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A General Zoology

SYSTEM.4TIC Al4TrE4L HISTORY

com /nenced by bbc bate

GEORGE SHAW,3LD.F.M.S.fcc.

With Plates

Irom the first Authorities and most select specimens

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JlBllD.

GENERAL ZOOLOGY

VOLUME XI. PART II.

JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S.

BIRDS.

LONDON ;

PRINTED FOR J. WALKER; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND
BROWN ; J. AND A. ARCH ; E. JEFFERY; BALDWIN, CRADOCK,
AND JOY; R. SCHOLEY; SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES;
G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER ; J. BLACK AND SON; W. LOWE;
J. BOOTH ; S. BAGSTER ; J. MAWMAN; R. FENNER ; OGLE AND
CO.; ROOWELL AND CO.; J. ROBINSON; AND J. HARPER.

1819.

LONDON: v

PRINTED 'BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS.

v.Xi

pKTT

INDEX

VOL. XL— PART II.

AnASTOMUS . p. 631
Coro-
mandel . .633

• Coro-

mandeliana . . 633

Pondi-

ceriana . .632

Pondi-
cherry . .632

Anthropoides . 534

Pavonina 536

Virgo 535

Aramus . . 539

scolopacea . 540

Ardea. Lath. . p. 631

Linne 523. 534. 5Q2.

616.

GmeL . 539. 631

Ray. . . 6O8

sequinoctialis 571

(Equin. var. Lath. 545

Agami . .554

alba. Linne, . 543

■ - alba major. Ray. 543

alba tertia Al-

drovandi. Ray. . 545

- Antigone. Linne. 53 1

■ Argala. Lath. 622

atra. . . 562

badia. Gmel. . 609

hotaurus. Gmel. 556

Brasiliensis. Linn, 602

Ardea

541

INDEX

Ardea Brasiliensis Can-
dida. Briss. . p. 570
ros-
tra serrato. Ray. . 603

caerulea . 580

cccrulea. var.Lath. 583

caerulescens . 582

cccrideo-nigra.

Ray. . . . 579

Caledonica. Gmel. 6 13

cana . . 569

Canadensis. Linn. 528

Candida. Briss. 543

■ minor.

Briss. . . • 545

Carolinensis Can-
dida. Briss. . 571

carnnculata. Gmel. 533

— caspica. Lath. 556

castanea. Gmel. 574

Cayanensis. Gmel. 6l2

cris-

tala. Briss. . ' . 564

chalybea . 582

Ciconia. Ray. . 6 17

cinerea . 548

cinnamomea . 560

Cocoi . . 564

comata. Gmel. 574

Lath. . 577

Coromandelensis 577

Coromandeliana.

Gmel. . . . 633

cracra . . 567

cristata. Briss. 548

purpu-

rascens. Briss. . 556

Akdea cyanopus . p. 583

Da7iubialis. Gmel. 589

duhia. Gmel. . 622

egretta. Gtriel. 543

erythr opus. Gmel. 5/4

exilis . .587

ferruginea . 576

Jlava. Gmel. . 603

freti Hudsonis.

Briss. . . 553

fusca . . 559

gardeni, Gmel. 609

garzetta . 545

gigantea. Gmel. 529

grisea. Linn. . 609

grus. Linn. . 524

• hcematopus sive

Chris. Ray. . . 5/4

Herodias . 552

Hoactli . .568

Holiou , . 566

Hudsonias . 553

Jamaicensis.Gmel. 6l4

lentiginosa. Mont. 596

leucocephala . 563

leucogaster . 547

Ivneata. Gmel. 601

Ludoviciana . 578

maculata. Gmel. 609

Maquari. Gmel. 619

major. Linn. . 548

Malaccensis. . 584

Marsiglii. Gmel. 574

Mexicana cine-
rea. Briss. . .566

Mexicana cine-

7'ca. Briss. t

584

INDEX,

Arse A Mexicana cris-
tata. Briss. , p.

' ' purpu-

rascens. Briss.

minuta

nigra, Briss.

LinnL

nivea. Gmel.

• - Novae-Guinese

Novas-Hollandiae

Nycticorax. Linne.

Pavonina. Linne.

Philipp ensis

pileata

Pondiceriana.

Gmel.

pumila. Gmel.

piirpurascens.

Briss.

purpurata. Gmel.

purpurea

ralloides

rubiginosa

rufa. Scop.

rufescens. Gmel.

sacra

Senegalensis

Soloniensis. Gmel.

spadicea

squaiotta. Gmel.

stellaris. Linni.

- major.

Ray.

• tigrina. Gmel.

variegata. Lath.

violacea

— : virescens. Linn.

Ardea virgata . p. 565
' ' Virginiana cris-

tata. Briss.

552

Virgo. Linn. .

535

undulata. Gmel.

599

Ardeola. Briss.

589

-- - Ray.

541

' Brasiliensis.

Ray.

58J

■ Brasiliensis.

var. Ray.

583

Arenaria .

489

Briss. 5 19, 520

cinerea. Briss.

520

vtdgaris

490

Attagen. Briss.

298

• Americana.

Briss.

299

• — - Pensylvania.

Briss.

301

Auercalze .

271

Auerhan .

271

Aiv-kis-cotv

285

Bittern .

592

American.

Wills.

596

Brasilian

602

common

593

crested. Caleshy 579

freckled

596

508

585

589

562

620

545

586

561

609

537

586

570

632

574

556

573

558

556

542

572

604

589

585

574

593

556

600

556

579

005

INDEX.

Bittern, p.556 j

green . 605 '

least. Wills. 5Sy

Hneated . 601

little. Penn. 5Q0

minute. Lath. 587

rayed. Lath. 59O

rufous. Lath. 589

Senegal . 604

small. Catesby. 605

Swabian. Lath. 5/4

■ tiger , . 600

yellow . 603

zigzag . 599

Boatbill . . 638

— brown. Lath. 639

• crested . 639

— — ■ spotted. Lath. 639

Bonasa . . 298

■ Briss. 286. 296. 304

Canadensis.

Briss. . . . 276

Cupido . 299

— freti LIudso‘

7iis. Briss. . . 276

7najor Cana-
densis. Briss. . 301

Pyreniaca.

Briss. . . .311

Scotica. Briss. 293

umbellus . 300

Boo-onk. Ediu. . -589

Botaurus. Brm. p. 541. 60S

Brasiliensis 602

Briss. 003

■ tlavus . 603

lentiginosus 596

lineatus . 601

major. Briss. 550

minor. Briss. 574

ncEvius. Briss. 609

rtf us. Briss. 589

Senegalensis 604
stellaris . 593

striatus. Briss. 58Q

tigrinus . 6OO

- virescens . 605

undulatus . 599

Bustard . . . 442

Arabian . 446

great . . 443

———Indian . 451

little. Penti. 455

Passarage.

Lath. . . . 452

Rhaad. Lath. 448

ruffed , 448

thick-kneed.

Penn. . . . 459

- white-eared 449

Bustarnelle . . 454

■ field , 455

Calidris. Briss. . .489

arenaria. Leach 49O
grisea-niinor

Botaurus

. 592

Briss.

490

INDEX

Vll

Cancrqfagus. Briss. p. 54 1 . 5/4

America-

71US. Briss. . . 608

— - " — ■■ Bahamen-

sis. Briss. , . 5/9

Brasilien-

sis. Briss. . . 581

var.

Briss. , . .583

castaneus.

Briss. , . . 609

luteiis. Briss. 5^4
Philippen-

sis. Briss.

5S7

^ rufus. Briss.

574

• viridis. Briss.

605

viridis

vius. Briss.

605

Caxcroma

630

cancrqfaga.

Linn.

639

' cochlearia

639

Capercalze

271

Cassowary

431

galeated.

432

Nev} Hol~

land. Lath.

439

southern.

Shatv.

439

Casuarius

431

■ Lath.

438

emeu. Lath.

432

galeatus .

432

Casuarius Novce-HoI-

landirz. Lath. p. 439

Cata . . .313

Charadrius . . 463

Gmel. . 499

— Lath. . 486

Linn. 458.489

Pallas. . 504

apricarius 466

— Asiaticus.

Gmel. . . . 468

bilobus . 481

— Calidris.

Linn. , . . 49O

Cantianus 474

Cay anus . 484

Coromande-

licus. Gmel. . . 502

, coronatus.

Gmel. . . . 488

cristatus . 483

curonicus 473

— Gallicus.

Gmel. . . .500

hiaticula . 470

magniros-

tris. Lath. . . 462

melanoce-

phalus. Gmel, . 487

Morinellus 468

Novae-See-

landice. Gmel. . 479

Novae-Ze-

landiae . . . 479

' — (Edicnemus.

Linn. . . . 459

Vlll

INDEX

Charadrius pileatus p. 480

— Philippensis 478

. pluvialis . 464

rubidiis.

Gniel. . . . 4g0

Senegalensis 482

■ Sibiricus.

Gmel. . . . 468 I

Tartaricus.

Gmel. . . . 408

torquatus.

Leach. . . .471

torquatus.

Linn. . , . A*jQ

vociferus 476

Churge . . . 453

CicoNiA . , . 616

Briss. . 645

alba . .617

Argala , 622

Brasiliensis.

Briss. . . . 646

fusca. Briss. 620

Maguari . 619

nigra . 620

Cochlearius. Briss. . 638

Juscus. Briss. 63p

ncevius. Briss. 639

Cock, black . . 280

moor . . 294

qftheivood.Albin. 267

Colin . . . 376

Californian . 384

Colin, crested . p.

. 381

Malouine

386

northern

377

Sonini’s

383

COTURNIX

360

376-

387

• Australis

373

dactylisonans

36l

excalfactoria

371

grisea

370

Indica. Ray.

Ludoviciana.

381

Briss.

377

Madagascari-

ensis. Briss. . . SQO

major. Briss. 361

Mexicana.

Briss. . . *377

cris-

tata. Briss.

381

Novee-Guineae

374

perlata

368

Philippensis.

Briss.

371

textilis

365

— torquata

367

CoURLAN

539

scolopaceous

540

Courser

Asiatic

502

cream-coloured 500

Crane

523

INDEX,

Crane, Balearic. Wil~

Ian. . . p, 537

blue. Wills. . 581

brown . . 526

common . 524

— croixmed African.

Edw. . . . 537

gigantic. Lath. 622

hooping . 528

• Indian . .531

Numidian. Edw. 535

Siberian

529

wattled .

532

Cryptura. Vieil.

401

Crypturus. lllig.

401

Curlew, Stone. Lath. .

459

CURSORES

441

CURSORIUS

499

Asiaticus.

Lath.

502

Europaeus.

Lath. .

500

isabellinus

500

Curwillet

490

Demoiselle

534

crowned .

536

Numidian

535

Dodo, Bontius.

422

Dotterel. Penn.

468

Dotterel, Sea. Edw. . p. 520

Dromiceius . . 438

Novze-Hol-

landiae

439

Duck, Field. Albin.

455

Egret, demi. Lath.

547

great. Penn.

544

little. Penn,

545

reddish. Penn.

543

Egretta. Briss. . 541. 545

Emu

438

New Holland

438

Erolia

497

variegata

497

variegated

497

Fedoa. Ray.

458

• (Edicnemus.

Leach.

459

nostra tertia. Ray. 459

Francolin . , 316

African . 323

brown Afri-
can . . . 329

Cape . 333

Ceylon . 331

common . 319

Cranch’s . 336

— — long-beaked 317

noisy . 327

INDEX.

Francolin, pearled p. 325

■ » I’onclichercy 321

red-necked 335

Senegal . 330

thoracic , 322

Francolinus . . 3l6

Ra^. . 310

Africanus 323

Capensis 333

• Ceylon-

ensis . . .331

clamatus 327

Cranchii 336

longiros-

tris . . .317

■ perlatus 325

Pondice-

rianus . . .321

rubricol-

lis . . . 335

• Senegal-

ensis . . . 330

■ spadiceus 320

thoracicus 322

vulgaris 310

Gallina Corylorum. Ray. 272

Gallinula aquatica. Ray. 630

Game, black . . 280

red . . 204

tvhite . . 288

Garzetta. Ray. . .545

Gama. Klein. . p

508

Gorcock

204

GRyYLLiE.

503

Grous

265

birch. Lath.

272

Penn.

204

black

279

Canada

275

hazel

271

Helsingian. Lath. 272

hybrid

277

Indian. Lath. .

300

long-tailed

284

Namaqua. Lath.

313

pinnated. Penn.

200

pin-tailed. Edw.

311

Rehusak. Penn.

206

rock. Lath.

200

ruffed. Penn. .

301

— sand. Lath.

305

Senegal. Lath.

313

sharp-tailed.Penn. 284

shoulder -knot.

Penn.

301

spotted. Lath. .

275

• spurious. Penn.

277

tohite. Penn.

202

wood

266

Grus

523

Briss.

524

Cuv.

530

Ray.

534

Americana

528

INDEX

GkuSj Antigone . p.

531

balearica, Ray.

537

Canadensis

536

capensis, Petiv. .

537

carunculata

532

cinerea

524

freti Hudsonis. Briss. 526

gigantea

529

Indicus. Ray.

526

lencogeranos. Lath.

529

Mexicanus. Briss.

.526

Numidica. Briss.

535

orientalis Indica.

Briss.

531

HiEMATOPUS

493

Ostralegus

494

Heathcock

298

black and

spotted. Edvo. . .275

broim and

spotted. Ed’w. .

275

299

301

/ ^1/ V • J—jLi/ lxj •

knot

Hemipodius. Temm.

300

387

Temm.

393

tus. Temm.

398

Temm.

397

Temm.

it iiiL/iiCiJoUo 9

394

Temm.

390

Hemipodius, nigrifrons.

Temm. . . p

.388

pugnax.

Temm.

391

— tachydro-

mus, Temm.

396

thoracicus.

Temm.

392

Heron

541

African. Lath.

556

agami

554

ash-coloured .

569

ash-coloured.

Edvi.

553

black

562

black crested.

white

570

blue

580

blue.var. Lath.

582,

583

brown

559

cerulean

582

castaneous. Lath.

574

chesnut. Lath.

610

cinereous

583

— cinnamon

560

cocoi

564

common

548

Coromandel

577

Coromandel. Lath.

633

■ cracra

567

crested. Albin.

548

crested purple

556

croxuned. Lath.

537

dry

568

dxmrf. Lath.

574

INDEX.

XI 1

Heron, ferruginous p, 576

Gardenian. Penn. 610

great . .552

great egret . 543

great 'white. Penn. 544

Lath. . QoQ

liouhou . 566

largest crested.

Cateshy. . . 552

little . . 589

little egret . 545

little white . 571

Louisiane . 578

Louisiane. Wills. 543

■ Malacca . 584

IMexican . 585

minute . . 587

New Guinea . 586

night. Lath. . 609

Philippine . 587

Pondicherry. Lath, 632

purple. Lath. . 556

red-hilled. Penn. 57 1

reddish egret . 542

red-legged. Lath. 57-4

red-shouldered 553

rufous. Lath. . 556

rusty-crowned 558

sacred . . 5^2

■ scolopaceous. Lath. 540

— snowy. Lath. . 545

spotted. Lath. . 609

squacco . 573

squacco. xiar. Lath. 577

squaiotta. Lath. 574

steel-blue . 582

■ streaked . 565

Heron, variegated.

Lath. . . p.

556

■ violet

563

wattled. Lath.

533

white-bellied .

547

white-fronted .

561

yellow-crowned

579

Hians, Lacepede .

631

Hoactli. Ray.

568

Jabiru

645

American

646

New Holland .

647

Senegal

648

J abiru-guacu. Ray

646

Killdeer. Catesby.

476

Knorhaan

451

Korhane

451

Lagopus

286

albus

292

altera. Plinii.

Ray.

293

Lapponicus

296

1 mutus

287

' rupestris

290

Scoticus

293

Lapwing

508

-■ Cayenne

512

crested

509

INDEX.

XI it

Lapwing, Goa . p.

514

■ Louisiane

5i;

; New Holland

516

Senegal

515

Lark, sea. Albin.

471

Liiglug

563

Monickjore

563

Morinellus. Ray.

519

— marinns. Ray. 520

Mycteria

645

Americana .

646

— Australis

647

Senegalensis

648

Nightheron

6O8

Caledonian 6l3

Cayenne

612

. .■ — European

609

Jamaica

614

Nycticorax

608

Caledonicus

613

Cayanensis

612

Europeus

609

Jamaicensis

614

Odontophorus Guianen-
sis. Vieil. . . 420

Q^dicnemus . . 458

crepitans . 459

magnirostris 462

(Enas. Vieil.

P-

304

Oorail

453

Ortygis. Illig.

•

387

Orlygodes. Vieil.

387

variegata.

Vieil.

3b 8

Ortyx

376

Borealis

377

Californica

•

384

Falklandica

•

386

Sonninii

383

Temminkii

•

381

Ostrich

423

American.

Willough.

436

black

•

423

Ostralega. Briss.

493,

494

Otis

442

Lath.

•

458

Linne.

454

— — Afra

449

Arabs

44-6

aurita. Lath.

•

452

Bengalensis

451

Houbara

448

minor. Briss.

•

455

(Edicnemus. Lath.

459

rhaad. Gmel.

448

tarda

443

tetra.x. Linn.

455

XIV

INDEX

OySTERCATCHER . p. 493

■ commou 494

'pied.

Penn. . . . 494

Parra. Linn. . . 508

Cayanensls. Grnel. 513

Pominicana.Linn, 51Q

Goensis. Gmel. 514

Ludoviciana. Gmel. 5 1 6

Senegalla. Linn, 515

Partridge . . 338

Aragonian.

Lath. . . . 305

I - Barbary . 350

— hare-necked.

Lath. . . . 333

brown Afri-
can. Lath. . . 329

Cape. Lath. 333

Caspian.

Lath. . . . 349

Ceylon. Lath. 332

Chittygong.

Lath. . . . 332

common . 339

Damascus.

Lath. . • .341

eyed . 353

Francolin.

Edw. . . .319

Gingi . 351

Greek . 346

Guernsey . 347

hackled . 358

Javan . 355

Partridge, Kakerlic.

Lath. . . p. 349

Maryland,

Penn. . . .3/8

mountain
New Ens-

land. Albin.

— j)earled.

344

3/8

Lath

323. 326

Lath

pintado.

Pondicher-

326

ry. Lath. . .321

red. Lath. 346

red-necked.

Lath. . . . 335

red-throated 356

— • rufous-breast-
ed. Lath. . . 350

Senegal.

Lath. . , . 330

Virginian.

Lath. . . . 378

white. Ediv. 292

wood. Lath. 275

Peevit . . .509

Perdix . . . 338

— Briss. . .401

Lath. 304. 316. 360.

376. 38/

Adansonii. Temm. 330

Afra. Lath. . 323

Americana. Briss. 3/7

Andalusica. Lath. 396

■ — Aragonica. Lath. 305

INDEX.

Vv.^'Di'SL Australis. Lath, p.373
bicalcarata. Forst. 331

Lath. 330

borealis. Temm. 377

Capensis. Lath. 333
Ceylonensis. Lath. 331
Chinensis. Lath. 371

cinerea . . 33Q

cinerea. var,

Temm. . . . 344

cinerea alba . Briss. 339

Coromandelica.

Lath. . , . 365

coturnix. Lath. 36l

Coyolcos. Lath. 377

Cranchii. Leach. 336

cristata. Lath. 377

Damascena. Ray. 311

dentatus. Lath. 420

Falklandica. Lath. 386

ferruginea . 358

Francolina. Lath. 319

Gibraltnrica. Lath. 397

gingica . .351

graeca . . 346

grisea. Lath. . 370

gularis . .356

Javanica . 355

Indica. Lath. . 309

longirostris. Temm. 3iy

Luzoniensis. Lath. 392

Madagascariensis.

Lath. . . . 325

major Brasilien-

sis. Briss. . . 406

Manillensis. Lath. 371

Perdix Marylanda.

Lath. . . p. 377

Mexicana. Lath. 377

montana , 344

Novce-Anglice.

Briss. . . . 377

NoxHE-GuinecE.

Lath. . . .375

nigricollis . Lath . 388

■ nudicollis. Lath. 333

oculea . . 353

perlata. Lath. . 325

petrosa . . 350

Fonticeriana . 321

rubra. Briss. . 348

rubra, var. Temm. 348

rubra Brasilien-

sis. Briss. . . 350

• rubricollis. Lath. 335

rufa . . 347

rvfa. Lath. . 346

rufa. var. Lath. 350

saxatilis. Temm. 346

Senegalensis. Briss. 330

Sinensis. Briss. 325

Sonnini. Temm. 377

spadicea. Lath. 329

- striata. Lath. . 368

thoracica. Temm. 322

Virginiana. Lath. 377

Platalea . .641

Ajaja . 644

leucorodia . 642

— pygmoea . 645

Platca. Ray. . . 641

INDEX.

xvi

Platea Brasiliensis Aja-
ja dictus. Ray. . p. 644

coccinea. Briss. 644

leucorodia. Leach. 642

Mexicana, tlauh-

quechul. Ray. . 644

rosea. Briss. . 644

sivepelicanus. Al-

drovandi. Ray. , 642

Plover . . 463

Alwargrim . 466

Asiatic. Lath. . 468

bastard. Penn. 50Q

• black-bellied. Wills. 466

black-breasted.

Indian. Ediv. . . 483

black-headed. Lath. 48/

Cayenne . 484

chattering. Wills. 476

cream-coloured.

Lath. . . . 500

crested . . 483

Curonian . 473

dottrel ' . 468

great. Beiv. . 459

great-billed. Lath. 462

green. Lotv. . 464

grcT/. Alb. . 505

golden . .464

■ hooded . 480

Kentish . 474

New Zealand . 479

noisy . .476

Philippine . 478

ringed . . 470

— — ringed, var. Mont. 474

ij Plovkk ruddy. Pejm. p. 490

I Senegal . . 482

! — spur-tvinged. Edw. 433

j’ spur -‘winged.

; Lath. . . 482. 485

wattled . .481

xcreathed. Lath. 488

I Pluvialis. Ray. 458.463.504

1 aurea-minor.

I Briss. . . . 464

I cinerea. Ray. 505

I dominicensis

\ tor quota. Briss. . 476

Persica cris-

\ tala. Briss. . . 483

Senegalensis

1 arrnata. Briss. . 482

I — tor quota minor.

\ Briss. . . .471

virginiaiiator-

quata. Briss. . 476

I; viridis. Ray. 464

j '

Pluvian . . . 486

black-headed 487

wreathed . 468

' Pluvianus . . 486

I I — — ' Bengalen-

j sis major. Briss. . 452

' coronatus 488

j' melanoce-

I phalus . . . 487

j; Psophia undidata. Gmel. 4-18

INDEX.

XVll

Ptakmigan . p. 28S

common . 287

red . 293

• Rehusak . 296

rock . 290

white , 292

Pterocles . . 304

Alchata . 311

— ' arenarius . 305

■ bicinctus . 307

double-

girded . , . 307

Indian . 309

• Namaqua 313

quadracinc-

tus ... 309

sand . 305

setarius.

Temm. * . .311

tachypetes 313

Pupushee . . . 303

Pushee . , . 303

Qua-bird. Wills, . .610

Quail . . . 360

Andalusian, Lath. 396

black-necked. Lath. 39O

Californian. Lath. 384

Chinese . .371

common . 361

Coromandel . 365

crested. Lath. 381

Gibraltar. Lath. 397

Quail, grey-throated p. 37O
lesser Mexica?i.

Lath.

378

Louisiane. Lath.

378

Madagascar

368

Malouine. Lath.

386

Manilla. Lath.

371

New Guinea .

374

New Holland

373

white-throated

367

Raven, night. Wills.

610

Rhea

435

American

436

Americana

436

Sanderling

489

common

490

Sandpiper, armed. Penn.

517

Cayenne. Lath.

513

Goa. Lath. .

514

grey. Lath.

505

Hebridal. Penn.

520

Louisiane. Lath,

,517

Louisiane. var.

Lath. . . . 518

Senegal. Lath. 515

Swiss. Penn. 505

wattled. Lath. 516

Scolopax. Scop. . . 493

Scorus . . . 635

Umbretta . 636

VOL. XI. p. 11.

will

INDEX.

Sea-pie. Will.

p.404

Soco. Ray.

602

Spoonbill

641

dwarf

645

Brasilian

roseate. Will.

644

■ '■ — roseate

644

scarlet. Sloan. 644

white

642

Squacco. Ray.

574

Squaiotta. Ray.

574

SaUATAROLA

504

■ ' Cuv.

508

■ grisea

505

SaUATORELLE

504

grey .

505

Stork

616

American

619

black

620

gigantic

622

white

617

Stuipsilas

519

- — collaris.

Temm.

520

interpres .

520

Struthio

423

Linn. . 43 1

.435

Camelus

433

Strut H I o, Casuarius.

Linn.

p. 432

Rhea. Linn.

436

Struthio- Camelus . Ray.

435

Yttt r

ricanus. Ray. .

436

STRUTHIONES

421

Syrrhaptes. Illig.

420

Tachydromus. Illig.

499

Tahecou

327

Tetrax

454

campestris

455

Tetrao . .

265

Gmel. 360. 387. 401

Linn. 236. 298. 304.

316. 338

Ray.

376

albus. Gmel.

292

Alchata. Linn.

311

Alpinus.Nills.2s7. 290

Andalusicus. Grnel. 3Q6

^ — arenarius. Gmel.

305

hetulinus. Lath.

272

bicalcaratus. Linn. 330

^ — Bonasia

271

Californicus. Shaw 384

canace. Linn. .

275

— Canadensis

275

canus. Sparr. .

272

Capensis. Gmel.

333

INDEX.

xix

T ETRAO, Chilensis. Gynel. p. 37 1

cinereus. Gmel. 412

Coromandelicus.

Gmel. . . .365

Coturmx. Linn. 36i

Coyolcos. Gmel. 377

cristatus. Lath. 381

Cupido. Linn. 299

Falklandicus.

Gmel. . . . 386

Jerrugineus. Gmel, 358

Francolinns. Linn. 3 19

Gibraltaricns.

Gmel. . . . 3P7

■ ■ gingicus. Gmel. 352

griseus. Gmel. 370

hybridus. Linn. 277

Javanicus. Gmel. 355

Lndicus. Gmel. . 30Q

Lagopus. Linn. 287

-■ ■ Lagopus. var.

Linn. . . . 293

Lagopus. Temm. 290

Lapponicus. Lath. 296

Luzoniensis. Gmel. 3^2

• Madagascariensis.

Gmel. . . , 325

■— -■■■ major. Gmel. . 406

Manillensis. Gmel. 371

Marylanda. Lath. 377

medius . . 277

Mexicanus. Lath. 277

montanus. Gmel. 344

'Namaqua. Gmel. 313

Novce-Guinece.

Gmel. . . . 375

— nudicollis. Gmel. 333

Tetrao, paradoxus.

Lath. . . p. 420

Perdix. Linn. . 339

perlatus. Gmel. 325

petrosus. Gmel. 350

phasianellus . 284

Ponticeriana.

Gmel, . . .321

— ruj'us. Linn. . 348

rupestris. Gmel. 29O

saliceti. Temm. 2Q2

■ saliceti. var. Temm. 293

■ Scoticus. Lath. 293

Senegalus. Linn. 313

sinensis. Gmel. 325

Soni. Gmel. . 4i8

• spadicea. Gmel. 329

striatus. Gmel. 368

subalpinus.

Nills. . 292, 293. 296

tetrix . . 279

tetrix. var. Lath . 277

Sparr. 280

— — togatus. Linn. 301

variegatus. Gmel. 409

Virginianus. Lath. 377

umhellus. Linn, 301

urogallus . 266

Zeylonensis. Gmel. 332

Thick-knee . , 458

common 459

Tinamon . . . 401

Apequia . 413

cinereous . 412

dwarf . 417

INDEX.

Tinamon, great . p.406

little . . 418

Macaco . . 411

Ooriana . 414

rufescent . 403

spotted . 404

Tao . . 408

. Tataupa . 415

— variegated . 409

Tinamus . . • 401

— adspersus . 411

Brasiliensis . 406

— — cinereus . 412

maculosus . -404

nanus • 417

_ — obsoletus . 413

rufescens . 403

Soni . • 418

_ _ — strigulosus . 414

Tao . . 408

Tataupa . 415

variegatus . 409

Tocro . ‘ • • 420

Tridactylus. Lacep. . 387

Tringa. Linn. 504. 508. 5 1 9

Ray. . • 489

arenaria. Linn. 490

Cayanensis. Lath. 513

Goensis. Lath. 514

Helvetica. Linn. 505

interpres. Linn. 520

lobata. Lath. . 5l6

Ludoviciana. Lath.5iy

Tringa, Ludoviciana.

var. Lath. . p.

518

Morinella. Linn.

520

Senegalla. Lath.

515

— squataroUa. Linn.

505

Vanellus. Linn.

509

varia. Linn.

505

Turn IX

387

Andalusian

396

■ black-fronted

388

black- necked .

389

fasciatus

393

fighting

391

Gibraltar

397

Hottentot

398

Hottentottus .

398

lunatus .

397

Luzonian

392

maculosus

394

nigricollis

389

nigrifrons

388

pugnax .

391

spotted

394

striped

393

tachydronius .

396

thoracicus

392

Turnstone

519

common .

520

Vanellus

508

Briss.

504

Cayanensis .

512

cristatus. Meijer 509

dominiccensis

518

dominicensis

. 518

arniatus. Briss.

INDEX.

XXI

Vanellus, Gavia . p. 509

Goensis , 514

— ' — griseus. Briss. 505

Helveticus.

Briss. . . . 505

Ludovicianus 5 1 7

■' Ludovicianus

armatus. Briss. . 5iy

Novae-Hol-

landiae , . . 516

S enegalensis 515

Senegalensis

armatus. Briss. . 515
varius. Briss. 505

Umbre

. 635

tufted

•

636

Urogallus major.

, Briss.

267

• minor

.Ray .

280

minor

Juscus.

Catesby

299

■ minor

punctu-

lotus. Ray.

•

277

Uscathachish

•

291

Wajpatheu .

291

.'45ia:w,'

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'.'■ •', ■. . ii '• : »t»i»?5wi^5A

S ' -

-yAts\"

i’

'k bi&

5/,, -.^tv : ■'.■.aw:-'v4'.^*’

.hjif-'xvsj/ -

■'W'

1 ■• , V ,-• V - - -V

f ■ "

Vm' ,iS

'•;V >y^i>,^*f{;'-‘''i)iw; V- \

> /Vvjtl^ ■ ‘r^WV- I*

4* :

. - -
V* ■

- . . .'.. • ’.

.'/ ' \ •'

. , ’ ^ . .* ■ ■ -

.,■ ’ ■ ■ . . ' . .V •

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- iv

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■ j

1 J ■ / ,

x(vv,

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. SA

Directions for placing the Plates in VoL XI^
Part II,

The Vignette represents the Roseate Spoonbill, considerably
diminished.

Plate 18 to face page 266

20
21

279

293

287

339

361

396

409

423

436

432

443

449

455

459

464

490

Plate 36

to face page 494

500

509

520

524

■ 545

554

571

589

593

596

609

617

636

639

642

ERRATA.

VOL. XL— PART I.

Page 3, lines 15 and 16, for Ampelis Garrulus, read Bombycilla Garrula.

S3, line \5,for comb read cowl.

36 and 37, dele Wills. Amer. Orn.

38, line 4 from bottom, for Columba, read Colombo.

42, last line, for Colomba, read Colombe.

45, line 2, for maculata, raad Picazuro.

46, line 2, for Picazuro, read maculata.

47, line 1 6, for Colombe aganocephala, read Columba cyanocephala.

Ib. line 1 7, for Columba, read Colombe.

48, lines 3 and 4 from bottom, for islands of Panay and Antigua, read
island of Panay near Antigue.

75, line 14, for Montague, read Montagu.

166, line 13, for Curassons, read Curassous.

192, line \,for Serpen tseater, read Serpenteater.

PART II.

Page 271, line 4 from bottom, for tumulis, read lunulis,

275, line 19,^r Cance, read Canace.

336, line 4 from bottom, for body beneath, read body above.
350, line \6, for Perdrix, read Perdix.

422, line 13,^r Edwards, read Bontius.

483, line 8, from bottom, for Pluver, read Pluvier.

, •• •' 541, line 8, for insulcum, read in sulco.

556, line ^6, for Buta read Butor.

Plates 5 and 22 appear to have been accidentally omitted.

BIRDS.

ORDER

GALLINACE^.

TETRxlO. GROUS.
Generic Character.

Rostrum breve, crassiuscu-
lum, supra foniicatum, con-
vexum, versus apicem in- i
curvum.

Nares basales, squama for- j
nicali supeme semiclausse, |
plumulis obtectae. j

Supercilia nuda, verrucosa, |
coccinca.

Pedes tetradactyli, mutici, di-
gitis tribus anticis, uno
postico : tarsi hirsuti. |

AI(e breves, rotundatae. j

Tetrao. Auctorum.

Beak short and thick, arched
above, and convex; bent
down towards the tip.

Nostrils basal, half closed
with an arched scale above,
and clothed with small
feathers.

Eyehro-ics naked, wai’ty, and
of a scarlet colour.

Feet four-toed, smooth, with
three toes before and one
il behind : tarsi feathered.

!! Wings short, rounded.

TL HE Grous form a peculiar genus, whose dis-
tinguishing characters consist in having a naked

V. XI. P. II. 18

^66

WOOD GROUS.

caninciilated skin over the eyes, forming a kind of
eyebrow, which is more or less of a red colour :
the tarsi are covered with feathers, and are de-
stitute of a spur : the toes are naked.

They build their nests upon the ground ; they
are constructed in a very artless manner, of a few
small branches of pines, heath tops. See. The fe-
males produce many eggs, and the young run about
as soon as hatched, often with pieces of the shell
adhering to them : their food consists of seeds,
berries, a few insects, and the slender tops of various
evergreens : they are all natives of the colder
climates, those of southern provinces generally
inhabiting the loftiest mountains, where the at-
mosphere is bleak and cold.

A. Caicdd rotundatd.

A. Tail rounded.

WOOD GROUS.

(Tetrao Urogallus.)

Te- collo corporeque supra nigricantibus chiereo transversim un~
dulatis ; subtus nigricante maculis albis vario, axillis albis,
pectore viridi nitore ceneo caudd nigra rotmidatd, rectricibus
versus apicem diiabus maculis albis. (Femina, minor, nigro
cinereoque transversim vnriegatd; guldy pectore rectricibusque
rufis, his nigro’^asciatis.)

WOOD GROUS.

267

Grous with the neck and body above dusky, transversely waved
with cinereous; beneath dusky, varied with white spots; the
axillae white ; the breast green, glossed with brassy ; the tail
black and rounded, its feathers with two white spots towards
the tip. {Female less, transversely variegated with black and
ash-colour ; the throat, breast, and tail-feathers rufous, the
latter barred with black.)

Tetrao Urogallus. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 273. 1. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. 200. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. /-id. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 634.
1. — Temm. Gall. Ind. 696. — Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 297-

Urogallus major. Briss. Orn. 1. 182. — Raii. Syn. 53. a. 1.

Coq de Bruyere, ou Tetras. Bujf. Ois. 2. igi. pi. 5. — Buff. PI.
Enl. 73 and 74.

Tetras Auerhan. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 114. pi. g. ff. 1. 2.
beak, &c. — Temm. Man. d'Ornith.

Cock of the Wood, or Mountain. Albin. Birds. 2. pi. 29
and 30.

Wood Grous. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. g2. pi. 40, 41. — Penn. Arct.
Zool. 2,312. — Supp. 62. — Lath. Gen. Syn. A. /2g. 1. — Z^’.
Brit. Birds. 4. 132, — TValc. Syn. 2. pi. ISO. — Don. Brit. Birds.
4, pi. 89. — Bexi-. Brit. Birds. 1. 295. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. —
Mont. Om. Diet. Supp.

Var. /S. Dorsum anticum album maculis ferrugineis, fusco tenuis-
sime undulatis ; posiicum nigrum pennis albisinseriis ; abdomen
el Cauda maculis albis ; tibice sordide albce. Mas.

With the anterior jiart of the back white, with ferruginous
spots, slightly undulated with brown ; the posterior portion
black, varied with white ; abdomen and tail with white spots ;
tibiae dull white. Male.

Tetrao Urogallus, var. a. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 299.

Var. y. cinereo-canus, capite colloque saturatioribus. Mas.

Hoary-grey, with the head and neck darker. Male.

Tetrao Urogallus. var. jS. Nilss. Orn. Suec. I. 299*

Var. S. supra sordide testacea undulis rarioribus albis, subtus
testaceo albidoque undulata.

Above dull testaceous, with few white undulations; beneath
undulated with testaceous and white.

Tetrao Urogallus, var. y. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 299.

Var. £. Tota sordida albida, fuscescenti nebulvsa.

268

WOOD GROUS.

Entirely dull white, clouded with brownish.

Tetrao Urogallus, var. $. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 299.

This grand species was formerJy taken in abund-
ance in Scotland, but at this pej'iod it is nearly if
not entirely extirpated ; indeed there is no au-
thentic record of a specimen having been shot in
that country these forty years *. It is as large as a
Turkey, measuring two feet nine inches in length;
its weight from seven to thirteen pounds: beak
strong and yellowish : irides hazel : nostrils covered
with dusky feathers : beneath tlie eye a small spot
of w’hite feathers : the head and neck of a dusky
brown, sprinkled with small greyish white spots :
the feathers of the hind head elongated, and, with
those of the chin and throat, dusky black : the
back and rump dusky ash, marked with innu-
merable small zigzag white lines : the belly is black,
with white spots towards its middle, and undulated
greyish white stripes on its sides : the breast is of
a fine dark glossy green : the wing-coverts are
chesnut-brown, finely speckled with dusky, and
striated with blackish lines ; at their tips pure
white : the primary quills dusky brown ; the se-
condaries the same, finely edged with whitish on
their outer webs : the bend of the wing and under
tail-coverts pure white : the tail consists of eigliteen
feathers, and is rounded in shape, and black, with
a small white spot on the outer feather on each

* The late G. [Montagu, however, was present when one was
killed near the upper end of Loch Lomond, about thirty-five
years since.

WOOD GROUS.

269

side, near the extremity : the tarsi are covered
witli brown silky feathers, with loose webs, slightly
marked with white spots : tlie feet and claws horn-
colour. The female is much smaller than the
male, rarely measuring above twenty-six inches in
length : the beak is dusky : the head, neck, back,
scapulars, and coverts of the wings and tail, are
dusky brown, varied with transverse stripes of
red : the tail dark rufous, barred with black and
tipped with white : the throat is reddish yellow :
the breast deep reddish, varied with a few white
spots : the belly the same, barred with black ; the
under tail-coverts tipped with white : the quills
are dusky brown, mottled on their outer webs
with pale brown.

The young of both sexes of the first year greatly
resemble the female : the males of the second
moidt have the upper parts of the body^ greydsh
black ; the green on the breast is veiy dull, and
often the feathers of the bpdy’^ are varied with
rufous, and the tail tipped with vrhite.

Several varieties of this species are briefly noticed
by Nilsson in his Ornithologia Suecica, which may
be readily discriminated from T. Tetrix, by” the
tail being rounded : they are all described in the
synonyms as fully as in the above-mentioned w'ork.

Tliis bird inhabits wooded and mountainous
countries, particularly pine forests or plantations
of juniper : it feeds upon the berries of the latter,
and those of the vaccinium,and also upon the seeds
and tops of the pine, which sometimes give the
flesh a very* disagreeable flavour. In tlie spring
the male may' be seen at sun-rise, and in the even-

^70

WOOD GROUS.

iiig, extremely active, upon one of the largest
branches of the pines : with his tail raised and
expanded like a fan, and the wings drooping, he
walks backward and forward, his neck stretched
out, his head swollen, and eyebrows deep crim-
son, he utters his singular cry ; which commences
by a kind of explosion, instantly followed by a
noise resembling the whetting of a scythe, which
ceases and commences alternately for about an
hour, and is then terminated by a similar ex-
plosive noise as at the beginning : during the whole
of this singular cry he seems entirely deaf, and
insensible of every danger, from the great con-
vulsive motion into which his head and eyes are
thrown : this enables the sportsman to approach
by degrees to the bird, and take a fatal aim. The
female seldom lays more than a dozen eggs, which
are the size of those of a hen, but more obtuse ;
they are yellowish white, sprinkled with irregular
yellow spots : they are generally placed in a dry
situation, in an artless nest upon the ground, com-
posed of heath tops : the young as soon as hatched
run with extreme agility after the mother, who
leads them to procure the pupae of ants and wild
mountain berries, whicli are their first food ; as
they grow older they feed upon the tops of the
heath and the seeds of the fir. The whole brood
follows the mother for about two months, at which
time the young males entirely forsake her, and
keep in great harmony with each other till tiie
commencement of spring, when they separate and
live in a solitary state, never approaching each
other unless for the purpose of fighting, which

HAZEL GROUS.

271

they do with great obstinacy, and are frequently
so inattentive to their own safety, that it often
happens that two or three of them are killed at a
shot.

This bird inhabits the colder countries of Eu-
rope and Asia, being abundant in the pine woods
of Russia, Siberia, Norway, Sweden, &c. : the
Alps and the mountains of Lorrain occasionally
furnish a few individuals, particularly the former :
it also occurs in various other mountainous parts,
where the air is bleak : it was formerly abundant
in Scotland (as before mentioned) and Ireland,
but appears to be extirpated, at least in the. latter
place ; in the former it went by the name of Caper-
caile, Capercalze, and Auercalze : in Norway it is
called Auerhan.

Its flesh is greatly esteemed, and numbers of the
birds are often sent from the continent during the
winter to this country, where they arrive in great
perfection.

HAZEL GROUS.

(Tetrao Bonasia.)

Ti£. corpore supra rujescente macidis Jiiscis nigris et cinereis
vario, subtus drier ascente, tumulis nigris conspersoy maculd.
utrinque alba pone aures ; rectricibus dnereis punctis nigris
fascia nigra, exceptis intermediis duabus, gula nigra, (Femina
gula alba.)

HAZEL GIIOUS.

27^

Grous with the body above rufescent, varied with brown, black,
and cinereous spots ; beneath cinerascent, sprinkled with black
lunules 5 a white spot on each side near the. ears; the tail-
feathers cinereous with black spots, and a black fascia, the
two middle feathers excepted ; the throat black. {Female
with a white throat.)

Tetra Bonasia. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 9- — Linn. Faun. Suec.
204. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. J53. — Briss. Orn, 1. IQl. 3. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. 640. 14. — Tenim. Gall. Ind. 706. — Nilss. Orn.
Suec. 1.305.

Tetrao betulinus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 637* 5. young. — Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 1. 749.

Gallina Corylorum. Rail. Syn. 'p. 55. 6. — JFill. Orn. 126.
j)l. 31.

La Gelinotte. Bnjf. Ois. 2. 233. pi. 7* — Luff. PI. Enl. 474.

475.

Tetras Gelinotte. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 174. — Temm. Man.
d'Orni. 29 1.

Birch Grous. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 735. 5. young.

Hazel Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 3l7- — Will. {Ang.) p.

175. pi. 31. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 744.

V'ar. $. corpore cano fusco undtdato.

With the body hoary, undulated with brown.

Tetrao Bonasia. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. 707.

Tetrao canus. Sparr. Mus. Carls. Jasc. 1. 16. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 753. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 640.13.

Helsingian Grous. Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 217*

This species is fourteen inches in length : the
beak is short and black : space round the eyes
naked, wrinkled, and deep crimson : the upper
jiarts of the head, neck, and body, are transversely
striated with rufous-brown and ash-colour ; the
lower part of the back and rump inclining more
to the latter colour : the wing-coverts are marbled
with rufous, sprinkled with brown and black, and
a few dashes of white : quills grey-brown ; on

HAZCL GROUS.

273

their inner webs, towards the tip, varied witli red-
dish : the feathers at the base of the upper man-
dible black : on each side of the nostrils a small
white spot 5 between the beak and eye another,
and a third behind each eye : the chin and throat
are black, surrounded by white : the feathers of
the fore-part of the neck are rufous, striped trans-
versely with dusky, and tipped with white : belly
and thighs ash-coloured, varied with black cres-
cents : the vent pale grey : the tail is composed of
sixteen feathers ; the two middle ones similar to
the back ; all the others varied with brown and
greyish white, and marked with a broad bar of
black towards their tip, which is grey -white ; the
claws, the naked part of the tarsi, and the feet, are
brown.

The female differs in wanting the black chin
and throat, and in having the naked carunculated
space about the eyes smaller, and more dull in
colour. The young of both sexes on the approach
of winter exactly appear like the female ; previous
to that period they have the body varied with
rufous and black : the rump whitisli, barred with
black : the quills tipped with white : the breast
pale cinereous : the tail black, with transverse
rufous spots : the beak and legs black : the eye-
brows very pale red.

Tetrao canus of Sparrman, the Ilelsingian Grous
of Latham, appears to be only a variety of this
species : it has the entire plumage of a hoary-
white, obscurely undulated with brown : the wing-
coverts brownish, marked with a whitish spot at

V. XI. p. II. 1 9

274

HAZEL GROUS.

the ends : the vent white : the tail clouded above
with hoary, white, and brown : the legs and beak
black.

This species is a native of the woods of Germany,
particularly those at the foot of the Alps j and the
high mountains of Silesia, Poland, Sweden, and
Russia ; in the latter place not very abundant : in
the Gulf of Genoa it is found in the greatest pro-
fusion. Although so common on the Continent, it
does not appear ever to have been captured in
England. Its food consists principally of the cat-
kins of the hazel and birch, also the berries of
juniper, firs, and other evergreens, but when con-
fined it will eat grain. Its flesh is .more esteemed
than any other of the genus, and from its superior
flavour it has received its specific name. Its man-
ners are similar to those of the preceding species.
The female generally deposits several eggs, which
vary from ten to sixteen in number, and are of a
whitish yellow, irregularly spotted with brown-
yellow; they are hatched in about three weeks,
and the young run about as soon as they obtain
their liberty. The catching of these birds is ac-
companied with difficulty, from the inaccessible
places they inhabit ; therefore the hunters have
recourse to a kind of bird-call to allirre them from
their hiding-places.

CANADA GROUS.

(Tetrao Canadensis,)

Te. corpore supra nigricante obscure Jiisco cinereoque vario ^
subtus albo lunvlis nigris consperso ; collo infra pectoreqiie
nigris ; pone oculos lunulis duabus albis ; rectricibus nigris,
apice fuscis. (Femina corpore fusco-aurantio cinereoque trans-
versim striato ; cauda fused, nigro nebuloso fasciola, apice
fidvo.)

Grous with the body above dusky, obscurely varied with brown
and cinereous, beneath white, sprinkled with black lunules ;
the lower part of the neck and the breast black ; behind the
eyes two white lunules ■, the tail-feathers black, tipped with
brown. [Female with the body fuscous-orange, transversely
striated with cinereous the tail fuscous, clouded, and banded
with black ; the tip fulvous.)

Tetrao Canadensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 274. 3. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 749. 3. — Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 637. 6. male; 0. female.
Temm. Gall. Ind. 702.

Tetrao Cance. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 7- female. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 749. 3. 6. female.

Bonasa freti Hudsonis. Briss. Orn. 1. 201. 6. — Briss. Sup. p. 10.

Bonasa Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1, 203. 7- 20. yi I, 2. male

and female.

La Gelinotte du Canada. Buf. Ois. 2. 279. — Buff. PI. Enl.
131 and 132.

Tetras tachet6, ou Acaho. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 16O. bis.

Black and spotted Heathcock. Edw. Glean, pi. 1 18. male.

Brown and spotted Heathcock. Edvoard. pi. 71. female.

Spotted Grous, or Wood Partridge. Phil. Trans, l.xii. p. 389,
— Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 182. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 735. 6. —
Lath. Syn. Sup.j). 214.

This species abounds in the neighbourhood of
Hudson’s Jiay and alJ the northern part of America.

1276

CANADA GROUS.

It is thirteen inches and a half in length : the
upper parts of the head, neck, body, and rump,
are transversely barred with dusky and grey-
brown : over the eyelids is a bare carunculated red
space : nostrils covered with black, with a small
white spot on each side, and one of the same
beneath, and somewhat behind the eye : throat,
breast, and belly, black ; the latter spotted with
white, except the middle : sides of the body barred
transversely with grey-brown and dusky ; the
feathers with a white stripe near the tip : under
tail-coverts black and white : tail black, tipped
with rufous : feathers of the tarsi grey-brown :
claws grey : beak black.

The female is less : length eleven inches and a
half: the upper parts of the body barred and varied
with rufous, dusky, and grey-brown : front and
sides of the neck rufous, each feather wu'th a dusky
band near the tip : breast barred with rufous, and
dusky, each feather tipped with dirty rufous white :
the sides wdth brown bars : the tips of the feathers
sullied white : belly and under tail-coverts crossed
with blackish and rufous white : wings like those
of the male : tail barred with reddish and black.

A variety of this species is mentioned by La-
tham ; — ‘‘ General colour of its plumage ferru-
ginous cream-colour, marbled and striated across
with brown and yellow clay-colour : fore-part of
the neck and breast more inclined to yellow :
under parts of the body white, marked with broken
bars of cinereous brown : quills plain brownish
cream-colour : tail yellowish brown, prettily mot-

HYBRID GIIOUS.

277

tied with darker : the tips of all the feathers fer-
ruginous, but paled*

The inhabitants of the places where this species
is found preserve them through the winter by
freezing them, and when wanted they are thrown
into cold water for a time. The fem,ale lays five
eggs.

B. Cauda bifurcd.

B. Tail bifurcated.

HYBRID GROUS.

(Tetrao medius.)

collo pectore cerviceque nigricante-violaceis^ purpureo-niten-
tibus ; corpore nigricante, supra punctis rubescentis adsperso;
subtus maculis albis vario ; caudd nigrd subbifurcd.

Grous with the neck, breast, and cervix, dusky violet, glossed
with purple j the body dusky, its upper part freckled with
reddish spots, and its under varied with white spots tail
black, slightly bifurcated.

Tetrao medius. Temm. Gall. Ind. 6g8. — Meyer. Berl. Mag.
Tetrao hybridus. Linn. Faun. Suec. ^0\.—Sparr. Mus. Carls
1. pi 15.

Tetrao Tetrix, var. J. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 636. 3.~—Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 748. — Nilss. Orn. Suec. 302.

Urogallus minor punctatus. Briss. Orn. 1. lpl.2. a.

Tetras rakkelham. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. \'ig. pl.g.f.3. —
Temm. Man. d’Ornith. 287-

Hybrid, or Spurious Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 314. B. — Penn.
Arct. Zool. Sup. 62. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 734. — Lath. Syn.
Sup. 214. — Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 268. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.

278

HYBRID GROUS.

This beautiful bird, about which much has been
said by many ornithologists respecting its origin,
appears decidedly to be a distinct species, and
not a hybrid between the Wood Grous and the
following, as asserted by Latham and others.
The male has the head, the neck, and the breast,
of a beautiful full black, with reflections of bronzed
purple : the feathers on the back of the neck
sprinkled with very minute grey points : the space
round the eyes is black, with a. patch of white
feathers beneath : the back and the rump are
black, each feather being tipped with a purple hue,
with almost imperceptible greyish spots : the belly
is black, its sides being sprinkled with white dots :
the thighs and the abdomen are white, as are the
tips of the under tail-coverts : the scapulars, the
lesser and middle wing-coverts are deep brown,
barred with fine zigzag yellow-brown stripes : the
basal half of the lesser wing-quills is white, then
dusky brown, and tipped with white ; the rest of
the quills are brown, slightly edged on their outer
webs with white : the feathers at the bend of the
wing and the under wing-coverts are white : the
tail is similar to the upper coverts, which are
black : the beak is black : the irides are hazel :
the feet horn-coloured.

The female has the tail less forked than the
male, and is much smaller : her plumage is varied
with small transverse black stripes, on a reddish
ground. The young male greatly resembles the
female : the back is reddish brown, varied with
spots, and striped with transverse lines of brown :

■' -t.'

■ ^-4,^

• '. <)

r,:

> .-■'■.'v ;•. 'V

•,,o;> v-'J

2,9

B lapik XyKOirS

BLACK GROUS.

279

the under parts of the body are black, varied with
spots and stripes of yellow-brown, each feather
being also tipped with white : the wings are dusky
brown, with transverse bars of chesnut-brown : the
secondaries are tipped with brown ; the tail is
black, tipped with white ; the whole of its upper
coverts are varied with brown and black, and
tipped with white.

This bird inhabits only the most northern parts
of Europe, Russia, Lapland, Sweden, Norway, &c. ;
and it is also said to be found in the most northerly
parts of Scotland, but I believe without any truth.
Very little is known of its habits, which no doubt
resemble those of the rest of the genus.

BLACK GROUS.

(Tetrao Tetrix.)

Te. corpore supra nigro-violaceo, suhius nigricanie, remigihus
secundariis versim basin albis, cauda bifurca, rectricibus exte-
rioribus recurvatis. (Femina minor y rufoy nigro et cinereo
transversim mriegat&.)

Grous with the body above violet-black, beneath dusky ; the
secondary quills white at their base j the tail bifurcate, its
outer feathers recurved. (Fewa/eless; transversely variegateil
with rufous, black, and cinereous, )

Tetrao Tetrix, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 274. — Linn. Faun. Suec.
no. 202. — Gniel. Syst. Nat. 1. 748, — Lath. Ind. Orn.2. 635. 3.
— Temm. Gall. Ind. p, 6qq.-~-NHss. Orn. Suec. 1 . 300. — Leach,
Catp Brit. Mus. p. 27.

280

black grous.

Urogallus minor, llaii. S^/n. p. 53. a. 2. — Will. Orn.p, VlA.pl.
31. — Briss. Orn. 1. p. 186. 2.

Le Coq de Bruyeres a queue fourchue. Buff. Ois. 2. 210. pi. 6.
— Buff. PL Enl. 172, 173.

Tetras Birckhan. Tcinm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 140. pi. 9. 4.

(beak.) — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 289.

Black Grous, Black Cock, or Black Game. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1.
Q3.pl. 42. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 314. c. — All). Birds. \ .pl.22.
— Lath. Gen. Syyi. 4. 73'6. — Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 213. — Lewin.
Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 133. — Pult. Cat. Dors, p.y . — Wale. Syn. 2.
pi. 181. — Don. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. Ql. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. —
Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 298. — Bing,
Anim. Biog. 2, 253. — Lovd’s Faun. Oread, p. 51.

Var. jS. Corpore nigro alboquc variegato, maeida pectorali maxima
atro nitente.

With the body variegated with black and white ; a dark shining
spot on the breast.

Tetrao Tetrix. Mas. var. Sparr. Mus. Carls, fasc. 3. pi. 65. —
Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 6s6. 3. B- — Temm. Gall. Ind. 701. (a.)

Var. y. sordide alho ae obsolete forrugineo undulatd, rostra nigro,
pedibus Jerrugineis.

Dull white, obsoletely undulated with ferruginous; the beak
black, and feet ferruginous.

Tetrao Tetrix. femina. var. Sparr. Mus. Carls, ff. 3. pi. 66.' —
Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 636. 3. (y.) — Temm. Gall. Ind. 701. (b.)

The male of this species is two feet in length ;
the prevailing colour of his plumage is black : the
head, the neck, the back, and the rnmp, having
rich reflections of blue : the rest of the body and
the tail being dull black : tlie wing-coverts are
dusky brown ; the first four quills black, the rest
white at the bottom ; the lower half and tips of
the secondaries white : under wing-coverts white :
liend of the wing the same : the feathers of the
lower part of the belly and the vent are dusky,

BLACK GROUS.

281

tipped with white : the tail is composed of sixteen
feathers of a black colour, changing to deep violet ;
the exterior ones bending outwards, and much
longer than those in the middle : the under tail-
coverts pure white : the feathers on the tarsi dark
brown : the eyebrows with a very deep red naked
space : the beak is black : the irides hazel, and the
feet brown.

The female is smaller than the male : the tail is
less forked, and its lateral feathers are not curved
outwards : the head, the neck, and the breast, are
striped transversely with red and black : the belly
and sides the same, but paler, and the feathers
tipped with whitish grey : the under tail-coverts
are striped with red and black, and tipped with
pure white ; the throat is reddish, striped with
small black lines : the back, wing-coverts, and
rump, are deep red, varied with black lines, which
are glossed with purplish: the tail-feathers are
black, varied with oblique zigzag red stripes, and
tipped with white: the quills are brown, with
white zigzag stripes on their outer webs : the
secondary feathers are white at their base, and at
their tips resemble the quills. The young males
of the tirst year are similar to the females, but at
the next moult they attain some of the particu-
larities of their proper plumage.

Several varieties of this species are mentioned ;
two of which are noticed in the synonyms : one a
male, varied with black and white, with a deep
shining spot on the breast : the other a female, of
a dull white, obsoletely waved with nut-colour.

282

BLACK GROUS.

Temmiiick also mentions avariety with the plumage
wliite, varied with brown and red, with black
stripes ; and one with a black body, with the neck,
the back, and the wings, white.

Black Grous are found in most parts of Europe,
particularly the most northern, where they are
abundant : in this country they are getting very
scarce, at least in the southern parts, from the
introduction of the art of shooting flying, which
has caused great havoc amongst these birds, and
has ‘Utterly extirpated that fine species, the Wood
Grous. The only spots where they appear to
occur at present in the south are in the wild,
uncultivated parts of the New Forest, Hampshire,
Dartmoor and Sedgemoor in Devonshire, and the
heathy hills in Somersetshire ; but north of Staf-
fordshire and Yorkshire they are tolerably plen-
tiful, but most so in Scotland: they are partial to
sequestered spots, and mountainous and woody
situations : their food consists principally of fruits
and berries, and in winter of the tops of heath and
birch.

The males are polygamous, and fight desperately
with each other for the females : about April the
latter deposits her eggs, which are six or seven in
number, of a dirty white, blotched with rust-
colour ; they are about the size of those of a Phea-
sant, and are placed amongst the highest heath,
without the least appearance of a nest : the young
follow the female for some time, but quit her at
the commencement of the winter, and keep to-
gether in flocks of seven or eight, till the spring,

BLACK GROUS.

283

when the males separate, and assume their pugna-
cious dispositions.

They will not bear confinement, many attempts
to rear them having failed. During the winter the
inhabitants of Siberia catch them in the following
singular manner. A number of poles are placed
horizontally on forked sticks, in the places the birds
frequent ; small bundles of corn are tied on these
by way of allurement, and at a little distance some
tall conical shaped baskets are placed, having their
broad end uppermost ; just within the mouth of
each basket a small wheel is balanced in such a
manner that the least touch, on either side, causes
it to fall down and recover its situation. The
birds are soon attracted by the corn on the hori-
zontal poles ; the first comers alight upon them,
and after a short repast fly to the baskets, and
attempt to settle on their tops, when the wheel
drops sideways, and they fall headlong into the
trap. These baskets are sometimes found half
full of the birds thus caught.

In Russia, Norway, and other extreme northern
countries, the Black Grous are said to retire under
the snow during the winter, but probably without
foundation.

284

C. Cauda cuneiforma.

€. Tail wedge-shaped.

LONG-TAILED GROUS.

(Tetrao Phasianellus.)

Te. corpore supra testaceo nigricante vario ; pectore castaneo~
Jiisco, maculis albis vario ; latera colli tectricibusque alarum
maculis rotundatis albis, cauda cunei/hrmis ; rectricibus duabus
elongatis maculis ocellaribus iiotatis.

Grous with the body above testaceous, varied with dusky 5 the
breast chesnut-brown, varied with white spots ; the sides of
the neck and the wing-coverts with rounded white spots j the
tail wedge-shaped, the two middle feathers elongated, and
marked with ocellated spots.

Tetrao Pliasianellus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 273. 1. 0. — Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 1. 747* — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 635. 2. — Briss. Sup.
p. g. — Temm. Ind. Gall. 7OI.

Coq de Bruyeres ^ longue queue. Buff. Ois. 2. 286. 3.

Tetras Phasianelle. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 152.

Sharp-tailed Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 181.

Long-tailed Grous. Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 394. — Edxu. Birds, p.
117. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 732. 2. — Lath. Sy7i. Sup. 112.

This curious bird is in length seventeen inches :
its beak is black : irides hazel : head, neck, and
upper parts of the body, testaceous, with transverse
black fasciae, which are broadest on the back :
between the beak and eyes a spot of white : sides
of the neck marked with roundish white spots :
wing-coverts with spots and stripes of white :
quills black, spotted with white on their outer

LONG-TAILED GROUS.

285

webs ; secondaries brown, striped on the outer
edge, and tipped with white : rump lioary : tail
short, consisting of eighteen feathers ; the two
middle ones longer than the rest, and spotted with
testaceous ; the rest of them pale brown, tipped
with white : the breast and belly whitish, marked
with testaceous cordiform spots, deepest on the
belly. The sexes differ but little from each other,
the principal distinction being in the male having
the naked space over the eyes more determined
and brighter.

These birds inhabit the mountainous parts of
the country about Hudson’s Bay ; they feed upon
juniper berries and buds : they associate in small
flocks, and lay their eggs, which vary from ten to
sixteen iti number, upon the ground, in an artless
nest composed of grass, and lined with a few fea-
thers : the eggs are white, and are hatched about
the middle of June : the young follow the mother
as soon as hatched : their flesh is greatly prized,
and is very plump and juicy. They are called by
the natives of Hudson’s Bay Arv-lds-cow^ accord-
ing to Hearne.

23G

L AGOPUS. PT A R M IG A N .

Generic Character.

Rostrum breve, basi plumo- i
sum, supra convexum, la- j
teratim compressiusculum, i
versus apicem aduncum ; j
mandibula inferiore basi |
sub Irigonum.

Nares basales, semiclausas.

Supercilia nuda glabra.

Pedes tetradactyli, mutici ;
tarsi digitique hii’suti.

Beak short, feathered at tlie
base, above convex, the
sides someAvhat compress-
ed, towards its tip bent
down ; the under mandible
slightly triangular at its
base.

Nostrils basal and half closed.

Eyebrows naked and smooth.

Feet four-toed, spurless ; the
tarsi and toes hairy.

Lagopus. Antiquoruniy Rail., Vieil., Leach.
Tetrao. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm., Cm., Nilss.
Bonasa. Brisson.

