-fourth to three-quarters of
their length, where they are alternate : these are
black from the base of the feathers, and shaded
more or less with chesnut towards their tip, which
is of this last colour."

239

C. Gula membrand penduld • gen<e orbitxque pennis tectae ;

caput maris cornibus geminis armatum.
C. Throat with a pendulous membrane j the cheeks and orbits

covered with feathers ; the head of the male armed with a

double horn.

HORNED PHEASANT.
(Phasianus cornutus.)

PH. Jiisco rttfescens, ocellis albis nigro circumdatis, capiie cornu

gfmino carultOy gutture membrand penduld.
Red-brown Pheasant, with white ocelli, ringed with black ; the

head with a double blue horn ; the throat with a pendulous

membrane.

Phasianus cornutus. Briss. Orn. App. 14.
Phasianus Satyrus. Temm. Gatt. Ind. 672.
Meleagris Satyra. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 269- 3.— Lath. Ind. Orn.

2. 619.

Penelope Satyra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 733. l.
Le Faisan cornu, ou Napal. Buff"- Ois. 2. 362. — Temm. Pig. et

Gall. -I. 349.

Horned Turkey. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 680. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 2O3.
Horned Pheasant. Edw. Birds, pi. 11 6.

THIS rare and elegant bird is thus described by
Latham : " Size between a Fowl and a Turkey :
beak brown : the nostrils, fore-part of the head,
and round the eyes, covered with slender, black,
hairy feathers : top of the head red : behind each
eye springs a fleshy, callous, blue substance, like a
horn, tending backwards : on the fore-part of the

240 HORNED PHEASANT.

neck and throat is a loose flap, of an exceeding"
fine blue colour, marked with orange spots ; the
lower part of it beset with a few hairs : down the
middle it is looser than down the sides, being
wrinkled : the breast and upper parts of the back
of a full red : the neck and breast incline to
orange ; the other parts of the plumage and tail
rufous brown,* marked all over with white spots,
encompassed with black : the legs are whitish, and
furnished with a spur behind each.

" The female is without the horns, so con-
spicuous in the male. The feathers of the head
and part of the neck are silky black, with a blue
gloss ; marked on the sides of the throat with an
irregular patch of red : the feathers on the back
part of the head -and nape are crimson ; and the
whole top of the head furnished with long loose
feathers, tending backwards : the markings on the
body much like those of the male, but scarcely so
bright : the back, and part of the wing-coverts,
besides the spots of white, are in both most beau-
tifully intermixed with streaks of black and crim-
son, upon a fillemot ground : the rump and tail-
feathers somewhat similar, the crimson descending
towards the tail, the ends of which are dusky
black : the legs are furnished with a blunt spur
behind." This bird when alive had the faculty
of dilating and lengthening the flap on the throat,

* The male is said by Latham, but perhaps erroneously, to
possess twenty feathers in its tail.

HORNED PHEASANT. 241

so as almost to hang over the breast, at which
time the colours were greatly heightened, ap-
pearing of a deep blue, barred across with crim-
son.

This species inhabits Bengal, and the moun-
tains that separate Indoostan from Thibet and
Napaul.

Perhaps this singular species may form a good
natural genus, as it differs in many respects from
the genuine Pheasants.

v. xi. p. i. J<3

242

ARGUS. ARGUS.

Generic Character.

Rostrum capite longius, com-
pressum, rectum, basi nu-
(1 11 in, maxilla fornicata,
versus apicem deflexa.

Nares laterales, in medio
maxillae sitae, membrana
semiclausae.

Caput lateraliter et collum
deplumata.

Ptdes tetradactyli, graciles;
tarsi mutici.

Cauda ascendens, compressa;
rectricibus duodecim, (ma-
ris duabus mediis elongatis.)

ARGUS. Temminck, Vieillot.
PHASIANUS. Linn. Gmel. Lath.

Beak longer than the heacfr
compressed, straight, the
base naked, the maxilla
arched, towards thetipbent
down.

Nostrils lateral, placed in the
middle of the maxilla, and
half closed by a membrane.

Head with its side and the
neck without feathers.

Feet four-toed, slender ; tarsi
smooth.

Tail ascending, compressed ;
with twelve feathers ; (the
two middle ones of the
male elongated.)