X'hE Ptarmigans form a genus that was well
known to the ancient ornithologists : it possesses
the singular character of having the tarsi and toes
covered with hair-like feathers : the eyebrows are
naked, smooth, and generally of a pale red hue :
the tail is either rounded or somewhat square : the
sides of the toes are serrated and rough : most of
the species change their plumage in the winter.

rTAiR.M;i©A:?^ o

COMMON PTA^RMIGAN.

287

and become of a pure white, or whitish ; and at
that time the toes become slightly downy beneath,
to defend them from the frost and snow : their
claws, which are broad and crooked, are well
adapted for removing the latter, which they are
obliged to do to procure their food, which consists
of herbage, fruits, berries, and the tender shoots of
various trees. They are all natives of the frigid
regions.

COMMON PTARMIGAN.

(Lagopus mutus.)

La. cinereo alboque varius, remigibus albis rectricibtis nigrisy apice
albisj duobus intermediis albis. (Maris mactild nigra inter
rostrum et oculos : corpore hyeme toto albo.')

Ptarmigan varied with cinereous and white ; the quills white j
the tail-feathers black with white tips, the two middle ones
entirely white : between the beak and eyes of the male is a
black spot j in the winter the body is entirely white.

Lagopus mutus, Leach. Cat. Mtis. Brit. p. 27.

Tetrao Lagopus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2/4. 4. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. no. 203. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749- — 0. Fabr. Faun.
Groen. no. 80. — Briss. Orn. 1. 2l6. 12. male. — Lath. hid. Orn,
2. 639- 9* — Tenim. Gall. Ind. 707.

Tetrao alpinus. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1,311.

Le Lagopede. Buff. Ois. 2. 264. pi. 9.

LaGelinote blanche. Buff. PI. Enl. 129. 494.

Le Ptarmigan, ou Tetras Lagopede. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3,
185. pi. 10. ff. 1, 2, 3. (head, &c.) — Temm. Man. d^Orni.
p. 293.

288

COMMON PTARMIGAN.

White Game. Will. Orn, ( Ang.) p. Ij6. pi. 32.

Ptarmigan. Penn. Brii. Zool. 1. Q5.pl. 43. — Penn. Arct. Zool.

2. 315. D. — Gent. Mag. 1772. pi. in p. 74. — Lath. Gen. Spn.

4.741. 10. — Leixiin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 134. — Wale. Spn.2.pl.

182. — Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 12. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. —

Mont. Orn. Diet. Hupp. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 303. — Bing.

Anim. Biog. 2. 250.

The Ptarmigan is fifteen inches in length : its
beak is black : the jilumage pale brown or ash-
colour, elegantly crossed or mottled with small
dusky spots and minute bars : the head and neck
with broad bars of black, white, and rust-colour:
wings white : greater quills with black shafts : in
the male the head is more inclined to rufous : in
the month of September it begins to change its
plumage, and about the middle of October it is of
a pure white all over : the shafts of the first seven
quills black ; and the tail, which consists of sixteen
feathers, has the two middle ones white, the rest
black, with a little white on the tips of the second
feathers from the middle : the male also possesses
a black stripe from the nostrils to the eyes.

Temminck considers the Rock Ptarmigan of
Latham to be referrible to this species, but that is
a much sinaller bird, and is spotted with white
and dull orange in its summer plumage ; whereas
this is destitute of such marks : therefore till there
is more certainty respecting them, it will be better
to consider them as distinct, since they inhabit dif-
ferent countries ; and as similar varieties do not
occur in this kingdom, where the Ptarmigan is
sufficiently common, it seems to give additional

COMMON PTARMIGAN.

289

support to the conjecture of these being two de-
cided species.

The Ptarmigan inhabits most of the northern
parts of Europe, even as far as Greenland : it is
very common in Russia and Siberia : it also is
abundant on the fUpine mountains of Savoy, and
other temperate regions. In Britain these birds
are chiefly met with on the summits of the highest
hills of the Flighlands of Scotland ; they are also
not uncommon in the Hebrides and Orkneys, and
a few are still said to inhabit the lofty hills of
Cumberland and Wales.

In winter they assemble together in flocks, and
are very stupid, suffering themselves to be knocked
down with sticks, or driven into any snare that is
set for them. They frequently stretch out their
necks, apparently in curiosity, and remain other-
wise unconcerned, while the fowler takes aim at
them : when frightened they fly off, but imme-
diately afterwards alight, and stand staring at their
foe. It is said if the female be killed, the male
will not forsake her, but may then also be killed
with great ease. So little alarmed are they at the
presence of mankind, as even to bear driving like
poultry ; yet notwithstanding this apparent gentle-
ness of disposition, it is impossible to domesticate
them ; for when caught they refuse to eat, and
always die in consequence.

Tlieir food consists of the buds of trees, young
slioots of pine and lieath, and mountain berries
and fruits : ^on tlie Contineut tliey feed on llie
dwarf bircli and black-berried heatli, and some-

V. XT. P. II.

ROCK PTARMIGAN.

times on the various kinds of liverwort. The
female lays her eggs on the ground ; they are from
six to ten in number, dusky with reddish brown
spots ; they are something larger than those of the
Partridge.

They are called White Game in this country,
and their flesh is excellent food, being said to
taste so like the Black Grous as to be scarcely
distinguishable from it.

ROCK PTARMIGAN.

(Lagopus rupestris.)

La. aurantius, Jasciis alris liliirisque albis mriiis ; reclricibus
atris apice albis, intermediis totis albis, loris nigris.

Orange Ptarmigan, varied with dark fasciae and white stripes ;
the tail-feathers dusky, with white tips the two middle
ones entirely white, the lores black.

Tetrao rupestris. GmeL Spst. Nat. 1. 751. — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.
640. 11,

Tetrao Lagopus. xiar. Temm. Gall. hid. 708.

Tetrao Alpinus, var. Nilss. Orn. Succ. 1.311.?

Rock Grous. Penn. Arct, Zool. 2. 184. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 217.

17. 6.

Latham makes mention of this bird in the fol-
lowing terms : “ At Hudson’s Bay a white Grous,
seemingly of a different species, is observed. In
size it is less by one third. It is exactly like the
other in colour, exceptipg it has a black line from

HOCK PTARMIGAN,;

291

the beak to the eye. The manners differ some-
what, as it inhabits rocky places or juniper plains
at all seasons. It frequently stretches the neck
out, and makes a croaking kind of noise. They
are very numerous at the two extremes of the
Bay, but never visit the middle settlement except
in very severe weather. This is called by the
natives Uscathachish, by the English Rock-Par-
tridge ; whereas the other is distinguished by the
name of WapatheuJ'

Temminck describes a specimen he received
from America, as a variety of the common Ptar-
migan • future observations will no doubt enable
ornithologists to determine the fact, whether it be
a distinct species, or only a variety of that bird.
The black streak between the beak and eye, which
appears to be a leading character in this species,
is w^ell marked, although the bird appears to be
nearly in its summer plumage : the top of the
head and the hinder part of the neck are varied
with black feathers, striped with rufous, and white
at their bases ; the top of the back, the scapulars,
and the breast, black : the feathers of the lower
part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-
coverts, grey-brown, wdth zigzag black stripes,
each feather having a bar of black, and a white tip :
the throat, the lower part of the neck, the under
parts of the body, and the wdngs, pure white : the
tarsi slightly covered wdth feathers: the last joint
of the toes nearly nuked.

292

WHITE PTARMIGAN.

(Lagopus albus.)

La. corpore (estate albo Jiihoque vario ; hyeme toto albo ; rectri-
cibus atris opice albis ; duabus intermediis totis albis.
Ptarmigan with the body in summer varied with white and
fulvous ; in the winter totally white ; the tail-feathers dark-
coloured, with white tips ; the two middle feathers entirely
white.

Tetrao albus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 570. 23. — Lath.Ind. Orn.2,
63Q. 10.

Tetrao saliceti. Tejnm. Gall. Ind, 709. (winter plumage.)
Tetrao subalpinus. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 307 ?

Lagopede de la bale d’Hudson. Buff. Ois. 2. 2/6.

Tetras des saules, ou muet. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. Z.p. 208. pi.

l\.f. 1, 2, 3. Temm. Man. d'Omi. 2Q5. (winter plumage.)
White Partridge. Edwards, pi. 72.

White Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 183. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.

743. U.

Like the foregoing species, which is considered
to be only a variety of the common Ptarmigan,
Temminck describes this as the winter dress of
the following species ; but as this species does not
occur in Scotland, where the Red Ptarmigan is
very abundant, I think his conjectures respecting
it rather unfounded.

This is rather larger than the common Ptar-
migan, which it greatly resembles : the plumage
in both sexes is a glossy white, as are the two
middle tail-feathers ; the four outer ones on each
side being black, with white tips : the legs and

2(^

MKILD ]P"rAlfiM!['.GAI^,

RED PTARMIGAN.

293

toes are well feathered : in the summer the plumage
is varied with large spots and stripes of white and
dull orange.

It is stated to be abundant at Hudsons Bay,
and lives in flocks in winter, feeding on the tops
of the willows : are good eating, and so common
that ten thousand have been taken at the several
forts in one winter, by driving them under nets
properly placed. They have from nine to eleven
young, and breed every where on the coasts. By
some they are called Snow Hens, from burrowing
in the snow.

RED PTARMIGAN.

(Lagopus Scoticus,)

La. corpore rufo nigricantequetransversim striato; rectricibus sex
uirinque exterioribus nigricantibiis.

Ptarmigan with the body transversely striated with rufous and
dusky 3 the six exterior tail-feathers on each side dusky.
Lagopus Scoticus. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 27.

Lagopus altera Plinii. Raii. Spn, 54. a. 3.

Tetrao Scoticus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 641. 15.

Bonasa Scotica. Briss. Orn. 1. igg. 5. pi, Tl. f. 1.

Tetrao Lagopus, var. Linn. Sqst. Nat. 1. 274. — Gmel. Spsl.
Nat. 1. 750.

Tetrao Saliceti. (Summer plumage.) Temm. Gall. Ind, 7IO.
Tetrao subalpinus. var. A, Nilss. Orn. Succ. 1 . 308.

294

RED PTARMIGAN.

La Gelinotte d’Ecosse. Buff. Ois. 2. 242.

Tetras des Sanies, ou muet. (Summer plumage.) Tcmm. Pig. ci
Gall. 3. 221.2)1. Q.ff. 5. (head.) — Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 2Q6.
Red Game, Moor Cock, Gorcock. Raii. S^n. 54. a. 3. — Alb.
Birds. 1. pi. 23. 24.

lied Grous. Penn. Brit. Zocl. 1. Q4.pl. 43. — Lath. Gen. Syn.4>
/46. 13. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 216. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds, pi. 135.
— Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 183. — Mont. Or?i. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn.
Diet. Supp. — Bexo. Brit. Birds. 1. 301. — Bing. Anim. Biog.2.
255. — Loxv. Faun. Oread, p. 51.

The Red Ptarmigan is in length fifteen inches
and a half : the beak is black : irides hazel : the
nostrils covered with red and black feathers : at
the base of the lower mandible is a spot of white :
the naked space above the eyes is scarlet, and
somewhat fringed : the head and neck are pale
tawny red, each feather being marked with several
bars of black : throat red : breast and belly dull
purplish brown, crossed with numerous narrow
dusky lines : quills dusky : the back and scapulars
deep red, with a large black spot in the middle of
each feather: tail even, consisting of sixteen fea-
thers ; the four middle ones barred with tawny
red, the rest all black : the legs covered with soft
whitish featliers down to the claws, which are of
a liglit liorn-colour, hollow, broad, and concave
underneath. The female is smaller : the colours
duller than in the male, and the naked space over
the eye less conspicuous.

These birds occur at all seasons on the heathy
and mountainous parts of the northern counties
of England ; they arc likewise said to be fmind

RED PTARMIGAN.

295

ill Wales, and are very common in the highlands
of Scotland, and the mountains and bogs of
Ireland : in winter they associate in flocks of
forty or fifty in number, and become remarkably
wild and shy : they never resort to woods, but
confine themselves wholly to the open moors and
the summits of the heathy hills ; feeding on the
mountain berries and the tender tops of the heath.
They pair in spring, and the females lay from
eight to fourteen eggs, much like those of the
Black Grous, but smaller, in a rude nest upon the
ground. The young brood follow the hen till the
approach of winter, when they unite with several
others into packs.

They have often been known to breed in
confinement, several instances being on record.
Their flesh is excellent food, but very soon cor-
rupts.

The Red Ptarmigans are stated by Temminck
to be natives of various parts of the Continent,
particularly the north ; and I understand that
Captain Carmicael killed them in the island Tristan
da Cunha, which is situated between the Cape of
Good Hope and St. Helena.

296

REHUSAK PTARMIGAN.

(Lagopus Lapponicus.)

La. corpore cestate rufo et nigricante striato ; are& supra oculos
rubra; collojerrugineo; cauda nigra ; hyeme toto albo ^ caudd
nigra, apice et rectricibus duabus intermediis albis.

Ptarmigan with the body in summer striated with rufous and
dusky j the region of the eyes red; the neck ferruginous;
the tail black : in winter the whole body white ; the tail
black, with its tip and two middle feathers white.

Tetrao Lapponicus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 040. 12. — Gmel, Syst.

Nat. 1. 751. 25. — Temm. Gall. Ind. 711.

Bonasa Scotica. , Briss. Orn. 1. \gg. pi. Tl. f. 1.

Tetrao subalpinus, var. Nilss. Orn. Stiec. 1. 307-
Tetras Rehusak. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 225. — Temm. Man.
d'Orni. p. 297*

Rehusak Grous. Penn, Arct. Zool. 2. 3 16. E. — Lath. Gen. Syn.
Sup. p.2l6.

The Rehusak Ptarmigan is one of the species
that undergoes a change with the seasons, be-
coming, like the common species, nearly white in
the winter, with the outer tail-feathers black, and
the two middle ones and tips of the others white :
the plumage in the summer greatly resembles that
of the White Ptarmigan : the sides of the head
and the throat are of a deep red : the top of the
head black, with red spots : the. neck reddish,
transversely striped with black : the back, tlie
rump, and the tail-coverts, striped with red and
black : some of the quills white, and the rest

REHUSAK PTARMIGAN.

297

striped with red and black : the breast with a
dull brown space : the belly and abdomen white :
the feathers of the tarsi dirty white : the outer
tail-feathers black at their base, and white at
their tips : during the winter the toes are covered
with feathers, but in the summer they are but
slightly sprinkled with them.

It inhabits the woods and forests of Lapland :
lays thirteen or fourteen reddish eggs, marked
with long brown spots : when disturbed it utters
a loud noise, like a coarse laugh.

298

BON ASA. HEATHCOCK.

Generic Character.

Kostnim breve, basi plumo-
sum, supra convexum, ver-
sus apicem incurvatum.

Nares basales, plumulis ob-
tectas.

Collum utrlnque pennis plu-
rimis elongatis, alulam si-
mulantibus, instructum.

Pedes tetradactyli mutici ;
tarsi hlrsuti.

Cauda rotundata.

Ala, breves, rotundatas.

Beak short, feathered at the
base, above convex ; to-
wards the tip bent do^v^l.

Nostrils basal, covered -wntli
feathers.

Ncch furnished on each side
with many feathers, re-
sembling a wing.

four- toed, spurless; tarsi
haiiy.

Tail rounded.

Wings short and rounded.

Attagen. Bris.'i.

Tetrao. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Tern., Vieil.

Bonasa. Briss.

1 HE birds of this genus are distinguished from
those of the preceding in having the feathers of
the neck elevated on eacli side like a mantle :
tlieir legs are only feathered to the toes, the latter
])eing naked and scaly. Two species only are
known, both of which are natives of America.

299

PINNATED HEATHCOCK.

(Bonasa Cupido.)

Bo. suhcristate, corpore Jhsco-rufescente nigro et albicante trans-
versim striato, cauda fascia terminali nigra.

Slightly crested Heathcock, with the body transversely striated
with fuscous-red, black and white j the tail with a terminal
black fascia.

Attagen Americana. Briss. Orn. 1. 212. 10.

Tetrao Cupido. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 274. 5. — Gmel. Syst, Nat.
1. 751. — Lath. Ind.Orn. 2. 648. 8. — Temm. Gall, Ind, ^Q4. —
fVils. Amer. Orn. Ill, p. \04.pl. XXVII. f. l.

Urogallus minor fuscus. Catesb. Carol. App. pi. 1.

Tetras huppecol. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. l6l.

Pinnated Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 180. — Bath. Gen. Syn.A.
740. 9.

This curious bird is about one-third larger than
the common Partridge : the top of the head, and a
space beneath the eyes, are of a red-brown ; finely
striated with deeper : the space round the eyes, the
throat, and the top of the neck, are reddish-white :
the feathers of the hind head form a crest ; and
two tufts of long feathers spring from each side of
the hinder-part of the neck ; these, which resemble
little wings, are composed of five wedged feathers,
about three inches in length, the lower ones being
the shortest, and black, the rest spotted with red
and white: these appendages are capable of motion
at the Mull of the bird : the rest of the plumage is
of a dirty red, striped transversely with red, black,

300

SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK.

and white : the breast, and all the under parts,
are striped alternately with white and brown : tlie
quills are dusky, witli reddish spots on their outer
webs : the upper tail-coverts are similar to the
back : the tail is dusky, tipped with black above,
and brown, with white coverts, below : the beak
is of a yellow-brown : the irides hazel. The female
is rather less than the male, the colours are less
brilliant, and she is entirely destitute of the wing-
like feathers on the neck.

This species is found in Carolina, New Jersey,
and other parts of North America, but particularly
on the brushy plains of Long Island, where they
are very numerous : they lay a considerable num-
ber of eggs : in the autumn they live in little
families, and towards the commencement of winter
they associate in flocks of two hundred or more,
and as the snow falls, frequent the places where
pines and other trees grow, that serve them for
nourishment : their chief food is kuckle berries, and
acorns of the dwarf oaks. The male crows for
half an hour aboirt daybreak, and at that time
sets the wing-like feathers quite upright, which
in general are depending on each side of the neck.

SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK.

(Bonasa Umbellus.)

Bo. capitc cristato, corpore supra Jiisco nifo nigroquc varicgalo,
suhtus Jidvo-albo, pectore lunulis Juscis variegato pcnnis ajdl-

SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK.

301

laribus majoribus, dongntisj 7iigris azureis ; uropygio guUis
albis consj^erso ; caudd Jasciatd, prope ajncan fascid latiore
nigrd, apice cinereo alba,

Heathcock with the head crested j the body above variegated
with fuscous, red and black, beneath fulvous white; the breast
varied with brown lunules ; the feathers of the axillse larger,
elongated, and of a deep azure ; the rump sprinkled with white
spots; the tail fasciated, near the tip a broad black fascia,
the tip greyish-white.

Attagen Pensylvanica, Briss. Orn. 1. 214. 11.

Bonasa major Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 207- 8. pi. 21. 1.
female.

Tetrao Umbellus. Linjz. Syst. Nat. 1. 2/5. 6. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 752. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 638. 7- male. &. female. —
Temm. Gall. Ind. 704. — Wills. Amer. Orn. VI. p. 45. pi.
XLIX.

Tetrao togatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 8. female. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 1. 752. — female.

Coq de Bruyere a fraise. Buff. Ois. 2. 181 .

La grosse Gelinotte de Canada. Buff. Ois. 2. 281. — female.

Buff. PI. Enl. 104. female.

Tetras ^ fraise. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 165.

RufiFed Grous. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 179- — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.

738. 8. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 215. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 251.
Shoulder-knot Grous. Phil. Trans. LXII. p. 3Q3. — female. —
Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 737* 7* — female.

RufiFed Heathcock. Phil. Trans. XLVIII. p. 4Qg. pi. 15.—
Bdvi. Glean.pl. 248.

The male of this species when in full plumage
has the top of the head, the cheeks, and the nape,
of a beautiful red, with transverse brown stripes :
the whole of the upper parts of the plumage, as
wel] as the tail, have their prevailing colour red :
the top of the back is varied with irregular black
and grey spots ; the middle of the back and the
rump have an oval white spot in the middle of

302 SHOULDER-KNOT IIEATHCOCK.

each feather : the tail is composed of sixteen fea-
thers, with four or five narrow transverse bands of
yellowish-white, accompanied by a narrow black
band ; towards the extremity of the feathers is a
broader band of black, and the tips of all are
greyish-white : the throat and the fore-part of the
neck are of a reddish-white : the breast, the belly,
and the sides, are regularly striped with brown,
red-white, and white : the middle and greater wing-
coverts are red-brown, with longitudinal reddish-
yellow spots : the quills are brown, varied on their
outer webs with red-white spots : the tufts on each
side of the neck are placed on its lower part, near
the insertion of the wings, and when expanded,
appear of a large size ; they are bright black, with
a fine steel gloss ; and the shorter ones are slightly
tipped with white or red.

It Varies a little, a specimen described by Tem-
minck having more of a brown cast on its whole
plumage : the top of its head and its cheeks varied
with red and brown ; the whole of the feathers on
the sides of the neck bordered with the latter co-
lour ; the white spots on the back less pure, and
sprinkled with small black points : the scapulars
irregularly spotted with red, black and white ; and
the tail grey-ash, with transverse dusky brown
bands, and undulated lines, the whole of its fea-
thers tipped with greyish-ash : the feet and the
beak are brown : suspected to be an immature
bird.

This species inhabits Pensyh^ania, New York,
Nova Scotia, Long Island, and other parts of North

SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK.

SOS

America : its manners greatly resemble those of
the Black Grous : the male placing himself upon
some elevated stump, when he commences his
peculiar noise called thumpings by flapping his
wings against his sides : he begins the strokes
gradually, at about two seconds of time from each
other, and repeats them quicker and quicker, until
they make a noise not unlike distant thunder. This
continues from the beginning about a minute ; the
bird ceases for six or eight minutes, and then be-
gins again. During this ecstacy he is blind to the
approach of the sportsman, who may take his aim
at leisure, being directed by the bird to the noise,
which may be heard at the distance of nearly half
a mile. He commonly practises this thumping
during the spring and fall of the year, and will do
the same even if confined in a house : during the
operation the crests on his head and sides of the
neck are elevated, and the tail is expanded to its
utmost. The female lays from twelve to sixteen
eggs, on the ground, in a nest placed near the stump
of a tree, amongst dry leaves : the young follow
the mother like chickens, and the whole brood
keep together till the spring : they feed on all
sorts of grain and fruit, and are said to be par-
ticularly fond of ivy-berries : their flesh is very
good. They arc called Drumming Partridges in
some parts of North America; and at Hudson’s
Bay pushee or pupiishee.

304

PTEROCLES. PTEROCLES.

Generic Character.

Rostrum mediocre, gi’acilius,
rectum, compressum; max-
illa versus apicem deflexa.

Nares basales, longitudinales,
membrana superne semi-
clausae, plumulis obtecta?,
infra patulm,

Redes debiles, antice hirsuti,
tetradactyli ; digit! breves,
pollice brevissimo.

Cauda cuneata.

Alee elongatas.

I Beal: middle sized, slender,
straight, compressed ; the
maxilla bent down towards
its tip.

Nostrils basal, longitudinal ;
half closed before by a mem-
brane covered with feathers,
beneath open.

Legs weak, plumose in front,
four-toed; toes short, the
hinder one very short.

Tail wedge-shaped,
elongated.

Pterocles. Temminck.

Q^nas. Vieillot.

Tetrad. Lhin., Gmel., Laih., Pall.
Perdix. Lath., Kay.

Bo NASA. Briss.

X HIS genus was divided from Tetrao by Tem-
minck, the birds of which it is composed residing
in the sandy plains and deserts of hot countries,
two only being occasionally found in the soutli of
Europe ; they form their nest on the ground, and

SAND PTEROCLES.

305

feed upon the tender tops of heath and other plants.
Some of them are confounded with the Grous, and
others with the Partridges, by Latham. Their
liinder toe is very short, and elevated from the
ground. Perhaps this genus would bear division,
the two last species having the two middle tail-
feathers considerably elongated and pointed j their
manners are also slightly different.

SAND PTEROCLES.

(Pterocles arenarius.)

Pt. corpore supra testaceo-albicante, maculis ovatis Jlavicantibus
conspersisf gula luted, lunula jugali nigra, torquea ahdomine
crissoque atris, rectricibus nigro griseoque Jasciatis, apice albis;
intermediis duahus fulvescentibus.

Pterocles with the body above testaceoiis-W'hite, sprinkled with
ovate yellowish spots 5 the throat yellow, with a black lunule
on the jugulum 3 collar round the neck, the abdomen and
vent dark-coloured 5 the tail-feathers fasciated with black and
grey, with wdiite tips, the two middle ones fulvous.

Pterocles arenarius. Temm. Gall. hid. 712.

Tetrao arenarius. Pall. Travels. 3. p. 6gg. — Gmel. Spst, Xat. 1.
J55. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 642. 18.

Perdix Aragonica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 645. 7-

Ganga unibande. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 240. — Temm. Man.
d' Orni. 299.

Aragonian Partridge. Lath. Spn. Sup. 1. 223.

Sand Grous. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 751. 16.

This species varies in length from fourteen to
sixteen inches : its throat is adorned with a trian-

V, XI. P. II.

306

SAND PTEROCLES.

gular patch of black, bordered on its upper part
with a broad band of chesniit-colour, which reaches
to the base of the under jaw, and passes beneath
the eyes and ears to the nape : the head, the neck,
and the breast, are of an ash-colour, tinged with
rufous : a broad bar of black passes over the breast
from the insertion of the wings on either side : the
belly, the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen, are
of a deep black : the under tail-coverts are also
black, with their tips white : the back and the
whole of the wing-coverts are reddish-yellow ; the
middle of the feathers being deepest, and their
edges ochrey yellow : quills brownish, with an ob-
lique dirty-white spot at their base ; the secondaries
ash-coloured, bordered and tipped with yellowish :
the tail, which is greatly wedge-shaped, is deep
ash above, with dusky bars, and the whole of the
feathers, except the two middle ones, are tipped
with white : the under part of the tail is black,
tipped with white : the feathers on the tarsi are
whitish yellow : the beak is bluish : the hinder
part of the tarsi and the toes are deep yellow.

The female is less, and her colours more dull ;
the grey on the neck being flat, and the black, on
the under parts of the body, brownish : the band
on the breast is also very small.

This species is found in the neighbourhood of
the Caspian Sea, frequenting the sandy deserts :
during the summer it is abundant near Astrakan,
but it winters in Persia. Burlu-chuduk appears to
be the favourite resort of these birds, on account
of its sandy fountains, as they drink a great deal.

DOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES.

307-

and' are so eager as to suffer the sportsman to cap-
ture them with facility. Their food consists of
the seeds of various kinds of Astragalus: the female
lays four or five eggs, which are white, spotted
with brown ; they are deposited in a nest placed
amongst thick briars.

DOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES.

(Pterocles bicinetus.)

'Px.Jronte nigra, macula supra oculos alba, corpore supra cinereo-
Jiisco maculis albis triangularibus variegato ; collo pectoreque
cinereo-Jiavis, cingulo pectoris duplici albo nigroque, corpore
subtus albo et Jusco striata. (Femina absque cingulis et Jrontis
macida nigra, pennis Juscis, rivfo et albescente-Jlavo striatis.)
Pterocles with the forehead black, a spot above the eyes white ;
the body above cinereous-brown, variegated with triangular
white spots ; the throat and breast cinereous-yellow, the latter
with a double belt of black and white 5 the body beneath stri-
ated with white and fuscous. Female without the belt and
the black spot on the forehead j the quills brown, striated
with rufous and whitish-yellow.

Pterocles bicinetus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 713.

Ganga bibande. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3, p. 247.

A NEW species described by Temminck : it is in
length rather above ten inches : the male has a
small spot of white at the base of the beak, and a
broad band of black extending across the forehead
from one eye to the other ; this is accompanied
above the eyes with two broad lateral spots of a

rrOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES.

pure white : the feathers on the top of the heaci
and the occiput are of a reddish-yellow, with a
dusky spot in their middle : the cheeks, the neck,
the breast, the lesser coverts^ and top of the wing,
are of an ashy-yellow : the back, the greater and
lesser coverts, and the secondary wing-feathers,
are of an ashy-brown j each feather being striped
and spotted with red, and all having a triangular
white spot at their tips : the rump, the tail, and it&
coverts, are transversely striped with brown and
reddish-yellow ; the tail-feathers being tipped with
the latter colour : the quills are black, with brown
shafts : the upper part of the breast is adorned
with two belts, reaching upwards to the sides of
the back ; the upper one is white, and the lower
black ; the belly, the sides, the thighs, and the
abdomen, are dirty-white, varied with slight brown
bars : the feathers on the fore-part of the tarsi are
dirty-white ; the hinder part of the tarsi, the toes,
the claws, and the beak, are yellow.

The female has not the bands on the breast, nor
the peculiar marks on the head of the male : the
whole of the upper part of the head is red-yellow,
with dusky longitudinal spots ; the cheeks and the
throat with minute brown points: the neck and the
breast marked with broad transverse bands of brown
and yellowish : the belly, the thighs, and the ab-
domen, as in the male : the feathers of the back,
and the whole of those of the wings, barred with
brown and red, and tipped with a stripe of white:
the quills are dusky-brown, slightly fringed at their
tip with white : the beak and the claws are brown.
The young males resemble the female.

INDIAN PTEROCLES.

309

Le Vaillant discovered this species in the country
of the Namaquois, on the borders of the great river :
it appears to be partial to the sandy portion of the
country, but in the vicinity of water : it lives in
society, the old and young together, till the com-
mencement of the season of courtship, when the
young divide, and seek a proper situation to per-
form the process of incubation.

INDIAN PTEROCLES.

(Pterocles quadricinctus.)

Pt. Jronte trifasciata, corpore supra drier eo-flavot nigro strialo,
dngulis pectoris quatuor, castaneo, alboy nigro, alboque. (Fe-
mina absque Jascia frontis, cingulisque pectoris)

Pterocles with the forehead with three fasciae ; the body above
cinereous-yellow, striated with black j the breast with four
belts, chesnut, white, black, and white. Female without the
fasciae on the forehead, or the belts on the breast.

Pterocles quadricinctus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 713.

Tetrao Indicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 755.

Perdix Indica. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 650. 23.

Ganga quadrubande. Temm. Pig. et Gall, 3. 252.

Indian Grous. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 752. 17*

This beautiful bird is a native of India; but
nothing is known of its manners : the male is
adorned with three fasciae on the head, the mid-
dle one black, and the two outer white : the hind-
head is reddish ; each feather with a longitudinal
dusky band :• the neck and the breast are of an

310

INDIAN PTEROCLES.

ashy-red: the top of the back is striped trans-
versely with dull brown, yellowish, and black : the
lesser and greater wing-coverts are bright yellow,
with a broad transverse stripe towards their tip,
bordered on each side by a narrow one of white :
the breast of the adult male possesses four semi-
circular bands ; the first uppermost is chesnut-
brown, the following white, the third black, and
the fourth white : the quills are dusky-brown : the
belly, the thighs, and the abdomen, are striped
alternately with delicate bars of whitish and black :
the tail-feathers are yellow, striped with black : the
feathers on the tarsi are greyish-yellow, slightly
sprinkled with black : the beak is slender, red at
its base, and black at its tip : the hinder part of
the tarsi .and the claws are brown. The female
does not possess the four fasciae on the breast, or
those on the forehead of the male ; and the wing-
coverts have not the bar of black with white edges:
the head is red-yellow, with a longitudinal dusky
stripe in the middle of each feather : the nape, the
back, and the rump, are striped with brown, black,
and yellowish : the scapulars the same, edged and
tipped with yellowish-white : the wing-coverts are
clear yellow, with transverse black stripes : the fea-
thers of the under parts of the body are similar to
those of the male, but less brilliant: the young
males resemble the female.

ALCHATA PTEROCLES.

(Pterocles Alchata.)

Pt. gutture nigroj pectoris cingulo lato rijfo-aurantio ; nigro mar-
gmato, corpore supra olivaceo , Jlavicante nigro rufoque 'oario,
tectricibus alarum castaneo maculatis, corpore subtus albo. (Fe-
mina gutture albo, deorsum collari dimidiato nigro, tectricibus
absque maculis castaneis.)

Pterocles with a black throat •, the breast with a broad rufous-
orange belt, margined with black ; the body above olive, varied
with yellowish, black, and rufous ; the wing-coverts spotted
with chesnutj the body beneath white. {Female with a white
throat j the lower half of the neck black j the wing-coverts with-
out the chesnut spots.)

Pterocles setarius. Temm. Gall. hid. 714.

Tetrao Alchata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 276. ll.—Gmel, Syst. NaL
1. 754. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 641. 16.

Bonasa Pyreniaca. Briss. Orn. 1. 105. 4. pi. 1. 2.

Perdix Damascena. Raii. Syn. p. 55. 7*

Le Ganga, Buff. Ois. 2. 244. 18. — Buff. Pi. Enl. 105. 106.
Ganga cata. Temm. Pig.et Gall. 3. 256. — Temm. Man. d' Orni.
p. 301.

Pintailed Grous. Edvo. Glean, p. 249. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7*18.
14.

This species is rather more than eleven inches
in length : its throat is black : the sides of the head,
and the fore-part of the neck, are of an ashy-yel-
low : on the breast is a broad belt of rufous-orange,
bordered on each side with a narrow band of black :
the head, nape, rump, and upper tail-coverts, are
striped alternately with black and yellow j back
and scapulars tlic same, with a narrow band of

312

ALCHATA PTEROCLES.

grey-blue towards the tips of each feather, and
another of yellow : the lesser and middle wing-
coverts are striped obliquely with red-chesnut,
tipped with a white crescent ; the greater coverts
are greyish-olive, tipped with black crescents ; the
belly, the sides, the abdomen, the thighs, and the
tips of the under tail-coverts, are white ; as are
also the extremities of the tail-feathers, and the
edges of the outer ones : the rest of the tail is
varied with yellow and black, and the two middle
feathers are considerably elongated and pointed :
the feathers on the*fore-part of the tarsi are white:
the beak and the feet are grey, and the claws black.
The female has the throat white, with a half collar
beneath, of a black colour ; with a belt of orange,
as in the male : the upper parts of the plumage
resemble that of the male : the wing-coverts are
grey-blue, with an oblique reddish band, and tipped
with black lunules : the two middle tail-feathers
are not quite so long as in the male. The young
have their plumage less variegated : the upper
parts of the body are olivaceous, shaded with ash-
colour : the white on the sides, the thighs, and the
abdomen, is varied with zigzag yellow and brown
lines.

This bird inhabits most of the warmer parts of
Europe, as the South of France, Spain, Italy, Sicily,
and the Levant ; it is very abundant in Persia,
Arabia, and the northern parts of Africa : it de-
lights in arid and sandy deserts, where it constructs
its nest of moss, briars, and slender herbs : it feeds
upon seeds and insects ; it is caught in great num-

NAMAQUA rXEROCLES.

313

bers near Aleppo, for its flesh, which is hard and
dry, and not relished by Europeans : it is called
Cata or Alcata in Arabia, and from thence its name
is derived.

NAMAQUA PTEIIOCLES.

(Pterocles tachypetes.) •

Pt* coY'pore supra cinerascente-fusco., gutture Jlavescoite, vertice
colloque cinereis, tectricibus alarum apice cinereo-nitidis, pec-
toris cingidis albo castaneis, ventre cinereo-purpureo. (Femina
pallide riifescens, collo pecioreque striis fuscis longitudinalibuSy
corpore iitrinquejusco rufoque transversim striato.)

Pterocles with the body above grey-brown j the throat yel-
lowish 5 the crown and neck cinereous j the tips of the wing-
coverts shining cinereous ; the breast with a belt of white
and chesnut j the belly grey-purple. {Female pale rufescent j
the neck and breast with longitudinal brown striae j the body
on both sides transversely striated with brown and rufous.)

Pterocles tachypetes. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 715.

Tetrao Namaqua. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1, 754. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
642. 19.

Tetrao Senegalus. Lin, Mant. I'/yi. p. 526. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 642. 17.

La Gelinotte du Senegal. Buff. PI. Enl. ] 30. (young male.)

Ganga velocifer. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 274.

Senegal Grous. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 749- 14. a.

Namaqua Grous. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7^0. 15. — Lath. Syn.
Sup. 215.

314

NAMAQUA PTEROCLES.

This is in length ten inches ; the throat of the
adult male is of a beautiful yellow ; the head and
the neck are of an uniform grey : the upper part of
the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are
of a grey-brown ; the feathers of the middle of
the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts, are
brown at their base, then yellow ochre, and tipped
with a bright spot of grey: the lesser coverts
have the grey spot more dull, and are slightly
bordered with reddish chesnut : the greater quills
are tipped with grey, and the lesser with pure
white, and the shafts of the two outer ones are also
white : the breast is tinged with a purple hue, and
bears upon it'two belts, the upper one pure white,
and the lower a lively chesnut-red : the belly, as
far as the thighs, is of a fine grey, tinged with
purple : the thighs, the abdomen, and the under
tail-coverts, are bright red : the tail itself is brown-
grey, tipped with yellow ; the two middle feathers
longest, and pointed : the feathers on the front of
the tarsi are reddish : the beak, the feet, and the
claws, are brown.

The female is less than the male : the throat is
red : the feathers on the head, the neck, and the
breast, are reddish white, with their centres brown,
forming a series of crescents : the back and the
wing and tail-coverts are barred with dusky brown
and red : the lesser wing-coverts are tipped with
white : the belly is striped transversely with white
and brown : the abdomen and the under tail-
coverts are bright red : the greater quills are not
tipped with grey as in the male : the lateral tail-

NAMAQUA PTEROCLES.

315

feathers are marked on their outer webs and part
of their inner ones with stripes of yellow and
brown : the rest of the tail resembles that of the
male, except that the two middle feathers are not
quite so long.

This species inhabits the middle region of Africa,
and in the daytime frequents the arid deserts. It
flies with rapidity, and a great distance at a time.
It feeds on the seeds of plants, corn, and also on
insects : drinks much, and arrives in troops at the
fountains, which are very scarce : its eggs are
deposited in a nest composed of herbs and briars ;
they are four or flve in number, olive-green spotted
with black, resembling those of the Plover.

316

FRANCOLINUS. FRANCOLIN.

Generic Character.

Rostrum validura, mediocre,
supra convexum, versus
apicem incurvum.

Nares basales, laterales, mem-
bran a nuda fornicali semi-
clausae.

Orhitcc papillosse.

Cauda elongata, rectricibus
duodecim.

Pedes tetradacty li, nudi ; tarsi
maris aut bicalcaratis aut
uno-calcarato.

Alec breves.

Francolinus. Briss.

Perdix. Lath,, Temm.y Briss., Cuv., Vieil, S^c.

Tetrao. Linn., Gmel,

TL HE Francolins are distinguished from the Par-
tridges by the beak being longer and stronger :
the tail is also longer : in the first division of the
genus the tarsi of the males are armed with a
single strong spur, and in the second with two,
except in the three last species, which possess one
spur and a hard callous tubercle, and have the
throat and orbits naked. In the manners of the

Beoik strong, middle sized,
convex above, and incurved
towards the ti p.

Nostrils basal, lateral, half
closed by a naked arched
membrane.

Orbits warty.

Tail elongated, consisting of
twelve feathers.

Feet four-toed, naked; the
tarsi of the male with two
spurs or only one.

Wings short.

LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN.

317

birds comprised in this genus there is a great dis-
similarity to those of the following ; these residing
in damp places and perching upon trees, whereas
the latter always rest upon the ground.

A. Tarsus maris calare uno.

A. Tarsus of the male with one spur.

LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus longirostris.)

Fb. corpora supra rufo-fusco atro maculato, pennis dorsi luteo
marginatis, subtus ferrugineo-riifo immacidatOf pectore ci-
nereo-C(Erulescente. (Femina pectore haud cceridescente.')
Francolin with the body beneath red-brown, spotted with dusky;
the feathers of the back edged with yellow ; beneath rusty-red,
immaculate ; the breast grey- blue. {Female with the breast
scarcely blue.)

Perdix longirostris. Temm. Gall. Ind. p, 721.

Francolin ^ long bee. Temm. Pig, et Gall. 3. 323.

This remarkable species is distinguished from
the other of the genus by its large beak, which is
almost as long as that of the Peacock ; whereas
the bird is only about fourteen inches in length :
its throat, the sides of the head, the upper part of
the neck, the belly, and the sides, are yellowish
rust-colour, without spots : the top of the head,
the occiput, the upper part of the back, and the

318

LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN.

scapulars, are chesnut-brown, striped and spotted
with velvety black ; some of the feathers have a
border of yellow ochre, and a stripe of the same
down the shaft : the lower part of the neck and
the breast are of a grey lead-colour : the feathers
of the lower part of the back, the rump, and the
upper tail-coverts, are rust-colour, shaded with
very fine obscure zigzag lines, with each feather
at its centre and towards its tip with a pure yellow-
ochre spot: the inner webs of the wing-coverts
are chesnut, with black spots ; the outer ones fer-
ruginous, with undulated brown lines ; the centre
of all with a yellow-ochre spot : the secondary
quills and those of the tail are ferruginous, with
bars and waves of brown : the quills with their
outer webs only varied with those colours : the
beak is black : the naked space surrounding the
eyes is red : the feet, the claws, and the spur,
which is short and thick, are of a pale horn-colour.
The female resembles the male, but does not pos-
sess the grey lead-colour on the lower part of the
neck and breast, this part being rusty-red : the
tarsi are quite smooth.

It inhabits the isle of Sumatra.

319

COMMON FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus vulgaris.)

Fr. corpore supra nigricante-fusco^ subtus colloque atris; hoc
hypochondriisque maculis alhis siibrotundisy torque auranticy
Jascid suboculari alba, (Femina ex nigricante et rufo-jiavi-
cante toto varid.)

Francolin with the body above dusky brown 5 beneath and neck
dusky ; the latter and sides of the body with rounded white
spots ; ring round the neck orange 5 a white fascia beneath
the eye. (Female varied entirely with dusky and reddish
yellow.)

Perdix Francolinus, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 644. 6. — Temni. Gall,
Ind.p. 723.

Tetrao Francolinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 275. 10. — Gmel, Syst,
Nat. 1. 756. 10. — Briss. Orn. 1. 245. 13. pi. 3.f. 2.

Francolin. Rail. Syn. p. 54. 4. — Will. p. 125. pi. 31.

Le Francolin. Buff. Ois. 2. 438. — Biiff. PI. Enl, 147. 148.
Francolin’ k collier roux. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 340. — Temm.
Man. d'Orni. p. 303.

Francolin Partridge. Edw. Glean, pi. 246. — Gent, Mag. xlii.
pi. in p. 112. — Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 759. 6.

This beautiful species is twelve inches and a
quarter in length : the beak is dusky : irides
hazel : the upper parts of the head, hind part of
the neck, back, and wing-coverts, are varied with
dusky and yellowish rust-colour : the sides of the
head, chin, throat, neck, breast, and belly, are
black : on each jaw a white streak : behind the
eye a patch of the same colour passes forward in a
streak to the nostrils : round the neck is a rusty

320

COMMON FRANCOLIN.

orange collar ; the sides of the neck, breast, and
body, are black, varied with spots of white : the
lower part of the belly and thighs striped with
black : the under tail-coverts reddish : the lower
part of the back and rump crossed with alternate
lines of black and yellowish white : the quills
dusky, marked with transverse rusty yellow spots :
tail rounded, the four middle feathers alternately
striped with black and rusty yellow 5 the others on
each side, with black and white for two thirds of
their length ; the rest black to the tip : legs red-
dish, and furnished with a spur. The female is
less, and irregularly varied with blackish and rusty
throughout, but in the back and tail greatly re-
sembling the male : tarsi without a tubercle or
spur.

Although a native of the southern parts of Eu-
rope, the manners of this elegant species are hut
little known : it feeds upon insects and seeds : it
has a very loud whistle, and its flesh is greatly
esteemed. It appears to be found throughout all
the warmer parts of Europe, from Spain to the
Levant ; it is likewise found in Asia at Bengal,
and is very abundant in Barbary and other parts
of Africa.

S21

t’ONDICHERRY FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus Pondicerianus.)

Fr. rufus nlgro-Jasciatm, sultus albus lunulis nigris, rectricibus
duabus intermediis Jasciis qualuor albidis ; lateralibus, hitus
nigro-fasciatis. (Femina muticis,)

Red Francolin fasciated with black 5 beneath white, with black
lunules ; the two middle tail-feathers with four white fasciae ;
the lateral ones internally fasciated with black. {Female with
the legs smooth.)

Perdix Ponticeriana. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 649. \Q,—Temm. Gall.
Ind. p. 722.

Tetrao Ponticeriana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 760. 42.

Le Perdrix de Pondicherry. Sonner. Voy. Ind, 2. l65.

Francolin a rabat, ou a gorge rousse. Temm. Pig. et Gall, 3.
332.

Pondicherry Partridge, Lath, Gen, Syn. 4. 77'^* — Lath,

Syn. Sup. 221, (female.)

This beautiful species was discovered by Son-
nerat on the coast of Coromandel, near Pondi-
cherry : it is ten inches in length : the beak is red
at its base and yellow at its tip : the irides are
red : the forehead and the region of the eyes are
bright red ; the colour passing over the latter like
an eyebrow, and ending on the hind head: the
top of the head is of a grey-brown : the breast is
alternately striped with whitish yellow and bright
brown : the back, the greater and lesser wing-
coverts, and the rump, grey-brown ; the edges of
the feathers with black spots, and all of them with
V. XI. p. ir. 22

322

THORACIC FRANCOLIN.

three reddish white stripes : the quills are grey : the
secondaries the same, with their outer webs striped
with yellowish white : the two middle tail-feathers
are grey, spotted with grey-brown, and crossed
with four yellow-white bands : the lateral feathers
are red at their base, with a black fascia towards
their tips, which are reddish white : the belly and
the abdomen are white, striped with semicircular
bands, and rufous at their edges : the legs are red,
and armed with a strong spur.

The female differs in being less brilliant in
plumage, and in wanting the spur.

THORACIC FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus thoracicus.)

Fr. corpore supra griseo-fusco, maculis J'usco-nigris adspershy
pectore ared rotundatd magnd grised, margine guttureque
Titfis, ventre abdomineque luteo-rujis nigro-maculatis.

Francolin with the body beneath grey-brown, sprinkled with
brown-black spots ; the breast with a rounded grey area, its
margin and the throat rufous 3 the belly and abdomen yel-
lowish red, spotted with black.

Perdix thoraeica. Temm. Gall. Ind. 723.

Francolin h Plastron. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 335.

Native of India: only one specimen known,
which is of the male sex : it is described by Tern-

AFRICAN FRANCOLIN.

323

minck : its length is twelve inches : on the breast
is a large rounded space of a greyish green hue,
varied with delicate zigzag black lines : the throat
is rufous, and that colour is distributed over the
sides of the neck, and surrounds the spot on the
breast : the under parts of the body are of a yel-
lowish red, each feather having a black spot, more
or less rounded : the back is grey-brown, with
large spots of dusky brown : the feathers of the
scapulars are beautifully varied with small white
crescents : the naked skin surrounding the eyes is
sprinkled wdth fleshy pimples, of a fine red : the
beak, the feet, and the spurs, are fine shining
silvery white : the female is unknown.

AFRICAN FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus Africanus.)

Fr. coY'pore supra cinereo-fusco nigro maculato, maculis magnis
lineis transversisque rujis, pennarum omnium rachis albis, colli
luteribus rujo nigroque variis, gutture nigro alboque variegatOy
maculis hypochondriarum pectorisque magnis castanets.

Francolin with the body above spotted with cinereous, fuscous
and black, with transverse rufous spots and lines ; the shafts
of all the feathers white 3 the sides of the neck red and
black ; the throat variegated with black and white j the sides
and breast with large chesnut spots.

Perdix Afra, Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 648. 16. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p.

723.

Francolin Ourikinas. Temm, Pig. el Gall. 3. p. 337.

Pearled Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 773. 15. a.

324

AFRICAN FRANCO LIN.

This species has the upper part of its head
and the occiput clothed with black feathers, with
reddish edges : a narrow red band, sprinkled
with black, extends down each side of the neck,
and another of white, whose feathers are tipped
with black, runs parallel with tlie first, and ter-
minates at the lower part of the neck, where it
joins a third, arising from beneath the eyes : the
throat is white, spotted with black : the breast is
yellow-red, varied with grey-blue : the feathers of
the upper parts of the body are of a deep grey,
each varied with a spot of black, and rufous zigzag
lines : the wing-coverts are brighter ash, with
transverse black bars : the shafts of all the feathers
of the upper parts of the body, as well as of the
wing-quills, are white : the quills are brown, with
a zigzag stripe extending the whole length of the
outer web : the feathers on the sides of the body
and lateral parts of the breast are shaded with
grey-blue, and have each a large spot of chesnut-
red near their middle, and a few are sprinkled
with oval white marks, which are most numerous
on the belly, where they approach each other : the
tail is black, striped with transverse undulated
lines of a bright rufous : the tarsi of the male are
armed with a very sharp spur, and are of a yellow-
brown, as are also the toes : the beak is brown :
the female has a hard tubercle in place of the
spur, and in plumage exactly resembles the male :
its length is about one foot.

Common in the country of the Hottentots : its
principal food consists of various species of bulbous

PEARLED FRANCOLLV.

325

plants, which it digs up with the beak : the female
deposits from ten to eighteen eggs of an olive-hue,
spotted with brown.

PEARLED FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus perlatus.)

Fb. nigro-spadiceuSy collo tectricibus alarum et partibus infe-
rior ibus giittis maculisque albis conspersis, dor so remigibus
secundariis tectricibusque caudce nigro rufoque transversim
striatis, fascia, per oculos alter<ique irfra nigris. (Femina
corpore subtus transversim striato.)

Deep chesnut Francolin; -ndth the neck, wing-coverts, and
under parts of the body, sprinkled with spots and freckles of
white; the back, secondary quills, and tail-coverts, transversely
striated with black and rufous; a stripe through the eyes
and one beneath black. {Female with the body transversely
striped beneath.)

Perdix perlata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 648. 15. — Temm. Gall. Ind,

p.yo.i.

Perdix Madagascariensis. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 645. 8.

Perdix Sinensis. Briss. Ois. 1 . 234. 9. pi. 28. a. f. 1.

Tetrao Madagascariensis. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. 756. 31.

Tetrao perlatus. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 758. 36.

Tetrao Sinensis. Osb. Voy. China. 2. 326.

Francolin perle. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 326.

Le Francolin de PIsle de France. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 166.
pi. 97. ^

Perdrix perlee de la Chine. Buff, Ois. 2. 446.

326

TEARLED FRANX'OLIN.

Pintado Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 76 1 . 7. — Lath. Syn.

Sup^. 2ig.

Pearled Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 772. 15.

The male of tins beautiful species varies from
ten to a dozen inches in length : the feathers on
the top of the head are black, edged with red :
two longitudinal black stripes commence from the
base of the beak, one of which passes over and
surrounds the eyes, the other passes beneath, and
joins the former ; the space between is pure white ;
of which colour the throat is also : the feathers on
the hinder part of the neck are black, with four
longitudinal white spots ; those on the top of the
back, the fore-part of the neck, the breast, and the
lesser wing-coverts, are black, each varied with six
large rounded white spots : the scapulars are of a
reddish chesnut, with whitish spots at their tips :
the back, the rump, the upper wing-coverts, and
those of the tail at their base, are black, with
innumerable white bands : the tip of the tail-feathers
is black : the quills and secondaries are the same ;
the former varied with broad white bands, the
latter with small white spots : the belly is whitish :
the sides are reddish ; both varied with black lines
of various sizes : the under tail-coverts are red :
the beak is black, and the feet are bright red : the
tarsi are armed with a thick and blunt spur, which
is wanting in the female : this sex differs in many
respects : it is rather smaller : the head is similarly
marked, but the two longitudinal bands do not
extend so far behind the eye, and the space between

NOISY FRANCOLIN.

327

them is riifescent white : the feathers of the top
of the back are fringed with bright brown, and the
six white spots on each are of an irregular form :
the feathers on the under parts of the body are
striped with six alternate transverse bands of white
and black.; the scapulars, the wing-coverts, the
back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are
grey-brown, varied with white lilies, and large
black spots : the transverse stripes on the tail are
tinged with reddish white : in other respects the
plumage resembles that of the male.

This bird is common in China, where it is known
by the name of Tahe-cou : it is likewise abundant
at Bengal, the Isle of France, and Madagascar : it
perches, in common with the rest of the Francolins,
upon trees : its note and appearance are somewhat
like those of the Guinea Pintado ; from thence it
has been called the Pintado Partridge.

B, Tarsi bicalcarata.

B. Tarsi double spurred,
a. Gula plumis tectee.
a. Throat covered with feathers.

NOISY FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus clamata.)

Fr. corpore nigricante-Jusco , pennis lineis angustis conspersisy
gula albida, cajnte pectoreque Jmco-nigricantibuSy remigibus
cinerascenti-fuscis, pedibus muticis.)

328

NOISY FRANCOLIN.

Francolin with the body dusky brown, sprinkled with slender
lines j the throat white ; the head and breast dusky brown >
the quills grey-brown. {Female with the legs smooth.)

Perdix clamata, Temm. Gall. Ind. yiy.

Francolin criard. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. 298.

This species, which is described by Temminck,
received its name from its harsh and disagreeable
cry, which is uttered niglit and morning, and
somewhat resembles the ?>y\\^h\e%crohd-crohd-cro}id-
hach : it is heard at a great distance. The male
is about seventeen inches in length : the prevailing
colour of the plumage is dull grey-brown or bister,
varied with stripes and spots of grey : the top of
the head and the occiput are plain brown : the
feathers on the cheeks and the top of the neck are
bordered with white ; the throat is nearly white :
on the breast is a broad gorget of dusky brown,
each feather having a white longitudinal band fol-
lowing the direction of the shaft : the whole of the
plumage of the other parts, upper as well as under,
is barred with innumerable zigzag lines, following
nearly the outline of the feathers : the secondary
■wing-quills and the feathers of the tail are marked
with reddish zigzag stripes : the greater quills are
clear grey-brown : the feet are yellow : the spurs,
which are two in number, are horn-coloured, and
the lower one is very sharp : the claws are brown.
The female differs in wanting the spurs, and being
smaller: she deposits her eggs, which are from
twelve to eighteen in number, carelessly upon the
ground.

BROWN AFRICAN FRANCOLIN.

329

Inhabits the extensive countries of the middle
regions of Africa, near tho large rivers in the deep
forests of those parts.

BROWN AFRICAN FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus spadiceus.)

Fr. corpore supra subtus caudaque intense spadiceis^ vertice col-
loque superiore dilutioribus, temporibus nudisy caudd longa,
rotundatd. (Femina midicis?)

Francolin with the body above and bfeneath, and the tail, deep
chesnut ; the top of the head and the upper part of the neck
palest ; the temples naked j the tail long and rounded. {Fe-
male with the legs smooth ?)

Perdix spadicea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 4. — Temm. Gall. Ind.

719.

Tetrao spadiceus. Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 759. 29.

La Perdrix rouge de Madagascar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. p. 169.
Francolin spadice. Temm. Pig. etGall. 3. p.'6\5.

Brown African Partridge. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 759. 4.

The male of this species is only known, and was
discovered by Sonnerat in his voyage to India, in
the island of Madagascar : the space round the
eyes is naked, and of a reddish yellow colour : the
top of the head and the throat are of a brown-
bister : the rest of the plumage of the upper and
under parts of the body of a red-brown, slightly
edged witli olive-grey : the great and middle fea-

330

SENEGAL FRANCOLIN.

thers of the wings are of a brown-bister : the tail-
feathers are the same, varied witli narrow zigzag
stripes of a dusky hue : the feet are fiery red, armed
with two very slender and sharp spurs, which, as
well as the claws, are brown.

SENEGAL FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus Senegalensis.)

Fr. corpore rufo Jusco albidoque mrio, vertice rufo, stqyerciliis
nigrisy guld alba.

Francolin with the body varied with rufous, brown, and white ;
the top of the head rufous 5 the eyebrows black ; the throat
white.

Perdix Senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 231. B.Jbl. lA.f. 1.

Perdix bicalcarata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6-13. 2.

Perdix Adansonii. Temm. Gall. Ind. 717.

Tetrao bicalcaratus. Linn, Spst. Nat. 1. 277- ^5. — Gmel.Syst.
Nat. 1. 759. 15.

Le Bis-ergot. Buf. Ois. 2. 433. — BuJI. PL E)d. 137.

Francolin Adanson. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 305.

Senegal Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7^7- 2.

Rather larger than the Red-legged Partridge:
length thirteen inches : beak horn-coloured : the
top of the head tawny : a black line extends from
the nostrils to a short distance behind the eyes,
over which it passes : above this is a rufous white
band, with one of black above, which passes to the

CEYLON FRANCOLIN.

331

occiput: the sides of the head are white, with
streaks of black : the neck rufous, varied with
brown and dirty white spots : the upper parts of
the body and wings varied with brown, rufous,
and sullied white : quills brown, with paler spots :
the -under parts of the body similar to the upper,
but less rufous : tail banded with rufous and brown :
legs brown, naked, and furnished with two spurs,
both of which are blunt. Female without the
spurs.

This inhabits the interior of Africa, and Senegal,
on the umbrageous borders of the Niger : nothing
is known of its mannei's: its flesh is said not, to be
very fine, but poor and meagre.

CEYLON FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus Ceylonensis.)

Fr. corpore supra nigricante, subtus nigricante-fiisco, pennis
medio alhis, cervice tectricibusque alarum macidis albis sagit-
tatis variis, caudd elongnid rotimdald nigra,, area oculorum
nudd. rubrd. (Femina absque guttis albis et calcat-ibus.)

Francolin with the body above dusky, beneath dusky brown ;
the feathers white in the middle ; the top of the neck and
wing-coverts varied with arrow-shaped white spots ; the tail
elongated, rounded, black ; region of the eyes naked and
red. (Female without the white spots or sjmrs.)

Perdix Ceylonensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 3. — Temm, Gall,
hid. 718.

Perdix bicalcaratus. Forst. Zool. Ind. 25. 14. yi 1, 2.

CEYLON FRANCOLIN.

Tetrao Zeylonensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, ysg. 38.

Francolin Habankukella. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 311.
Ceylon Partridge. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 758. 3. male.

Chitygong Partridge. Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 222. female.

The male Ceylon Francolin measures about
thirteen inches in length : the head and top of the
neck have small black feathers with white shafts :
the throat is white : the cheeks are naked, and
hue red : the prevailing colour of the plumage on
the upper parts is ferruginous : the top of the back
and the wings with black spots, varied with white ;
those on the wing-coverts arrow-shaped : the quills
are deep brown : the secondary feathers are fer-
ruginous, sprinkled with black spots : the feathers
of the under parts are black, with the middle
white ; those of the sides the same, with a longi-
tudinal stripe of white : the abdomen and the tail-
feathers black : the feet and the beak are red : the
tarsi are armed with two strong spurs, the upper
of which is longest ; they are brown-red : the
claws are brown. The female is not so laro:e as
the male : the naked space round the eyes is
smaller : the tarsi are destitute of spurs : the head
is varied with black and grey : the feathers of the
back and wings are ferruginous, without the white
spots, but varied with a spot of black in the middle
of each : the under parts of the body are rust-
colour, with all the feathers edged with bright
red : the quills and the tail-feathers are brown.

This bird inhabits the isle of Ceylon, and the
province of Chittygong in the East Indies, where
it does not appear to be very scarce, although but
few specimens have arrived in Europe.

333

b. Gula oKBiTisauE nudis; tarsus iubercido et calcare armatus.
b. Throat and orbits naked ; tarsus, armed with a tubercle and
a spur.

CAPE FRAXCOLIX.

(Francolinus Capensis.)

Fr. carpore supra cinereo-nigricante, subtiis spadice, macuJis Ion-
gitudinalibus albis, gula nuda rubra, pectore strigis albis, pe-
dibus rubris. {Ytmina, pedihus muticis.)

Francoliu with the body above dusky-grey, beneath chesnut,
with longitudinal white spots 3 the throat naked and red 5 the
breast with white striae ; the feet red. {^Female with the les:3
smooth.)

Perdis Capensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 643. 1.

Perdis nudicoUis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 644. 5. r Temm. Gall.
Ind. p. 720.

Tetrao Capensis. Gmel. Spst.Kat. 1. /5Q. 3/.

Tetrao nudicoUis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. loQ. 40. r
Le Gorge nue. Buff. Ois. 2. 444.

FrancoUn a gorge nue. Temm. Pig- et Gall. 3. 31/.

Bare-necked Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 759* 5. i
Cape Pairtridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 756. 1.

The male Cape Francolin is fifteen inches and
a half in length : the feathers of the upper part of
the head are grey-brown, with a black spot in their
centre ; those of the hinder parts and sides of the
neck are brown, with two small white longitudinal
stripes on their sides ; the top of the back and the
wing-coverts are deep brown, with a longitudinal
brown spot in the centre of each feather: the lower
part of the back and the rump are grey-brown,

334

CAPE FRANCOLIN.

with a narrow stripe of deep brown following the
direction of the shaft : the breast, the belly, and
the feathers of the sides, are chesnnt-brown ; each
feather with a black longitudinal stripe following
the shaft, and one of white, slightly edged with
black on either side in the same position: the quills
and the tail-feathers are grey-brown : the beak, the
sides of the head, the upper naked part of the
neck, and the feet, are fine red : the tarsi are some-
what double spurred, possessing a sharp ordinary
spur, and a hard callous tubercle, about an inch
above : these and the claws are brown.

The female is smaller, wants the spurs, and the
space on the throat, which is naked in the male,
is slightly sprinkled with small white feathers : the
naked space surrounding the eyes is very small :
the plumage resembles that of the male, except in
the following particulars : the feathers of the breast
and the sides are not tinged with chesnut-brown,-
neither do they possess the three longitudinal black
bands or the two white ones, as in the male : the
whole of the upper parts of the body are deeper
brown, and the black spots are more dusky and
extended. The young have the whole of the upper
parts of a deep grey-brown, with the back, the
wings, and tail, sprinkled with black spots ; which
are largest in the middle of the feathers : the fea-
thers of the breast, the sides, the belly, and the
abdomen, are transversely striped with brown,
yellow-ochre, and white.

This bird inhabits the southern parts of Africa ;
by the colonists of the Cape of Good Hope it is

RED-NECKED FRANCOLIN.

335

called a Pheasant : it lives in woods, and at the
rising and setting of the sun utters its cry : its food
consists of the roots of bulbous plants, insects, and
their larvae: the female deposits her eggs in a rough
nest, amongst bushes : the young remain with the
parents till the breeding season.

RED-NECKED FRANCOLIN.

(Francolinus TubricoUis.)

Fr. corpore Jusco-maculato, crisso albo, orhitis gulaque nudis ru-
hris, strigd supra et infra oculos alba. ■ pedes rubris.

Francolin with the body spotted with fuscous j the vent white j
the orbits and throat naked and red j above and beneath the
eyes a white stripe j feet red.

Perdix rubricollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 64S. 13. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 758. 34.

La Perdrix rouge d’Afrique. Byf. Ois. 2. 444. — Pl> Enl.
180.

Red-necked Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 771- 13.

Latham thus describes this bird. “ Size of a
male Partridge : length thirteen inches : beak short,
red : round the eye a bare space, pointed before
and behind : chin and throat bare and red : the
general colour of the plumage brown, spotted above
with darker brown : over the eye a white streak ;
beneath another, which bounds the upper part of
the bare space on the throat, curving downwards ;

336

cranch’s francolin.

both streaks arising from the base of the beak :
sides of the neck, and under parts of the body,
white, dashed with brown ; the brown marks largest
as they are farthest from the upper parts : the mid-
dle of the breast and belly brown for the most part:
vent and thighs white : tail short, scarcely more
than an inch long, and spread : legs red, furnished
with a curved spur as long as the hind claw. In-
habits Africa.’’

Temminck considers this to belong to his Fran-
colin a gorge nue, but the great difference in size
bespeaks it another species : this bird being full
three inches less, and differing considerably in its
markings from the young of the former species,
which is the nearest in size ; and is transversely
barred beneath, whereas this is longitudinally
striped : it differs also in other respects.

cranch’s francolin.

(Francolinus Cranchii.)

Fr. corpore supra cinerascente-hrunneo suhtus albido, maculis
atro-J'uscis variegalo ; maculis ventralibus elongatis Jerrugineis
guld nudd.

Francolin with the body beneath grey-brown, beneath whitish,
varied with dark brown spots, those of the belly elongated and
inclining to ferruginous 5 the throat naked.

Perdix Cranchii. Leach. App. IV, in Congo. Narr. p, 408.

cranch's franc ol in.

337

The only specimen known of this species was
discovered by that industrious naturalist Cranch,
during the unfortunate expedition fitted out to
explore the source of the Zaire. The place of its
capture is unknown, but no doubt it is a native of
Congo and the adjacent parts.

V. XI. P. II.

338

PERDIX. PARTRIDGE.
Generic Character,

^o^^rwmbreve,bas"i glabrum;
maxilla superiore incur-
vato-fornicata.

Nares basales, margine pro-
minulae.

Orhitce nudae papillosae.

Cauda brevis, deflexa.

Pedes tetradactyli, nudi, aut
calcarati, aut mutici.

Aloe breves.

Beak short, smooth at the
base ; the upper mandible
arched and bent down.

I Nostrils basal, with the mar-
I gin prominent.

I Orbits naked, warted.
j Tail short, bent down.

Feet four-toed, naked, with
spurs or smooth.

Wings short.

Perdix. Kay. Briss. Lath, Cuv. Tern. Leach. Vied. Nilss,
Tetrao. Linn. Gmel.

The birds of this genus live entirely upon the
ground in open fields, never frequenting the woods
or perching upon trees : they live upon seeds and
insects, and the females deposit their eggs in a
rude nest formed of grass and other herbs : the
young remain with the parents till the breeding
season, when they divide, and provide for their
future progeny : they are monogamous. Their beak
is shorter and weaker than in the preceding genus :
the tarsi of the males are but slightly spurred, and
in some of the species have only a simple tubercle:
the females have their tarsi smooth : their tail is
short, and has a tendency to descend.

339

COMMON PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix cinerea,)

Pe. corpore supra cinerea^ rufo nigroque vario, sultus alhicante-=
Jiavido, pectore ccerulescente , Uneis nigi'is et macidis rnfis varies
gatis, rectricibus octodecim, septem extimi utrinque, apice ci-
nereis. (Mas. maculis duabus castaneis imo pectoris.^
Partridge with the body above grey, varied v/ith red and black,
beneath yellowish white ; the breast caerulescent, variegated
with black lines and rufous spots j the tail-feathers eighteen,
the seven outer ones on each side tipped with cinereous. {Male
with two chesnut spots on the lower part of the breast.)
Perdix cinerea. Raii. Syn. 5J. a. 2. — Briss. Orn. 1. 21Q. 1. —
Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 645. Q. — Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 728. — Nilss.
Orn. Suec. ] . 3 14.

Tetrao Perdix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 276. 13. — Linn. Faun. Suec.

No. 205. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 757. 13.

Perdrix grise. Buff. Ois. 2. 401. — Buff. PI. Enl. 27. female. —
Temm. Pig, et Gall. 3. 373. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 309.
Common Partridge. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 96. — Penn. Arct. Zool.

2. 319. — Alb. Birds. 1. pi. 27. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 762. 8. —
Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 279. 5. — Leiuin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 136. —
Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 184. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 7. — BeVD. Brit.
Birds. 1. 305. — 'Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. —
Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 260.

Var. /3. corpore supra pectoreque castaneis cinereo-albo Jusco un-
dulato.

With the body above, and breast, chesnut-grey-white, undulated
with brown.

Perdix cinerea (3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 646. — Temm. Gall. Ind.
730. (b.)

Perdix cinereo-alba. Briss. Orn. 1. 223. a.

Perdrix grise-blanche. Biff. Ois. 2. 415. — Temm. Pig. et Gall.

3. 399.

Common Partridge, (a.) Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 763.

340

COMMON" PARTRIDGE.

Var. y. corpore toto albo, aut varicgato.

With the body entirely white, or variegated.

Perdix cinerea y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 646. — Temm. Gall. Ind.

731. (c.)

Perdrix blanche. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 400.

This well known and elegant bird is generally
about thirteen inches in length : beneath and be-
hind the eyes is a naked pale red space, wliich is
most conspicuous in old birds : the forehead, the
sides of the head, and the throat, are rufous ; the
upper part of the head is reddish-brown, with
longitudinal yellowish lines : the upper part of
the neck is transversely varied with dusky -grey,
and a tinge of red : the back, the rump, and the
upper tail-coverts, are the same, each feather
having a narrow transverse red band towards its
tip : the wing-coverts and the scapulars are of a
deeper hue than the back, and are varied with
large reddish spots ; each feather having a reddish
white stripe down the shaft : the under part of the
neck and the breast are bluish grey, marked with
transverse black lines, and sprinkled with small
reddish spots : the lower part of the breast is
adorned with a rich gorget of deep chesnut, similar
in form to a horseshoe ; the feathers of the sides
are grey, varied with black waved lines, and to-
wards their tip have a large spot of red : the mid-
dle of the belly is whitish : the quills are brown,
with reddish yellow zigzag stripes : the tail con-
sists of eighteen feathers, the lateral ones are ru-
fous, tipped with grey ; and those of the middle
similar to the back ; the beak is generally greenish :

COMMON PARTRIDGE.

341

the irides brown : the legs greyish flesh-colour,
armed with a blunt tubercle.

The female is less brilliant in colour : the wing-
coverts and scapulars are spotted with brown in-
stead of rufous : the spot on the breast, which in
the male resembles a horseshoe, in this is composed
of a series of distinct spots : in other respects she
resembles the male. The young when first hatched
have the feet yellow, getting darker by age : before
the first moult the whole of the plumage has a
tendency to grey-brown, the feathers gradually
assuming the proper hues that decorate the adult.

The Partridge varies greatly, several varieties
being recorded by Latham, Temminck, and others:
the first worth noticing is much variegated, and
exceedingly beautiful : the crown and nape are
brown, marked with rufous spots ; between the
eyes, the chin, and throat, are of this latter colour:
the fore-part of the neck and breast cinereous,
minutely speckled with black : on the breast a
horseshoe mark of a rich chesnut : belly and vent
yellowish white : the upper parts similar to the
first described, but more elegantly variegated.
Another has the head and half of the neck brown-
ish ash-colour, marked with darker streaks ; round
the neck a white collar: the under parts also white.
A third is wholly of a pale cream colour.

The bird called the Damascus Partridge, which
is said to be common at certain seasons in some
parts of France, differs but slightly from the present
species, of which it may only prove a variety.

Partridges are found throughout nearly the
whole of Europe, but in most abundance in the

342

COMMON TARTRIDGE.

central parts in respect to latitude ; Germany,
England, Holland, and the north of France, are
the most congenial spots ; the south of France and
Italy producing but few ; and Turkey, the islands
of the Grecian Archipelago, Norway, and Lapland,
being utterly destitute of the species : they are
very much affected by heat or cold, both being
alike unfavourable to their increase : the severe
winter of 1814 nearly extirpated the race in one
of the provinces of Sweden. They pair about the
third week in February ; and sometimes, after
pairing, if the weather be very severe, they collect
together and form again into coveys. The female
lays her eggs, usually from fifteen to eighteen in
number, in a rude nest of dry leaves and grass,
formed upon the ground ; these are of a greenish
grey colour. The period of incubation is three
weeks, and so closely do the females sit on their
eggs when near hatching, that a Partridge, as re-
lated to Montagu by a gentleman of veracity, has
been taken with her eggs, and carried in a hat to
some distance ; and that she continued to sit in
confinement, and brought out her young: near the
middle of July the young are mostly excluded,
and in about three weeks are enabled to fly : the
young brood run about as soon as they are hatched;
both parents are equally anxious for their pre-
servation, and lead them immediately to ant-hills,
on the pupre of which insects they principally feed
at first. The young flock together in broods,
called coveys, till the returning spring, when they
separate and pair, as abovementioned : their prin-
cipal food consists of seeds, insects, and berries.

IP A R 'jr K ir iij) R 'll-:

COMMON PARTRIDGE.

343

It is a common tiling to place the eggs beneath the
domestic hen, who hatches and rears them as her
own : in this case the young birds require to be
fed with the larvm of ants, and well supplied with
fresh water: it is also recommended to give them
a mixture of woodlice and earwigs ; and occasion-
ally fresh curds, mixed with lettuce, chickweed,
or groundsel.

The affection of Partridges for their offspring is
peculiarly interesting. Both the parents lead them
out to feed, they point out to them the proper
places for their food, and assist them in finding it
by scratching the ground with their feet ; they fre-
quently sit close by each other, covering the young
ones with their wings, like the hen ; and from this
situation they are not easily flushed ; if, however,
they are disturbed, most persons acquainted with
rural affairs know the confusion that follows. The
male gives the first signal of alarm, by a peculiar
cry of distress ; throwing himself at the same mo-
ment more immediately into the way of danger, in
order to mislead the enemy, he flies, or rather
runs along the ground, hanging his wings, and
exhibiting every symptom of debility. By this
stratagem he seldom fails of so far attracting the
attention of the intruder, as to allow the female
to conduct the helpless, unfledged brood into some
place of security.

The eggs of these birds are frequently destroyed
by weasels, foxes, and other rapacious animals.
When this has been the case, the female frequently
forms another nest, and lays afresh : the produce

544

MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE.

of 9uch hatchings are always a puny race, seldom
surviving the rigours of the winter.

Many instances of the docility of these birds are
related, and it is stated by Willoughby, that a cer-
tain Sussex man had, by his industry, made a covey
of them so tame that he drove them before him,
upon a wager, from the country to London, though
they were quite free, and had their wings grown.
Dr. Leach has lately communicated to me another
instance of their docility : General Buckley of
Cobham has a brood that were hatched beneath a
hen, and are so tame as regularly to come and be
fed, which they do even at this present time, Oc-
tober 1818,

MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix montana.)

Pe. dilute castanea, cajnte colloque supremo Julvis, rectricibus
septem extimis pallide castaneis.

Pale chesnut Partridge, with the head and upper part of the
neck fulrous j the seven outer tail-feathers pale chesnut.
Perdix montana. Lath. Jnd. Orn. 2. 6*16. 11. — Briss. Orn. 1.
222. 2. pi. 21. f. 2.

Perdix cinerea var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. /30.

Tetrao montanus. Gmel. Spst, Nat. 1. 758. 33.

La Perdrix de Montagne. Buff. Ois. 2.p, 41 9. — Buff. PI. Enl.
136.

MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE.

345

Varietc de la Perdrix grise. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 308. — Temm.

Man. d'Orni. p. 309.

Mountain Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. JQ5. 10.

This bird is ten inches and three quarters in
length: the beak is grey: the head, throat, and
hind part of the neck, are reddish buff : the upper
part of the body and wings are chesnut, the edges
of the feathers brownish, and the back and sca-
pulars are varied with grey ; the fore-part of the
neck, the breast, the upper part of the belly, the
sides, and the under tail-coverts, are pale chesnut :
the lower belly, the vent, and the thighs, are pale
buff: the tail consists of twenty feathers, the six
middle of which are chesnut-brown, with grey
tips ; the outer seven on each side pale chesnut :
legs greyish brown.

Much diversity of opinion prevails respecting
this species, Brisson describes it as distinct ; but
Temminck asserts that it is only a variety of the
common Partridge. I am inclined to Brisson’s
opinion from the circumstance of its inhabiting
mountainous situations, and from never having
seen a specimen captured in this country (where
the common Partridge is extremely abundant) that
would agree with the above description : it dis-
agrees with the last-mentioned bird in many re-
spects, especially in its small size, and in having
twenty feathers in the tail. Said to frequent the
mountainous parts on the continent.

345

GREEK PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix Graeca.)

Pe. corpore supra pectoreque griseo-cinerascentihus, subtus dilute
rufo, collo superiore guttureque albis, Jascia nigra cinctisy hy-
pochondriis duplici vitta nigra notatisy rectricibus quatuorde-
dm; exthnis basi dnereis, apice rufis.

Partridge with the body above and breast greyish-ash j beneath
diluted red ; the neck and upper part of the throat white,
bounded by a black fascia ; the hypochondria marked with a
double black vitta j the tail-feathers fourteen in number, the
outer ones grey at their base, and red at their tips.

Perdix Graeca. Raii. Syn. 57- 5. — Briss. Orn. 1. 241. 10.. pi. 25.

/I-

Perdix rufa. a. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 647* 12.

Perdix saxatilis. Temtn. Gall. Lid. p. 725.

Perdrix Bartarelle. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 420. — Buff. PI. Enl. 231. —
Temm. Pig.et Gall. 3. p, 340. — Tenim. Man. d' Orni. 305.

Greek, or Red Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 767* 12- — Alb.
Birds, l.p. 27-

This fine species is much larger than the com-
mon Partridge, measuring thirteen inches in length;
the beak, eyelids, and irides, red : the upper part
of the head, the neck, the breast, and all the upper
parts of the body, are ash-coloured ; the back and
breast tinged with rufous : the cheeks, throat, and
fore-part of the neck, are white, surrounded by a
collar of black, commencing at the nostrils, and
passing through the eyes : from the belly to the
vent yellowish, the sides beautifully variegated
with orange and black crescents : the quills are

GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE.

347

brown ; some of the exterior ones spotted with
rufous on the edge, near the tip ; the lesser ones
varied with grey : the tail consists of fourteen grey
feathers ; the five lateral ones half rufous at their
tips : the legs are red ; the tarsi furnished with a
blunt knob. The female is less than the male ; the
plumage is less brilliant in colour : the black band
surrounding the white on the throat narrower, and
the black lunules on the sides of the body very
slender. It occasionally varies slightly in being
rather mottled with white, with the usual colours
paler.

It is found in profusion throughout Turkey, the
Grecian Archipelago, Sicily, Naples, Italy, and
France ; likewise on the Alps of Switzerland and
Germany: it frequents the rocky and mountainous
parts, descending in May to breed : its eggs are
much esteemed ; they are white, sprinkled with
numerous red spots, and are sixteen or eighteen
in number.

GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix rufa.)

Pb. corpora supra griseo-Jusco, subtus rujo, pectore cinereo,
gutlure collogue superiore albis, fascia nigrd albo punctatd
cinctis, hypochondriis vittd nigrdj simplici notatis, .rectricibus
sedecim, extimis rujis.

Partridge with the body above grey-brown j the breast grey j
beneath rufous ; with the throat and upper part of the neck

348

GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE.

white, bounded by a black fascia, spotted with white j the
hypochondria naarked with a simple black vittaj the taii-fea-
thers sixteen, the outer ones rufous.

Perdix rufa. Raii. Syn.p. 37. a. 5. — Will. Orn.p. 167. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. 1. 647« 12* /3.

Perdix rubra. Briss. Orn. 1. 236. 10. — Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 726.
Tetrao rufus. Lina. Si/st. Nat. 1. 276. 12. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 756. 12.

Perdrix rouge. Buff. Ois. 2. 431. pi. 15. — Buff. PL Enl. 150. —
Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 36l. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 300.
Guernsey Partridge. Albin. Birds. \ . pi. 2Q. — Will. Ang. 167.
pi. 29. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 768. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 220. —
Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Or?i. Diet. Sup. — Levoin. Brit.
Birds. 3. pi. 137- — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 7.

Var. j3. corpora toto alhido.

With the whole body whitish.

Perdix rubra, (a.) Temm. Gall. Jnd. p. 726.

La Perdrix rouge blanche. Briss. Orn. \. p. 238- — Temm. Pig.
et Gall. 3. p. 366.

Rather smaller than the Greek Partridge :
length thirteen inches : the forehead is grey-
brown : the hind head rufous-brown : the chin
and throat white, surrounded with black, as in
the preceding : eyebrows white : the feathers of
the hind head with two oblique black spots on
each : hind part of the neck rufous-brown : the
back, the wings, and the rump, grey-brown : quills
the same, with their exterior margins yellowish :
the fore-part and sides of the neck grey, each fea-
ther with two black spots : the breast pale ash : the
belly, the sides, the thighs, and the vent, rufous ;
the sides marked with lunulated stripes of white,
black, and orange : the tail composed of sixteen
feathers ; the four middle of which are cinereous-

GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE.

349

brown ; the next on each side the same, but ru-
fous on their outer webs ; the rest are rufous on
both sides : the beak, irides, orbits, and legs, red,
the latter in the male with a small tubercle. It
varies in having the whole plumage whitish ; and
also with parts white, and the rest of the body as
usual.

This species is found in France and Italy, but
not in Switzerland, Germany, or to the north of
France. A few instances have occurred of its
having been captured at large in certain parts of
this country, but such birds have most undoubt-
edly escaped from the aviaries of gentlemen who
keep them for their amusement. Many attempts
have been made to introduce the breed into Eng-
land, but after a few years all traces are lost : se-
veral thousand eggs were imported into Suffolk
by the Marquis of Hertford, which were hatched
under hens, and liberated ; but it does not appear
to have been followed by the introduction of the
species, of which only a few coveys were afterwards
found. In a state of confinement it increases, but
not with as great facility as many other gallina-
ceous birds: the female lays from fifteen to eighteen
yellowish eggs, spotted with red and brown : the
nest is placed in brambles; the bird resides in the
open fields.

The Kakerlik and Caspian Partridges of La-
tham appear to be referrible to one of the red-
legged species, but from the concise description
given, it is impossible to ascertain to which.

550

BARBARY PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix petrosa.)

Pe. corpore supra Juscescente cinereo, suhtus dilute fusco^ vertice
torqueque castaneis ; hdc maculis albis variis, superciliis cine*
reis, hypochondriis vittd nigra duplici notatis, tectricibus
alarum maculis cceruleis, rectricibus sedecem, extimis basi
cinereis^ apice aurantiis.

Partridge with the body above brown-grey, beneath pale fus-
cous ; the crown and collar chesnut, the latter varied with
white spots ; the eyebrows grey ; the hypochondria marked
with a double black vitta j the wing-coverts with blue spots j
the tail-feathers sixteen, the outer ones grey at their base,
with orange tips,

Perdix petrosa. Temm, Gall. Ind, p. 727- — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.
648. 14. ?

Perdrix rufa. y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 647. 12.

Perdix rubra Barbarica. Briss.Orn. \. 11.

Tetrao petrosus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 753. 35. ?

Le Perdrix rouge de Barbaric. Buff. Ois. 2. 445.

Le Perdrix de la roche, ou le Gambra. Buff. Ois. 2. 446.
Perdrix Gambra. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 368. — Temm. Man.
d'Orni. p. 308.

Rufous-breasted Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 771. 14.
Barbary Partridge. Edw.pl. 70. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 770.

Less than the Greek Partridge : length about
thirteen inches : irides hazel : beak, eyelids, and
round the eyes, scarlet : top of the head bright
chesnut, passing down to the back : eyebrows
grey-ash : space between the beak and eye, and
sides of the head and throat, the same : behind
the ears a dusky brown spot j from this depends a

GINGI PARTRIDGE.

351

broad chesnut-brown collar, which on the fore-part
of the neck is spotted with white : the top of the
head is of a deep grey : lower down a rich patch
of rose-colour : the upper parts of the body are of
an olive-grey: on the scapulars are nine or ten
spots of deep rich blue, and the feathers are fringed
with orange : the sides of the body are covered
with beautiful feathers, variegated with orange
and black : the belly, the thighs, and the vent, are
pale brown : the four middle tail-feathers are grey,
and the lateral ones red : the legs are red ; in the
male armed with a blunt spur ; the claws are
brown. Female less brilliant in colour, smaller,
and the collar of the neck narrower. It varies as
in the two preceding species.

This elegant species inhabits the rocky mountains
of Spain, the isles of Majorca, Minorca, Sar-
dinia, Corsica, Malta, Sicily, and Calabria : on the
northern shores of the Mediterranean and in France
it is rare, but on the southern, and the coast of
Barbary, it is extremely numerous : it also occurs
in Teneriffe, and as far as the river Niger in
Senegal : it feeds upon seeds and insects, but its
manners are unknown.

GINGI PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix Gingica.)

Pe. corf ore supra griseo-Julva, sublus albo, laterihus cinereis
maculis^ casianeis variegatisj vertice castaneo, superciliis albisy

352

GINGI PARTRIDGE.

Jascia pcctorali alba et castanea. (Femina corpore supra fus^
cescente^ subtus rujesceyite-ulbo, nigro-maculato ; pectore cinereOf
nigro-striato.)

Partridge with the body above grey-brown, beneath white ; the
sides cinereous, variegated with chesnut spots ; the crown
chesnut ; the eyebrows white ; breast with a white and
chesnut fascia. {Female with the body above brownish, be-
neath reddish white, spotted with black j the breast cinereous,
striated with black.)

Perdix gingica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 648. ly.—Temm. Gall. Ind.
p. 733.

Tetrao gingicus. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. / 60. 41-

La Perdrix de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 167.

Perdrix ^ double hausse-col. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 410.

Gingi Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 773* I6. •

This, which is the smallest of the genus, was
discovered by Sonnerat, who, as is usual with him,
has not given any account of its manners, of which
we are still ignorant : the beak of the male is
black : the irides yellow : top of the head deep
brown : from the beak, passing over the eye to
the occiput, is a white stripe, each feather having
a black line upon it : the throat, neck, and cheeks,
are pale rufous, each feather of the two latter
with a longitudinal black streak : back dirty rufous
grey: lesser wing-coverts chesnut, fringed with
dull red-grey, with a spot of the same near the
tip ; the middle ones chesnut, edged with dirty
yellow ; each with a round black spot at their tip :
greater quills dusky brown ; secondaries similar to
the middle coverts : on the breast are two spots,
one of black and one of chesnut, separated from
each other by a white patch ; belly white, with two

EYED PARTRIDGE*

353

longitudinal pale chesnut bands on each feather :
rump and tail dirty grey, each feather with a
small rounded black spot : legs reddish yellow.
The female is less : the top and hind part of the
head are dirty grey : throat and forerpart of the
neck deep brown : on the top of the breast is a
large grey spot, the feathers of which it is com-
posed being undulated with black lines : sides of
the breast spotted with black : the wing-coverts
are dirty grey for three-fourths of their length,
crossed by undulated black lines, with a deep
chesnut spot at the end of each, and one of white
on each web above it : the secondary quills dirty
grey, edged with rufous yellow, and* a round spot
of the same near the tip of the inner web : the
sides of the belly chesnut : the belly itself pale
rufous : the rump and tail-feathers rufous grey,
undulated with black lines : the feet are dirty
grey : the beak is black, and the irides are yellow.

Inhabits the neighbourhood of Gingi, on the
coast of Coromandel.

EYED PARTRIDGE.

(Penlix oculea.)

Pe. capite collo pectore ventreque lonte rujisy dorso supcrnc trans-
versim albo-nigroque siriato, uropygio atro macidis irinng7i~
laribus castaneis^ alarum tcctricibus cmereo-olivaceis nigra ma^
ctdatis.

V. XI. P. II.

354

EYED PARTRIDGE.

Partridge with the head, neck, breast, and belly, deep rufous ,
the back above transversely striated with white and black ;
the rump dusky, with triangular chesnut spots ; the wing-
coverts olive-grey, spotted with black.

Perdix oculea. Temni. Gall. Ind. p. 732.

Perdrix oculee. Teinm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 408.

Eleven inches in length : the head, the neck,
the breast, and the belly, are clothed with fine
cliesnut-red feathers : the sides of the breast and
of tlie body with transverse black stripes : the
feathers of the thighs are deep chesnut-red, tipped
with a round black spot : the upper part of the
back is striped transversely with white, on a black
ground : the middle of the back to the upper tail-
coverts is deep velvety black, each feather adorned
with a lanceolate spot of a bright chesnut hue :
the feathers of the tail are dusky brown, edged
with paler brown: the wing-coverts are deep
olive-grey, each feather with a black spot, more
or less rounded in shape : the quills and the se-
condaries are deep brown, the latter edged with
chesnut: the abdomen is white: tlie beak and
the feet are brown.

Inhabits India.

355

JAVAN PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix Javanicus.)

Pe. corpore supra striis cinereis nigrisque, gutture colloque late-
ribus riifo nigroque vnriegatis, pectore cinereo, ventre hypo-
chondriisque castaneis, crisso ruhro Jascid cinered, alis rufis
nigro maculatis, .

Partridge with the body above with grey and dusky striae j with
the throat and sides of the neck variegated with rufous and
black ; the breast grey ; the belly and hypochondria chesnut 5
the vent red, with a grey fascia j wings rufous, spotted with
black.

Perdix Javanica. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 651. 27. — Temm. Gall,
hid. p, 732.

Tetrao Javanicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 761. 45.

Perdrix Ayam-han. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 404.

Javan Partridge. Broiun. III. Zool. p. 40. pi. 17- — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 4. 775. 18.

This beautiful species is ten inches in length :
the space round the eyes is of a crimson-red,
slightlyscattered withfeathers: the throat is slightly
clothed with feathers, and the naked red skin
appears through the interstices : the top of the
head is of a chesnut-red : the feathers of the throat,
the fore-part of the neck, and the nape, are red,
sprinkled with very small black spots : above the
eyes a black band, and another on each side of
the neck : the prevailing hue of the upper parts of
tlie body lead-colour, striated with broad black
bands : the lesser and greater wing-coverts are
grey-red j the leathers of the latter having a large

356 RED-THROATED TARTRIDGE.

spot of black at their tips, which is rounded in
some, and oblong in the others ; the whole are
tipped with chesniit-red : the quills are grey-
brown ; the lower part of the neck and the breast
are lead-colour : the belly, the feathers of the sides,
the thighs, the abdomen, and the under tail-feathers,
are deep red : the beak is black, reddish at the
tip : the irides are grey : the feet are bright red :
the claws are straight, and very long : the tail is
hidden by its upper coverts, and is greyish blue,
undulated with black.

Native of the plains and mountains of Java,

IIRD-THROATED PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix gularis.)

Pk. vertice nuchaque Jiisca-olivnccis, Jiiscid hifra supruqiic ocnlos
alba, gulture riifo ; pectore ventreque strigis longitudmalibns
niveis, corpore supra fusco, rachis pennarum omnium albis,
rcmigum rachis atris.

Partridge with the crown and nape fuscous-olive ; a fascia
above and beneath the eyes white ; the throat rufous ; the
breast and belly with longitudinal white spots j the body
beneath brown ; the shafts of all the feathers white, bnt
those of the quills dusky.

Perdix gularis. Tcmm. Gall. Tnd.p. 731.

Perdrix a gorge rousse. Tcmm. Pig. cl Gall. 3. 401.

Native of India : it is described by Temminck :
its total length is rather below twelve inches : it has

HED-THROATEt) PARTRIDGE.

357

the head and the top of the neck of an olive-brown :
beneath the eyes a patch of white, and another of
the same above : the throat is of a fine ferruginous
red : the feathers of the breast and the belly with
a broad white stripe following the direction of the
shaft ; this is bordered, and the rest of the feather
is olive-brown : the abdomen is covered with a
soft down of a reddish white colour : the wings,
the back, and the rump, are of a brown hue, with
the shafts of each feather white, and the webs on
each side have three or four yellowish white
transverse bands, edged with a narrow black line :
the greater quills are red at the base and grey at
their tips : the middle quills are red on the inner,
and brown, transversely striped with red, on their
outer webs ; their shafts are reddish, and those of
the greater quills white : the tail is of a deep red,
the lateral feathers with a narrow reddish white
band towards their tips ; the two middle feathers
are similar in colour to the upper parts of the body,
and transversely barred with bright red : the feet
are red: the claws are brown, and the beak is
black. Found in the vicinity of Calcutta.

HACKLED PARTRIDGE.

(Perdix ferruginea.)

Fb. rujo-fusca, dorso tectricibiisque alarum lineis longiludinatibus
Jiavescentibus, pennis colli superiore angustis elongalis ; aqnce
acutis, line A in medio margineque Jtavis .

Red-brown Partridge^ with the baek and wing-eoverts with
longitudinal yellowish lines ; the feathers on the upper part
of the neek elongated and narrow, their tips aeute, with a
line in the middle, and their edges yellow.

Perdix ferruginea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 651. 26. — Temm, Gall.
Ind. p. 733.

Tetrao ferruginous. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 761 . 44.

La grand Caille de la Chine. Soyiner. Voy. Ind. 2. 17L
Perdrix a camail. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 41 6.

Hackled Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 766. ll.pl.66.

The Hackled Partridge is figured, and thus
described, by Latham : “ Length twelve inches :
beak brown ; tip black : crown of the head dusky
and ferruginous minutely mixed : on the nape
and hind part of the neck the feathers are one inch
and a half long ; the middle part of them black-
brown, rather glossy ; the shafts and margins al 1
round of a yellowish buft-colour, and jiointed at
the ends, which, when they are erected by the
bird, appear like those on the neck of the Ruffed
Heathcock ; these feathers are narrower and shorter
in proportion as they are nearest the head : the
upper parts of the body are lerrugiiious brown,
minutely dotted with black: the feathers on the

HACKLED PARTRIDGE^

359

^ving-coverts and back streaked with pale yellowish
buff: quills plain brown, the edges only being
dotted with black : tail brown-black ; the three
outer feathers plain, the others dotted with black
on the outer edge : fore-part and sides of the neck
ferruginous, a little mottled with paler colour ; the
shafts paler : breast plain red-brown : belly the
same, but paler : vent dusky : legs brown, two
inches and a half long : claws paler.*’

Sonnerat’s description varies a little : he observes
it has red irides: the feathers of the back and
rump are striped with whitish, and long enough to
hide the tail : the wing-feathers and sides of the
belly have round white spots. This specimen
came from China; the one commemorated by
Latham was supposed to come from the Cape of
Good Hope, but the eastern part of Asia is its
native place ; it appears to be a very scarce species,
and of its manners nothing is known.

3G0

COTURNIX. quail.

Generic Character.

Rostrum breve, graeile, basi
nudum, lateratlm compres-
sum, latius quam altum,
Nares basales, squama for-
nicali superne semiclausse.
Caput plumosum.

Orhitce pennis tectae.

Pedes tetradactyli, nudi ;
tarsi mutici.

Cauda brevissima, plumis
uropygli obtecta.

Aloe breves.

Beak short, slender, naked at
the base,laterally compress •
ed, broader than high.

Nostrils basal, half closed by
an arched scale.

Head feathered.

Orbits clothed with feathers.

Feet four-toed, naked ; tarsi
smooth.

Tail very short, covered by
the feathers of the rump.

Wings short.

CoTURNix. Briss.y Teinm.

Perdix. Lath., Nils., Cuv.

Tetrao. Ray., Linn., Gmel.

The Quails differ considerably from the Par-
tridges, with which they were associated, in their
habits, these being polygamous and migrative,
whereas the Partridges are monogamous, and do not
quit their residence : in the Quails the beak is ex-
tremely slender in proportion to that of the other
gallinaceous birds : they have a very short tail, and
the orbits and clieeks are well clothed with feathers:

,./;,/- 1

■aV/S

^ A .

•< '^° tv®

rOMMOH QlUA'lll.. .

COMMON QUAIL.

361

they have no spurs. They reside on the ground :
their food consists of grains, seeds, and various
kinds of insects : the females deposit their eggs in
hollows on the ground, with scarcely any ap-
pearance of a nest. They are distributed over the
Old Continent, but are not found in the New.

COMMON QUAIL.

(Coturnix Dactylisonans. )

Co. corpore griseo-Jerrugineo maculis nigris variof rachi pen<>
narum jlaxiicante^ superciliis taniaque longitudinali in vertice,
alhis, guld rufa, nigfo cincta. (Femina dilutiovy guld alba.')

Quail with the body rusty-grey, varied with black spots j the
shafts of the feathers yellowish 5 the eyebrows and a longi-
tudinal stripe on the crown white ; the throat rufous, bounded
by black. ( Female paler, with the throat white.)

Coturnix dactylisonans. Temm. Gall. Ind, p. 740.

Coturnix. Briss. Orn. 1. 247. 14.

Coturnix major. Briss. Orn. 1. 251.?

Perdix Coturnix. Lath. Ind. Orii. 2. 651. 28. — Nilss. Orn, Suec.
1. 316. — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mtos.p.2,y.

Tetrao Coturnix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 278. 20. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. No. 206. — Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1 . 765. — Raii. Syn. 58. a.
6. — Will. p. 121./. 29.

La Caille. Buff. Ois. 2. 449« pi- 16.— Buff. PI. Erd. 170. —
Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 478. — Temm. Man. d' Orni. p. 311.

Le Crokicl, ou Caille dePologne. Buff. Ois. 2. 251. ?

The Quail. Penyi. Brit. Zool. 1. 97. — Penn, Arct. Zool. 2. 320.
c. — Albin. Birds, \. pi. 30. — Will, Ang. p, l69- — Lath, Gen.

362

COMMON QUAJL.

Syn, 4. 779* 2^.— Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 222.— Lath. Syn. Sup.

II. p. 280. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 138. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi.

\Q5.—Pult. Cat. Dors. p. J.—Moni. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont.

Orn. Diet. Supp.—Bexvick, Brit. Birds. 1. 308.— Anm,

Biog. 2. 264.

Var. 0. Corpore albido cut toto albo.

With the body whitish, or entirely white.

Coturnix dactylisonans, var. (a.) Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 742.

This well known bird is considerably less than
the common Partridge, measuring only seven inches
and a half in length : its beak is dusky : irides
yellow ; the crown of the head is black, transversely
marked with rufous brown : down the middle is a
yellowish white line, and above the eyes is another
of the same, which passes behind them, and some
way down the neck at the back part: the chin
and throat are white, bounded by a black crescent,
which is deepest in front : the hind part of the
neck, the back, the scapulars, and tail-coverts, are
rufous brown ; the middle of each feather streaked
with yellowish white, surrounded more or less
with black : sides the same, but with less white :
breast pale ferruginous brown, the shafts of the
feathers white : belly and under parts dirty yel-
lowish white, mixed with lunulated black lines :
thighs varied with chesnut : quills dusky, the outer
webs more or less mottled with yellowish white :
tail very short ; dusky, with white tips ; consisting
of twelve feathers, which are almost hidden by the
coverts.

The female differs in having the chin bull-
coloured, with a dusky mark passing from the ear
downward : the breast is spotted with dusky, and

COMMON QUAIL.

363

the wing-coverts are barred with yellowish white.
The young during the first year exactly resemble
the females ; after the second moult they assume
their proper appearance. This species varies in
being of a larger size than usual, with the colours
more vivid, and the cheeks and throat dusky brown ^
it also occurs perfectly white, and in all the inter-
mediate stages from the common plumage : some-
times it will become entirely deep brown or dusky;
this effect is produced by long confinement, and
being fed on hempseed.

Quails are found throughout nearly the whole of
Europe, as far north as Lapland ; they are also
abundant in Asia, as far as Siberia, but not in the
extreme northern parts : they likewise occur at
various periods in Africa, at the Cape of Good
Hope. In China they are extremely abundant,
and like C. excalfactoria, are used by the inha-
bitants to warm their hands.

They are found in most parts of Great Britain,
but nowhere in any great quantity, and about
August or September they migrate to the south-
ward. They have appeared in such prodigious
quantities on the western coasts of the kingdom of
Naples, in the vicinity of Nettuno, during their
migration, that a hundred thousand have been
caught in one day within the space of four or five
miles, which are usually sold for three or fourlivres
per dozen, to dealers, who convey them to Rome,
where they are in great request, and resold for
liigh prices. Clouds of Quails also alight in sj)ring
along the coasts of Troveiice ; here they are some-

364

COMMON QUAIL.

times found so exhausted, tliat for a few of the
first days they may be caught with the hand : but
in no country are they so abundant as in tlie
Crimea and in some of the Grecian islands, several
of which have received their names from this cir-
cumstance.

During peace great quantities of these birds are
imported into this country from France for the
use of the .table, all of which are males, and are
caught by imitating the cry of the hen. They
are conveyed by stage coaches, in a large square
box, divided into five or six compartments, one
above another, just high enough to admit the
Quails to stand upright, and each box containing
about one hundred birds. These boxes have wire
on the fore-part, and each partition is furnished
with a small trough for food. May is the usual
period of importation.

The females lay from eight to a dozen eggs,*
of a yellowish colour, blotched and spotted with
dusky, but subject to great variety in the ground
colour and disposition of the spots : the young
are hatched in about three weeks, and follow
the mother but a very short time. Quails are
very indolent birds ; they usually sleep through
the day,* concealed among the tallest grass, lying
on their sides, with their legs extended, in the
same spot, even for hours together, and should a
dog approach, he must absolutely run upon them

* Latham mentions having seen twenty eggs taken out of
one nest.

COROMANDEL QUAIL.

365

before they are flushed,; and when they are forced
upon wing, they seldom fly far. They are easily
drawn within reach of a net by a call imitating
their cry, which is not unlike the syllables zvliit,
whit, xvhit. The males are birds of great courage,
and their quarrels often terminate in mutual de-
struction. The Athenians and Romans were very
partial to quail-fighting, which is practised in China
to this day. It is related of Augustus, that he
punished a prefect of Egypt with death, for
bringing to his table one of these birds which had
acquired celebrity for its victories !

COROMANDEL QUAIL.

(Coturnix textilis.)

Co. corpore supra fusco nigro rufoque vario, pennarum fascia
media longitudinali albo-riifu, subtus albo, nigro longihidi-
naliter striato, gutturis macula nigra^ colli fascia longitudinali
nigra, (Femina dilutioribus ; guld fused. )

Quail with the body above brown, varied with black and rufous ;
the feathers with a longitudinal whitish red fascia in the
middle 5 beneath white, longitudinally striped with black ;
the throat with a black spotj the neck with a longitudinal
black fascia. {^Female paler, with a brown throat.)

Coturnix textilis. Temm. Gall. Ind. p>. 742.

Perdix Coromandelica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 654. 38.

Tetrao Coroniandelicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, /64.5S.

La petite Caille de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 172.

Caille nattec. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 512.

Coromandel Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 789* 8*1-

3GG

COROMANDEL QUAIL.

Considerably inferior in size to the common
Quail : the male has the head black : the crown
rufous yellow : on the throat is a deep triangular
black patch, which extends upwards to the ears :
the superciliary band, and one on the middle of
the head, are similar to those of the common
species : the feathers of the neck, the back, the
scapulars, and the rump, have a broad lanceolated
reddish white spot in their middle, bordered with
black ; the rest of the feather is grey-brown, with
black spots, marked with narrow red lines : the
wing-coverts are grey, striped with yellow bands,
which are edged with black ; the secondaries and
quills are grey : on the fore-part of the neck is a
broad longitudinal black band, extending to the
breast ; the latter, and also the rest of the under
parts of the body, are whitish, with a deep black
longitudinal stripe in the middle of each feather,
slightly bordered on each side with wliite : the
beak is brown, and the feet are yellowish. The
female differs from the male in having the throat
of a rufous cast, or whitish, slightly tipped with
dusky : a narrow band of dusky black extends
along the front of the neck to the breast: the
under parts of the body are whitish red, irregularly
marked with black spots. The young have not
tlie triangular black patch on the throat.

Tliis inhabits the Coromandel coast.

367

WHITE-THROATED QUAIL,

(Coturnix torquata.)

Co. corpore supra Jiiscoy lineis nigris transversim striatOf subtus
alhicante, cequaliter undulato, vertice nigricante, genis atris,
gutture alboy nigro margine cincto.

Quail with the body above brown, striated with transverse black
lines; beneath whitish, equally undulated ; the crown dusky;
the cheeks dark-coloured ; the throat white, surrounded by a
black margin.

Coturnix torquatus. Manduit, Ency. Method. — Temm, Gall.
Ind. p. 744.

Caille ^ gorge blanche, Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 521.

This bird is described by Manduit in the En-
cyclop6die M^thodique. It has the top of the
head dusky : the cheeks deep black, extending on
the sides, and in front of the neck, forming a bor-
der to the throat, which is white : a narrow white
band arises at the base of the upper mandible, and
passes above the eyes, which is continued to the
extremity of the neck : the hind head is brown :
the top of the neck dusky, longitudinally striped
with dull white : the back is brown, transversely
waved with black : the belly is yellowish, equally
varied with zigzag lines : the rump and the upper
tail-coverts are grey, varied with brown : the wing-
coverts are brownish ; the scapulars and the lesser
feathers of the wing are fine brown on their outer
webs, and on their inner varied with reddish ; the
middle is marked with black : the sides of the body

368

MADAGASCAR QUAIL.

are varied with longitudinal brown bands, edged
outwardly with white spots, surrounded by black:
the quills are brown ; and the tail-feathers are grey.
Native place unknown.

MADAGASCAR QUAIL.

(Coturnix Perlata.)

Co. corpore supra castaneo-Jcrrugineo Jasciis lincisquc longih(di-
nalibus alhidiSf subtus maculis rotundatis albis conspcrso, guld
nigra, vitta snp>ra ocrdos maxillarique albis.

Quail with the body above rusty-chesnut, with whitish longi-
tudinal fascice and lines ; beneath sprinkled with rounded
white spots ; the throat black 5 a stripe above the eyes, and
the maxillae, white.

Coturnix perlata. Temm. Gall. hid. p. 739.

Perdix striata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 654. 36.

Teirao striatus. Gmcl. S^st. Nat. 1. 763. 53.

La grand Caille de Madagascar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. \6q. j)l.
98.

Caille a ventre perlee. Temm. Pig. ct Gall. 3. p. 470.
Madagascar Quail. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 788. 32.

This beautiful species is distinguished from the
rest of the Quails by its superior strength of beak,
the upper mandible of which is rather elongated.
The male only is known, and was discovered by
Sonnerat : it is about double the size of the com-
mon species : the top of its head, hind part of the
neck, back and rump, are of a reddish-brown, each

MADAGASCAR QUAIL.

369

feather with a yellow-white band following the
direction of the shafts ; the feathers of the nape
are spotted with black, and those of the back are
transversely striped with black and red : the space
between the eyes, the throat, and the fore-part of
the neck, are deep black : over the eyes is a nar-
row band of white, which is directed towards the
nape, and from the base of the beak arises a second,
rather broader, one passing beneath the eyes, and
forming a border to the black on the throat and
fore-part of the neck : on the breast is a rounded
gorget of a deep red-chesnut hue : the sides of the
neck, between the two white bands, and those of
the breast, are of a fine grey-blue : the middle of
the belly is deep black, sprinkled with rounded
pure white spots : the feathers on the sides are
long and narrow, are chesnut with yellowish white
shafts, bounded on each side with a black line :
the wing-coverts are transversely barred with black
and reddish white ; and have the shafts whitish,
and many of the feathers tipped with the latter
colour : the quills are brownish ash, slightly tinged
with rufous on their outer w^ebs : the tail is black,
varied with narrow transverse reddish lines : the
beak is black : irides dull yellow 5 and feet reddish.
Inhabits Madagascar.

V. XI. P. II.

370

GREY-THROATED QUAIL. .4,

(Coturnix grisea,)

Co, supra griseo nigroque varia subtus ci nereo- grisea, jugulo pec»
tore ahdomineque fasciis nigris, remigibus fuscis.

Quail above varied with grey and black ; beneath grey-ash ; with
the jugulum, breast, and abdomen, with black fasciae; the
quills brown. •

Coturnix grisea, Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 744.

Perdix grisea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 654. 37. *

Tetrao griseus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 704. 37.

La Caille bmne de INIadagascar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. I7I. —
Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 523.

Grey-throated Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 788. 33.

This species is described by Sonnerat, from the
Isle of Madagascar : it is the size of the common
Quail : the upper part of the liead, the top, and
hind part of the neck, are varied with black and red,
the former colour being predominant : the throat
is of a bright earthy grey : the feathers of the
lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly,
are the same, with two bands of black on each,
following the direction of the margin: the feathers
of the back, the rump, the tail, the lesser and
middle ones of the wings, are bright earthy grey,
transversely striped with black : the greater quills
are brown : the irides are yellow : the beak and
the feet are black.

371

CHINESE QUAIL.

(Coturnix excalfactoria.)

Co. corpore supra Jusco maculis nigris et lineis albis consperso,
jvgulo nigro arcu albo, ventre medio castaneo. (Femina swper-
ciliis temporibusque rufis, guld alba, corpore supra cinerascente-
riifo nigroque vario, subtus cinerascente-rufo, arcubus nigris
undulato.)

Quail with the body above brown, sprinkled with black spots
and white lines; the jugulum black, with a white arch ; the
middle of the belly chesnut. {Female with the eyebrow and
temples red ; the throat white; the body above greyish, varied
with rufous and black ; beneath greyish rufous, undulated with
black arcs.)

Coturnix excalfactoria. Temm. Gall, Ind. p. 742.

Coturnix Philippensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 254. 17- pi- 25.^^ 1. male.
Perdix chinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 652. 29. male.

Perdix manillensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 655. 40. female.

Tetrao chinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 765. I9. male,

Tetrao manillensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 764. 5/. female.

La fraise ou Caille de la Chine. Buff. Ois. 2. 478. male. — Buff.
PI. Enl. \lQ.ff. 2. female.

La petit Caille de I’ile de Lugon, Sonner. Voy. Ind. 54. pi. 24.
female.

Caille fraise. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 5l6.

Manilla Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 790- 36. female.

Chinese Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 783. male. — Ediu. Glean, p.
247. male.

This elegant little species measures only four
inches in length : the male has a triangular deep
black spot on the throat : from the base of the
beak extends a white whisker, surrounded by
black : below tlie black on the throat is a })ure

372

CHINESE QUAIL.

white gorget, the lateral margins of which bend
upwards towards the orifice of the ears, and are
surrounded by a narrow border of black ; the fore-
head, a stripe beneath the eyes, the breast, and the
sides, are of a lead-colour, the latter marked with
black bands : the middle of the belly, the thighs,
and the abdomen, are red chesnut : the whole of
the upper parts of the body and the tail-coverts
are grey-brown, varied with different sized black
spots ; and most of the feathers have their shafts
whitish : the wings are grey-brown : the greater
coverts are lead -colour towards their tips, and the
whole are tipped and fringed with chesnut : the
beak is black : the feet and the claws are yellow.

The female has the throat and the middle of the
belly pure white : the cheeks, the forehead, and a
stripe above the eyes, are of a bright red : the fea-
thers of the head are dusky, tipped with greyish :
a narrow longitudinal band extends over the mid-
dle of the crown from the forehead : the feathers
of the back, and those that cover the rump, are
red, with black spots, and longitudinal reddish
white dashes : the scapulars and the wing-coverts
are grey-brown, marked with delicate black un-
dulated lines, and many black spots on their inner
webs : the breast, and the sides of the belly, the
thighs, and the abdomen, are bright grey, striped
transversely with black : the feathers on the sides
are slightly tinged with reddish : the wings are
grey-brown : the beak is brown ; and tlie legs are
as in the male. The young males greatly resemble
the female.

NEW HOLLAND QUAIL.

373

This bird is abundant in the Manilla and Philip-
pine Islands, and in China is amazingly numerous.
The inhabitants of the latter place breed them, and
keep them in cages, for the singular purpose of
warming their hands in the winter : they also rear
them for the purpose of fighting in the same
manner that cocks are used in this country.

NEW HOLLAND QUAIL.

(Coturnix Australis.)

Co. corpore supra castaneo-nehuloso^ nigro striatOj scapis penna-
rum albo lineatis, suhtus drier ascente~rufo, lunulis nigris trans-
versim striatis. ( Femlna coloribus dilutioribus. )

Quail with the body above clouded chesnut, striated with black;
the shafts of the feathers striped with white ; beneath grey-
ish-red, striated with transverse black lunules. {Female with
the colours paler.)

Coturnix Australis. Temm. Gall. Ind.p, 740.

Perdix Australis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixii. 3.

Caille Australe. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 474.

New Holland Quail. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 283.

This species is concisely described by Latham
in his second Supplement, but more amply by
Temminck, who also gives an account of the fe-
male. The male is above seven inches in length :
the forehead, the space round the eyes, the beak,
and the throat, are dirty white : the top of the
head and the nape are dusky, with a white spot

374

NEW-GUINEA QUAIL.

in the centre of each feather : the back, the rnnip,
the tail-coverts, and middle ones of the wings, are
transversely striped with broad bands of black and
narrow zigzag ones of deep rufous; all the featliers
being whitish yellow in their centre, forming a nar-
row stripe of that colour down each shaft : the
lesser coverts towards the bend of the wing are
grey-brown : the fore-part of the neck, the breast,
and the whole of the rest of the under parts of the
body, are greyish -rufous ; most of the feathers
having their shafts whitish, and being transversely
barred with black : the quills are brown, with a
reddish hue on their outer webs: the tail is covered
by its upper coverts, and is of a brown colour,
barred with zigzag lines of deep rufous : the feet
and the claws are brown : the beak is dusky blue.
The female is duller in colour, and has more of a
greyish tinge over the whole plumage : the reddish
spots on the upper parts are more irregularly dis-
posed, the shafts of each feather being white as in
the male : the under parts of the body are reddish-
grey, with very slight zigzag brown lines.

This is abundant in New Holland : it has the
same manners as the common Quail.

NEW-GUINEA QUAIL.

(Coturnix Novae-Guineae.)

Co. corpore supra fusco, subtus dilutiore, tectricihus alarum mar-
gine jlavicantihusy remigibus nigris.

NEVV-GUINEA QUAIL.

375

Quail with the body above brown, beneath paler 5 with the edges
of the wing-coverts yellowish 3 the quills black.

Coturnix Novae Guineae. Temm. Galt. Ind.p. 744.

Perdix Novae Guineae. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 655, 3Q.

Tetrao Novae Guineae. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. ^64. 56.

La Caille de la Nouvelle Guinea. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 170. pi.

105. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 524.

New Guinea Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7S9* 35.

The following concise description, accompanied
by a figure, is given by Sonnerat of this rare spe-
cies ; it is about half the size of the common Quail:
the whole of the plumage is brown, brightest on
the head and belly, and palest on the back and
wings : the coverts of the latter are edged with
yellow, of a dull and obscure hue: the quills are
black : the irides and the feet are greyish. It in-
habits New Guinea.

376

ORTYX. COLIN.

Generic Character.

Rostrum altlus quam latum,
breve, tenue, supra con-
vexum,ad apicem obtusum
et incurvatum.

Nares laterales, in sulco
sitae.

Orhitce nudae ; caput plumo-
sum.

Pedes tetradactyli, mutici ;
tarsi breves,

Cauda brevis, rectricibus
duodecim.

Tetrao. Linn. Gmel. Shatv.

Perdix. Lath. Temm. Briss.

CoTURNix. Raii. Briss.

BeaJc higher than broad,
short, thin ; above convex,
the tip blunt, and in^
curved.

Nostrils lateral, situated in
a groove.

Orbits naked ; head feathered.

four- toed, smooth; tarsi
short.

Tail short, consisting of
twelve feathers.

In these the beak is thicker and more gibbous
than in Quails : the neck is slender, clothed with
elongated, somewhat curled feathers, which gives
a peculiar air : the nostrils are placed in a groove,
situated on each side of the upper mandible : the
space round the eye is naked : the tarsi are short,
and the tail small, but longer than in the Quails.
They perch on trees, and are all natives of Ame-
rica.

377

NORTHERN COLIN.

(Ortyx Borealis.)

Or. corpore supra Jiisco-castaneo, rujescente nigroque variegato,
subtus albida nigricante transversim undulato, superciliis gula~
que albis, lunula juguli nigra, rectricibus lateralibus cinereis.
(Femina dilutiore ; subtus, temporibus guldque ochroleucis, lu-
nula juguli rufescente .')

Colin with the body above brown-chesnut, varied with rufous
and black ; beneath white, transversely undulated with dusky ;
the eyebrows and throat white 3 the jugulum with a black
lunulej the lateral tail-feathers grey. (Fewa/e paler ; with
the under parts, temples, and throat, ochraceous ; the jugu-
lum with a rufescent lunule.)

Perdix borealis. Temm, Gall. Ind. p. 735.

Perdix Americana. Briss. Orn. 1. 230. 7.

Coturnix Ludoviciana. Briss. Orn. 1. 258. 20. pi. 22. f. 2.

Coturnix Mexicana. Briss. Orn. 1. 256. 18. ?

Perdix Novae Angliae. Briss. Orn. 1. 229. 6.

Perdix Virginiana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 650. 24. — Wills. Amer.
Orn. 6. 21. pi. XLVII. J. 2.

Perdix Marilanda. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 651. 25.

Perdix Mexicana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.653. 31.

Perdix Coyolcos. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 653. 34.

Tetrao Virginianus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 277* 1®. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 761. 16.

Tetrao Marilanda. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 277* 17- — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 761. 17.

Tetrao Mexicanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 277* 14.— 'Gmel. Syst,
Nat. 1. 762.

Tetrao Coyolcos. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 763. 51.

La Perdrix d’Amerique. Buff. Ois. 2. 399.

La Perdrix de la Nouvelle Angleterre. Biff. Ois. 2. 447 .

Le Colenicui. Buff'. Ois. 2. 487. — 149. male.

Le Cocyolcos. Buff, Ois. 2. 486.

378

NORTHERN COLIN.

Coliii C'olenicui. 2'emm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 436.

New England Partridge. Alb. Birds. 1. pi. 28.

A'irginian Partridge. Catesb. Carol. 3. j)l. 12. — Lath. Gen. Syn.
4. 777. 22.

INIaryland Partridge. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 185. — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 4. 778. 23.

Louisiane Qnail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 785. 27.

Lesser Mexican Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 786. 30.

L.A.THAM has described this species under no less
than four different names, as may be seen by re-
ferring to the synonyms : it is rather less than a
Partridge, and is about eight or nine inches in
length : the male has the forehead black : a broad
band of white extends from the base of the beak,
on each side, passing over the eyes to the nape ;
this is accompanied by a narrow one of black : the
throat is of a pure white, encircled with a broad
band of black, which arises at the angle of the
beak, and passes beneath the eyes to the fore-
part of the neck, where it is somewhat expanded,
and mixes with the spots of black, white, and red,
with which that part is adorned : the top of the
head is red-chesnut, spotted with black : the back
is of a rufous-red ; the edges of the feathers grey-
ish, marked with fine black stripes : on the middle
of the back are several large black spots, edged
with rufous : the rump with the same, but the
ground colour more rufous-grey, with undulated
obsolete brown stripes : the scapulars and the
greater wing-coverts spotted with black and red
on their inner webs, and grey and red on their
outer ; their feathers are all slightly fringed with

NORTHERN COLIN.

379

bright red, and varied with delicate undulated
lines: the lesser coverts are red, with black stripes :
the quills and the secondaries are brown, the latter
undulated with rufous towards their edges : the
two middle tail-feathers resemble the rump ; the
rest are grey-blue : the breast is reddish-white,
transversely striped with black : the belly is pure
white, with semicircular lines of black : the red
feathers of the sides are varied with oval wdiite
spots, edged with black : the under tail-coverts
are red, with a black stripe down the shaft of each
feather : the beak is black, with a red tinge at its
base : the feet and claws are red-brown.

The female has more rufous at the base of the
beak : the throat and the eyebrows are bright red;
the latter is not bordered with black above as in
the male ; and that of the throat is surrounded by
spots of black, brown, and white : the nape and
the top of the head are spotted with bright red :
the feathers on the back are more deeply bordered
with grey; and the rest of the upper parts are more
dull, with dirty red fringes to the feathers : those
of the breast are red, with two small white spots
towards the tip of each : the feathers of the sides are
edged with white, and the two middle ones of the
tail are grey-browm, waved with black at their base.
The young of the first year greatly resemble the
female, but the transverse waved bands on the fea-
thers of the back and tail are more numerous.

This species inhabits the frigid and temperate
parts of North America ; changing its habitation
spring and autumn, retiring to the southern parts

380

NORTHERN COLIN.

during the latter season, and to the northern in
the former : its flight is very irregular, but rapid.
The female deposits from twenty-two to twenty-
flve eggs, of a whitish colour, and lays twice in a
year, the first time in May, the second in July ;
the nest is only a few dry herbs, carelessly scraped
together : the young remain with the parents, and
the second brood nnites with the first in the au-
tumn. They delight in bushy and woody situa-
tions, and generally perch upon trees, contrary to
the manners of either Partridges or Quails. Their
principal nourishment consists of grains, but when
there is a deficiency of them, they will eat buds,
and the tender branches and shoots of trees and
herbs : towards the winter they grow tame from de-
ficiency of food, and flocks of several dozens come
into farm-yards for the loose grain, or run before
the traveller to pick it from the horse-dung on the
road.

Their note is a loud kind of whistle, somewhat
resembling the words Jio-oui, the first pronounced
long, and the other short : from this note they
have received a similar name in Louisiana: and
by the natives of New England they are called
bob-white. Their flesh is very good, and much
esteemed.

381

CHESTED COLIN.

(Ortyx Temminkii.)

Or. cristata corpore subtus, alho nigro rufoque maculato, medio
ventre riifo, fronte guttureque albescenie-rufo^ collo nigro ma-
culato. (Femina mutica ; corpore supra nigro maculato, sub-
tus nigro alboquejasciato.)

Crested Colin, with the body beneath spotted with white, black,
and rufous the middle of the belly rufous ; the forehead and
the throat whitish red j the neck spotted with black. Fe-
male without crest ; the body above spotted with black, be-
neath fasciated with black and white.

Perdix cristata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 652. 30. — Temm. Gall. Ind.
p. 736.

Tetrao cristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 277* 18. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 765. 18.

Coturnix Mexicana cristata. Briss. Orn. 1. 260. 21. pi. 7,5. J". 2.
Cotumix Indica, Quanhtzonecolin. Raii. Syn.p. 158.

Le Zonecolin. Buff. Ois. 2. 485.

La Caille huppee du Mexique. Buff. PI. Enl. Il6.y^ 1. male.
Colin zonecolin. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 446.

Crested Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 784. 26.

The male of this species is adorned with an
elongated narrow crest, of a fulvous colour : he is
in length seven inches : the beak is brown : the
forehead, the eyebrows, and the throat, are white,
slightly tinged with yellowish ; and on the lower
part of the throat with reddish, and all the feathers
edged with black : the feathers of the head and
occiput are black, edged with white and bright
red ; those of the nape and the sides of the neck
are white, with a black s])ot towards their tip: the

382

CHESTED COLIN.

feathers of tlie back are grey, spotted and varied
with black, brown, and white ; the wing-coverts
are the same, deeply edged with whitish yellow,
and with a large spot of black at the tip of each
feather : the breast is transversely striped with
black and white ; the belly with rufous and black:
the feathers on the sides are spotted with black
along the shafts, and are edged with pure white :
the quills are grey : the tail-feathers are brown-
grey, waved with whitish yellow : the feet are yel-
lowish : the lower mandible of the beak is yellow-
ish at the base. The female is destitute of a crest :
the eyebrows and the throat are white, spotted
with black and reddish : the upper parts of the
body are grey-brown, with black spots, and waves
of rufous : the wing-coverts are duller than in
the male, and are destitute of the broad white
border : the feathers of the under part of the body
are striped with narrow bars of black and white,
the latter being tipped with two oval black spots:
in other respects she resembles the male, but is
more dull in tint : the young greatly resemble the
female till nearly grown, wlien the male attains
the crest, and the colours of the plumage their
proper hue.

This inhabits Mexico, where it is called Quanht-
zonecoUn.

383

SONNINl's COLIN.

(Ortyx Sonninii.)

Or. cristata, guUure castaneo, corpore supra, cauda pectoreque
rubescente-cinereis maculis nigris conspersis, suhtus castanea,
macuUs albis nigro^circumdatis. (Femina capite IcEvi, colore
dilutiore. )

Crested Coliiij with the throat chesnut ; the body above, the
tail, and the breast, reddish grey, sprinkled with black spots ;
beneath chesnut, with white spots, which are edged by black.
{Female with the head smooth, and the colours of the body
paler. )

Perdix Sonninii. Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 737.

Colin Sonnini. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 451.

Le CaiUe de Cayenne. Sonn. Buff. 7. 133.

This species was confounded with the former
till separated in Sonnini s edition of Bulfon, where
it is described : it is rather more than seven inches
in length : four or live narrow elongated feathers
are situated on the top of the head, between the
eyes, and form a crest ; these are yellow, tinged
with brown in the centre : the forehead is yel-
lowish, as is the part surrounding the base of both
mandibles of the beak : the throat, and a broad
band behind the eyes, are of a deep red : the
feathers of the nape and the sides of the neck are
spotted with white, black, and chesnut : the top
of the back is grey-red, waved with black : the
rest of the upper parts is grey-red, spotted with
black, and uiuhdated with brown : the breast is

384

CALIFORNIAN COLIN.

bright reddish brown, sprinkled with black and a
little white : the whole of the under parts, and the
lower tail-coverts, have on each feather three pure
white spots on either web ; these spots are bounded
by black, and the middle of the feathers are fine
red-chesnut : the quills and the secondaries are
brown : the feathers of the tail are deep brown,
with innumerable waves of black : the beak is
black, and the feet yellowish. The female is smaller,
has not the crest, and the colours are less brilliant.