JL HERE is but one species belonging to this
extraordinary genus, which differs considerably
from any of the order, in having the secondary
wing-feathers much larger than the primaries j in
fact, this character is peculiar to the present
genus, which is still further distinguished by having

§

3

<

&

—

r

3

GIGANTIC ARGUS.

the beak as long or longer than the head, com-
pressed, straight, naked at its base; the upper
mandible arched, and curved towards its extremity:
the nostrils are lateral, placed in the middle of the
upper jaw, and half closed by a membrane : the
cheeks and neck naked : the feet with the toes
united at their base by a slight membrane : the
tarsi spurless : the tail ascending, compressed into
two planes, and composed of twelve feathers ; the
two middle ones of the male very long : the first
quill is extremely short.

The general habits of the bird are noticed in
the following pages.

GIGANTIC ARGUS.
(Argus giganteus.)

AR. collo inferiore corporeque sublus fusco-rujis nigro-lineatis ;

dorso tectricibusque caudac Jlavcscentibus, maculis rotundatis

Juscis ; pennarum tecundarium ocellatis plurimis ; remigum

rachis c&ruleis ; caudd jusco-nigra, albo punctilio.. (Femina,

Jiisco-nigrd) Jlavo Jfuscoque maculata, remigum rachis cccrnleo-

nigris ; maculis ocellatis in pennis secundariis nidlis.)

Argus with the lower part of the neck and the body beneath
red-brown, striped with black ; the back and tail-coverts yel-
lowish, spotted with rounded brown spots ; the secondary
feathers with many ocelli ; the webs of the quills blue ; the
tail brown-black, spotted with white. (Female brown-black,
spotted with yellow and brown j the webs of the quills blue-
black, and the secondary feathers without spots. )

'J44 GIGANTIC ARGUS.

Argus giganteus. Temm. Gull. Ind. 678.

Phasianus Argus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 272. 4. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. l. 742. — Lath. Lid. Orn. 2. 62Q. 3.
L' Argus, ou Lucn. Bitjf. Ois. 2. 36l . — Gent. Mag. 1768. pi. in

p. 521.

Argus Geant. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 410. male. 4-27. female.
Argus Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 710. 3.

THE male of this rare but beautiful species
measures five feet six or eight inches from the
beak to the tip of the tail : its body is about the
size of that of the Gigantic Cock : the beak is
pale yellow : the fore-part of the head and the
beginning of the throat are covered with a gra-
nulated skin of a fine scarlet colour : the irides
are orange : round the eye the skin is dusky : the
forehead, the top of the head, and the occiput,
are adorned with small velvety plumes of a fine
changeable blue colour, forming a slight crest on
the hind head : the lower part of the neck, the
breast, the belly, and the thighs, are of a reddish
brown, each feather being irregularly spotted
with deep yellow and black : the top of the back
and the lesser wing-coverts with black spots,
edged with small stripes of ochrey yellow : part of
the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts,
are bright yellow-ochre, spotted with brown, re-
sembling the skin of the leopard : the wings,
which consist of very large feathers, are the most
remarkable part of the bird ; the primaries have
their shafts bluish, and the secondaries pure white ;
the ten first quills have their outer webs dull
white, sprinkled with black spots, surrounded by

GIGANTIC ARGUS. 245

a circle of yellow, shading into a second circle of
greyish : the inner webs are twice the width of
the outer ones ; they are marked with short rays,
which unite in a broad longitudinal band ; they
are rufous, with small white points, as big as
tares ; the rest of the web is yellowish, with black
spots, encircled with brown : the remainder of the
quills have their inner webs greyish white, with
black spots, edged with brown : the outer webs are
adorned with a row of large eyes, arranged pa-
rallel to the shaft ; these are of different tints of
olive-green, with a small spot of white on the
lower part, and surrounded with a deep black
circle ; the feathers have a ground colour of dull
white, varied with dusky undulated rays : the eyes
are nineteen in number on the longest feathers,
and fifteen on the shortest, gradually diminishing
in number; the feathers themselves are nearly
three feet long : the tail consists of twelve feathers,
the two middle ones being about four feet in
length ; the next scarcely two, gradually shorten-
ing to the outer ones, which are but twelve
inches ; they are of a deep chesnut-brown, dot-
ted with white ; the two middle feathers have
round white spots, encircled with black, on their
outer webs, and irregular brown spots, surrounded
with dusky, on their inner ; the extremity of them
is spirally twisted, and tipped with dull white :
the lower belly and vent dusky, irregularly varied
with brown : legs greenish ash : tarsi without
spurs. The young males are dull brown, spotted
and irregularly varied with reddish yellow, brown,

iU6' GIGANTIC ARGUS.