This inhabits the central parts of America and
Guiana, frequenting the vicinity of woods : the
female lays twice in the year ; the young secrete
themselves among the thick herbage, and when
startled fly but a few feet from the ground.

CALIFORNIAN COLIN.

(Ortyx Californica.)

Or. plumbea, crista verticnli erectd, guld nigra, alho cincid, ab-
domine testaceo lunulis nigris.

Lead-coloured Colin, with an erect vertical crest; the throat
black, bounded with white; the abdomen testaceous, with
black lunules.

Perdix Californica. Lath, Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixii. 2. — Temm. Gall.
Ind. 738.

Tetrao Californicus. Shaw. Nat. Misc.pl. 345.

Californian Quail. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. p. 281. 7-

CALIFORNIAN COLIN.

385

This bird, which is deposited in the British
Museum, is thus described by Latham : “ This is
rather larger than our Quail : the beak is lead-
coloured : the general colour of the plumage on
the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, is
pale cinereous brown ; this colour comes forward
on the breast on each side in a broad band, where
it inclines to bluish ash-colour : the back part of
the neck speckled with dull cream-colour : from
the crown springs a tuft, composed of six long
dusky feathers, which are capable of being carried
erect : the forehead is dull ferruginous ; behind
this, about the eyes, the chin, and throat, dusky'
black : behind the eye is a dirty cream-coloured
streak, and a crescent of the same bounds the black
of the throat all round the lower part : the belly,
from the breast, is dirty ferruginous yellow, marked
with slender crescents of black : over the thighs,
beneath the wings, some long dusky feathers,
marked with a yellow streak down the middle of
each : the tail is rather long, and somewhat cunei-
form in shape : the legs short, and of a lead-
colour. The female differs chiefly in wanting
black on the head, and having the colours in general
less distinct. Inhabits California, whence it was
brought by Mr, Menzies.”

V. XL P. II.

‘20

3b6

MALOUINE COLIN,

(Ortyx Falklandica.)

Or. mutica, corpore supra Jiiscescente, jicgulo Jlavescente lumdis
Jiiscis, pectore imo abdomineque albis.

Crestless Colin, with the body above brownish ; the juguluni
yellowish, with brown lunules j the lower part of the breast
and the abdomen white.

Perdix Falklandica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 653. 32. — Temm. Gall.
Ind. p. 738.

Tetrao Falklandicus. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 762. 4Q.

La Caille des Isles Malouines. Ois. 2. 477- — Buff. PI.

Enl. 222.

Malouine Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 786. 28.

This rare sjiecies is a native of the Falkland
Isles : it is about equal to the common Quail in
size and length : its beak is lead-colour : the upper
parts of the plumage are pale brown ; the middle
of the feather darker, and with two or three lunu-
lated lines of the same towards the tip : quills
dusky, edged with paler : sides of the head varied
with white : chin, fore-part of the neck, and
breast, brownish yellow, marked with spots and
curved lines of brown, but paler than the upper
parts : lower part of the breast, the belly, the
thighs, and the vent, are white : the tail brown,
barred with paler: the legs brown.

387

TURNIX. TURNIX.

Generic Character.

Rostrum mediocre, gracilius,
rectum, compressum, acu-
tum ; versus apicem incur-
vum.

Xarcslateralesjlineares, mem-
brana semiclausag, ad max-
ill® medium usque por-
rect®.

Pedes tridactyli, digitis fissis,
halluce nuUo.

Cauda brevis, plumis uro-
pygii obtecta.

Alee breves.

Beak middle sized, slender,
straight, compressed, acute;
incurved towards the tip.

Nostrils lateral, linear, half
closed by a membrane por-
rected towards and beyond
the middle of the beak.

Feet three-toed ; toes cleft ;
none behind.

Tail short, covered by the
feathers of the rump.

Wings short.

Turnix. Bonnathere,

Ortygis. Illiger.

Hemipodius. Rienvoardt, Temminclc.
Ortygodes. Vieillot.

Perdix. Bath.

Tetrad. Gmel.

CoTURNix. Briss.

Tridactylus. Lacepede.

Th IS genus comprises most of the smallest of
the gallinaceous birds : they are polygamous, and
reside in sandy deserts among the herbs of those

3S8

liLACK-IRONTED TURNlX.

places : they run with great swiftness, and when
pursued hide themselves in the tufts of high grass :
both young and old live a solitary life, not asso-
ciating in coveys as the Quails : they principally
subsist on insects, rarely eating seeds or berries.
They are found in the hotter parts of the old
world. The grand character which distinguishes
them from all other Quails, is that of possessing
but three toes, all of which are placed forwards ;
they also differ in other respects.

BLACK-FRONTED TURNTX.

(Tumix nigrifrons.)

T'C.J'ronte trifasciatdy corpore supra riifescente-Jlavo, tectricibm
alarum nigro punctatis, gutture Jiavescente, pcctore lunuUs
nigrisy ventre abdomineque albis.

Turnix with the forehead with three fasciae ; the body above
reddish yellow j the wing-coverts spotted with black ; the
throat yellowish j the breast with black crescents j the belly
and abdomen white.

Turnix nigrifrons. Lacepede.

Hemipodius nigrifrons. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 754.

Turnix ^ bandeau noit. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 610.

Ortygodes variegata. Vieil. Anal, d'une nouv. Ornith. Elem.

p.Q9- (n.)

This beautiful species measures six inches in
length : the forehead is ornamented with three

BLACK-NECKED TURNIX.

389

Isroad fasciae ; the first is formed of small white
feathers, arising from the base of the beak to the
nostrils ; the second, which is twice as broad as
the first, is deep black ; the third, which extends
beyond the eyes, is pure white ; the top of the
Itead is of a fine red, with delicate black stripes in
the middle of the feathers : the nape is slightly
tinged with bright olive : the back, the rump, and
the upper tail- coverts are of a reddish yellow,
tinged with black and fawn-colour : the lesser and
middle wing-coverts are yellowish ; each feather
with a small black spot towards its tip: the se-
condary and greater quills are grey : the throat is
of a bright reddish yellow : the neck and the
breast are the same, with all the feathers sprinkled
with semicircular black spots: the behy, the thighs,
and the abdomen, are pure white : the beak is-
red : the feet are reddish, and the claws are black.
Only one specimen is known, which is in the
museum of Paris ; it is described by Temminck,
and noticed by Vieillot in his new arrangement of
birds. Said to be a native of India.

BLACK-NECKED T UBNIX,.

(Turnix nigricollis.)

Tu. gultnire coUoque inferior e nigris, cnrpore supra cinereo rx^o
nigroque varioy subtus cinereoy alis albo niaculatis.

390

BLACK-NECKED TURNIX.

Turnix with the throat and lower part of the neck black ; the
body above varied with grey, red, and black ; beneath grey ;
wings spotted with white.

Tetrao nigricollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 767.

Perdix nigricollis. Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 656. 47.

Hemipodius nigricollis. Tcmm. Gall. Ind. 754.

Coturnix Madagascariensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 252. l6.pl. 25.J^2.
La Caillede .Madagascar. Buff.Ois. 2.47p. — PI- Bnl. 17 !•
Turnix cagnan. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 6\Q.

Black-necked Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 79I. 3Q.

Size of the common Quail : length between six
and seven inches : the upper part and sides of the
head and the neck white, black, and rufous mixed :
the upper parts of the neck and body are variegated
with grey, rufous, and black, in streaks and spots
of the latter colour : wing-coverts varied with
rufous and grey, with a few irregular spots of yel-
lowish white, most of which are accompanied by a
streak of black : scapulars nearly the same ; some
of the feathers striped with whitish : quills brown ;
the three or four outer ones bordered with white :
chin and fore-part of the neck black, ending in a
point on the breast, which is grey, with rufous
sides : the sides of the body, belly, thighs, and
vent, grey : tail varied with rufous and black, and
is transversely waved : the feet and the beak are
greyish yellow.

This species inhabits Madagascar, but nothing
is known of its manners.

.391

FIGHTING TURNIX.

(Turnix Pugnax.)

I'u. gutlure nigro, superciliis temporihusque alho et nigro-piinc^
tatis, corpore supra rufescente, nigro et albo variegato, subtus
albo et nigro transverso lineato.

Turnix with the throat black 3 the eyebrows and temples spotted
with black and white ; the body above reddish, variegated
with black and white 3 beneath white, transversely striped
with black.

Hemipodius pugnax. Temm. Gall, Ind. p. 754.

Turnix combattant. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 6l2.

A SINGULAR and hitherto undescribed species,,
except by Temminck, who records it nearly as
follows. Its total length is about five inches and
a half or six inches : the top of the head is of a
dusky brown, tinged with red : its eyebrows, space
between the beak and eyes, the cheeks, and mark
behind the eyes, are white, varied with black spots :
the throat is deep black : the nape is reddish : the
back, the rump, the coverts which hide the tail,
and the scapulars, are brown, varied with red, and
marked near the tip of each feather with several
transverse undulated bands of deep black : some
of the scapulars are irregularly spotted with black,
and the whole are longitudinally edged with white :
the sides and fore-part of the neck, the breast, the
upper part of the belly, and the wing-coverts, are
equally striped with broad black and white bands.

392

LUZONIAN TURNIX.

the latter slightly shaded with reddish : the lower
part of the belly and the under parts are of a
rusty red, and spotless ; the quills and secondaries
are brown ; the tirst quill outwardly edged with
whitish yellow throughout its whole length ; the
beak is yellowish, but brown at its tip : the feet
are brownisli yellow : the eyes are straw-coloured^
This bird inhabits Java, where it is greatly prized
on account of its pugnaceous disposition, the in-
habitants amusing themselves by setting the males
to fight, in the same way that Game Cocks are
used to do in England.

LUZONIAN TURNIX.

(Turnix thoracicus.)

Tu. capite albo, punctis nigris rariegato, corpore supra nigres~
cente-griseo, subtus flaxescenle, pectore badio, iectricibiis alarum
apice Jiaris maada nigra.

Turnix with a white head, variegated with black spots j the
body above dusky grey, beneath yellowish 5 the breast ches-
nut ; the wing-coverts yellow at the tip, with a spot of
black.

Tetrao Luzoniensis. GmeL Syst. Naf. 1. 7^7-

Perdix Luzoniensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 656. 48.

Hemipodius thoracicus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 755.

Caille de I’lsle Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 54. pi. 23.

Turnix ^ plastron roux. Temm. Pig. ei Gall. 3. 622.

Luzonian Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 792. 40.

STRIPED TURN IX.

393

Discovered by Sonnerat in the Isle of Lujfon,
one of the Philippines : it is rather less than the
common Quail, and is about seven inches in
length : the top of the head, the cheeks, and the
nape, are covered with black and white spots, the
former being most numerous : the feathers of the
throat are white, tipped with black : the under
part of the neck and the breast are fine bright
red : the belly is of a bright yellowish : the sides,
the thighs, and the abdomen, are the same : the
back, the rump, and the feathers covering the
tail, are grey-brown, marked with delicate zigzag
black lines : the greater and lesser wing-coverts
are wliitish yellow, varied with black spots, with a
bright red transverse stripe above each of the
latter: the greater feathers of the wings are grey-
brown, and spotless, and the tail is very short :
the beak and feet are grey.

STRIPED TURNIX.

(Turnix fasciatus.)

Tu. vertice nigro, cervice rufo, corpore supra Jusco-nigro macu-
lato, sublus ri^Oj gula pectoreque alho nigroque transversim
Jasciatis.

Turnix with the crown black j the nape of the neck rufous; the
body above brown, spotted with black ; beneath rufous ; with
the throat and breast transversely striped with white and
black.

Hemipodius fasciatus. Temm. Gall. Ind, p. y5J.

Turnix raye. Temm. Pig. el Gall. 3. p, 634.

S94

SPOTTED TURN IX.

Rather above five inches in length : tlie whole
of the fore-part of the neck, the sides of the head
and of the breast, are transversely striped with
black and white : the belly and the abdomen are
of a spotless red : the top of the head is black :
the region of the eyes is striped alternately with
white and black : the nape is of a bright red : the
back and the rump are browm, varied with black
and red : the wing-coverts are transversely striped
with black and w'hite ; the feathers nearest the
body have their outer webs black, tipped with
grey : the quills are grey : the feet and beak arc
yellowish.

One specimen only is known, which is described
by Temminck from the rich collection of the Pa-
risian Museum.

SPOTTED TURN IX.

(Turnix maculosus.)

Tu. corpore supra rufo^ macidis nigris, spadiceis, albis et pluin-
beis variis, subtus rvfescenie , tcenid longiludinali athd in ver-
tice, superciliis rujis.

Turnix with the body above rufous, varied with spots of black,
chesnut, white, and lead-colour j beneath reddish ; the crown
with a longitudinal white band 5 the eyebrows red.

Heinipodius maculosus. Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 757.

Turnix Mouchete. Tcmm. Pig. ct Gall. 3. p. t)31.

SPOTTED TURNIX.

395

This bird is distinguished by its very short tail,
which scarcely exceeds the tips of the wings when
closed : its length is five inches : the top of the
head is varied with black spots, and the whole of
the feathers are tipped with greyish red : a white
band extends over the crown : the eyebrows, the
sides of the neck, and the nape, are bright red :
the throat and the cheeks are reddish white : the
fore-part of the neck, the breast, the belly, the
sides, and the thighs, are red, and (with the ex-
ception of the feathers of the sides and those of the
edge of the breast, which are varied with stripes
of black and reddish white,) they are spotless :
the feathers of the top of the back and the sca-
pulars are black in the centre, bordered with
white, and tipped with red : those of the middle
of the back, and the long ones which hide the tail,
are deep black, varied with rufous undulations,
and slightly edged with yellowish ; the scapulars
are a trifie spotted with grey-blue : the wing-
coverts are reddish yellow ; the whole of the
feathers with a black spot near the tip, and the
longer ones with the inner webs red, spotted with
black : the quills and the secondary feathers are
bright grey, edged with reddish white : the feet
and the beak are fine yellow.

Discovered during the last voyage of Baudin in
New Holland.

396

ANDALUSIAN TURNIX,

(Turnix tachydromus,)

Tu. corpore rujo nigro-undulaj,o, subtus flavescente , i<Fnia loiigi-^
tudinali rnfescente alba, in vertice, snperciliis rujescentibus.
Turnix with the body red, undulated with black ; beneath yel-
lowish ; the crown with a longitudinal reddish white band >.
the eyebrows reddish.

Hemipodius tachydromus. Temm. Gall. hid. 756.

Tetrao Andalusicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. /66.

Perdix Andalusica. Lat/i. Ind. Orn, 2. 656. 46,

Turnix tachydrome, Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 626.

Andalusian Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 791 • 3S.pl. in front.

Six inches in length : top of the head dusky
brown, divided longitudinally with three reddish
yellow bands, the two outward of which form a
kind of brow over each eye ; the third passes
down the middle of the crown : the throat is white :
the fore-part of the neck and the breast are pure
rufous, edged with yellowish on their sides, and
each feather with a small crescent of black : the
sides are bright red, sprinkled with a few black
spots : the middle of the belly, the abdomen, and
the under tail-coverts, are white : the nape is
greyish red, waved with black and red : the back,
the rump, and the scapulars, are varied with lon-
gitudinal waves of red and black, running parallel
with the margin of the feathers : the edges of all
the feathers of the scapulars are wlnte : the wing-
coverts are yellow ; tlic greater ones with a red

AJJDAILUSIAH TUI'IPTIIX

,fi.

V-/.

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r'\ :•

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., V-

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fX*

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GIBRALTAR TURNIX.

397

spot on their inner, and a black one on their outer
webs ; the lesser coverts have a black spot on
each web : the quills are grey, outwardly fringed
with white : the feet and the beak are brown.

This species visits the southern parts of Spain in
its annual migrations from Africa.

GIBRALTAR TURNIX.

(Turnix lunatus.)

Tu. corf ore swpra Jusco nigro-fosciato, suhtus Jlavescente-albo,
iectricibus alarum maculatis, gula albo nigroque Jasciata, pec^
tore lunulis nigris,

Turnix with the body above brown, fasciated with black; be-
neath yellowish white ; the wing-coverts spotted 3 the throat
striped with white and black 3 the breast with black cres-
cents.

Hemipodius lunatus. Temm. Gall. Ind. ysQ.

Tetrao Gibraltaricus. Gmel. Sysi. Nat. 1. J66.

Perdix Gibraltarica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 656.45.

Turnix ^ croissants. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 629.

Gibraltar Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 700. 37*

This rare species is thus described by Latham :
“ Length six inches and a half : beak black :
crown chesnut-brown, fringed with white: back
the same, barred witlx black : wing-coverts rusty
brown ; in the middle of each a black spot, sur-

HOTTENTOT TUIINIX.

r^9s

rounded with white, which also ends the feathers:
chin and throat barred black and dusky white :
breast white, with a crescent of black on each
feather, except down the middle, which is of a pale
rust-colour ; and there is likewise a mixture of
this last along with the black : belly, sides, and
vent, paler, inclining to yellow : quills and tail
dusky ; the last short, and striated with black and
rufous brown, fringed with white : legs pale : toes
only three in number, all placed forwards.”

This bird inhabits the countries on the African
coast of the Mediterranean, and occasionally visits
the southern shores of Spain.

HOTTENTOT TUIINIX.

(Turnix Hottentottus.)

Tu. vertice nigricante, rufo-macidato,gutturc albo, corpore stipra
et subius albescente-ri^o, nigro-ritfo et albesccnte maculato,
ventre imo abdomineque albescentihus.

Turnix with the crown dusky, spotted with white 5 the throat
white ; the body above and beneath whitish red, spotted with
reddish black and whitish j the lower belly and abdomen
whitish.

Hemipodius Hottentotus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 757.

Turnix Hottentot. Temm. Pig. ct Gall. 3. 7;. 630’.

HOTTENTOT TURNIX.

599

Tins species, Avhicli is not only the smallest of
the present genus, but of the gallinaceous birds,
is about the size of a Lark, and measures five
inches in length : the top of the head is black,
each feather being tipped with rufous ; a small
dash passes over the crown to the nape : the eye-
brows are rufous : the throat is white, each feather
tipped with bright red, which colour is expanded
over the cheeks : the sides and fore-part of the
neck, the breast, and lateral parts of the body,
are reddish white, with a broad but short band of
deep black towards the tip, which latter is yel-
lowish white : the middle of the belly and the
abdomen are of a whitish yellow, spotted with
brown : the nape is grey, varied with deeper grey :
the back, the scapulars, and the rump, are striped
and waved with spots and lines of deep red and
black : the scapulars are edged with a broad white
band, which is accompanied interiorly with one
of deep black : the wing-coverts are varied with
red, white, and black ; the red occupying the
inner, and the black and white the outer webs :
the quills and secondaries are bright brown, tipped
and fringed with yellowish white : the feathers of
the tail are varied with waved black and red
stripes, and large white spots : the beak is brown,
and the feet are yellow.

This species is one of the numerous discoveries
of that indefatigable naturalist Le Vaillant, who
communicated the following circumstance rela-
tive to its history to Temminck. “ This bird is

400 HOTTENTOT TURXIN.

Ibiiiul ill the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope,
but is there extremely scarce ; though among the
mountains of the Auteniquois Hottentots, towards
the bay of Plettemberg, it is very abundant : it
lives on the wild herbs of tlie desert : the female
deposits eight eggs of a dirty white ; and she
differs from the male in being more dingy in
colour.”

TINAMUS. TINAMOU.

Generic Character:

Rostrum gracile, rectum, de-
pressum, latius quam al-
tum, apice rotundato, ob-
tuso ; culmine lato, versus
apicem declivi,

Nares laterales, mediae, ovatae,
patulae, apertae.

Pedes tetradactyli, fissi, pol-
lice brevissimo, insistente.

Cauda nulla, aut brevisslma
plumis uropygii obtecta.

Aloe breves.

Tixamus. Latham, Tcmm,

Cryptukus. Illiger.

Cryptura. Vieillot.

Tetrad. Gmel.

Perdix. Briss.

I Beak slender, straight, de-
; pressed,broader than high,
the tip rounded and obtuse;
j the ridge broad and bent
I down towards the tip.

. Nostrils\aXeva\,mc(Lva\, ovate,

I expanded, and open,
i Feet four-toed, cleft, the hind
toe extremely short. .

Tail none, or very short, and
covered by the feathers of
the rump.

Win^s short.

This genus was first established by Latham, who
describes four species : since his time, however,
the discoveries of d’Azara and Temminck have
increased the species to twelve : they are all natives
v, XI. p. II. 27

402

TINAMOU.

of‘ South America, and are very dull birds : their
flight is heavy, low, and of little duration, but they
run with great celerity : some species reside in
the open fields, while others })refer the borders of
woods : they live in small scattered coveys : their
food consists of insects and fruits : their eggs are
deposited in a hole or furrow ready foi nied on the
ground : they are very numerous, and are usually
produced twice in the year : both sexes resemble
each other : their flesh is said to be white, firm,
and succulent, forming a wholesome nourishment,
but their rump and thighs are sometimes very
bitter, which is attributed to their food consisting
principally of the fruit of certain trees at particular
periods of the year.

Temminck has formed two divisions of this genus,
and given a hint respecting a third ; all of which
I have adopted, as I am decidedly of opinion that
where there is any considerable variation in the
structure of animals, there will be found some dif-
ference in the habits, when the subject becomes
thoroughly investigated.

I have omitted the Tinamou ray^ of Temminck,
as it appears to be a doubtful species.*

* Tinamus uudulatus, Tcmm. Gall. Ind. p. 751.

40S

Cauda nulla; halluce elongato; ierr<B hisistente,

A. Tail wanting ; the hinder toe elongated, and resting upon
the ground,

RUFESGENT TINAMOUr

(Tinatnus rufescens.)

Ti. corpore supra cinerascente-rufoy plumis alho nigroque trans-
versim striatis, margine alarum rvfescente-rubro, regione au~
riunv nigra, subtus dilute jiavescente^rufo, Jiisco undulato,
lateribus abdomineque cinerascentibus.

Tinamou with the body above greyish red, transversely striped
with black and white j the margin of the wings rufous red ;
the region of the ears black; beneath pale yellowish red,
waved with brown ; the sides and abdomen greyish*

Tinamus rufescens. Temm. Gall. Ind. p, ‘JA'J .

Tinamou Guaza. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3>. p. 552.

Fifteen inches and a half in length : the top of
the head is spotted with black and bordered with^
rufous : a dusky spot covers- the opening to the
ear, and a fine dash the angle of the mouth :
the shoulders, the back, the wing-coverts, the
rump, and the feathers that hide the latter, are
grey, shaded with reddish, and transversely striped
with white and black : the quills, the outer border
of the wing, and the spurious wing, are rusty red :
the throat is white : the neck, the breast, and the
belly, are rufous, the last slightly striped trans-
versely with fuscous : the abdomen and the sides
are greyish, varied with stripes of rufous and black

404

SPOTTED TINAMOU.

the beah, which is long, and strongly curved, is of
a brown-bhie ; the feet are pale red.

This is the most beautiful of the genus; it is a
native of Paraguay, residing among thick herbage :
it feeds night and morning, when it utters its cry,
which is melancholy and feeble : the female deposits
seven eggs, of a tine brilliant violet hue, in a nest,
or rather a hollow, situated beneath tufts of grass ;
the young resicie within a short distance of each
other, and not in families.

SPOTTED TINAMOU.

(Tinamus maculosus.)

Ti. corporc supra Jiiscescente-rufo, plumis maculis nigris con-
spersis et rujescente-albo jimbriatis^ remigibus secundariis trayis-
versim rpfo nigroque striatis, gutture albo, collo pectoreque
maculis longitudinalibus nigris.

Tinamou with the body above brownish red j the feathers
sprinkled with black spots, and edged with reddish white j the
secondary quills striped transversely with red and black j the
throat white j the neck and breast with longitudinal black
spots.

Tinamus maculosus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 748.

Tinamou Ynambui. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 557 •

Length ten inches : the feathers on the top of
the head are deep brown, marked with white, and
bordered with reddish : the throat is white ; the

SPOTTED TINAMOU.

405

sides of the head, the neck, and the whole of the
under parts of the body, are reddish white : the
middle of each feather of the fore-part of the neck
with dusky longitudinal spots : the feathers of the
upper parts of the body are of a reddish brown,
irregularly spotted with black, and edged with
reddish white j the lesser and middle wing-coverts
are of a white-red, marked with deeper red, and
striped transversely with black : the secondary
wing-feathers are striped alternately wdth red and
black : the quills are the same on their outer webs,
and grey with red stripes on their inner : the beak
is brown above and white beneath : the irides are
bright red : the feet are pale brown.

This species is abundant in Paraguay ; the female
lays six or eight eggs, of a violet tint, more dull
than those of the preceding bird : the cry of this
is very melancholy and unpleasant. A singular
scheme is adopted for catching these birds, to
supply the market of Buenos Ayres, which serves
to exemplify their natural stupidity: the fowler
carries a pole of from six to nine feet in length, at
the top of which is attached a noose and an ostrich’s
feather ; with this instrument and a bag, he goes
over the fields, and upon seeing a bird he rides
circuitously up, and it immediately squats down
and allows him to place the noose over its neck.

406'

B. Cauda, in J'asciam coarctatd, phmis uropygii obtecta ; pnllice
brevissitno, in terrani non insistente.

B. Tail compressed as in a bundle, and covered by the feathers
of the rump ; the hind toe very short, and not resting on the
ground.

a. Tarsi postice scabri, corpore pennis geminis.

a. Tarsi rough behind j the feathers of the body double.

GREAT TINAMOU.

(Tinamus Brasiliensis.)

Ti. corpore supra Jusco~olivaceo, parum nigro transversim striato,
subtus cinerascente-rufo , vertice ripfo, remigibus secundariis
Tujb nigroque transversim slriatis.

Tinamou with the body above olive-brown, slightly transversely
striated with black j beneath greyish red the crown rufous j
the secondary quills transversely striated with rufous and
black.

Tinamus Brasiliensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 633. 1. — Temm, Gall.
Ind. 748.

Tetrao major. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 767. 63.

Perdix major Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 227. 5.

Macucagua. Raii. Syn. 53. 9.

Tinamou Magoua. Buff. Ois. 4. 507. 24. — Temm. Pig. et Gail.
3. 562.

Tinamou de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 476.

Great Tinamou. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 724. 1.

Described as follows by Latham : “ Size of a
fowl : length eighteen inches : beak black : the
top of the head is deep rufous ; the general colour
of the plumage greyish brown, inclining to olive,
with a mixture of white on the upper parts of the

GREAT TINAMOU.

407

belly and sides, and of greenish on the neck : upper
part of the back, wing-coverts, and tail, marked
with dusky transverse spots ; fewest on the last :
the sides of the head, throat, and fore-part of the
neck, not well clothed with feathers : the secondary
quills have a mixture of rufous, and the greater
quills plain ash-colour : the tail is short : the legs
yellowish brown ; the hind part of them very
rough, the scales standing out, and giving the
appearance of the bark of the hr tree.”

This species inhabits the great forests of French
Guiana and Cayenne, and roosts upon the lower
branches of trees, two or three feet from the
ground : the female lays from twelve to fifteen
eggs, the size of those of a. hen, and of a beautiful
green colour : the nest is formed on the ground,
among the thick herbage, near the root of some
large tree, and is constructed of moss and dried
vegetables. The young run after the mother
almost as soon as hatched, and hide themselves on
the least appearance of danger : their food con-
sists of fruit and grain of all kinds, as well as
worms and insects. Their cry may be heard a
great way off, and is a kind of dull whistle, w4iich
is uttered every evening at sunset, and again at
sunrise : this the Indians imitate, and by that
means decoy the birds within reach of the gun :
they also take many during the night, while roost-
ing on the trees : tlie flesh and eggs are esteemed
a great dainty.

408

TAO TINAMOU.

(Tinamus Tao.)

Ti. corporc supra nigrescente, cinerco undulato, supcrcilils stria
cervicali genis colloque superiore macuUs nigris ef albis con-
spersis, ventre cinerascente, dilutiore nndulato, ahdotnine rvfo
nigro undulato.

Tinaraou with the body above dusky, undulated with grey 5 the
supercilia, cervical stria, the cheeks, and upper part of the
neck, sprinkled with black and white spots ; the belly greyish,
undulated with paler ; the abdomen rufous, undulated with
black.

Tinamus Tao, Temm. Gall. Ind. p. ^4g.

Tinamou Tao. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 56g.

The total length of this species is twenty inches :
its head is dusky, with grey spots : the sides of
the forehead and a dash passing over the eyes, to
the middle of the posterior part of the neck, where
the dash of the opposite side forms an union 5
these, and also the cheeks, the under part of the
throat, and the upper part of the base of the neck,
as well as its sides, are varied with black and
w'hite : the chin and the throat are white, ob-
scurely varied with dusky : the sides of the head
are dusky, and a dash of the same covers the ears,
and descends in a band towards the under })art of
the neck, separating the variegated superciliary
line from the rest of the neck; the lower part of
which and the breast are grey, finely dotted with
dusky : the whole of the back, the rump, and the

./.Vtfr-

■t

■ ■ Ki'.

TARIE GATE B 'IPET AM O V

VARIEGATED TINAMOU.

409

wing-coverts, are black, undulated with grey : the
tail-coverts the same, but less distinctly undulated,
and towards their tip more dusky, and slightly
spotted with grey : the belly is grey, marked with
very obscure waves : the abdomen and thighs are
reddish, waved with hlack : the knees are encircled
with a brown belt : the under tail-coverts are fer-
ruginous, with the edges of the feathers undulated
with black: the Squills are uniform dusky: the
secondaries are waved with deep grey, the bands
being more distinct on those nearest the body : the
tail-feathers are dusky, with white undulations :
the tarsi are lead-colour ; the beak is blackish grey,
and the irides brownish red.

This species was discovered by D’Azara in the
province of Para in Brazil, where it is called
Ynambu-tao, from whence its name.

b. Tarsi postice Iccvi, corporis pennce simplices.
b. Tarsi smooth behind, the body with simple feathers.

VARIEGATED TINAMOU.
j- (Tinamus variegatus.)

Ti. corpore supra lateribiisque Jusco-nigricantibus^riifoque trans-
versim striatis, guld ventreque riifescente-albis, vertice cer-
viccque nigricantibus , collo pectoreque rujis.

Tinamou with the body above and sides dusky brown, trans-
versely striped with rufous j the throat and belly reddish
white ; the crown and nape dusky j the neck and breast
rufous.

410

VARIEGATED TINAMOU.

Tinamus variegatus. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 634. 3. — Temm. Gall.

hid. 750.

Tetrao variegatus, Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 768. 65.

Tinamou vari6. Buff. Ois.4. 411. — Buff. PL Enl. 828. — Temm.

Fig. et Gall. 3. 596.

Variegated Tinamou. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 726. 3. pi. 65.

This beautiful species is twelve inches in length,
and is distinguished from all others by the length
of its beak and the shortness of tts tail : the top of
its head, the occiput, and a portion of the nape,
are deep black : the cheeks are black, varied with
brown and red : the throat is white, slightly shaded
with reddish : the neck, the breast, and upper part
of the belly, are lively red : the belly is reddish
white or yellow : the feathers of the sides are
brown, varied with transverse reddish yellow stripes,
which towards the thighs, and on the under tail-
coverts, are tinged with white ; the back and the
whole of the remainder of the under parts of the
body are deep dusky brown : the feathers of the
back and scapulars have towards their tips a single
transverse band of yellowish red ; those of the
wing-coverts have a second band towards their
middle ; those of the rump and the upper coverts
to the tail possess two of tliese bands : the se-
condaries and quills arc grey-brown ; the former
with a few spots and bands of reddish towards
their tip ; most numerous on the feathers nearest
the body : the tail-feathers are dusky grey, striped
towards their tip with bright red : the upper man-
dible of the beak is dusky grey ; the under white :
the feet are dusky brown, and the claws are brown.

MACACO TINAMOU.

41 1

This species inhabits Guiana. The female lays
ten or twelve eggs, rather less than those of a
Pheasant, and are remarkable for their brilliant
lilac hue.

MACACO TINAMOU.

(Tinamus adspersus.)

Ti. corpore collogue supra Juscescente-ruhris , nigro transversim
undulatis vertice J^usco, gutture albo, collo subtus pectore
ventregue cinerascentibus, saturatius cinereo nigrogue undio-
latis, abdoinine albescente.

Tinamou with the body and neck above brownish red, trans=
versely waved with black ; the crown brown ; the throat
white ; the neck beneath, the breast, and belly greyish, un-
dulated with black and deep grey 5 abdomen whitish.
Tinamus adspersus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 78. t
Tinamou Macaco. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 585.

This scarce species is thus recorded by Tem-
minck : “ About eight inches in length : the top
of the head is of a deep brown : the throat whitish,
shaded with greyish : tlie upper part of the neck
is of a brownish red, waved with dusky stripes :
the anterior part of its base is greyish, waved with
dusky : the whole of the upper parts of the body
are brown red, transversely, but irregularly waved
with narrow black stripes : the wing-coverts and
rump are reddish brown, shaded with grey: the

412

CINEREOUS TINAMOU.

breast is grey-rufous, varied with deeper : the belly
is the same, but more bright : the abdomen and the
thighs are dirty white, waved with ferruginous,
except the middle of the abdomen, which is of an
uniform colour : the coverts concealing the tail are
white-rufous, irregularly barred with black and fer-
ruginous : the quills are brownish ; the secondaries
and the greater wing-coverts are grey-brown,varied
with transverse zigzag black lines : the tail-feathers
are brown at their base, and striped with faint
zigzag lines of black at their tip : the under wing-
coverts are brownish : the irides are reddish brown.
Inhabits Brazil.”

CINEREOUS TINAMOU.

-p' (Tinamus cinereus.)

Ti. corpore supra et snhtus Jiiscescente-cinereo, vcriice colloqui
siihrnjis.

Tinamou with the body above and beneath fuscous brown j the
crown and neck subrufous.

Tinamus cinereus. Lalh. Ind. Orn. 2. 633. 2. — Temm. Gull.
Ind. 750.

Tetrao cinereus. Gmel. Sysi. Nat. J. 768. 64.

Tinamou cendre. Buff". Ois. 4. 510. — Temm. Pig. et Gull. 3.

574.

Cinereous Tinamou. Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 726. 2.

The Cinereous Tinamou is one of the number
described by Latham ; it is about one foot in

APEQUIA, TINAMOU.

413

length : the whole of the plumage is of an uniform
grey-brown, shaded on the head and hinder part
of the neck with reddish : the upper mandible of
the beak is dusky, and the under dirty white : the
feet are grey-brown : the tail is very short, and
entirely hidden by its upper coverts. It is a
native of Brazil and Guiana, but is very rare.

APEQUIA TINAMOU.

(Tinamus obsoletus.)

Ti. corpore supra Juscescente-nigro, rujoque leviter nehuloso,
cervice colloque supra saturatioribus, partibus omnibus infe-
rioribus rufis, lateribus nigro transversim striatis, cauda bre~
vissimd.

Tinamou with the body above brownish black, slightly clouded
with rufous ; the nape and neck above darkest ; all the under
parts of the body rufous 3 the sides transversely striped with
black 3 the tail very short.

Tinamus obsoletus. Temm, Gall. Tnd. p. 75.

Tinamou Apequia. Temm, Fig. et Gall. 3. 588.

From seven to nine inches in length : the pre-
vailing colour of the feathers of the sides of the
head and the throat is greyish red : the top of the
head and the hinder part of the neck are dusky
brown : the fore-part of the neck, the breast, the
sides, and the belly, are fine rusty red : the feathers

414

OAIUANA TINAMOU.

on the sides of the body, which fall over the thighsy
and those of the abdomen, are red, with broad
stripes of black : the back, the rump, the smaller
wing-coverts, and the outer webs of the secondary
feathers, are dusky brown, shaded with red : the
inner webs of the latter and the quills are of an
uniform grey : the legs are fillimot-colour : the
irides orange, and the beak reddish. Inhabits
Brazil.

OARIANA TINAMOU.

(Tinamus strigulosus.)

Ti. corporc supra n^escente, plumis versus apicem nigra circun-
datis, tegminibus alarum macuUs Jiavis striisque nigris va-
riegatis, fronte verticeque nigris, collo rufo, corpore suhtus
cinerascente et Jlavescente undidato, caudd longd.

Tinamou with the body above reddish, the feathers surrounded
with black towards the tip ; the wing-coverts variegated with
yellow spots and black stripes ; the body beneath undulated
with dusky and yellowish 3 the tail long.

Tinamus strigulosus. Tcmm. Gall. Ind. p. 753.

Tinamou Oariana. Temm. Pig. et Gall. I.p. ^52.

This inhabits the province of Para in Brazil,
where it is called VYuamhu pinime : it is near
seven inches in length : the forehead is black, as
is also the top of the head : the throat is white,
slightly sprinkled with reddish : the cheeks, the

TATAUPA TINAMOU.

415

occiput, the nape, and the whole of the lower parts
of the neck, are deep red : the breast and the
sides are lead-colour, shaded with olive : the belly
is of an ashy yellow, varied with nearly obsolete
waves of a bright ash ; the middle of the abdomen
is white, and its sides varied with dusky brown
and yellow : the tail-coverts are red, tipped with
reddish white, and undulated with black : the
back, the scapulars, and the lesser wing-coverts,
are deep reddish, each feather with a slight black
border towards the tip : the feathers of the rump
and tail-coverts are the same, broadly striped with
black : the greater wing-coverts and the outer
edge of the secondary feathers are varied with
black waves, and mottled with small spots of yel-
lowish: the tail-feathers are grey-blue, olive to-
wards their tip, with a spot of black and another
of yellow at a short distance from the tip : the
base of the lower mandible is white, the rest of
the beak brown : the legs and toes greyish yellow^.

TATAUPA TINAMOU.

(Tinamus tataupa.)

Ti. corpore supra nigresccnte-rujoy vertice temporihus cervicequc
cinerascente nigris, gutture colloque albis, pectore, subtus et
mnrgine alarum cinerascente-plumbeis, plumis fomorum nigris
albo marginatis.

416

TATAUPA TINAMOU.

Tinamou with the body above dusky rufous j the crown, tem-
ples, and nape, dusky black 3 the throat and neck white 3 the
breast, under parts, and edges of the wings, cinereous lead-
colour 3 the feathers of the thighs black, edged with white.
Tinamus Tataupa. Temin. Gall. Ind.p. J52.

Tinamou Tataupa. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 59O.

Nine or nine inches and a half in length : the
top of the head, the cheeks, the occiput, and part
of the nape, are black, slightly shaded with lead-
colour : the throat and part of the front of the
neck are white : the lower part of the neck, the
breast, and the belly, are grey lead-colour : the
back, the lesser and middle wing-coverts, are of a
dusky red, with the coverts that are nearest the
edge of the wing tinged with lead-colour: the
secondary feathers and the quills are grey-brown :
the feathers of the sides are brown-lead ; those of
the thighs and the sides of the rump are black ;
the whole slightly bordered with white : the under
tail-coverts are striped with bright red and black :
the legs are glossy reddish violet : the beak and
irides are bright red.

This species is a native of Brazil, frequenting
the vicinity of habitations : it resides among thick
herbage, where it deposits its eggs, which are four
in number, of a shining deep blue : the sexes live
solitary : their cry is louder and more sonorous
than in any other of the genus : they are reared by
the natives for their flesh, which is white, but
insipid.

417

BWARF TINAMOU.

(Tiiiamus nanus.)

Ti. corpore colloque supra rufo, albo nigroque variegatisf suhtus
albulo, pectore hngitudinaliter, lateribus iransversim rufo et
nigricante striatis, fronte cervice temporibusque rifescentibus
nigro-punctatis.

Tinamou with the body and neck above rufous, variegated with
white and black ; beneath whitish ; the breast longitudinally,
and the sides transversely, striated with rufous and dusky 5^
the forehead, nape, and temples, reddish, spotted with black.
Tinamus nanus. Temm. Gall, Ind. p. 753.

Tinamou carapc. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. 600.

This species is described by D’Azara nearly as
follows : length six inches : the under parts of the
body are whitish ; the fore-part of the neck being
marked with long reddish spots, and the sides of
the body being transversely striped with black and
reddish white : the forehead, the sides, and the
hinder part of the head, are bright red, spotted
with dusky : the feathers on the top of the head
are dusky, obsoletely spotted and edged with dirty
white : those of the top of the neck and the ramp
are varied with red, white, and black, the former
being also spotted with white : the quills and outer
coverts of the wings are transversely striped with
black and reddish, and spotted with white : the
tarsi are bright olive : the upper mandible of the
beak is brown, and the lower whitish.

This bird inhabits the Helds of Paraguay, fre-
V. xj. ¥. II. 28

418

LITTLE TINAMOU.

(jLieiitiiig only those that are well clothed with
herbage, among which it conceals itself : its man-
ners are very similar to those of the rest of the
species of this genus, living a solitary life, and
never frequenting the woods : it runs well, but
flies with difficulty, never more than about twenty
paces at a time : it will not bear confinement.

LITTLE TINAMOU.

-f- (Tinamus soui.)

Ti. corpore supra Juscescente-rufo, nigro parum 7iebuloso, siihUts
cinerascenle^rufo , vertice temporihus cerviceque nigris, coUo
sublus cinerascente-olivaceo .

Tinamou with the body above brownish red, slightly clouded
with black j beneath greyish red ; the crown, temples, and
nape, black j the neck beneath greyish olive.

Tinamus Soui, Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 634. 4. — Temni. Gall. Ind.
752.

Tetrao Soui. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 768. 66.

Le Soui, ou petit Tinamou. Bi/^. Ois. 4. 512. — Buff. PI. Enl.

829. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 597.

Little Tinamou. Lath. Gen, Syn, 4. 727.

This is about nine inches in length : the top of
the head, the cheeks, and the whole of the hinder
part of the neck, are dusky grey : the throat is
white : the fore-part of the neck, the breast, and
the sides, are olive-brown, or browm varied with

LITTLE TINAMOU.

red : the belly and the thighs bright reddish
yellow : the abdomen is of a deep red, varied with
small stripes of yellow : the tail-coverts are whitish
yellow: the back, the rump, the scapulars, the
wing-coverts, and the tail, are of an uniform red-
brown : the feathers of the wings and those of the
tail are grey-brown : the upper mandible of the
beak is dusky grey 5 the under whitish ; and the
feet are brown. It varies a little in its colours.

This species is a native of Guiana, and differs
slightly in its manners from the rest of the genus,
in that it constructs its nest in the lower branches
of trees : this is of a hemispherical shape, about
six inches broad and five deep, and is composed of
leaves. The female lays three or four eggs, nearly
round, and about the size of those of a Pigeon j
these and the flesh are greatly esteemed.

420

The genus Syrrhaptes of Illiger resembles the
gallinaceous type, as Cuvier -has asserted. The
tarsi are short and are covered with feathers, as
are also the toes, which are only three in number,
short, and united at their base : the wings are long
and pointed. Only one species is known, the
Tetrao paradoxus of Latham.

Anotheh genus of uncertain situation, the Tocro,
Odontophorus Guianensis, (Perdix dentatus of La-
tham) is omitted in the above account of the
Gallinacese. It greatly resembles the birds of the
genus Ortyx, but differs in many respects from
them : it possesses the following characters : beak
smooth at the base ; above convex ; the sides
greatly compressed ; the under mandible towards
the tip bidentate: the orbits and lores naked:
the tail short, bent down, consisting of twelve
feathers.

O’ORDER

STRUTHIONES,

Rostrum mediocre^ rectum, depressum, culmine out lava auf
carhiato, apice rotundato, ohtuso vel acuto.

Caput calvum aut plumosum.

Pedes cursorii, didactyli vel tridactyli ; Femora supra genua
plumis denudata.
h'LM breves, volatu inepta.

Beak medial, straight, depressed ; the ridge smooth or keeled,
the tip rounded, obtuse, or acute.

Head naked or feathered.

Feet formed for running, -fo»r--toed or three-toed ; the thighs
above the knee destitute of feathers.

Wings short, unfit for flight.

This order embraces some of the largest of the
class, containing only the ostrich-like birds : they
are all noted for the rapidity with which they run,
in which they are assisted by their wings, which
are very short.

Cuvier observes that the birds included in this
order differ from all other birds, in that the sternum
is destitute of a ridge or keel. The muscles of
the breast are so small as not to have power
enough to expand the wings sufficiently to enable
them to support the body of the bird in the air :
on the contrary, those of the legs and thighs are
very large, and remarkably strong, being well
adapted for long and powerful strides.

422

ORDER STRUTHIONES.

These birds are all extremely voracious, swal-
lowing without discrimination almost any substance
not too large to pass down the oesophagus, that is
presented to them : they feed on vegetables of
various kinds : they are polygamous, each male
associating with three or four females, who deposit
their eggs in a general nest ; and from ignorance
of that circumstance, Linne has asserted that the
female Ostrich lays near fifty eggs, whereas she
does not produce more than twelve or fourteen at
one time.

The Dodo of Edwards appears to have existed
only in the imagination of that artist, or the species
has been utterly extirpated since his time, which
is scarcely probable. Its beak is said to be de-
posited in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and
a foot in the collection in the British Museum.
The former appears rather to belong to some
unknown species of Albatross than to a bird of
this order, and the latter to another unknown bird;
but upon what authority it has been stated ta
belong to the Dodo, I am at a loss to determine.
A painting by Edwards still exists in the British
Museum.

Two other species of Didus are described by
Latham and others, but the same doubt attaches
to both of them as to the last mentioned.

Ki.Af’K Ostrich.

423

STRUTHIO. OSTRICH.
Generic Character.

Rostrum rectum, mediocre,
depressum, apice rotun-
dato, obtuso.

Caput calvum.

Pedes didactyii : di^tis an-
trorsum spectahtibus,

AI(£ breves, remigibus nullis.

Struthio. Auctorum.

Beak straight, middle sized,
depressed,tbe apex rounded
and obtuse.

Head naked.

Feet two-toed, both toes in
front, none behind.

fVin^s short,, no quills.

Only one species is known of this genus, whose
manners of life will be found detailed in the fol-
lowing pages.

BLACK OSTRICH.

(Struthio Camelus.)

St. corpdre nigro,pennis albo griseoque variegatis, remigibus pri-
moribus rectricibusque albis. (Femina fusca ubi mas niger est.) ■.

Ostrich with a black body, the feathers varied with white and
grey ; the primary quills and tail-feathers white. {Female
brown where the male is black.).

424

BLACK OSTRICH.

Struthio Camelus. Rati. Syn. p. 36. 1. — Wills. Orn. lOJ. pi.

25. — Driss. Orn. 5. 3. — Lmn. Syst. Nat. 1. 265. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1 726. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 063. 1.

L’Autruche. Bujf'. Ois, 1. 398. pi. 29. — Buj^. PI. Enl. 457.

female.

Black Ostrich. Broim. III. Zool.pl. 16. — Alb. Birds. 3. pi. 53.

Gent. Mag. 18. pi. in p. 580. — Spar. Voy. \.p. 130. 2. p. 81. —

Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 6. pi. y\. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 230. — Lath.

Syn. Sup. II. 2S8. — Bing. Anim. Biog, 2. p. 2/3.

This gigantic species is at once the largest and
most remarkable of this class, exceeding all birds
in its extraordinary magnitude, often measuring
upwards of eight feet in height, and as many in
length, from the tip of the beak to the end of the
tail, but to the top of the back it seldom exceeds
four feet : its general appearance is peculiarly
striking and attractive : its head is very small in
proportion : its beak is four inches and a half in
length, horn-coloured, with the tip dusky: the
eyelids are fringed with hair ; irides hazel : the
head and greater part of the neck are flesh-
coloured, destitute of feathers, but slightly covered
with a few scattered hairs : the feathers of the
lower part of the neck and those of the body
are black, with their webs peculiarly constructed,
being very loose and somewhat crisped in ap-
pearance : the quills and tail-feathers are of a pure
snowy white, beautifully waving with the air, and
some of them tipped and fringed with black : the
wings have each of them two spurs, about one
inch in length ; the sides of the body and thighs
dre naked : the breast is armed with a hard callous
substance : the legs are strong, of a greyish brown

BLACK OSTRICH,

425

colour. The female differs in having those fea-
thers brown that are black in the male.

Ostriches inhabit the sandy and burning deserts
of Africa and Asia ; they are oftentimes found in
large flocks, and commit great ravages amongst
corn-fields in the interior of the country about the
Cape of Good Hope, where they are extremely
numerous, as they are also in the neighbouring
islands.

The Ostrich is one of the few polygamous birds
found in a state of nature, one male being generally
seen with two or three, and frequently with five
females ; it has been commonly believed that the
female, after depositing her eggs in the sand, and
there covering them up, trusts them to be hatched
by the heat of the climate, and leaves the young
ones to shift for themselves ; but, however, it has
been ascertained by recent observations, that no
bird has a stronger affection for her offspring than
this, and that none watches her eggs with greater
assiduity, as she also does the young when newly
excluded, they not being able to walk for several
days, during which time they are regularly sup-
plied with grass and water by the old birds, who
likewise defend them from harm, and will even
encounter every danger in their defence. The
females which are united to one male deposit all
their eggs in the same place, to the number of ten
or twelve each ; these they hatch all together, the
male also taking his turn of sitting on them : as
many as sixty or seventy eggs have been observed

426

BLACK OSTRICH.

in one nest,' and according to the observation of
Le Vaillant, ten or a dozen are always placed at a
little distance from the nest ; these are said to be
intended for the first nourishment of the young :
the nest appears to be only a hole in the ground,
formed by the birds trampling the earth for some
time with tlieir feet. As a further proof of the
affection of the Ostrich for its young, it is related
by Thunberg, that he once rode past a place where
a female was sitting on her nest, wlien the bird
sprang up and pursued him, evidently with a view
to prevent his noticing her eggs or young. Every
time he turned his horse towards her she retreated
ten or twelve paces, but as soon as he rode on
again she pursued him, till he had got to some
considerable distance from the place where he
started her.

The Ostrich subsists entirely on vegetables,
such as grass, fruit, grain, &c. : it will frequently
swallow pieces of iron, lead, glass, copper, and
sUch like, with the utmost voracity ; but in the end
such practices often prove fatal, as the bird is not
capable of digesting them. Dr. Shaw asserts that
he saw one at Oran that swallowed, without any
seeming inconvenience, several leaden bullets, as
they were thrown upon the floor, scorching hot
from the mould !

These birds being very valuable on several
accounts, the natives use various stratagems to
procure them : they hunt them on horseback, and
begin their pursuit by a gentle gallop j for should

BLACK OSTRICH.

427

they at the outset use the least rashness, the match-
less speed of the game would immediately carry it
out of their sight, and in a very short time beyond
their reach ; but where they proceed gradually it
makes no particular effort to escape. It does not
go in a straight line, but runs first to one side and
then to the other ; this its pursuers take ad-
vantage of, and by rushing directly onward save
much ground. In a few days at most, the strength
of the animal is exhausted, and it then either turns
on the hunters and fights with the fury of despair,
or hides its head and tamely submits to its fate.
Another method of catching them is by a man
concealing himself in the skin of one of these
birds, and by that means approaching near enough
to surprise them. They are often taken alive, as
they are easily tamed, and may be rendered very
useful. Their skins are very thick, and are sub-
stituted for leather by the Arabians : their flesh
and eggs are esteemed by many an excellent food,
and their feathers even in this country are very
valuable, and greatly used for ornament.

In procuring the eggs from the nest, the natives
are very careful not to touch any with their hands,
as the parent birds are sure to discover it upon
their return, and not only desist from laying any
more in the same place, but trample to pieces with
their feet all those that have been left ; therefore
a long stick is always used to push them out of
the nest. In the interior of the eggs there are
often discovered a number of small oval-shaped

428

BLACK OSTRICH*

pebbles, of a pale yellow colour, and exceedingly
hard : Thunberg was informed that these are often
set and used for buttons. The shell of the egg is
frequently used for drinking cups and other utensils,
and is often set in gold for that purpose, being
exceedingly hard, and equal in appearance to the
finest ivory ; it is also cut into small pieces and
used for many ornamental purposes, such as rings
and necklaces.

The great strength of these birds is exemplified in
the following anecdote, related by Adanson, which
took place during his residence at Podor, a French
factory on the southern bank of the river Niger :
he relates, that “ two Ostriches which had been
about two years in the factory, and although
young were nearly of their full size, were so tame
that two little blacks mounted both together on
the back of the largest : no sooner did he feel
their weight, than he began to run as fast as
possible, and carried them several times round
the village, as it was impossible to stop him other-
wise than by obstructing the passage. -This sigh-t
pleased me so much, that I ordered it to be re-
peated ; and to try their strength, directed a full
grown negro to mount the smallest, and two others
the largest. This burden did not seem at all
disproportioned to their strength. At first they
went a tolerably sharp trot, but when they became
heated a little, they expanded their wings as
though to catch the wind, and moved with such
fleetness that they scarcely seemed to touch the

BLACK OSTRICH.

42^

ground. Most people have, one time or other,
seen a Partridge run, and consequently must know
that there is no man whatever able to keep up
with it, and it is easy to imagine that if this bird
had a longer step, its speed would be considerably
augmented. The Ostrich moves like the Par-
tridge, with this advantage ; and I am satisfied
that those I am speaking of would have distanced
the fleetest racehorses that were ever bred in
England : it is true they would not hold out so
long as a horse, but they would undoubtedly be
able to go over the space in less time. I have
frequently beheld this sight, which is capable of
giving one an idea of the prodigious strength of
an Ostrich, and of shewing what use it might be
of had we but the method of breaking and ma-
naging it as we do a horse.”

In a tame state they are tractable and familiar
towards persons that are acquainted with them,
but are often fierce towards strangers, whom they
will attempt to push down by running furiously
upon them, and on succeeding in this effort, they
not only peck at their fallen foe with their beak,
but strike at him with their feet with the utmost
violence : when thus engaged they make a fierce
hissing noise, and have their throats inflated and
mouths open ; but at other times they have a
kind of cackling voice, which they use when they
have disabled an adversary. During the night
they often utter a doleful and hideous cry, some-
what resembling the distant roaring of a lion, or

430

BLACK OSTRICH.

the hoarse tone of a bear or an ox, as if they
were in great agony.

They are fond of fanning themselves with their
floating wings, which are generally in a quivering
motion in hot climates, during the heat of the day,
on the sunny side of a house, and seem at every
turn to admire and be enamoured of their own
shadows.

CASUARIUS. CASSOWARY.

Generic Character.

Rostrum rectum, subconi-
cum, culmine carinato,
apice rotunda to, inflexo ;
mandlbula superiore sub-
fomicata marginibus dila-
tatis, versus apicem emar-
ginatls.

Nares ovatae.

Caput nudum galeatum.

Collum nudum, palearibus
binis instructum.

Pedes tridactyli, digitis om-
nibus anticis.

Al^ brevissimae.

Casuarius.

Struthio.

Beak straight, subconic, the
ridge keeled, the apex
rounded and indexed ; the
upper mandible arched, its
margins dilated, and to
wards the tip emarginate.

Nostrils oval.

Head naked and galeated.

Neck naked, furnished with a
double wattle.

Feet three-toed, all placed
forward.

TFiw^^very short.

Briss. Ray. Lath. Vieil,
Linn. Gmel. Cuv.

The Galeated Cassowary is the only species of
this genus : it inhabits the torrid regions of Asia,
and feeds on vegetables : its wings are very small,
and are destitute of feathers : the thighs are naked
above the knee.

432

GALEATED CASSOWARY*
(Casuarius Galeatus.)

Ca. niger, vertice galeato, corpore setoso, cnpite collogue supremo
nudisy caerulescentibus.

Black Cassowary, with the crown galeated ; the body hairy ;

the head and other part of the neck naked and bluish.
Casuarius Emeu. Lath. Ind. Orn.2. 664. 1. — Briss. Orn. 5. 10.
Ruii. Syn. 36. 3.

Struthio Casuarius. Linn. Syst. Nat, 1. 265. — Gmel. Syst. Nut.

1.726.

Le Casoar. Buff. Ois. 1. 464. — Btff. PI. Enl. 313.

Galeated Cassowary. Alb. 2. pl. 60. — Gent. Mag. 43. pi. in p.
471. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 10. pl. 72.

This enormous bird is thus described by Dr.
Latham : “ This is a large bird, and not greatly
inferior to an Ostrich in bulk, though from having
a much shorter neck, is not near so tall : the
length is about four feet, but from the beak to
the end of the claws five feet and a half. The
beak is four inches and a half long, grey brown, a
little notched at the end, the gape very wide :
irides the colour of a topaz : eyelids beset with
hairs : the nostrils oblong, placed near the end of
the beak : the ears large and open : on the top of
the head is a kind of helmet, beginning at the
base of the beak, and reaching to the middle of
the crown ; this is three inches high, and one inch
broad at the base, but gradually grows thinner, so
as the upper part is not more than a quarter of an

2.9

GAJI..EATED CASSOWARY.

GALEATED CASSOWARY.

433

inch thick ; this is yellowish at the back, but
blackish on the fore-part : the sides of the head
are naked, being, as well as the neck, covered
only with a wrinkled reddish skin, thinly beset
with hairs, and tinged with a cast of both blue and
purple : on the lower part on each side, forwards,
are placed two fleshy membranes, one inch and a
half long, and three quarters broad, part red, part
blue, and take rise about the middle of the neck,
where they are very slender : on the breast is a
callous bare part, on which the bird rests its body
when on the ground : the body in general is co-
vered with brownish black loose-webbed feathers,
two of which arise from one shaft for the most
part ; on the Yump these feathers are fourteen
inches long at least, and hang downwards in place
of a tail, for the bird is destitute of one : the wing,
or what is in the place of it, is not furnished with
feathers, having only five bare shafts, like the
quills of a porcupine, the longest ten or twelve
inches, and of a dusky colour ; at the end of the
last joint a kind of claw : the legs have all the
three toes placed forwards, and each furnished
with a claw, which is almost straight and pointed 5
the inner one the longest : the colour of the legs
and toes greyish brown : claws black.’*

This species inhabits the eastern parts of Asia,
towards the south, being found in the Molucca
islands, those of Banda, Java, Sumatra, and parts
adjoining, but nowhere in plenty, nor ever be-
3^ond the limits of the torrid zone. The deep
forests of the island of Ceram, along the southern
v. XI. p. II. 29

434

GALEATED CASSOWARY.

coast, abound witli them. In a state of nature
the female deposits three or four eggs at a time,
and these are generally of a greenish or greyish
colour, beautifully varied with elevated grass-green
spots, and marked towards their smaller extremity
with white ; they are deposited in the sand, and
are left to be hatched by the heat of the sun and
the atmosphere, but in some countries the female
sits upon them as other birds do.

The food consists of vegetables, and in contine-
ineilt it will eat bread, apples, &c. ; all which it
swallows whole, not bruising it with the beak ;
and like the Ostrich, it will swallow almost any
thing presented to it that is not too large to pass
down the throat. Cassowaries are very tierce,
and amazingly powerful, their beak being con-
siderably stronger in proportion than that of the
Ostrich, and with this they defend themselves
most vigorously, and will break to pieces almost
any hard substance. They strike in a very dan-
gerous manner with their feet, either before or
behind, at any object which offends them.

Many of these birds have been brought to Eu-
rope, as they bear the climate better than most
animals imported from the torrid regions : several
instances have occurred of their laying eggs during
confinement.

435

RHEA. RHEA.

Generic Character.

Beak straight, depressed, the
tip rounded, bent down,
and hooked.

Head feathered.

Feet with three toes before,
and a rounded callous be-
hind.

Wings short.

Rostrum rectum, depressius-
culum, apice rotundato, de-
cUve, unguiculato.

Caput plumosum.

Pedes digitis tribus antice in-
structi, postice callo ro-
tundato.

Aloe breves.

Rhea. 6ms. Lath. VieiL
StruthIo. Linn. Gmel. Cuv.

Struthio-camelus. Bay,

o F this genus only one species is known, which
is described in the following pages : it appears to
have much the same manners as the individuals of
the two preceding genera.

436

AMERICAN RHEA.

(Rhea Americana.)

Rh, corpore alboy alis dorsoque obscure griseis. \Variat corpore
toto albo, interdum nigro.)

Rhea with a white body j the wings and back obscure grey.

(Varies in having the body entirely white or black.)

Rhea Americana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 665. 1.

Rhea. Briss. Orn. 5. p. 8.

Struthio Rhea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 266. 3. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. 727.

Struthio-camelus Amerjcanus, Nhandu-guacu. — Rail. Syn. 36. 2.
Le Touyou. Buff. Ois. l. 452.

American Ostrich. Will. (Ang.) p. 150. — Lath. Gen. Syn.
5. 23*.

American Rhea. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 292. 1.

This bird is a native of South America, and
although extremely common in many parts of
that continent, specimens have rarely been seen in
England : it is rather less than the Ostrich, being
about six feet in height, of which the neck is two
feet eight inches : the head is small, rounded, and
covered with feathers : eyes black : eyelids fur-
nished with eyelashes : the beak short and broad :
the general colour of the plumage on the back
and wings is dull grey, but in some individuals
wholly white, in others black : the wings stretch
from tip to tip no less than eight feetj but on
account of the webs being disunited, are useless in
flight, hanging over and hiding the tail, which is
composed of short feathers of equal lengths : legs

Amemcak Rhea

AMERICAN RHEA.

437

two feet and three quarters in length, furnished
with three toes, all placed forwards, and the rudi-
ment of a fourth behind*

This bird appears to be most numerous in the
vicinity of the lake Nahuelguapi, in the valley
of the Andes : it is also abundant, according to
Faulkner, Wallis, and others, in Patagonia. It
lives on fruits, and like the Ostrich, devours any
thing offered to it : its favourite food is flies,
which it catches very nimbly : when attacked, it
defends itself by kicking with its feet, either behind
or before : the female is said to lay from forty to
sixty eggs, on the bare ground ^ ; they contain
about two pounds of liquid each. When it calls
its young it gives a kind of whistle : its feathers
are in great request by the Indians.

^Probably this^ species, like the rest of the order, is poly-
gamous, and each female deposits a dozen or more eggs in the
same place,.

438

DROMICEIUS. EMU.

Generic Character.

Rostrum rectum, marginibus
valde depressis, apice ro-
tundato, culmine subcaxi-
nato.

Caput pennatum.

Gula denudata.

Pedes tridactyli; digitis omni-
bus antrorsum spectantibus.

Alee brevissimae.

Beak straight, the edges
greatly depressed, the tip
rounded, the ridge some-
what carinated.

Head feathered-

Throat naked.

Feet three-toed, all the toes
placed forward.

Wings very short.

Dromiceius. Vieil.
Casuarius. Lath.

IHIS genus may be distinguished from Ca-
suarius, with which it was confounded by Latham,
by the head being feathered and destitute of any
protuberance : the wing-quills are feathered, and
do not, as in Casuarius, consist merely of shafts :
the hinder part of the tibim is greatly serrated.
One species only is known, which is a native of
New Holland.

439

NEW HOLLAND EMU.

(Dromiceius Novae-Hollandise.)

D^. 'nigricans, corpora seloso, capita colloque pennaccis, tihiis
postice serratis.

Dusky Emu, with the body hairy 5 the head and neck feathered •,
the tibise serrated behind,

Casuarius Novae Hollandiae. Lath, hid, Orn. 2. 665. 2.
Southern Cassowary. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 3. pi. 99.

New Holland Cassowary. Phil. Bot. Bay, pi. in p. 271*-“
White's Journal^ pi. in p. 129. — Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 2Q0. 1.

This singular bird is thus described by Dr.
Latham in his second Supplement to the General
Synopsis of Birds. “ This is a large bird, mea-
suring more than seven feet in length : the beak
is black ; the plumage for the most part brown
and grey mixed; paler on the under parts; the
head differs greatly from that of the common Cas-
sowary, being covered with feathers; nor has it
any helmet or rising protuberance whatever,' as
in that species : the feathers however about the
head and neck are of a hairy texture, and the
fore-part of the chin and throat nearly destitute
of any, so as the purple colour of the skin may be
seen through them : the long species observable in ,
the wings of the common sort^ are here wanting,
but instead of them are real wings, though of so

* Casuarius Emeu.

440

NEW HOLLAND EMU.

small a size as to be useless for flight ; they are
covered with feathers like the rest of the body,
and when the bird is quite at rest, are scarcely
discernible therefrom : the legs are dusky and
stout 5 in colour not unlike those in the other
species, but are greatly indented or serrated at the
back part : the three toes placed in the same
manner, all forwards : so far the external ap-
pearance of the bird : internally it is said to difier
from every other species, particularly in having no
gizzard, and the liver so small as not to exceed that
of a Blackbird, yet the gall-bladder was large and
distended with bile : the crop contained at least
six or seven pounds of grass, flowers, and a few
berries and seeds : the intestinal canal six yards
long : the heart and lungs separated by a diaphragm,
and bore a tolerable proportion to the size of the
bird.

“ Inhabits New Holland, where it is not un-
common, being frequently seen by our settlers
there, but is exceedingly shy, and runs so swiftly
that a greyhound can scarcely overtake it. The
flesh said to be very good, tasting not unlike young
tender beef.”

^ . ORDER

CURSORES.

Rostrum aut mediocre, aut capite longius, apicc aut obtuso, vel
aciito, interdum cuneato.
h.'LM volatui aptce.

Pedes longiores, tridactyli ; digiti vel ad imum Jissi, vel exte~
riores basi membrand connexi ^ Jemora in parte ir^eriore de-
nudata.

Beak medial, or longer than the head j the tip obtuse or pointed,
sometimes wedge-shaped.

Wings formed for flight.

Legs long ; three-toed j the toes cleft to their origin, or the
outer ones connected by a membrane at the base 5 the lower
part of the thighs naked.

The Bustards and Thick-knees, which form a
division in this order, are included by Latham
among the Gallinaceae, and the rest of the genera
are placed with the Grallse. The former live in
open plains, and are polygamous, the Thick-knees^
excepted, which live in pairs : their food consists
of herbs, seeds, and insects: the latter reside on
the gravelly borders of rivers, in pairs, subsisting
upon aquatic insects and worms.

In the subsequent account of this and the fol-
lowing orders, I have omitted many of the species
described by Latham, they having been inserted
in his Synopsis from the concise and vague de-
scriptions of various travellers.

442

OTIS. BUSTARD.
Generic Character.

Uostnim conicum, rectum,
compressum ; mandibula
superiore ad apicem forni-
cata.

ovales, apertae.

Pedes cursorii ; digiti basi
membrana connexi.

Alas mediocres ; remiges
prima, et quinta aequales et
breviores quam quarta.

Otis. Auctorum.

Beak conic, straight, com-
pressed ; the upper man-
dible arched towards the
tip.

Nostrils oval, open.

Leg's formed for running ;
the toes connected by a
membrane at the base.

Whig'S medial ; the first and
fifth quills equal, and
shorter than tlie fourth-

Bustards are heavy birds ; they fly but little ;

are very wild and shy, and when pursued are slow
in taking flight, but run with great velocity, in
which they are assisted by their wings : they
reside in corn-fields, or on bushy plains : their food
consists of herbs, grains, seeds, and insects : they
are polygamous, one male being attended by
several females. fhey are all natives of the Old
Continent, and the four last species are distin-
guished by tile beak being more slender than ia
the first mentioned.

GHEAT BU§TA]R]D

443

GREAT BUSTARDo
(Otis Tarda.)

Ot. corpore supra nigro rufoque undulato et maculato, suhtus
albido ; remigibus primoribus nigris. (Mas. capite juguloque
utrinque cristato.) •

Bustard with the body above undulated and spotted with black
and rufous 5 beneath whitish ; the primary quills black.
{Male with the head and jugulum crested on both sides.)

Otis Tarda. Linn. Si/st. Nat. 1. 264. 1. — Gmel. Spst. Nat^ 1,
722. 1. — Rail. Syn. 58. a. 1. — Briss. Orn. 5. 18. l.—Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. 658. 1. — Leach Cat. Mus. Brit. p. 27.

Outarde. Buff. Ois. 2. 1. pi. 1. — Buff. PI. Enl. 245.

Outarde barbue. Temm, Man. d’Orni. 317-
Great Bustard. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. QS.pl. AA. — Penn. Arct.
Zool. 2. \SQ.—Edw. pi. 79, 80. — Alb. Birds. 3. pi. 38, 39. —
Lath. Gen. Syn. A. 7Q6. 1. — Lerv. Brit. Birds. A. pi. 139. —
Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 173. — Bult. Cat. Dors. p. 6. — Mont. Orn.
Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Betv, Brit. Birds. 1. 314. —
Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 268.

This species is the largest of the British birds,
the male frequently weighing so much as twenty-
five or thirty pounds, attaining the height of four
feet, and his wings expanding about nine : on
each side of the lower mandible of the beak is a
tuft of long feathers, constructed of delicate and
unconnected webs : the head, neck, breast, and
edge of the wing, are grey, inclining to brown on
the tip of the head : the back and lesser wing-
coverts are elegantly barred with black and pale
ferruginous : the greater coverts are pale cine-

444

GREAT BUSTARD.

reous : the quills are black, slightly tipped with
white : the under parts are white : the tail white,
consisting of twenty feathers ; the middle ones are
rust-colour, barred with black ; the two outer
ones reddish at the base, and for two-thirds of their
length : they have two bands of black towards
their tip : legs dusky : beak bluish : irides light
hazel.

The female is destitute of the tuft on each side
of the mandible, and is not above half the size of
the male : her crown is of a deep orange, crossed
with transverse black lines ; the rest of the head
brown ; the lower part of the neck in front ash-
coloured, in other respects similar to the male,
except being less brilliant in colour on the back
and wings.

The male of this fine species possesses a curious
bag or pouch, situated in the fore-part of the
neck, and capable of containing about two* quarts
of liquid ; the entrance to it is immediately under
the tongue. This singular reservoir was dis-
covered by Dr. Douglas, wdio supposes that the
bird fills it with water to supply its thirst in the
midst of those extensive plains where it is ac-
customed to wander : a further use of it has also
been observed at Morocco, where they fly the
Hawk at the Bustard ; for on the attack of the
Hawk it has been known that the Bustard has

* Some writers say seven ; but the weight of so great a
quantity of fluid placed in the neek seems to be more than the
bird would be able to fly with.

GREAT BUSTARD.

445

made use of this appendage, by squirting the water
that is contained therein with violence against
the assailant, who is often baffled in the pursuit.

Bustards appear to be natives of the greater part
of Europe, but are not of equal frequency in all
parts, particularly in well inhabited countries, as
they from timidity avoid all commerce with man-
kind, and the most paltry dog will drive whole
herds of them away. In England they used to be
met with in flocks of fifty or more, frequenting
the open countries of the south and east parts,
from Dorsetshire as far as the wolds in Yorkshire,
but now they have become extremely scarce, the
plains of Wiltshire furnishing the greater portion ;
but they are in danger of total extirpation, as half
a guinea is given in that part for the egg, and ten
or twelve guineas for a pair of the birds ; in con-
sequence the former is sought after for the pur-
pose of hatching under common poultry, and the
latter are often taken by the shepherds’ dogs
before they can fly.

These birds pair early in the spring : the female
lays two eggs, in a hole formed by her feet on the
bare ground ; they are about one month hatching,
and are the size of those of a Goose, of an olive-
brown colour, marked with spots of a deeper hue.
If, during her absence from the nest, any one
handles or even breathes upon the eggs, she imme-
diately abandons them. The young ones follow
the dam soon after they are excluded from the egg,
but are not capable of flying for some time.

The food of these birds consists of green corn^

446

ARABIAN BUSTARD.

the tops of turnips, and various other vegetables,
as well as worms ; but they have been known also
to eat frogs, mice, and young birds of the smaller
kind, which they swallow whole : in the winter
they frequently feed on the bark of trees ; they
will also swallow any small substance presented to
them, somewhat like the Ostrich. The chase of
the Bustard is said to afford excellent diversion :
they are slow at taking flight, but run so fast that
nothing but greyhounds can overtake them. They
do not appear to be capable of domestication, as
many attempts have been made to rear them, but
they always perish in two or three years, and do
not shew any inclination to breed.

The Bustard is migratory, though but little so
in this kingdom, where it is most abundant in
autumn, but in France it is likewise seen in tlie
spring : on all the south plains of Russia and the
deserts of Tartary it is likewise common, but does
not appear to be found in any other part of Asia,
or at all in Africa.

ARABIAN BUSTARD.

(Otis Arabs.)

Ot. rufescens, nigricante striata, subtus alba, aurilus ereeto-
cristatis, cauda JascidJuscd.

ARABIAN BUSTARD.

447

Rufescent Bustard, striated with dusky ; beneath white ; the
ears with an erect crest ; the tail with a brown fascia.

Otis Arabs. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 264. 2. — Gniel. Syst. Nat. 1.

725. — Briss. Orn. 5. 30. 3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 650. 3.

Le Lohong, Outarde huppee d’ Arabia. Buff. Ois. 2. 52.

Paon sauvage de Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. S5.pl. 4g. ?
Arabian Bustard. Ediv. pi. 12. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 801. 3. —
Lath. Syn. Sup. 226. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 284. 2.

Nearly as large as the common Bustard, mea-
suring about three feet and a half in length, and
seven in expanse : its beak is pale horn-colour :
the irides are dull brown : the forehead whitish :
the hind head is adorned with a black crest, from
which arises a black fascia, reaching forward on
the sides of the head ; the top of which, the neck,
and upper parts of the body, are rufous, varied
with black : the quills black : the secondaries
spotted with black and white j those nearest the
body rufous, barred with dusky : the throat and
fore-part of the neck ash-colour, barred with brown
lines : the breast and under parts of the body
white : the two middle tail-feathers dusky, the
rest white, varied and crossed with a black band :
legs pale brown.

This bird inhabits various parts of Asia and
Africa : its flesh is very excellent : its manners
are unknown.

448

HUFFED BUSTARD.

(Otis Houbara. )

Ot. Jiavescens Jusco maculata, subtus olbn, collo pomis 7iigris
elongatis, caudd ochraced fasciis nigris, apice alba.

Yellow Bustard, spotted with brown ; beneath white j with the
neck with elongated black feathers 5 the tail ochraceous, with
black fasciae, and white tips.

Otis houbara. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 725. 6. — Lath. hid. Oni. 2.

660. 8.

Otis rhaad. Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. J25. 7* — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.

660. g.

Psophia undulata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 721. — Lath. hid. Orn.
2. 657. 2.

Le Houbara, ou Outarde huppee d’Afrique. Buff. Ois. 2. 5p. —
Gent. Mag. xix. in p. 499. — Temm. Man. d' Orni. p. 319.
Le Rhaad, Biff. Ois. 2. 6I.

Undulated Trumpeter. Lath. Syn. Sup. 225.

Rhaad Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 805. 7*

Ruffed Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 805. 6.

The male of this species, when in full plumage,
answers to the following description : the fore-
head and sides of the head are red-grey, varied
with small brown spots : the hind head, cheeks,
and top of the neck, are dusky, mottled with
dusky and grey lines : on the head are several
pure white long feathers, and on the sides of the
neck is a stripe of elongated black feathers, which
is followed by several white ones with disunited
webs : the breast and under parts of the body are
pure white : the hinder part of the neck, the back,

Whiltk-eatiik:d) Eustak.d

WHITE-EARED BUSTARD.

449

and the wings, are yellow-ochre, sprinkled with
delicate black stripes, but the middle of each
feather is plain : the quills are white, black towards
their tip, which is pure white : the tail-feathers
are of a red-ochre colour, wdth three broad stripes
of dusky grey ; and the whole of them, except the
two middle ones, are tipped with white : the beak
is dusky brown : the feet greenish. Its length is
about two feet. The young males have the sides
of the head more striped with zigzag lines of red
and dusky: the white feathers. of the crest are
shorter, and marked towards their tips with fine
dusky stripes : the long feathers on the sides of
the neck are shorter, and varied with deep brown.
The female is unknown.

This bird inhabits Arabia and the northern
parts of Africa, and it sometimes migrates into
Spain and Turkey : its manners are unknown,
save that it resides in the deserts.

WHITE-EARED BUSTARD.

(Otis Afra.)

Ot. nigra ^ dorso cinerco-undulato, auribus alhis.

Black Bustard, with the back undulated with cinereous ; the
ears white.

Otis afra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 724. 4. — I.cdh. Ind. Orn. 2.
dop. 5.

V. XI. P. II.

4i0

WHITE-EARED BUSTARD.

Otis atra. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. 1. 264. 4.

L’Outarde d’Afrique. BuJ^. Ois. 2. 54.

White-eared Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 802. pi. Gq.J", 4.—

Lath. Syn. Sup, 227*

This rare species is thus described by Latham,
who has also given a figure : “ Size of a large
fowl : length twenty-two inches. The beak yel-
low, a trifle bent at the end, where it is black : the
crown of the head is blackish brown, irregularly
barred with white lines ; on each side of it a white
line : on the ears a large spot of white : the rest
of the head, with the forehead, neck, and under
parts of the body, black : round the lower part of
the neck behind a band of white, which passes
forwards to the breast like a collar, but does not
quite meet before : the upper parts of the body,
great part of the wings, and tail, are deep blackish
brown, crossed with irregular streaks of different
shapes, and of a rufous colour : the outer edges of
the wing and quills are black ; above these a large
bed of white, occupying almost the whole length
of the wing : the secondaries are longer than the
quills, and hang over and hide them in a state of
rest : the tail consists of fourteen feathers, is five
inches in length, and a little rounded ; all the
feathers marked not unlike those of the back, but
more inclined to ash-colour, palest at the end ;
besides which, all but the two middle ones are
crossed with two bars of black. The lower part of
the feathers round the middle of the thighs are
white : the legs are yellow : claws black. The
female has the head and neck like the back, but

INDIAN BUSTARD.

451

the lines more delicate, and the breast and belly
black, like the male ; but the white spot on the
ears, and ring at the lower part of the neck, are
wanting.’’

Native of the country north of the Cape of
Good Hope, where it is called Korhane, or Knor-
haan, from its cry, which somewhat resembles the
syllable korrh twice repeated, and is uttered most
clamorously as soon as it perceives a man, and
by that means often disappoints the sportsman, as
all the other birds are alarmed at the noise, and
disappear in the instant ; for this it is usual always
to kill the Bustard, to prevent its driving the
game away. It frequents heaths and places remote
from habitations, and builds its nest in bushes, the
female laying two eggs in the season. The flesh
is not very good, but is thought agreeable by
many.

INDIAN BUSTARD.

(Otis Bengalensis.)

Ot. nigra supra Julvo-Jusca, dorso maculis cauda Jasciis nigris,
tectricibus alarum albis.

Black Bustard, above fulvous brown j the back with black
spots, and the tail with black fasciae j the wing-coverts
white.

Otis bengalensis, Gmel. Sysl. Nat. 1, 724. — Lath. Ind. Orn.

2. 660. 6.

452

INDIAN BUSTARD.

Otis aurita. Lath. Ind. Orn. -2. 66o. 7* ?

Pluvianus bengalensis major. Briss. Orn. 5. 82. 13-
La Churge. Bujf. Ois. 2. 56.

Passarage Bustard. Lath. S^n. Sup. 228. ?

Indian Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 804. 5. — Lath. Syn. Sup.
p. 228. — Edii'.jd. 250,

The male of this species has the heach neck,
breast, and under parts of the body, black ; the
latter inclining to ash-colour : the back elegantly
mottled with reddish brown and black : the wing-
coverts white : quills black : beak and legs pale
ash-colour. The female has the prevailing colour
of the plumage pale ash, clouded and undulated
with darker and blackish : head, neck, and belly,
plain.

The Passarage Bustard of Latham appears to be
a variety of the old male of this species : it is
about the size of the Little Bustard : its length is
eighteen inches : beak slender, brown and white :
the head, neck, breast, and belly, black : on the
ears a large white patch : junction of the neck
and back white : the back, wings, and tail, black, *
reticulated with fine lines of brown : the sfreater
wing-coverts are white : on the hind head are four
pairs of capillary feathers, each pair of different
lengths, and dilating at their end into a lance-
shaped tuft ; the longest four inches, the shortest
scarcely larger than the rest of the feathers of
that part : the legs are strong, and pale yellow.

Both these birds inhabit India, and have a crreat
affinity to the White-eared Bustard, but they differ
in many respects, particularly in having the wing-

INDIAN BUSTARD.

453

coverts white, and the last variety being adorned
with the long capillary feathers, and being of a
much smaller size than that bird ; neither has the
first the white patch on the ears, which is so con-
spicuous a mark in the other species.

They are greatly esteemed for their flesh, but
although very common are difficult to obtain, as
they are very shy: the first is called Churge^ and
the latter Oorail^ or Passarage Bustard,

454

TETRAX. BUSTARNELLE.

Generic Character.

Rostrum conlcum, rectum
paulo compressum ; man-
dibula superiore ad apicera
deflexa.

Nares o vales, apertse.

Pedes cursorii; digiti basi
membrana coaliti.

Akc mediocres ; remiges pri-=
raa et quarta asquales,
quintalongior quam quarta.

Beak conic, straight, slightly
compressed ; tlie upper
mandible towards Uie tip
bent down.

Nostrils oval, open.

Feet formed for running ; the
toes joined at the base by
a membrane.

Wings medial ; the first and
fourth quills equal ; the
* fifth longer than the fourths

Tetrax. Leach.

Otis. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Briss. Ray^ Tcmm. Cuv. Vieil. Sfc.

T?HIS genus was detached from the preceding by
Dr, Leach in the Catalogue of tlie indigenous
Animals that are preserved in the British Museum ;
only one species is known, whose manners are
described in the following pages.

i,n^.

yiEILU) Br'STAKNELI.E .

4.55

FIELD BUSTAIINELLE.

(Tetrax campestris.)

Te. nigro rw/o alboque variegnta^ subtus alba, collo nigro, torque
duplici albo. (Femina torque corpore supra concolor.)
Bustarnelle variegated with black, rufous, and white; beneath
white ; the neck black, with a double white ring. {Female
with the collar the same colour as the rest of the body.)
Tetrax campestris. Leach. Cat. Mtis. Brit, p. 28.

Otis Tetrax. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 264. 3. — Linn. Faun. Suec.
No. igQ. — Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 723. 3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
659. 3,.

Otis minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 24. 2. pl.I.f. 1, 2. — Baii. Syn. 59. 2.
Petite Outarde. Buff. Ois. 2, 40. — Buff. PI. Enl. 25. male. 10.
female.

Outard canepetiece. Temm. Mjan. d'Orni. 318.

Field Duck, Alb. 3. pi. 41.

Little Bustard. Penn. Brit.Zool. 1. 99. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.,
321. A. — Bdixi.pl. 251.— Phil. Trans, xlviii. p. 502. pi. I6. —
Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 759* 2. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 226. — Leixi. Brit.
Birds. A. pi. 140. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 174. — Beto. Brit. Birds.
1. 318. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont, Orn. Diet. Sup.—fShauj^^
Nat. Misc. 14. pi. 573- female.

Field Bustarnelle. Leach. Cat, Mus. Brit. p. 28.

This is seventeen inches in length : the top of'
the head and the occiput are bright luteous, spotted
with brown : the sides of the head and the fore-
part of the neck are deep grey, encircled with a
collar of pure white : the whole of the lower part
of the neck is deep black : the breast is surrounded
by a broad white collar, succeeding a narrow band
of black : the rest of the under parts, the edge of

456

FIELD BUSTARNELLE.

the wing, and the upper tail-coverts, are pure
white : the whole of the upper parts of the body
are bright yellowish, varied with zigzag dusky
stripes, following the outline of the feathers, and
sprinkled with large black spots : beak and feet
grey : irides orange. The female and young male
have the throat white : the sides of the head, the
neck, and the upper part of the breast, of a bright
yellowish, varied with brown stripes, and a broad
longitudinal bar in the centre of each feather ; the
breast, the sides, the edge of the wing, and the
upper and under tail-coverts, are white, varied
with transverse black stripes : the upper parts are
the same, but more varied with black.

This species inhabits the arid and open plains
of the southern parts of Europe, being most
abundant in Turkey, Italy, and Spain ; in France
and Germany it is rarer, and in this country is
extremely scarce, not more than ten or a dozen
specimens havdng been captured in the course of a
long series of years, and those principally females:
it is not found far to the north : it subsists prin-
cipally upon grain, seeds, and other vegetable
productions, also on insects and worms : the female
lays her eggs in June, to the number of four or
hve, of a glossy green-colour : as soon as the young
are hatched she leads them about as the hen does
her chickens : they are able to fly by the middle of
August. It is frequently taken in France in nets,
like the Partridge, for the sake of its flesh, which
is excellent, and is said to resemble that of the
hare : its eggs are also a great delicacy. Like

FIELD EUSTARNELLE.

457

tlie Great Bustard, this is very shy and crafty, and
if disturbed will fly for two or three hundred paces,
not far from the ground, and then run faster than
a man can follow on foot.

A very fine female of this species is in the col-
lection of indigenous birds in the British Museum :
it was shot near Torrington in Devonshire, in the
winter of 1804, and was taken to Plymouth market,
where it was sold for a female Black Grous, but
fortunately it fell into the hands of William Pri-
deaux. Esq. who presented it to the late Colonel
Montagu, whose entire museum was purchased by
government to form a basis of a splendid collection
of British Zoology.

458

(EDICNEMUS.

Generic ^

Rostrum capite longius, rec-
tum, validum, ad apicem
compressum ; mandibula
superlore culmine carinato,
inferiore ad apicem angu-
losa.

Nares ad medium rostri sitae,
antrorsum patulae.

Pedes longlores, graclles, tri-
dactyll, diglti basi mem-
brana connexi.

AIcb mediocres.

CEdicnemus. Cuv» Tettim. Vu

Fedoa. Rail, Leach.

Otis. Lath.

Charadrius. Linn. Gmcl. Lai

Pluvialis. Rati. Briss.

THICK-KNEE.

haracter.

Beak longer than the head,
straight, strong, compress-
ed at the tip; the upper
mandible with the ridge
carinated, the lower with
the tip angulated.

Nostrils placed in the middle
of the beak, open in front.

long, slender, three-toed,
the toes connected at the
base with a membrane.

Wings medial.

TThE only species of this genus which is found
in Europe lives in pairs in barren and sandy
situations, where it deposits its eggs in a cavity
formed by its feet : its food consists of earth-
worms, snails, and small reptiles : its voice is strong,
and is heard at a great distance.

In the Manuel d'Ornithologie, by Temminck,

COMMO:^ TmCK-I<^EE

COMMON THICK-KNEE.

4^(9

mention is made of two new and undescribed
species of this genus, both of which are natives of
Asia, one being found in the southern parts of
that vast continent, and the other in New Hol-
land: they are said to be twice as large as the
European species.

COMMON THICK-KNEE.

(CEdicnemus crepitans.)

CEd. griseo-Jiiscus, supra lineis longitudinalihus nigr leant ibus^
remigibus primoribus duabus nigris medio albis.

Grey-brown Thick-knee, with dusky longitudinal lines above j
the two primary quills black, white in the middle.
CEdicnemus crepitans. Temm. Man. d' Orni. p. 322.

Charadrius CEdicnemus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 255. 10. — Gmel.
Syst.Nat. 1.680.

Otis CEdicnemus. Lath.Ind. Orn. 2. 66l. 11.

Pluvialis major, CEdicnemus vulgo dicta. Briss. Orn. 5. 76. 12.

pi. TJ.f. 1. — Rail. Syn. 108. a. 4.

Fedoa nostra tertia. Raii. Syn. 105. a. 6.

Fedoa CEdicnemus. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit. p. 28.

Le grand Pluvier, ou courlis de terre. Buff. Ois. 8. 105.pl. 7.—
Buff. PI. Enl. 919.

CEdicneme criard. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 322.

Stone Curlew. Alb. \.pl. 69. — Will. 306. 2Q3.pl. 58. 77*
Thick-kneed Bustard. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1.100. — White's Selb.
Ato. 43. 88. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 8O6. Q. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds.
4. p>l. 141. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. l63. Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. —
Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

Great Plover. Bexu. Brit. Birds. 1. 321.

Common Thick-knee. Leach. Cat, Mus. Brit. p. 28.

4G0

COMMON THICK-KNEE.

Length eighteen inches : the whole of the
upper parts of the plumage are grey-brown, with
a deeper longitudinal spot in the middle of each
feather : the throat, belly, and thighs, are pure
white : the neck and breast reddish, with longi-
tudinal brown stripes ; on the wing is a longitudinal
band of white ; the hrst quill having towards its
middle a large white spot, and the second a very
small one on its outer web : the base of the beak
is bright yellowish, the tip black : the orbits,
irides, and feet, are bright yellow : the knees are
much swollen, from whence the name. The young
and females are much the same, but duller in ap-
pearance.

Thick-knees inhabit only the most open, hilly
situations ; large corn-fields, heaths, and such like,
are their favourite resort, particularly dry and
stony lands. They are abundant in France, Italy,
and other southern parts of Europe, but in Ger-
many, Holland, and England, are somewhat scarce :
in the latter country, Norfolk, Hampshire, and
Lincolnshire, are the places most frequented :
they ave also tolerably plentiful in some parts of
Kent, affecting the rising slopes and hills on each
side of the valley between Hartford and Earning-
ham : in the north they are never found, and
rarely beyond Dorsetshire in the west. During
the winter of 1807 several were observed on the
Start promontory, which is nearly the most southern
part of the kingdom.

This species is migrative, making its first ap-
pearance about ^lay, and remaining with us all

COMMON THICK-KNEE.

4GI

the spring and summer, departing about October,
except in unusually mild seasons, when some will
stay the whole winter, as mentioned before. It is
seldom observed during the day, except surprised,
when it suddenly flies to some distance, and ge-
nerally escapes before the sportsman comes within
gun-shot. It runs with great* velocity for some
time, and then stops short, holding its head and
body still, and on the least noise squats close on
the ground. In the evening it comes out in search
of food, and utters its singular cry, which is com-
pared to the turning of a rusty handle : its food
consists of worms, caterpillars, toads, and such
like, and according to the observ’ations of Mr.
Haworth, it preys upon the larvae of Lasiocampa
Trifolii, to procure which it turns over the stones
beneath which they are secreted.

It does not construct any nest, but deposits its
eggs in a small excavation on the bare ground, or
sheltered by two or three stones : the eggs are
twm or three in number, of a greyish white, blotched
and streaked with dusky olive ; they are hatched
in about thirty days. The young run almost
immediately they are excluded, and the female
leads them to some stony field, where they are dif-
ficult to discover, as they greatly resemble the
stones in colour : they are sometimes hatched late
in the autumu, about October.

GREAT-BEAKED THICK-KNEE.

(CEdicnemus magnirostris.)

Q2d. rostro dilatato, corpore nigro strinto supra ccerulescentet
subtus cinerasceniCy macula remigum albCiy pedibus cmruleis.

Thick-knee with a dilated beak ; the body above bluish, striated
with black ; beneath greyish ; quills with a w hite spot ; feet
blue,

Charadrius magnirostris. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixvi. 2.

Great-billed Plover. Lath. Spn. Sup. II. 319* 8.

This bird is thus briefly noticed by Latham :
“ Size of the Golden Plover : beak black, stout,
and very broad, resembling the Tody genus : the
general colour of the upper parts is blue-grey,
streaked with black ; beneath pale ash, but with
the same markings : forehead, part of the crown
and ears, minutely spotted : quills black : base of
several of the primaries white : legs dull blue.
Inhabits New South Wales.’* I have placed this
species in this genus on the authority of Vieillot,
who considers it to form a distinct section from
the former, differing in its beak, which is very
strong and compressed, and has its lower mandible
angulated.

463

CHARADRIUS. PLOVER.

Generic Character,

Rosirum breve, gracile, rec-
tum, teretiusculum, apice
obtusum.

Nares basales, lineares.

Pedes cursorii, tridactyli ; di-
giti exteriores basi mem-
brana coimexi.

Cauda rotundata, aut cunei-
forma.

AIce mediocres, aut muticas
aut calcaratae.

Beak short, slender, straight,
rounded, the tip obtuse.

Nostrils basal, linear.

Feet formed for running,
three-toed ; the outer toes
connected at the base by a
membrane.

Tail rounded or cuneiform.

Wings medial, smooth, or
armed with a spur.

Charadrius. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Vieil. Leach, Temm. Cuv. SfC.
Pluvialis. Raii. Briss.

P LOVERS subsist on small worms and various
aquatic insects : the three first species frequent
the muddy borders of great rivers and marshy
places, and but rarely appear in the neighbourhood
of the sea coast, which situation all the others of
the genus afiect, and also the mouth of those rivers
that disembogue themselves into the sea.

They vary extremely in their plumage at dif-
ferent periods of the year, and in fact many of the
species run into each other so greatly, as to render

464

GOLDEN PLOVER.

it very difficult to separate tliem with accuracy ;
and as many of the species described by Latham
are noticed in so brief a manner, and without any
reference to plates, I am obliged to omit them,
being fearfid of creating more confusion tlian
there is at present in this puzzling genus.

A. Al^ miiticcE.

A, Wings spurless,
a. Capite caruncula non instrucla.
a. Head not furnished with a wattle.

GOLDEN PLOVER.

(Charadrius pluvialis.)

Ch. corpore nigro viridiquc maculato subtus albido, jicctore griseo
maculis nigricaniibus, rostro pedibusque cinereis.

Plover with the body spotted with black and green ; beneath
whitish 5 the breast grey, with dusky spots ; the beak and
feet grey.

Charadrius pluvialis. Linn. Spst. Nat. 1. 254. 7* — Linn, Faun.
Suec. IgO. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 688. — Btiss. Orn. 5. 43. 1.
pi. A. J~. 1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.’ /40. 1. — Leach. Cat. Brit.
Mus. ]). 28.,

Pluvialis viridis. Raii. Syn. 111. a. 2.

Pluvialis aurea minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 4". 2. ,

Le Pluvier dore. Buff'. Ois.S.Sl. — Buff. PI. Enl.QOA. — Temm.
Man. d'Orn. 324.

Green Plover. Lore. Faun. Oread, p. 88.

GOILIDEN FLOT^K

GOLDEN PLOVER.

465

Golden Plover. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 208. pi. 72. — Penn. Arct.

Zoo/. 2. 399. — fVill. Ang. 303. — Lath. Gen.Sj/n, 5. 193. 1. —

Lath. Syn. Sup. 252. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet.

Sup. — Bew. Brit. Birds. \. 32p — Lew. Brit. Birds. 3 pi. ISl.

Wale. Syn, 2. pi. 158 — Don. Brit. Birds. 2. pi. 45. — Pidt.

Cat. Dors. \Q. — Wills. Ainer. Orn. 7-7^- pl'

This elegant species is ten inches and a half in
length : the top of the head, as well as the whole
of the upper parts of the body, the wings, and the
tail, are fine silky black, varied with large golden-
yellow spots placed on the edges of the webs : the
sides of the head, the neck, and the breast, are
varietl with spots of grey, brown, and yellow : the
throat and under parts of the body are white : the
quills black, their shafts white towards the tip :
beak dusky : feet deep grey : irides brown : female
similar: the young during the first year have the
upper parts dusky grey, spotted with greyish yel-
low. Jn the breeding season both sexes appear
black on the lower part of the breast ; these
feathers begin to shew themselves in March, and
are perfected in May, at which time the female
begins to lay.

The eggs are four in number, about the size
and shape of those of the Lapwing, of a greyish
olive, blotched with dusky : they are deposited
amongst heath. The young run as soon as hatched,
and follow the mother to the damp places in
search of worms : at first they are clothed with
down of a dusky colour, and are incapable of
flying for a considerable time. The old birds are
very tenacious of their offspring, and become very
bold during this time.

V. XI. p. n.

466

ALWARGIIIM PLOVER.

This is a very common species, being found
throughout the greater portion of the globe. With
us it is found througliout the whole year, and
breeds on several of our unfrequented mountains,
particularly those of the Scotch islands and the
Grampian hills : in the southern parts of this
country they are somewhat more scarce, parti-
cularly in the county of Kent. They fly in small
flocks, and make a shrill whistling noise, by an
imitation of which they may be allured within gun-
shot.

ALWARGRIM PLOVER.

(Charadrius apricarius.)

Ch. corpore Jusco alho lutenqne piinctatn, giild nhdomine lineaque
stib collo vigris, rostra pedibusqne chiereis.

Plover with a brown body, spotted with white and yellow; the
throat, abdomen, and line beneath the neck, black ; the beak
and feet grey.

Charadrius apricarius. Lintr. Sj/st. I\’(it 1 . 25-4. 6 — Linn. Faun,
Siiec. 189 — Gmel. Fyst. Nat. 1. 1. 687. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2.
742. 5. — 0. Fnbr. Faun. Gr< e i. No. 79 P- ^ *4.

Le Pluvier dore a gorge noire. Buff. Ois. 8. 85.

Pluvier dore, (plumage d’ete ) Ttmm. Man. d'Orni. 326.
Black-bellied Plover. IFdls. Amer. Orn. 7. 41. pi. Ivii. f. 4.
Alvvargrim Plover. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 3^8. — Lath. Gen.Syn.
5. 198. 5.

This, which Temminck asserts is the summer
plumage of the preceding species, I am induced to

ALWARGRIM PLOVER,

467

consider distinct, as I have never seen a specimen
that was captured in England, where the Golden
Plover is very common, and has been observed at
all seasons. This is the size of the last described :
its beak is one inch in length, and black : eyelids
dusky: irides brown : the plumage on the upper
parts of the body is black, spotted with orange :
at the base of the upper mandible the feathers are
black : the forehead, between the eyes, white, pass-
ing over each eye in a line down the sides of the
neck to the breast, where it unites to a band of the
same across the latter : all the fore-parts of the
neck, breast, and under parts of the body, are also
black, the band on the breast excepted : the rest
is spotted with white : the secondaries, quills, and
tail, are barred with brown and black : legs black.
The male has the temples black ; in the female
they are dusky.

'1 his species inhabits tlie most northern parts of
Europe, Asia, and America, being found in Sweden,
Denmark, Greenland, Russia, Siberia, Hudson’s
Bay, and New York. In Greenland it appears
early in the spring, rather sparingly, on all the
southern lakes, feeding upon worms and the buds
of the black-berried heath : after breeding it re-
turns southward. Its flesh is said to be exquisite.
It is called in America the Large Whistling Field
Bird, from its note, which is very shrill.

468

DOTTREL PLOVER.

(Charadrius Morinellus.)

Ch. jjectore Jerriigineo, fascia svperciUorum pectorisque linmri
alba, vertice rostra pedihusque cinereis.

Plover with a ferruginous breast ; a fascia over the eyes, and a
linear one on the breast white ; the crown, beak, and feet,
grey.

Charadrius Morinellus. Lum. Spst. Nat. 1. 254. 5. — Linn.
Faun. Suec. 1S8. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6Sb'. — Raii. Syn. III.
A. 4. — Briss. Orn. 54. 5. pL A f. 2. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. y i6.
17. — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 28.

Charadrius Sibiricus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6go. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 747. 19.

Charadrius Tartaricus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 746. 15.

Charadrius Asiaticus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 084. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 746. 14.

Petit Pluvier, ou le Guinard. Biif. Ois. 8. 87. — Buff. PI. Enl-
832. — Temm. Man. d’Orni. 326.

Asiatic Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 207. 12.

Dotterel. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 210. pi. 73. — Penn. Arct. Zool.
2. 487- A. — Alb. Birds. 2. pi. 61. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 208. 14.
— Lath. Syn. Sup. 253. — Pult, Cat. Dors. 16. — ICalc. Syn. 2.
pi. 162. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 186 — Don. Brit. Birds, 2.
pi. 42. — Bexxi. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 332. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. —
Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 311.

This bird is between nine and ten inches in
length : the beak black : forehead mottled with
dusky and grey ; its hinder part dull black : over
the eye is a band of white, pointing downwards,
and ending on the occiput : the sides of the head
and throat are white ; the hind part of the neck.

DOTTREL PLOVER.

469

the back, and the wings, are greyish brown : the
edges of the feathers are pale rust-colour, and the
lower part of the back and the rump incline to
grey : the greater quills are brown ; the outer edge
and shaft of the first white : the fore-part of the
neck olive-grey, varied near the throat with white :
the lower part of the neck is bounded by a black
line, beneath which is one of white : the breast
and sides are pale dull orange : the middle of the
belly black ; its lower part and thighs reddish
white: the tail olive-brown, with a dusky bar
towards the tip, which is white, as are also the
edges of the two outer feathers : legs black. The
female is rather larger : the colours are more dull :
the breast has a white line, and the belly is black,
varied with white : the stripe over the eye is nar-
rower than in the male. The young have the
whole of the under parts of the body of a pale
ferruginous brown.

These birds inhabit the northern parts of Asia
and Europe, frequenting the muddy borders of
rivers, and breeding in the alpine lands : they are
very stupid, and may be taken by the most simple
artifice ; so that it was formerly the custom to
go in quest of them in the night, with a lighted
torch or candle, and the birds on these occasions
will mimic the actions of the fowler with great
archness; when he stretches out an arm, they
stretch out their wings ; if he moves a foot, they
move one also, and every other motion they en-
deavour to imitate. This is the opportunity the
fowler takes of entangling them in his net. At

470

RINGED PLOVER.

present the more certain method of the gun lias
superseded this singular artifice, as it is easily shot,
seldom flying to any great distance when dis-
turbed.

The Dottrel is a migratory species, being seen
on our moors and downs in its flights to and from
its breeding place, from Api-il to June, and again
from September to November : they fly in flocks
of five or six during the latter period ; these are
generally the old birds -and young brood, though
occasionally upw'ards of a dozen are seen together.
It is said to breed in Russia and Siberia, and other
northern parts of Europe ; they are likewise sup-
posed to breed in Cumberland and Westmorland,
as they are abundant in some parts of those
counties during the breeding season, and are also
observed at the same period on the Scotch High-
lands,

RINGED PLOVER.

(Charadrius Hiaticula.)

Ch, corpore griseo-J\isco, snbfus albo, pectore nigro, /route vigri-
cante fasciola alba, vertice fusco, rostro rubro apice nigro, pe-
dibus hileis.

Plover with a grey-brown body ; beneath white ; with the
breast black; the forehead dusky, with awhile stripe; the
crown brown ; the beak red, with a black tip ; the feet
yellow.

RINGED PLOVEE.

471

Charadrius Hiaticula. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 253. 1. — Linn. Faun.
Slice. IS/- — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 683. — Rail. Syn. 112. a. 6^ —
Lath. hid. Orn. 2. /43. 8.

Charadrius torquatus. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 28.

Pluvialis torquata minor. Brhs. Orn. 5. 63. 8 pi 5.f- 2.

Le Pluvier a collier. Buff. Ois. 8. QO — Buj/', PI. Enl. 920.
Grand Pluvier a collier. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 328.

Sea Lark. Alb. Birds. 1. pi. SO. — Loiv. Faun. Oread, p. 89.

Ri nged Plover Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 211. — Penn. Arct. Zool.2.
401. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 201. 8. — Levoin. Brit. Birds, 5. j)l.
184. — If 'ale. Syn. 2. pi. I6I. — Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 18. —
Pull. Cat. Dors. 16. — Bevo. Brit. Birds. 1.334. — Mont. Orn.
Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn, Diet. Supp. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 5. 30.
pi. xxxvii, y! 3.

Length seven inches : the forehead, space be-
tween the eye and beak, a broad coronal stripe
passing over the eyes to the occiput, and a broad
gorget on the breast, wliose extremities join on the
nape, are all deep black : a stripe through the
middle of the forehead, the throat, collar round
the neck, and all the under parts of the body, are
white : the occiput and whole of the upper parts
are grey-brown : the two middle tail-feathers
greyish brown, growing black almost towards the
tips ; the three next on each side the same, with
the tips white ; the last but one is white, with a
brown band : the outer one is white, with a small
spot only : the shafts of the quills towards their
tips, and a spot on their inner webs, pure white :
beak orange, with the tip black : legs orange :
claws black. The female with the coronal band
narrower, and the gorget on the breast dusky.
The young has the whole of the parts that are
destined to become black in the adult of a dusky

472

RINGED PLOVER.

grey : the gorget is brown-grey, and the feathers
of the upper parts of the plumage are greyish, with
the edges of the feathers yellow.

This species is common in all the northern coun-
tries of Europe and America ; it is also abundant in
Holland, France, and Italy, on the sea shore, but in
Germany it affects the borders of rivers : it is said
to migrate into England in the spring and depart
in autumn ; but this is denied by Montagu, who
asserts that he has captured many specimens during
the severest winters, in Devonshire, Cornwall, and
other parts, wlien they leave the shore and retire
inwards: during the summer it frequents the sea
shore, running nimbly along the sands, taking
short flights, accompanied by loud twitterings,
then alights and runs again : if disturbed, it flies
quite oti‘. Early in May these birds pair: they
make no nest, but the female lays from three to
five (generally four) eggs, in a small cavity in the
sand, just above higli-water mark: these are of a
grey-brown, marked all-over with small black and
ash-coloured spots, which are blended towards the
thicker end. They are greatly attached to their
young, and will use various artifices to save them
from injuiy. In the autumn they become grega-
rious, and continue in small flocks during the
winter : they teed on marine insects and worms.

473

CURONIAN PLOVER.
(Charadrius Curonicus.)

Ch. cervicis fascia lurmlaque froniis nigris, pileo cinereo, fascia
oculari nigricante undulaia, dor so alls cauddque drier eis, pedibus
rubescenfibus.

Plover with the top of the neck, and a fascia and lunule on the
forehead, black j the pileus grey ; an undulated dusky fascia
near the eye; the back, wings, and tail, grey 3 the feet
reddish.

Charadrius Curonicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 692.- — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 750. 31.

Le petit Pluvier a collier. Buff. Ois. 8. pi. 6. — Buff. PI. Enl. 921 .

Temm. Man, d' Orni, 330.

Curonian Plover. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 318. 6.

This species is in length six inches : its beak is
entirely black : the circle round the eyes is of a
lemon-yellow : the forehead, space between the
eyes and beak, a broad coronal band passing over
the eyes and in a straight line beneath, and a narrow
gorget on the breast, whose extremities join on
the nape, are deep black : a stripe through the
forehead, the throat, a collar on the neck, and the
whole of the under parts, white : the occiput and
whole of the upper parts of the body are dusky
grey : the two outer tail-feathers are white, with a
black bar on their inner web ; the following is part
white, and the rest, the two middle ones excepted,
are tipped with white ; the outer quill alone has
the shaft white : legs flesh- colour.

474

KENTISH PLOVER.

This bird inhabits the sea shore near the mouths
of large rivers : it is very abundant in Germany
and towards the south of Europe, and occasionally
migrates into Holland ; it feeds on aquatic insects
and small worms : it lays from three to five oblong
eggs, of a whitish hue, mottled with large black
spots and indistinct ones of grey-brown : they are
deposited on the sandy shores.

KENTISH PLOVER.

(Charadrius Cantlanus.)

Ch. Jiixcus fronte collari ahdoin 'meque albis, vittd per oculos
lateralihusque pectoris nigris.

Brown Plover, with the forehead, collar, and abdomen, white;

a stripe through the eyes, and the sides of the breast, black.
Charadrius Cantianus. Lath. hid. Orn. Sup. Ixvi. 1.

Plu viera collier interronipu. Tenirn. Man. d'Onii. 331.

Kentish Plover. Lcrv. Brit. Birds.pl. 185. Lath. Spn,. Sup.

11. 316. 3. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

Ringed Plover, variety. Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

About six inches and a half in length : the
forehead, the eyebrows, which are broad, a band
on the nape, and the whole of the under parts, are
pure white : a space between the eye and the beak,
and large angular patch on the head, and a broad
spot on each side of the breast, are deep black :
behind each eye is a large spot of grey-black : the

KENTISH PLOVER.

475

head and nape are bright red : the upper parts of
the plumage are grey-brown : the whole of the
quills have white shafts : the lateral tail-feathers
on each side are white ; the third the same, and
the rest brown : the beak, irides, and feet, black.
The female does not possess the angular spot on
the top of the head : the space between the eye
and the beak, and spot behind the eye, are grey-
brown : the red on the head and nape is tinged
with grey. The young ones have not the black
hue : the forehead, the eyebrows, and the nape,
are slightly marked with a shade of white : the
large spot on the lateral part of the breast is
indicated by bright brown : the whole of the fea-
thers on the upper parts are grey-brown, edged
Vvith clear grey.

The three last described birds possess so many
characters in common, that it is very difficult
to discriminate them apart; but by a proper at-
tention to the description it is hoped any one will
be enabled to denne them, as the descriptions, to
avoid any possibility of mistake, are taken from
Temminck, who has had frequent opportunities of
seeing all the three in a free state.

The present species is very abundant in Holland ;
it migrates into Germany and the south, and occa-
sionally into England, three or four having been
taken near Sandwich in Kent: it lives on the borders
of the sea, and sometimes, though rarely, on the
banks of rivers : it feeds on small beetles, other
insects, and marine worms : it lays its eggs on the

476

NOISY PLOVER.

sand and shingle of the sea shore ; they vary in
number from three to five, and are of a yellow-
olive, marked with various sized irregular spots of
dusky brown.

NOISY PLOVER.

(Charadrius vociferus.)

Ch. corpore supra gn'seo-fusco suhtus nihn, fasciis pectoris colli
fro7itis genarumque nigris, caudd luted fasctd nigra, pedibus
Jiavis, rostro nigro.

Plover with the body above grey-brown ; beneath white; with
black fasciae on the breast, the neck, forehead, and cheeks ;
the tail yellow, with a black fascia; the feet yellow; the
beak black.

Charadrius vociferus. Limi. Spst. Not. 1. 253. 3. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 2 665. — Loth. hid. Orn. 2. y42. 6.

Charadrius torqiiatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 255. 9.? .

Pluvialis Virgiiiiana torqiiata. Briss. Orn. 5. 6'8 9-
Plinialis Doininicensis torquata. Briss. Orn. 5. 70. 10. pi. 6.
f.2.

Kildir. Bu/f. Ois. 8. 56.

Plinier a collier de St. Domingue. BnJF. PL Enl, 280.
Chattering Plover, or Kill-Deer. Catesb. Carol. 1.^/. 71*— •
Wills. Ainer. Orn. 7. 73- pi- li^-./- 6.

Noisy I’lover. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 400. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.

199- 6.

This species is thus described by Latham:
“ Size of a Snipe: length nine inches and three
quarters : beak above an inch long, and black :

NOISY PLOVER.

477

eyelids red : eyes black : the forehead is white :
between the eyes, across the head, a bar of black,
passing on each side to the hind head : the chin
and fore-part of the neck is white ; at the lower
part of the neck the white encircles it like a ring,
and is accompanied by a bar of black all round :
on the breast is another black bar, and except
these, all the under parts are white : the hind part
of the head, neck, and upper part of the body and
wdngs, are dusky brown : rump rusty orange : the
feathers very long : some of the feathers which
fall over the greater cpiills fringed with white ; the
last black ; a few^ of the outer ones have white
shafts : tail the colour of the rump, much rounded
in shape, near the end barred with black, the
tip white : legs pale yellow : male and female
much alike.”

This is a restless noisy species, setting up its
cry the moment any one approaches : it is confined
to America, being found at New York, Carolina,
and Virginia ; at the latter place it remains all
the year, and is called kill-deer, from its note
resembling that word: it migrates to New York
in spring, where it breeds, and lays three or four
eggs ; returns south in the autumn.

♦78

PHILIPPINE PLOVER.

(Charadrius Philippensis.)

Cn.yhscus, reginne oculnrum torque colH cauddqiie nigris, Jronte
corpore suhtus rectricihusque apice nlbis.

Brown Plover, with the space round the eyes, collar on the
neck, and tail, black ; the forehead, body beneath, and tips of
the tail-feathers, white.

Charadrius Philippensis, hath. Ind. Orn. 2- ^45. 11.

Petit Pluvier a collier de Lu^on, Sonrier. Voy. Ind. 84. pi. 40.
Alexandrine Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 205. 9. e.

This bird is described and figured by Sonnerat :
it is about the size of a Lark : its beak is black :
irides yellow : 011 the forehead is a white spot ;
from thence beyond the eye and the sides black,
bounded by a brown line, passing across the head
from one eye to the other : the hind head, nape,
back, and wings, brown : tail black, tipped with
white : the throat, fore-part of the neck, and belly,
white ; this is continued on each side below the
nape, so as nearly to surround the neck : below
this is a black collar, passing quite round the
neck ; legs dusky. This bird inhabits the marshy
grounds in the island of Lii;fonia, and feeds upon
insects.

479

NEW ZEALAND PLOVER.

(Charadrius Novae-Zealandiae.)

Ch. cinereo-viridis, J'acie et torque colli nigris, vittd annulari
capitis fascia, alarum corporeque subtus albis.

Grey-green Plover, with the face and ring on the neck black j
an annular stripe on the head, fascia on the wings, and body
beneath, white.

Charadrius Novae Zealandiae. Lath. Ind. Oru. 2. 745. 12.
Charadrius Novae Seelandiae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.&‘84.

New Zealand Plover. Lath, Gen. Syn. 5. 206. 10. pL S3.

Described and figured by Latham. “ A trifle
bigger than the Ringed Plover : length eight
inches: beak one inch long, red, with a black tip :
irides blue-grey : eyelids red : the fore-part of the
neck, taking in the eye, chin, and throat, black,
passing backwards in a collar at the hind head ;
all the back part of the head behind the eye greenish
ash-colour ; these two colours divided by white :
the plumage on the upper parts of the body the
same colour as the back of the head : quills and
tail dusky : the last order of coverts white for some
part of their length, forming a bar on the wing :
the under parts of the body white: legs red. In-
habits Queen Charlotte’s Sound : known there by
the name of Dojdooi oa-attoo**

480

b. Capite caninculato.
b. Head carunculated.

HOODED PLOVER.

(Charadrius pileatus.)

Cw.cristnlnSyJ'ronte carimciilala, corpore si<pra rufa-griseo subtus
albo, xiertice giifd rewigibus Cftuddtp(e fipice iiigris.

Crested Plover, with a carunculated frontal wattle; the body
above red grey ; beneath white ; the crown, throat, quills, and
tip of the tail, black.

Charadrius pileatus. Gmel. S^si. Nat. I.69I. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 7-19. ib.

Pluvier coiffe du Senegal. Bjiff'. Ois. 8. ICO. — Pi. Enl. 834.

Hooded Plover. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 5. 215. 21.

Native of Senegal : length ten inches and a
half: beak yellow, red towards the end, and black
at the tip : the forehead covered vdth a carun-
cnlated yellow membrane, passing round the eyes :
the head and jiart of the neck black : the hind
head furnished with a few short pointed feathers,
hanging like a small crest, beneath which it is
white : the upper parts of the body are rufous
grey: all the under parts are white, with a few
dusky dashes down the fore-part of the neck : the
quills and tip of the tail are black : the tail very
short : the legs red.

481

WATTLED PLOVER.

(Charadrius bilobus.)

Ch. rufo-griseus, superciliis ahdomine Jasciaque alarum albisy
pileo remigibus Jasciaque rectricum nigris, caruncidd Jrontis
dependeute.

Red-grey Plover; with the eyebrows^ abdomen^ and stripe on
the wings, white ; the pileus, quills, and band on the tail-
feathers, hlack ; the front with a depending wattle.
Charadrius bilobus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 691. — Lath. Ind. Orn,

2. 750. 28.

Le Pluvier a lambeaux. Buff. Ois. 8. 102.

Le Pluvier de la cote de Malabar. Buff. PI. Enl. 880.

Wattled Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 2l6. 23.

Length nine inches and a half: beak yellow:
the forehead with a naked bare skin hanging
down in a pointed flap on each side of the jaw :
the crown of the head black : through the eye a
stripe of white : the neck and upper parts of the
body are yellowish grey, deepest on the back : the
under parts, from the breast, white : greater wing-
coverts with a band of white : quills black : tail
similar to the back, crossed with a bar of black at
the end, and the tips and outer webs of some of the
exterior feathers white. It inhabits the coast of
Malabar.

V. XI. P. II.

48^

B. AljE calcaratee.

B. Wings armed with a spur.

SENEGAL PLOVER.

(Charadrius Senegalensis.)

Ch. remigibus fectore pedibnsque ntris, occipite cristato, reciri-
cibus dimidiato albis, alulis spinosis.

Plover with the quills, breast, and feet, dusky; the hind head
crested ; the tail-feathers half white ; the wings with a spur.
Charadrius spinosus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 256. 12. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 6Q0. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 748. 24.

Pluvianus Senegalensis armata. Briss. Orn. 5. 86. 15. pi. 2.
Le Pluvier a aigrette. Nuff. Ois. 8. QQ.

Spur-winged Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 213. 20.

Latham gives the following description of this
curious bird : “ Size of the Golden Plover : length
twelve inches : beak above an inch long, and black ;
irides red ; the crown of the head and throat are
black, passing a little way down the neck before :
the hind head a little crested : the back part of
the neck, and upper part of the body, and scapulars,
are grey: sides of the head, and all the under
part, from throat to vent, yellowish white, except
a crescent of black on the breast, the convex part
uppermost: the lesser wung-coverts are black ; the
middle ones as the back ; the greater yellowish
white ; but some of the outer ones, and the nine
outer greater quills, are black ; the ten next half
white, half black ; the two following yellowish

CRESTED PLOVER.

483

white, and the four next the body grey : on the
fore-part of the wing, just within the bend, is a
spur half an inch in length, a little bent, and
black: tail yellowish white, tipped Avith black,
deepest on the two middle feathers ; legs black.”
This species is a native of Egypt, frequenting
the marshy places during the month of September^

CRESTED PLOVER.

(Charadrius cristatus.)

Ch. corpore stipru castaneo, collo ahdomineque imoalbiSf collo an-^
ticepectore capite supra remigibus caudaque apice nigris, alulis
spinosis.

Plover with the body above chesnut ; the neck and abdomen
white 5 the front of the neck, breast, head above, quills, and
tip of the tail, black ; the wings with a spine.

Charadrius spinosus, $, Lhm. Spst. Nat. 1. 256. 12. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. 748. 24.

Pluvialis Persica cristata. Briss. Orn. 5. 84. 14.

Pluvier arme du Senegal. Buff. PI. Enl. SOI.

Pluverhuppe de Perse. Buff. Ois. 8. 98.

Black-breasted Indian Plover. Edw. pi. 4tJ. male.

Spur-winged Plover. Edvi. pi. 280. female. — Lath. Gen. Syn,
5. 214. A.

Allied to the last : it is eleven inches and a
half in length : its beak rather more than an inch,
and black : top of the head shining black : cheeks,
sides of the neck, and occiput, white ; the latter

484

CyVYENNE PLOVER .

slightly crested : the upper part of the neck, buck,
scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, are ches-
nut-brown : wing-coverts similar to the back ; but
those farthest from the body, and the secondaries,
are chesnut-brown, tipped with white : the greater
quills are black : the throat and fore-parts of the
neck, the lower part of the belly, and the vent,
black : the breast and upper parts of the belly and
of the vent white : the tail white for two-thirds of
its length, the rest black : legs deep brown.

The supposed female differs principally in having
the whole of the neck white, the black on the
throat only reaching for an inch down : breast
and upper part of the belly dull black : the
outer tail-feather tipped with white. Inhabits
Russia, and the borders of the river Coic, near
Aleppo.

CAYENNE PLOVER.

(Chiiradrius Cayanus.)

Cr. capite collo postice fasci ague pectoris nigris, J'ascia occipitis
annulari collo antice abdomine basigue caudcE nlbisy alulis
spinosis.

Plover with the head, hind part of the neck, and band on the
breast, black ; with a fascia on the occiput, ring on the neck,
abdomen, and base of the tail, white j wings armed with a
spine.

CAYENNE PLOVER.

485

Charadrius Cayanus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 749. 25.

Le Pluvier arme de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 8. 102. — Buff. PI.

Enl. 833.

Spur- winged Plover. Laih. Gen. Syn.. 5. 215. 20. b.

Like the two preceding species, the bend of the
wing in this is armed with a sharp blunt spur : the
total length of the bird is about nine inches : beak
one inch, and dusky : the hind part of the head
and nape are white, varied with grey : the fore-
part and sides black, passing back to the nape,
and occupying all the hind part of the neck ; it
then comes forward on the fore-part, above the
breast, forming a collar: between this and the
chin is white : the middle of the back and the
wings are rufous grey: the scapulars and quills
are black : the under parts of the body, from the
breast, are white : the basal half of the tail is
white, the rest black : legs yellowish. Native of
Cayenne.

480

PLUVIANUS. PLUVIAN.

Generic Character.

Rostrum basi crassum, versus
medium compressum, acu-
tum ; mandibula superiore
ad apicem declive.

Nares ovatas.

Pedes trldactyli ; digiti gra-
clles, exteriores basi mem-
brana connexi.

Pluvianus. VieilL
Charadrius. Lath. Gmel. Ctiv.

Beale thick at the base, com-
pressed towards tlie mid-
dle, acute ; the upper man-
dible bent dowai at the tip.

Nostrils oval.

Feet three-toed, the toes
slender, the outer ones con-
nected at their base by a
membrane.

T^HE manners of the birds of this genus are not
known, but it is presumed that they are not very
dissimilar to those of the preceding : they appear
to be natives of the southern parts of Asia and
Africa.

BLACK-HEADED PLUVIAN^

(Pluvianus melanocephalus. )

Pl. C(zrul€o-griseus, capite collo postico dorsoque nigris, superciliis
collo antice pectoreque pallide rujis.

Blue-grey Pluvian j with the head, hind-part of the neck, and
back, black ; the eyebrows, fore-part of the neck, and the
breast, pale rufous.

Charadrius melanocephalus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q^.—Lath.
Ind. Orn, 2. 7^0. 2Q.

Le Pluvian du Senegal. Buff. Ois. 8. lOf. — Buff. PL Enl. 9I8.
Black-headed Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 21J. 24.

Locality unknown : length seven inches : the
beak is black ; one inch long : the upper part and
sides of the head black : the forehead yellowish,
this colour passing over each eye in a broad streak,
like an eyebrow : the hind part of the neck and
back are black : the quills black, varied with white
on their outer webs : the wings, rump, and tail,
are greyish ash ; the feathers of the latter, except
the two middle ones, marked with black near their
tips, which are white : the under parts of the
body, from the chin, pale rufous, the breast deepest,
and mottled with dusky : the abdomen and vent
nearly white : legs greyish ash : claws black.

488

WREATHED PLUVIAN.

(Pluvianus coronatus.)

Vl, Jiisciis capite superiore nigro^ occipitis annulo, abdomine,
fascia alarum, cauddque albis, remigibus fascidque rectricum ad
apicem nigris.

Brown Pluvian, with the upper part of the head black j ring on
the occiput, abdomen, fascia on the wings and tail, white ;
the quills and band towards the tip of the tail black.
Charadrius coronatus. Gniel. Syst. Nat. 1. 691. — Lath. hid.
Orn. 2. 749. 27.

Pluvier couronne du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Ois, 8.

\0\.—Buff. PI. Enl. 800.

Wreathed Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 21 6. 22.

This is a singular species : it inhabits the Cape
of Good Hope : its length is twelve inches : its
beak is reddish, dusky towards the tip : the head
even with the eye, and chin, are black : round the
crown runs a list of white, encircling the head like
a wreath : the hind part of the neck and upper
parts of the body are brown, with a gloss of greenish
purple in some lights : the quills are black : the
wing-coverts white : the neck, as far as the breast,
is grey : the breast is glossed with puiqile, similar
to the back, and varied with a few black spots :
the belly is white : the tail the same, with a broad
band of black near the end : legs ferruginous.

489

ARENARIA. SANDERLING.

Generic Character.

Rostrum mediocre, gracile,
rectum, basi compressum,
ad apicem dilatatum ob-
tusum.

Nares laterales.

Pedes graciles, tridactyli ; di-
giti fissi.

Alee mediocres.

Beak medial,slender,straight,
the base compressed, to-
wards the tip dilated and
obtuse.

Nostrils lateral.

Feet slender, three-toed ; the
toes cleft.

Wings medial.

Akenaria. Temm., Becks. ^ Cuvier.

Calidris. Briss.f Leach^ Vieill.

Tringa. Raii.y Linn., Gmel.

Charadrius. Linn., Gmel., Lath.