and black : before the second moult there is no
appearance of eyes on the secondaries, the whole
of the quills being nearly black : the primaries
with brown spots, and the secondaries with yel-
low-brown and zigzag black spots on their outer
web, and plain brown on their inner : the rurnp
does not possess the beautiful spotted appearance,
and the two middle tail-feathers are plain. After
the second moult the whole of the colours begin
to make their appearance with more regularity ;
at the third, the back and the rump are covered
with yellowish red feathers, spotted with chesnut :
the two middle tail-feathers increase in length :
the quills are regularly spotted, and the eyes on
the secondaries make their appearance. It is not
till after the fourth moult is completed that the
bird attains its full plumage.

The female, which is described by Temminck,
is in general as large as the male in the body, but
considerably shorter, owing to the great disparity
in the length of the two middle tail-feathers,
which scarcely exceed eight inches, whereas in
the male they are nearly four feet in length :
again, the secondaries in the female are not above
four inches long, but in the male almost three
feet : the sides of the head and the top of the
neck are covered with a rugose skin : the top of
the head and the occiput are covered by a very
short cottony down : the feathers on the hind
part of the neck are shaded with grey-brown and
bright grey ; they have disunited webs : the lower
part of the neck, the breast, and the top of the

GIGANTIC ARGUS. 247

back, are of a red-chesnut : the back, the rump,
the lesser wing-coverts, and those of the tail,
are yellowish brown, transversely striped with
zigzag black bands of various widths : the quills
and the feathers at the bend of the wing have the
webs of a deep red, spotted with black : the se-
condaries, which are so remarkable in the male,
in this sex are dusky brown, irregularly marked
with small yellow-ochre spots of various forms,
resembling the characters made use of by the
Chinese : the feathers of the tail are of a chesnut-
brown, varied with black spots and stripes: the
tail itself is composed of two parallel planes : the
skin on the neck and the feet are of the same
colour as in the male.

According to Marsden, this bird is a native of
the woods of Surinam ; it is also found in the
south of India, and particularly the kingdoms of
Pegu, Siam, and Cambodia, and very abund-
antly about Malacca : in the former place it is
called coo-ow. It has a great antipathy to the
light, being very dull during the day ; but when
in the dark is very lively, and sometimes makes its
note or call, from which it takes its Sumatran
name : its voice is rather plaintive, and not harsh
as in the Peacock. It is extremely difficult to be
kept alive for any considerable time after catching
it in the woods ; never for more than a month.

248

LOPHOPHORUS. MONAUL.

Generic Character.

Rostrum basi glabrum, eras-
sum, supra couvexum, ver-
sus apicem valde aduncum.

Nares basales, laterales, mem-
brana plumosa superne se-
miclausse.

Orbitae carunculatae nudse.

Pedes tetradactyli, validi ;

tarsi supra pluraati, (maris

valde calcarati.)
Cauda rotundata, brevis, de-

clivis, rectricibus quatuor-

decim.
Caput cristatum.

LOPHOPHORUS. Temminck.
MONAULUS. Vieillot.
PHASIANUS. Lath.

JL HE splendid Impeyan Pheasant of Latham
forms the only species known of the present
genus, which possesses the following characters :
the upper mandible of the beak is very stout

Beak smooth at its base,
thickened, above convex,
towards the tip greatly
bent down.

Nostrils basal, lateral, above-
half closed with a plumose
membrane.

Orbits carunculated and
naked.

Feet four-toed, strong; the
tarsi feathered above, (of
the male greatly spurred.)

Tail rounded, short, bent
down, consisting of four-
teen feathers.

Head crested.

IMPEYAN MONAUL. 249

and much arched, and it greatly exceeds the
lower in length, and has a groove its whole length ;
it is somewhat square towards the point, and the
inner part is greatly excavated : the under man-
dible is almost hidden by the edges of the upper :
the legs are strong and nervous : the feathers of
the thighs are prolonged over the joints of the
knees, and reach nearly to the base of the spur,
which is very strong : the claws are very long and
arched.

IMPEYAN MONAUL.

4

(Lophophorus refulgens.)

Lo. corpore supra pennis splendide purpureis, marginc tcneo

vestitis ; subtus nigro, nitore acneo ; crista in vertice, scapis

erectis, apice rhombeis ; caudd cinnamomed pland rotundatd.

(Femina, corpore Jusco-undulato ; caudd breviore ; sub oculis

fascia alba.)

MonaMl with the body above clothed with splendid purple
feathers, edged with aeneous; beneath black, glossed with
brassy ; the crown crested j the shafts of the crest erect, and
their tips rhomboid; the tail cinnamon-colour, plain, and
rounded. (Female with the body undulated with brown ; the
tail short ; beneath the eyes a white fascia.)

Phasianus Impeyanus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 632. 11.

Lophophorus refulgens. Temm. Gall. Ind. 673.

Lophophore resplendissant. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 355.

Impeyan Pheasant. Lath. Syn. Sup. 208. pi. 1 14.

250 IMPEYAN MONAUL.

THE magnificent species that is now about to
be described is thus commemorated by Dr. La-
tham : " larger thai* a dunghill fowl : length two
feet i beak brown, two inches long : round the eye
bare, and of a greenish blue : on the head is an
erect crest, consisting of seventeen or eighteen
feathers * of different sizes, the longest three
inches and a half in length ; they consist of little
more than shafts, except at the end, where they
are oval, with a spear-shaped point : the feathers
of the neck are long and loose, not unlike those of
a Cock ; those of the head and throat are green-
bronze ; of the middle of the neck purple, with a
copper gloss, and the lower part of it a yellow
copper bronze ; all of them exceedingly brilliant,
and changeable in different reflections of light :
the back and wing-coverts are rich purple, tipped
with green-bronze : prime quills black : the under
parts of the body, from chin to vent, are dull
black, with here and there a greenish gloss :
thighs the same : the legs feathered below the
knees : tail brownish cinnamon-colour, with the
end dusky, and rounded in shape; the feathers
fourteen in number : legs stout, rough, and scaly ;
the colour a dark brown : toes long ; between
them at the base a slight membrane : at the back
part of the legs a thick short spur.

" The female is smaller than the male, and of a
less elegant shape : the length twenty-one inches :

* Temminck says thirteen, but most probably his specimen
was injured.

IMPEYAN MONAUL. 251

the beak and bare space round the eye as in the
male : the general colour of the plumage brown ;
the middle of each feather paler, or buff-coloured,
mottled and barred with dark brown, appearing
not greatly different from the back of the Great-
eared Owl : beneath the eye is a broad dusky white
band : the prime quills are black ; the second
quills barred black and ferruginous : the tail very
short, hardly exceeding the quills in length ; the
colour of the feathers of it similar to the back :
the legs as in the male, but furnished with a blunt
knob in place of the spur."

These birds inhabit the northern parts of In-
doostan, but in no great abundance, being brought
from the hills of those parts to Calcutta, as cu-
riosities. They are wild, but will readily submit
to confinement. Lady Impey attempted to bring
over with her some of them to England, but they
perished on their passage : the food given them
was rice in the husk : they bear cold, but are
impatient of heat. The cock was never observed
to crow, but had a strong hoarse cackle, not unlike
that of a Pheasant: it is called by some the
Golden Fowl, by others MonauL

CRYPTONYX. CRYPTONYX.

Generic Character.

Beak short, thickened, com-
pressed, its base smooth,
towards the apex incurved.

Nostrils lateral, longitudinal,

half closed, with a naked

membrane.
Orbits naked.
Feet four-toed, smooth, the

hinder toe without a claw.
Tail short, bent down, and

rounded.

Rostrum breviusculum, cras-

siusculum, compressum,

basi glabrum, versus api-

cem incurvum.
Nares laterales, longitudi-

nales, membrana nuda se-

miclausae.
Orbitae nudse.
Pedes tetradactyli, mutici, di-

gito postico ungue nullo.
Cauda brevis, declivis, ro-

tundata.