There is but one species of this genus, which
was confounded by Linnd with Tringa ; but its
characters are evidently dissimilar, as are also its
manners : it breeds towards the north, emigrating
in small flocks on the sea shore : it lives on marine
worms, &c.

490

COMMON SANDERLING,

(Arenaria vulgaris.)

Ar. rostro pedihiisqne nigris,loris uropygioque siihgriseis, corpora
subtus albo inimaculato, remigibus prhnoribus scapis candidis.
Sanderling with the beak and feet black ; the lores and rump
greyish j the body beneath pure white ; the shafts of the pri-
mary quills white.

Arenaria vulgaris. Becks. 4. 368. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. 334.
Calidris arenaria. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit. p. 28.

Tringa arenaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 255. 9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 060. — Raii. Syn. 109. a* H-

Charadrius Calidris. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 251. I6. young. —
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. OS9. young. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 741. 4.
young.

Charadrius rubidus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6S8. summer plumage.

Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 740. 2. summer plumage.

Calidris grisea minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 236^ 17. pi. 20. 2.

Le Sanderling. Buff. Ois. 7. 532.

Sanderling variable. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 334.

Ruddy Plover. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 404. young. Lath. Gen.

Syn. 5. 195. 2. — Wills. Arner. Orn. 7. 129» pi- Ixiii.yi 3. young.
Sanderling or Curwillet. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 212. pi. 73. —
Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 403. — Alb. Birds. 2. pi. 74. — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 5. 197- — Lath. Syn. Sup. 253. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 315.
— Letvin. Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 183. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. I60. —
Pult. Cat. Dors. p). 16. — Beud. Brit. Birds. 2. p. 1. — Mont.
Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Linn. Tra?is. 8. 268. —
Wills. Amer. Orn. 7. 68. pi. Iix._/i4.

Length eight inches : the whole of the upper
parts of the body and sides of the neck are of a
greyish white, with the middle of each feather
deeper ; the face, throat, fore-part of the neck,

Common SAmDEMLmo.

COMMON SANDERLING.

491

and the whole of the under parts of the body, are
pure white : the edge of the wings and the quills
are black, their coverts edged with white : the
base of the quills and the shafts are pure white :
the tail-feathers are grey, edged with white : beak,
irides, and feet, black. This is the autumnal and
winter plumage ; in the spring it gains the fol-
lowing. The face and top of the head are marked
with large black spots, and the feathers are bor-
dered with red, and slightly with white : the neck,
the breast, and the upper parts of the sides, are
grey-red, wdth the middle of each feather spotted
with black, and their tips whitish : the back and
scapulars are deep rufous, with large black spots,
and the whole of the feathers edged and tipped
with white : the wing- coverts are dusky brown,
undulated with rufous : the two middle tail-feathers
are black, edged with greyish red : the belly and
the rest of the under parts are pure white. The
young before moulting have the top of the head,
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, black : the
whole of the feathers are edged and spotted with
yellowish : between the beak and eye is dusky
brown : the nape, sides of the neck and of the
breast, are bright grey, with delicate undulated
stripes : the forehead, throat, fore-part of the
neck, and whole of the under parts of the body,
are pure white : the edge of the wing, the quills,
and tail, are similar to the adults.

This seems to be a pretty general inhabitant
of the globe, being found in Europe, Asia, and

492

COMMON SANDERLING.

America : in the former it is abundant in the
spring and autumn, on the coasts of Holland and
England, flocking together with the Purres. Its
nourishment consists of small beetles and other
marine insects : it breeds in the northern parts.
By some persons they are called Oxbirds, by
others Curwillet or Towwilly.

493

H^MATOPUS. OYSTERCATCHER,

Generic Character.

Rostrum compressum, rec-
tum, longum, apice cu-
neatum.

Nares laterales, in fossula ,
sitse.

Pedes cursorii, tridactyli,
iissi, digiti exteriores basi
membrana connexi.

Alee mediocres, remige pri-
more longiore.

Beale compressed, straight,
long, the tip cuneated.

Nostrils lateral, placed in a
groove.

Feet formed for running,
three-toed, cleft ; the outer
toes connected at the base
by a membrane.

Wings medial, the first quUl
longest.

H.EMATOFUS. Rail. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Temm. Vieill. Leach^ ^c.
OsTRALKGA. Briss.

ScOLOPAX. Scop.

The Oystercatcher always resides on the sea
shore : it feeds on marine animals : it runs and
flies with great freedom : its feet are strong and
muscular : its toes are all placed forward, and the
exterior ones are connected as far as the first joint
by a membrane, and the interior by a slight rudi-
ment of one ; the toes are also edged with a slight
membraneous appendage.

494

C O .A I M O N O Y S T E II C A T C 1 1 E R .

(Haematopiis Ostralegus.)

H M.niger, corpore subtus Jciscia gulari et alarum uropygio cau-
ddque basi albis.

Black Oystercatcher, with the body beneath, a fascia on the
throat and wings, the rump, and base of the tail, white.
Heematopus Ostralegus. Linn. SysL Nat. 1. 257 . — Linn. Faun.
Suec. 192 — Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 694. — Raii. Syn. 105. a. 7- —
Lath. Ind. Orn. 752. 1. — Leach. Cat. Brit. JShis. p. 28.
Ostralega, seuPica Maritima. Briss. Orn. 5. 38. 3. 2.
L’Huitrier. Buff. Ois, 8. llQ.pl. Q. — Buff. FI. Enl. Q2Q.
Huitrier. Temm. Man. d’Orni. 340.

Sea Pie, Pied Oystercatcher. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 213. pi. 7 A.
— Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 406. — JFilL Ang. 2Q7 . — Alb. l.pl. 78.
— Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. Q5.’^Hayes.. Brit. Birds, pi. 12. —
Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 2lQ.pl. 84. — Lero.Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 188. —
— Wale. Syn. 2. pi. I66. — Don. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 62. — Pult.
Cat. Dors. p. 15. — Bevo. Brit. Birds. 2. 7- — Mont. Orn. Diet.
2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — LoU). Fatm. Oread, qi. Ql. — Wills.
Arner. Orn. 8. 15. pi. Ixiv.y! 2.

This species has the liead, neck, upper part of
the breast, back, wings, and tip of the tail, of a
deep black : the rump, base of the tail and of the
quills, a transverse stripe on the wings, and the
whole of the under parts of the body, of a pure
white : the beak and circle round the eyes of a
bright orange : the irides crimson : the feet fine
red : the female similar. The young have the
plumage shaded and bordered with brown in those
parts that are black in the adult : the white is of a
dirty hue : the beak and circle round the eyes are

COMMOM 0’r§T1EM.-CA.T€]I![EM.,

COMiMON OYSTERCATCHER.

495

dusky brown : the irides are brown, and the feet
grey, and before the autumnal or second moult
the beak becomes spotted with black.

It varies occasionally in having a white streak
beneath the eyes, and a transverse one on the
throat 5 it also occurs mottled with black and
white, and of a pure white, but this last is of rare
appearance.

Oystercatchers abound on the coasts of Eng-
land, and are in the greatest profusion towards
the west : they feed on limpets and oysters, and
from their dexterity in procuring the latter their
name is derived : on observing one of them which
gapes wide enough to insert its beak, it thrusts it
in and thus takes out the inhabitant. It does not
construct any nest, but deposits its eggs on the
bare ground, above high-water mark ; they are
generally four in number,* of an olivaceous brown,
blotched with black, and are arranged in the form
of a square, with the small ends inward, thus giving
the greatest security and warmth to each. The
young are hatched in about three weeks, and are
said to be capable of running as soon as they quit
the eggs, and are immediately led by the parents
to their proper food. During the period of incu-
bation the male is very watchful, and upon the
least alarm utters a loud scream and flies off, as
does also the female, after running some distance
from the place where the eggs are deposited. In
the winter they often associate in considerable

* Temminck says two, and but rarely three.

496

COMMON OYSTERCATCHER.

flocks, and are very wild ; but if taken young may
be easily reared, and will frequent the ponds and
ditches during the day, keeping in company with
domestic poultry. They are abundant throughout
all the coasts of Europe, and occur on many of
those of Asia and America.

Two other species of this genus are described,
one said to be totally black, from New Holland
and other parts of the south, the other without the
white on the throat, from the Cape of Good Hope ;
but as I have not seen either drawings or specimens,
I am under the necessity of remaining silent on
the subject.

497

EROLIA. EROLIA.

Generic Character,

Rostrum basi rotundatum,
longum, supra sulcatum,
arcuatim deflexum, apice
dilatato, obtusiusculo.

Pedes cursorii, tridactyli, di-
giti exteriores basi mem-
brana connexa.

Erolia. Vieil.

Beak rounded at tbe basej
long, above sulcated, arch-
ed, and deflexed, the tip
dilated and obtuse.

Feet formed for running,
three-toed, Hhe outer toes
connected at the base by a
membrane.

This genus was established by Vieillot in his
Analyse d’une Nouvelle Ornithologie ERmentaire,
but no mention is made of the manners of the only
species belonging to it.

VARIEGATED EROLIA.

(Erolia variegata.)

Ee. supra cinereo albidoque variegata, subtus alba, collo pec-
toreque J'usco lineatis, tcenia alba a rostro ad oculos, remigibus
rectricibusque nigricantibus, rostro pedibusque nigris.

V. XI. p. II. 33

498

VARIEGATED EROLIA.

Erolia above variegated with white and grey ; beneath white ;
with the breast and neck striped with fuscous ; from the beak
to the eyes a white streak ; the quills and tail-feathers dusky 5
the beak and feet black.

Erolia variegata. Vieil. Anal, d'une Nouv. Orn. Elem. p. 6Q.

A NEW bird, described as above by Vieillot, who
states it to be a native of Africa, and of the size of
the Ringed Plover, but does not stand so high on
the legs. Its habits are not noticed.

499

CURSORIUS. COURSER.

Generic Character,

Rostrum capite brevius, tere-
tiusculum, gracile, forni-
catum, versus apicem in-
curvum, acutum.

Nares ovatse, tubere minuto
instructae.

Pedes cursorii, tridactyli ; di-
git! brevi, exteriores basi
membranula connexi; un-
gues brevissimas.

Ala, mediocres, remige se-
cunda longior quam pri-
more.

Beak shorter than the head,
rounded, slender, arched;
towards the tip bent down,
and acute.

Nostrils ovate, furnished with
a small tubercle.

Feet formed for runningj
three-toed ; the toes short,
the outer ones connected
at the base by a slight
membrane ; the claws very
short.

Wings medial, the second
feather longer than the
first.

CuRSORius. Lath., Meijer, Temm., Cuv.
Charadrius. Gmel.

Tachydromus. lllig., Vieil.

TT HE species of this genus inhabit the hot countries
of Asia and Africa, but their manners still remain
in obscurity. One species sometimes, though
very rarely, visits Europe, only three instances
being on record j one in France, one in Austria,
and the other in England.

5(X)

CREAM-COLOURED COURSER.
(Ciirsorius isabellinus.)

Cu. Jitscescens, striga per oculos pallida, remigilms macnld pone
oculos et ad apicem rectricum lateralium nigris, abdcmiine
albido.

Fuscescent Courser, with a pale stripe through the eyes; the
quills, spot beneath the eyes, and at the tip of the lateral tail-
feathers, black ; the abdomen whitish.

Cursorius isabellinus. Meijer. — Temm. Man, d'Orni.'^A2.
Cursorius Europasus. Lath. hid. Orn.2. 751. 1.

Charadrius Gallicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. ]. 6l2. 27*

Le Coure-vite. Buff. Ois. 8. 128. — Buff. PI. Enl. /Q5.
Coure-vite isabelle. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 342.

Cream-coloured Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 2) 7- 25. — Lath.
Syn. Sup. 254.pl. 11 6. — Leiv. Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 1 87. — Wale.
Syn. 2. pi. 164. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont.Orn. Diet. Sup.

Length ten inches : beak black, three-quarters
of an inch long ; the forehead, under parts of the
body, neck, back, tail, and wing-coverts, of a
reddish cream-colour; the latter edged with grey :
the throat whitish : behind the eyes a double black
stripe : the abdomen whitish : the whole of the la-
teral tail-feathers black towards the tip, with a small
spot of white in the centre of the black: legs yel-
lowish.

This rare species is a native of Africa, and has
three times been captured in the southern and
temperate parts of Europe ; which being an acci-
dental circumstance, I have adopted the name
proposed by Meijer and Temminek, as the one

.^7

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CREAM-COLOURED COURSER.

501

used by Latham is not applicable : the manners of
the bird are unknown.

One of the three before-mentioned specimens
was shot near St. Alban’s, in Kent, the seat of
William Hamond, Esq., who presented it to Dr.
Latham, with the following account. It was
first met with running upon some light land, and
so little fearful was it, that after having sent for a
gun, one was brought to him which did not readily
go off, having been charged some time, and in
consequence missed his aim. The report frightened
the bird away; but after making a turn or two, it
again settled wnthin a hundred yards of him, when
he was prepared with a second shot, which dis-
patched it. It was observed to run with in-
credible swiftness, and at intervals to pick up
something from the ground ; and was so bold as
to render it difficult to make it rise from the
ground, in order to take a more secure aim on the
wing. The note was not like any kind of Plovers,
nor indeed to be compared with that of any known
bird.” This specimen found its way into the Le-
verian Museum, at the time of the sale of which it
was purchased from Fichtel, who had bought it, by
that zealous British naturalist, Donovan, for the
sum of eighty-three guineas. It is now deposited
in the British Museum.

502

COROMANDEL COURSER.

(Cursorius Asiaticus.)

Cv. JuscuSi superciliis guld ahdomine hno uropygio caudAque
apice albis, remigibus Jasciaque oculari nigris.

Fuscous Courser, with the eyebrows, throat, abdomen, rump,
and tip of the tail, white j the quills and stripe on the eyes
black.

Cursorius Asiaticus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 751. 2.

Cursorius Coromandelicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.692.
Coure-vite de Coromandel. Btiffl Ois. 8. 129. — Buff. PL Enl.

892.

Coromandel Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 217* 26.

The following is Latham’s description of this
bird : “ Size of the former : top of the head, and
fore-parts, as far as the breast, reddish chesnut :
chin whitish : behind the eye a white streak, and
through the eye a black one, passing to the hind
head, the white entering a little way into the black
at the back part : behind the neck, the back,
wings, and tail, brown : upper part of the belly
dusky : the rest of the parts beneath, the rump,
upper tail-coverts and tip of the tail, white : quills
black : legs yellowish white. From the coast of
Coromandel,”

f, ORDER

GRALL^.

Rostrum diversum.

Pedes tetradactyli, aut mediocr^s aui longi, validi vel tenues ^
FEMORA supra genua plus minus've denudata •, tarsi rotundati^
nudi reticulati ; digiti fissi aut basi membrana connexi ; pollex
aut u terra elevatus^ aut apice solo insistens, vel humi in-
cumbens.

Beale various.

Feet four-toed, moderate, or long, strong, or slender j the
thighs more or less naked above the knee ; tarsi rounded,
■naked, and reticulated j toes cleft, or connected at the base by
a membrane 5 the hinder one either elevated from the ground,
the tip alone, or the whole resting thereon.

These birds run about on the sea shores, and the
borders of lakes and rivers : they subsist upon anne-
leides, and small fishes and their fry, reptiles, and
aquatic insects, the Cranes excepted, which live on
beetles, larvae, and seeds : they live in pairs, but
during their migrations, which take place regularly
in these climates, to the south of Europe and the
shores of the Mediterranean, they associate in
flocks. In many of the genera the species moultand
change their plumage regularly twice a year ; in
others they always retain the same plumage, un-
dergoing the proper moult. The division of this
and the preceding order is not so natural as
could be wished, the Squatarolae approaching
very closely to the Charadrii, and the Vanelli
materially receding from the birds of the other
genera.

.^04-

SQU ATA ROL A. SQU ATAROLLE.

Generic Character.

Rostrum breve, gracile, rec- B
turn, compressum, apice
subtumido, obtuso.

Nares laterales. iV

Pedes tetradactyll, digiti ex- F
teriores basi membrana
coaliti ; pollex brevissimus
a terra elevatus.

Aloe acuminatae, remige pri- b
more longiore.

SauATAROLA. Leuch, Cuv.

Vanellus. Temm., Vieil., Briss.

Tringa. Linn., Gmel., Lath.

Pluvialis. Ray.

Charadrtus. Pall.

Beak short, slender, straight,
compressed, the tip slightly
tumid and obtuse.

Nostrils lateral.

Feet four-toed, the outer toes
joined at the base by a
membrane ; the hinder toes
very short, and elevated
from the ground.

Wings acuminated, the first
quill longest.

I-<<IKE the birds of the following genus, this
resides on the borders of rivers or marshy places,
and is nourished with earth-worms and the larvae
of various insects : only one species is known,
which is a native of temperate regions : the hinder
claw is extremely short.

505

GREY SQUATAROLLE.

(Squatarola grisea.)

Sa. corpore griseo subtus alhido, uropygio alho, rectricibus albis
Jasciis Jiiscis^ rostro nigro, pedibus virescentibus.

Squatarolle with’ the body grey; beneath white; the rump
white ; the tail-feathers white, with fuscous fasciae ; the beak
black ; the feet greenish,

Squatarola grisea. Leach. Cat. Brit, Mus. p. 29.

Tringa squatarola. Linii. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. 23. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. 186. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 682. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
729. II.

Tringa Helvetica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 250. 12. summer plumage.
— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 676. summer plumage. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 728. 10. summer plumage.

Tringa varia. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. 21. young. — Gmel. Syst,
Nat. 1. 682. young.

Vanellus varius. Briss. Orn. 5. 103. 3. pi. 10. 2. young.
Vanellus griseus. Briss. Orn. 5. 100. 2. pi. Q. J". 1.

Vanellus helveticus. Briss. Orn. 5. 106. 4. pi. 10. J". 1. summer
plumage.

Pluvialis cinerea. Raii.Syn. 111. a. 3.

Vanneau pluvier. Bi^. Ois. 8. 68. — Buff. Pi. Enl. 854. —
Temm. Man. d'Orni. 345.

Vanneau varie. Buff. Pi. Enl. p23. young.

Vanneau de Suisse. Buff. Ois. 8. 60. — Buff. PL Enl. 853.

Swiss Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 396. — Lath. Gen. Syn.

5. 167. 10. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 248.

Grey Plover. Alb. \.pl. 76. Betv. Brit. Birds. 1. 331.

Grey Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 191. — Peyin. Arct. Zool. 2.
393. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 168. 11. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 248. —
Leto. Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 169. — Wale. Syn. pi. 2. 146. — Pult.
Cat. Dors.p. 15. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

N EARLY one foot in length : the forehead, eye-
brows, throat, middle of the belly, thighs, and

506

GREY SQUATAROLLE.

abdomen, of a pure white : fore-part of the neck
and sides of the breast white, varied with dusky
and brown spots : the upper parts of the body
dusky brown, varied with yellowish green spots,
and the whole of the feathers tipped with dusky
and whitish : the under tail-coverts mottled with
small diagonal brown bands : the tail white ; red-
dish towards the tip ; striped with brown bars,
which are paler and fewer in number on the outer
feathers : beak black : irides dusky : feet dusky
grey. The young somewhat resemble the old ;
they have the forehead, the eyebrows, the sides of
the breast and those of the body spotted, but
paler than in them : the colour of the upper parts
of the plumage is of a white grey, varied with
dusky; the quills being slightly edged with whitish :
the transverse bars on the tail are grey.

The summer plumage is as follows : the space
between the eye and the beak, the throat, the sides
and fore-part of the neck, the middle of the breast,
the belly, and the sides of the body, are deep
black ; the forehead, a broad band above the eyes,
the lateral parts of the neck, the sides of the
breast, the thighs, and the abdomen, are pure
white : the nape is varied with brown, black, and
white : the occiput, the back, the scapulars, and
wing-coverts, are of a deep black, the whole of
the feathers being tipped with a large spot of pure
white : on the greater wing-coverts and the sca-
pulars are several large white spots : the under
tail-coverts are marked with oblique black bands :
the middle tail-feathers are striped with white and
black.

GREY SQUATAROLLE.

507

This bird inhabits the gravelly borders of lakes
and humid fields of the temperate regions of Eu-
rope : it is most abundant in France and Switzer-
land, and rare in Germany, Holland, and England ;
being found in the latter country only in the
summer, as it breeds within the Arctic circle j
which is the cause of the variety called the Swiss
Sandpiper not occuring in these parts. It feeds on
worms, and associates in small flocks of six or
seven. In the roof of the mouth of this bird is
a double row of spinous appendages, pointing
inwards.

.508

VANELLUS. LAPWING.
Generic Character.

Rostrum teretiusculum, lon-
gitudine capitis, compres-
sum, apice tumidum, obtu-
sum, reflexum.

Nares laterales.

Pedes tetradactyli, digiti ex-
teriores basi membrana
connexi ; poUex brevis.

Alee elongata remigibus tri-
bus exterioribus quarta vel
quinta brevioribus.

Beak rounded, as long as the
liead, compressed, the tip
tumid, obtuse, and bent
down.

Nostrils lateral.

Feet four-toed, the outer toes
connected at the base by a
membrane ; hind toe very
short.

Wmgs elongated, the three
outer feathers shorter than
the fourth or fifth.

Vanellus. Meyer, Temm., Vieil., Leach.
SaUATAROLA. CuV.

Tringa. Linn., Gmel,, Lath.

Gavia. Klein.

Parra. Linn., Gmel.

IHE Lapwings reside in damp and humid si-
tuations on the borders of rivers : they are distin-
guished by having the hinder toe small, and in
having large wings, which make a great noise
during flight : many of the species are rendered
conspicuous by possessing a spur at the base of the
wdng, and a few are ornamented in addition with

COMMO:^ LAF^VVilHO

CRESTED LAPWING.

509

wattles, or a crest : they feed upon earth-worms
and larvae : they only undergo a single moult,
contrary to most of the genera comprehended in
this order.

A. A-lm mutiecE.

A. Wings unarmed.

CRESTED LAPWING.

(Vanellus Gavia.)

Va. corpore supra viridi-aureo, stibtus albo, pectore nigro, pennis
occip>itis longissimis cristam efficientibus , rectricibus intermediis
decern a basi ad medium albis ; extimd tot a alba, pedibus rubris.
Lapwing with the body above green-gold ; beneath white ; with
the breast black j the occipital feathers elongated, forming a
crest ; the ten middle tail-feathers from the base to the middle
white ; the outer one entirely white ; the feet red.

Vanellus Gavia. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit.p. 2Q.

Vanellus cristatus. Meyer.

Tringa Vanellus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 248. 2. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. 176. —Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6^0. — Raii.Syn. 110. a. 1. —
Briss. Orn. 5. Q4. 1. pi. 8.yi 1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 726. 2.
Le Vanneau. Buff. Ois. 8. 48. pi. 4. — Buff. PI. Enl. 242.
Vanneau huppe. Temm. Man. d^Orni. 347*

Lapwing Peevit, or Bastard Plover. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. I90.
—Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 480. n.—Will. 307. pl. 57. — Alb. Birds.

1. pl. 74. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pl. 11. — Lath. Gen.Syn.5. I61.

2. — Levoin. Brit. Birds. 5. pl. I67. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 15.
—Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 145. — Don. Brit. Birds. 2. p>^- 25. — Betv.
Brit. Birds. 1.324. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Bing. Anim. Biog.
2. 307.— Low. Faun. Oread, p. 84.

510

CHESTED LAPWING.

This elegant species has the occipital featliers
greatly elongated, slender, and recurved at the
tip : the top of the head, the crest, the fore-part of
the neck, and the breast, glossy black : the upper
parts of the body are deep green, with brighter
reflections : the sides of the neck, the belly, the
abdomen, and the base of the tail, ai’e pure white :
the tail-feathers are tipped with a large black spot,
the outer one excepted : its under coverts are
rufous : the beak is dusky : the feet during the
winter are red-brown ; in the summer brownish
red: its length is thirteen inches and a half. The
female has the black on the throat and on the
breast less deep. The young have the occipital
crest shorter : beneath the eyes they are dusky :
the throat is varied with black and grey-brown :
the whole of the feathers of the upper and under
parts of the plumage are tipped with yellow-
ochre : the feet are olive-grey.

It varies accidentally in being found of a pure
white, or yellowish white, with the whole of the
proper colours slightly indicated ; also mottled in
various manners with white.

The Lapwing is common in most parts of Eu-
rope, particularly Holland: it frequents the damp
shores of lakes and rivers, and also fens, humid
fields, or heaths. It changes its place according
to the season, retiring southward in the autumn,
at which time it associates in large flocks of four
or five hundred, or more, and frequents marshy
places : they are then esteemed good food, and
many are captured for the table ; the eggs are also

CRESTED LAPWING.

51 1

considered a delicacy, and are frequently brought
to the London markets for sale, and fetch a high
price.

The female lays four eggs on the ground, in a
hole formed by herself, and partly filled with dry
grass ; they are of an olivaceous brown, blotched
with black : she sits about three weeks, and the
young are able to run within two or three days
after they are hatched, but are not capable of
flying till nearly full grown : they are led about by
the parents in search of food, but are not fed by
them. During this period the old birds exhibit
the greatest anxiety for their welfare, and the arts
used by them to allure boys and dogs from the
place they frequent are very singular ; the female
in particular, upon the approach of an intruder,
boldly pushes out to meet him ; when as near as
she dare venture, she rises from the ground, with
a loud scream, and apparently in great anxiety,
striking at the invaders with her wings, and now
and then fluttering as if wounded : to complete the
deception, she becomes still more clamorous as she
retires from the nest ; and at last, when their pur-
suers are drawn off to a proper distance, she exerts
her powers, and leaves them far behind.

The food of these birds consists principally of
worms, which they extract from their holes with
great ingenuity. “ I have seen this bird,” says
Latham, “ approach a worm cast, turn it aside,
and after making two or three turns about by way
of giving motion to the ground, the worm came

5V2

CAYENNE LAPWING.

out, and tlie watclifiil bird seizing hold of it, drew
it forth.”

Lapwings are lively, active birds, being almost
continually in motion : they remain a long time on
the wing, and sometimes rise to a considerable
height: their cry is plaintive, somewhat resembling
the word pee-zvit^ which has given rise to one of
their provincial names. They are very useful in
gardens, as they keep them free from worms,
slugs, and insects, and will become tolerably fami-
liar, and during the winter require to be fed with
bread or meat, as at that season their proper food
fails them. An interesting anecdote is related by
Bewick, exhibiting the domestic nature of these
birds very faithfully, but which, on account of its
length, I am constrained to omit.

B. Al^ calcar nt(E.

B. Wings armed with a spur,
a. Capwt palea non instructum.
a. Head not furnished with a wattle.

CAYENNE LAPWING.

(Vanellus Cayanensis.)

Va. cristatus, dorso viridi-purpureo , collo ritfescente, Jronte gul&
^fascia pectoris caudaque nigris, mar gine alarum extus abdomine
basique catidcc albis.

■ . »V-i T

,'T' ■

lyAa. ., ■ -^rtl«Mt^'«>V^'-<’ ■ ,. ^ V .

Htiflhidi

CAYENNE LAEWING.

513

Cirested Lapwing, with the back of a purple-green ; the neck
reddish ; the forehead, throat, fascia on the breast, and tail,
black ; the outer edge of the wings, the abdomen, and base
of the tail, white.

Tringa Cayanensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. ^27« 5.

Earra Cayennensis. Grhtl. Syst. Nat. 1. 70S.

Vanneau arme de Cayenne. Luff. Ois. 8. 66. — Buff. PI. Enl, 836.
Cayenne Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. l64. 5.

Less than the preceding: length eight inches
and a half : beak red, with a black tip : the fore^
head and throat are black ; the ‘middle of the
crown cinereous : the hind head brown, with five
or six long dusky feathers, similar to those of the
Lapwing : the neck is dusky white : the back
greenish purple : on the breast is a broad black
band : the belly and vent are white : one third of
the outside of the wing is white ; near its bend is
a short, rather curved, brown spur : the half of the
tail at the base is white, the rest black, with the
tip edged with white : legs reddish : claws black*
Inhabits the marshy savannahs of Cayenne, feeding
on insects*

V. XI. P. II.

514

b. Cafut carunculA instructum.
Head furnished with a wattle.

GOA LAPWING.

(Vanellus Goensis.)

VA.yuscuSj capite collo remigihus Jasci6,que caudce nigris, linea
longitudinali colli pectore ah domine fascia alarum basique cauda
albis.

Brown Lapwing, with the head_, neclc, quills, and band on the
tail, black j a longitudinal stripe on the iieck, the breast,
abdomen, stripe on the wings, and base of the tail, white.
Tringa Goensis. Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 727* 7*

Parra Goensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 700.

Vanneau arme des Indes. Buff. Ois. 8. 64.

Vanneau arme de Goa. Biff. PI. Enl. 8O7.

Goa Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. l65, 7*

Latham thus notices this species t Length
thirteen inches : beak dusky: head and neck black :
before the eye, and round it, carunculated and
red : from the back part of the eye a stripe of
white, passing down on each side the neck, and
communicating with the breast, which, as well as
the under parts of the body, is white : the back and
wing-coverts are rufous brown : greater coverts
white : quills black : the base of the tail for one-
third is white, the middle black, and the end
brown : legs yellow : it has four toes, all of mo-
derate length : on the fore-part of the wing, near
the joint, is a sharp sliort spur.” This bird in-
habits Goa.

SENEGAL LAPWING

(Vanellus Senegalensis.)

\ JuscuSf gula remigibus Jusciaque caudce nigris, fascia alarum
longitudinali abdomine hasi apiceque caudcc albis»

Brown Lapwing, with the throat, quills, and band on the tail,
black j a longitudinal stripe on the wings, the abdomen, and
the base and tip of the tail, white.

Vanellus Senegalensis armatus. Briss„ Orn, 5. 111.6. q)l. 10.

f. 2.

‘Tringa Senegalla. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 728. 8.

Parra Senegalla. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 25Q. 2. — Gmel. Syst. Nat,

1. 706.

Le Vanneau arme du Senegal. Buff. Ois. 8. 62.— PL
Enl. 362.

Senegal Sandpiper. Lath. Gen* Syn. 5, I66. 8.

Length one foot : beak yellow-green, tipped
with black : the forehead covered with a yellowish
skin : the chin and throat are black : the head,
upper parts of the body, and lesser wing-coverts,
are grey-brown : the under parts the same, but
paler : the lower part of the belly and the upper
and under tail- coverts are dull white : the greater
wing-coverts the same : the quills are black, more
or less white at the base ; and at the bend of the
wing is a black spur : basal half of the tail dirty
white, the rest black, tipt with pale rufous. In-
habits Senegal. It is a noisy species, and as soon
as it espies a man, it sets up a loud scream, by
which means all other birds in the neighbourhood
are alarmed, and flv off : it associates with its mate.

NEW HOLLAND LAPWING.

(Vanellus Novae-Hollandiae.)

Va. olivacea-jerrttgineusy subtus albus, vertice nigro, reinigibus
rectricibusque nigris.

Rusty-olive Lapwing j beneath white j tl>e crown black j the
quills and tail-feathers black.

Tringa lobata. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixv.

Wattled Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. II. 313. 8.

Described by Latham as below : “ It is at least
nineteen inches in length : the beak pale : irides
yellow : the crown and nape are black : sides of
the head and round the eye furnished with a
carunculated yellow membrane, hanging down on
each side in a pointed wattle : the neck and all
beneath is white, but the sides of the breast next
the wings are black : back and wings olive-brown,
with a tinge of nut-colour; the quills and end of
the tail black, but the very tip of the last is fringed
with white : the bare part of the legs above the
knee, and a small space below it, is of a rose-
colour ; the rest black, with rose-coloured seg-
ments : at the bend of each wing a stout yellow
spur, somewhat bent. Inhabits New South Wales :
is sometimes met with in the flats going to Parra-
matta, but is not a common bird.”

5i7

LOUISIANE LAPWING*
(Vanellas Ludoviciana.)

Va. caruneulatus, corpore griseo-fusco^ suhtus basique caud<B albo~
rufescente, pileo remigibus Jascidque rectricum nigris.
Carunculated Lapwing, with the body grey-brown j beneath,
and the base of the tail, of a wliitish red j the top of the head,
quills, and stripe on the tail, black.

Vanellus ludovicianus armatus. Briss. Orn. 5. 1 14. 7- 2.

Tringa ludoviciana. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 6.

Parra ludoviciana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. ^06.

Vanneau arme de la Louisiane. Biif. Ois. 8. p. 65. — PL
Enl. 835.

Armed Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 305. 6.

Louisiane Sandpiper. Lath. Gen, Syn.5. 164.6.

This species is eleven inches in length : its beak
is orange ; at its base is a naked yellow skin,
rising up on the forehead, including the eyes, and
hanging on each side of the mandible like a wattle :
the top of the head is black : the rest of the upper
parts are grey-brown ; the quills are mostly black,
varied more or less with grey: at the bend of the
wing is a sharp spur : the under parts of the body
are yellowish white : tail yellowish white, withr
a black tip : legs red : claws black. Inhabits
Louisiana,

DOMINICA LAPWING.

(Vanellus Dominicensis.)

Va. carunculatusy corpore Julvo subtus roseOy rectricibus Julvis,
rostro pedibusque ^flavis.

Carunculated Lapwing, with the body fulvous ; beneath rosa-
ceous ; the tail-feathers fulvous j the beak and feet yellow.
Vanellus dominicus armatus. Briss. Orn. 5. 118. 8.

Tringa Ludoviciana. /3. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 727. 6.

Parra dominicana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 259. 1.

Louisiane Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 165. 6. var. a.

This bird is said to inhabit the warmer parts of
America and Saint Domingo, and is described by
Latham as a variety of the Louisiane Lapwing;
but it appears to be a distinct species. It is thus
described by that ornithologist : “ Size of the
Louisiane species : beak yellow ; the base of it sur-
rounded with a yellow skin, as in that bird : the
head and upper parts pale yellow : the under yel-
lowish white, inclining to rose-colour : tail as the
back, but the side-feathers incline to rose-colour on
the inner webs : legs yellow.”

519

STRIPSILAS. TURNSTONE.
Generic Character,

Rostrum basi crassiusculum,
rectum, validum, culmlne
planiusculo, apice subtrun-
cato ; mandibula superiore
versus medium inflexa, in-
ferior paulo ascendens.

Nares basales, laterales, mem-
brana semiclausae.

Pedes tetradactyli, digiti ex-
teriores membranula con-
nexa.

Aloe acuminatae, remige pri-
more longiore.

Stripsilas. Temm. Vieil. Leach,.

Morinellus. Ray,

Tringa. Linn. Gmel. Lath,,

Arenaria. Briss.

Beak thickened at the Base,
straight, solid, the ridge,
plane, the apex subtrun-
cate ; the upper mandible
bent down towards the
middle, the under rather
ascending.

Nostrils basal, lateral, half
closed by a membrane.

Feet four-toed, the outer toes
connected with a shght
membrane.

Wings acuminated^ the first
quill longest.

Or the genus Stripsilas only one species is
known, which resides for a short space of time in
the temperate countries of Europe, migrating to
the northern ones to breed ; it resides on the shores
of the sea, and resembles the Lapwings and San-
derlings in habit.

520

COMMON TURNSTONE,

(Stripsilas Interpres.)

St. corpore nigro albo Jerrugineoque vario, pectore ahdomineqtic
albisy gena colloque subtus ?iigris, caudd basi apiceque alba,
medio nigra.

Turnstone with the body varied with black, white, and ferru-
c:inous; the breast and abdomen white j the cheeks, and neck
beneath, black ; the base and tip of the tail white, the middle
black. .

Stripsilas interpres. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus, p. 29.

Stripsilas collaris. Temm. Man. d'Orni.p. 349.

Tringa interpres. Linn. Spst. Nat. 1. 248. 4. — Linn. Faun,
Suec. 1/8. — Gmel, Sp.st. Nat. 1. 6/1. — Lath. Ind. Orji. 2.
738. 45.

Tringa Morinella. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1. 249. 6. young. — Gmel,
Syst. Nat. 1. 6yi. 4.0. young.

Arenaria. Briss. Orn. 5. 132. 1.

Morinellus marinus. Raii. Syn. 112. a 5.

Arenaria cinerea. Briss. Orn. 5. 137* 2. pi. W. f. 2. young.

Le Tournepierre. Buff. Ois. 8. 130. pi, 10.

Coulon-chaud. Biff. PI. Enl. 856.

Coulon-chaud de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 340.

Coulon-chaud gris de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 85/.

Hebridal Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 200. — Penn. Arct,
Zool. 2. 382.

Turnstone, or Sea Dotterel. — Edxv. pi. 141. — Will. p>. 311. — .
Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 199. young. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 188. 37-
—Lath. Syn. Sup. 24Q. — Len\ Brit. Birds. 5. l/Q.—IPalc,
Syn. 2. pi. 153. — Pulf. Cat. Dors. p. 15. — Bexv. Brit. Birds. 2.
124. and I2d. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Bing. Anim. Blog. 2,
310. — Loxi'. Faun. Oread, p. 87. and p. 150.

Eight indies and a quarter in length : the fore-
head, space between the beak and the eye, a broad

"4-

jr.jfd

(

ilk.

€ OM Morr T u ’Pv^' s Torf e

COMMON TURNSTONE.

521

collar on the nape, part of the back, two bands on
the wings, one longitudinal, and the other trans-
verse, the upper tail-coverts, the middle of the
breast, as well as the rest of the under parts of the
body, are of a pure white : the forehead with a
narrow black band, passing on each side beneath
the eyes, down the sides of the neck, and surround-
ing the throat as with a collar : the top of the head
is reddish white, longitudinally striped with black :
the upper part of the back, the scapulars, and
wing-coverts, are bright red-chesnut, mottled irre-
gularly with large black spots : rump with a broad
brown bar : the lateral tail-feathers pure white,
the rest black, tipped with white : the beak and
irides black : the legs orange-yellow. The female
differs in having the black less deep, and the rest
of the colours paler. The young have the head
and nape of a grey-brown, striped with deep brown :
the sides of the head and neck are spotted with
white : the throat and fore-part of the neck are
whitish : the feathers on the sides of the breast are
deep brown, tipped with whitish : the rest of the
under parts of the body, the back, the upper tail-
coverts, and the lateral tail-feathers, are white :
the top of the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts,
are deep brown ; the whole of the feathers being
deeply edged with yellow : the rump has a trans-
verse brown band, edged with rufous : the feet are
reddish yellow : as they advance to maturity the
colours become more regular.

Turnstones feed upon beetles and other insects,
as well as marine worms : to procure these they

522

COMMON TURNSTONE.

turn over the stones beneath which they lie con-
cealed, with their beak, and from this circumstance
they received their name. They reside on the
sea shores, and on the gravelly borders of lakes and
rivers ; are most abundant in the northern parts
of Europe, less frequent in the temperate regions,
and extremely rare to the south : they do not
breed with us, but visit our shores in August, and
depart in the spring, going northward. They lay
four eggs of an olive colour, spotted with black :
they generally fly in flocks of three or four in^
number, probably the brood.

52S

. GRUS. CRANE.

Generic Character,

Rostrum capite fere duplo i
longius, validum, rectum,
compressum, utrinque sul-
catum, integrum aut sub-
denticulatum.

Nares in medio maxillae sitae, 1
postico membrana clausae.

Capw^autnudum papillosum, ^
aut plumosum.

Pedes tetradactyli, jSssi, di- j
giti exteriores basi mem-
brana connexi.

Grus. Briss. Temm. Vieil. Cuv.

Ardea. Lmn. Gmel. Lath,

Beak nearly twice as long as
the head, strong, straight,
compressed, sulcated on
each side, entire, or slight-
ly notched.

Nostrils placed in the middle
of the maxilla, and closed
by a membrane behind.

Head either naked and pa-
pillated, or feathered.

Feet four-toed, cleft ; the
outer toes connected at the
base by a membrane.

The Cranes subsist on herbs, seeds, worms,
frogs, and slugs : they reside in marshy places,
rarely visiting the sea shores, and are found in
various parts of the world, but only one is a native
of Europe : there are several sections of them,
differing in many respects, as hereafter noticed ;
and in most of the species the trachea of the male
is of a singular construction, having several con-
volutions : in the -rest both sexes have the same
conformation.

,524

A. Rostrum inlegcrrimim ; ckvvt: nudum ; oUBixiE plimosiE.
A. Beak entire j head naked ; orbits feathered.

COMMON CRANE.

(Grus cinerca.)

Gr. corpore cinereOi gida collo anlice occipite(pie nigricante, pileo
remigibusque nigris, tectricibus intimis laceris.

Crane with a cinereous body ; the throat, fore-part of the neck,
and occiput, dusky 3 the pileus and quills black 5 the coverts
with divided webs.

Ardea Grus. Linn, Sys't. Nat. 1. 234. A.— Linn. Faun. Suec.

161. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 620. 4. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 674. 5.
Grus. Briss. Orn. 5. 374. 6. jd. 33. — Raii. Syn. Q5. a. 1.

La Grue. Buff. Ois. 7. 287- pi’ 14. — Buff, PI. Enl. 769.

Grue cendree. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 356.

Common Crane. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. App.62g. pi. 6. — Penn.
Arct, Zool. 2. 453. — IVill.Ang. 27A. pi. 4S. — Alb. Brit. Birds,
2. 65. — Phil. Trans. Ivi. 208. 4. — Lath. Gen. Syn.

5.50.5. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 2Q8. 2. — Letvin. Brit. Birds. 4.
pi. 143. — Wale. Syn. 2,. pi. 124. — Betv. Brit. Birds. 2. 2Q. —
Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim.
Biog. 2. 285. ^

The Common Crane is a large bird, frequently
measuring upwards of five feet in length : it has
the whole of the upper parts of the body of a grey;
brown : the throat, the fore-part of the neck, and
the occiput, are of a deep greyish black ; forehead
and space between the beak and eye furnished
with black hairs : the top of the head naked and

COMM.OW 'Tll'iABE

COMMON CRANE.

.525

red : tlie breast and all the under parts of the body
are similar to the back : the greater wing-coverts
are blackish ; and those farthest from the body,
with the bastard wing, and quills, black : from
the pinion of each wing springs an elegant tuft of
loose feathers, curled at the ends, which can be
erected at will, but which in a quiescent state
hangs over and covers the tail : the beak is greenish
black, but of a horn-colour towards the tip, and
reddish at the base : the hides are red-brown :
the legs black. In very old birds there is a large
whitish space behind the eye, and on the lateral
part of the top of the neck. The young before
their second autumnal moult have the head clothed
with down, and the deep dusky patch on the fore-
part of the neck and the occiput does not exist,
but those parts are spotted longitudinally with that
colour.

This species is abundant throughout northern
Europe and Asia: it frequents marshy places,
feeding upon seeds and young plants, also worms,
frogs, snails, &c. : it is migratory, retiring north-
ward in the spring to breed, and in the winter
season inhabiting the warmer regions of Egypt
and India. It was formerly abundant in England,
and formed part of the great feasts of those days,
where dozens were served up at a time: within these
sixty years not more than four or five specimens
have been seen in these parts ; the last was shot
in Cambridgeshire, above forty years since. It is
said to fly remarkably high during its migrations,
which are generally performed in the night ; but it

526

BROWN CRANE.

makes a loud noise, whicli betrays its course.
The female lays two greyish green eggs, spotted
with brown.

BROWN CRANE.

■/^(Grus Canadensis.)

Gr. corpore cinereo, dorso riifescente , alls rii/escentibus fascia
grised.

Crane with a grey body ; the back reddish j the quills rufescent,
with a griseous fascia.

Grus Freti Hudsonis. Briss. Orn. 5. 385. 11.

Grus Mexicanus. Briss. Orn. 5. 380. 8. var.

Grus Indicus. Raii. Syn. Q5. 2. var.

Ardea Canadensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 234. 3. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 6'20. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 675- 7*

LaGruebrune. Buf. Ow. 7*310. • *

La Gi'ue brune du Mexique. Buff. Ois. 7. 312.

Brown Crane. Penn. Arct. Zool. 340. — Edxu. pi. 133. — Lath.
Gen. Syn. 5. 43. 7* — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 2QQ. 4.

Latham thus delineates the characters of this
species : “ Length three feet three inches : weight
seven pounds and a half : beak three inches and
three quarters, and dusky, but the tip of the under
mandible is pale flesh-colour : the top of the head
covered with a red skin, thinly beset with hairs :
cheeks and throat whitish : the hind head and
neck are grey : the upper part of the back, scapu-
lars, and wing-coverts, pale rufous, margined with

BROWN CRANE.

527

brown ; the lower, and rump, cinereous : the breast,
belly, sides, and thighs, ash-colour, changing to
white at the vent : the greater wing-coverts farthest
from the body blackish brown ; those next the
body grey, forming a band on the wing : the greater
quills dark brown, with white shafts : the seconda-
ries pale rufous ; some of these last are long and
narrow, and reach beyond the greater quills : the
tail of a deep ash-colour; legs and bare part of
the thio;hs black.” Both sexes are similar.

This is a native of North America, migrating
northward in the spring to breed, and returning
to the south in autumn : it is a shy species : the
female lays only two eggs at a time ; these are very
large, long, and much pointed at one end, of a
pale cinereous, freckled with brown : the nest is
formed on a tuft upon which much dry grass is
accumulated, until it becomes as high as the belly
of the bird when standing ; this is covered at the
top with very fine dried grass, and upon this the
eggs are laid, and the female stands over them,
placing her legs on each .side of the heap.

It feeds upon worms and insects, but will also
eat corn, and often commits great devastation in
the maize fields : its flesh is greatly prized by
many, but is most esteemed when made into soup.

HOOPING CRANE*

(Grus Americana.)

G'r. corpore supra albo, subtus rufo,front€ nucJiA, remigibusqut
primariis nigris, caudd alba.

Crane with the body above white, beneath rufous j the fore-
head, nape, and primary quills, black ; the tail white.

Grus Americana. Briss. Orn. 5. 382. 10.

Ardea Americana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 234. 5.-^Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 621. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6^5. 6,

Grue blanche d’Amerique. Buff. Ois. 7- 308. — Buff. PI. Enl.
889.

Hooping Crane. Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 75. — Penn. Arct, Zool.
339. — Ldiv, pi. 132. — Lath. Gen. Sy7i. 5. 42.6. — Wills. Amer,
Ont. 8.

This is a large bird, measuring four feet six
inches in length, and to the end of the toes five
feet seven inches ; beak yellow brown : the top of
the head, and under the eyes, covered with' a red
skin slightly clothed with thick hairs, which are of
a black colour : beneath* the occiput and the nape
is a triangular black spot : the bend of the wing is
of a pale rose-colour; the nine first quills are black,
the tenth black and white, and the remainder
white : the rest of the plumage is white : the legs
and naked part of the thighs are black ; the
uropygial feathers are tufted, and hang downwards
in a curve, as in the common species.

This bird frequents the same countries, and has
similar habits with the preceding species ; like
which it breeds to the north, to which part it goes

SIBERIAN CRANE.

529

in the spring, and retires to the south in the
autumn. In the summer it is abundant in Hud-
son’s Bay, where it arrives in May, and retires in
September. It affects sequestered places in marshy
situations on the borders of lakes. The nest is
composed of grass and feathers : the eggs are
similar to those of a Swan, and are hatched in
about three weeks * the young are yellow at first,
and gradually attain their proper colour ; their
food consists principally of insects, worms, toads,
&c., but they will occasionally eat young corn.

B. m denticulaturn ; occiput nudum, papillosum ; or-

bits plumosce.

B. Beak slightly toothed 5 occiput naked and warted j the orbits
feathered.

SIBERIAN CRANE.

(Grus gigantea.)

Gr. nivea, remigihus decern primoribus nigris, rostra pedibusque
rubris.

Snowy Crane, with the ten first quills black ; the beak and feet
red.

Ardea gigantea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 622. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
674. 3.

Grus leucogeranos. Pall. Trav. 2. 714. 30. pi. I.

Siberian Crane. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 455. c. — Lath. Gen. Syn.
5. 37.3.

V. XI. P. II.

530

SIBERIAN CRANE.

Height four feet six inches : the beak large
and red : the face naked beyond the eyes, papil-
lated, and of a red colour : irides white : the ten
first greater quills and their coverts deep black ;
the rest of the plumage snowy white : the tail
nearly even, consisting of twelve feathers : legs
red. The young of the first year are entirely of an
ochraceous hue, with the face, beak, and legs,
greenish brown : the old have the hind part of the
neck yellowish.

This species inhabits the great marshes and
lakes of Siberia : it constructs its nest in almost
inaccessible situations, amongst the reeds ; it is
constructed of herbs and grass : the female lays
two ash-coloured eggs, of the size of those of a
Goose : they are spotted with brown. During the
period of incubation these birds are very bold, and
will attack any person that approaches their haunts :
both sexes are said to watch the nest alternately :
at other times they are very shy, and immediately
upon any one appearing in sight they set up a
loud scream, and fly off They feed upon frogs,
small fish, lizards, and such like, and breed in the
northern parts : they are supposed to winter about
the Caspian Sea, as they retire southward in the
autumn.

531

INDIAN CRANE.

(Grus Antigone.)

Gr. corpore cinereoy remigibus primoribus nigris, vertice macu-
laque pone oculos albis, rostro Jtavo-virescente , pedibus rubris.
Crane with a grey body ; the primary quills black ; the crown
and spot behind the eyes white j the beak yellowish green j
the feet red.

Grus orientalis Indica, Briss. Orn. 5. 378. 7-

Ardea Antigone. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 235. 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. 622. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 674. 4.

Grue ^ coUier. Buff. Ois. 7. 307- variety. — Buff. Pi. Enl. 865.
var.

Indian Crane. Edvo. pi. 45. — Lath. Gen. Syn.5. 38. 5. — Lath.
Syn. Sup. 232.

Length five feet: beak greenish yellow, with
the tip dusky : irides bright reddish hazel : the
crown of the head naked, and w hite, with a small
spot on each side, near the ears, similar ; the rest
of the head, and part of the neck, covered with a
naked red skin : the general colour of the plumage
is of a fine cinereous ; the neck lightest : the quills
are black, the secondaries cinereous ; those nearest
the body are pointed at the ends, and longer than
the quills, over wdiich they hang : the tail is ash-
coloured : the legs and naked space above the
knee are red : the claws white.

Two varieties are described by Latham, but
whether they are referrible to this species is some-
what doubtful : one differs in being nine inches

532

WATTLED CRANE.

shorter, and in having the head and above half the
neck almost naked, being covered only with a
slight reddish white down : round the middle of
the neck is a red collar : the tail is black. The
other has the beak and fore-part of the crown yel-
lowish : the lores and space round the top of the
neck bare, and crimson : the irides pale orange ;
the chin and throat beset with black bristles : the
general colour of the plumage dull pale blue : the
quills and tail black : tlie legs and bare part of the
thighs the same, spotted with white. This variety
inhabits New South Wales.

This species is found in flocks near Calcutta,
and in other parts of the East Indies : it is very
numerous, migrating into that part of the Russian
territory situated beyond Lake Baikal, frequenting
the plains and marshy places on the borders of the
rivers Onon and Argun.

C. Mandibula inferior ulrinque ■palea elongata depend eni e
c.kVM'x: plumosum ; orbits nudae.

C. The under mandible on each side with a depending elongated
wattle ; head feathered ; orbits naked.

WATTLED CRANE.

(Grus carunQulata.)

Gr. capita collo carunculisque albis, vert ice dor so iectricibusque
alarum C(rrnleo-cinereis^ abdomine nigro.

WATTLED CRANE.

533

Crane with the head, neck, and caruncles, white j the crown,

back, and wing- coverts, blue-grey 3 the abdomen black. .
Ardea carunculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 643. — Lath. Ind. Orn.

2. 691.53.

Wattled Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 82. AQ. pLlS.

The Wattled Crane is figured by Latham, and
thus described by that industrious ornithologist ;
“ Size of the Stork : length five feet six inches :
beak red, and carunculated for one third next the
base ; the rest of its length dusky black : round
the eye bare, and red : irides pale red : top of the
head blue-grey ; the rest of the head and neck
white: under the chin are two appendages like
wattles, covered with white feathers, as the rest of
the neck : the back and wings are blue-grey : on
the back hang some long narrow feathers, as in
many Herons : the quills are black, and about
even at the tail : breast, belly, and under parts,
black : legs dusky blue-grey. Inhabits Africa, but
is not a common bird.” It is capable of being
tamed.

534

ANTHROPOIDES. DEMOISELLE.

Generic Character.

Tlostrum vix capite longius,
integrum supra sulcatum.

Nares lineares.

Caput aut plumosum, aut
temporibus glabris.

Pedes tetradactyli, fissi ; di-
giti exteriores basi mem-
brana connexi.

Anthropoides. Vieil.

Ardea. Linn.y Gmel,, hath.

Grus. Raii.y Petiv., Briss.

Beak scarcely longer than the
head, entire above sulcated.

Nostrils linear.

‘Head either feathered, or the
temples naked.

Feet four-toed, cleft ; the
outer toes connected by a
membrane at the base.

Only two species are known of this elegant
genus : they are both natives of Africa, and the
first occurs likewise in Asia : they feed upon worms,
fish, snails, frogs, and such like, like the rest of the
Heron family.

535

A. C AFVT plumosum.

A. Head feathered.

NUMIDIAN DEMOISELLE.

( Anthropoides Virgo.)

An, corpore cceruleo-cinereo, capiie remigibusque primariis apice'
nigris, pone oculos uirinque crista pennacea recurvatd longar
alba.

Demoiselle with the body of a blue-grey; . the head and tip of
the primary quills black ; behind the eyes on each side a
recurved, elongated, pennaceous, white crest.

Ardea Virgo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 234. 2. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.

6ig. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 6y3. 2.

Grus Numidica. Briss. Orn. 5. 388. 12.

La Gruede Numidie, ou Demoiselle. Buff. Ois. f. 3\3.pl. 15^-—
Buff. PI. Enl. 24 1 .

Demoiselle, or Nuniidian Crane. Alb. Birds. 3. pi. 83. — Edw.
pi. 134. — Lath. Gen, Syn,5. 35.

This highly elegant species is as large as the;
Crane, and measures three feet three inches in
length : its beak is two inches and a half long,
with the base greenish, the middle yellowish, and
the tip red : the irides are crimson : the crown of
the head is cinereous ; the rest of the head, the
nape, and under parts of the neck to the breast, are
black : behind each eye springs an elegant tuft of
long white feathers, which hang downwards : the
feathers of the breast are long and dependent : the
under parts of the body, from the breast, the back,

536

CROWNED DEMOISELLEo

the rump, and the tail, are bluish ash ; the latter
and the quills are tipped with black : the legs are
black.

This bird is a native of many parts of Asia and
Africa ; in the latter most numerous about Bil-
dulgerid and Tripoli ; also along the whole of the
southern shores of the Mediterranean, as well as
the eastern. It delights in damp and marshy
places, frequenting those parts for the sake of its
food, which consists principally of small fishes,
frogs, and such like. It is easily domesticated, and
is frequently kept in menageries, and is fond of
putting itself into strange and uncouth attitudes,
sometimes as if dancing : in some parts called the
dancing bird, or Kurli, It will breed in confine-
ment : Buffon mentions an instance of one which
lived twenty-four years in a menagerie at Ver-
sailles, that had been reared there from the egg.

B. T E'SsivoTs.k glabra.

B. Temples smooth.

CROWNED DEMOISELLE.

( Anthropoides Pavonina.)

An. ccerulcscens, cnjAte nigro, crista setosd Jlavescente erectd, alls
^ albis, caudd nigrd. (Femina nigra ubi mas est cccrulescens,
palearia minuta.)

CROWNED DEMOISELLE.

537

Bluish Demoiselle, with the head black, adorned with an erect,
hairy, yellowish crest ; the wings white ; the tail black, {Fe-
male black where the male is bluish 3 the wattle very small.)
Ardea Pavonina. Linn. S^st. Nat. 1.233. \.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. Q\Q. — Lalh.Ind. Orn. 2. 6‘]2. I.

Grus balearica. Rail. Syn. p. Q5. 3. — Briss. Orn. 5.511. 1. pi.
41. female.

Grus capensis. Petiv. Gaz.pl. 76.,/. Q.

L’Oiseau royal. £uf. Ois. 7. ZlJ.pl. 16. — Buff. PI. Enl. 205.
male.

Balearic Crane. Will. Ang. p. 2y5.pl. 48.

Crowned African Crane. Edtjo. pi. 192.

Crowned Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 34. 1. — Gent. 3Iag.xx. pi.
in p. 201.

This most beautiful bird is noticed by Latham
as follows : “ This is as large as the common
Heron : the length two feet nine inches : the beak
is two inches and a half long, straight, and of a
brownish colour : irides grey : the crown of the
head covered with soft black feathers, like velvet ;
on the hind part is a tuft composed of hair, or
rather bristles, arising near each other at the base,
and spreading out on all sides in a globular form ;
this is four inches in length, and of a reddish brown
colour: the sides of the head are bare of feathers,
being covered only by a fleshy membrane, of a
reddish colour at the lower part, and in shape not
unlike a kidney : on each side of the throat hangs
a kind of wattle : the general colour of the bird
bluish ash : the feathers on the fore-part of the
neck are very long, and hang over the breast :
wing-coverts white ; the greater ones incline to
rufous, and those farthest from the body to black :

538

CROWNED DEMOISELLE.

the greater quills and tail are black, and the
secondaries chesnut : the legs and the bare part
above the knee are dusky. The female is black
where the male is blue-ash, and the wattles on the
throat are wanting ; the long feathers on the breast
are also less conspicuous.”

This bird inhabits several parts of Africa, parti-
cularly the coast of Guinea, as far as Cape Verd:
it is a tame species, and is often kept in aviaries,
like the preceding: it feeds upon worms and
vegetables : it often sleeps upon one leg : runs
very fast, and flies strong, and for a long time
together.

539

ARAMUS. COURLAN.
Generic Character.

Rostrum oculosversusfissum,
lateratim compressum ;
mandibula superiore paulo
sulcata, versus apicem in-
curvata ; inferiore subtus
angulosa.

Nares in medio maxillae sitae.

Pedes tetradactyli, digiti ex-
teriores basi membrana con-
nexi.

Beak cleft towards the eye,
its sides compressed ; the
upper mandible slightly
sulcated, towards the tip
bent down ; the lower be-
neath angulated,

Nostrils placed in the middle
of the beak.

Feet four-toed, the outer toes
connected by a membrane
at the base.

Aramus. Vieillot.
Grus. Cuv.

Ardea. Gmel., Lath.

There is but one species belonging to this genus,
which is distinguished by its peculiar beak ; this
part is rather stout at the base, and nearly straight,
but inclines downward toward the tip : on the
upper mandible is a long furrow, two-thirds of the
length of the beak, in which the nostrils are placed ;
these appear to be only a slit. The manners of
the species are unknown.

SCOLOPACEOUS COURLAN.

(Aramus Scolopacea.)

Ar. ctipreo-Jusca, collo pectoreque striis albis, guld nigra.

Coppery brown Courlan, with the neck and breast striped with
white ; the throat black.

Ardea Scolopacea. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1 . 647. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 701. 89.

Le Courlan, ou Courliri, Buff. Ois. 7.442. — Buff. PI. Enl. 848.
Scolopaceous Heron. Lath. Gen. Spn. 5. 102. 7Q.

This singular species inhabits Cayenne, and is
thus commemorated by Latham : “ This is a large
bird, almost equalling a Heron in size : the length
twenty-live inches : beak reddish, with a bluish
point : round the eye bare of feathers, and of*a
reddish brown colour : the plumage iu general is
brown, glossed with a reddish copper colour on
the quills and tail : most of the feathers of the
upper part have the edges paler than the rest of
the feathers, and those of the neck and breast are
streaked with wliite down the shaft : the chin
white : the naked parts of the thighs and legs are
white : the toes are but slightly joined by a mem-
brane at the base, but the middle claw is pectinated
on the inner margin, where it rises into an edge.

541

ARDEA. HERON.
Generic Character,

Rostrum capite longius, va-
lidum, basi latum quam
altum ; mandibula supe-
riore fere rectum, acutum,
sulcatum.

Nares lateral es in sulcum
sitae, membrana semi-
clausse.

Orhitce lorcrque nudae.

Collum gracile, elongatum,
basi pennis elongatis in-
structum.

Pedes graciles, tetradactyli,
fissi, digiti exteriores basi
membrana connexi ;
medius margine interna di-
latatus, pectinatus.

Beale longer than the head,
strong, the base broader
than high ; the upper man-
dible nearly straight, acute,
and sulcated.

Nostrils lateral, placed in a
groove, and partly closed
by a membrane.

Orbits and lores naked.

Neele slender, elongated, fur-
nished at its base with
elongated feathers.

Pegs slender, four-toed, cleft,
the outer toes connected at
the base by a membrane ;
the middle claw with its
inner margin dilated and
pectinated.

Akdea. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Briss., Leach, Temm., Vieil., Cuv.,
Ray, 8^c.

Cancrofagus. Briss.

Ardeola. Ray., Briss.

Botaurus. Briss.

Egretta. Briss.

IHE Herons reside on the banks of lakes and
rivers, or in marshy places : their food consists of

542

REDDISH EGRET HERON.

fishes and their fry, frogs, and field mice, as well
as all sorts of insects, snails, and worms. They
build in large societies in the same place, and when
they fly their neck is contracted and folded over
their back, and their legs are extended : they
migrate in flocks periodically : both sexes resemble
each other, but the young are very dissimilar, and
are very difficult to arrange correctly in conse-
quence.

A, parte inferiore nuda.

A. Tibi(E naked on the lower part.

a. Tarsi longi ; femora supra genua plumis maxirne denudatis ;
DiGiTi longissimi.

a. Tarsi longj the lower part of the thighs considerably devoid
of feathers ; the toes very long.

REDDISH EGRET HERON.

(Ardea rufescens.)

Ar. cinereo nigricans, capite coUo dorsoque postico fulvo-rujis,
pennis dorsalibus posticis elongatis rujis, rostra Jlavo, apice pe-
dibusque nigricantibus.

Dusky grey Heron, with head, neck, and back behind, fulvous
red; the dorsal feathers elongated and rufous; the beak
'yellow, its tip and the feet dusky.

Ardea rufescens. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. 628. — Lath. Lid. Orn, 2.
694. 61.

L’Aigrette rousse. BuJ^. Ois. 7. 378. — Buff'. PL Enl. 902.

GREAT EGRET HERON.

543

Reddish Egret. Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 3^S.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.

88. 56.