CRYPTONYX. Temm,
LIPONYX. Vieillot.
COLUMBA. Gmfl. Lath.
PEBDIX. Lath.
TETRAO. Gmel.
PHASIANUS. Sparrman.

1 HE great peculiarity with birds of this genus
is, that the hinder toe is destitute of a claw : the
space round the eyes is naked: the tail is short
and even ; and the tarsi are without spurs : the
wings are very short : very little is known of their
manners.

...

DBS rrom .. .

953

CROWNED CRYPTONYX.

(Cryptonyx coronatus.)

CR. occipite cristd erectd spadiced ; fronle setts sex longissimis ;
vertice fascia alba ; corpore supra et subtus nigro violaceo ;
dorso plumisque uropygii saturatem viridibus ; temporibus
nudis, guld plumis variis tectd ; alis Juscescentibus. (Femina
absque cristu occipitalij corpore virido ; alis castaneis ; Jronte
setis sex longissimis.)

Cryptonyx with an erect chesnut crest on the occiput j the fore-
head with six long setae ; the crown with a white fascia ; the
body above and beneath dark violet ; the back and feathers of
the rump dark green ; the temples naked ; the throat covered
with variegated feathers ; the wings fuscescent. (Female
without the occipital crest; the body green ; the wings ches-
nut, and the forehead with six long setae.)

Cryptonyx coronatus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 745.

Columba cristata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.596. 10. male. — Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 1. 774. 7. male.

Perdix coronata. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. 2. Ixii. 1. male.

Phasianus cristatus. Sparrm. Mus. Carls, f. 3. pi. 64. male.

Perdix viridis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 650. 22. female.

Tetrao viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 761. 4. female.

Le Rouloul de Malacca. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 174.pl. ISO.
male.

Uncommon bird from Malacca. Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. l.pl. 1.
male.

Violaceous Partridge. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 3. pi. 84. male.

Lesser crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 622. 10. pi. 58.
male.

Green Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 777. pi. 6?. female.

Cryptonyx couronnl. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 526.

Crowned Partridge. Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 278. 3.

354 CROWNED CRYPTONYX.

THIS is distinguished from the following species
by its larger size, by the extent of the naked space
round its eyes, and by the form of the orbits,
which have a prominent margin, deeply notched :
both sexes possess six long bristles at the base of
the beak, which the bird can elevate or depress at
will : the length of the adult male is ten inches :
he is distinguished by having a fine tuft of long
feathers on the head, composed of rather hard
shafts and disunited webs; this reaches to the
hind head, and forms a kind of diadem, which the
bird can depress : the forehead is black : at the
base of the beak (as already noticed) are six
bristles, which measure about an inch and a
quarter in length, and form a sort of small crest ;
between which and the larger one the colour is
pure white : the feathers of the greater crest are
chesnut-red, and are disposed in a semicircle as
far as the occiput : the space round the eyes, as
well as a larger one behind, is naked, and deep
red ; which colour appears between the little
feathers that adorn the sides of the head : the
cheeks, the nape, the scapulars, and the whole of
the under part of the plumage, are of a black hue,
changing to fine violet : the back, the rump, and
the tail-coverts, are deep green : the feathers of
the tail are black : the whole of the wing-coverts
and the secondary feathers are of a deep red-
brown ; the smaller coverts being shaded with
violet: the quills are deep brown on their outer
webs, and on their inner red, with zigzag black
marks : the upper mandible of the beak is generally

CROWNED CRYPTO NYX.

entirely black ; the under one is so at its tip, but
its base, as well as a small portion of that of the
upper, is reddish : the feet are reddisli yellow :
the claws are brown : the irides lively red : the
female is much smaller than the male, and differs
considerably in her colours ; insomuch, that La-
tham has described her under the name of the
Green Partridge : she has, in common with the
male, six arched bristles at the base of the beak,
but is destitute of the crown : the naked space
round the eyes is similar to that of the male :
the whole of the top of the head, the cheeks,
the nape, and the throat, are covered with
short cottony feathers, of a grey-brown colour,
shaded with violet : the neck, the breast, the
sides, the whole of the back, and the upper tail-
coverts, are of a fine green : the belly and the
abdomen are of an ashy green : the tail-feathers
are dusky green : the scapulars and the whole of
the wing-coverts are of a fine chesnut-red : the
secondary feathers are brown, and the quills are
the same as in the male, but clearer.

This bird is common in Malacca, and in the isle
of Sumatra, on the coast which is separated from
the mainland by the Straits of Malacca ; it is also
found in Java : it inhabits the deep forests ; is a
very cunning and wild species, and will not bear
confinement : the voice of the male is a kind of
chucking.

RED CRYPTONYX.

(Cryptonyx rufus.)

CR. corpons lateribus rufo-jtavescentibus ; corporejuscescente-rujb
transversim undulato, tectricibus alarum Jlavescentibus rufo-ter-
minatis ; subtus pallidiore ; temporibus guldquc plttmis tectis.

Cryptonyx with the sides of the hotly reddish yellow ; the body
fuscous red, transversely undulated; the wing-coverts yel-
lowish, terminated by rufous ; beneath paler ; the temples
and throat covered with feathers.

Cryptonyx rufus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 747.

Perdix Cambaiensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 655. 44.

Cryptonyx roux. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 534.

Cambaian Partridge. Lath. Syn. Sup. 2. 282.

THIS species is a native of Guzurat in the East
Indies : the male only is known : it is six inches
in length : its beak is short, and higher than
broad : the general colour of its plumage is of a
reddish yellow : the whole of the upper parts are
red, transversely striped with zigzag lines of red-
dish brown : the tail-feathers and the quills are
also varied with similar lines ; but the coverts are
tipped with plain reddish yellow, producing two
broad transverse stripes of that colour on the
wings : the cheeks, the sides and fore-part of the
neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a clear red-
dish yellow, each feather being edged with a paler
tinge : the base of the beak is yellow, and the
point brown : the feet are yellow.

I

GUINEA FINTABO

257

NUMIDA. PINTADO.

Generic Character.

Rostrum crassiusculum, for-
nicatum, basi membrana
verrucosa tectum ; mandi-
bula inferiore basi paleariis
carunculatis, pendulis ob-
ducta.

Nares in ceromate sitae, la-
terales, cartilagine semi-
divisae.

Caput nuduin, vertice aut
cornu calloso, aut crista
muni turn.

Pedes tetradactyli ; mutici.

Cauda brevis, deflexa; rec-
tricibus quatuordecim aut
sedecem.

NUMIDA. Auctorum.
MELEAGRIS. Antiquorum.

Beak thickened, arched, its
base covered with a waited
membrane; the under man-
dible at the base with a ca-
runculated pendulous wat-
tle.

Nostrils situated in the cere,
lateral, and half divided by
cartilage.

Head naked, the crown with
a callous horn, or strong
crest.

Feet four-toed, smooth.

Tall short, bent down, con-
sisting of fourteen or six-
teen feathers.

j:\LL the known species of this genus are natives
of Africa and its adjoining islands : their manners
are similar to those of the domestic poultry : they
feed on worms, insects, and seeds, and live in
society.

Temminck mentions a bird of this genus allied
v. xi. p. i. 1?

258 GUINEA PINTADO.

to the Crested Pintado, which was communicated
to him by Le Vaillant as a new species : it is
briefly described in the second volume (page 452)
of Temminck's Monograph on the Pigeons and
Gallinaceous Birds. It is called the Negro Pin-
tado, and inhabits the country of the Caffrarians,
and lives in flocks : it possesses a very large crest
on the head : the whole of the neck is clothed
with feathers, without any naked space or wattles:
the crest, the whole of the neck, and the breast,
are of a dull black : the under part of the body is
grey-brown, spotted with white : the whole of the
upper parts are grey-blue, with white spots en-
circled with blue.

Another obscure species is mentioned by La-
tham in the second supplement to his Synopsis,
page 272 : this is, perhaps, nothing bat a variety
of the Crested Pintado.

rii A. Vertice galed compressd instructd.
A. The crown furnished with a compressed comb.

GUINEA PINTADO.
(Numida Meleagris.)

Nu. corpore griseo~caerulescente, guttis albis consperso, capita
eoUoque supcriore nudis, grisco c<Eruleis, tubere conico apice
reflexo in vertice, membrand laid ad rictum gemind.