Louisiane Heron. Wills. Amer. Orn. 8. 63. yl. Ixiv. 1.?

This inhabits Louisiane, and is two feet in
length : its beak is yellowish, w ith the tip dusky :
the lore and orbits are green : the head and neck
are clothed with loose, long, rusty rufous feathers :
the back the same, but the feathers reach con-
siderably beyond the tail : the rest of the plumage
is dusky grey : the legs are dusky.

GREAT EGRET HERON.

( Ardea Egretta.)

Ae. occipite cristato, corpore toio albo, pennis scapularibus longis^
simis laceris, rostra flam, loris pedibusque virescentibus.

Heron with a crested occiput ; the body all white j thescapulary
feathers very long and divided 3 the beak yellowy the lores
and legs greenish.

Ardea Egretta. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 629. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2,

694. 63.

Ardea alba. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 239.24. young. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. 166. young. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 639. young. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. 695. 65. young.

Ardea Candida. Briss. Orn. 5. 428. 15. young.

Ardea alba major. Rail. Syn. gg. a. 4.

La grand Aigrette. Buff. Ois. 7. 377- — F‘1. Enl. Q25.

Le Heron blanc. Buff. Ois. 7. 365. young. — Buff. PI. Enl.686.
young.

Heron Aigrette. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 366.

544

GREAT EGRET HERON.

Great White Heron. Peri7i. Brit. Zool. 2. 175. pi- 62. — Pernio

Arct. Zool. 2. 234. — Will. [Ang.) 2/Q. pi. 49- — Lath. Gen.

Syn. 5.91. 60. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

— Letv. Brit. Birds. A. pi. 150.

Great Egret. Penn. Aret. Zool. 2. 346. — Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. SP-
SS.— Wills. Amer. Orn. 7. JO6. pi. \\\. J'. 4. ?

This fine species has the whole of the plumage
of a pure white, with a slight hanging crest on the
head : many of the feathers on the back are
elongated, and measure nearly a foot and a half in
length ; their shafts are strong and straight, and
their webs are long, very slender, and wedged, as
are also the feathers of the crest : the beak is
bright yellow : the naked space about the eyes is
green : the irides are bright yellow : the legs are
dusky, or dusky green : the length of this bird is
about three feet six inches. The young, before the
age of three years, and the old, during the period of
moulting, are of a pure white ; they do not possess
the crest or the long dorsal feathers : the former
have the upper mandible of the beak black at its
point and along the ridge, and during the first
year it is entirely dusky yellow, with the plumage
dirty white : the feet are greenish : the irides
bright yellow.

This bird is found in various parts of the south
of Europe, and in the young state has been recorded
as a British bird,' but upon questionable authority.
It is very numerous in Asia and in some parts
of Africa, and is likewise stated to be abundant in
America ; but upon the latter point I am not
certain, as the bird found in that part of the world

LITTLE EGRET HERON.

545

may be a distinct species. It frequents marsliy
places, and shelters itself among reeds : it lays
from four to six greenish eggs.

LITTLE EGRET HERON,

(Ardea Garzetta.)

Ar. occipite cristafo, corpore toto albo, pennis dorsi supremo
elongatis sericeiSf rostro nigro, loris pedibusque virescentibus.
Heron with the occiput crested j the whole body white ; the
feathers of the upper part of the back elongated and silky ;
the beak black j the lores and legs greenish.

Ardea Garzetta. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 973. l^.—GmeL Syst.Naf,

1. 628. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 694. 64.

Ardea nivea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 633. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2,

696. 67.

Ardea aequinoctialis. &. Lath. Lid.-Orn. 2. 697* 70* young.
Egretta. Briss.' Orn. 5. 431. 16.

Ardea Candida minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 438. 20. young.

Garzetta. Rail. Syn. p.QQ. 5. — Will. Ang. p. 280.

Ardea alba tertia Aldrovandi. Raii. Syn. p. gg. 6. young.

L’ Aigrette. Bi^. Ois. 372. pi. 20. — Biiff. PI. Enl. 90I.

La Garzette blanche. Buff. Ois. 7* 371. young.

Heron Garzette. Temtn. Man. d' Orni. 368.

Snowy Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. Q2. 61. — Wills. Amer. Orn.
7. 120. pi. Ixii.y'. 4.

Little Egret. Penn. Brit. Zool. App. pi. 7. — Penn. Arct. Zool.

2. 347. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 90* 5g. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 30. —
Lervin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 14Q. — Don. Brit. Birds. 4. j)l. 98 —
Bew. Brit. Birds. 2, 45. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.

V. XI. P. II.

LITTLE EGRET HERON.

o46

This curious bird is two feet in length : the
whole of its plumage is of a pure white : with a
strong crest composed of disunited feathers on the
occiput, a tuft of similar feathers at the base of
the neck, and many long ones on the top of the
back, with slender shafts, twisted and bent down
towards their tips ; these feathers are six or eight
inches in length, and have slender, silky, wedge-
shaped webs : the beak is black : the naked space
round the eyes greenish : the irides of a bright
yellow : the legs dusky green : the toes of a yellow-
green. The young and the old in the moulting
season want the long, slender feathers on the head,
the base of the neck, and on the back ; and the
yearlings are dull white, with the beak, the naked
skin round the eyes, and the feet, black.

This elegant species is very abundant in the
southern parts of Europe, especially in Turkey,
the Archipelago, and Sicily: it sometimes migrates
into France and Switzerland, but rarely into Ger-
many. It is stated to have been extremely common
in England in former times, and that Archbishop
Nevil had one thousand served up at his famous
feast. It is now extinct with us ; the last specimen
on record was one shot in the isle of Anglesea,
mentioned in the British Zoology. In Asia it is
very numerous, and it also occurs in Africa, and
the temperate and warmer parts of America. It
frequents marshes and rivers, feeding upon fish,
&c. : it lays four or five white eggs.

WHITE-BELLIED HERON»

^ (Ardea leucog-aster.)

Ar. cristata ccendeo-nigy-icafis, alis subtus abdotnine fenioribusque
albis, rostro jjedibusque Jiavis.

Crested dusky blue Heron, with the wings beneath, the ab-
domen, and thighs, white ; the beak and feet yellow.

Ardea leucogaster. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. 628. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 694. 62.

La demi Aigrette. Buff. Ois. 7. 3/8.

Heron bleuatre a ventre blanc. Buff. PI. Enl. 350.

Demi Egret. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 88. 57*

Nearly two feet in length : the beak dusky
yellow : between that and the eye naked, and of
the same colour : the head and neck, as far as the
breast, and the upper parts of the body, the wings,
and the tail, are deep blue-black : the under parts
of the body and thighs are white : from the occiput
depend two long feathers, of the same colour as the
head ; and on the lower part of the back are a few
long, narrow, rufous feathers, which fall over the
tail : the legs are yellowish. Inhabits Cayenne.

Latham describes a variety of this bird : it is
two feet in length : beak yellow ; tip black : crest
long and white : head and neck inclining to violet :
chin and throat mottled with rufous white : long
feathers over the rump grey : legs bfown ; in
othef respects .similar to the first described.

COMMON HERON,

(Ardea cinerea.)

Ar. occipite crista nigra dependentCy corpore cinereoy collo suhtus
tinea fasciaque pectorali nigris.

Heron with a depending black crest on the occiput ; the body
cinereous j the neck beneath, and breast, with a black fascia.
Ardea cinerea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 69 !• 54. — Leach. Cat. Mus.
Brit.]}. 33.

Ardea major. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 236. 12. — Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1.
627. — Raii. Syn.]}. 98. a. 1.

Ardea cinerea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1,236. 11. young. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. 165. young. — Gmel. Syst. A^at. 1.627. I'i. 6, young. —
Briss. Orn, 5. 3Q2. 1. young.

Ardea cristata, Briss. Orn. 5. 396. 2. pi. 35.

Le Heron huppe. Buff. Ois. 7. 342. — Buff. PI. Enl. J55.

Le Heron. Buff. Ois, 7. 342, p/. 19, young. — Buff. PI. Enl. 757.
young.

Heron cendre, Temni. Man. d'Orni. 362.

Crested Heron. Alh. Birds. 1 , pi. 67. — Lou}. Faun. Oread, p. 77.
Common Heron. Penn. Brit. Zool. 173. pl. 6I. — Penn. Arct.
Zool. 2. 343. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 83. 50. — Lath. Syn. Sup.
II. 303. 14. — Alb. Birds. 3. pl. 78. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 5.
pl.l\8. — IValc. Syn. 2. pl. 129. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 14.—
Bew. Brit. Birds. 2. 37. — Don. Brit. Birds. A. pl. 73. — Mont.
Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. 0?7i. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2.
291. — Lou’. Faun. Oread, p. 78.

This bird, when arrived at maturity, considerably
exceeds three feet in length : it has the forehead,
the neck, the middle of the belly, the edge of the
wing, and the thighs, of a pure white : the occiput,
the sides of the breast, and those of I he body, of a

COMMON HERON»

deep black : the fore-part of the neck is adorned
with large longitudinal spots of black and grey :
the back and wings are blue-grey : the beak is
deep yellow : the irides yellow : a naked skin
about the eyes is of a bluish purple : the legs are
brown, but the naked space above the knee is
bright red. ^In addition to the above, the hind
head is ornamented with several elongated narrow
black feathers, the two middle of which are up-
wards of eight inches in length ; the whole forms
an elegant crest, which is dependent on the hind
part of the neck: the feathers of the scapulars
are also elongated, and fall over the back in fine
disunited plumes.

The young do not possess the crest, or the
.elongated scapulary feathers : they have the fore-
head and top of the head grey : the throat white :
the neck bright grey, with several deeper spots :
the back and the wings are blue-grey, varied with
brown and whitish : the breast is longitudinally
spotted : the upper mandible of the beak is dusky
brown, spotted with yellow ; the under, yellow :
irides the same : space round the eyes greenish
yellow : the legs of a grey-black, with the naked
space above the knee yellowish.

This species has been observed nearly of a pure
white, but this is of extremely rare occurrence :
this variety may be easily distinguished from the
young Ardea egretta, by the naked space above
the knee, which is very large in the latter.

The common Heron occurs throughout nearly
the whole globe, retiring from tlie frigid regions

O.50

COM]\ION IIEKOiV.

Upon the approach of winter. In England it is
very abundant, and ap])ears to be stationary,
although it migrates in some of the northern coun-
tries of Europe : it resides, except in breeding
time, throughout the marshy places and edges of
streams, for the sake of its food, which consists of
small fishes, frogs, young birds, or even small mam-
malia ; and is consumed with great avidity and
gluttony, its digestion being very rapid. This bird
commits great devastation in ponds and shallow
waters. As a j)roof of their appetite, it is asserted
by Willoughby and others, that a single Heron
will destroy fifty small roach and dace, one day
with another. The Heron, though it generally
takes its prey by wading into the water, and wait-
ing patiently for its approach, frequently also
catches it while on the wing, but this is only in
shallow waters, where it is able to dart with more
certainty than in the deep ; for in this case, though
the fish does at the first sight of its enemy descend,
yet the bird, with its long beak and legs, instantly
pins it to the bottom, and then seizes it securely.
Although so insatiable in its appetite, and always
eating so freely, the Heron, wEen stripped of its
feathers, appears as if it had been starved to death.

In the breeding season the Herons unite to-
gether in large societies, and build in the highest
trees, placing the nests very near each other ;
sometimes as many as eighty have been seen in
one tree. Montagu mentions having seen a heronry
on a small island in a lake in the north of Scotland,
whereon there was only one scrubby oak free.

M (I cm (!l! V k' .N ;ii aiii

COMMON HERON.

5.51

which not being large enough to contain all the
nests, many were placed on the ground. The
nest is large and flat, made of sticks, and lined
with a few rushes and wool, or feathers. The
eggs are three or four in number, and are of a fine
sea-green, and about the size of those of a Duck.
The young birds are easily tamed, but the old
birds soon pine away, as they refuse every kind of
nourishment.

Dr. Heysham has given a singular account of a
battle between a colony of Herons and a neigh-
bouring one of Rooks : the former having been
deprived of their ancient premises by the removal
of the trees, made an attempt to form a settlement
in the rookery; which was effected after an ob-
stinate contest, in which some on both sides lost
their lives : but after a second victory of the Heix)iis,
in the succeeding year, a truce was agreed upon,
and both societies lived in harmony together, A
fuller account of this is to be found in Bewick’s
British Birds, above quoted.

Heron hawking was formerly a favourite diver-
sion in this kingdom, and a penalty of twenty shil-
lings was incurred by any person taking the eggs of
this bird. Its flesh was also in former times much
esteemed, being valued at an equal rate with that
of the Peacock.

552

GIlEAt HERON.

(Ardca Herodias.)

Ar. uccipite cristato, dor so fusco,femoribus rujis, pectore mactdis
elongatis nigris, pedibus fuscis.

Heron with a crested occiput ; the back fuscous ; the thighs
rufous ; the breast with elongated black spots ; the feet yellow.
Ardea Herodias. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1. 237. 15. — Gmel, Syst. Nat.

1. 630. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 602. 56.

Ardea virginiana cristata, Briss. Orn. 5. 4l6. 10.

Le grand Heron d’Amerique. Biiff. Ois, J. 585.

Largest crested Heron. Catesb. Carol. App.pl. 10. yi 1.

Great Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 341. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.
85. 51. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 8. 28. pi. Ixv.y. 2.

This is one of the largest of the genus, measuring
upwards of five feet in length, of which the beak is
eight inches : its colour is brown, inclining to
yellow on the sides : the hind head is crested, and
some of the feathers are five inches in length ; the
two middle ones in particular, which are the
longest : between the beak and eye naked, and of
a pale yellow : all the upper parts of the body, with
the belly, tail, and legs, are brown : the quills
black : the neck, the breast, and the thighs, are
rufous.

Inhabits Virginia, and like the rest of tliis genus,
frequents the borders of lakes and rivers, and feeds
on reptiles and small fishes.

55S

RED-SHOULDERED HERON.

(Ardea Hudsonias,)

Ar. vertice cristato nigro, corpore J'uscescente subtus albulo, collo
suhliis nigro-rufescente maculato, pedibiis Jlavis.

Heron with the crown with a black crest ; the body brownish 5
beneath whitish ; the neck beneath spotted with dusky red •,
the feet yellow.

Ardea Hudsonias. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 238. IS. — Gmel. Sysi.

Nat. 1. 632. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 693. 57.

Ardea freti Hudsonis. Briss. Orn. 5. 407. 7-
Heron de la bale de Hudson. BuJ^. Ois. 7. 386.

Ash-coloured Heron. Edvo. Birds.pl. 135.

Red-shouldered Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 342. — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 5. 86. 52.

This species, which is said by Pennant to be
the female of the Great Heron, is three feet three
inches in length : its beak is five inches and a
half long ; the upper mandible is black, the under
orange : the crown of the head black, and crested ;
the longest feathers upwards of four inches in
length : sides and lower part of the head white :
between the beak and eye destitute of feathers,
and of a greenish yellow colour: the back and
upper part of the body grey-brown : the wing-
coverts palest : the inner edge of the wing reddish :
the neck is clothed with long slender feathers,
marked with dusky bars on the hind part, and in
front with broad white dashes down the centre of
each feather : the breast white, mottled with large

AGAMI llEKOX.

black spots ; the thighs are reddish brown : the
belly and vent are white : tlie legs dusky : the
hinder claw very long. Native of several parts
of North America, from New York to Hudson’s
Bay.

AGAMI HERON.

(Ardea Aganii.)

Ak. cristata cceruleu, orbitis gulaqiie albis, collo supremo corpore
subttis femoribusque ri^s.

Crested blue Heron, with the orbits and throat white; the
upper part of the neck, the body beneath, and the thighs,
rufous.

Ardea Agami. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 629. — Lath. Lid. Orn, 2.

699.79-

Le Heron Agami. Bujf. Ois. 7, 382. — Btiff". PL Ent. 859.
Agami Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 70-

This highly elegant bird is unquestionably the
most beautiful of the genus : it is rather more
than two feet and a half in length : its beak is
about six inches long, and dusky, with the base
of the under mandible pale : the crown, the crest,
and the hind part of the neck, are bluish grey :
the chin is white : the upper parts of the body, the
wings, and the tail, are fine glossy green : the quills
are black : the sides of the neck, as far as the
middle, bright rufous, wdth an elegant white and

AGAMI HERON.

556

i'Lifous line, bounded by black, down the central
part: the breast is clothed with long, loose, blackish
feathers : those on the back of the neck black,
with a white streak down the middle of each shaft :
the under parts of the body are deep rufous : the
tail is brown.

One of these birds, described by Latham as a
female, has the beak dusky : the crown of the head
blue-black : the nape light blue ; from this hang
six or eight long narrow feathers, the largest
almost the whole length of the neck : the back,
wings, and tail, are deep blue : the neck and under
parts of the body are rufous ; but the lower half
of the neck and the sides of it are covered with
loose blue feathers, hanging longer, and loose on
the breast : from the lower part of the back are
long slender feathers, which hang loose, and reach
the end of the tail : on the sides of the head, and
just above the eyes, the parts are white, passing a
little way in a line on each side of the neck : the
legs are yellow.

This is a native of Cayenne and Surinam : the
specimen from whence the accompanying en-
graving was taken was shot in the last-mentioned
country by Dr. Ireland, who sent it to Mr. Lead-
beater, of Brewer-street, to whom I am indebted
for the loan of an admirable drawing, executed by
M. Pelletier, from the above-mentioned bird.

.556

CRESTED PURPLE HERON.

(Ardea purpurea.)

Ar. occipile crista dependente peymis rufo-jyurpureis, corpore
supra rujh-viresceyde subtus purpurascentC'rvJh, vertice nigro-
virescente, guld alba.

Heron with the occiput having a depending crest of a rufous
purple ; the body above red-green j beneath purplish red ;
the crown black-green ; the throat white.

Ardea purpurea. Linn. Spst. Nat. 1.230. 10. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. 626. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 607- 72.

Ardea rufa. Scop. Ann. 1. II9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.642. —
Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 692. 55.

Ardea botaurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 636. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2.

698. 74.

Ardea purpurata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 641. young. — Lath. hid.
Orn. 2. 698. 75. young.

Ardea caspica. Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 698. 73. young. — Leach. Cat.
Brit. Mus. p.33.

.Ardea variegata. Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 6Q2. 56. young.

Ardea cristata purpurascens. Briss. Orn. 5. 424. pi. 30.J.2.
Botaurus major. Briss. Orn. 5. 455. 28,

Ardea stellaris major. Raii. Syn. 100. 13.

Ardea purpurascens. Briss. Orn. 5. 420. 12. young.

Le Heron pourpre. Buff. Ois. 7. 369. — Buff. PL Enl. 788. —
Temyn. Mayi. d'Oryii. 364.

Grand Buta. Buff. Ois. 7. 422.

Crested purple Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. Q5. 65.

Rufous Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 99* 72-
Greater Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 58. 18.

Purple Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 96. 66. young.

Variegated H^ron. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 304. 15. young.

African Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 237- 80. — Mont. Orn. Did.
1. — Letvin. Brit. Birds. pi. 151. — IValc. Syn. 2. pi. 13 \.

CRESTED PURPLE HERON»

This elegant species has received no less than
six specific names from the pen of Latham, on
account of the changes it undergoes in arriving to
maturity : in this state it measures nearly three
feet in length : the occiput is garnished with
elongated greenish black feathers, the base of the
neck with purplish white ones, and the scapulars
with subulated brilliant red-purple plumes : the
top of the head and the occiput are black, glossed
with green : the throat is white : the sides of the
neck are of a clear red, with three longitudinal and
narrow stripes of black ; the fore-part of the neck
longitudinally spotted with red, black, and purple :
the back, the wings, and the tail, are greyish red,
with green reflections : the thighs and the abdo-
men are red : the sides of the body and the breast
are rich purple : the beak and the naked skin
surrounding the eyes are yellow : the irides are
orange-yellow : the soles of the feet, the hinder
part of the tarsi, and the naked space above the
knee, are yellow : the fore-part of the tarsi, and
the scales of the toes, are brown-green. The young,
before they attain the age of three years, want the
crest, which is only indicated by a few elongated
reddish feathers : they also want the long feathers
at the base of the neck and on the scapulars : their
forehead is black : the nape and cheeks are bright
red : the throat is white : the fore-part of the neck
is yellowish white, with numerous longitudinal
black spots : the feathers of the back, the scapulars,
the wings, and the tail, are grey-black, edged with
bright red: the belly and thighs arc whitish: the

558

RUSTY-CROWNED HERON.

greatest part of the upper inaudible of tlie beak
blackish : the under, the space round the eyes,
and the irides, are bright yellow.

This beautiful bird is common in the western
parts of Asia, frequenting the marshy shores of
the Caspian and Black seas, also the lakes of
Great Tartary, and the borders of the large rivers
of those parts, as the Wolga and Irtisch : it also
occurs, though sparingly, in several parts of Eu-
rope, appearing about the banks of the Danube,
and the morasses of Holland ; about four or fiv'e
specimens have likewise been killed in England at
different periods ; a fine specimen is in the British
Museum, that was shot v/ithin these few years.
To the north and east this bird does not occur,
but in Africa it is rather abundant. It seems also
to be abundant in Malta, from whence it has been
lately sent by J. Ritchie, Esq. to the British Museum.
Its nourishment consists of aquatic animals, as in the
rest of the genus ; and it builds its nest among tlie
reeds or underwood, and but rarely in trees : its
eggs are three in number, and of a greyish green.

RUSTY-CROWNED HERON.

(Ardea rubig’inosa.)

Ar. suhcristata Jerruginea, ^ida alba, ahdomine alho nigro siriato,
collo subtus lineis quatuor riigris, pedibus luteis.

Slightly crested ferruginous Heron, with the throat white; the
abdomen white, striped with black ; the neck with four black
lines beneath ; the legs yellowish.

BROWN HERON.

.559

Ardea rubiginosa. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. Q'i2.--Lath. Ind. Orn.

2. 603. 58.

Rusty-crowned Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 358. — Lath. Gen.

Syn. 5. 87. 53.

The Rusty-crowned Heron is the size of the
Common Bittern : its beak is seven inches long,
slender, and yellow : irides yellow : head slightly
crested : the crest and back part of the neck deep
rust-colour : the forehead is dusky : the throat is
white : the fore-part of the neck with four black
streaks : the feathers of the breast long and loose,
with a dark line passing upwards towards the back
of the neck : the back and the wing-coverts are
deep ferruginous, varied with a few black spots :
the quills are dusky : the breast and belly are dirty
white, striped with black : the tail short, lead-
coloured : the legs are dirty yellow. Inhabits
North America.

BROWN HERON,

(Ardea fusca.)

Ar. crista capitis nigricantCt corpore fusco-nigricante siddus alho,
pectore maculis Juscis elongatis.

Heron with the crest on the head dusky j the body dusky brown ;

beneath white ; the breast with elongated brown spots.
Ardea fusca. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. /OO. 83.

560

CINNAMON HERON.

Le Heron brun. Buff. Ois. 7. 381. — Buff. PI, Enl. 858.

Brown Heron. Lath. Sijn. Sup. II. 304. 17.

This bird inhabits Cayenne : it is two feet six
or seven inches in length : the beak is brown : the
head is ornamented with a slight crest, of a dusky
colour, and falling down over the back of the
neck : the upper part of the latter, tlie body, and
wings, are dusky browm : the under parts are
white, the breast being spotted with elongated
brown streaks : the legs are yellow.

CINNAMON HERON.

( Ardea ci nnamomea. )

Ar. castaneo-cinnamomea, col/o antice fusco siriaio, guld macula
viaxillari crissoque albis.

Cinnamomeous chesnut, with the fore-part of the neck striped
with fuscous ; the throat, maxillary spot, and vent, white.
Ardea cinnamomea. Gmel. Sqst. Nat. 1.643. — Lath. Ind.Oni.
2. 6sg. 46.

Cinnamon Heron. Lath. Gen. Sqn. 5. 77, 43. — Lath. Syn.
Sup. 235.

About sixteen inches in length : the beak two
inches and a half long, and yellow : the prevailing
colour of the plumage cinnamon-colour, inclining
to chesnut ; the lower parts of the body palest :
on each side of the throat, beneath the jaw, a

WHITE-FRONTED HERON.

561

small white patch : the chin and vent nearly white:
the middle of the fore-part of the neck streaked
with brown : the tail bright rusty chesnut : the
legs yellow. Inhabits China and India.

WHITE-FRONTED HERON.

(Ardea Novae-Hollandiae.)

Ar. subcristata, plumheo-cinerea subtus rufo-Jerruginea, fronte,
genis, gula, jiigidorjue alhis.

Slightly crested Heron, plumbeous grey 5 beneath rusty red ;

with the forehead, cheeks, throat, and jugulum, white.

Ardea Novee-Hollandiae. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. ^01. 88.
White-fronted Heron. Phil. Bot. Bay. pi. in p. l63. — Lath.
Syn. Sup. 77.304. 18.

Described as below by Latham, in the second
Supplement to his Synopsis. “ This is about
half the size of the Common Heron, being twenty-
eight inches in length : the beak is four inches
long, and black ; the base of the under man-
dible yellowish : lore and orbits naked, and of
a greenish colour : the body on the upper parts is
bluish ash-colour : the crown of the head black,
and the feathers elongated : the forehead, cheeks,
chin, and fore-part of the neck, as far as the middle,
white : quills and tail bluish black : the feathers
of the breast are elongated, and hang down in a
V. xr. p. II. 37

BLACK HERON.

graceful manner : these, with the belly and thighs,
are of a rufous cinnamon-colour : back covered
with long slender feathers, which fall over the
tail, and conceal about half its length : legs yellow-
brown. Inhabits New Holland.”

ELACK HERON-
(Ardea atra.)

Ar. nigricans, tectricihus alarum cinereo-carulescentibus, rectri-
cibus nigricantibus, rostra fcdibusque nigris.

Dusky Heron, with the wing-coverts of a grey-blue; the tail-
feathers dusky ; the beak and feet black.

Ardea atra. Grad. Syst. Nat. 1. 641. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.

697. 71.

Ardea nigra. Briss. Orn. 5. 439- 21.

Le Heron noir. Birffl Ois. 7. 368.

Black Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 94. 64.

This is described as being as large as the Common
Heron : its beak black : the prevailing colour of
the plumage the same, with a blue gloss on the
wings : the space between the beak and the eyes
covered with a bare black skin : the legs are
black : the middle and outer toes connected at
the base by a membrane. It is said to inhabit
Silesia.

56‘3

VIOLET HERON.

( Ardea leucocephala.)

Ar. nigro-violacea , vertice nigro, crrpite coUo superiore crisso
tricibusque subcaudalihiis a/bis, rostra pedibtisque J'lisco-rubris,
Violet-black Heron, witli the crown black ; tlie head, upper
part of the neck, the vent, and the under tail-feathers, white ;
the beak and feet red-brown.

Ardea leucocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6d2. — Lath. Ind, Orn.
2. 699- 78.

Le Heron violet. Buff. Ois. 7- 370-

Heron de la cote de Coromandel. Buff. PI. Enl. 906.

Violet Heron. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 97* ^9* — Lath, Syn. Sup. 236.

Native of the East Indies, where it is said to be
very common. It is esteemed for food, and is
often used in falconry. It is thirty-three inches
in length : its beak is dusky brown : the top of
the head, the lower part of the neck, the body,
the wings, and the tail, are of a fine bluish black,
glossed with violet : the rest of the head and neck,
the vent, and the under tail-coverts, are white :
the legs are reddish brown. Called Monickjore
at Bengal, and Luglug in other parts of Hindoostan.

564

COCOI IIERQN,

(Ardea Cocoi.)

Ar. occipite crista dependente dorsoqiie cinereis, collo suhlus nigro
maculnto, capitis lateribus nigris.

Heron with a depending occipital crest, which, with the back, is
cinereous ; the neck beneath spotted with black ; the sides of
the head black.

Ardea Cocoi. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 699. 60. — Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.

237. lA.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 629. — Raii. Syn. ]00. 15.
Ardea Cayanensis cristata. Briss. Orn. 5. 400. 3.

Le Soco. Bvff. Ois. 7. 739-

Cocoi Heron. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 98. 71.

The Cocoi Heron is a large species, measuring
upwards of three feet in length : its beak is greenish
yellow : irides golden-orange : the top of the head
ash-coloured ; its sides black : the occipital feathers
much elongated, the two middle ones being nearly
six inches in length ; they are all of a fine cinereous
colour, and are very narrow : space between the
beak and the eye naked, and of a cinereous hue :
the cheeks, the throat, and the neck, are white :
the fore-part of the neck is speckled with a double
row of elongated dusky spots : the feathers of the
base of the neck, and those of the scapulars, (which
latter hang over the back,) are very long : the rest
of the plumage is of a pale cinereous : the legs are
ash-colour. It is a native of Brazil and Cayenne.

565

STREAKED HERON.

(Ardea virgata.)

As., yhsco-Jiigricans, collo suhtus albo,jugulo nigro striaio, tectri-
cibus alarum Jlavescente striatis.

Dusky brown Heron, with the neck beneath white ; the juguluin
striped wdth black 5 the wing-coverts striped with yellowish.
Ardea virgata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 643. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 693. 60.

Streaked Heron, Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 354. — Lath. Gen. Syn.
5. 87. 55.

Native of North America : length seventeen
inches : beak two inches : the crown of the head
dusky : the cheeks and hind part of the neck
varied with ferruginous and black : the chin, the
throat, and the fore-part of the neck, are white j
the latter is streaked with black : the wing-coverts
are striped with black and pale buff: the outer
edge of the wing is white : the quills are dusky :
the legs are greenish. A slight variety is men-
tioned, which has a white line on each jaw : the
scapulars and greater wing-coverts are dusky,
spotted at the ends with white.

nOUHOU HERON.

(Ardea Hohou.)

Ar, cristata cinerea, Jronte nlbo nigroque vnria, alls alho cinereo
ccErulcoqiie variis, pedilms vnriegatis.

Crested cinereous Heron, with the forehead varied with black
and white ; the wings varied with cinereous and blue j the
legs variegated.

Ardea Hohou. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 630. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
701. 85.

Ardea mexicana cinerea. Briss. Orn. 5. 404. 5.

Xoxoukqui Hoactli. Raii. Syn. 102. 21.

Houhou Heron. Buff. Ois. 7.384. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 101. /6.

This inhabits the same situation as the Dry
Heron : it is said to liave a loud disagreeable cry,
resembling the word houhou, from whence its
name is derived. It is in length two feet. three
inches : its beak is black, and measures seven
inches in length : the forehead is varied with
black and white ; the rest of the head is purple :
the feathers of the occiput are elongated, and form
a crest, which is of a rich purple hue : the edges
of the wings are white : the wing-coverts mottled
with blue and cinereous : the secondaries are of
great length, almost equalling the primaries : the
rest of the plumage is of an ash-colour.: the legs
are variegated with brown, black, and yellowish.

S67

CRACRA HERON.

-=/ (Ardea Cracra.)

Ar. rufescente mriegata, supra cinereo-ccerulescens, suhtus cinerea,
collo suhtus pectoreque albis.

Variegated reddish Heron, above grey-blue ; beneath cinereous j
with the neck beneath, and breast, white.

Ardea Cracra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 642. — Lath. ind. Orn. 2.

699. 77.

Cancrofagus Americanus. Briss. Orn. 5. 477*

Cracra. Bi^. Ois. 7. 403.

Cracra Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. g6. 68.

Length not mentioned : size that of a large
Fowl: the beak black, beneath yellowish brown':
the irides of a golden-yellow : the lores naked,
and pale yellow : the crown of the head bluish
ash : the nape and the hind part of the neck
brown, varied with fillemot : the back and rump
bluish cinereous, mixed with dull green and rufous:
the lesser wing-coverts dull green, edged with
rufous ; the greater coverts and quills black, with
white edges : the under parts of the neck, as far
as the breast, white, spotted with rufescent : the
rest of the under parts cinereous : the tail greenish
black : the legs yellow, claws black. Native of
Chili, and other parts of South America: its cry
is similar to the syllables cra-cra. It resides on
the borders of rivers.

DRY HERON.

^ (Ardea Hoactli.)

Ar. crista nigra, corpore nigro-virescente subtus alho, alls caudaque
cinereis.

Heron with a black crest ; the body black-green ; beneath
white ; the wings and tail cinereous.

Ardea Hoactli. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.630. — Lath. Ind. Orn.l,
700. 84.

Ardea mexicana cristata. Briss, Orn. 5. 218. 11.

Hoactli.- Rail. Syn. 178. 8. — Bitf. Ois. 7. 382. male.

Hoacton. Will. 3C)1. female.

Dry Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn, 5. 100.79*

. Length two feet three inches : the beak black,
with its sides yellow : the irides yellow : eyelids
red : the head black, furnished with a crest of the
same colour : fore-part of the former white : space
between the beak and eye naked, and yellowish :
the upper parts of the neck and the body are
greenish black : the wing-coverts are greenish ash :
the quills and tail cinereous : the under parts of
the body are all white: the legs are yellow. The
female has the upper parts of the body brown,
varied with white : the under white, varied with
brown : in other respects similar to the male.

This species inhabits Mexico, frequenting marshy
places, and breeding among reeds.

569

ASH-COLOURED HERON.

— f (Ardea cana.)

Ar. cinerea, collo Jusco-chierascente, abdomine genis guldque
albis.

Cinereous Heron, with the neck greyish brown 5 the abdomen,
cheeks, and chin, white.

Ardea cana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 643. — -Lath, Ind. Orn. 2.
693. 59.

Ash-coloured Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 353. — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 5. 87. 54.

This is found at New York : it is two feet in
length : its beak is strong, and black : the cheeks
and the chin are whitish : the neck is pale ashy
brown, streaked on the fore-part with white : the
back, the wings, and the tail, are cinereous, each
feather bordered with dusky : the feathers of the
sides of the back long and broad, hanging over the
ends of the wings : the belly is white : the legs are
yellowish. This arrives at New York in May;
breeds there, and departs in October.

BLACK-CHESTED WHITE HERON.

(Ardeapileata.)

Ar. occipite cristato, corpore albo, vertice mgro.

Heron with the occiput crested j the body white j the crown of
the head black.

Ardea pileata. Lath. Inch Orn. 2. QQ5. 66.

Ardea Brasiliensis Candida. Briss. Orn. 5. 434. I7.

Le Heron blanc a calotte noire. Buff. Ois, 7. 380.

Le Heron huppc de Cayenne, Buff. PI. E7il. 907.

Black-crested white Heron. Lath. Gen. Spn. 5. Q2. 60, A.

This bird is described by Latham as a variety of
the Great White Heron in the General Synopsis,
but in the Index Ornithologicus it is distinguished
as a species: it is only two feet long, whereas the
bird with which it was associated is considerably
more than three feet, without including the beak :
its entire plumage is white, with the exception of
a black patch on the top of the head ; the hind
part of which has a pendant crest, composed of
six long feathers, the tw^o middle ones of which
are above six inches long, and the others are
gradually shortened. It inhabits the rivers of
Guiana.

V ,

Little white Hehon

.571

LITTLE WHITE HERON.

(Ardea ^quinoctialis.)

Ar. alhay remigibus duahus primis inargine exteriore Juscis,
pileo collaq^le in/'eriore luteis.

White Heron, with the outer «dge of the two first quills
brownish ; the top of the head and the lower part of the
neck yellowish.

Ardea ^quinoctialis. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. 1. 240. 25. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 641. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 696. 70* — Leach. Cat. Brit.
Mus. p. 33.

Ardea carolinensis Candida. Briss. Orn. 5. 435. 18.

Le Crabier blanc a bee rouge. Biif. Ois. 7. 401.

Red-billed Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. 2. 66.

Little white Heron. Lath. Gen. Sj/n. 5. 93. 63. — Penn. Arct,
Zool. 2. 345. — Catesb. Carol. \ .pl.‘]’J. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
^Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. 197*

This is twenty inches in length : the beak is
two inches long, and of an orange-colour: the
lores and orbits the same : irides pale yellow : the
entire plumage is snowy white, except the crown
of tlie head, and the upper part of tlie neck before,
which are buff : the legs greenish. The skin of
this bird is very dark coloured ; so much so, as to
give a dirty cast to the white plumage on the
cheeks and sides of the neck. The feathers on the
back of the head are very slightly elongated, as
they likewise are on the lower part of the neck
before.

A single specimen of this bird has been taken in

SACKED IIEHON.

<70

tills country, it having been shot near Kingsbridge
in Devonshire, the latter end of October ] 805 : it
was observed for several days in the same field,
attending some cows, and picking up insects, which
were found in its stomach : it was not shy. This
specimen is now placed in the British Museum.

The native place of this species appears to be
Carolina, and other parts of North America, as far
as Mexico.

SACRED HERON.

(Ardea sacra.)

Ar. alba, tectricibus minoribus alarum rectricibusque nigro-
Uneatis,

White Heron, with the lesser wing-coverts and the tail-feathers
striped with black.

Ardea sacra. Gmel. Si/st. Nai. 1. 640. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.

696. 69.

Sacred Heron. Lath. Gen. Syyi. 5. 92. 62.

The Sacred Heron is a native of Otaheite and
the neighbouring islands, where it is esteemed
sacred. It is thus described by Latham : “ Size
of the little Egret : length two feet three inches ;
general colour of the plumage white : beak four
inches long, dusky brown : on the middle of the
crown a few obscure dusky streaks down the shafts

SQUACCO HERON.

573

of some of the feathers : several of those of the
back, wing, and tail-coverts, marked in the same
manner ; scapulars dashed with black : greater
quills more or less dusky at the tips : the tail-
feathers marked with dusky down the shafts, from
the tip an inch and a half upwards, except the outer
feather, which is plain : legs yellow/’ Another is
mentioned that differs slightly: “ The crown of a
plain white: scapulars some white, some black : on
the fore-part of the neck some loose long feathers,
black and white mixed, hanging over the breast,
and some others of the same loose texture and
mixed colour, falling on the tail : the wing-coverts
have likewise some black feathers intermixed:
the quills plain white, and the tail the same, except
one feather wholly black : legs black.” I suspect
the last described variety is a distinct species, but
forbear to detach it, as I have not seen a specimen.
It is found with the former.

B. Tarsi brevi.

B. Tarsi short.

SQUACCO HERON.

(Ardea ralloides.)

Ar. crislata,f route verticequejlavis maculis nigris longitudinalibus
notatis, corpore supra rufo, suhtus gul6> uropygio cauddque
albis.

574

SQUACCO HERON.

Crested Heron, with the forehead and crown yellow, marked
with longitudinal black spots j the body above rufous j be-
neath, and with the throat, rump, and tail, white.

Ardea ralloides. Scop. An. 121.

Ardea comata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 632. — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.
687- 39. — Linn. Trans. 3. 33.5.

Ardea squaiotta. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 634. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
686. 36.

Ardea castanea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 633. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
6S7. 40.

Ardea Marsiglii. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 637. young. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 6S1. 20. young.

Ardea pumila. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 644. young. — Lath, Ind.
Orn. 2. 683. 28. young.

Ardea erythropus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 634. young. — Lath. Ind.

Orn. 2. 686. 38. young.

Cancrofagus luteus. Briss. Orn. 5. 4'/2. 37«

Cancrofagus. B7ISS. Orn. 5. 466. 33.

Botaurus luinor. Briss. Orn. 5. 452. 26. young.

Cancrofagus rufus. Briss. Orn. 5. 46Q. 35. young.

Squacco. Baii. Syn. 99. 8. — Buff. Ois. 7. 391-
Squaiotta. Raii. Syn. 99. 9.

Ardea haematopus, seu Cirris. Raii. Syn. gg. /. young.

Crabier de Mahon. Biff. Ois. 7. 393. — Luff. Pl.Enl. 348»

Le Crabier Caiot. Buff. Ois. 7- 389.

Le petit Butor. Buff. Ois. y. 425. young.

Le Crabier marron. Buff. Ois. 7. 390. young.

Squaiotta Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 72. 36.

Castaneous Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 75. 40.

Swabian Bittern. Lath. Gen. 5. 6o. 20. young.

Dwarf Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 77- ■42. young.

Red-legged Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 73. 38. young.

Squacco Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 74. 39. — Lath. Syn. Sup.
II. 302. 9. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

Like many other Herons, this species has been
unnecessarily multiplied, no less than six of La-
tham’s species being referrible to this one : it is to

SQUACCO HERON.

575

the industry of Scopoli that we are indebted for
extricating us from this labyrinth. The bird
now under consideration possesses the following
plumage after the age of three years : the forehead
and top of the head have the feathers slightly
elongated, and yellowish, marked with longitudinal
black rays : the occiput is ornamented with eight
or ten narrow long feathers, which are slightly
edged with black : the throat is black : the neck,
top of the back, and scapulars, a bright red ; the
feathers of the back long, slender, and of a bright
chesnut : the whole of the rest of the plumage is
of a pure white : the beak is fine caerulean blue at
its base, and black at the tip : the naked space
round the eyes is greyish green : the irides are
yellow : the legs yellow, shaded with green : the
naked space above the knee very small : length
from sixteen to eighteen inches. The young have
not the long occipital feathers : the whole of the
head, the neck, and the wing-coverts, are red-
brown, with deeper longitudinal spots : the throat,
the rump, and the tail, are pure white : the fea-
thers of the wdngs are white on their inner webs,
and greyish on their outer and towards their tips :
the top of the back and the scapulars are varied
with different shades of brown : the upper man-
dible of the beak is brown and greenish ; the under
green-yellow : the naked skin round the eyes is
green : the irides are bright yellow, and the legs
are grey-green.

This bird iS extremely abundant in Asia and
Africa, frequenting the bays of the Caspian Sea,

FERRUGINEOUS HERON.

5TG

and the rivers in the vicinity: it is also found in
Holland, Poland, Russia, Turkey, the Grecian
Archipelago, Sardinia, and Italy, and accidentally
in various parts of Germany : it builds among
the reeds, and lays from four to six greenish eggs.
I believe this species has been shot in England.

FERRUGINEOUS HERON.

(Ardea ferruginea.)

Ar. subcrislata nigricans rufomaculata, suhtus rujo albklo cinereo
fuscoqiie variegata.

Slightly crested Heron 5 dushy, spotted with rufous ; beneath
variegated with rufous, white, cinereous, and brown,

Ardea ferruginea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 634. — Lath.Ind. Orn, 2,
688.41.

Ferrugineous Heron. Lath. Gen. Spi. 5. 76* 41.

Length twenty-one inches and a half : beak
straight, sharp ; the base greenish flesh-colour ;
the end brownish ; the upper mandible somewhat
bent at the tip ; between that and the- eyes, and
over them, naked, and green ; irides saffron-
colour: feathers of the head, neck, and back,
longish, black tipped with ferruginous ; those on
the crown somewhat elongated : chin yellowish
white : wing-coverts dark brown ; the outer ones
have ferruginous tips ; those nearest the body

COROMANDEL HERON.

577

varied with rufous and white : quills black : rump,
breast, and belly, varied with ferruginous, whitish,
cinereous, and brown : thighs with rufous and
cinereous white : the wings when closed reach a
trifle beyond the tail : legs green.” The above is
Latham’s description of this bird, to which is also
attached tho following : “ This species is found
about the river Don, in the summer only, as it is
migratory, coming from the Black Sea, and depart-
ing to it again in autumn. Feeds on fish and
insects. Frequently met with along with the last
species.”*

This bird appears to be greatly allied to the
Squacco, if it be not an intermediate state of some
of the varieties of that species,.

COROMANDEL HERON.

( Ardea Coroniandelensis.)

Ar. alha^ capite superiore cervice pectore dorsoque rufescentibtis.
White Heron, with the upper part of the head, the top of tha
neck, the breast, and the back, rufescent.

Ardea comata, |3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 687, 39.

Crabier de Coromandel. Buff. Ois. 7. 393. — Buff. PI. Enl.Q\2,
Sq^uacco Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn, 5. 75. 39. a.

* Ardea ralloides, the Squaeco Heron.
V. XI. P. ir. 38

578

LOUISIANE HERON.

Native of the Coromandel coast: length one
foot nine inches : the beak is yellow : between the
beak and eyes bare, and grey : the old bird with
an elongated occipital crest, composed of several
feathers, that fall down over the hind part of the
neck, and are striped with dusky and white : the
upper part of the head and hind part of the neck
rufescent, as are also the long feathers which
adorn the lower part of the neck : the wing-coverts
and back are tinged with, rufous, and the feathers
of the scapulae are elongated, and reach beyond
the tail : the rest of the plumage is white : the legs
are yellow.

LOUISIANE HERON.

•f* (Ardea Ludoviciana.)

Ah. crislata cinerea, collo abdominequc rujis, vertice alls caudaque
viridi-Jiigricantibiis , pedibus Jiavis.

Grey-crested Heron, with the neck and abdomen rufous 3 the
crown, wings, and tail, dusky green 3 the feet yellow.

Ardea Ludoviciana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 630. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 690. 5 1 .

Le Crabier roux, d t^te et queue vertes. Btiff. Ois. 7. 40y.
Crabier de la Louisiane. Buff. PL E71I. 909.

Louisiane Heron. Lath. Geti. Syn. 5. 81. 4/. — Penn. Arct.
Zool. 2. 350.

Inhabits Louisiana. Length sixteen inches :
the beak dusky : the orbits pale yellow : tlie top

YELLOW-CROWNED HERON.

S79

of the head deep green ; the hind head adorned
with a crest of the same hue : the rest of the head
and the neck are rufous : the fore-part of the latter
white, varied with elongated rufous spots : the
back grey, glossed with purple, and its feathers
long and narrow : the wing-coverts dull green,
edged with fulvous : the quills are blackish, and
some of them are tipped with white : the belly is
rufous-brown : the tail is blackish green : the legs
yellow : the claws black.

YELLOW-CROWNED HERON.

-e (Aitlea violacea.) •

Ae. occipiie luteo crista alba, corpore albo nigroque strialo suhiuc
ccerulescenle^ pedibus luteis.

Heron with a luteous occiput and white crest j the body striped
with white and black ; beneath bluish ; the feet yellow.
Ardea violacea. Linn, Syst.Kat. 1. 238. l6. — Gmel. Spst. Nat,-
1. 631. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6gO. 50.

Ardea caerulea nigra. Kaii. Syn. p. I89. 3.

Cancrofagus Bahamensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 481. 41.

Le Crabier gris-de-fer. Buff, Ois. 7. 309.

Crested Bittern. Catesb, Carol. ]. pi, 79.

Yellow-crowned Heron. Perm. Arct. Zool,2.352. — Lath, Gat;
Syn. 5. , 80. 46. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 8. 2Q.pl. Ixv.yi 1.

Rather a small species, being only fifteen inches
and a half in length : the beak about three inches
long, and black : the irides are red : the orbits

.580

BLUE HERON.

naked, and green : the crown of the head yellow ;
the hind part adorned with a crest composed of
fine white feathers, the longest of which is near
six inches in length ; the rest of the head is blue-
black, with a white streak commencing at the angle
of the beak, and tending towards the hind head :
the back streaked with black and white, and from
its lower part are appended several long narrow
feathers, which hang over the tail, which is of a
dull blue: the quills are bluish brown : the whole
of the under parts of the body, from the chin to
the vent, is of a dusky blue : the legs are yellow :
the claws are dusky. Native of North America
and the Bahama islands : in the latter places they
breed among the rocks, and are in such abundance,
and so little alarmed, that they may be taken with
great ease, as they frequently are, being esteemed
excellent food.

BLUE HERON.

■f-(Ardea cserulea.)

Ar. occijnte crista to, cor pore caruleo, cristS, colloque viola ceh,
rostro cceruleo, picdibus virescentibus.

Heron with a crested occiput j the body blue; the crest and
neck violet; the beak blue; the legs greenish.

Ardea cserulea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 238. 17- — Gmel. Syst.Nat^
J.631. — Briss. Orn. 5. 48-1. 42. — Rail. Syn. I89. 3. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. t»8Q. 48,

BLUE HEltON>

581

CantroFagus Brasiliensls. Briss. Onu 5. 4j9. 40. ?

Ardeola Brasiliensis. Rail. Syn. p. 101. 18. ?

Le Crabier bleu. Buff. Ois. 7. 3g8.

Le Crabier chalybe. Buff. Ois. 7. 404. )

Blue Crane. Wills. Amer. Orn.y. 11 7. bcii.y^ 3.

Blue Heron. Catesb, Carol. 1. pi. yQ.-^Penn. Arct. Zool. 2-.

351. — Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 78. 45.

LeHs^gth eighteen inches : beak three inches,
and blue, with the lower mandible yellowish : the
i rides yellow : orbits and space between the beak
and eye naked, and yellowish : the feathers on the
back part of the head, and those of the low^er part
of the neck, are elongated : the prevailing colour
of the plumage is deep blue, inclining to lead-
colour : the head and neck are fine changeable
purple : the back is clothed wdth long, narrow,
silky feathers, hanging considerably beyond the
tail : the legs are green.

The young? have the head and neck of a dull
purple : the chin white, passing in a stripe half-
way down the fore-part of the neck : the head but
slightly crested : the back lead-coloured, and its
long silky feathers wanting.

This bird inhabits North America and the West
Indies : said also to occur in New Zealand and
Otaheite.

682

STEEL-BLUE HERON.

CERULEAN HERON.

•*' (Arclea caerulescens.)

Ar. cnstata, corpore obscure cceruleo, capite coUoque Jusco-ruJisy
occipite pennis duabus elongatis.

Crested Herorij with the body of a dull blue ; the head of a red-
dish brown •, the occiput with two elongated feathers.

Ardea caerulescens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. OgO. 4Q.

Le Crabier bleu it cou brun. Buff. Ols. / , 399.

Heron bleuatre de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 3 19.

Blue Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 79. 45. a.

This fine species is nineteen inches *in length ;
its beak is deep yellow : between the beak and
eyes naked, and reddish : the head and neck are
rufous-brown : at the hind head arise two long
feathers, which reach down nearly the whole length
of the neck : the rest of the body, the wings, and
the tail, are deep blue: the legs are brown. In-
habits Cayenne.

STEEL-BLUE HERON.

(Ardea chalybea.)

Ak. supra nigro-chalybea, suhtus alboy rcmigibus rectricibusque
\:ircsc€ntibusy alls apice albis.

CINEREOUS HERON.

583

Heron above of a steel-black ; beneath white ; with the quills
and tail-feathers greenish, the former tipped with white.
Ardea caerulea, y. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 6S9. 48.

Cancrofagus Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 479- 40,

Ardeola Brasiliensis. Raii. Syn. p. 101. 8.

Le Crabier chalybe. Buff. Ois. 7. 404.

Blue Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 80. c.

This fine species inhabits Brazil : it is only six-
teen inches in length : the beak is dusky ; its
under part white : irides and orbits naked, and
yellow : the general colour of the plumage black,
with a gloss of polished steel : the head varied
slightly with brown, and the wing-coverts with
cinereous : the quills are greenish, with a spot of
white near the tips : all the under parts of the
body are white, varied with cinereous and pale
yellow : the tail is greenish : the legs yellow.

Described as a variety of the Blue Heron by
Latham, but I think it possesses sufficient cha-
racters to form a distinct species.

CINEREOUS HERON.

(Ardea cyanopus.)

Ar. cinerea suhtus alba, remigibus partim nigris partim candidisp
rostra loris pedibusque cairideis.

Grey Heron, beneath white j with the quills part black, part
white ; the beak, lores, and feet, blue.

.534

MALACCA HERON.

Ardea cyanopus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 641. — Lath. Ind. Orn^ 2.
685. 33.

Ardea Mexicana cinerea. Briss. Orn. 5.406. 6.

Le Crabier cendre. Buff. Ois, 7- 401.

Cinereous Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.71- 33.

Described as under by Latham : “ A trifle
bigger than the last, (the Gardenian Heron) :
beak two inches and a half long ; blue, with a
black tip : bare space between the beak and eye
blue : the head and all the upper parts are pale
ash-colour : the wing-coverts mixed with black :
the under parts of the body are white : quills part
black, part white : legs bluish. Inhabits America.”

MALACCA HERON.

(Ardea Malaccensis.)

Ar. alba, dorso ffusco, collo fusco alhoque striato, rostro pedi“
husque Jlavis.

White Heron, with the back fuscous ; the neck striped with
brown and white ) the beak and feet yellow.

Ardea Malaccensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 643. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 6sg. 47.

Crabier blanc et brun de Malacca. Buff. Ois. 7. 3y4. — Biff. PI.
Enl. 911.

Malacca Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 78. 44.

The Malacca Heron is nineteen inches in length :
its beak is dusky, with its sides yellowish near the

MEXICAN HERON.

3S5

base : between the beak and the eye, and the orbits,
naked, and grey : the head and neck are streaked
with brown and White : the whole of the feathers
are long, narrow, and loose : the back is brown :
the wings, the under parts of the body, and the tail,
are white : the legs yellow. Inhabits the Malacca
isles, and other parts of India.

MEXICAN HERON.

(Ardea spadicea.)

Ar. castaneo-purpureoy capite remigibusque spadiceis, vertice
nigro.

Chesnut-pxirple Heron, with the head and quills chesnut ; the
crown black.

Ardea spadicea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 641. — Lath. Ind. Orn.2,

6gg. 76.

Ardea Mexicana purpurascens. Briss. Orn. 5. 422. 13.

Le Crabier pourpre. Buff". Ois. 7 - 402.

Mexican Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. pS. 67*

This is a small species, and is perhaps only the
young of some other : it is twelve inches in length :
the crown of the head is black, the rest of the
head is pale chesnut : the prevailing colour of the
plumage is of a purplish chesnut, the under parts
being palest : the quills and tail are chesnut. It
inhabits Mexico.

5S6

PHILIPPINE HERON.

NEW GUINEA HERON.

(Ardea Novae-Guineae,)

Ar. corpore ioto 7iigro, iridtbus JIavis, rostro pedibiisque fuscis.
Heron with the body entirely black ; the irides yellow j the
beak and feet brown.

Ardea Novae Guineae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 644. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 685. 34.

Crabier noir de la nouvelle Guinea. Luff. Ois. 7. 394. — Luff.
PI. Enl. 926.

New Guinea Heron. Lath. Gen. Spn. 5. 71- 34.

This curious bird is only ten inches in length,
and the whole of its plumage is black : its beak
and legs are brown : the irides yellow. It is a
native of New Guinea : its manners are unknown.

PHILIPPINE HERON.

(Ardea Philippensis.)

Ar. castanca subtus alhida y dorso striis iransvcrsis nigrisy tectri-
cibus alarum nigricantibus albo iJiarginatis, remigibus cauddque
nigris.

Chesnut Heron, beneath whitish ; with the back transversely
striped with black ; the wing-coverts dusky, edged with
white ; the quills and tail black.

MINUTE HERON.

587

Ardea Philippensls. Gmel. Sysi, Nat. 1. 644. — Lath. hid. Orn.
2. 686. 35.

Cancrofagus Philippensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 4/4, 38. pi. 2,
Le petit Crabier, Ois. 7. 3Q5. — Buff. PI. Enl. 898.

Philippine Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 72. 35.

The Philippine Heron is only eleven inches in
length : its beak is greenish yellow ; between this
and the eye naked, and green ; the top of the
head and all the upper parts of the neck are rufous
brown ; the former most inclined to brown : the
back is crossed with transverse rufous and brown
lines : the wings are black, with rufous white :
the quills and tail are black : the fore-part of the
neck dirty rufous white : the belly, the thighs, and
the vent, are white : the legs are yellow. Inhabits
the Philippine islands.

MINUTE HERON.

•4~( Ardea exilis.)

Ar. riffb-cnstaneus, collo rujb, nntice abdomineque albo, lunula
pectorali remigibus rectricibusque nigris.

Red-chesnut Heron, with the neck rufous ; the fore-part and
abdomen white ■, a pectoral lunule, the quills and tail-feathers
black.

Ardea exilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 645. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
683. 29.

Least Bittern. Wills. Amer. Orn. 8. 37. pi. \w. f. 4.

Minute Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 66. 28.

588

MINUTE HERON.

The Minute Bittern has been thus accurately
described by Latham : “ Size of a Thrush in the
body : length eleven inches and a half : beak two
inches long, greenish, with a pale point : irides
straw-colour : crown of the head dark rufous
chesnut : sides of the neck rufous ; the feathers
pretty long, and meeting behind, where it is nearly
bare ; chin and fore-part of the neck white, with a
series of feathers on each side the white, of a pale
ferruginous colour, each feather marked with a
blackish line down the shaft: on the lower. part
of the neck the feathers are long and loose ; some
of them nearly white, and hang over the breast,
which is brownish black ; this colour passing up-
wards on each side as a crescent to the back ; but
the feathers on each side have whitish margins :
the back is rufous chesnut, with pale yellow
margins : the first and third order of wing-coverts
like the back, but plain ; the middle ones fer-
ruginous, with a dusky line down each shaft :
quills black ; some of the inner prime ones marked
with chesnut at the tips ; secondaries the same,
with some few of them wholly chesnut : belly,
thighs, and vent, white ; * tail black : legs green,
bare for three quarters of an ineh above the
knee.”

I have seen several specimens of this species
that were killed in Jamaica, and some of them
varied a little from the above. One had the back,

* In some of the specimens shewn to me by a friend, tliese
parts were varied with dusky down the shafts. — J. F. S.

Little MEiaoif

LITTLE HERON.

589

upper wing-coverts, and tail, of a deep blue-black,
and the breast was destitute of the brownish black
hue ; in other respects similar to the first.

B. Tibi^ fere totce plumosce.

B. Tibice nearly clothed with feathers.

LITTLE HERON.

(Ardea minuta.)

Ar. vertice dorso remigibus rectricibusque nigro-virescentibuSi coUo
tectricibus alarum ahdomineque fulvo-rubris .

Heron with the crown, back, quills, and tail, green-black ; the
neck, wing-coverts, and abdomen, of a yellowish red.

Ardea minuta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 240. 26. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 646. 26. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 683. 27 . — Leach. Cat. Brit.
Mus. p. 33.

Ardea soloniensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 637. 51. young. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. 681. I9. young.

Ardea danubialis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 637. 53. young. — Lath.

Ind. Orn. 2. 681. 21. young.

Botaurus rufus. Briss. Orn. 5. 458. 29. young.

Botaurus striatus. Briss. Orn. 5.454. 27. young.

Ardeola. Briss. Orn. 5. AQ7-^Q‘pl» 40. 1.

Le Blongois de Suisse. Buff, Ois. 7- 395. — Buff. PI. Enl. 323.
Le Butor brun raye. Buff. Ois. 7. 424. young.

Le Butor roux. Buff. Ois. 7. 425.

Heron blongois. Temm. Man. d'Orni.p. 371*

Boo-onk, or Long-neck. Bdix>. pi. 2J5. — Gent. Mag. xix.jc/. in
V' 497-

Rufous Bittern. Lath, Gen. Syn.5. 60. I9. young.

590

LITTLE HERON.

Rayed Bittern, hath, Gen. Syn. 5. 6l. 21. young.

Little Bittern. Penn. Brit. Zool. App. p. 663. pi. 8. — Penn,-

Arct. Zool. 2. 359. — Lath. Gen. Spn, 5. 65. 27- — Lath. Syn.

Sup.p. 235. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 30\. 8. — Levoin. Brit. Birds.

4. pi. 147. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 128. — Don. Brit. Birds. 3. pi.

54. — Pidt. Cat. Dors. p. 14. — Betmck. Brit. Birds. 2. p. 51.

Mont, Orn. Diet. ]. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

Size about that of a Thrush: length fifteen
inches : the top of the head, the occiput, the back,
the scapulars, the secondary quills, and the tail, of
a fine black, glossed with greenish : the sides of
the head, the neck, the wing-coverts, and the
whole of the under parts of the body, yellowish
red : the quills are greyish black : the beak is
yellow, with the tip brown : the space round the
eyes and the irides are yellow : the legs are yel-
lowish green. The young of the first year have
the beak brown and the legs green : the top of
the head is brown : the fore-part of the neck is
whitish, with several longitudinal spots : the sides
of the head, the nape, the breast, the back, and
the wing-coverts, are different shades of red,
sprinkled with longitudinal brown spots : the quills
and the tail-feathers are deep brown. After the
second moult the longitudinal spots begin to dis^
appear: the feathers of the shoulder are edged
with rufous : the quills and the tail-feathers incline
to black.

This species inhabits various parts of Europe,
but nowhere in great plenty, except in Switzer-
land, and towards the south : in England it is
extremely rare, very few instances being on record

LITTLE HERON.

591

of its having been killed here : three specimens,
however, were shot in Devonshire during the year
1 808, one of which was a female ; and in the
winter of 1805, one was killed at Sunda, one of
the Orkney islands.

The eggs are deposited in a kind of nest, con-
sisting of a few dried leaves and rushes; they
are about the size of those of a Blackbird ; are
five or six in number, and white. The nourish-
ment of this bird consists of small fishes, frogs and
their fry, insects, and worms.

One of the above-mentioned Devonshire spe-
cimens of this bird is in the British Museum.

5(J2

BOTAURUS. BITTERN.
Generic Character.

Rostrum capite longius vel ca-
pitis longitucline, validum,
altiusquamlatunijlateratim
valde compressum; man-
dibula superiorc incurva.

Nares laterales in sulco sitae,
membrana semiclausae.

Orh'iUs nudae.

Collum brevius, crassum, an-
trorsum pennis elongatis
vestitum, postice lanugine
tectum.

Pedes graciles, tetradactyli ;
digiti exteriores basi mein-
branii connexi ; 7inguis me-
dius margine interno dila-
tatus, pectinatus.

Botaurus. Briss.

Ardea. Linn., Gmel.

Beak as long, or longer than
the head, strong, higher
than broad, greatly com-
pressed laterally, the upper
mandible curved.

Nostrils lateral, placed in a
furrow, and partly closed
by a membrane.

Orbits naked.

Neck short, thick ; in front
clothed with elongated fea-
thers, behind covered with
down.

Legs slender, four-toed ; the
outer toes connected by a
membrane at the base ; the
middle claw with its inner
edge dilated and pectinated.

i. HE Bitterns are distinguished from the Herons
by the superior thickness of the neck, which in
these is very amply clothed with downy elongated
feathers, which the bird has the faculty of elevating
at pleasure : their plumage is generally either
spotted or striped : they resemble the Herons in
their principal habits, residing in marshy situations,
and feeding upon aquatic animals.

■ ,.' ■ ' "jlP-

■■ ■

COMMOJ^ BITTERN.

593

COMMON BITTERN.

(Botaurus stellaris.)

Bo. supra teslaceus maculis transversis, suhtus pallidior macuUs
ohlongis J'uscus, loris viridibus.

Bittern above testaceous, with transverse spots ; beneath paler,
with oblong- brown spots 5 the lores greenish.

Botaurus. Briss. Orn, 5. 444. 24. pi. S/.yi 1.

Ardea stellaris. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 230. 21. — Linn. Faun.
Siiec. 164, — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 635. — Raii. Syn. p. 100. a. 1 1.
— Will. 207. pi. 50. 52.' — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 680. 18. —
Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus.p. 33.

Le Butor. BuJ~. Ois. 7. 41 1. 21. Buff. Pi. Enl. 789.

Grand Butor. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 3/3.

Bittern. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 174. — Will, {ring.) 282. — Alb.
Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 68. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. ip- — Lath.
Gen. Syn. 5. 56. I7. — Lath. Sy?i. Sup). 234. — Lath. Syn. Sup.
II. 300. 7 ' — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 146. — Wale. Syn. 2.
pi. 127. — Pult. Cat. Dors. 14. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 2. 47. —
— Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim.
Biog. 2. 296.

The Common Bittern is in length about two
feet six inches : its beak is four inches long, of a
brown horn-colour above ; the lower mandible,
and base of the upper, greenish : irides yellow •.
the feathers on the top of the head are black ; those
on the occiput, neck, and breast, are long and loose :
the general colour of the plumage is dull pale
yellow, elegantly variegated with spots and bars of
black : the greater coverts and quills are ferru-
ginous, regularly barred with black : the tail is
v. XI. p. II. S9

594

COMMON BITTERJ^.

short : the legs are pale green ; the toes and claws
very long, and slender. The female is somewhat
less, the plumage not quite so bright, and the
feathers on the neck shorter.

Bitterns are found in England, and in most
of the temperate parts of the continent: in the
colder climates they are migratory, but with U3
they stay the whole year, but change their position
in the autumn to the more southern parts. They
are very cautious birds, residing among the reeds
and rushes of the most extensive marshes, where
they lead a solitary life. They continue for whole
days about the same spot, usually sitting among
the reeds, with their head erect ; by which means
they see over their tops without being observed
by the sportsman. They are very ferocious, and
when wounded generally make a severe resistance ;
oftentimes turning on their back, like the rapa-
cious birds, and fight with both beak and claws :
this posture they always assume when surprised by
a dog. Mr. Markwick once shot a Bittern in frosty
weather ; it fell on the ice, which was just strong
enough to support the dogs, and they immediately
rushed forward to attack it ; but being only
wounded, it defended itself so vigorously, that
the dogs were compelled to leave it till it was fired
at a second time, and killed. If attacked by a
bird of prey, the Bittern, with its sharp beak
erected, receives the shock on the point, and thus
compels its enemy to retreat, often wfith a fatal
wound : it is from this circumstance old Buzzards
never attempt to attack this bird, and the common

COMMON BITTERN.

595

Falcons always endeavour to rush upon it behind,
while it is upon the wing.

In April the nest is formed among rushes,
and almost close to the water, though out of its
reach ; it consists merely of an assemblage of
broken reeds, &c. : in this the eggs are deposited ;
they are from three to five in number, and are of
a dull green : the young are hatched in about
twenty^five days, and upon their first emerging
from the egg are naked, and appear to be nearly
all legs and neck : they do not venture abroad till
they are about three weeks old : during this time
they are fed upon snails, small fish, or frogs. At
this period the male makes a singular noise, which
is compared to the deep bellowing of a bull, and is
continued for about two months : it has another
curious noise, which it utters in an evening, after
sunset in the autumn, when it soars aloft to an
amazing height : it flies but heavily.

The food of this bird consists of frogs, lizards,
mice, and other small animals, as well as fish ; but
with all this its flesh is stated to be far from dis-
agreeable, and has a great deal the flavour of that
of the hare. In the reign of Henry VIII. the
Bittern was held in great esteem at the tables of
the great, and even now the poulterers value this
bird at about half a guinea.

596

FRECKLED BITTERN.

(Botaurus lentiginosus.)

Bo. subcristatus vanegatuSt stiprajusco-purpureus, sultus pallide
rujb-purpureiis , collo antice dilute Jlavo niQCulis longitudinalibus
spadiceis notate, gidd alba, vertice Jiisco.

Slightly crested variegated Bittern, above of a purple-brown ;
beneath pale reddish purple j the fore-part of the neck dull
yellow, longitudinally spotted with chesiiut j the throat white}
the top of the head brown.

Ardea lentiginosa. Mont. Orn, Diet. Sup. — Leach. Cat. Brit.
Mus.p. 33.

Le Butor de la Baye d’Hudson. Buff. Ois. 7- ^30. ?

American Bittern. Wills. Amer. Orn. 6. 35. Iw.ff. 3. ?

The Freckled Heron of Montagu, which is de-
posited in the British Museum, does not appear
to be referrible to any of the described species,
unless it be the young of some of the obscure
individuals included in this genus. I shall de-
scribe it in Montagu’s own words. “ The length
is about twenty-three inches : beak two inches
and three quarters long, to the feathers on the
forehead ; rather slender, and both mandibles
equally turned to form the point ; the upper part
of the superior mandible dusky ; sides and lower
mandible greenish yellow : the head is very small ;
the crown is chocolate-brown, shaded to a dull
yellow at the nape, where the feathers are much
elongated : the chin and throat white, with a row
of brown feathers down the middle : at the base of

FRECKLED BITTERN.

597

the lower mandible commences a black mark,
that increases on the upper part of the neck on
each side, and is two inches or more in length :
the cheeks are yellowish, with an obscure dusky
line at the corner of the eye : the feathers on the
neck are long and broad, with their webs partly
unconnected ; those in front are pale dull yellow,
with broad chesnut streaks, formed by each feather
having one web of each colour, margined, how-
ever, with dull yellow on the chesnut side ; some
feathers have the dark mark in the middle, espe-
cially the lower ones ; they are all loose, as in the
common Bittern ; those at the bottom of the neck
four inches long, and hang pendant below the
breast; the hind head is bare, and the feathers
that fall over that part are pale yellow-brown : the
feathers on the breast are also long, and of a fine
chocolate-brown, glossed with purple, and mar-
gined with dull yellow : belly and sides the same,
but not quite so bright, the brown marks becoming
speckled : the vent and under tail-coverts yel-
lowish white: the back and scapulars are chocolate-
brown, with paler margins, minutely speckled, and
glossed with a tinge of purple in some particular
lights ; the coverts of the wings dull yellow,
darker in the middle of each feather ; the margins
prettily speckled: the first and second order of
quills, their greater coverts, and the alulae spuriae,
dusky lead-colour, with a cinereous dash : the pri-
maries very slightly tipped with brown ; the se-
condaries and the greater coverts tipped more
deeply with the same, and prettily speckled on the

598

FRECKLED BITTERN.

light part ; the tertials correspoDcl with the lower
order of scapulars, which have their margins ches-
nut, with small dusky lines and spots : the tail is
short, and in colour similar to the tertials : the
wings when closed do not reach to the end of the
tail : the legs are three inches and three quarters
in length, from the heel to the knee : the toes long
and slender ; the middle one, including the claw,
(which is three quarters of an inch in length, and
pectinated on the inner side,) is as long as the
leg ; the claws are not much hooked, but the hind
one most so, and by far the longest ; their colour
dusky brown : the colour of the legs and bare
space above the knees, (which last is about an
inch,) appears to have been greenish.”

This bird was shot by Mr. Cunningham in Dor-
setshire, in the autumn of 1804. It was observed
by him in the marshy meadows about one mile
from the river Froome, whilst in pursuit of Phea-
sants, and upon its rising from the ground it
uttered a loud noise, like the tap on a drum : its
flight was rather rapid.

This has a great affinity to (if not the same as)
the American Bittern of Wilson.

399

ZIGZAG BITTERN.

-i- (Botaurus undulatus.)

Bo. rufo~griseus, pileo nigro^ corpore supra strigis undulatis
subtus angulatis nigris.

Red-grey Bittern, with the top of the head black 5 the body
with black striae ; undulated on the upper parts, and angulated
below.

Ardea undulata. Gmel. S^st. Nat. 1. 637. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
681. 22.

Le petit Butor de Cayenne. BujL Ois. 7. 430. — BuJ^. PI. Enl.

763.

Zigzag Bittern. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 61. 22.

This elegant bird is a native of Cayenne : it is
in length thirteen inches : its beak is brown, with
the lower mandible paler : the naked space round
the eye bluish : the general colour of the plumage
is yellowish, or reddish cinereous, undulated with
innumerable narrow bars of dusky brown ; those
on the back the most regular, and nearly in straight
lines ; the top of the head is black : the fore-part
of the neck is paler than the hinder, and is not so
much variegated with the undulated stripes : the
belly and thighs are slightly waved with zigzag
bands : the legs are yellow.

6(X)

TIGER BITTERN.

(Botaurus tigrinus. )

Bo. rvfas siihtus albidxis mnculis nifrris difformibiis notatis, vertice
caudaqiic nigris, rectricibus Jasciis qnatuqr nlhis.

Kufous Bittern, beneath white, marked with irregular black
spots; the crown and tail black; the latter with four white
fasciae.

Ardea tigrina. Gmel. Sust. Nat. 1. 638. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
682. 24.

L’Onore. Ois. 7. 431. — Ph Enl. 7gO.

Tiger Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 63. 24.

This highly interesting species is greatly allied
to the Brasilian Bittern : it is about two feet six
inches in length : its beak is greenish : the irides
are of a yellow tinge : the top of the head is black :
the general colour of the plumage is deep rufous,
varied with undulated zigzag lines, after the manner
of the skin of the tiger ; the throat and sides of the
neck are paler, spotted irregularly with black :
the chin is white : the under parts of the body are
yellowish white, varied as the back : the vent is
white : the tail is black, with four narrow white
stripes : the legs are green.

This is a most beautiful bird; its manners greatly
resemble those of the Common Bittern, frequenting
the same situations, making its nest on the ground,
and laying seven or eight whitish eggs, spotted
with green. It is an inhabitant of several parts of
South America, especially Cayenne and Surinam.

601

LINEATED BITTERN.

' (Botaurus lineatus.)

Tio.JlnvoJ'usco rvfoque transversim lineatus subtus albidus, capite
colloque rnjis JhscioUs Jiiscis, unterius lined longitudinali albd.
Bittern transversely striped with yellow, brown, and rufous;
beneath Avhitish ; with the head and neck rufous, striped with
brown ; the neck in front with a longitudinal white line.
Ardea lineata. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 638. — Lath. Ind, Orn, 2.
682. 25.

L’Onore raye. Buff. Ois. 7. 432. — Buff. PI. Enl. 860.

Lineated Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 64. 25.

This species inhabits the same countries as the
last, than which it is rather larger in bulk, but
measures the same in length : its beak is blue :
the lores the same, and naked : the upper parts
of the head and neck are bright rufous, barred
with numerous brown lines ; and of the body
crossed with slender undulated lines of rufous, pale
yellow, and brown : down the fore-part of the
neck, commencing at the chin, is a longitudinal
stripe of white ; the upper half of this stripe is
bounded by dashes of brown, and the lower half
is varied with that colour : the under parts of the
body are dirty white : the quills and tail are black :
the legs are yellow.

602

BRASILIAN BITTERN.

(Botaurus Brasiliensis.)

Bo. capite Icevi, corpore nigricante Jlavo punctato, remigibus rec-
iricibus rostra pedibiisque nigricnntibus.

Bittern with the head smooth ; the body dusky, spotted with
yellow ; the quills, tail-feathers, beak, and legs, dusky.

Ardea Brasiliensis. Linn. Syst. Nat.^ 1. 23Q. 23. — Gmel, Syst.
Nat, 1. 637. — Briss. Orn. 5. 441. 23. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
681. 23.

Soco. Rail. Syn. 100. 14. — IVilL (Ang.) 284.

L’Onore de Bois. Bu^. Ois. 7. 433.

Brasilian Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 62. 23. — Broxvn. Illnst.
Zool, 88. pi. 34.

This bird, which appears to vary a trifle, is in
length two feet eight inches : its beak is blackish :
irides yellow : the head and neck are brown,
varied with small black spots : the throat and fore-
part of the neck white, marked with longitudinal
black and fuscous spots : the quills and tail are
dusky : the greater wing-coverts are plain dusky :
the rest of the plumage, both above and below, is
dusky, prettily spotted with yellow. One of these
is mentioned as having the beak reddish yellow :
the head and upper parts of the body deep orange-
red, finely barred with black : the chin whitish
red : the fore-part of the neck pale red, with
oblong black spots : the belly white, spotted with
yellow : the thighs barred with dusky : the quills

YELLOW BITTERN.

603

black, with white tips : the rump and tail-coverts
varied with white, black, and narrow yellow lines :
the tail black, varied with a few white lines, and
tipped with the same : the legs pale ferruginous.
This variety most probably belongs to a different
species, on account of the white on the wings and
tail.

This species inhabits the borders of the lakes
and rivers in the warmer parts of America, the
West Indies and Brazil being the most usual places
of resort.

YELLOW BITTERN.

(Botaurus flavus,)

Bo. striatus supra fuscus suhtus albus, capite colloque rujescentibus ^
rectricibus striis transversis albis.

Striped Bittern, above brown, beneath white j with the head
and neck reddish ; the tail-feathers transversely striped with
white.

Botaurus Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 460. 30.

Ardea flava. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 638. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
682. 26.

Ardea Brasiliensis rostro serrato. Raii. Syn. lOl. l6.

Le Butor jaune du Bresil. Buff. Ois. 5. 460.

Yellow Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 64. 26.

The Yellow Bittern is two feet three inches in
length : beak four inches and a half long, serrated

601

SENEGAL BITTERN.

next the point ; brown, with the base green : the
irides golden yellow : the head and hind part of
the neck are pale yellow, striped with black : the
back is brown, striped with yellow : the quills are
varied with black and green, and tipped with white :
the tail is similar, but barred with white : the
throat is white : the fore-part of the neck, the
breast, and the belly, are white, undulated with
brown, and the last edged with yellow : the legs
are dark grey. Inhabits Brazil : is much esteemed
for food.

SENEGAL BITTERN.

(Botaurus Senegalensis.)

Juscus, ahdomine alls caudaque aldis, capite collogue riigro
strintis, alarum medio fascia longitudinali pcdlide rufd.

Brown Bittern, with the abdomen, wings, an d tail, white ; the
head and neck striped with black ; the middle of the wings
with a pale longitudinal rufous fascia.

Ardea Senegalensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 64 5. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 6S4. 30.

Le petit Butor de Senegal. Buff. Ois. 7- 4'l6.

Petit Heron roux du Senegal. Buff. PI. llnl. 315.

Senegal Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 67. 29.

This is in length twelve inches : beak rufous
brown, beneath yellow : the upper part of the

GREEN BITTERN.

605

head, the neck, and the back, are rufous : the
fore-part of the neck similar, but paler, and each
feather marked with a streak of black down the
shaft ; the loose feathers, however, at the base of
the fore-part of the neck, are plain, and darker in
colour than the rest : the middle of the wing, from
the shoulder, is reddish ; the rest of the wing, both
within and without, is white, some of the quills
being varied with rufous : the whole of the under
parts of the body are white : the legs are yellow.
It is a native of Senegal.

GREEN BITTERN.

(Botaurus virescens.)

Bo. occipite suhcristato, dorso viridi-nitentey pectore rufescente,
rectricibus viridi-aureis, loris luteis.

Bittern with the occiput somewhat crested j the back of a shining
green j the breast rufescent ; the tail-feathers of a golden-
green, and the lores yellowish.

Ardea virescens. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 238. 20. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. 635. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 684. 31.

Cancrofagus viridis. Briss. Orn. 5. 486. 43. pL 3"] .f. 1.
Cancrofagus viridis nsevius. Briss, Orn. 5. 49O. 7?^. 38.^1 2.
Le Crabier verd. Buf. Ois. 7- 404.

Le Crabier verd tachete. Buff. Ois, 7- 405. — Buff. Pi, Enl.

912.

606

GREEN BITTERN.

Le Crabier de Cayenne. PI. Enl. QOS. ?

Small Bittern. Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. SO.

Green Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 6S. 30. — Wills. Amer. Orii,

7- 97. 1-

Length eighteen inches : the beak is greenish
brown ; the under mandible yellowish at the base :
the irides are yellow : lores naked, and yellow :
the crown of the head of a dusky golden-green,
glossed with copper : the feathers of the occiput
elongated, and forming a crest : neck rusty bay-
colour : the back, tail, and wdngs, are dusky brown,
tinged with plumbeous : the lesser wing-coverts
and primary’ quills similar in colour to the back,
and edged with yellowdsh : the middle and greater
wing-coverts dark glossy green, fringed with fer-
ruginous : the chin and throat are white : the rest
of the fore-part of the neck streaked with white :
beneath, and following the direction of the under
jaw, is a ferruginous stripe : the feathers on the
lower part of the neck are narrow, and fall over
the breast; those of the back are similar, and
cover the rump : the legs are greenish. The sup-
posed female, or more probably the young bird,
has the crown dusky ; its feathers not elongated,
and those of the neck pale browm, streaked with
white : the back and scapulars are brown, the latter
slightly tipped with white : all the wdng-coverts
have a triangular white spot at tiie tip, and the
last row have their edges of that colour : the
secondary quills are dusky green, edged wdth
paler : the greater quills brown, glo.ssed wu’th green.

GREEN BITTERN. 60?

and tipped with white : the under parts of the
body are pale ash-colour.

This is a migratory species, being found in
Carolina during the summer : it feeds upon fish,
frogs, and crabs, in search of which it will remain
for hours together on the branch of a tree over-
hanging the water, with its head drawn in between
the shoulders. It is also found at New York,
Jamaica, Cayenne, and other parts of America.

60S

NYCTICOIIAX. NIGHTHERON.
Generic Character.

Rostrum baud capite longius,
validum, basi altius quam
latum, lateratim compres-
sum ; mandlbula siiperiore
paulo incurvum.

Nares laterales in sulco slta?.

Caput pennis longlsslmis cy-
bndraceis instructum.

Collum breve, crassum.

Pedes graciles, tetradactyli,
digit! exteriores basi mem-
brana connexi ; tingids
medius margine interna di-
latatus, pectinatus.

Beale scarcely longer than tbe
bead, strong, bigber than
broad at tbe base, laterally
compressed ; tbe upper
mandible somewhat in-
curved.

Nostrils lateral, placed in a
groove.

Head adorned with very long
cylindrical feathers.

Neele short and thick.

Feet slender, four-toed ; the
outer toes connected at the
base by a membrane ; tbe
middle claw with its inner
margin dilated and pecti-
nated.

Ardea. Ray., Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm., Cuv., Vieil.
Botaurus. Briss.

Cancrofagus. Briss.

In this genus the neck is more slender than in
the preceding, but stouter than in the Herons :
the head is furnished with several straight narrow
feathers, of a peculiar construction, on its hinder

lit

.:f.

EUROPEAN NIGHTHERON.

609

part, and the beak is of a different form to that of
either the Herons or Bitterns. In manners the
Nightherons somewhat resemble those of the above
birds : they build their nests in trees, and lay about
five eggs.

EUROPEAN NIGHTHERON.

(Nycticorax Europeus.)

Ny. cristatus, capite, occqnte, dorsoque nigro-xnrescentibus^ ahdo-
mine Jlavescente-albo.

Crested Nightheron, with the head, occiput, and back, of a
black-green 5 the abdomen of a yellowish white.

Ardea Nycticorax. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 235. 9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 624. — Raii. Syn. gg. 3. — Briss. Orn. 5. 493. 45. pi. 39. —
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 6/8. 13.

Ardea maculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 645. SO. young.

Ardea Gardeni. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 645. 81. young. — Lath. Ind,
Orn. 2. 685. 32. young.

Ardea badia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 644. 75. young. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 686. 3/. young.

Ardea grisea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 239. 22. young. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 625. 9. S. young.

Botaurus naevius. Briss. Orn. 5. 462. 31. young.

Cancrofagus castaneus. Briss. Orn. 5. 468. 34. young.

Le Bihoreau. Buff. Ois. y. 435. pi. 12.— Buff. FI. Enl. 758.
Butor tachete, ou Pouacre. Buff. Ois. 7. 427- young. — Buff. PI.
Enl. 939. young.

Le Crabier roux. Buff. Ois, 7. 39O. young.

Bihoreau i manteau noire. Temm. Man. d’Orni. 375.

Spotted Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 70. 31. young.

V. XI. P. II. 40

610

EUROPEAN NIGHTHERON.

Gardenian Heron. Penn. Arct, Zool. 2. 355. young. — hath.

Gen. Syn. 5. 71- 32. young.

Night Heron, or Qua Bird. Wills. Amer. Orn. 7* 101. pi. Ixi.

f.l.f.1. young.

Chesnut Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 73. 37* young.

Night Heron, or Night Raven. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 356. —

Will. (Ang.) 279.pl. 49- — Alb. Birds. 2. pi. 67. — Lath. Gen.

Syn. 5. 52. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 234. — Lew. Brit. Birds. 4. pi.

145. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 126. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 2. 43. — Mont.

Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.

According to the observations of Meijer, several
of the Lathamian Herons are ascertained to belong'
to the present species, which puts on a very dis-
similar appearance at different periods of its life.
The full grown bird, in its perfect plumage, is
about twenty-two inches in length : the head, the
occiput, the back, and the scapulars, are black,
with hues of green and blue : on the nape are
situated three long, narrow, white feathers, mea-
suring about seven inches in length : the lower
part of the back, the wings, and the tail, are fine
grey ; the forehead, the eyebrows, the throat, the
fore-part of the neck, and the under parts of the
body, are pure white: the beak is black, with its
base yellowish : the irides are red : the legs are
greenish yellow. Both sexes are similar. The
young of the first year are destitute of the three
narrow feathers on the nape : the top of the head,,
the nape, the back, and the scapulars, are dull
brown, with bright red longitudinal stripes on the
shaft of each feather : the throat is white, slightly
spotted with brown : the feathers of the sides and
fore-part of the neck are yellowish, deeply edged

EUROPEAN NIGHTHERON.

611

with brown : the wing-coverts and quills are grey-
brown, with large ovate yellowish white spots at
the tip of each feather: the under parts of the
body are shaded with brown : the upper edge of
the beak is brown, the rest is of a yellowish green :
the irides are brown : the legs are olive-brown.
At the age of two years the colours of the head
and the back are tinged with dusky, and the lon-
gitudinal spots on the neck become fewer in
number : the spots at the tips of the wing-coverts
are smaller : the proper cinereous hue makes its
appearance on the other parts of the body, and the
under parts become more, white : the beak is
dusky brown : the irides are red-brown, and the
legs are tinged with green.

The Nightheron frequents the sea shores, rivers,
and inland marshes, feeding upon fishes, worms,
insects, and frogs. It is very abundant in most
of the southern countries of both continents, but
towards the northern parts is extremely rare : very
few specimens have ever been killed in this country,
the first on record having been shot near London,
during the month of May 1782 ; since that period,
however, five or six more have been shot, and one
so lately as 1816, which is now in the British
Museum j this one occurred in the vicinity of
London.

The female builds her nest in trees or on the
ground ; she lays three or four greenish blue eggs.
During the day this species remains concealed, and
does not roam about until the dusk of the evening,

612

CAYENNE NIGHTHERON.

when it commences its ciy, which is very dis-
agreeahle, and is compared by some to the noise
made by a person straining to vomit.

CAYENNE NIGHTHERON.
i (Nycticorax Cayanensis.)

Ny. corpore caruleo-cinereoj dor so striis nigris, capite nigro,
pileo Jasciaque suhocidari alhis, crista occipitis sexpenni.
Nightheron with the body of an ashy blue ; the back striped
with black ; the top of the head and stripe beneath the eyes
white 5 the occipital crest composed of six feathers.

Ardea Cayanensis. Grnel. Syst. Nat. ] . 626. — Lath. Ind. Orn,
2. 680. 17.

Le Bihoreau de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 7. 43Q. — Buff. PI, Enl. S99.
Cayenne Night Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 56. 16.

This bird is found at Cayenne : its length is
twenty-one inches : its beak is black : the lores
pale green : the crown of the head is white ; and
a stripe of this colour passes from the nostrils,
beneath the eyes, towards the occiput : the rest of
the head is black, ending in a point behind ; from
which part depends a crest composed of six unequal
feathers, half of which are white, and half black ;
the prevailing hue of the rest of the plumage is a
bluish ash, the back and wings benig darkest, and
marked with a dusky stripe down the middle of
the shaft of each feather : the quills are black :
the naked space above the knee, and the legs,
which are very long, are yellowish.

613

CALEDONIAN NIGHTHERON.

(Nycticorax Caledonicus.)

. Jiisco-Jerrugineus, subtus superciliisque alhisy veriice nigro,
crista occipitis tripenni alba.

Rusty brown Nightheron, with the under parts and the eye-
brows whiter the crown black; the occiput with a white
crest, composed of three feathers.

Ardea Caledonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. I.Q2Q. — Lath. Ind. Orn,
2. 679. 15.

Caledonian Night Heron. Lath, Ind. Orn. 5. 55. 15. — Lath. Syn.
Sup, II. 299. 5.

This bird is very similar to the common Night-
heron when in its full plumage : it is in length
nearly two feet ; its beak is black : the space
between the beak and eye is naked, and green :
the irides are yellow : the crown of the head is
black : the eyebrows, and streak on the upper
parts of the sides of the head, are white : from the
nape arises three long white feathers : the prevail-
ing colour of the plumage is ferruginous, inclining
to brown ; the neck being palest, and having its
feathers very loose on the fore-part : the breast,
the belly, and the under parts of the body, are
white : the legs are yellov/ : the claws are dusky.
It inhabits New Caledonia.

614

JAMAICA NIGHTHERON-
(Nycticorax Jamaicensis.)

Ny. subcristatus JuscuSf collo abdomineque Jusco alboque striatis,
tectricibus alarum apice macula triangulari alba.

Slightly crested brown Nightherou, with the neck and abdomen
striated with fuscous and white ; the tip of the wing-coverts
with a triangular white spot.

Ardea Jamaicensis. Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 625.— Lath. Ind. Orn,
2. 679. 14.

Jamaica Night Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 54. 14.

Latham has described this curious bird from a
specimen in his own collection, in the following
manner : Length one foot eleven inches : beak

four inches long, and dusky : the upper man-
dible bends a trifle downwards at the point ; the
colour dusky ; the ridge of the upper part blackish :
the irides pale straw-colour : between the eye, and
round it, bare, and greenish : the head is some-
what crested ; the crown dark brown ; each feather
is streaked down the middle with ferruginous :
neck the same, but the colours duller and paler :
chin and throat white : neck-feathers pretty loose :
the upper part of the back darker than the rest :
the rest of the back and scapulars yellowish brown ;
some of the last tipped with white : wing-coverts
like the back, but the lower order of them much
paler, giving the appearance of a broad bar : all
the coverts white down the shaft, which spreads

JAMAICA NIGHTHEROISr.

615

out to the tip, and forms a longish triangular spot :
quills the colour of the lesser coverts : the prima-
ries and bastard wing tipped with white ; the se-
condaries plain : breast and belly white, streaked
with obscure pale brown : vent white : legs brown.”
This bird is a native of Jamaica : it is very shy,
and scarce : it frequents woody situations, like the
rest of the birds in this genus.

61G

CICONIA. STORK.
Generic Character.

Rostrum longum, rectum, va-
lidum, integrum, teretius-
culum,acutum; mandibula
superiore carinata,inferiore
paulo recurvata.

Nares longitudinaliter fissa?,
in sulco sitae.

Orhitce gulaque nudae.

Pedes grallatorii, tetradactyli,
digiti antice basi membrana
connexi; poZZca’ prima pha-
lange in terram insistente :
unguis medius integerri-
mus.

Alee mediocres.

Beak long, straight, stout, en-
tire, rounded, acute; the
upper mandible carinated,
theunder slightly recurved.

Nostrils longitudinally cleft,
and placed In a groove.

Orbits and throat naked.

formed for wading, four-
toed ; the anterior toes con-
nected at the base by a
membrane; the hind toe
with its first joint resting
on the ground ; the middle
claw entire.

Wings medial.

CicoNiA. Bay., Briss.y Temm., Cuv., Vieil., Leach.
Ardea. Linn., Gmcl., Lath.

XHE Storks reside in marshy places, and are
principally nourished by reptiles, frogs and their
fry, as well as fish and small mammalia. In most
countries they are much esteemed by the inha-
bitants, as they tend to prevent the increase of
noxious vermin by destroying great numbers, all
the species being extremely voracious. They
migrate in great flocks, and are very easily tamed.

4/i

rOiyilMON ST0]RK

617

WHITE STORK.

(Ciconia alba.)

Ci. alha, orlitis nudis remigihus scapular ihiisque nigris, rostro
pedibus cuteque sanguineis.

. White Stork, with the orbits naked, and with the quills and
scapulars black ; the beak, legs, and skin, blood-red.

Ciconia alba. Briss. Orn. 5. 365. 2. pi. 32. — Rail. Syn. Q’j. a.
Ardea Ciconia, Linn. Syst.Nat. I. 235. 7* — Linn. Faun. Suec.

162. — Gmel.Syst. Nat. 1. 622. 7- — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 676. 9.
Cicogne blanche. Buff. Ois. 7. 253. pi. 12. — Buff. PI. Enl. 866.
— Temm. Man. d' Orni. 358.

White Stork. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 455. c. — Will. Ang. 2Q6.pl.
52. — Alb. Birds. 2. pi. 64. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 47. — Lath.
Syn. Sup. 234. — Lew. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 144. — Wale. Syn. 2.
pi. 125. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 2. 31. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. —
Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 288.

This well known bird has the head, the neck,
and the whole of the body, of a pure white : the
scapulars and wings black : the beak and legs red :
the naked space round the eyes black : the irides
brown : it is in length about three feet five or six
inches. The young have the black on the wings
tinged with brown, and the beak of a dusky red.

The Stork inhabits various parts of the tem-
perate regions of the old continent. It rarely
visits England, though in various parts of France
and in Holland, it breeds every where on the
house tops, the inhabitants providing boxes for
the purpose, and are careful that the birds receive
no injury; the consequence of this is that the

618

WHITE STORK.

Stork walks fearlessly along the streets of those
parts, and is greatly valued by the inhabitants, as
it clears the country of frogs, snakes, and other
reptiles. The disposition of this bird is mild and
placid, being very easily tamed ; it may be trained
to reside in gardens, which it will effectually clear
of insects and other vermin.

The female makes a large nest composed of.
sticks, and lays from two to four eggs, which are
of a dirty yellowish white, the size of those of a
Goose, but rather longer. The young are hatched
in a month, and at first are brown: both sexes
are said to watch them by turns, till they are able
to take care of themselves : from this circumstance,
and their great familiarity, many ridiculous fables
have been invented, which it would be needless to
repeat.

Storks are birds of passage, and observe great
exactness in the time of their autumnal departure
from Europe to more congenial climates. They
pass a second summer in Egypt and the marshes
of Barbary. In the former country they are said
to pair and lay again, and educate a second brood.
Before each of these migrations they congregate
in amazing numbers : they are for a while much in
motion among themselves, and after making several
short excursions, as if to try their wings, all of a
sudden take flight, with great silence, and with
such speed as in a moment to be out of sight.
During these migrations they are seen in vast
flocks. Dr. Shaw saw three flights of them leaving
Egypt, and passing over Mount Carmel, each half

’ll ' ((.') JR 1-.V

•)

AMERICAN STORK. 6 19

a mile in breadth ; and he says they were three
hours in passing over.

The Stork sleeps upon one leg, and previous to
its migrations makes a singular snapping noise with
its beak ; in doing this it is said to turn its head
backwards, with the upper part of the beak placed
on the rump, and the under set into the quickest
motion, made to act on the other. The flesh of
this bird is very rank, and is not fit for food.

AMERICAN STORK.

' (Ciconia Maguari.)

Ci. alhay orhitis nudis coccineis, remigibus et tectridhus caud<£ su-
perioribus nigro-virescentibus.

White Stork, with the orbits naked, and crimson ; the quills and
upper tail-coverts dusky green.

Ciconia Americana. Briss. Orn. 5. SSp. 3.

Ardea Maguari. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 623. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.

677. 10.

Maguari. Ray, Syn. 97. 3. — Baff. Ois. 7. 275.

Cicogne Maguari. Temm. Man. d' Orni. 360.

American Stork. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 50. 10.

Size of the common Stork : length about three
feet four inches : the head, the neck, the back,
the tail, and the whole of the under parts of the
body, are of a pure white ; the feathers at the base
of the neck are long and pendant : the wings and

620

BLACK STORK.

upper tail -coverts are dusky, glossed with green :
a large naked space on the upper part of the
throat, which is capable of dilatation, is of a fine
Vermillion hue, as is also the skin which surrounds
the eyes : the beak is of a greenish yellow at the
base, and grey-blue at the tip : the feet are red,
the claws are brown, and the irides are white.

This bird inhabits various parts of America,
though several have been killed in France, but
these w^ere accidental visitors. It is said to be
good food, and to snap with the beak like the
common species.

BLACK STORK.

(Ciconia nigra.)

Ci. nigra, orhitis nudis coccineis, pectore nbdomineqiie albo.

Black Stork, with the orbits naked, and crimson j the breast and
abdomen white.

Ciconia nigra. Raii. Syn, gj. 2. — Leach. Cat. Brit, Mus. p. 33.
Ciconia fusca. Briss. Orn. 5. 302. 1. pi. 31.

Ardea nigra. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 235. 8. — Linn. Fann. Suec.

l63- — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 623. — Lath. Lnd. Orn. 2.677* tl*
Cicogne noire. Buff. Ois. 7» 27 1. — Biff. FI. Enl. 399* — Temni.
Man. d’Orni. 35Q.

Black Stork. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 456. d. — Will, (Ang.) 286.
pi. 52. — Alb. Birds. 3. pi. 82. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 50. 11. —
Mont. Linn. Trans, xii. 19-

Tills bird is in length about three feet ; its
head, neck, the whole of the upper parts of the

BLACK STORK.

621

body, the wings, and the tail, are dushy, with hues
of purple and greenish : the under parts of the
breast and the belly are pure white : the beak, the
naked skin about the eyes, and throat, are deep
red-crimson ; the irides are brown : the legs are
deep red. The young have the beak, the naked
skin round the eyes, that on the throat, as also the
legs, of an olive-green : the head and neck are
rufous brown, edged with whitish : the body, the
wings, and the tail, are dusky brown, slightly tinged
with bluish and green.

This species inhabits many parts of Europe, but
is not so common as the white : it is most abundant
in Poland, Lithuania, Prussia, Switzerland, and
Turkey ; rarer in Germany and Prance, and never
found in Holland : one specimen has been cap-
tured in England ; this was taken on a moor in
Somersetshire, on the 13th of May, 1814, and is
now in the British Museum. Several particulars
of this individual are given by Montagu in the
twelfth volume of theLinnean Transactions. Upon
its first capture it made but little resistance, and
on the following day ate some eels that had been
placed near it : it frequently rested upon one leg,
and if alarmed, particularly by the approach of a
dog, it made a snapping noise v/ith the beak like
the White Stork. It soon became docile, and
would follow its feeder for a favourite morsel, an
eel. When hungry it used to rest its whole leg
upon the ground, and forcibly blow the air from
its lungs. It frequently waded up to its belly into
a pond in search of food, in the choice of which it

622

GIGANTIC STORK.

did not seem very particular, as it would eat any
kind of offal presented to it.

Latham asserts that this is a solitary bird, fre-
quenting the most sequestered places to breed : it
builds on trees, laying two or three eggs, of a dull
white, shaded with green, slightly marked with
brown spots. Its flesh is unfit for food, being as
bad as that of the White Stork.

GIGANTIC STORK.

(Ciconia Argala.)

Ci. cinerea^ capite colloqne nudis, abdomine humerisque candidis.
Cinereous Stork, with the head and neck naked j the abdomen
and shoulders white.

Ardea dubia. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 624.

Ardea Argala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 676. 8.

Gigantic Crane. Lath. Ind. Orn. 4.45. — Lath. Si/n, Sup. 232.
pi. 115. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 2Q3.

This gigantic individual is thus described by
that able ornithologist, Latham : “ Size from five
to seven feet in length, and when standing erect
it is five feet high. The beak is of a vast size,
sharp pointed, compressed on the sides, of a yel-
lowish white colour, and opens very far into the
head: the nostrils a slit placed high up, near the
base : the whole head and neck are naked ; the
front is yellow 5 the fore-part of the neck the

4 > l[ T TC € K a:®'

GIGANTIC STORK.

623

same, but more dull ; the hind part of the head
and neck red, with here and there a warty ex-
crescence, mixed with a few straggling hairs,
curled at the ends : the craw hangs down on the
fore-part of the neck, like a pouch, and twines
round the back part ; the lower part of it furnished
with hairs like the rest of the neck, but at the
bottom are in greater number, and of a triangular
form : the upper parts of the back and shoulders
are surrounded with white downy feathers : the
back itself and wing-coverts deep bluish ash-colour :
second quills dusky brown : prinre'^uills and tail
deep blackish lead-colour ; the last scarcely exceeds
the quills in length ; the feathers of it are ten
inches long, and twelve in number : the feathers
of the sides beneath the wings, and those of the
vent and under tail-coverts, are long and downy,
some of them measuring near .a foot, and of a
dusky white colour, as are all the under parts of
the body : the legs are long, and black, naked far
above the knees, and very scaly : the toes are
webbed at the base : the claws blunt.’'

This bird is a native of Africa and Asia : it
arrives at Bengal at the commencement of the
rainy season. It is a most voracious animal, eating
as much as would serve four men at a meal, and
is very useful in clearing the country of reptiles
and snakes, upon which it feeds. A long account
of a tame bird of this species is given by Latham,
from Smeathman. It regularly attended the hall
at dinner-time, placing itself behind its master’s
chair, frequently before any of the guests entered.

624

GIGANTIC STORK.

The servants were obliged to watch it carefully,
and to defend the provisions by beating it off with
sticks ; yet, notwithstanding every precaution, it
would frequently snatch off something from the
table. It one day purloined a whole boiled fowl,
which it swallowed in an instant. It used to fly
about the island, and roost very high amongst
the silk cotton-trees ; from this station, at the
distance of two or three miles, it could see when
tlie dinner was carried across the court ; when
darting down, it would arrive early enough to enter
with some of those who carried in the dishes.

When sitting, it was observed always to rest
itself on the whole length of the hind part of the
leg. It sometimes stood in the room for half an
hour after dinner, turning its head alternately, as
if listening to the conversation.

Its courage was not equal to its voracity, for a
child of eight or ten years old was able to put it to
flight, though it woidd seem at first to stand on
the defensive, by threatening with its enormous
beak, widely extended, and crying out with a loud
hoarse voice. It preyed on small quadrupeds,
birds, and reptiles ; and though it would destroy
poultry, it never dared openly to attack a hen with
her young ones. It had been known to swallow a
cat whole, and a bone of a shin of beef being
broken, served it but for two morsels.

G25

MYCTERIA. JABIRU.

Generic Character.

Rostrum conico-longum, lae-
vigatuin , validum 5 acu turn,
utrinque compressum ;
mandibula superiore tri-
quetra recta, inferiore cras-
sior recurvata,

Nares lineares.

Caput collumque plus mi-
nusve denudatis.

Pedes tetradactyli, digltl, an-
tic! basi membrana con-
nexi : pollex humi incum-
bens.

Beak conic elongated, smooth,
strong, acute, compressed
on each side; the up-
per mandible triangular,
straight; the lower stouter,,
and recurved.

Nostrils linear.

Head and neck more or less
naked.

Legs four-toed ; the anterior
toes connected by a mem-
brane at the base ; the
hinder one resting upon
the ground.

Mycteria. Linn,, Gmel., Lath., VieiL, Cm.
CicoNiA. Briss,

V ERY little is known of the manners of the
Jabirus, which are natives of the tropical and
southern climates : they are mostly of a gigantic
size, are very voracious, and prey upon fish, frogs,
and other smaller animals : they reside in marshy
and boggy places.

V. XI. P. II.

626

AMERICAN JABIRU.

- (Mycteria Americana )

My. alba, remigibus rectricibusque nigro-piirpurascentibus.

White Jabiru, with the quills and tail-feathers of a purple-black.
Mycteria Americana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 232. 1. — Gniel. Sysl.

Nat, 1. 6l6. — Lath. Ind. Oni. 2. 670 1.

Ciconia Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 371- d.

Jabiru-guacu. Raii. Syn. qQ. 5. — Ois. / . 282. 13. —

Bujf. Bl. Enl. 817*

American Jabiru. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 22. pi. 75.

This bird is about the size of the common Stork :
its beak is black : the whole plumage is white,
except the head and about two-thirds of the neck,
which are destitute of feathers, and are of a dusky
hue ; the lower part of the neck is also naked,
and is of a fine red : on the hind head are a few
greyish feathers : the wings and tail are of a dee})
purplish tint : the legs are strong, and covered
with black scales. The young are said to be grey
the first year, rose-colour the second, and pure
white the third.

Inhabits the savannahs of Cayenne, Guiana, and
other parts of South America. It constructs its
nest in great trees, and lays two eggs. The young,
as well as the old birds, are very voracious, and
consume a great quantity of fish ; they are very
wild : the young birds are frequently eaten, but
the old are very unpleasant food, being tough and
oily.

AMJE RICAN .irAIBllFUJ .

627

NEW HOLLAND JABIRU.

(Mycterla Australis.)

My. alba, cnpife colloque viridi-nigris, tectricibiis pennis scapula^
ribus caiidaque nigris, rostra nigro, pedibus rubris.

White Jabiru, with the head and neck of a green-black j the
wing-coverts, scapulars, and tail, black 3 the beak black, and
feet red.

Mycteria Australis. Linn, Trans. 5. 34. 2. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
Sup. Ixiv. 1.

New Holland Jabiru. Lath, Ge7i. Spn. Sup. II. 2QA. pi. 138.

“ This species measures from the tip of the beak
to the end of the claws full six feet : the beak is
a foot long : neck fifteen inches : thighs ten inches :
legs almost the length of the beak ; the upper
mandible of which is nearly straight, or but just
sensibly curved upwards ; the under rather more
so ; the colour of both black : the chin is for a
little way bare of feathers, and of a reddish colour :
irides yellow : the head is pretty full of feathers,
and with about half the neck is black, with a
tinge of green in some lights, in others of purplish :
the middle of the wing-coverts, and secondary
quills, as well as the middle of the back, are
greenish black, and the tail also is of the same
colour : the rest of the plumage white : the whole
of the legs and bare parts above the knee are of a
fine red : the toes furnished at the end with pale-

6'28

SENEGAL JABIRU.

coloured claws, shaped not unlike those of the
human species. Inhabits New Holland.*’

The above is Latham’s description of this species,
to which he subjoined the following : “ Among
the drawings of Mr. Lambert is a representation
of one, apparently the same, in which the skin
beneath the lower mandible and throat is of a
fine crimson, and said to be capable of great dis-
tention : head and half the neck brownish black,
with a variable green and copper gloss : between
the beak and eye grey : the general colour of
the plumage of the lower part of tlie neck, the
body, and wings, is white, except on the shoulders,
which appear blackish, with the same bronzed
hue as the head and half the neck : the tail is
black.”

These birds are occasionally seen on the muddy
banks of the harbour of Port Jackson, searching
for fish, when tlie tide is out.

SENEGAL JABIRU.

(Mycteria Senegalensis.)

My. alba, rostra apicem versus ruhro, basin versus albido Jascia
nigra, macula utrinque Jenestratd.

White Jabiru, with the beak towards the tip red, towards the
base whitish ; with a black fascia, and a transparent spot on
each side.

SENEGAL JABIllU.

629

Mycteria Senegalensis. Shatv, Linn. Trans. 5. 32. pi. 3. (head.)

Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixiv. 2.

Senegal Jabiru. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 2Q6. 3.

Dr. Shaw has given a very ample description
of this bird in the Linnean Transactions. Its
length, from the beak to the end of the claws, is
six feet two inches : beak thirteen inches : neck
fifteen inches : body one foot : the naked part of
the thighs eleven inches ; the feathered part four
inches : knee joint an inch : leg thirteen inches
and a half : the middle toe is five inches and a
half; the two outer ones four inches and a half,
all slightly connected at the base : the upper man-
dible is Very pale for three inches from the gape ;
the under the same for about one inch and a
half, then begins a bar of black for about three
inches ; from thence to the tip the colour is red-
dish, increasing in depth to the end, where it is of
a deep vermillion : on each side of the base of
the upper mandible is a large semi-oval and semi-
transparent space, which at its back part is con-
tinued upwards, in a curved direction, across the
fore-part of the eye : over the nostrils a bare
flattened part, somewhat in the manner of the
Coot: beneath the base of the beak, just at the
beginning of the feathered part, are two very
small pear-shaped pendant wattles, adhering by
very small necks : the head and neck are black :
scapulars black, with pale bases, and fifteen inches
in length : the remainder of the bird white : the

630

SENEGAL JABIRU.

legs are very long, and the thighs, to a distance
nearly equal to that of the leg itself, quite bare :
the whole leg and thigh black, except that round
the knee, as well as round each joint of the toes,
is a pale band or zone : the whole length of
the leg and thigh is covered with hexagonal longi-
tudinal scales. Said to be a native of Senegal.

631

ANASTOMUS. ANASTOMUS.

Generic Character.

Rostrum utiinque compres-
sum, versus medium hians,
acutum ; mandibula supe-
riore marginibus aut den-
ticulatis aut versus apicem
emarginatis; inferiore In-
tegra.

Nares lineares.

Pedes tetradactyli, fissi, digiti
exteriores basi membrana
connexa; unguis medius
dilatatus, integerrimus.

Axastomus. Illig; Vieil.

Hians. Lacepede, Cuv.

Ardea. Gmel., Lath.

Beak compressed on both
sides, gaping towards the
middle, acute; the upper
mandible with its margins
denticulated, oremarginate
towards the tip ; the under
entire.

Nostrils linear.

Legs four-toed, cleft ; the
outer toes connected by a
membrane at the base ; the
middle claw dilated, and
entire.

the rest of the Grallai, the birds of this
genus reside in marshy places, feeding upon small
fishes, snails, worms, insects, and such like: they
are both natives of India, but of their method of

incubation nothing is known.

632

A. 'RosiKnyi emarginatum •, FkciES pi umosa.

A. Beak emarginate j face clothed with feathers.

PONDICHERRY ANASTOMUS.

(Anastomus Pondicerianus. )

An. cinereo-griseus, remigibiis nigris, rostro lateribus glabro apice
mucronato.

Cinereous grey Anastomus, with the quills black ; the sides of
the beak smooth ; the apex pointed.

Ardea Pondiceriana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 646. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 702. go.

Le Bec-ouvert, Buff. Ois, 7. 40g. — Buff. PI. Enl. g32.
Pondicherry Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 101. 77*

Nothing is known of the manners of this sin-
gular bird, which measures fourteen inches and a
half in length : the beak is rather long, very thick,
and stout at the base for about one fourth of its
length ; it then becomes slender, and finishes in a
point : the under mandible is less stout, and gra-
dually lessens to the end, but is curved inward the
whole length ; so that the mandibles only touch at
the bases and tips, standing hollow from each other
in the middle ; the colour of both is yellow, but
towards the head dusky : the space between the
beak and eye, and orbits, are well clothed with
feathers : the prevailing colour of the plumage is
a dirty cinereous grey, but the quills are black,
and reach considerably beyond the end of the tail :
the legs are yellowish, and tessellated their whole

PONDICHERRY ANASTOMUS.

635

length, as is also the naked part of the thigh : the
claws are small, and black ; the middle one entire.
This species inhabits Pondicherry and other parts
^f the East Indies.

B. Rostrum ; faciks glabra.

B. Beak serrated ; face naked.

COROMANDEL ANASTOMUS.

(Anastomus Coromandelianus.)

An. alhus, facie dorso supremo remigibus caudaque nigris, rostra
lateribus serrato apice dentato.

White Anastomus, with the face, the upper part of the back, the
quills, and the tail, black ; the sides of the beak serrated, the
tip dentated.

Ardea Coromandeliana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 646. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 702. 9I.

Le Bec-ouvert des Indes. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. pi. inp. 21 9.
Coromandel Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 102. 18. — Lath. Syn.
Sup. 237.

This bird is equally curious with the last in
the peculiar formation of its beak : in this species
that part is serrated from the middle to the end
of the edge of the upper mandible, and at its
tip is very broad, resembling a pair of pincers ; the
whole of the beak is rufous yellow : the head, the
rump^ the belly, and the wing-coverts, are white :
the feathers of the head are short, narrow, and

634

PONDICHERIIY ANASTOMUS.

erect : the back, the quills, and the tail, arc black:
from the base of the beak to the eye naked, and
black : round the throat the same : the wings are
rather short, reaching only to the middle of the
tail ; the irides are red : the legs are rufous yellow.

This species is frequent on the Ganges and
other Indian rivers, and is common on the Coro-
mandel coast during the months of September,
October, and November: it feeds upon fish and
reptiles.

The preceding species is supposed by Cuvier to
be the young of this, but I know not on what
grounds he forms his conjecture.

635

SCOPUS. UMBRE.

Generic Character,

Rostrum crassum, utrinque
valde compressum, su-
pra subtusque carinatum;
mandibula superiore late-
ratim sulcata, apice in-
curva ; inferiore versus
apicem angustior, paulo
truncata.

Nares linear es, obliquag.

Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; di-
git! anteriores basi mem-
brana connexi.

Beah thick, greatly compress-
ed on each side, carinated
both above and below ; the
upper mandible laterally
grooved, the tip bentdown
the under slender towards
the tip, and slightly trun-
cated.

Nostrils linear, oblique.

Legs four-toed, cleft; the
outer toes connected at the
base by a membrane.

Scopus, Auctorum.

There is but one species belonging to this
genus, which is readily discriminated by its pecu-
liarly formed beak : this part is compressed on the
sides : along each side of the upper mandible is a
groove, running longitudinally, at a short distance
from the ridge, beginning at the base, and finish-
ing about half an inch before it arrives at the
point, which is slightly bent downwards : at its
base the nostrils are plac'ed, which are a mere slit,

636

TUFTED UMURE.

forming an angle with the groove, and about half
an inch in length : the under mandible is less
deep at the base than the uppers grows smaller
towards the end, where it is slightly truncated,
and when closed shuts in beneath the upper one.
The toes have a membrane at their base.

TUFTED UMBRE.

(Scopus Umbretta.)

Sc. cristatus, corpore toto Jiisco^ cauda Jasciis apiceque satura-
tioribus.

Crested Umbre, with the whole body fuscous ; the tail with its
tip and some bands darker.

Scopus Umbretta. Gmel. Syxt. Nat. 1. 6lS. — Briss. Orn. 5.

503. 1. — Lath.Ind. Orn. 2. 672. 1.

Ombrette. Ois. 7. 440. — Buffi PI. Enl. 79S.

Tufted Umbre. Brovon. Illii&t. Zool. po. pi. 35. — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 5. 30. pi. 77-

The Tufted Umbre is the size of a Crow : in
length twenty inches : the beak is three inches
and a half long, and brown ; from the hind head
arises a dense crest of loose feathers, four inches
in length-, this, as well as the whole body, is of
an uniform umber-colour, the under parts being
palest, and the shafts of the neck feathers rather
lighter in shade : the wings and tail are even ;

T'Ulb'TEID 'ITMllilRlK .

TUFTED UMBRE.

^37

the latter is banded with three or four bars of
deeper brown, and tipped for about an inch with
the same : the legs are long, and the thighs naked
for two-thirds of their length ; both are dusky :
the claws are small, and bent. The female?
has not the least vestige of a crest ; in other re-
spects she resembles the male. Native of Southern
Africa.

538

CANCROMA. BOATBILL.

Generic Character.

nostrum longum, latum, de-
pressum, ovatum, sulca-
tum, supra carinatum ;
mandibula supcriore cym-
bse rcsuplnatm forma, apice
adunca ; inferiore recta,
})lana, in medio membra-
nosa, apice subito acuta.

Narcs parvae, ovatac, in sulco
sitae.

Pedes tetradactyli, fissi ; di-
giti antici basi membrana
coaliti.

Beale long, broad, depressed,
ovate, sulcated, carinated
above ; the upper man-
dible like a reversed boat,
its tip bent down ; the
under straight, smooth,
membranaceous in the mid-
dle, the tip abruptly acute.

Nostrils small, ovate, placed
in a groove.

four-toed, cleft; the an-
terior toes with their base
connected by a membrane.

Cancuoma. Lmn., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Vieil.

CoCHLEARIUS. BlisS.

HE beak of the Boatbill is of a curious form, as
its name seems to imply : it is by some likened to
a boat with its keel upwards, and by others to the
bowls of two spoons placed with the hollow jtarts
together: the upper mandible has a prominent
ridge at the top, and on each side of this a long
channel, at the bottom of which the nostrils are
placed ; these are oval, and situated obliquely.
Only one species is known.

,>/

Cm ik; 'll ' IK ID Win at b 'i ii ,. i . ..

639

• CRESTED BOATBILL.

^ (Cancroma cochlearia.)

Ca. cristata einerascenSy ventre rufo, veriice haiulaque cervids
nigris.

Crested cinereous Boatbill, with the belly rufous •, the crown
and lunule on the base of the neck black.

Cancroma cochlearia. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1. 233. 1. — Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 1. 617. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.671* 1*

Cancroma cancrofaga. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 233. 2. female ? —
Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 6 18. feiuale?

Cochlearius. Briss. Orn. 5. 506. 1.

Cochlearius fuscus. Briss. Orn. 5. 5QQ. 2. female ?

Cochlearius naevius. B?'iss. Orn. 5. 508. var.

Gallinula aquatica, Tamatia. Mali. Syn. II6. 12.

Le Saracou. Birff'. Ois. 7. 443. y;/. 23. — Bujf. PI. Enl. 38.

Le Cuilliere brune. Buff. Ois. 7. 443. female? — Buff. PI. EnL
869. female ?

Brown Boatbill. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 28. female ?

Spotted Boatbill. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 27. var.

Boat-Bill. Brovon. Illust. ZooL Q2. qd. 36. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5«

26. pi. 76.

Size of a Fowl ; length twenty-two inches :
the beak is four inches long, and mostly dusky,
though in some individuals it is dark brown : the
skin between tlie under jaw capable of being dis-
tended : from the occiput arises a Jong black
crest, the feathers of which it is composed being
narrow, and ending in a point ; the middle ones
are six inches in length ; the others lessen by
degrees to one inch, which is the length of tlie

640

CRESTED BOATBILL.

outer ones : between the beak and eye the skin is
naked, and dusky : the forehead is white ; across
the lower part of tlie neck behind is a transverse
band of dusky black, passing forwards on each side
towards the breast, and ending in a point a little
above the bend of the wings : the rest of the neck,
with the breast, and upper part of the abdomen,-
are bluish white : the rest of the abdomen and the
thighs are rufous : the feathers at the base of the
neck are loose, as in the Herons ; the thighs are
four inches in length, and the leg three and a half;
the latter, and the naked space on the lower part
of the former, are yellowish brown : the claws are
black.

, This species varies in having the body spotted
with brown, and also in having the upper parts
pale rufous instead of cinereous : the tail reddish
ash, and the under parts entirely of a cream-
colour ; with the beak and legs yellow-brown.
This inhabits various parts of South America, fre-
quenting the borders of rivers : it perches on the
trees overhanging the streams, pouncing upon the
fish which swim beneath : it is likewise said to feed
on crabs.

641

PLATALEA. SPOONBILL.

Generic Character.

Rostrum longum, latum, rec-
tum ; supra subtusque pla-
num, flexlbile, apice dila-
tato, spathaeformi.

Nares parvae, ad basin rostri,
membrana fimbriatse.

Caput faciesque plus mi-
nusve calvae.

Pedes tetradactyli, semi-pal-
mati ; pollice humi in-
cumbens.

Alee mediocres.

Beale long, broad, straight,
smooth both above and
beneath, flexible, the tip
dilated and spoon-shaped.

small, situated at the
base of the beak, and bor-
dered by a membrane.

Head and face more or less
bald.

Legs four-toed, slightly web-
bed ; the hinder toe rest-
ing upon the ground.

JVmgs medial.

Platalea. Linn., GmeL, Lath., Cuv., Vieil., Tenini.
Platea, Ray, Briss., Leach.

TL HE Spoonbills live in society in the maritime
marshes, or near the mouths of great rivers, rarely
occurring inland : they feed upon small fishes,
their fry, and mollusca ; also on frogs, and other
reptiles and aquatic insects : they build on high
trees, in bushes, or amongst rushes. They are
migratory birds.

V. XI. P. II.

G42

WHITE SPOONBILL.

(Platalea leucorodia.)

Pl. occipite cristato , corpore albo, guld Jlava.

Spoonbill with the occiput crested j the body white j the throat
yellow.

Platalea leucorodia. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 231. 1. — Linn. Faun.
Suec. l60, — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 6l3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
667. 1.

Platea leucorodia. Leach.. Cat. Brit. Mus.p. 33.

Platea^ sive Pelecanus Aldrovandi. Raii. Syn. 102. \.—Bris$.
Orn. 5. 352. 1.

LaSpatule. Ois. 7- 448. pl. 24. — Bi^. Pl.Enl, 405.

La Spatule blanche de Lugon. Banner. Voy. Ind. 3Q. pl. 5\.
young ?

La Spatule huppee de I’isle de Lu^on. Banner. Vay, Ind. 90.
pl. 52.

Spatule blanche. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 382.

Spoon-bill, or Pelican. Alb. Birds. 2. pl. 66. — Will. Ang. 288.
pl. 5.

White Spoonbill. Penn. Brit. Zoal. App. pl. 9. — Penn. Arct.
Zoal. 2. 441. A. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 13. 1. — Leiuin. Brit. Birds.
4. pl. 142. — Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 123. — Pult. Cat. Dars. 13. —
Beta. Brit. Birds. 2. 25. — Mant. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mant. Orn.
Diet. Sup. .

The length of this elegant bird is about two feet
six inches : its beak is eight inches and a half, and
dusky, with several undulated transverse ridges of
black ; the tip is of an orange-yellow : the irides
are red: the feathers of the hind head are elongated,
and form a beautiful crest, which is of a yellowish
white colour : the whole of the plumage is of a

WHITE SPOONBILL.

643

pure white, with the exception of the lower part
of the neck, which is yellowish buff, becoming
paler behind : the naked space round the eyes
and on the throat pale yellow; the base of the
latter part slightly tinged with rufous. The female
has not so fine a crest, and has the yellow hue on
the breast paler. The young are white, with the
shafts of the quills black : the head is clothed with
short and rounded feathers : the beak is deep grey,
and is covered with a smooth skin : the irides are
grey : the orbits are dull white. The yellow on
the breast does not make its appearance till the
third year.

The Spoonbill appears to be a general inhabitant
of the old continent : it frequents the borders of
rivers and the sea coasts, migratingwiththe Herons
and Storks. In England it is scarce. Pennant
mentions that a flock migrated into the marshes
near Yarmouth, in Norfolk, in April 1774, and
since that time two have been shot on the southern
coast of Devonshire, and are now in the British
Museum. The nest is placed on high trees near
the sea side : the female lays three or four white
eggs, marked with a few pale red spots, but
occasionally they are spotless : during breeding
time it is very clamorous. It feeds upon fish,
frogs, snails, insects, and aquatic worms, and also
grass and weeds that grow in the water. Its flesh
is said to have the flavour of a Goose, and is very
high coloured when dressed, and free from any
fishy taste.

644

ROSEATE SPOONBILL.

The trachea is curiously formed, having a double
flexure like a figure of eight, but the convolutions
do not cross each other, the points of contact
being united by a fine membrane.

ROSEATE SPOONBILL.

-V (Platalea Ajaja.)

Pl. corpore reclricibusque roseis, tectricibus caud<£ coccineis.
Spoonbill with the body and tail rose-coloured j the tail-coverts
crimson.

Platalea Ajaja. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. 1. 231. 2. — Gmel. S^st. Nat, 1.

6l4. — Lath. Lnd. Orn. 2. 668. 2.

Platea Brasiliensis Ajaja dicta. Rail. Syn. 102. 3.

Platea rosea. Briss. Or?i. 5. 356. 6. jd. 30. young.

Platea coccinea. Briss. Orn. 5. 359. 3.

Platea mexicana, Tlauhquechul. Raii. Syn. 102. 2.

La Spatule couleur de rose. Buff. Ois. y. 456. — Buff. PI. Enl,
165.

Scarlet Spoonbill. Sloan. Jam. 2. 3l6. — Will. Ang. 28p. 2. —
Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. l6. — Wills. Amer. Orn. y. 123.1xiii.y^ 1.
Brasilian Roseate Spoonbill. Will. Ang. 28Q. — Lath. Gen. Syn.
5. 16. jd. 73.

This most elegant species is two feet three inches
in length : the beak is six inches in length, and
marked all round with a groove parallel to the
margin ; it is of a greyish white, and slightly
transparent, shewing the ramifications of the blood-

DWARF SPOONBILL.

645

vessels belonging to it: the forehead, the space
between the beak and eyes, and the throat, are
naked, and whitish : the plumage is of a fine rose-
colour, deepest on the wings : the tail-coverts
crimson : the legs are grey, and the claws dusky.
When in full plumage it is described as being of a
beautiful red colour, with a black collar at the
lower part of the neck, the neck itself being
whitish : the irides red. During the first year it
is of a dusky chesnut.

This inhabits Jamaica, Guiana, Mexico, and
other parts of the middle regions of America : it
feeds on small fish, and other animals.

DWARF SPOONBILL.
(Platalea pygmaea.)

Pl. corpore supra fusca subtus albo.

Spoonbill with the body above fuscous, beneath white.

Platalea pygmaea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 231. 3.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.

1. 6l5. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 66q. 3.

Dwarf Spoonbill. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 17* 3.

This is a very small species, scarcely equalling
a Sparrow in size : its beak is black, longer than
the head, and flat at the end, and of a rhomboidal
shape, and not rounded as in the two preceding

646

DWARF SPOONBILL.

species : the angles and tip of the upper mandible
are white : the body is brown above and white
beneath : the shafts of the quills are white : the
tail is rounded in shape, short, and of a brownish
white : the claws are pointed.

It inhabits Surinam and Guiana.

LND OF THE ELEVENTH VOLUME.

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