GUINEA PINTADO. 259

Pintado with the body grey-blue, sprinkled with white spots ;

the head and upper part of the neck naked, and grey-blue ;

a conical tubercle with its tip reflexed on the crown ; and a

broad geminated membrane near the gape.
Numida Meleagris. Linn. Syst. Nat. l . 2?3.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. 744. I.-— Brief. Orn. l. 176. pi. 18.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.

621. l.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 680.
Callus et Gallina Guineensis. Raii. Syn. 52. 8.
Le Peintade. Buff. Ois. 2. 102. pi. 4.— Buff. PI. Enl. 108.
Peintade Me*leagride. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 431. pi. \.f. 4

and 5.
Guinea Pintado. Will. Birds. lG2.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 685. 1,

Lath. Syn. Sup. 2O4.—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 272. — Bew. Brit.

Birds. 1.293.— Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 24Q.—Penn. Brit. Zool.

1. ;>. 280.

Var. /3. pectore albo.
With the breast white.
Numida Meleagris. 0. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 621. — Temm. Gall.

Ind. 681.

Numida Meleagris pectore albo. Briss. Orn. 1. 181. a.
White-breasted Pintado. Albin. Birds. 2. pi. 35.— Lath. Gen.

Syn. 4. 687.

Var. y. corpore toto attido, maculis rotundatis albis.
With the whole body whitish, with rounded white spots.
Numida Meleagris. var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. 681.

THE Guinea Pintado is bigger than a large Cock :
length twenty-two inches : beak of a reddish horn-
colour : its head is bare of feathers, and covered
with a naked skin of a bluish colour : on the
crown is a callous conical protuberance, of a bluish
red-colour, and compressed at the sides : on each
side of the upper mandible, at the base, hangs a
loose wattle, which in the female is red, and in the
male of a bluish colour : the upper part of the
neck is nearly naked, being furnished with a few

260 GUINEA PINTADO.

straggling hairy feathers : the skin is of a bluish
ash : the lower part of the neck is covered with
feathers of a purple hue : the rest of the plumage
is blue-black, marked with white spots of different
sizes, on the whole of the feathers, the breast
only excepted, which is of an uniform grey-blue :
the greater quills are white j and the rest are
similar to the upper parts of the plumage, spotted
and longitudinally barred with white : tail the
same.

The White-breasted Guinea Hen of Brown is
nothing more than a variety of this species : it
differs merely in having a white breast, marked
with large spots of black, in which are smaller
ones of white : the four first quills, and the same
number of the outer greater coverts, are also white :
this is said to inhabit Jamaica, but it is abundant
in all countries where the first described is kept.
Other variations also occur : in some the ground
colour of the plumage is blue ; in others so very
pale as to render the white spots nearly invisible :
again it not unfrequently appears of white, with
the spots of a brighter colour. A hybrid has been
produced between a male Pintado and a common
Domestic Hen.

Africa is the native place of this bird, from
whence it has been diffused over every part of
Europe, the West Indies, and America. It is now
sufficiently common in our poultry yards, but from
the circumstance of the young ones being difficult
to rear, they are not bred in numbers at all equal
to those of the domestic poultry. The female

MITRED PINTADO. 26 1

lays many eggs in a season, which she frequently
secretes till she has produced her young brood :
the egg is smaller than that of a Hen, and of a
rounder shape ; in colour reddish white, obscurely
freckled with a darker colour : it is very delicious
eating.

The Pintado is a restless and clamorous bird :
its voice is harsh and unpleasant ; it consists chiefly
of two notes, ca-mac, ca-mac* frequently repeated :
it is compared by Latham to a door turning upon
its rusty hinges, or to an ungreased axle-tree.
During the night it perches on high places, and is
often so easily disturbed as to hinder the rest of a
family by its unceasing cry : it delights in rolling
in the dust to free itself from insects.

In a wild state these birds associate in numerous
flocks of two or three hundred each : they delight
chiefly in marshy and damp morassy places, where
they subsist almost wholly on insects, worms, and
seeds. Amongst the Romans they were in great
request for their banquets : they are greatly prized
in this country by some persons, their flavour being
considered to resemble that of the Pheasant.

MITRED PINTADO.

(Numida mitrata.)

Nu. corpore nigro, mactdis albis consperso, tubere verticis rubrit
rotundato apice reflexo, membran& ongustd ad rictum gemind,
plicA gulari longitudinal*.

262 MITRED PINTADO.

Pintado with a black body sprinkled with white spots j the
crown with a red, rounded tubercle, with its tip reflexed ; a
narrow geminated membrane near the gape; with a lon-
gitudinal fold on the throat.

Numida mitrata. Pall. Spic. 4. p. 18. t. 3. f. 1. (head.) — Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 1. 745. 2.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 622.— Temm. GaU.
Ind. 682.

Peintade MitrSe. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 444.

Mitred Pintado. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 688. 2.

PALLAS was the first that described this species,
which inhabits Madagascar, Guinea, and other
parts of Africa: its manners are similar to the
last, and its cry is similar, and equally discordant :
its size is equal to that of the common species j
its length is about twenty-two inches : the head
crowned with a helmet, which in the adult is
elevated about one inch and three quarters in
height: the whole crown and about the beak of
a dirty red : on each side of the gape is a longish
linear portion of flesh, pointed at the end, longest
in the male, and of a red colour at the tip : under
the throat is a longitudinal wattle, somewhat si-
milar to that of the Turkey : the beak is reddish
yellow : the space round the eyes blood-red : the
rest of the upper part of the neck is of a bright
blue, tinged with violet, and naked, with a few
scattered black hairs : the general colour of the
plumage is more deep than in the preceding spe-
cies : the white spots are more regularly dis-
tributed : those of the greater quills are more
dingy than on the rest of the plumage : the lower
part of the neck and the breast are of a dusky
grey, with narrow undulated transverse white

CRESTED PINTADO. 263

bars : the feet and the claws are dusky grey ; the
former are stronger than in the preceding species :
the irides are grey-brown.

B. Caput cristatum.
B. Head crested.

CRESTED PINTADO.

(Numida cristata. )

Nu. cristatd; corpore nigro albo maculato, cristd in •certice pec-
toreque atris, plied membranaced ad rictum oris, gutture san-
guineo, collo superius nudo c&rulescente.

Crested Pintado, with the body black, spotted with white; the
crest and beak dark-coloured ; a folded membrane near the
gape ; the throat sanguineous ; the upper part of the neck
naked, and bluish.

Numida cristata. Gmcl. Syst. Nat. }. 746. 3. — Lath, Ind. Orn.
1. 622.— TVmro. Gall. Ind. 682.

La Peintade cornal. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 448.

Crested Pintado. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 688. 3. pi. 62.

THIS species is smaller than the Guinea Pintado :
its beak is of a horn-colour, surmounted by a
bluish cere near the nostrils : on each side the
lower mandible of the beak is a skin, with a lon-
gitudinal fold, instead of a wattle : the throat, the
top of the neck, and the occiput, are nearly de-
stitute of feathers : the sides and hinder part of
the neck are of a deep blue colour : the space'
round the ears is blue-grey j and the anterior part

264 CRESTED PINTADO.

of the neck is of a crimson -red : the head is sur-
mounted by a fine crest ; the feathers' of which it
is composed are black, with delicate webs, and
droop over the hind head and the beak : the
whole of the plumage is black ; the body, with the
exception of the neck and top of the breast, being
spotted with small points of a whitish blue, en-
circled with a brilliant blue : the greater feathers
of the wings are dusky brown, and spotless : the
secondaries are the same, with four longitudinal
stripes down the shafts ; three or four of these
have a large white spot extending the whole length
of the outer webs : the rest, nearer the body,
have the longitudinal bluish-white rays : the tail
is black, with undulated bluish-white rays : the
feet are dusky brown : the irides brown : legs
dusky : hind claw elevated from the ground, and
blunt.

This species inhabits the hottest parts of Africa ;
the country of the Grand Namaquois, and the in-
terior of Guinea, producing the greatest number :
they live in herds of many hundreds, composed of
several united coveys : their cry, which is uttered
at the rising of the sun, and towards the close of
the day, is very discordant and unpleasant : their
manners are similar to those of the rest of the
genus, and they feed on different sorts of grain,
worms, insects, and berries : they appear to be
easily domesticated.

END OF PART I.

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